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Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem: What The Buddha Taught
Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem Jrwfak' A'Oem: What The Buddha Taught
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ausmif;q&m}uD; OD;bvGif/ OD;odef;[ef/ OD;0ef/ trdsK;orD;rsm;rS a':cifrdsK;cspf ESifh aemfavmfz&ifhawm wdk@ yg0ifcJh
ayonf?
nDvmcH}uD;rSm tvGef}uD;us,fcrf;em;vSI aqG;aEG;EDS;aESm=uaom bmom&yfaygif;vnf; rsm;jym;
vGef;vSojzifh rdrdwdk@toD;oD; wm0efcJGa0owfrSwfI tpnf;ta0;wufcJh=u&onf? xdkpOftcgu oD[kdVf
udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG@wGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg; yg0ifonfukd owdjyKrdcJhaomfvnf; q&mawmf&m[kvm [k
rod&dScJhay? xdkq&mawmfonf ,Ofaus;r_ESihf vlr_qufqHa&;bmom&yfrsm; u¾wGifyg0ifI pma&;olrSm odyH̀
ESifh pufr_vufr_u¾wGif aqmif&GufcJh=uojzifh wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;awG@qHkEdkifcGifh rñuHcJh&yg?
tjcm;wdkufqdkifcsufwpfckrSm 1947 ckESpfwGif ,if;nDvmcHrS jyefvmjyD;uwnf;u pma&;olonf
EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;rjyKawmhyg? q&m}uD;OD;&mZwf. wm0efay;csuft& rEWav;
wuUodkvf jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ynma&;udkom aZmufcs aqmif&GufcJhayonf? xdkenf;wlpGm q&mawmf
&m[kvm t&Sifonfvnf; xdktcsdefrSpI ynma&;ESihfbmoma&;oufoufudkom OD;wnfaqmif&GufawmfrlcJh
I EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_tm;vHk; pGef@ypfvkdufcJhayonf?
a'vDnDvmcHrS jyefvmjyD;aemuf q&mawmfonf xdktcsdefwGif pwifwnfaxmifvdkufonfh
bkef;awmf}uD;wuUodkvf 0dZ…mvuFm&y&da0ewGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r_;csKyf (armfuGef;xdef;) tjzpf
aqmif&GufawmfrlcJhayonf? xdk@aemuf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jyifopftpdk;&u csD;jr‡ifhaom paumvm;&Spfqkjzifh
yg&DjrdK@ aqmfAGefwuUodkvfwGif ynmqufvuf oif=um;awmfrlonf? aqmfAGefwuUodkvfonf ouUÉbmom
oif=um;ay;jcif;/ r[m,meAk'<bmomudk avhvmokawoejyKvkyfjcif;rsm;wGif emrnf}uD;vSayonf?
,if;wuUodkvfwGif 8 ESpfr#ynmoif=um;&if; jyifopfbmompum;udk aumif;pGm wwfajrmufvmonfh
tavsmuf to*F. eufeJcufcJvSonfh tbd"rRmorkpP, usrf;}uD;udk jyifopfbmom jyefqdkjyKpkEkdifcJh
ayonf? ,if;usrf;}uD;udk jyKpkjcif;jzifh aqmfAGefwuUokdvfrS a'gufwmbJG@udk qGwfcl;EdkifcJhjyefayonf?
1964 ckESpfwGif tar&duef/ tDvDEGdKufjynfe,f/ taemufajrmufwuUokdvfwGif bmoma&;pmay
qdkif&m ygarmuQtjzpf cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? taemufEkdifiHwuUodkvfrsm;wGif a&S;OD;ygarmuQtjzpf cef@tyfjcif;
cH&aom Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD;jzpfavonf?
1965 ckESpfwGif q&mawmf. *dk%f;jzpfaom oD&duvsm%D or*D~oHCmhoAŠ u q&mawmftm; ynm
t&mwGif tjrifhqHk;bJG@xl;jzpfaom “wdydÉu 0*FoGm&mp&d,” bJG@udk ay;tyfonf? oD&dvuFmEdkfifiHwGif T
bJG@xl;aqmif q&mawmfrsm;rSm ,ckwkdif ESpfyg;/ oHk;yg;r#om &dSonf[k od&onf?
1966 ckESpfwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHY topfzGihfvSpfvkdufaom 0daZ…m', wuUodkvfwGif 'k-t"dywdtjzpf
oD[dkVftpdk;&u cef@tyfcJhonf?
1977 ckESpfwGif tar&duef yifq,fvfaA;eD;,m;jynfe,f/ qGqfrkd;wuUodkvfYvnf;aumif;/ 1978 ck
ESifh 1979 ckESpfrsm;wGif umvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f wuUokdvfESifh ta&S@wdkif;ynm&yf wuUodkvfrsm;wGif
vnf;aumif; {nfhygarmuQtjzpf Ak'<bmompmayrsm;udk yd@k cs oif=um;ay;awmfrlcJhonf?
1978 ckESpfwGif oD&dvuFmwuUokdvfrS *k%fxl;aqmif a'gufwmbJG@jzifhvnf;aumif;/ urBmay:wGif
a&S;tusqHk;wuUodkvfwpfckjzpfonfh emvENwuUokdvfrS (0dZ…m 0&d'd<)/ /'DvpfbJG@xl;jzifhvnf;aumif; csD;jr‡ihfjcif;
cH&onf? 1979 ckESpfwGif umvDzdk;eD;,m;wuUokdvfrS *k%fxl;aqmif a'gufwmbJG@jzifh csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&jyefonf?
1980 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVf auved,wuUokdvfrS *k%fxl;aqmif a'gufwmbJG@jzifh csD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf?
