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AUTONOMICS
AUTONOMICS
AUTONOMICS
SYSTEM
- CONTROLS VISCERAL FUNCTIONS
- RAPID AND INTENSE EFFECTS
- 2 PARTS: SYMPATHETIC AND
PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEMS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and somatic
nervous systems
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY:
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM:
pairs of PARAVERTEBRAL CHAINS
OF GANGLIA originating from T1 to
L2
two PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA:
– HYPOGASTRIC GANGLIA
– CELIAC GANGLIA
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
– neurons originate from the
INTERMEDIOLATERAL HORN of the
spinal cord gray mater
– composed of 2 neurons:
PREGANGLIONIC &
POSTGANGLIONIC
– Short Preganglionic fibers synapse
in the ganglia then Postganglionic
neurons proceed to its destination
organ
– Some Postganglionic fibers pass
back the chain entering the Spinal
Nerves at all levels of the Spinal
Cord
– Approximate Segmental
Distribution:
T1 = head; T2 = neck; T3 – T6 =
thorax; T12 – L2 = legs
– Sympathetic fibers going to the
Adrenal Medulla are all
Preganglionic fibers only
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
– ORIGIN of the
Preganglionic Fibers:
– CRANIAL NERVES III,
VII, IX, X
– S2 & S3 occasionally
also S1 & S2
– 75% of all fibers
originate from the
VAGUS NERVE
– PREGANGLIONIC fibers
pass uninterrupted all the
way to the end organ
– Short POSTGANGLIONIC
fibers originate from the
wall of the end organ
– Nervi Erigentes – sacral
parasympathetic fibers
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYNAPTIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS:
ACETYLCHOLINE (Cholinergic)
NOREPINEPHRINE (Adrenergic)
NEUROTRANSMITTER
SYNTHESIS:
MECHANISM OF
SECRETION:
– Action Potential
permeability of calcium
secretory vesicles
react with presynaptic
membrane to release its
content
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
FATE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER AFTER SECRETION:
– ACETYLCHOLINE:
Split in Acetate ion and Choline by Acetylcholinesterase
Choline is brought back to nerve terminal ending for reuse
– NOREPINEPHRINE:
Reuptake
Diffusion away
Destruction by enzymes ( MAO & COMT )
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
MECHANISM OF
NEUROTRANSMITTER
EFFECTS: 2 Effects:
– Neurotransmitter binds to Opens or Closes Ion
RECEPTOR at post synaptic Channels:
membrane Excitation: Opens
– Conformational Change in the Sodium and/or
Receptor causes its Effects Calcium channels
Inhibition: Opens
Potassium &/or
Chloride channels
Alteration of Intracellular
Enzymes:
Epinephrine
activation of
Adenylcyclase
causing the
formation of Cyclic
AMP
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
RECEPTORS:
– Acetylcholine Receptors:
– MUSCARINIC receptors:
Found in all effector cells stimulated by the PNS
– NICOTINIC receptors:
Found in the synapses of both SNS, PNS and skeletal muscle membranes
– Adrenergic Receptors:
– Alpha Receptors ( Alpha1 & Alpha2)
– Beta1 & Beta2 receptors
– Epinephrine excites both receptors
– Nonepinephrine excites mainly Alpha receptors
– FUNCTION of Adrenergic Receptors
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC EFFECTS TO THE DIFFERENT
ORGANS OF THE BODY
ORGAN SYMPATHETIC EFFECT PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECT
EYE
Pupil Dilated Constricted
Ciliary Muscle Relaxation (Far Vision) Constriction (Near Vision)
HEART
Muscle ↑ rate , ↑ force ↓ rate , ↓ force
Coronaries Dilated (β2) Dilated
Constricted (α)
LUNGS
Bronchi Dilated Constricted
Blood Vessels Mildly Constricted ? Dilated
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORGAN SYMPATHETIC EFFECT PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECT
Gall Bladder & Ducts Relaxed Contracted
Kidneys ↓ output & renin sec None
Bladder
Detrussor Relaxed Contracted
Trigone Contracted Relaxed
Penis Ejaculation Erection
Systemic Arterioles
Abdominal Viscera Constricted None
Muscle Constricted (α adrenergic) None
Dilated (β2 adrenergic)
Dilated (cholinergic)
Skin Constricted None
Blood ↑ Coagulation None
↑ Glucose & Lipids None
Basal Metabolism ↑ up to 100% None
Adrenal Medullary Secretion All increased None
Mental Activity Increased None
Piloerector Muscle Contracted None
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
– Parasympathomimetic Drugs:
Pilocarpine (muscarinic)
Metacholine (muscarinic & nicotinic)
– Parasympathetic Potentiating Drugs:
AntiCholinesterase drugs:
– Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Ambenonium