3RZHU)DFWRU

3RZHU )DFWRU&RUUHFWLRQ
&RUUHFWLRQ
3RZHU)DFWRU&RUUHFWLRQ
LQ
LQ
6LQJOH3KDVH6ZLWFKLQJ&RQYHUWHUV
6LQJOH3KDVH6ZLWFKLQJ&RQYHUWHUV

Oscar Garcia
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
oscar@upmdie.upm.es
SPAIN

APEC 2002 1

2XWOLQHRIΦSDUW

11 Introduction
Introduction

22 Regulations
Regulations

33 Basic
Basic principles:
principles: classical
classical PF
PF pre-regulators
pre-regulators

44 Sinusoidal
Sinusoidal line
line current
current alternatives
alternatives

55 Non
Non sinusoidal
sinusoidal line
line current
current alternatives
alternatives

APEC 2002 2

1
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 3

+RZWRWDNHHQHUJ\IURPWKHXWLOLW\"

i
v
i
v i v
ϕ=30º

1.6 1.6
1.6
1.4 1.4
1.4
1.2 1.2
1.2
current
RMS current

1 1
RMScurrent

1
0.8
i v 0.8
0.8
RMS

0.6 0.6
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.4
0.2 0.2
0.2
0 0
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Harm onic number Harm onic num be r
Harm onic num be r

APEC 2002 4

2
([DPSOHUHFWLILHU
‡ $& PDLQV 9 DQG +]
‡ /LQH LPSHGDQFH Ω DQG µ+
‡ )RU : DQG  YROWDJH ULSSOH & µ)
400V

I 300V

Line 200V
IAC impedance

100V
Voltage on
C capacitor
~ VAC VC LOAD
OR
SEL>>
0V
V(D11:2)
10A
DC/DC

0A

Line current
-10A
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
I(L1)

‡ 0RVW RI WKH WLPH WKH VRXUFH LV XQXWLOL]HG

Time

APEC 2002 5

:K\LVEDGDSRRU3)"
‡ 9ROWDJH GLVWRUWLRQ
400V

Line
voltage 0V

-400V
40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
V(D10:1,D11:1)
Time
VOLTAGET.H.D.=1.72%
‡ +LJKHU 506 FXUUHQWV GXH WR KDUPRQLFV $ LQVWHDG RI $
1.4

1.2

1
RMS current

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
Fundamental harmonic 0
accounts for active power 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Harmonic number

‡ $YDLODEOH SRZHU IURP PDLQV LV UHGXFHG

‡ 1RLVH KHDWLQJ IDLOXUHV
APEC 2002 6

3
 )LUVWGHILQLWLRQV
3RZHU )DFWRU
1 T ‡ ,I YROWDJH LV VLQXVRLGDO
T ∫0
u (t ) ⋅ i(t )dt
P.F . =
Active power
= I1, RMS
Aparent power 1 T 2 1 T 2 P.F . = ⋅ cos φ = k d ⋅ kφ
T ∫0 T ∫0
u (t )dt ⋅ i (t )dt I RMS

kd kφ
7RWDO +DUPRQLF 'LVWRUWLRQ
I 22, RMS + I 32, RMS + I 42, RMS + ...
T .H .D. =
I1, RMS

‡ 3) GHSHQGV RQ
¾ +DUPRQLF FRQWHQW
¾ 'LVSODFHPHQW DQJOH EHWZHHQ FXUUHQW DQG YROWDJH
‡ 3) LV FRV φ RQO\ LI ERWK YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW DUH VLQXVRLGDO
‡ 7KHVH PDJQLWXGHV JLYH DQ LGHD RI WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH ZDYHIRUP

APEC 2002 7

6RPHH[DPSOHV
kd < 1 kθ < 1 kd < 1 kθ = 1

v i v

IRMS=2.63A IRMS=1.44A
P.F. = 0.50 T.H.D. = 172% P.F. = 0.90 T.H.D. = 47%

kd = 1 kθ < 1 kd = 1 kθ = 1

v
i
i v
ϕ=30º

IRMS=1.50A IRMS=1.30A
P.F. = 0.87 T.H.D. = 0% P.F. = 1.00 T.H.D. = 0%

APEC 2002 8

4
6RPHH[DPSOHV
kd < 1 kθ < 1

i
BEST FOR
v POWER SUPPLY
MANUFACTURER

IRMS=2.63A
P.F. = 0.50 T.H.D. = 172%

kd = 1 kθ = 1

BEST FOR i
ELECTRICAL v
COMPANIES
IRMS=1.30A
P.F. = 1.00 T.H.D. = 0%

APEC 2002 9

%HQHILWVRIDKLJK3)
‡ 9ROWDJH GLVWRUWLRQ LV UHGXFHG 3HQDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH
‡ $OO WKH SRZHU LV DFWLYH SRZHU VXSSO\
‡ 6PDOOHU 506 FXUUHQWV ‡ +LJKHU FRVW
‡ +LJKHU QXPEHU RI ORDGV FDQ EH IHG ‡ /DUJHU VL]H
‡ *RRG PDUNHWLQJ VWUDWHJ\ ‡ /HVV UHOLDEOH
‡ +HOS WR SUHVHUYH WKH HQYLURQPHQW
:LWKRXW 3)& :LWK 3)&
‡ $OO WKH ORDGV WDNH FXUUHQW DW WKH VDPH WLPH

APEC 2002 10

5
7HQQLVPDWFKDERXWKDUPRQLFV

REGULATIONS

HARMONIC
PROBLEM
(COST)

ELECTRICAL
POWER
COMPANY
SUPPLY
DESIGNER

APEC 2002 11

ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 12

6
6RPH5HJXODWLRQV

5HJXODWLRQV
5HJXODWLRQV

(1  (XURSH -DQXDU\  /LPLWV IRU KDUPRQLF

FXUUHQW HPLVVLRQV HTXLSPHQW ZLWK OHVV WKDQ
$ SHU SKDVH %DVHG RQ ,(& 

,(((  ,((( 5HFRPPHQGHG SUDFWLFHV DQG UHTXLUHPHQWV

IRU KDUPRQLF FRQWURO LQ HOHFWULFDO SRZHU V\VWHPV

None
None of
of them
them requires
requires unity
unity power
power factor
factor