1974 ckESpfrSpI q&mawmf. wljzpfol wpfOD;. zdwf=um;jcif;ESifh t*FvefygVdawmf toif;}uD;.
twGif;a&;r_; rpPpf a[mfem;(uG,fvGef) . yifhav#mufawmif;yefjcif;rsm;a=umifh q&mawmfonf vef'efjrdK@
wGif tajcpdkuf oDwif;oHk;I aexdkifawmfrlcJhayonf? t*FvefygVdawmf toif;wGif tr_aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf
yg0ifI bmomjyef vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkif&if;/ bmoma&;pmtkyftrdsK;rdsK; a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlv#uf &dSonf?
Todk@ vef'efwGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrlv#uf&Sdaomfvnf; tar&duef/ Oa&myESifh *syefwuUodkvfrsm;odk@ c&D;vSnhf
vnfI pmayydk@csv#ufyif &dSavonf?
txl;tm;jzifh rdrd. EdkifiH&if;jzpfaom oD&dvuFmwGif auved,wuUokdvf. 'k-t"dywdtjzpf
vnf;aumif;/ y&r"rRAk'<wuUodkvf. t}uD;tuJtjzpfjzifh vnf;aumif;/ aqmif&Gufawmfrlv#uf &dSygonf?
10
,if;wuUodkvfonf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH orRw}uD;ESihf 0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd . awmif;yefcsuft& q&mawmfu 1982
ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfay;vdkufaom wuUokdvfopfwpfck jzpfayonf? ,if;wuUokdvfwGif vlrdsK;ra&G;/
bmomra&G;/ ygVdpmayESifh Ak'<pmaywd@k udk tqifhjrifhjrifh oif=um;ay;v#uf&dS&m T tjynfjynfqdkif&m Ak'<
wuUodkvfrdsK; urBmwGif Twpfckom &dSao;a=umif; od&Sd&ayonf?
11
ed'gef;
12
Ak'<omoemawmfwGif tajctjrpf rlvyifrjzpfI txl;tav;jyKtyfjyD; rygv#ifrjynfhpHkay[k
trsm;u,lqxm;onfh w&m;a'oemrsm;tm;vHk;vdkvkdyif TpmtkyfYxnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? ‚
w&m;awmfrsm;rSm opPmav;yg;/ r*~if&Spfyg;/ cE<mig;yg;/ uH/ b0opf/ yÉdpPorky`g'f/ tewWw&m;ESifh owdyXmef
w&m;awmfrsm;yif jzpfygonf? Tw&m;awmfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif taemufEkdifiHom; pmzwfolrsm;twGuf
r=um;zl;/ rusGrf;usifaom toHk;tEH_;rsm; yg0ifrnfrSm "rRwmyifjzpfygonf? ‚wdk@onf a&S;OD;pGm yxrqHk;
tcef;udk zwf&_jyD;aemuf tcef;(5)/(7) eSihf (8) wd@k od@k ckefausmfzwfum a,bk,soabm ydkrkd&Sif;vif;xif&Sm;
ay:vGifvmrSom tcef;(2)/(3)/(4) ESihf (6) wd@k ukd jyefvnf zwf&_=u&ef t=uH^m%fay;vdkygonf?
Ak'<a[m w&m;rsm;ta=umif;udk pmwpftkyfa&;om;&mwGif ax&0g'ESifh r[m,me Ak'<bmomwd@k u
Ak'<0g'.tajccHrlv[k vufcHjyKxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rxnfhoGif;razmfjybJ a&;om;I rjzpfEdkifyg?
ax&0g', udk [de,me(,mOfi,f) [laoma0g[m&udk odusGrf;em;vnf=uaom ynm&Sifyk*d~Kvfw@kd
u oHk;pJGjcif;rjyK=uawmhay? ax&0g'udk rax&f}uD;rsm;*dk%f;*% [k bmomjyefEdkifI r[m,meudk ,mOf}uD;
*dk%f;[k ,lqtyf.? ‚.trnfemrrsm;rSm rsufarSmufurBmwGif xif&Sm;ay:vGifv#uf&Sdaom Ak'<bmom0if
*dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f;udk ac:a0:oHk;pJGjcif;jzpfayonf? Ak'<bmomyifukd,frl&if;trSef[k rSwf,lcH&aom ax&0g'udk
oD[dkVf/ jrefrmjynf/ ,dk;',m;/ uarBmZ/ avmESihf ta&S@ygupPwef/ ppfwaumif;e,frsm;wGif vdkufem=uI
tawmftwefumvaemufusrS jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmaom r[m,me*dk%f;udk w&kwfjynf/ *syef/ wdAuf/
rGef*dkvD,m; paom wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif vdkufem=uonf? T*dk%f;}uD;ESpf*dk%f;wGif txl;ojzifh oabmt,l
tq/ usifhxHk;"avhESifh odrSwfvdkufemr_rsm;wGif tcdsK@aom uJGvJGjcm;em;csufrsm;&dSvifhupm; TpmtkyfwGif
aqG;aEG;wifjyonfh ta&;t}uD;qHk; Ak'<. a'oemawmfrsm;wGifum; ESpfaxGuJGjym;rjcm;em;yJ wnDwnGwf
wnf; ax&0g'ESifh r[m,mewdk@ oabmwlnDr_ &dS=uygonf?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;ðypk&ef usGEkfyftm;wdkufwGef;aom ygarmuQ tD;/ tufzf/ pD/ vl'dk0pf tm;
vdkaom tultnDrsm;ay;um pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmjzifh t=uH^m%frsm;ay;I pmrl=urf;udk zwf&_ay;jcif;a=umifh
txl; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif&dSa=umif; azmfjyygonf? pmrl=urf;udk zwf&_I t=uH^m%faumif;rsm;ay;aom rpfpf
ar&D,Hr_ef;tm;vnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf?
ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh Oa,smZOfukda&;om;ay;aom yg&pfjrdK@&dS usGEkfyf.q&m ygarmuQ aygvf'DrD,JADa,;.
aus;Zl;um; }uD;rm;vSyga=umif; azmfjytyfygonf?
yg&pfjrdK@
Zlvdkif/1958 ckESpf 0gvfykdvm &m[kvm
13
TpmrsufESmwGif --
urBmavmu. tema&m*grsm;ud
tema&m*grsm;udk ukpm;ay;awmfrlaom/ bdouU/ aboZ…*k&k orm;awmf}uD;tjzpf
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ylaZmf&yHk?
14
TpmrsufESmwGif --
15
TpmrsufESmwGif --
16
(r%d) odk@
oAŠ'geH "rR'geH ZdZdemwd?
Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf
rdsK;EG,ftrnf a*gwr/ udk,fykdiftrnf od'<wˆ[kac:wGifaom Ak'<bk&m;&Sifawmfjrwfonf bDpD 6
&mpkESpftwGif;wGif tdEdN,ajrmufykdif;Y oufawmfxif&Sm;aexdkifawmfrlcJhayonf? ‚.bcrnf;awmf
oka'<g'eonf ousrif;wdk@. wdkif;EdkifiH (,ckeDaygjynf)wGif bk&ifrif;jrwfjzpfayonf? r,fawmfrSm rm,m
rdzk&m;}uD;jzpfygonf?
xdkacwftcgu "avhxHk;pHtwdkif; od'<wˆrif;om;onf toufi,f&G,fpOf (16) ESpfom;Y acsmarm
ajyjypfI opPmwnfwHhaom rif;orD;ydsK ,aomf",mESihf xdrf;jrm;vufxyfcJhavonf? od'<wˆrif;om;uav;
onf vdkw&Edkifaom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omjzifh ‚.eef;awmfxufwGif aexdkifawmfrlcJh&.? odk@&mwGif b0.
oabmtppftrSefESifh vl@avmu. 'kuQqif;&Jjcif;rsm;udk awG@jrifod&dSvdkufonfESifh wjydKifeuf wpfavmuvHk;
&dS owW0gwdk@. 0Éfqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufa&;enf;vrf;udk &SmazG&ef &kwfw&uf csufjcif; pdwfjyÏmef;csuf csrSwfcJh
onf? wpfOD;wnf;aom om;awmf&m[kvmudk arG;zGm;jyD;I rsm;r=umrD oufawmf ESpfq,fhudk;ESpft&G,fwGif
od'<wˆonf xD;eef;udk pGef@ypfcJhI 0Éfqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufa&;enf;vrf; &SmazG&ef awmxGufawmfrlcJhavonf?
awmxGufvmaom a*gwronf **Fgjrpf0Srf;wGif vSnhfvnfI emrnfausmf=um;aom bmoma&;
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;ESifhawG@qHkum ‚wd@kd . enf;emed\,rsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfv#uf udk,fawmfwdkif
jyif;jyif;xefxef txl;ðcd;jcHpGm (6)ESpfwkdifwkdif usihfawmfrlcJhavonf? TuJhodk@vGefrif;pGm usifh=uHjcif;jzifh ‚.
vdktifqENrSm jynfh0jcif;r&dScJhay? xdk@a=umifh tpOftvmtm;jzifh qif;oufvmcJhaom orm;&dk;us bmom
0g'rsm;ESifh usifh=uHenf;rsm;udk pGef@y,fawmfrlI udk,fawmfwkdif w&m;vrf;udk &SmazGcJhavonf? odk@ESihf nae
csrf;wpfcsdef0,f ae&Í,mjrpfurf;yg; Ak'<*,m (,ckbD[me,f-*,mðrd@teD;) Y opfyifwpfyif (TumvrSpI
xdkopfyiftm; aAm"danmifyif/ anmifAk'<a[yif [kac:wGifonf) atmufwGif xuf0,fzJG@acG xdkifaeawmfrlpOf
oufawmf (35) ESpf&G,f&dS a*gwr&Sifawmfjrwfonf oAŠnKw^m%fawmfudk&I bk&m;tjzpfodk@ a&mufawmfrl
onf? xdkrSpI oAŠnKw^m%fawmf&Sif Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwf[lI bJ@G awmfudk cH,lawmfrlayonf?
oAŠnKw a&$^m%fawmf&jyD;aemuf Ak'<a*gwronf Am&m%oDteD; Áodywe (,ck- qm&feof) &dS
orifwdk@. O,sOfwGif;Y a&S;tcgu w&m;usihfazmfusihfzuf jzpfcJhzl;aom yÌ0*~D t&Sifwdk@tm; w&m;OD;udk
a[mawmfrlavonf? xdkae@rSpI (45)ESpfywfvkH; bk&ifESihfaus;awmom;/ ykÀm;ESihf,mpum/ abm*0gESihf
olawmif;pm;/ cdk;om;ESifhvlolawmf[lI jrLwpfpdwfr# cJGjcm;r_rxm;bJ a,musfm;rdef;r r[l tm;vHk;aom
vltrsdK;tpm;wdk@tm; w&m;a&at;udk wdkufausG;awmf rlcJhavonf? &Sifawmfjrwfonf trdsK;Zmwd/ &mxl;
*k%fodef tqifhtwef; cJGjcm;r_rsm;udk vufcHawmfrrlbJ ‚. r*~ifw&m;udk od&dSem;vnfap&ef qEN&SdI
vdkufemusifh=uHvdkol a,musfm;rdef;r tm;vHk;wd@k tm; a[m=um;awmfrlavonf? toufawmf(80)wGif
ukodEMm&Hk (,ck Owmy&ma'h&fS) Y Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfonf y&dedAŠmefjyKawmfrlavonf?
