CORNE,LL UNIVERSITY

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Comri Unlv!i!T'sity library TJ 180.B87

DYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM

ENGINESJ MILL AND OTHER GEARING, PRESSES" HOROLOGY, I'

AND MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY;

FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVEN

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS,'

E:'i[ I~ RAcr!SG

ALL THOSE \VHICH .ARE MOST LMPORTANT IN

1'rfANY 1IOVEjIENTS NEVER BE.FORE PEBLISHED,

AND

SEVERAL \\THIeM HA .. VE O~LY RECENTLY CO~IE INTO -USE.

~y

HENR Y T.~ROWN,

EDITOR OF THE "AMERICAX ARTISAN."

NE\V-YORK:

PUB LIS H E D BYE R 0 \V N, COO 7\11 B S & co.,

OFFICE OF THE .. A:'.lERICAX .1\ Kl'ISAN/'

189 BROAD\YAY.

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EXTl;:RED according to Act of Congress. in the year 1868, by HE:"RY T, BROW::\,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New YOlk.

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PREFACE.

THE want of a compre henaive collection or itlustrations and descriptions

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of ,MECHANICAL )'10VE:!iIE~TS has long been seriously felt by artisans, inventors.'

and students of the mechanic arts, It was the knowledge of this want which induced the cornp ilat ion of the collection here presented. The movements which It contains have been already illustrated and described in occasional' installments scattered through five volumes of the AMERICAN AR:l'ISAN, by the readers of v r hich their pub lication 'vas, received with so much favor as was believed' to warrant the expense of their reproduction, with some revision, in a separate volume.

More than one-fou rth of the movements-e- many of purely American originhave never previously appeared in any published collection. Although t.he collection embraces about three times as many movements as have ever been contained in any previous American publicntion, it has not been the object of the compiler to merely swell the .numbcr. but he has endeavored to select only such as may be of really practical value; and with this end in view, he has rejected many which are found in nearly all the previously published collections, but which he has considered onty applicable to some exceptional want,

Owing to the selection of these movements at such intervals as coutd be snatched from professional duties which admitted of no postpouemeut, and, to the engravings having been made from tirue to time for immediate publication, the classification of the movements is not as perfect as the compiler could have desired : yet it is believed that this deficiency is more than compensated for by the copiousness of the Indc», and the entirely nove! arrangement of the illustrations and the descriptive letterpress on opposite pages, which make the CO'lectjon-c-Iarge and comprehensive :1.S it is-s-more convenient for reference than

any previous one.

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ME.CHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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IJF· IN this INDEX the numerals do not indicate the pages, but they refer to the mgr.a:m.·1tgs and the tl1lNloered partlgrajJlh. Each page of the letter-press contains all ~ thedescnptiv3 matter appertaining tothe illustrations which L1:ce it .

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,Capstans, :'T:l; 49J·

.-<,:l::ntro~illead. 40S

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! Differend~1 muverneute, 5;,5'\ 5)' (>0, 6'1, 6~ 260, '4.'

~ Dtag-Huk, <l3l- . '. . ..

1,65. 217,27-!' 2]6. : Drill, lSI;}-

liddle, l~.f,.

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. B3J:anctl, comj:lCnsatillm,_J:I9- &~er.sO'[.

i Cnud;:. S\IDSt1hrtCS forthe, 3)' u'), J:!"J. 1;:;5, 1.57,16,. 3J+ I var iable, 94- . . . .

I ~m nks, 92, I)}. 98, ~OI'),. l3 I, 143, '146, t 5'>, I 5~, 166; 1,$, :i;rQ, .

: zzo, 230> 23l, 26S,;!7':}' 3540 <j0l. ~.'

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l bel!, 126, 154, 156, 151·

i compound. l68,IJi.:;l,

i Cyc!ograph, 4P,~, 404-

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~r. fa;u, 497·

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. " screw ,190- .

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. ' COlum·n,. o.;cilt:n:illg, "5, f4;().

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~;,::?;" t·:.· ,.' Cou,nt~l'$of ~"'OlllliOIls, 63, 64, 6~ 66, 67. 68;(n, :;0. 7f.

,:~>:;:':,'.<:-l:>:.':. eo,pl~ un~~2.S.

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. Glutdies;41 , 4-"", 9,' in, 3'61- ·~~315.

ll:a,mps, heu,::R, 1 tit> 180, 38L

Persian, Il:!'.

~ Dlil1,,;, cramp, :H? 380.

Dmp.85-

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: Drumandrope, [3+ ~ Dri .. "eT, pile, :251 •

, Dyn<im(>"Il~~t'ffl, ,:!'4+ 372 .

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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E:lipso,gr.'1ph" ]5~. Gearing, variable; 38.

Engine, disk, 341' worm, 29, 31, 6.., 66, 6]" 143, I5t, 2'Q~.

