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(Neretva, Gornji Tok U Fokusu) Elaborat - of Method.& Action Plan For EU Biodiversity Protection Stand - Sci.coordi. - FINAL
(Neretva, Gornji Tok U Fokusu) Elaborat - of Method.& Action Plan For EU Biodiversity Protection Stand - Sci.coordi. - FINAL
- FINAL DRAFT-
HD WG members: Ms. Senka Barudanović, Ms. Vildana Đonko and Mr. Vladimir
Stupar
1
Background
o diversity of terrestrial habitats as: presence of the different types and different
oldness of rocks, diversity of soil types, diverse and unique forms of relief,
and diversity of climate conditions
o diversity of water habitats as: dense and diverse hydrological network
(mountain lakes, springs, mountain creeks, brooks, rivers, underground
rivers, streams and lakes, bogs, mires, fens, spas and sea).
o long-term processes of anthropogenesis,
o diverse processes of ethno genesis.
2
1 Collection of information
3
Field of
Name expertise Institution Contact
Faculty of Science, University of 033/250-
PhD Rifat Škrijelj Ichtyology Sarajevo 445
PhD Senka Faculty of Science, University of 033/250-
Barudanović Conservation Sarajevo 489
PhD Sadbera Faculty of Science, University of 033/250-
Trožić- Borovac Hydrology Sarajevo 454
Faculty of Science, University of 033/250-
PhD Suvad Lelo Zoology Sarajevo 453
BSc Sabaheta 061/534-
Abadžić Botany Land Museum of B&H, Sarajevo 306
MSc Dražen 033 453
Kotrošan Ornithology Land Museum of B&H, Sarajevo 158
036/314-
PhD Jakov Pehar Agriculture Agricultural institute, Mostar 393
+387 (0)
PhD Milenko Faculty of Science, University of 51 319
Radević Zoology Banja Luka 142
PhD Nada Faculty of Forestry, University of 051/464-
Šumatić Botany Banja Luka 628
PhD Ljiljana
065/897-
Topalić- Faculty of Technology,
604
Trivunović Botany University of Banja Luka
BSc Stjepan +387 36
Matić Zoology Nature Park Hutovo Blato 814 716
BSc Sabina Faculty of Science, University of 033/649-
Trakić Phytocoenology Sarajevo 196
+387 (0)
PhD Dubravka Faculty of Science and 36 355
Hafner Lower plants Education, University of Mostar 458
MSc Jugoslav Faculty of Forestry, University of 051/464-
Brujić Phytocoenology Banja Luka 628
PhD Čedomil Šilić Flora expert Retired Searching
+387 (0)
51 215
MSc Brane Gašić Ornithology Museum of RS, Banja Luka 973
MSc Boris Physical 065/926-
Marković planning “Projekt” a.d., Banja Luka 008
BSc Vladimir Faculty of Forestry, University of 065/692-
Stupar Phytocoenology Banja Luka 006
+387 (0)
PhD Mihajlo Faculty of Agronomy, University 51 312
Marković Pedology of Banja Luka 390
MSc Zoran Faculty of Forestry, University of 051/464-
Stanivuković Entomology Banja Luka 628
MSc Tihomir Institute for Agriculture, Banja +387 51
Predić Agroecology Luka 321 490
4
1.2 Relevant scientific publications1
Birds
1
Publications relevant for Neretva river catchment are given in bold
5
• OBRATIL, S., 1980: Avifauna Bosne i Hercegovine. Naučni skup "Problemi
inventarizacije životinjskog svijeta Bosne i Hercegovine", ANU BiH knj. 47,
Odjeljenje za prirodnih nauka knj. 8: 131-144.
• OBRATIL, S., 1983: Struktura i dinamika populacija ptica (Aves) nekih
ekosistema na planini Vranici. GZM BiH (PN) NS 22: 95-114.
• OBRATIL, S., 1983: Avifauna sjeverne Bosne. GZM BiH (PN) NS 22: 115-
176.
• OBRATIL, S., 1984: Naselja ptica (Aves) u kopnenim biocenozama kraških
polja Hercegovine. GZM BiH (PN) NS 23: 147-184.
• OBRATIL, S., 1984: Gniježđenje vranca velikog , Phalacrocorax carbo (L.) na
Hutovu blatu. GZM BiH (PN) NS 23: 185-189.
• OBRATIL, S., 1985: Ornitofauna Hutovog blata do izgradnje akumulacionog
jezera PHE “Čapljina”. GZM BiH (PN) NS 24: 175-209.
• OBRATIL, S., 1987: Naselja ptica (Aves) u životnim zajednicama na trajnim
plohama nacionalnog parka "Sutjeska". Godiš. biol. instit., 40: 73-87.
• OBRATIL, S. , MATVEJEV, S., 1989: Predlog “Crvene liste” ugroženih ptica
SR Bosne i Hercegovine. Naše starine, 18-19:227-235.
• OBRATIL, S., 1992: Prilog poznavanju avifaune Buškog jezera (Bosna) i užeg
priobalnog područja. GZM BiH (PN) NS 30, 155-168.
• OBRATIL, S., 1996: Prva istraživanja ornitofaune Hutova blata poslije
izgradnje akumulacionog jezera PHE "Čapljina". GZM BiH (PN) NS 31: 403-
429.
• OBRATIL, S., 2000: Istraživanja faune ptica na Hutovu blatu u periodu
siječanj – prosinac 2000 god. Nepublikovan izvještaj za projekat “Nova
politika gospodarenja močvarom Hutovo blato”.
• OBRATIL, S., 2005: Ptice parka Blidinje i bližeg okruženja. Prvi međunarodni
znanstveni simpozij Blidinje 2005. Zbornik radova, pp: 271-292.
• RUCNER, D., OBRATIL, S., 1973: Prilog poznavanju avifaune planinskog
područja Maglića, Volujka i Zelengore. Larus 25: 61-94.