,cktcgwGif Ak'<0g'udk oD[kdVf/ jrefrmjynf/ ,dk;',m;/ uarŠm'D;,m;/ avmjynf/ AD,uferf/ wdAuf/
w&kwf/ *syef/ rGef*dkvD,m;/ udk;&D;,m;/ azmfrkdqmESihf tdEdN,jynf tcdsK@tydkif;/ ygupPwef/ eDaygESifh qdkAD,uf
,leD,HwGif awG@&dS&ayonf? Ak'<bmom udk;uG,fol vlOD;a&aygif;rSm urBmay:wGif oef;aygif; (500) ausmf
&dSayonf?
17
tcef;(1)
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
vltrsm; rSwf,lem;vnfaeonfh t"dyg` ,ftwdfkif; udk;uG,fonhfbmomw&m;wpfckukd ðypk
wnfaxmifolwpfOD;[k Ak'<tm;ac:qdkEkdifcGihf&Sdygu urBmay:&dSbmomw&m;trsdK;rdsK;udk wnfaxmifcJh=uaom
q&m}uD;rsm;wGif Ak'<wpfyg;omv#kif rdrdukd,fukd rEk\vlom;pifppf &Sif;&Sif;omv#ifjzpfonf[k tcdkiftrm
qdkcJhayonf? tjcm;q&m}uD;rsm;rSmrl a*gh'f [laom bk&m;ocif/ odk@r[kwf bk&m;ocif. &kyfo¿mef
vuQ%m yHkyef;trdsK;rdsK;udk cH,lol/ odk@r[kwf a*gh'fu tm;ay;wdkufwGef;vdkufolrsm; jzpf=uayonf? Ak'<onf
rEk\vlom;wpfOD;om jzpf&Hkr[kwfao;/ rnfonfhewfbk&m;/ tjcm;jyify wefcdk;&Sifwdk@xHrS tm;ay;ulnD
wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfjcif;udk wpfqifhcH,lr_r&dSay (olr[kwfay)? vlom;wdk@. vHk@v/ 0D&d,/ vlom;wdk@. yËdoaE<
^m%fjzifhom Ak'<onf ‚&nfrSef;aom yef;wdkifo@kd a&muf&SdI vdktyfaomqkvmbfrsm; (oAŠnKw a&$^m%f
awmf) udk rkcsatmifjrifcHpm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k ta=umif;jyayonf? rEk\a,musfm; vlom;omv#if bk&m;
tjzpfodk@a&muf&dSEdkifavonf? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;wGif wu,fomvdktifqEN&dSI vH@k vjyKygu Ak'<bk&m;jzpfEdkif
aom pGrf;yum;owdW &dS=uonfomjzpfavonf? Ak'<jrwfbk&m;udk xl;uJaumif;rGefvSaom a,musfm;jrwf
(0g) OwWryk&do [k ac:qdkEdkifayonf? Ak'<onf rEk\vlom;yDo&mwGif csGwf,Gif;r_r&dS/ tjypftemtqm
uif;&Sif;pGm aphijynfhpHkvSojzifh umva&G@avsmvmaomtcg trsm;em;vnfaom bmoma&;udpP&yfrsm;Y
vlxufvGefuJI vlwdk@"rRwmw&m;udk vGefajrmufaom yk*~dKvf[k xifrSwfjcif;udk cH,lvm&ayawmhonf?
Ak'<bmomw&m;awmft& vl@b0onf trGefjrwfqkH;jzpfayonf? vlonf rdrdudk,fydkif t&Sifocif
jzpfI ol.b0jzpfpOfudk pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef rnfonfhwefckd;tm%m&Sif od@k r[kwf txufyk*d~Kvfr# &dSonf
r[kwfay?
“rdrdonfomv#if rdrd. udk;uG,f&mjzpf.? rdrdrSwpfyg; tv,folonf (rdrd.) udk;uG,f&m
jzpfEdkifygtHhenf;” 1 [k Ak'<jrwfbk&m;u rde@f cJhavjyD? ‚. wynfh&[ef;wd@k tm; “rdrdudk,fomtm;udk;=uav?
tjcm;wpfyg;Y udk;uG,f&m r&SmavESihf” 2 [lIvnf; =o0g' ay;cJhao;.?
vlowW0gonf udk,fydkifóu;pm;r_ESihf yifukd,f^m%ftm;jzifh taESmiftzJG@tm;vHk;wdk@rS vGwfajrmufEkdif
pGrf;&dS&um; Ak'<jrwfpGmonf yk*d~Kvfwkdif;tm; rdrd. wddk;wufa&;ESifh vGwfajrmufa&;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif óu;yrf;,l
&ef tm;ay;vH_@aqmfoGefoif qHk;ray;awmfrlcJhayonf? “oifw@kd udk,fwdkif tm;xkwf=u&ukefrnf? bk&m;&Sif
(wxm*w) 3 wdk@onf vrf;udkom n¸efjy=uukef.?” 4 [k Ak'<&Sifawmfjrwfu ¹ruf=um;awmfrl.? Ak'<
jrwfbk&m;tm; u,fwif&Sif[k ac:wGif&rnfqkdygv#if vGwfajrmufa&;pcef;jzpfaom edAŠmefo@kd oGm;&m c&D;vrf;
a=umif;udk &SmazGawG@olESifh vrf;n¸efjyol tjzpfjzifhom ac:qdk=u&rnf jzpfayonf? edAŠmefodk@qdkufa&muf&ef
rSmrl Tc&D;vrf;a=umif;twdkif; usGEfkyfw@kd udk,fwkdif av#mufoGm;=u&ayrnf?