APEC 2002 13

,(&(1
‡ 'HULYHG IURP ,(&  (1
‡ (TXLSPHQW ZLWK LQSXW FXUUHQW ≤ $ SHU SKDVH
‡ 1RPLQDO OLQH YROWDJH 9
‡ 9DOLG IURP -DQXDU\ 
‡ (TXLSPHQW LV GLYLGHG LQ  FDWHJRULHV $ % & DQG '
¾ &ODVV $ *HQHUDO
¾ &ODVV % 3RUWDEOH WRROV
¾ &ODVV & /LJKWQLQJ
¾ &ODVV ' (TXLSPHQW ZLWK VSHFLDO OLQH FXUUHQW VKDSH
‡ /LPLWV DUH LPSRVHG XS WR  KDUPRQLFV
¾ &ODVV $ $EVROXWH OLPLWV
¾ &ODVV % $EVROXWH OLPLWV
¾ &ODVV & 5HODWLYH OLPLWV
¾ &ODVV ' 5HODWLYH DQG DEVROXWH OLPLWV
‡ 9HU\ FRQWURYHUVLDO GHILQLWLRQV
‡ +DOIZDYH UHFWLILHUV DUH QRW DOORZHG LQ QRUPDO FRQGLWLRQV
APEC 2002 14

7
,(&(1
&ODVV '
Balanced
3φ
YES
VSHFLDO VKDSH
equipment

NO

YES
Portable
tool Class B

 RI WKH WLPH

NO

Lightning
YES

Class C
LQWR GH HQYHORSH
equipment

NO

Special shape YES

Motor NO
and driven Class D
75<P<600W
YES
NO

Class A

APEC 2002 15

,(&(1
Harmonic Class A Class D
ARMS ARMS mA/W
Odd harmonics

3 2.30 2.30 3.40

5 1.14 1.14 1.90
7 0.77 0.77 1.00
‡ 0DQ\ FRQYHUWHUV
9 0.40 0.40 0.50
KDYH EHHQ
11 0.33 0.33 0.35
GHVLJQHG WR
13
15 to 39
0.21
2.25/n
0.21
2.25/n
0.29
3.85/n
DYRLG &ODVV '
2 1.08 2.5
harmonics

max. RMS current (A)

Even

4 0.43 300W
2
6 0.30 Class A
8 to 40 1.84/n 1.5 Class D

0.5

0
More than 5% of the time
3 5 7 9 11 13
out of the envelope
Harmonic number
APEC 2002 16

8
,(&(1

Harmonic Class B Class C ‡ &ODVV %

ARMS % ¾ 3RUWDEOH WRROV XVHG IRU
Odd harmonics

3 3.45 30*P.F. D VKRUWWLPH

5 1.71 10 ¾ 7KH OHDVW UHVWULFWLYH

7 1.15 7 ¾ /LPLWV DUH  WLPHV

KLJKHU WKDQ &ODVV $
9 0.60 5
‡ &ODVV &
11 0.49 3
13 0.31 3
¾ 7KH PRVW UHVWULFWLYH
EHFDXVH KLJK
15 to 39 3.375/n 3 SHUFHQWDJH RI WKH WRWDO
ORDG LV OLJKWQLQJ
harmonics

2 1.62 2
¾ 3) LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH
Even

4 0.64
OLPLWV
6 0.45 ¾ (TXLSPHQW ZLWK SRZHU
8 to 40 2.76/n EHORZ : LV H[FOXGHG

APEC 2002 17

/LPLWVRI(1
([DPSOH IRU : EHLQJ 9 9 ,1
,1

3.5
Class A
3.0 Class B
2.5 Class C
RMS current

Class D
2.0
Example:
1.5
300W
1.0 rectifier

0.5

0.0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Harmonic number

APEC 2002 18

9
([DPSOH&ODVV$RI(1
/LQH FXUUHQW WKDW PHHWV 5HJXODWLRQ

3RZHU :
3RZHU IDFWRU 
7+' 

/LQH FXUUHQW WKDW GRHV QRW PHHW 5HJXODWLRQ

3RZHU :
3RZHU IDFWRU 
7+' 

APEC 2002 19

$PHQGPHQWRI(1
‡ ,W PRGLILHV SDUWLDOO\ WKH 5HJXODWLRQ
‡ ,W ZDV DSSURYHG DW WKH HQG RI \HDU 
‡ 'HDGOLQH LV 
¾ -DQXDU\  (1 EHFRPHV PDQGDWRU\
¾ -DQXDU\  (1  $ EHFRPHV PDQGDWRU\
‡ 0DLQ PRGLILFDWLRQ
¾ 7KH FRQWURYHUVLDO &ODVV ' HQYHORSH LV UHPRYHG
¾ 2QO\ VHYHUDO ³+LJK LPSDFW SURGXFWV´ EHORQJ WR &ODVV '
‡ &RPSXWHUV
‡ 3& 0RQLWRUV 0HDVXUHG PRQLWRU FXUUHQW
‡ 79V

APEC 2002 20

10
6WDWLVWLFVRISRZHUFRQVXPSWLRQ6SDLQ

Sunday, february 10th Monday, february 11th

COMPUTERS
TV MONITORS
PRINTERS

MOST SEEN
TV SHOW

DAYLIGHT HOURS DAYLIGHT HOURS

APEC 2002 21

,(((

,((( 5HFRPPHQGHG SUDFWLFHV DQG UHTXLUHPHQWV

IRU KDUPRQLF FRQWURO LQ HOHFWULFDO SRZHU V\VWHPV
‡ ,W LV D UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ
‡ /LPLWV WR KDUPRQLF FXUUHQWV DW WKH SRLQW RI FRQQHFWLRQ
‡ /LPLWV GHSHQGV RQ WKH VL]H RI WKH ORDG
‡ 1RW DSSOLFDEOH IRU LQGLYLGXDO HTXLSPHQW
‡ 'HILQLWLRQV
¾ 3&& SRLQW RI FRPPRQ FRXSOLQJ
¾ ,6&,/ UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH VKRUWFLUFXLW FXUUHQW DW 3&& DQG WKH IXQGDPHQWDO
ORDG FXUUHQW
¾ 7'' 7RWDO GHPDQG GLVWRUWLRQ LV WKH KDUPRQLF FXUUHQW GLVWRUWLRQ LQ  RI D
PD[LPXP GHPDQG ORDG FXUUHQW
‡ /LPLWV IRU HYHQ KDUPRQLFV DUH  RI RGG KDUPRQLFV OLPLWV
‡ +DOIZDYH UHFWLILHUV DUH QRW DOORZHG GXH WR '& RIIVHW
APEC 2002 22