Fish
6
• VUKOVIĆ, T., IVANOVIĆ, B., 1971: Slatkovodne ribe Jugoslavije. Zemaljski
muzej Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.
Mammals
7
Flora and vegetation2
2
Only publications relevant for Neretva river catchment were given
8
• BRAUN-BLANQUET, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie. Springer Verlag, Wien -
New York.
• BRENNAN, S., WITHGOTT, J. (2005): Biodiversity and Conservation Biology.
(In: Environment; The Science behind the Stories. Pearson, Bewamin
Cummings, San Francisco.
• DOKO, A. (2005 ): Epifite Hutova Blata. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Mostaru.
• DZWONKO, Z. & LOSTER, S. 2000. Syntaxonomy and phytogeographical
differentiation of the Fagus woods in the Southwest Balkan Peninsula.
Journal of Vegetation Science, 11.5
• ELLENBERG, H. 1986. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in
oekologischer Sicht. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.
• FIALA, F. 1889. Studije o nekojim biljevnim odnošajima u posjednutim
zemljama. Glasnik. Zem. muzeja BiH, 85-88.
• FORMANEK, E., 1888: Beitrag zur Flora von Bosnien und der Hercegovina.
Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 38: 419-423.
• FUKAREK, P., 1957: Fitocenološka raspodjela bosanskog i hercegovačkog
krša, Zbornik "Krš BiH" Split, br.3, str. 139-143.
• FUKAREK, P., 1958: Prilog poznavanju granica krša u BiH, Geografski
pregled Sarajevo, br.2, str. 11-18
• FUKAREK, P., 1962: Granice raširenja izrazitih flornih elemenata u vegetaciji
Hercegovine, G.P. Sarajevo, str 73-76.
• FUKAREK, P., 1962: Modro lasinje – Moltkea petraea (Trat.) Gris. rijetki
endemni grmić našeg hercegovačkog i crnogorskog krša i njegova zaštita.
Naše starine, 8: 205-209, Sarajevo.
• FUKAREK, P., 1962: Pionirska vegetacija točila u brdskom pojasu dinarskih
planina i njena zaštita, Naše starine Sarajevo, br. 8, str. 199-204.
• FUKAREK, P., 1966: Zajednice endemne Munike na planini Prenju u
Hercegovini. Acta Bot. Croat., 25:61-63, Zagreb.
• FUKAREK, P., 1970: Fitocenološka istraživanja i kartiranje šumskih i
šibljačkih zajednica na hercegovačkim planinama: Orjen, Prejn i Čvrsnica,
zbornik radova ANUBIH, Sarajevo, br. 11, str. 175-229.
• FUKAREK, P., 1971: Šume borova na jugoalvenskom kršu, Separat JAZU,
str.145-162.
• FUKAREK, P., 1979: Šumske biljne zajednice Jugoslavije. Zbornik radova II
kongresa ekologa Jugoslavije, knjiga I, 55-69, Zadar-Plitvice.
• GRUPA AUTORA, 1975: Hercegovački razvojni endemni centar u sklopu
planina Prenj, Čvrsnica, Čabulja i Velež. Elaborat Zemaljskog muzeja BiH
(Prirodnjačko odjeljenje), Sarajevo.
• HAYEK, A. 1924-1933. Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae.Band I,
II,III,Berlin-Dahlem - Berlin.
• HORVAT, I., 1933: Istraživanje vegetacije hercegovačkih i crnogorskih
planina, Ljetop. Jugosl. akd., 46:110-113, Zagreb.
• HORVAT, I., GLAVAČ, V. & ELLENBERG, H. 1974. Vegetation of
Sudosteuropas. Geobotanica Selecta, IV. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
• HORVATIĆ S., 1967: Analitička flora Jugoslavije, 1(1). Institut za Botaniku
Sveučilista u Zagrebu, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb
• HORVATIĆ S., TRINAJSTIĆ I., eds. 1973: Analitička flora Jugoslavije, 1 (2).
Institut za Botaniku Sveučilista u Zagrebu, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb.
• ISAJEV, V., BEUS, V., MATARUGA, M. (2006): Biodiverzitet zaštićenih
područja u Bosni i Hercegovini i njihov značaj za konzervaciju. Zbornik
radova. Naučna konferencija: "Gazdovanje šumskim ekosistemima
nacionalnih parkova i drugih zaštićenih područja". Jahorina. 11-24.
• IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Threatened Plants Unit (1997): List of
9
rare, threatened and endemic plants in Europe (1997 edition). European
Committee for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
Strasbourg. The Committe for Mapping the Flora of Europe.
• JANCHEN, E., 1906: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntis der Flora der Herzegowina. Mitt.
Naturw. Ver. Univers, 4, 3:23-25;4, 4-6:29-36, Wien.
• JERKOVIĆ, L. (1978): Dijatomeje sliva gornjeg toka rijeke Neretve, God. Biol.
inst. Sarajevo 30, 5-49.
• JERKOVIĆ, L. (1978): Studija sadašnjeg stanja ekosistema Hutova blata,
God. Biol. inst. Sarajevo.
• JOVANČEVIĆ, M., 1964: Drveće i grmlje mediteranskog zimzelenog područja
Hercegovine, Radovi Š.F.I. Sarajevo, br. 9, str. 1-48
• JOVANOVIĆ, B., LAKUŠIĆ, R., RIZOVSKI, R., TRINAJSTIĆ, I. &
ZUPANČIČ, M. 1986. Prodromus phytocoenosum Jugoslaviae ad mappam
vegetation M 1: 200 000. Naucno vijece vegetac. karte Jugoslavije, Bribir -
Ilok.