TuJhodk@ wpfOD;wpfa,mufpDudk,fwkdif wm0efcH,ljcif;[laom usihfpOfrlt& Ak'<u wynfh&[ef;wd@k
tm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaexdkifcGifhudk ay;awmfrljcif; jzpfavonf? r[my&dedAŠmeokwfawmfwGif jrwfpGmbk&m;
u oHCm5 tm; csKyfcs,fxm;&ef pdwfrul;cJha=umif;/ oHCmuvnf; bk&m;tay:wGif rDScdkraeapvdka=umif;
wdk@udk a[m=um;awmf rlcJhavonf?
_---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? "rRy'/ 12-4/ 'k 94-379?
2? 'DCedum,f 2 (udkvHbdk/1929) pmrsufESm 62/ r[my&dedAŠmeokwf?
3? wxm*w ] trSefodk@a&muf&dSol/ trSefw&m;udk&SmazGawG@&dSol/ Ak'<udk,fawmfjrwfonf rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif odk@r[kwf
Ak'<bk&m;trsm;ESifhywfoufu Ttac:ta0:udk toHk;jyKonf?
4? "rRy'/ 20-4?
5? oHC]vltaygif;/ y&dowftaygif;? odk@&mwGif Ak'<bmomwGif oHC onf &[ef;taygif; odk@r[kwf &[ef;tzJG@tpnf;[k
n$efjyayonf? Ak'</ "rR(w&m;)/ oHC(oHCmawmftzJG@tpnf;) wd@k udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf&moHk;yg; odk@r[kwf &wemoHk;yg;
(}wd&we) [kac:wGifonf?
18
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
19
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
20
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
21
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
22
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
23
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
24
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
25
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
26
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
1? p=um0Vmonf tpOftjrJwnfoavm/
2? rwnfoavm/
3? p=um0Vmonf tuef@towf&Sdoavm/
4? r&dSoavm/
5? 0dnmOfonf um,ESifh twlwlyifavm/
6? 0dnmOfuwoD;wjcm;/ um,u woD;wjcm;yifavm/
7? wxm*wonf aoonf.tjcm;rJhY wnf&Sdoavm/
8? aoonf.tjcm;rJhY rwnf&Sdoavm/
9? aoonf.tjcm;rJhY (wpfòyifeuf) wnf&Sd-rwnf&dSoavm/
10? aoonf.tjcm;rJhY (wpfòyifeuf) rwnf&Sd-rwnf&dSr[kwfoavm/
27
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
28
Ak'<bmom pdwfaeoabmxm;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? TopPmav;yg;w&m;rsm;udk aemuftcef; 4 wGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
2? Ak'<. qdkqHk;rpum;onf rmvkusykwWtm; vdktyfaom tusdK;udkjyD;ap[ef &dSayonf? ta=umif;rl tjcm;wpfae&mwGif
rmvkusykwWonf Ak'<xHodk@wpfzefqnf;uyfjyefI w&m;cH,ljyD;aemuf &[EWmjzpfoGm;a=umif; azmfjyxm;ayonf? t*Fkwd̂Kvf
(udkvHbdk 1929) pmrsufESm 345/ 346?
29
tcef;(2)
t&d, opPmav;yg;
yxr t&d,opPm - 'kuQ
1? 'kuQ2 - 'kuQ/
2? ork', - 'kuQ.tp/ od@k r[kwf jzpfay:&jcif;/
3? eda&m" - 'kuQ. csKyfjidrf;&jcif;/
4? r*~ - 'kuQ. csKyfjidrf;&mod@k !$efjy a&S;&_onfhvrf;?
yxr t&d,opPm - 'kuQ
30
yxr t&d,opPm
31
yxr t&d,opPm
32
yxr t&d,opPm
yxrcE<m rSm &kyfwdk@. tpktaygif; &lyuQE<m jzpfonf? &kyfw@kd . tpktaygif; qdk&mwGif rma=umjcif;/
,dkpD;jcif;/ ylat;jcif;/ v_yf&Sm;jcif; [laom yx0D/ tmayg/ awaZm/ 0ga,m tpOftvm "gwf}uD;av;yg;
(pwWm&d r[mblwmed) ESifh ‚wdk@udk tpJGðyI jzpfay:vmaom Oyg'g,&kyfrsm; yg0ifavonf? 3
Oyg'g,&kyfrsm;wGif puQK/ aomw/ Cme/ Zd0gS / um, [laom yom'&kyf 5-yg;/ jyifyavmu&dS
‚wdk@ESifh oufqdkif&m tm&Hkrsm;jzpf=uaom &lyg&Hk/ o'Ng&Hk/ *E<m&Hk/ &om&Hk/ azmÏAŠm&HkESifh "rRm,wee,f 4 wGif;
rS "rRm&Hkrsm;jzpfonfh tcsdK@aom }uHpnfpdwful;,lqcsufrsm; tusHK;0ifyg0if=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh tZÆwW/
A[d'<&kyfavmu wpfckvHk;onf &lyuQE<mwGif tusHK;0if=uonf?