11
,(((RGGKDUPRQLFVOLPLWV
ISC/Il (%) h<11 11≤h<17 17≤
11≤ 17≤h<23 23≤
23≤h<35 35<h T.D.D.
< 20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5
20 < 50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8
50 < 100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12
100 < 1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15
> 1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20
16
% of distortion respect fundamental

Isc/IL>1000
14 100<Isc/IL<1000
12 50<Isc/IL<100
20<Isc/IL<50
10
Isc/IL<20
8

0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Harmonic number

APEC 2002 23

ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 24

12
6WUDWHJLHV
IT D
OE
~ DC/DC
S
CONVERTER
RE MEE NOT
GU
LA T
TIO
NS
CONTROL

6WUDWHJLHV

&RPSO\ 5HJXODWLRQ
6LQXVRLGDO FXUUHQW
(1 

V V
I I

‡ 9DOLG IRU DQ\ 5HJXODWLRQ ‡ &RVW UHGXFWLRQ

‡ ,QWHUHVWLQJ IRU V\VWHPV ‡ ,QWHUHVWLQJ IRU LVRODWHG ORDGV
APEC 2002 25

&ODVVLILFDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKHOLQHFXUUHQW

~ SINGLE STAGE
CONVERTER

CONTROL

~ P.F.C.
DC/DC
CONVERTER

CONTROL CONTROL

Cost Line current Voltage storage

Control loops
capacitor
Diode rectifier +
Low Very distorted 1 Fixed
DC/DC stage
Single-stage Medium Meet regulations 1 Not controlled

Two stages High Sinusoidal 2 Controlled

APEC 2002 26

13
 %DVLFSULQFLSOHVFODVVLFDO
%DVLFSULQFLSOHVFODVVLFDO
3)SUHUHJXODWRU
3)SUHUHJXODWRU

APEC 2002 27

$FWLYHSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ

I
LOAD

~ V DC/DC
R
CONVERTER

RESISTOR
EMULATOR

V
P.F. = 1
I T.H.D. = 0

APEC 2002 28

14
ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 29

3RZHUEDODQFH
IRECT

IAC
LOAD

~ VAC VRECT DC/DC

CONVERTER

PIN PO

,QSXW VLGH 2XWSXW VLGH

V PO 2PO,AVG
RECT

P O,AVG
I
RECT

P
IN

P IN,AVG VAC,PK·IAC,PK

VAC,RMS·IAC,RMS

APEC 2002 30

15
3RZHUEDODQFH
IRECT IO

IAC IC
‡ 7KH VWRUDJH
FDSDFLWRU KROGV ORZ
IUHTXHQF\ ULSSOH

LOAD
~ VAC VRECT DC/DC VO

 RU +]
CONVERTER

PIN PO

2XWSXW VLGH %XON FDSDFLWRU

PO
IC
P O,AVG

VO
IO 2IO,AVG VO,AVG

IO,AVG

APEC 2002 31

ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 32

16
7ZRVWDJHDSSURDFK
7:267$*($3352$&+

~ P.F.C.
DC/DC
CONVERTER

3)& 67$*( 7232/2*,(6 )25 3)&

‡ 6LQXVRLGDO OLQH FXUUHQW ‡ %RRVW  ,VRODWHG ERRVW
‡ 2XWSXW YROWDJH ULSSOH ‡ %XFNERRVW  )O\EDFN
‡ 6(3,&  ,VRODWHG 6(3,&
1' 67$*( ‡ &XN  ,VRODWHG &XN
‡ &XUUHQW IHG WRSRORJLHV
‡ )DVW YROWDJH UHJXODWLRQ ‡ 5HVRQDQW DQG TXDVLUHVRQDQW
APEC 2002 33

7ZRVWDJHDSSURDFKH[DPSOH
)/<%$&.&219(57(5
%2267)/<%$&.&219(57(5
L D1 D2
T
.
C1 C2
v
RECT vC M2 . v
M1 O

CONTROL CONTROL

:LWK 3)& :LWKRXW 3)&

T IS UHPRYLQJ
UHPRYLQJ ERRVW
ERRVW VWDJH
COS ASED VWDJH

‡  VZLWFKHV RE
INC - 40% ‡  VZLWFK
‡  FRQWURO VWDJHV 20%
‡  FRQWURO VWDJH
‡  PDJQHWLF FRPSRQHQWV ‡  PDJQHWLF FRPSRQHQW
‡  GLRGHV ‡  GLRGH
‡  PDJQLWXGHV DUH PHDVXUHG ‡  PDJQLWXGH LV PHDVXUHG
‡  ODUJH VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU ‡  ODUJH VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU
APEC 2002 34

17
ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 35

*HQHUDOFRQWUROVWDJH
L D

VRECT C VO
d T

P.W.M. Filter
_

_
+
X VREF

‡ 6PDOO EDQGZLGWK YROWDJH FRQWURO ORRS

‡ +LJK EDQGZLGWK FXUUHQW FRQWURO ORRS
‡ 7KH PXOWLSOLHU LV WKH NH\ HOHPHQW RI WKH VFKHPH
All
All circuitry
circuitry is
is included
included in
in commercial
commercial ICs
ICs
APEC 2002 36

18
*HQHUDOFRQWUROVWDJHIHHGIRUZDUG
L D

VRECT C VO
d T

P.W.M.
Filter
_

X - +
VREF

Filter

x2 ÷

‡ )HHGIRUZDUG WHFKQLTXH FRPSHQVDWHV LQSXW YROWDJH YDULDWLRQV

APEC 2002 37

%RRVWFRQYHUWHU'&'&SHUIRUPDQFH
L D iL

VIN C VO
T
t
iT

$'9$17$*(6 iD t

‡ 6LPSOLFLW\
‡ ,QSXW LQGXFWRU
‡ *URXQGHG WUDQVLVWRU T
t

'5$:%$&.6
‡ 9 KLJKHU WKDQ 9 VO =
d
VO =
1
VIN
‡ 1R LVRODWLRQ
2 5(&7 VIN
1− d 1− d
‡ 1R SURWHFWLRQ
APEC 2002 38

19
%RRVWFRQYHUWHUDYHUDJHFXUUHQWPRGH
‡ )LUVW DVVXPSWLRQ 1VZLWFKLQJ10$,16
‡ ,QSXW YROWDJH LV FRQVWDQW LQ D VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH d (ω t ) ≈ 1 −
VIN (ω t )