• KORICA, B., 1950: Prilog poznavanju flore Veleži (Hercegovina). God. Biol.
inst. (Sarajevo), 3 1-2: 9-36.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R. 1969. Fitogeografsko raščlanjenje visokih Dinarida. Acta
Botanica Croatica 28: 221-226.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R. 1970. Die Vegetation der sudostlichen Dinariden. Vegetatio 21:
321-373.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R. 1973: Prirodni sistem populacija i vrsta roda Edraianthus DC.,
Godišnjak Biol. Inst. Univ., 26: 1-130, Sarajevo.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R. 1975. Prirodni sistem geobiocenoza na planinama Dinaridima.
God. Biol. inst. Univ. u Sarajevu, 28: 175-191.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R., 1982: Planinske biljke. „Svjetlost“, OOUR Zavod za udžbenike i
nastavna sredstva, Sarajevo.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R., PAVLOVIĆ, D., ABADŽIĆ, S., GRGIĆ, P. (1978): Prodromus
biljnih zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine. Godišnjak Biološkog instituta
Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Posebno izdanje, XXX.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R., PAVLOVIĆ-MURATSPAHIĆ, D., REDŽIĆ, S. (1982):
Vegetacija ekosistema kraških polja Hercegovine. Godišnjak Biološkog
instituta, XXXV, 81-92.
• LAKUŠIĆ, R., GRGIĆ, P., KUTLEŠA, L., MURATSPAHIĆ, D., REDŽIĆ, S.,
VUKOREP, OMEROVIĆ, S. (1991): Struktura i dinamika fitocenoza u
ekosistemima tresetišta na planinama Bosne. Bilten društva ekologa BiH, ser.
A, Vol 7: 35-84, Sarajevo
• MAGURRAN, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
• MALY, K., 1907: Beitr*ge zur illyrischen Flora. *ster. Bot. Zeitschr 57(45):
178185.
• MALY, K., 1919: Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz.
Bosne. Herceg. 31: 68. Sarajevo.
• MALY, K., 1920: Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz.
Bosne. Herceg. 32: 129-139. Sarajevo.
• MALY, K., 1928: Prilozi za floru Bosne i Hercegovine. Glas. Zem. Muz.
Bosne. Herceg. 40: 107-166. Sarajevo.
• MALY, K., 1940: Notizen zur Flora von Bosnien-Hercegovina. Glas. Zem.
Muz. Bosne. Herceg. 52: 21- 46. Sarajevo.
• MALY, K., 1936: Notizen zur Flora von Jugoslavien. Glasnik Zemalj. muzeja u
Bill 68. Sarajevo, Sv. za prirodne nauke 27-43.
10
• MARINČEK, L., MUCINA, L., ZUPANČIČ, M., POLDINI, L., DAKSKOBLER,
I., ACCETTO, M. 1992. Nomenklaturishe revision der Illyrischen
Buchenwalder (Verband Aremonio-Fagion). Studia Geobotanica, 12: 121-
135.
• MIŠIĆ, Lj., LAKUŠIĆ, R. (1990): Livadske biljke. IP "Svjetlost", Zavod za
udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Sarajevo. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna
sredstva Beograd.
• MURBECK, S., 1891: Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora von Sudbosnien und
der Hercegovina. Lunds Universitets Arsskrift, 27: 1-182, Lund.
• OBERDORFER, E., 1983: Pflanzensoziologische Excursions Flora. Verlag
Eugen Ulmer. Stuttgart.
• PANTOCSEK, J., 1873: Plantae novae, quas aestat anni 1872, per
Hercegovinam et Montenegro “collexit et descripsit” I,II,III. Osterr. Bot.
Zeitschr., 23, 1: 4-6; 3: 79-81; 9: 265-268, Wien.
• PANTOCSEK, J., 1874: Adnotationes ad Floram et Faunam Hercegovinae,
Crnagorae et Dalmatiae, Verh. des Ver. Naturkunde in Presburg, N. Folge, 2:
1-143, Presburg.
• PANTOCSEK, J., 1881: Ueber bosnisch-hercegovinische Pflanzen und aus
dem Comitate Neutra in Ungarn. Osterr. Bot. Zeitschr., 31: 347-351, Wien.
• PAVLETIĆ, Z., 1968: Flora mahovina Jugoslavije. Inst. za botaniku
Sveučilišta. Zagreb.
• PETROVIĆ, B. (2005):Bacillariophyceae Hutova Blata. Diplomski rad,
Sveučilište u Mostaru
• PRODAN, J., 1910: Beitrage zur Flora von Bosnien, der Herzegovina und von
Suddalmatien, Ungarische Botanische Blater, 9, 3-4: 93-110, Budapest.
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insbesondere der Čabulja planina, Ungarische Botanische Blater, 11, 1-4: 71-
79, Budapest.
• PRODAN, J., 1918: Neue beitrag zur Flora von Bosnia und der Herzegovina,
Ungarische Botanische Blater, 17: 719-82, Budapest.
• REDŽIĆ, S. 2006. The syntaxonomy of vegetation of Continetal dinaric Alps
(W. Balkan). MANU, Skopje (in press).
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Hercegovine. Geografski atlas BiH, “Sejtarija”. Sarajevo
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informacioni sistem u funkciji rekonstrukcije i prostornog uređenja (sa
posebnim naglaskom na upravljanje senzitivnim zonama). Simpozij o
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95. Phytocoenoses of subalpine and alpine belt of the mountain Crvanj in
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& MOSS, D. 2002. The Diversity of European Vegetation. An overview of
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• SLAVNIĆ, Ž. (1954): O vegetaciji planinskih torova u Bosni. Godišnjak
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Zagreb
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• VANDAS, K., 1889: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flora von Sud-Hercegovina.
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Wien.
12
• VANDAS, K., 1890: Neue Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flora Bosniens und der
Hercegovina. Sitz.- Ber. bohm. Ges. Wiss.: 249-285, Prag.
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rok 1895: 1-25, v Koline.