'kwd,cE<m onf tm&HkcHpm;r_rsm; tpktaygif; (a0'euQE<m) jzpfonf? jyifytm&Hkrsm;ESifh &kyf'Gg&raem
wdk@ xdawG@I jzpfay:vmor#aom csrf;ompGmcHpm;jcif; (okca0'em)/ qif;&JemusifpGm cHpm;jcif; ('kuQa0'em)/
rqif;&J/ rcsrf;om tv,ftvwfcHpm;jcif; (t'kuQ rokc a0'em) tm;vHk;onf Ttpkta0;Y yg0ifonf?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? oHcdawWe yOPKyg'geuQE<m 'kuQm/ oH,kwf 5 (ywp) pmrsufESm 421?
2? oH,kwf 3 (ywp) pmrsufESm 158?
3? oH,kwf 3 (ywp) pmrsufESm 19?
4? to*F. tbd"rRmorkpP,usrf; (pHwdedauwH 1950) pmrsufESm 4?
33
yxr t&d,opPm
34
yxr t&d,opPm
35
yxr t&d,opPm
36
yxr t&d,opPm
37
yxr t&d,opPm
38
yxr t&d,opPm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? rZdÆredum,f 2 (ywp) pmrsufESm 121?
2? aAmZÆif (7) yg;ta=umif;udk urRXmef;tcef;wGif =unfh&_yg?
39
tcef;(3)
'kwd,t&d,opPm ork',
ork', ] 'kuQjzpf
jzpfay:jcif;ta=umif;
40
'kwd,t&d,opPm
41
'kwd,t&d,opPm
42
'kwd,t&d,opPm
43
“trSefw&m;opPm (0g) edAŠmef” udk rsufarSmufðyaomynmjzifh jzwfawmufEdkifrSom ToHo&m puf&[wf
tvnf&yfEdkifayrnf?
44
tcef;(4)
45
wwd,t&d,opPm
46
wwd,t&d,opPm
47
wwd,t&d,opPm
48
wwd,t&d,opPm
49
wwd,t&d,opPm
50
wwd,t&d,opPm
51
tcef;(5)
pwkwˆ t&d,opPm
r*~ ] vrf;
orRm'dÏd ] rSefaomtjrif
orRmouFy` ] rSefaomt}uH
orRm0gpm ] rSefaompum;
orRmurREœ ] rSefaomtvkyf
orRmtmZD0 ] rSefaomtoufarG;r_
orRm0g,mr ] rSefaomtm;xkwfr_
orRmowd ] rSefaomatmufarhrSwfom;r_
orRmorm"d ] rSefaomwnfjidrfr_
52
pwkwˆ t&d,opPm
53
pwkwˆ t&d,opPm
54
pwkwˆ t&d,opPm
55
pwkwˆ t&d,opPm
yxropPm onf 'kuQopPm jzpf.? ‚opPmt& b0. oabmtppftrSef/ b0. 'kuQ/ ‚.aysmf&$if
r_/ qif;&Jr_/ rjynfhpHkr_/ ESpfoufauseyfzG,f r&dSr_/ rwnfjrJr_/ 0wˆKj'yf taumiftxnf qdyfuif;r_ ponfw@kd udk
&Sif;vif;jynfhpHkpGm od&dSem;vnf&ef (y&dan,s) rSm yxra&S;OD; aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpP jzpfayonf?
'kwd,opPm onf w%SmESifhwuG tjcm;aom udavom tnpfta=u; jrLr_efwkd@onf 'kuQudk jzpfay:
aponf [laom 'kuQork',opPm jzpfonf? TwGif ork',opPmudk od&Hkr#jzifh udpPrjyD;ao;ay? xdk udav
om/ w%Smwdk@udk pGef@ypf/ y,fazsmuf/ zsufqD;/ xdk;ckwf/ tjrpfrS E_wfypfy,frSom (y[mwAŠ) udpP jyD;ajrmuf
onf rnfayonf?
wwd,opPm onf 'kuQwdk@. csKyfjidrf;jcif;/ eda&m"opPmjzpfI usGEkfyfw@kd aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpPrSm
y&rwˆopPmwnf; [laom edAŠmefudk rsufarSmufðy&ef (op>dumwAŠ) jzpfayonf?
pwkwˆopPm onf edAŠmefodk@ a&mufapaom r*~ifvrf;jzpf.? ,if; r*~ifvrf;ta=umif;udk rnfr#yif
pHkvifpGm od&dSem;vnfaomfvnf; udpPrjyD;ajrmufay? vrf;pOftwdkif; usifh=uHvdkufem/ aqmif&Guftm;xkwf
(bma0wAŠ) =u&rnfom jzpfayonf?
56
tcef;(6)
57
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
yËdpPorky`g'f w&m;awmf
tewWw&m;onf cE<m (5) ig;yg;ESihf yËdpPorkyg` 'fw&m;2 wdk@udk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm qifjcifokH;oyf&mrS tvdk
tavsmuf qufoG,faygufyGm;vmaomw&m; jzpfonf?
yxrt&d,opPmwnf;[laom 'kuQopPmudk aqG;aEG;&mY yk*~dKvf/ owW0g[k ac:&mwGif cE<mig;yg;om
&dSa=umif; azmfjycJhjyD; jzpfayonf? cE<mig;yg;udk aocsmpGm cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmI ppfaq;=unhfaomtcgY ‚wd@k
aemufuG,fwGif ig/ twW/ ZD0[k rSwf,lp&m xm0&wnfjrJaom t&m[lI bmr#r&dSa=umif; awG@&ayonf?