Eng~nes, rotary. ,i,;!5, '426, 427. 4:28, 429- Governors" !47, 161, 162, 16], :1,0, 214. 287. 357'-

steam, 175" 326, 327', 328, 3:19, 330, 331, 33~, 3:H. Guides. 326,32'], 330, 331-,

335, 336, 337,338,339. 3+0, 341, 342, 34J, 344> ~ GY'l!'o~ope, 335-

3-+5,,3+6, 4ln, 422, 42,3, -F'" '[' . a,

valve gear for"Sq, 90. 'Qj, H:j., J.3-'h 1.31. ISO, I1!, _ Hammer, aenospherlc, 47t-

J790 18[, .[.S:l., 183 .. d~4' 135:" do, ~87, 188, 18<), I 1J,ell,420.

,286, .{18. ! compressed air, 473.

Epicyclic trains'. 50~. 5~3, 5Q4, 505; 506, 50/'.... , _ !, , ste~m, 47·

Escapements, ~3.j;, -38" 288; 289. 290,291:, 29-,2930 Z94, Z9;". I H:;o.n.mlers, trrp, 72,353. 296, ~n, 298., 399:; 300, 30', 3,()~, 303, 304, 305, j Helicograph, 384'- ,

.301\ 307; 308, 309. 310• 311, 3;2, 313, 31+> 396, ! Hook, beet-detaching, 49Z•

4,o:a. I 'releasing, 2:.$1.

Hooks, centrifugal check, 253- Hyperbt~las;, instrumerrt for drawing, 4OS"

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Fountain, Hiero's, 464. Fusees, +0, 35:<'

G. I

Gasometers, 479>,.so. I Intermittent movements, 63; 6..., 6S, 66,. 6'7, 6~, (~ 70. 71, 73.

G b' " I 14> 75, 76. 88,211, :<:35. 241, 36_" 3g,~·

<luge, »secung, .po ..

Gauges, pressure, +~" "'99,1 .500+

Gear, steering, 490. ~,J.

G' . b I f. l Jack, hydrostadr ~':;7.

earmg, . eve, 7 ... 3, 49', .sSt 14. .200, 2.:!v. 4:;'5. I '" 'Po'

brush, 28. ! lifting, 38q.

capstan, 4 t a, i Join~, ball and socket, 249-

conical, '3'7, I bayonet, 2'15.

crown, 26, 219- universal, .5[·

eccentric, .219. 22,2. i

elliptical, 33,35.2.21. r Ladder, foldin~, 3~

face, S.j:; i self-adjusting, 387·'

friction, 2:5" 32,45, 4'3. j Lazy-tongs, ii44·

intermittent, 6), 6.f.:; 65.1 66,67, 63,69, 70, 71.. 73. 74, ~ Level, sdf~'recording, 41 t,

75.76, 77, 78,79.,80, gr,8,3" 83. 8+ i Lever, bell-crank or elbow, 1M, '55, l$6. 1$7.

internal, 34" 55 .• 57. I . knee, 164.

. lar ,J Lewis, 493·

irregu .... 201.

multiple; 27. j Link, detachable chain, 391')-

mutila~ed, 7 .. n... M.

scroll, ~9J, 414

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sector, 3'3. spur; 24. step, 414- stud, !1}7.

sun :'Ind planet, 390

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Machine, Bohuenberger's, 356:. drill lng, $66. po~jshing, .370. 39.J. pllochin,g, Hlo. warp-dressing, 3830

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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"lain, ftexible water; .¢8. ! Pulleys, IS. '19> 20, ~], 22, .33; 58, 59> 60, 61, 6z, ~3. 255:,

Maintaining power, 3:to. 321• 1 256. 2S~7, :2!58,~59, :1.67·

Meter, gill!> (wet) .Sf ; (dry) 48.]. i iulti-friction bearing fur, ;11:;00.

'Water, ~ ! . chain, 227~ :u8, :u-r

Mill, lkt.rker's, .J& I Pump, air, +73-

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'i;T\I,SO ins,,) 7 S. i balance, 46S.

tread, 317· ~ beii.ows,453.

wind, 435~ ,.36, , chain, oJ!);!.

Miscellaneous> mM'eme1'lts, '101, rze, 153. ;:i~. 113; 196.203. diaphrJt;m,454-

:to,), ::HC, 2ii7. "'IS, :I:}2, 23:5, 2~7, :1:5", 26., ~z, ~ steam-siphon, 476.

Xi]; 205, ln, 231,:!g~. 348, 360, 36S, 3!.lS. 3<)0, ! Pumps, d.oUible-aCling, 45:!, 45).