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Nature protection
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Službeni glasnik RS, 74/2005
• Zakon o šumama RS, Službeni glasnik RS, 66/2003
• Zakon o lovstvu RS, Službeni glasnik RS, 4/2002
• Zakon o uređenju prostora RS, Službeni glasnik RS, 84/2002
• Zakon o šumama FBiH, Službene novine FBiH, 20/2002
• Zakon o zaštiti prirode FBiH, Službene novine FBiH, 33/2003
• Zakon o zaštiti okoliša FBiH, Službene novine FBiH, 33/2003
• Zakon o fondu za zaštitu okoliša FBiH, Službene novine FBiH, 33/2003
• World Database on Protected Areas, 2005, United Nations Environment
Programme, World Conservation monitoring Centre, IUCN World Commission
on Protected areas.
• European commission DG environment, 2003: Interpretation Manual of
European Union habitats
14
1.4 Relevant international processes that can be relevant to the process in
BiH
15
1.5 Legislative framework
16
Proposal for designation of protected areas that are in the area of both
entities are given by Federal Ministry of environment and Ministry for urbanism,
construction, communal issues and ecology of RS.
RS entity government is in charge for adoption of measures for management
of all categories of protected areas. In FBiH is the same situation as with Protected
areas designation.
Financing funds are ensured through state budget and Environment
protection fund.
Possible areas can be designated for Natura 2000 throughout special act of
Government of RS and FBiH (article 37 of Low on nature protection of RS, and article
33 of Low on nature protection of FBiH). Sites that can be designated are National
parks, protected natural areas, natural monuments if there are species or habitats of
common interest by international criteria. Any plan or project which is likely to affect
the natural values of a site shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its
implications for the site.
However the only document where Natura 2000 and other international
instruments of nature protection are mentioned is Law on Nature protection. There is
no mentioning of those issues in other relevant documents such as Law on Forests,
Law on Hunting, Law on Physical planning and others. Entity legislatives are rather
confused concerning this matter and concrete definitions differ from law to law.
This map generally matches with the actual biogeographical zoning of BiH, but there
are obviously slight divergences of region borders according to “Biogeographical
zoning of BiH” (STEFANOVIĆ, V., BEUS, V., BURLICA, Č., DIZDAREVIĆ, H. &
VUKOREP, I. 1983, Šumarski fakultet, Sarajevo).
17
Map 1. Biogeographical regions in BiH
18
Map 2. Biogeographical regions in Neretva river basin
19
1.7 Habitats of Annex I of the HD, and species of Annex II, IV and V of the
HD from wich there is evidence of presence in BiH
3
SR-scientific reserve-it should be investigated.
20
Habitats of Annex I of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Reference list Biogeographical regions
Conti Mediter
Alpine
Code Code description nental ranean
AL
CO ME
* Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on silicious
substrates in mountain areas (and submountain X X
6230 areas in Continental Europe)
Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands
X X
62A0 (Scorzoneratalia villosae)
Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-
X X
6410 laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains
X X
6430 and of the montane to alpine levels
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis,
X X
6510 Sanguisorba officinalis)
6520 Mountain hay meadows X
7110 * Active raised bogs X X X
*Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species
X
7210 of the Caricion davallianae
7220 * Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion) X X X
7230 Alkaline fens X X X
Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels
X
8110 (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)
Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to
X X X
8120 alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
* Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and
X X X
8160 montane levels
Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic
X X X
8210 vegetation
8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation X
Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-
X X
8230 Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii
8240 * Limestone pavements X X X
8310 Caves not open to the public X X X
9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests X X
Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex and
sometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercion X X
9120 robori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion)
9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests X X
Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer
X
9140 and Rumex arifolius
Medio-European limestone beech forests of the
X
9150 Cephalanthero-Fagion
Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oak-
X X
9160 hornbeam forests of the Carpinion betuli
9170 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forests X
9180 * Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines X
91B0 Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods X
21
Habitats of Annex I of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Reference list Biogeographical regions
Conti Mediter
Alpine
Code Code description nental ranean
AL
CO ME
* Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus
excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion X X
91E0 albae)
Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus
laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or
X
Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers
91F0 (Ulmenion minoris)
* Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and
X
91G0 Carpinus betulus
91H0 * Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens X
91K0 Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion) X X
91L0 Illyrian oak-hornbeam forests (Erythronio-carpinion) X X
91M0 Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak –sessile oak forests X
Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto
X X
91R0 januensis-Pinetum)
9250 Quercus trojana woods X
9260 Castanea sativa woods X X
9280 Quercus frainetto woods X X X
92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba galleries X X X
9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests X
Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine
X
9410 levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea)
* (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic
X X
9530 black pines
95A0 High oro-Mediterranean pine forests X X
Sixty-four Annex I habitat types are present in BiH, 15 of which are priority. The
distribution by biogeographical regions is: Alpine region 50 (11 priority), Continental
38 (9 priority), Mediterranean 32 (9 priority).