‡ 8VXDOO\ FXUUHQW ULSSOH LV QHJOHFWHG VO

/LQH KDOI
KDOIF\FOH
KDOIF\FOH 6ZLWFKLQJ F\FOH
VIN (ω t ) − VO
IINDUCTOR
VIN (ω t ) L
L

d(ωt)
T

‡ 6DPH FRQFHSW FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR RWKHU WRSRORJLHV

APEC 2002 39

&RQWUROORRSGHVLJQ
9ROWDJH ORRS &XUUHQW ORRS
‡ ,W VKRXOG ILOWHU UHFWLILHG $& ‡ ,QSXW FXUUHQW VKRXOG WUDFN UHIHUHQFH
IUHTXHQF\  RU +] ‡ 4XDVL VWDWLF DVVXPSWLRQV
‡ 6PDOO VLJQDO PRGHOV RI '&'&
Boost converter with
constant power load FRQYHUWHUV IRU HDFK RSHUDWLQJ SRLQW
vˆo g
Gvc ( s) = = c Rz Cz
vˆEA Co s
Cp R1 vEA
Rp
Vref
R1 vEA
80

|Gvc| Vref
40
|GEA| fp
fZ
100Hz
0
1.0Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1.0KHz 10KHz 100KHz
Gid
Low Frequency

frequency
Small
Small bandwidth
bandwidth High
High bandwidth
bandwidth
area

APEC 2002 40

20
([DPSOHJRRGDQGEDGFRQWUROORRSGHVLJQ
Output
*RRG GHVLJQ voltage

‡ 6PDOO EDQGZLGWK
Line
current

YROWDJH FRQWURO
ORRS 220ms 230ms 240ms 250ms 260ms 270ms 280ms
%DG GHVLJQ
‡ +LJK EDQGZLGWK
YROWDJH FRQWURO
ORRS
220ms 230ms 240ms 250ms 260ms 270ms 280ms
5.0V
P.W.M.
_
Filter

X
+
VREF
Error
amplifier
voltage
0V
220ms 230ms 240ms 250ms 260ms 270ms 280ms

APEC 2002 41

%RRVWFRQYHUWHURWKHUFRQWUROPRGHV
3($. &855(17 02'( &21752/
‡ )L[HG VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\
‡ 1R FXUUHQW DPSOLILHU
‡ 1RQ XQLW\ SRZHU IDFWRU
‡ 1RLVH VHQVLWLYH
‡ 6ORSH FRPSHQVDWLRQ UHTXLUHG
+<67(5(7,& 02'( &21752/

‡ 8QLW\ SRZHU IDFWRU

‡ 6LPSOH FRQWURO FRPSDUDWRUV LQVWHDG
RI FXUUHQW DPSOLILHU
‡ 6PDOO (0, ILOWHU
‡ 9DULDEOH VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\
APEC 2002 42

21
 6LQXVRLGDOOLQHFXUUHQW
6LQXVRLGDOOLQHFXUUHQW
DOWHUQDWLYHV
DOWHUQDWLYHV

‡ 9ROWDJH IROORZHU DSSURDFK

‡ ,PSURYH HIILFLHQF\ RI PRGXOHV
‡ ,PSURYH HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH V\VWHP
‡ 3DUDOOHO 3)&

APEC 2002 43

ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 44

22
9ROWDJHIROORZHUDSSURDFK
‡ 6RPH 3:0 FRQYHUWHUV ZRUNLQJ LQ '&0 ERRVW IO\EDFN 6(3,&
‡ :LWK FRQVWDQW GXW\ F\FOH
‡ $QG FRQVWDQW VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\
They
They are
are good
good voltage
voltage followers
followers without
without current
current loop
loop

~ P.F.C.
DC/DC
CONVERTER

CONTROL CONTROL

‡ 506 FXUUHQWV DUH KLJKHU

‡ +LJKHU FRQGXFWLRQ ORVVHV
‡ /DUJHU (0, ILOWHU
APEC 2002 45

9ROWDJHIROORZHU'&0%RRVWFRQYHUWHU
L D
iL

VIN C VO
T

iT

RT 2 1
VO = VIN
2L VO − VIN iD

T
RT
1 + 1 + 4d 2
VO = VIN 2L
2

APEC 2002 46

23
9ROWDJHIROORZHU'&0%RRVWFRQYHUWHU
VIN (ω t ) − VO
VIN (ω t ) L
L

IL,AVG

d(ωt)

3DUW 
T
3DUW 
VIN T 2 VIN T VIN
I L , AVG ,1 = d I L , AVG , 2 = d2
2L 2 L VO − VIN

VINT  VIN  2
I L, AVG = 1+ d
2L  VO −VIN 

‡ ,QSXW FXUUHQW LV QRW SURSRUWLRQDO WR LQSXW YROWDJH

‡ 'LVWRUWLRQ GHSHQGV RQ 9 9 UDWLR 2 ,1
APEC 2002 47

9ROWDJHIROORZHU'&0%RRVWFRQYHUWHU

1RUPDOL]HG OLQH FXUUHQW

VO
2.50 M=
VIN, PEAK
1.50

1.20

M=1.05

ωt
‡ 2XWSXW YROWDJH VKRXOG EH
¾ +LJK HQRXJK WR DFKLHYH D JRRG SRZHU IDFWRU
¾ /RZ HQRXJK WR DYRLG WKH XVH RI YHU\ KLJK YROWDJH GHYLFHV
‡ ([DPSOH 92 9 DQG 9,1 506 WKHQ 0 
9,1 506 WKHQ 0 

APEC 2002 48

24
)UHTXHQF\PRGXODWHG%RRVWFRQYHUWHU

VIN (ω t ) − VO
VIN (ω t ) L &RQVWDQW RQWLPH W75
L VIN
I L, AVG = tTR
2L

tTR
T

‡ 8QLW\ SRZHU IDFWRU FRQVWDQW W 

250

Frequency variation
75
‡ 6PDOOHU 506 WKDQ SXUH '&0
200

‡ =HUR FXUUHQW GHWHFWLRQ fs (kHz)

150
176 V
264 V

‡ /DUJH (0, ILOWHU

100

‡ 9DULDEOH VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\

50

0
0 45 90 135 180

Lineángulo
angle (º)
(deg)