H'I fl;5, f]7. ,447. ¢;l, <44 t for<;e" 450, {51:, 4P·

MQtil)T!, :dteruating IT<l.verse, 113- ~ lift, 4.8, 449.

rocking, 4190 I . rotary, 4.:'i5, .... ~6.

self-reversing, 81. ! Punching machine, ~~

l'l\uHh:, 391·

Motions, fe.~d" 9:)' 121, IS5:0 2~ ~ .fOC.

Iink,11'1, t8:;:.

parallel, p&, ).:19> 3],l!, 331. 334. 3J5>33&' 337. 3.35.

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Rack, mangle, ;91', 198, 199- mutilated, %&}.

-33), :Ho, 54I; 3+3- PlJlIll), 86, r~7, ~8,;l. traverse, 350, 36~.

1'arhb:e traverse, t22., I ~$, [4:l', 118.

Racks and p,intOllS, Ib, II]. II" ll3. nS; 1]'90 127. 13,9, 197. 198, 199, :269, %83.

Ram, 1\Ion.tgJ:llfier·!5 water. +44-

Ratchets and pawls, 41h 7S. 76, 78,79, So, S.:z, 206,225, 236,

:1:11• Regulnor. gas. ~:I:.

i waocb, ,JIS.

j Reversing motion, sel~ 87- 1 Revolver, ;Z~1' _

'I Rolle,s, oblique, 2'0',365- 1 Rolls; aJlli-~tCli(lll' 250·

~ drawIng, 496

!' feed, 195, ~1. gSS,

: Rulet$,parallel, 32:1:, 3:1:3. 3240 3:::5. 349. .;,6,. j

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s~()tted, 20& i Saw, endless band, I.p_

tll!"O-toothed, ~Q$ gig, ]::).:1:.

Power, horse, 376. I pendulum :us..

Presses, IQ5, '3:1, 133, 16+ ; Screw, A:rchimede~', .4"3.

hydro5~atk, 46~ i dl~rel:;iaJ, 266.

Propeller, screw, +88-. ; double reversed, laS.

Pulley, I;xpandil1g, 224- I micrometer, :nt.

friction, 2&,. , I Scre .... 1!, 1M, '[OJ, lG.k ~QS, 109, U~, ZQ:;!., ~Ss.

Pulleys, I, 2, 3, .., 5, 6. 7.8, 9tXO, H, 1~ Il; 14, IS! 16, '1, I endless, :p, 6-C66, &;, 1.43> I95, 3(>7, %750

Panrograp 11,24,6.

Parabolas, imtrum~nt I\:)rdrn- ... ing. . .pl6. PilifadOJ:. mechankilil, S~4'

Pendulum, conical, 315- Pendulums, 3! 5" 316" 31]. j£i-;t. oom;pens:;l;tron., 3[6, pp.

Piuion, 81., [ ~ l- '

l<J.ntem, 19J.

l~uii1aled, '! t+

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MECHANICAL MO'VE,MEN'TS.

Screws.righr-aud-left band, no; 151. Sect(I:J's" toothed, J3O, '133. :123. :l8.:!. See-saw, 363-

Shears, 1]0-

Stamp$. 85, 351.

Stand, mirror, 38 ...

Stop for hoi~ling apparatus, 213. for lantern w]ieds, ~33,

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i W<lJter, machines for rai~in:g,

. ,*,58, ".5:9. ~60, .¢il.

I WeDl', ~ellf.act'ing; 463.

WIII!'tIll, cam, !36. lantern. 233. Persian, 441. pin"llIOS.

rag, 2.3;1. sprocket, 25+, steering, '9"'0 waved, 165-

Wheel~, crOWD, 26, :H9, :Z)1.

mangle, 36" 111'2" 193, 19-4, 311:. paddle, 48;,". 489>

wa ter, 4,,JO, 4.) I, 432, 433. 434., <435, '06, 0431, 438. \Vindlass" Chinese, 129, 35'1.

fri;;tiQD" ,~80.

Wind-mill$" 485, ,,86..

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for ratchet wheels, 2",0.

",Oipers. 85. 1~8.

for spur gear, 239-

Stops for w i.ndi .. g watches, .:tl!:. 213. ;u+. :H5-

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Te!!1, fricli(Jn.373· Throstle, spinning, 4<)6. Toggl~doint, 14n. Tongs, lifli.ug, '19+ Trap, steam, 477" 478,

Treadles, 8;:, ,158, 159., I6ct, 31~, 40'J,4il().

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I. Illustrates the transmisslon of power by , up the slack, the belt transmits motion from ., simple pulleys and an open belt. In this one of the larger pulleys to the other ; but case both of the pulleys rotate in the same when it is not, the belt is so slack as not to

direction. transmit motion.