22
Table 4. Species of Annexes II, III and IV which are present in BiH
Species of Annex II, IV and V of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Biogeographical
Reference list By Annexes regions
Presenc
Medi
e in Cont
Alpi terra
Neretva inen
ne nea
river tal
AL n
N catchm CO
ME
o. Scientific name Group ent II IV V
1 Rhinolophus euryale Mammals X X X X X
Rhinolophus
Mammals X X X X X
2 ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus
Mammals X X X X X
3 hipposideros
4 Rhinolophus mehelyi Mammals X X X X
Barbastella
Mammals X X X X
5 barbastellus
Miniopterus
Mammals X X X X X
6 schreibersi
7 Myotis bechsteini Mammals X X X X
8 Myotis capaccinii Mammals X X X X X
9 Myotis emarginatus Mammals X X X X X
10 Canis lupus * Mammals X X X X X X
11 Ursus arctos * Mammals X X X X X X
12 Lutra lutra Mammals X X X X X X
13 Martes martes Mammals X X X X X
14 Mustela putorius Mammals X X X X X
15 Lynx lynx Mammals X X X
16 Felis silvestris Mammals X X X X X
Rupicapra rupicapra
Mammals X X X
17 balcanica
18 Testudo hermanni Reptiles X X X X
19 Emys orbicularis Reptiles X X X X X X
20 Lacerta agilis Reptiles X X X X X
21 Lacerta viridis Reptiles X X X X X
22 Podarcis muralis Reptiles X X X X X
23 Ophisaurus apodus Reptiles X X X
24 Elaphe situla Reptiles X X X X
Elaphe
Reptiles X X X X
25 quatuorlineata
26 Elaphe longissima Reptiles X X X X X
27 Coluber jugularis Reptiles X X X
28 Coluber najadum Reptiles X X X
29 Coronella austriaca Reptiles X X X X
30 Natrix tessellata Reptiles X X X X X
31 Telescopus falax Reptiles X X X
32 Vipera ursinii Reptiles X X X
33 Vipera amodites Reptiles X X X X X
34 Triturus carnifex Amphibians X X X X X
23
Species of Annex II, IV and V of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Biogeographical
Reference list By Annexes regions
Presenc
Medi
e in Cont
Alpi terra
Neretva inen
ne nea
river tal
AL n
N catchm CO
ME
o. Scientific name Group ent II IV V
35 Triturus dobrogicus Amphibians X X
36 Salamandra atra Amphibians X X X
37 Proteus anguinus * Amphibians X X X X X
38 Bombina bombina Amphibians X X X
39 Bombina variegata Amphibians X X X X X X
40 Rana dalmatina Amphibians MD X MD
41 Rana graeca Amphibians X X X X X
42 Rana latastei Amphibians MD X MD
43 Rana lessonae Amphibians MD X MD
44 Rana esculenta Amphibians MD X MD
45 Rana ridibunda Amphibians X X X X X
46 Rana temporaria Amphibians MD X MD
47 Bufo viridis Amphibians X X X X X
48 Hyla arborea Amphibians X X X X X
Eudontomyzon
Fish X X
49 danfordi (o)
Lethenteron
Fish X X X
50 zanandreai (V)
Petromyzon marinus
Fish MD X MD
51 (o)
52 Lampetra fluviatilis Fish MD X MD
53 Acipenser naccarii * Fish MD X MD
54 Acipenser sturio * Fish X X X X
55 Alosa fallax nilotica Fish MD X MD
Hucho hucho (natural
Fish X X X X
56 populations) V
Salmo marmoratus
Fish X X X X
57 (o)
58 Thymallus thymallus Fish X X X X X
59 Umbra krameri (o) Fish X X X
60 Alburnus albidus (o) Fish X X X
61 Aspius aspius (V) Fish X X X
Barbus meridionalis
Fish X X X
62 (V)
Chalcalburnus
Fish X X X
63 chalcoides(o)
Gobio albipinnatus
Fish X X X
64 (o)
65 Gobio kessleri (o) Fish X X X
Gobio uranoscopus
Fish X X X
66 (o)
Phoxinellus
Fish X X X
67 adspersus (o)
24
Species of Annex II, IV and V of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Biogeographical
Reference list By Annexes regions
Presenc
Medi
e in Cont
Alpi terra
Neretva inen
ne nea
river tal
AL n
N catchm CO
ME
o. Scientific name Group ent II IV V
Phoxinellus
Fish X X
68 alepidotus (o)
Phoxinellus ghetaldi
Fish X X X
69 (o)
Phoxinellus
Fish X X X
70 metohiensis(o)
Phoxinellus
Fish X X X
71 pstrossi(o)
Rhodeus sericeus
Fish X X X
72 amarus (o)
Rutilus pigus virgo
Fish X X X
73 (V)
74 Cobitis elongata (o) Fish X X
75 Misgurnus fossilis (o) Fish X X
Sabanejewia aurata
Fish X X
76 (o)
Aphanius fasciatus
Fish X X X
77 (o)
Gymnocephalus
Fish X X
78 schraetzer
79 Zingel streber (o) Fish X X
80 Zingel zingel (V) Fish X X
Knipowitschia
Fish X X X
81 panizzae (o)
Pomatoschistus
Fish X X X
82 canestrini (o)
83 Cottus gobio (o) Fish X X X
Invertebrate
X X X X X
84 Helix pomatia s
Lithophaga Invertebrate
X X X
85 lithophaga s
Invertebrate
X X X
86 Pinna nobilis s
Invertebrate
X X X
87 Congeria kusceri s
Invertebrate
X X X X X
88 Astacus astacus s
Austropotamobius Invertebrate
X X X
89 torrentium* s
Bolbelasmus Invertebrate
X X MD MD
90 unicornis s
Invertebrate
X X X X X
91 Buprestis splendens s
25
Species of Annex II, IV and V of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Biogeographical
Reference list By Annexes regions
Presenc
Medi
e in Cont
Alpi terra
Neretva inen
ne nea
river tal
AL n
N catchm CO
ME
o. Scientific name Group ent II IV V
Invertebrate
X X X X X X
92 Cerambyx cerdo s
Graphoderus Invertebrate
X X X X X X
93 bilineatus s
Invertebrate
X X X X X
94 Lucanus cervus s
Invertebrate
X X X X X
95 Morimus funereus s
Osmoderma eremita Invertebrate
X X X X X X
96 * s
Invertebrate
X X X X
97 Rosalia alpina * s
Callimorpha Invertebrate
X X
98 quadripunctaria (o) * s
Euphydryas aurinia Invertebrate
X X X X X
99 (o) s
10 Invertebrate
X X X X X X
0 Hypodryas maturna s
10 Invertebrate
X X X X
1 Leptidea morsei s
10 Invertebrate
X X X X X X
2 Lycaena dispar s
10 Nymphalis vaualbum Invertebrate
MD X X MD MD
3 * s
10 Invertebrate
X X X
4 Parnassius apolo s
10 Invertebrate
X X X X X
5 Zerynthia polyxena s
10
Plants X X X X X
6 Sphagnum L. spp
10 Asplenium
Plants X X X
7 adulterinum Milde (R)