APEC 2002 49

%RRVWFRQYHUWHUVXPPDU\

PF FREQ. CONTROL RMS CURRENT EMI FILTER

DCM VOLTAGE VERY HIGH

FOLLOWER HIGH CONS. V. SIMPLE MEDIUM

FREQUENCY
UNITY VAR. SIMPLE HIGH MEDIUM
MODULATION

PEAK
MEDIUM CONS. COMPLEX LOW SMALL
CURRENT

AVERAGE
CURRENT UNITY CONS. COMPLEX LOW SMALL

HYSTERETIC LOW
UNITY VAR. SIMPLE V. SMALL

APEC 2002 50

25
9ROWDJHIROORZHU'&0)O\EDFNFRQYHUWHU
D
6ZLWFKLQJ F\FOH
1:n iT
+
C VO
_

VRECT
M1
T
dT
~ T

/LQH KDOI
KDOIF\FOH
KDOIF\FOH

VIN T 2
I T , AVG = d
2L

‡ ,QSXW FXUUHQW LV SURSRUWLRQDO WR LQSXW YROWDJH

‡ 8QLW\ SRZHU IDFWRU
APEC 2002 51

([DPSOH)O\EDFNFXUUHQWVWUHVVFDOFXODWLRQ
‡ )LUVW WR REWDLQ DQ HTXDWLRQ RI WKH FXUUHQW IRU D JHQHULF
VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH
‡ 6HFRQG WR LQWHJUDWH WKLV HTXDWLRQ LQ D OLQH KDOIF\FOH
6ZLWFKLQJ F\FOH

VIN (α ).d 2
I T , AVG (α ) = VIN(ωt)
2 Lf L

IT ,RMS (α ) = VIN (α )
IT,AVG
d3
Lf 3 dT
T
/LQH KDOI
KDOIF\FOH
KDOIF\FOH

VIN,PEAK ⋅ d 2 VIN,PEAK d 3
IT , AVG = IT,RMS =
πLf Lf 6
APEC 2002 52

26
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 53

%RRVWZLWK=HUR9ROWDJH7UDQVLWLRQ
3)&VWDJH
3)&VWDJH
ID VGS1
ILR t
VGS2
COSS t
T1
VDS1
T2
~ t
ZVT cell ILR

‡ 026)(7 WXUQVRQ ZLWK ]HUR YROWDJH

t

‡ 'LRGH UHFRYHU\ ORVVHV DUH PLQLPL]HG

VD

‡ (IILFLHQF\ PD\ EH LPSURYHG LQ  t

‡ $GGLWLRQDO FRPSRQHQWV UHTXLUHG ID
‡ $GGLWLRQDO FRQWURO VLJQDO t

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4
APEC 2002 54

27
7ZRLQSXWV%XFNFRQYHUWHU7LEXFN
'&'&VWDJH
'&'&VWDJH

2 output 2 input
PFC DC/DC
V1
VO

V1 V2

VO

V2
VO = V1d + V2 (1 − d )

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 'HYLFHV YROWDJH VWUHVVHV HTXDO ‡ 7ZR RXWSXWV 3)& UHTXLUHG
WR 9 9  ‡ 7ZR VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRUV
‡ 9HU\ KLJK HIILFLHQF\ IRU KLJK 9
 
2
APEC 2002 55

ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 56

28
,PSURYHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHV\VWHP

~ PIN P.F.C.
DC/DC
CONVERTER
PO

P 32%
32%
Input power (PIN)

P2 P2
Output power (PO)

P1 P1 68%
68%

t0 t1 t2 t

P
POO is
is processed
processed twice
twice and
and itit can
can be
be improved
improved

APEC 2002 57

,PSURYHHIILFLHQF\%LGLUHFWLRQDO'&'&FRQYHUWHU

PFC

PIN 100% 100%

PO
PFC
Bi-dir.
Absorb
Absorb //
DC/DC
inject
inject current
current 32%
Bi-dir.
DC/DC
32%
%,',5(&7,21$/ &219(57(5

PO is processed 1.64 times

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 3 LV SURFHVVHG  WLPHV ‡ $ ELGLUHFWLRQDO '&'&
‡ ,QGHSHQGHQW PRGXOHV
2
FRQYHUWHU LV UHTXLUHG
‡  VZLWFKHV
APEC 2002 58

29
,PSURYHHIILFLHQF\3DUDOOHOSURFHVVLQJRIHQHUJ\
Divides
Divides power
power
in
in two
two parts
parts DC/DC

DC/DC

32%
2 output
32%
PFC
PIN 100% 68% PO
PFC

PO is processed 1.32 times

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 3 LV SURFHVVHG  WLPHV ‡ &RPSOH[ SRZHU VWDJH
‡ +LJKHU HIILFLHQF\ ‡ &RPSOH[ FRQWURO VWDJH
2

APEC 2002 59

,PSURYHHIILFLHQF\0RYLQJSRZHUEORFNV
DC/DC
PFC

DC/DC

50%
Conventional
Conventional converters
converters
50%

)/<%$&.  %8&.%2267 D1
PIN 100% 50% PO
PFC
T1
C2
Q2 L

D2 C1 PO is processed 1.50 times

Q1

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 3 LV SURFHVVHG  WLPHV ‡ 5HVWULFWLRQV GXH WR WKH VHULHV
‡ 1R FKDQJH LQ PRGXOHV DQG
2
FRQQHFWLRQ
FRQWURO DXWRPDWLF GLYLVLRQ
APEC 2002 60

30
$FWLYHILOWHULQJ
%,',5(&7,21$/
$&VLGH
$&VLGH '&VLGH
'&VLGH &219(57(5

DC/DC DC/DC

V RECT
Active Bi-dir.
filter DC/DC
I LINE

 TXDGUDQW I LOAD
 TXDGUDQW
FRQYHUWHU
FRQYHUWHU

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 3)& LV RSWLRQDO ‡ +LJK SHDN FXUUHQW WKURXJK EL
‡ 1R FKDQJH LQ WKH V\VWHP GLUHFWLRQDO FRQYHUWHU
APEC 2002 61

