Chapter 4 :

Periodic Table
of Elements
Advantages of classifying elements
in the Periodic Table
 Understand & remember physical &
chemical properties of elements.
 Properties of an element or its

compound is predictable based on its

position in Periodic Table.
 Historical
development of
Periodic Table
• The classification was not successful.
It was limited to few elements only.
• Same properties were repeated at
every 8th element. This arrangement
of elements was known as the law of
octaves.
Arrangement of
elements in
Periodic Table
 Elements are arranged horizontally in
ascending order of their proton
numbers.
 Vertical column – group

Horizontal row – period

 18 groups & 7 periods.

 Elements with the same number of

valence electrons are arranged in the
same group.
 Group 1 – alkali metals
 Group 2 – alkaline earth metals

 Group 3 to 12 – transition elements

 Group 17 – halogens

 Group 18 – noble gases

 Electron arrangement vs position
in Periodic Table
 Group number of an element is
determined by the number of valence
electrons in an atom of the element.
 Proton no. Valence e. Group
Na 11 1 1
Mg 12 2 2
Al 13 3 13
Cl 17 7 17
 Period number of an element is
determined by the number of shells
occupied with electrons in an atom of
the element.
 Proton no. E. arrangement Period
He 2 2 1
O 8 2.6 2
Na 11 2.8.1 3
Ca 20 2.8.8.2 4
 Elements with the same number of
valence electrons / same group will
exhibit similar chemical properties.
 Group 1 elements :

Li (2.1), Na (2.8.1), K (2.8.8.1)

exhibit similar chemical properties

Don’t
Don’t be
be afraid
afraid of
of making
making
errors,
errors, but
but ofof not
not correcting
correcting
them.
them. ItIt is
is not
not difficult
difficult to
to
correct
correct errors.
errors.
~
~ Still
Still Thoughts
Thoughts