10 Botrychium simplex
Plants X MD
8 Hitchc. (V)
10 Marsilea quadrifolia
Plants X MD MD
9 L. (V)
11
Plants X X X
0 Lycopodium spp.
11 Echium russicum
Plants X X
1 J.F.Gemlin
Adenophora lilifolia
11 (L.) Ledeb. ex A. DC. Plants X X X
2 (V)
26
Species of Annex II, IV and V of the Habitats Directive in BiH
Biogeographical
Reference list By Annexes regions
Presenc
Medi
e in Cont
Alpi terra
Neretva inen
ne nea
river tal
AL n
N catchm CO
ME
o. Scientific name Group ent II IV V
11 Cerastium dinaricum
Plants X X X
3 G. Beck et Szysz. (V)
11 Thlaspi jankae A.
Plants X X
4 Kern. (R)
11 Aquilegia kitaibelii
Plants X X
5 Schott (E)
11 Pulsatilla grandis
Plants X X X
6 Wenderoth (R)
11
Plants X X
7 Arnica montana L.
11 Eryngium alpinum L.
Plants X X
8 (V)
11
Plants X X
9 Gentiana lutea L
12 Gladiolus palustris
Plants X X X
0 Gaud. (V)
12 Scilla litardierei
Plants X X
1 Breistr. (V)
12
Plants X X X X
2 Ruscus aculeatus L.
12
Plants X X X X X
3 Galanthus nivalis L.
12 Cypripedium
Plants X X X X
4 calceolus L. (E)
Liparis loeselii (L.)
Rich. (Syn.:
Plants X X MD
12 Pseudorchis loeselii
5 (L.) S.F.Gray) (Ex)
27
Table 5. Number of species by species groups
Prese
Pres
nce in Cont Medit
Groups of ence Ann Annex Annex Alpi
Neret Priority inen errane
species in ex II IV V ne
va tal an
BiH
RCA
Mammals 17 14 14 2 4 2 17 15 15
Reptiles 16 16 5 0 15 0 8 8 15
Amphibians 15 13 5 1 11 3 9 6 12
Fish 35 18 33 2 1 3 11 17 19
Invertebrate
s 22 18 15 5 15 2 18 15 16
Plants 20 9 14 0 0 6 17 6 6
TOTAL 125 88 86 10 46 16 80 67 83
• The Institute for Urbanism of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, digital maps
of land use in RS
• Cantonal Institute for Urbanism, Sarajevo
• Institute for land surveying, Sarajevo - Corine land cover map of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, 1:100 000, 2000
• Agro-pedology Institute, Sarajevo
• Municipality offices for spatial planning in Mostar and Trebinje
• Hydro Engineering Institute, Sarajevo, water management maps
• Public enterprise “BH Šume”- digital forestry maps (under development)
• Public Enterprise for forestry of RS “Šume RS”- digital forestry maps (under
development)
• Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka – forestry maps (under
development), GIS database of network of protection areas - BUCALO, V. et
al., 2006: Projekat mreže zaštićenih objekata prirode (fazni izvještaj za 2006.
godinu), Šumarski fakultet u Banjoj Luci., GIS database of habitat types and
endangered plant species of RS (under development).
28
• Faculty of Agronomy, University of Banja Luka
• Institute for Agriculture, Banja Luka – FAO land use maps 1:200000, ECNC
maps.
• Institute for Agriculture, Sarajevo – FAO agriculture maps
• Institute for Agriculture, Mostar – FAO agriculture maps
• State office for land surveying, Banja Luka – Development of digital
topographic maps, 1:25000 – JICA (under development)
• Public enterprise for water management “Sava”, Sarajevo - water
management maps
• Public Enterprise “Vodno područje slivova Jadranskog mora”, Mostar - water
management maps
• Public enterprise for water management of RS “Vode RS” - water
management maps
• Institute for water management of RS, Bjeljina – Water management maps
• “Projekt” a.d., Banja Luka
• “Gisdata” Sarajevo, DEM 1:25000
• “Geocentar” Banja Luka
• “Infomap” Novi Grad
Other relevant layers that could be found are: hydrology, geology, pedology,
climatology, but all in low scale, or they are limited to local areas.
2 Identification of stakeholders
2.1 Responsible authorities in the different levels, and their roles and
responsibilities in the process
29
Entity level
RS
• Ministry of urbanism, construction, communal issues and ecology of RS
- responsible for the application of environmental protection strategy, physical
planning, monitoring natural resources.
tel: 051/331-422
faks: 051/331-423
E-mail: mp@mp.vladars.net
• Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of RS –
responsible for managing of natural resources
Bijeljina office
Tel: 055/209-412
Faks: 055/210-353
tel: 051/331-542
faks: 051/331-548
E-mail: mnk@mnk.vladars.net
FBiH
30
• Ministry of Education and Science of FBiH - development of scientific
activity, coordination of scientific-researching activities, development of the
scientific-researching institutions, encouragement of fundamental applied
researches, development of investment technologies and human resources in
scientific-researching field,
Mostar office
Tel: +387 36 355-700
Fax: +387 36 355-742
Sarajevo office
Tel /fax: +387 33 276-380
E-mail: fmonks@bih.net.ba, fmon@bih.net.ba
Inter-entity level
• Inter-entity environmental steering body – their task is to provide the
expert counseling to authority ministries, making of Red List for BiH,
coordination of inter-entity strategy for nature protection in BiH and making
the directions for coordination and cooperation in trans-boundary protected
areas.