Tum; cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmI qifjcifoHk;oyfaom (0dbZ…) enf;vrf; jzpfayonf?
zJG@pnf;aygif;pyfI qifjcifoHk;oyf&aom (orl[) enf;jzpfonfh yËdpPorky`g'fw&m; enf;vrf;jzifhvnf;
Ttajzudkyif &avonf? yËdpPorkyg` 'fw&m;awmft& avmuwGif rnfonfht&mr# y"metcsKyf[lI r&dSay?
t&m&mwdkif; wpfckay:wpfck trDSo[J tnrnðyI a=umif;udsK;qufpyf ae=u.? Tonfyif Ak'<.
‘tnrn ed,mr’ (&Dav;wpfADwD oDtkd&D) jzpfawmhonf?
tewWta=umif; oufoufukd raqG;aEG;rD yËdpPorkyg` 'fw&m;udk tenf;i,f tusOf;r# oHk;oyf&ef
vdkayonf?
yËdpPorky`g'fw&m;. oabmudk atmufyg ygVd 4-a=umif;wGif tusOf;csHK;I azmfjyxm;ayonf?
ÁroRö owd Á'Ha[mwd/
Ár\ky`g'g Á'H Oy`Z…wd/
ÁroRö towd Á'H e a[mwd/
Ár\ eda&m" Á'H ed&kZÆwd?
‘Tta=umif;&dSaomf xdktusdK;&dS.?’
‘Tta=umif;jzpfay:jcif;a=umifh xdktusdK;jzpfay:.?’
‘Tta=umif;r&dSvwfaomf xdktusdK;r&dS?’
‘Tta=umif;csKyfjcif;a=umifh xdktusdK;csKyf.?’3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? r[m0*~ (tvGwf*gr 1922) pmrsufESm 4? rZdÆredum,f 1 (ywp) pmrsufESm 167?
2? atmufwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
3? rZdÆredum,f 3 (ywp) pmrsufESm 63? O'ge/ 79/ qÏ? oH,kwfedum,f 2/ (ywp) pmrsufESm 28/95?
acwfrDyHkpHjzifhjy&aomf - ‘u’ &dSv#if ‘c’ &dSonf? ‘u’ jzpfay:v#if ‘c’ jzpfay:onf?
‘u’ r&dSv#if ‘c’ r&dS? ‘u’ csKyfuG,fv#if ‘c’ csKyfuG,fonf?
58
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
59
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
60
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
om"ursm;udk &SmazG=unfh&_=uaytHh-
Ak'<w&m;awmfwGif t"dujzpfI vGefpGmta&;}uD;aom *gxm (3) yk'fukd "rRy'wGif awG@&dS&onf?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? rZdÆredum,f 1/ (ywp) pmrsufESm 136/137 ?
2? yyOPol'eD (ywp) pmrsufESm 112 wGif udk;um;jycsuf?
61
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
‚wdk@onf "rRy'/ tcef;(20)/ trSwf (5/6/7) od@k r[kwf *gxmyk'fa& (277/278 ESifh 279) wdk@ jzpf=uonf?
yxr (2) yk'fwGif -
oaAŠocFg&m tedpPm ] ta=umif;w&m;wd@k ðyjyiftyfaom cyfodrf;ukefwdk@onf rjrJukef?
oaAŠocFg&m 'kuQm ] ta=umif;w&m;wd@k ðyjyiftyfaom cyfodrf;ukefw@kd onf qif;&Jukef.?
[kqdkI wwd,yk'fwGif -
oaAŠ"rRm tewWm ] tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wd@k onf twWr[kwfukef/ twWr&dSukef 1 - [k qdkxm;.?
yxr (2) yk'fwGif ‘ta=umif;w&m;wd@k ðyjyiftyfaom cyfodrf;ukefaom ocFg&m’ [laom pum;vHk;
udk toHk;ðyI wwd,yk'fwGif ,if;tpm; ‘"rR’[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;EH_;xm;jcif;udk txl;owdðy&ef vdkay
onf? wwd,yk'fwGif ta=umif;w&m;wd@k ðyjyiftyfaom cyfodrf;ukefaom ‘ocFg&m’ [laom pum;vHk;udk
tjcm; (2) yk'frSmuJhodk@ toHk;rðybJ ,if;tpm; ‘"rR’[laom pum;vHk;udk tb,fha=umifh oHk;EH_;xm;&oenf;?
,ckaqG;aEG;aeonfh jy\em wpf&yfvkH;. t"du tusqkH;tcsufukd Tykp>mrsm;u aqmif,lxm;onf?
ocFg& 2 [lonf cE<mig;yg;udk qdkvkdonf? &kyf/emrf ESpfyg;vHk;ESihfoufqkdifaom/ ta=umif;w&m;wd@k udk
ðyjyiftyfukefaom/ wpfckESifhwpfck tnrnoabmt& rDSckdqufpyfaeaom cyfodrf;ukefaom ta=umif;
jcif;&m tajctaewdk@onf ocFg&Y tusHK;0ifayonf?
txufyg wwd,yk'fonf ‘oaAŠocFg&m tewWm’ [kjzpfaeygrl ta=umif;w&m;wdk@ ðyjyifpD&if
tyfukefaom t&m[lor#onf twWr&dSukef/ r[kwfukefaomfvnf; cE<mig;yg;rS oD;jcm;I ta=umif;w&m;wd@k
jyKjyifpD&ifjcif;uif;aom t&mwdk@rlum; twW&Sdukef./ [kwfukef. [k t"dyg` ,faumuf,lEdkifayrnf? TuJho@kd
vJGrSm;aumuf,ljcif;rS uif;vGwfap&ef ‘"rR’[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;xm;&jcif;jzpfayonf?