1RQVLQXVRLGDOOLQH
1RQVLQXVRLGDOOLQH
FXUUHQWDOWHUQDWLYHV
FXUUHQWDOWHUQDWLYHV

‡ 3DVVLYH ILOWHUV
‡ 5HGXFH FRQWURO ORRSV
‡ 5HGXFH QXPEHU RI VZLWFKHV
‡ &RPELQH WRSRORJLHV
‡ 0RGLI\ D '&'& FRQYHUWHU

APEC 2002 62

31
3DVVLYHILOWHUV
L
No inductor
Passive DC/DC

L = 1 mH
CONTROL

1.4
No Inductor
0.5 mH L = 2 mH
1.2
1.0 mH
1.0 1.5 mH
RMS current (A)

2.0 mH
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
1 3 5 7 9 11
Harmonic number

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 5HOLDELOLW\ UREXVWQHVV ‡ 6L]H DQG ZHLJKW
‡ +LJK HIILFLHQF\ ‡ 'HVLJQ IRU XQLYHUVDO OLQH YROWDJH
APEC 2002 63

3DSHUVDERXWSRZHUIDFWRUFRUUHFWLRQ
3DSHUVDERXW3)&
45
40
35
30
25 PESC
20 APEC
15
10
5
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

3HUFHQWDJHRI3)&SDSHUV
25

20

15
PESC
APEC
10

5
6LQJOH6WDJH
0 &LUFXLWV

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
APEC 2002 64

32
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 65

5HPRYLQJFRQWUROORRSV
IAC DC/DC
VRECT
PFC
IAUX

CONTROL
IAC

VAC IO

IAUX

32 LV SURFHVVHG  WLPHV

IAC

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 6LPSOHU FRQWURO FLUFXLW  ,& DQG ‡ 9ROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU LV
 PDJQLWXGH WR FRQWURO QRW FRQWUROOHG
‡ 3RZHU PDQDJHPHQW PD\ EH
LPSURYHG
APEC 2002 66

33
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 67

+RZLVWKHYROWDJHRQWKHVWRUDJHFDSDFLWRU"
‡ $ JRRG YROWDJH IROORZHU  '&'& FRQYHUWHU
¾ 'XW\ F\FOH G ZLOO SD\ DWWHQWLRQ WR 92
¾ 6LQFH 9& ≈ FRQVWDQW G ≈ FRQVWDQW
¾ /LQH FXUUHQW ZLOO EH DOPRVW VLQXVRLGDO ~ P.F.C.
DC/DC
CONVERTER

¾ 9ROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDS LV QRW FRQWUROOHG

‡ ([DPSOH FDVFDGHG IO\EDFN  IO\EDFN
3,1 HTXDO WR 32 WR REWDLQ G
CONTROL

¾
&DOFXODWH 9&
VIN2 ,PEAK ·d 2 VO2 2L
k1 = 1
¾ 4L1f
=
R RT

'&0  '&0
1000
Voltage on capacitor (V)

800 VIN=110V VIN=230V

L2 DCM+CCM DCM+CCM
VC = VIN , PEAK
2L1 600

VIN=230V

'&0  &&0
DCM+DCM
400

VIN=110V
DCM+DCM
200
VIN , PEAK
VC = − VO
2k1 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Output current (A)

APEC 2002 68

34
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 69

5HGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURIVZLWFKHV

'&0 %2267  '&0 )/<%$&. 6,1*/( 6:,7&+

PFC DC/DC

.
CONTROL
.

VAC
‡ 7UDGHRII
¾ /LQH FXUUHQW GLVWRUWLRQ
IAC
¾ 9ROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ /RZ FRVW  VZLWFK DQG  ‡ %RWK VWDJHV LQ '&0 DQG 3 LV
GULYHU SURFHVVHG WZLFH 2

‡ 5HODWLYH JRRG 3) ‡ +LJK YROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU

APEC 2002 70

35
 &RPELQLQJWRSRORJLHV%,)5('
'&0 %2267  &&0 )/<%$&.

. .
PFC
+
DC/DC

CONTROL ~

VAC ‡ 7KH YROWDJH VWUHVV FDQ EH

UHGXFHG ZLWK D PRUH FRPSOH[
FRQWURO YDU\LQJ WKH VZLWFKLQJ
IAC
IUHTXHQF\

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ /RZ FRVW  VZLWFK DQG  ‡ 9HU\ KLJK YROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH
GULYHU FDSDFLWRU
‡ 4XLWH JRRG 3) ‡ +LJK YROWDJH GHYLFHV
APEC 2002 71

&RPEWRSRORJLHVPXOWLZLQGLQJWUDQVIRUPHU

PFC
+
%2267  )25:$5'
DC/DC

CONTROL

VAC

‡ 9ROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU LV

IAC
UHGXFHG WKDQNV WR WKH DX[LOLDU\
ZLQGLQJ
$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 2QO\  VZLWFK DQG  ,& ‡ &RPSOH[ SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHU
‡ 9DOLG IRU XQLYHUVDO OLQH YROWDJH
APEC 2002 72

36
0RGLI\LQJ'&'&FRQYHUWHUVDGGLQJDUHVRQDQWRXWSXW
_ Vboost +
25,*,1$/ &,5&8,7
Vbus
Q1 Q3
2 output
DC/DC + Lr

iac
Cr
Vac
CONTROL

Q2 Q4

VAC &+$5*( 3803 %$6(' 21 )/<%$&.

IAC

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ /RZ FRVW FKDUJH SXPS YHUVLRQ ‡ &RPSOH[ GHVLJQ GXH WR
‡ 9DOLG IRU XQLYHUVDO OLQH YROWDJH UHVRQDQW VWDJH
APEC 2002 73

0RGLI\LQJ'&'&FRQYHUWHUVFXUUHQWVKDSHUV

2 output
DC/DC )/<%$&. YHUVLRQ

CONTROL

VAC

‡ 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ YDULDWLRQV

IAC
EHORQJLQJ WR WKLV LGHD

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 2QO\ IHZ FRPSRQHQWV DGGHG WR ‡ 9ROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU
D '&'& FRQYHUWHU ‡ 3HQDOL]HG IRU XQLYHUVDO OLQH
‡ /RZ FRVW VROXWLRQ YROWDJH
APEC 2002 74