Municipality level
FBiH
31
• City of Mostar - ++387 (0)36 500 637
• Municipality of Čapljina - ++387 (0)36 805 052
• Municipality of Čitluk - ++387 (0)36 640 120
• Municipality of Neum - ++387 (0)36 880 185
RS
32
web site: www.ephzhb.ba
33
2.5 NGO’s that are relevant for the process
34
Name of Contact
Adress Phone Field of activity
organization person
Stepe
ArborMagna- Stepanovića
065/714143 Jugoslav Brujić Nature protection
Banjaluka 75a, Banja
Luka
Cara Lazara
Ekomreža BiH 24, Banja 051 433 142
Luka
Abetment of
sustainable
Fondeko Sarajevo 033/ 211-354 Edin Abadžić
development and
quality of life
Danijela
Moja Neretva Jablanica 036/ 325-018
Petrović
Ecological
organization
Mostar 036/ 317-080 Milka Markota
“Lijepa Naša
Neretva”
Zarema Environment
Oaza Mostar 036/ 551-479
Obradović protection
Eko Jablanica Jablanica 036/ 753-656 Idriz Čilić
Providing assistance
for solving of
REC Sarajevo 033/ 209-130 Jasna Draganić
environmental
problems
35
3 Identification and selection of first set of possible pilot areas in the
Neretva river basin
Aiming to identify and select possible pilot areas to which European standards for
biodiversity protection would be applied, it is necessary to highlight:
1. This first selection of areas can not be done following strictly the criteria given in
the Annex III-stage 1 of the Habitats Directive;
2. Choosing the criteria for selection of the areas is conditioned by existing quality
and quantity of data for the given area, i.e. for Neretva river basin.
• In despite of very large number of scientific papers that regard to flora, fauna,
habitats and ecosystems diversity at the Neretva river catchment area, BiH
does not posses enough information that can be used in appliance of the
criteria given.
• BiH does not possess databases and modern inventories of flora, fauna,
habitat tipes and ecosystems
• BiH did not realize projects of creating of Red lists of species and habitats
• The majority of BiH endangered, specific or endemic species and habitat
types are not listed in the Annexes of Habitats Directive.
• There is no professional institution either on entity or on state level that can
manage activities in the field of biodiversity protection according to European
standards.
Neretva river catchment area is known as one of the most interesting from the aspect
of diversity of flora, fauna, fungi, habitat types, and ecosystems in whole region as
well as in Europe. There are numerous scientific publications about specific features
in bio- and ecological sense (see Scientific publications). However BiH did not realize
projects which would identify species and habitat types on its territory, or projects that
would assess level of vulnerability of those.
1. Following the European standards as the first criteria for selection of pilot areas,
the first step would be to identify the presence of species from the Annexes II, of the
Habitats Directive, and Annex I of the Birds Directive.
According to results of the project “Emerald network BiH” in the areas of the river
Rama (BA0000008), Doljanka (BA0000007), canyon of river Bijela (BA0000006),
Diva Grabovica (BA0000005), Zlatar (BA0000004), canyon of the river Idbar
(BA0000003), canyon of the river Rakitnica (BA0000001) and upper stream of
Neretva (BA0000002), the following species which require the conservation of habitat
are as following:
Mammals: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolopus hipposideros, Rhinolopus
euryale, Miniopterus schreibersi, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis capaccini, Lynx lynx,
Canis lupus;
Amphibians/Reptiles: Testudo hermanni, Triturus carnifex, Emys orbicularis,
Bombina variegata, Vipera ursini, Elaphe quatuorlineata;
Fishes: Salmo marmoratus, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Cottus gobio, Barbarus
meridionalis;
36
Invertebrates: Cerambyx cerdo, Lucanus cervus, Morimus funereus, Osmoderma
eremita, Rosalia alpina, Lycaena dispar, Euphydryas aurinia.
2. The next criteria in the selection of the pilot area has been the diversity of habitat
types from Annex I of Habitats directive on the area proposed for protection.
For the Neretva river catchment area the next habitat types which are of community
interest and which require establishment of Special areas of conservation (SAC’s):
3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks
4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths
6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands
6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates
(Festuco-Brometalia) (* important orchid sites)
62A0 Eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)
7220 * Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)
8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels
(Thlaspietea rotundifolii)
8160 * Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montane levels
8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation
8240 * Limestone pavements
8310 Caves not open to the public
9180 * Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines
91E0 * Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion,
Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)
91R0 Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto januensis-Pinetum)
9530 * (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines
37
o Canyon downstream from Ulog to Glavatičevo, one of the most preserved,
and most natural parts of environment of Bosnia i Herzegovina
o Canyon from Glavatičevo to Đajići, upstream from Konjic
o Canyon of Ljuta river
o Canyon of river Rakitnica
o Gorge - canyon of river Trešanica
o Canyon of river Neretvica
o Canyon of river Idbar
o Canyon of river Bijele
o Gorge and canyon of river Rama with few tributaries (Klek, Here, Krupić and
waterfall in village Duge)
o Canyon of river Doljanka near Jablanica
o Canyon of river Grabovica
o Gorge of Glogošnica
o Canyon from lower Jablanica to the Mostar plane (Salakovac)
o Canyon of river Drežnica
o Spring front of river Buna near Blagaj
o Gorge and canyon of river Bregava upstream from Stolac
o Gorge and canyon of river Neretva with wild stream from Blagaj to Čapljina
o Gorge and canyon of river Trebižat from Gabela to Vrlika
o Valley of river Krupa
On the basis of settled criteria, it is clear that upper stream of river Neretva
distinguishes as particularly important in the frame of local, regional, and global
needs of biodiversity protection.
On the basis of settled criteria, wide area of Glavatičevo with upstream and
downstream canyon on Neretva was selected as adequate pilot area for engagement
of the first steps in implementation of European standards for biodiversity protection
38
Methodology
1. Identification of
a) habitat types of Annex I of Habitats Directive in wide area of
Glavatičevo with upstream and downstream canyon of Neretva river
(pilot area).
b) Habitat types of Annex I of Habitat Directive in Neretva catchment
area
2. Creation of GIS maps of all habitat types :
a) on pilot area.
b) in Neretva catchment area
3. establishment of database of identified habitat types. Established database
could serve as base for future national database with all relevant informations
about habitat types that need protection in BiH.