‘"rR’.t"dy`g,fonf ‘ocFg&’xuf us,fjyef@onf? Ak'<bmomoHk; pum;vHk;rsm;wGif ‘"rR’xuf
t"dy`g,f us,fjyef@aom pum;vHk;r&dSawmhay? ‘"rR’.oabmt"dyg` ,fwGif ta=umif;w&m;wdk@ ðyjyifpD&if
tyfukefaom tajctae ta=umif;jcif;&mtm;vHk; yg0ifonfomru ta=umif;w&m;wdk@ ðyjyifpD&ifjcif;
uif;aom tºuif;rJhyuwdjzpfaom edAŠmefonfyif oufa&muftusHK;0if&ayonf? p=um0Vm wGif;-jyif ESpfck
pvHk;wGif taumif;tqdk;[lor# ta=umif;w&m;wd@k ðyjyifpD&iftyfukefonf/ rtyfukefonf r[l yuwd
oabm/ tnrnoabm rcJGjcm; &dS&Sdor# t&mcyfodrf;wd@k onf ‘"rR’wGif tusHK;r0ifonfr&dS? tm;vHk;
tusHK;0if=u&onfcsnf;jzpfayonf? xd@k a=umifh ‘oaAŠ"rRm tewWm’ [kqdkxm;&um; cE<mig;yg;wGifom ig/
twWr&dSonfr[kwf/ ‚wdk@. tjyifty/ ‚wd@k ESihf oD;jcm;wGifvnf; ‘ig/ twW’[lI r&dSa=umif; 3 odom
xif&Sm;ayjyD?
xdk@a=umifh ax&0g't& yk*d~KvfwGifvnf;aumif;/ w&m;"rRrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; twWr&dS[k qdkvkdjcif;
jzpfonf? r[m,me*dk%f; Ak'<tbd"rRmwGifvnf; "rRtemwRef/ yk*~vtemwRef [lI tav;teufðyum
azmfjyxm;ojzifh TtcsufwGif ax&0g'ESihf oabmt,l xyfwljzpfI tenf;i,fr# uJGjym;wdrf;apmif;jcif;
r&ddSay?
rZdÆredum,f tv*'NLyrokwfwGif Ak'<u “&[ef;wd@k / twW0g'udk pJG,loltm; ylaqG;jcif;/ idkaºu;jcif;/
udk,fqif;&Jjcif;/ pdwfqif;&Jjcif;/ jyif;pGmyifyef;jcif; wd@k rjzpfEkdifrl xdk twW0g'udk pJG,l&m.? odk@aomfvnf;
pJG,loltm; ylaqG;jcif;/ idkaºu;jcif;/ udk,fqif;&Jjcif;/ pdwfqif;&Jjcif;/ jyif;pGmyifyef;jcif; wdk@ rjzpfEdkif&maom
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? ‘Ak'<. oDvvrf;pOf’pmtkyf (r'&yf/1929/ pmrsufESm 69)wGif tufzft,fvf0k'f0g'f u ‘"rR’udk ‘ta=umif;w&m;wdk@ jyKjyif
pD&ifxm;tyfonfh cyfodrf;ukefaom tajctae ta=umif;jcif;&mrsm;’[k bmomjyefqdkcsufrSm vHk;0csGwfvJG rSm;,Gif;ayonf?
ta=umif;w&m;wdk@jyKjyifpD&ifxm;tyfonfh cyfodrf;ukefaom tajctaeta=umif;jcif;&mrsm;onf ‘ocFg&’rsm;omjzpfI
‘"rR’ rsm;r[kwfay?
2? cE<mig;yg;tpkwGif yg0ifaom ‘ocFg&’. t"dy`g,frSm umr0dygufrsm;udk jzpfyGm;aponfh ‘apwem’odk@r[kwf‘oaOPwem’
apwodufrsm;udk qdkvdkonf? Tae&mYrl cE<mig;yg;tygt0if ta=umif;w&m;wdk@ðyjyifpD&iftyfaom cyfodrf;ukefaom
t&mrsm;[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf? ocFg&[laom a0g[m&onf ajymqdka&;om;onfh pum;pyf tpOfudkvdkufI teuf t"dyg` ,f
uJGjym;jcm;em;Edkifayonf?
3? rZdÆredum,f (ywp)/ pmrsufESm 228? oH,kwf 2/ pmrsufESm 132/133?
62
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
63
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
64
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
65
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
66
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
67
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
68
tewW 0dnmOfaumifr&dS w&m;awmf
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1? rZdÆredum,f 3 (ywp)/ pmrsufESm 19?
oH,kwf 3/ pmrsufESm 103?
2? tbd"rRm orkpP,/ to*F/ pmrsufESm 31?
69
tcef;(7)
pdwfavhusifha&;
urRÏmef; bm0em
70
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
71
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
72
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
73
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
74
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
75
pdwfavhusifha&; urRXmef;bm0em
jA[R0d[m&w&m;av;yg; um; -
- wdk@ jzpfayonf?
76
tcef;(8)
77
Ak'<a'oemESifh ,ae@urBm
78
Ak'<a'oemESifh ,ae@urBm
udk rnfuJhodk@ ‘&dSckd;ylaZmf’ =u&ayoenf;? ,if;wd@k tm; rdrdu ðypktyfaom 0wW&m;rsm;udk rvpfrvyf
av;pm;ðypkjcif;jzifh &dSckd; ylaZmf&mayonf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[m=um;awmf rlayonf? T ðypktyfaom
0wW&m;rsm;udk od*Fgavm0g'okwfwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ayonf?
79
Ak'<a'oemESifh ,ae@urBm
80
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04-11-2006
134A, #04-87
Kang Ching Road
Singapore 619062