37
 ISSUES THAT HAVE TO DO WITH POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

HARMONICS

REGULATIONS POWER
UTILITY SUPPLY
DESIGNER
COST

ENERGY
MANAGEMENT

CONTROL

PFC SINGLE
EFFICIENCY
TWO-STAGE STAGE

STORAGE
CAPACITOR

APEC 2002 75

0RGLI\LQJ'&'&FRQYHUWHUDGGLQJIRUZDUGRXWSXW
2 output
DC/DC

CONTROL

VAC

IAC ‡ /LQH FRQGXFWLRQ DQJOH FRQWUROODEOH

E\ GHVLJQ

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ /RZHU YROWDJH RQ VWRUDJH ‡ (QHUJ\ UHFLUFXODWLRQ
FDSDFLWRU
‡ 6LPSOH VROXWLRQ ORZ FRVW
APEC 2002 76

38
0RGLI\LQJ'&'&FRQYHUWHUVWZRLQSXWVFRQYHUWHU

2 input
DC/DC %,  )25:$5'

CONTROL

VAC

‡ /LQH FXUUHQW KDV KLJK KDUPRQLF

FRQWHQW EXW PHHWV 5HJXODWLRQV IRU
IAC

ORZ DQG PHGLXP SRZHU

$'9$17$*(6
$'9$17$*(6 '5$:%$&.6
'5$:%$&.6
‡ 3 LV SURFHVVHG RQFH ‡ /DUJH KROGXS WLPH IRUFHV WR
‡ /RZ FRVW VROXWLRQ LQFOXGH DQ DGGLWLRQDO LQGXFWRU
2

APEC 2002 77

6XPPDU\
‡ 3RZHU )DFWRU &RUUHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV UHGXFH WKH KDUPRQLF
FRQWHQW RI WKH OLQH FXUUHQW GHPDQGHG E\ SRZHU VXSSOLHV
‡ &RQYHUWHUV VXFK DV ERRVW IO\EDFN 6(3,&  DUH JRRG
FDQGLGDWHV IRU VLQXVRLGDO OLQH FXUUHQW &RQWURO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV HDV\ WKDQNV WR VSHFLILF ,&V
‡ $ VWRUDJH FDSDFLWRU LV UHTXLUHG WR EDODQFH WKH LQSXW DQG
RXWSXW SRZHU ZDYHIRUPV ,W KROGV ORZ IUHTXHQF\ ULSSOH
‡ 8VXDOO\ D VHFRQG VWDJH '&'& FRQYHUWHU LV UHTXLUHG WR
REWDLQ IDVW UHJXODWHG 9
PFC DC/DC

2
P
‡ 6RPH WHFKQLTXHV PD\ LPSURYH WKH HIILFLHQF\ E\ PHDQV RI
D KLJKHU FRVW NHHSLQJ WKH VLQXVRLGDO OLQH FXUUHQW
P2 P2

P1 P1

‡ 5HJXODWLRQV DOORZ WKH XVH RI VLQJOH VWDJH FLUFXLWV VLQJOH

WUDQVLVWRU DQG FRQWURO ZKHUH WKH FRVW RI WKH SRZHU
VXSSO\ LV UHGXFHG HVSHFLDOO\ IRU ORZ SRZHU
APEC 2002 78

39
 )LQDOO\

Please, try to find a BBB solution:

- in spanish BBB means : B = Bueno = Good
B = Bonito = Beautiful
B = Barato = Cheap

This means:

- Unity power factor

- Very cheap
- High efficiency
- Valid for every application
- Simple
- and, of course, ...... as nice as posible THE
END
APEC 2002 79

5HIHUHQFHV,>SULQWHGYHUVLRQVOLGHQXPEHU@
[9] IEC 1000/3/2 International Standard, “Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current <16A per phase)”, 1995.
[15] Amendment 14:2000 to EN61000-3-2, OJ 14-12-2000
[16] “IEEE 519 Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems”, IEEE Industry Applications Society/ Power
Engineering Society, 1993
[24] D. Chambers, D. Wang, “Dynamic power factor correction in capacitor input off line converters”, Powercon 6.
[24] G. Spiazzi, “Analysis of Buck Converters Used as Power Factor Preregulators”, IEEE PESC 1997.
[24] I. Barbi, S.A. Oliveira, “Sinusoidal Line Current Rectification at Unity Power Factor with Boost Quasi Resonant Converters”, IEEE APEC 1990.
[24] M. J. Kocher, R. L. Steigerwald, “A AC to DC Converter with High Quality Input waveforms”, IEEE PESC 1982.
[24] M.J. Schutten, R.L. Steigerwald, M.H. Kheraluwala, “Characteristics of Load Resonant Converters Operated in a High Power Factor Mode”, IEEE APEC 1991.
[24] O.R. Schmidt, “Quasi resonant AC/DC forward converter with sinusoidal input current”, INTELEC 1994.
[24] R. Watson, G.C. Hua, F.C. Lee, "Characterization of an Active Clamp Flyback Topology for Power Factor Correction Applications", IEEE APEC, 1994.
[26] L. H. Dixon, “High Power Factor Pre-regulators for Off-line Power Supplies”, Unitrode Power Supply Design Seminar 1988.
[26] Unitrode Application Note U-111, “Practical Considerations in Current Mode Power Supplies”, Unitrode Product & Applications Handbook 1995-96.
[27] R. Redl, N.O. Sokal, “Near optimum dynamic regulation of dc-dc converters using feedforward of output current and input voltage, with current mode control”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics Vol. 1.
[29] L. Dixon, “Average current mode control of switching power supplies”, Unitrode power supply design seminar 1990.
[30] R.B. Ridley, “Average small signal analysis of the boost power factor correction circuit”, Virginia Power Electronics Center 1989.
[30] D.S.L. Simonetti, J. Sebastian, J. Uceda, “A small signal model for SEPIC, Cuk and flyback converters as power factor preregulators in discontinuous conduction
mode”, IEEE PESC 1993.
[32] K.K. Sen, A.E. Emanuel, “Unity power factor single phase power conditioning”, IEEE PESC 1987.
[32] C. Zhou, R.B. Ridley, F.C. Lee, “Design and analysis of a hysteretic boost power factor correction circuit”, IEEE PESC 1990.
[32] K. Nalbant, J. Klein, “Design of a 1kW power factor correction circuit”, PCIM conference 1990.
[32] C. Zhou, M.M. Jovanovic, “Design trade-offs in continuous current mode controlled boost power factor correction circuit”, Virginia Power Electronics Center
1992.
[34] H. Endo, T. Yamashita, T. Sugiura, “A High Power Factor Buck Converter”, IEEE PESC 1992.
[34] J. Sebastian, J. Uceda, J.A. Cobos, J. Arau, “Using SEPIC topology for Improving Power Factor in Distributed Power Supply Systems”, EPE journal Vol.3, No.2,
June 1993.
[34] J. Sebastián, J.A.Cobos, J.M. Lopera, J.Uceda, ”The determination of the boundaries between continuous and discontinuous conduction mode in PWM DC to
DC converters used as power factor pre-regulators”, IEEE Transactions on power electronics, Septiembre 1995, Vol. 10, No. 5.
[34] M. Brkovic, S. Cuk, “Input Current Shaper Using Cuk Converter” INTELEC 1992.
[36] K.H. Liu, and Y. L. Lin, “Current Waveform Distortion in Power Factor Correction Circuits Employing Discontinuous Mode Boost Converters”, IEEE PESC 1989
[36] D.Simonetti, J. Sebastián, José A. Cobos, J. Uceda, ”The continuous-discontinuous conduction boundary of a boost PFP fed by universal input”, Congreso
Internacional de Electrónica de Potencia (CIEP), 1995.
[38] J.S. Lai, D. Chen, “Design considerations for power factor correction boost converter operating at the boundary of continuous conduction mode and
discontinuous conduction mode”, IEEE APEC 1993.
[39] W. Tang, F.C. Lee, R.B. Ridley, I. Cohen, “Charge control: modeling, analysis and design” Virginia Power Electronics Center 1992.
[40] R. Erickson, M. Madigan, S. Singer, “Design of a Simple High Power Factor Rectifier Based on the Flyback Converter”, IEEE APEC 1990.