4. assessment of the presence and national level of endangerment of species
from Annex II ofthe Habitats directive and Annex I of the Wild birds directive
a) at the pilot area.
b) in Neretva catchment area
11. Identification of potential financing sources for the conservation needs of the
identified areas.
39
5 Identification of gaps
• In despite of very large number of scientific papers that regard to flora, fauna,
habitats and ecosystems diversity at the Neretva river catchment area, BiH
does not posses enough that can be used in appliance of the criteria given.
• BiH does not possess databases and modern inventories of flora, fauna,
habitat tipes and ecosystems
• There is a lack of digitized maps, satellite images, GIS layers of relevant data
in appropriate scales
• BiH did not realize projects of creating of Red lists of species and habitats
• The majority of BiH endangered, specific or endemic species and habitat
types are not listed in the Annexes of Habitats directive.
• There is no professional institution either on entity or on state level that can
manage activities in the field of biodiversity protection according to European
standards.
• The current state of environment protection in BiH is characterized by an
extremely complicated and ill-defined division of competences, and
consequently by an inadequate institutional structure.
• The present environmental legislative is not harmonised between different
sectors.
• The present environmental legislative is not harmonised with EU regulations
and standards.
• There is a lack of legal regulations and documents that would support
practical implementation of the legal provisions.
• Public awareness on environmental issues is at very low level. There is a lack
of environmental issues treatment in education process, media, politics etc.
• Historical factor and traditionally bad attitude to environmental issues
• Very high influence of different socio-economic lobbies on the state
environmental policies (e.g. energetic, forestry, tourism)
• Small percent of protected areas
• Lack of longterm strategy for environmental protection
a) Overall goal.
The main goal of the action plan would be to ensure the conservation and
sustainable use of the diversity of species, habitats and ecosystems in the
area upstream and downstream of Glavatičevo, as well as in whole Neretva
river basin,using European standards for selection and designation of priority
areas, and their management to ensure their conservation in the long term.
Protection of species and habitat types on the Neretva river basin will
represent the base of the future work related to establishment of network of
protected areas in BiH.
b) Main objective:
Maintaining or restoring on favorable conservation status the natural habitats
and species of Community Importance4 in part of Neretva river basin.
4
Habitats of Annex I and Species of Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.
40
Table 8: Action plan for establishing pilot protected areas according EU standards in Neretva river basin
main actions and description schedule responsibility assumptions budget.
activities
Identification and In order to accede to biodiversity Ministry of environment • Decision on the
digital mapping of the protection according to European 2008. and tourism of FBiH government level 30.000 E
distribution of habitat standards, first necessary step would and • Identification of the
types be to research existance, distribution Ministry of Urban expert team
a)in the pilot area and size of habitat types, as well as Planning, Civil • Preparation of the
b) in Neretva basin existance and eventual population Engineering and TOR and contract
density of species from Annex II of Ecology of RS in activities
Identification and HD, including the mapping in Neretva cooperation with
digital mapping of the river basin experts
distribution of species 2008. 30.000 E
from Annex II of HD
a)in the pilot area
b)in Neretva basin
• Establishment of
Ministry of environment central databases
Data collected would be stored in and tourism of FBiH of Natura2000
Establishment of database which will represent the base 2009. and areas, based on
digital database for future database for all areas in the Ministry of Urban the decisions of
future network of protected areas in Planning, Civil entity governments 20.000 E
BiH. Database would include relevant Engineering and • Data input
information according to local legal Ecology of RS in
acts regarding Natura2000. cooperation with
experts and IT
Filling in of the 2009 Ministry of environment • There should be 1.000 E per site
Standard Data Form and tourism of FBiH enough information
for the pilot areas and from the previous
Ministry of Urban inventories
Planning, Civil
Engineering and
Ecology of RS in
cooperation with
experts and IT
41
main actions and description schedule responsibility assumptions budget.
activities
According to relevant standards it is Ministry of environment • Producing of the
Campaign with necessary to involve all relevant and tourism of FBiH breaf booklets
stakeholders stakeholders in the biodiversity 2009. and containing 60.000 E
protection process. It is clear that lager Ministry of Urban research results
number of participants from different Planning, Civil achieved
parts of process is required Engineering and • Creation of
Ecology of RS in presentations with
cooperation with NGOs results and goals
of protection
• Organization of
round tables
• Organization of
workshops
• Poll
• Public discussion
Ministry of environment o Preparing of report
and tourism of FBiH about research
Reching the decision In order of establishment protected 2010 and results for the entity 10.000 E
area according to European Ministry of Urban governments
standards, it is necessary to reach the Planning, Civil o Preparing of report
decision at the entity governments Engineering and about campaign
level Ecology of RS in with stakeholders
cooperation with for the entity
interentity body for governments
environment
42
main actions and description schedule responsibility assumptions budget.
activities
Preparing of In order to develop the mechanism of 2010 Federal ministry of o Preparing of the 30.000 E
guidelines about intersectoral approach in biodiversity environment and guidelines for
nature management management, it is crucial to prepare tourism and different sectors
and protected areas the guidelines, with the power of legal Ministry of Urban o Approving and
use at the background regulation, which would serve to Planning, Civil accepting of the
of intersectoral related sectors as the guide through Engineering and guidelines by the
approach the management possibilities of the Ecology of RS in Entity governments
natural resources cooperation with
interentity body for
environment
Presentation of Coincident with the 2010 goal, BiH 2010 Ministry of environment o The project has 20.000 €
results internationally could present their work towards the and tourism of FBiH achieved its results
biodiversity protection according to EU and satisfactorily
standards in relevant forums to Ministry of Urban
international audience, especially the Planning, Civil
EC and EU Member States. Engineering and
Ecology of RS in
cooperation with NGOs
43