APEC 2002 80

40
 5HIHUHQFHV,,>SULQWHGYHUVLRQVOLGHQXPEHU@
[41] R. Redl, L. Balogh, “RMS, DC, peak, and harmonic currents in high frequency power factor correctors with capacitive energy storage”, IEEE APEC 1992.
[42] G. Hua, C.S. Leu, F.C. Lee, “Novel zero voltage transition PWM converters”, IEEE PESC 1992.
[43] J. Sebastián, P. Villegas, F. Nuño, M.M. Hernando, “Very Efficient Two Input DC to DC Switching Post-Regulators”, IEEE PESC 1996.
[45] J.P. Gegner, C. Hung, C.Q. Lee, "High Power Factor AC to DC converter using a Reactive Shunt Regulator”, IEEE PESC 1994.
[46] Y. Jiang, F.C. Lee, G. Hua, W. Tang, "A Novel Single-Phase Power Factor Correction Scheme", IEEE APEC 1993
[46] Y. Jiang, F.C. Lee, "Single Stage Single-Phase Parallel Power Factor Correction Scheme", IEEE PESC 1994.
[47] O. García, J.A. Cobos, P. Alou, R. Prieto, J. Uceda, S. Ollero, “A New Family of Single Stage AC/DC Power Factor Correction Converters with Fast Output
Voltage Regulation”, IEEE PESC 1997.
[48] O. García, M.D. Martinez-Avial, J.A.Cobos, J. Uceda, J. Gonzalez, J.A. Navas,”Harmonic reducer converter”, IEEE PESC 2000.
[50] A.R. Prasad, P.D. Ziogas, S. Manias, “A novel passive waveshaping method for single phase diode rectifier”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics.Vol.37, No. 6, Dec 1990.
[50] J.S. Lai, D. Hurst, T. Key, “Switch-mode Power Supply Power Factor Improvement Via Harmonic Elimination Methods”, IEEE APEC 1991.
[50] M.M Jovanovic, D.E. Crow, “Merits and Limitations of Full Bridge Rectifier with LC Filter in Meeting IEC1000-3-2 Harmonic Limit Specifications”, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, nº2, march 1997.
[50] R. Redl, “An Economical Single-Phase Passive Power-Factor Corrected Rectifier: Topology, Operation, Extensions, and Design For Compliance”, IEEE APEC
1998.
[50] V. Vorperian, R. Ridley, “A Simple Scheme for Unity Power Factor Rectification for High Frequency AC Buses” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol.5,
nº1, January 1990.
[51] E. Rodríguez, O. García, J.A. Cobos, J. Arau y J. Uceda, ”A single stage rectifier with PFC and fast regulation of the output voltage”, IEEE PESC 1998.
[52] J. Qian, F.C.Lee, “A novel high power factor correction rectifier with a coupling inductor”, Virginia Power Electronics Center 1996.
[53] R. Redl, L. Baslogh, N.O. Sokal, "A New Family of Single-Stage Isolated power Factor Corrector with Fast Regulation of the Output Voltage", IEEE PESC
1994.
[54] M. Madigan, R. Erickson, E. Ismail, "Integrated High Quality Rectifier Regulators", IEEE PESC 1992.
[54] M.M. Jovanovic, D.M. Tsang, F.C. Lee, "Reduction of Voltage Stress in Integrated High Quality Rectifier Regulators by Variable Frequency Control”, IEEE
APEC 1994.
[55] L. Huber, M.M. Jovanovic, “Single Stage Single Switch Isolated Power Supply Technique with Input Current Shaping and Fast Output Voltage Regulation for
Universal Input Voltage Range Applications”, IEEE APEC 1997.
[56] M.M. Keraluwhala, R.L. Steigerwald, R. Gurumoorthy, "Fast Response High Power Factor Converter with a Single Power Stage", IEEE PESC 1991.
[56] J. Qian, F.C. Lee, “A High Efficient Single Stage Single Switch High Power Factor AC/DC Converter with Universal Input”, IEEE APEC 1997.
[57] F.S. Tsai, P. Markowski, E. Whitcomb, “Off-line Flyback Converter with Input Harmonic Current Correction”, INTELEC 1996.
[57] G. Hua, “Consolidated soft switching AC/DC converters”, U.S. Patent No. 5790389, Aug. 1998.
[57] J. Sebastián, M.M. Hernando, P. Villegas, J. Díaz, A. Fontán, “Input current Shaper based on the Series Connection of a Voltage Source and a Loss Free
Resistor”, IEEE APEC 1998.
[58] J.J. Spangler, “A power factor corrected, MOSFET, multiple output, flyback switching power supply”, PCI 1985.
[59] O. Garcia, C. Fernandez, R. Prieto, J.A. Cobos, J. Uceda, “Design trade-offs of bi-flyback and bi-forward AC/DC converters to comply low frequency harmonic
Regulations”, IEEE PESC 2000.

APEC 2002 81

41