Diff f .. tl b tit .... f a . 6. By ghdng a vibratory motion to the

2, l;ers tom I In ae SUI S I unon 0. ,'. - • -.

d he] fi ·.h. I thi I lever secured to the semi-circular segment, -

. crosse - elt or t e open one. 'n llS case I • _ .,',. _ _ ,. • _ . , • , _

t1 di .tio f t ti f tl alleys 1"S re -the belt at,tac, bed to the said segment l,mpart,' S

le . lree IOn 0. ro a lOn. 0, . le pu " ,-' .. " .

_ ,. .lJ .a: reciprocating rotary motion to the two pul-

versen. ~ b 1

. , . h II" 'd' b sid leyse ow.

By arrangmg th ree pu, eys,. SI e ,'y 51 . e,. - . , '. ,'" . '. _. '. ..

upon the shaft to be driven, the middle one' 7, A m~thod of_ e~gagtng, disengaging, Co nd 'I 1- I it d and reversing the upright shaft at the left.

tast an- t re ot ser tW0' oose upon. 1, an '" e • ,,' ,

- b h "I; , ~t b It th The belt IS shown on the mIddle one of the

usmgot an openancL a crossed err, .,e. ,I~ , .. ',11, , ' ,..·1, 1 . hit. b ' hl I

di , f t'h - - Id h f . , ibl d t be i three puneys on t le ower sr 31tS". a, t'tV· rc 1

irecnon o· e sal, sa t IS ena e '0_ " , , . ," " '

- ~. . ,- . " . - -. ' pulley JS loose and consequently no move- .

reversed withou; stopping or revers~ng the '. ,'.. _ _ ".J , .

d .. '0' b I' "'I- 1- '. " 0 ·tl., rnent lS communicated to the said shafts .. '

rIver. ,neet "11 a waJs fUll _R _11.e " ,J ' b." . ,_ . . I"

fast pulley, and the other on one of the loose W11e~ t,lJe. ,el~ IS traversed on the feft-hand

11 '. T- "h h ,ft' 'II b'" d " . di pulley, which is fast on the hollow s. haft, b,

pu eys. I ' • .e sa. WI'. e : riven. m one I-I' .' ~_ ,. . , '. .-. ,

ti , 1 tl rcordi th carrying the bevel-gear, :8, motion IS co. rn-

fee Ion or the 0 _ ler, accor ng as ' e open ,.... :' " , . . '.. ',_' , ,',' ,

- d l... 1 ' . Ii £ t '1] I mun. Ie, ated In one dl,rectlOu to d,le upngh. t

0.- crosse- ne t IS on the as puuey, . _; - '.

, , ... . , . _ shaft ; and on Its bemg traversed on to the

3· A me:hoi of transn:nUm~ motion (rom right-hand pulley, motion istTa11smhted

a sha~t at right angles to another, by means, through the gear, A, fast on the shaft, at of gulde-~uIleys.. T~ere ,are two of these I'whkh runs inside of b, and the direction of E~leys, SIde by side, one for each leaf of the I the upright s ha_it is reversed, .

eft. ! 8. Speed-pulleys used for lathes and other

4- A method of transmitting motion from r mechanical tools, for varying the speed aca shaft at Ti.ght angles to another whose axis I cording to the work operated. upon ..

is in the same plane, This is shown with a ' 9., Cone-pulleys. for the same purpose as crossed belt. An open belt may be used, 8. This motion is used in cotton. machinbut the crossed one is preferable, as it gives eryl and in all machines which are required

m, ore sun".c.e ~f eonta.ct,' _. ". _ _. .1 ~orun with,.a o,!!t'adu.anYi,ncreas.ed or,dlmin~

5- Resembles I, With the addition of a, ished speed. .

movable tightening .. pulley, B. When this I 10. I~ a modification of 9, the pulleys be-

pulley is pressed against the band to take i ing of different shape. J

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l\iECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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I 1. Another method of effecting the same iarate loose pulleys, or a series of grooves

result as 3, without guide=pulleys. ; can be cut - in a solid block, the diameters

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j being made in proportion to the speed of the

12. Simple pulley used lor lifting weights. rope; that is! I, 3~ a"nd 5 for one block, and In this the power must be equal to the weight 2, 4, and 6 for the other, Power as I to 7. to obtain equllihrlum.

~ 16 and 17.

13·, In this the mower pulley is movable, r . 11. b t

- I lSuaT ons.

One end of the rope being fixed, the other I

must move twice as fast as the weight, and I

Are what are known as Span-

13. Is a combination of two fixed pulleys

a corresponding gam of power is conseuuentlv effected.

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and one movable pulley.

" 14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob-

] 9, 20" 2 J, and 22. Are different arrange-

tained by this con trivance is calculated as ments of pulleys. The fotlowing ride applies follows: Divide the weight by double the ~ to these pulleys :-]n a system of pulleys number of pulleys in the lower block; the!r where each pulley is embraced by a cord atquotient is the power required to balance tached atone end to a fixed point and at the the weight other to the center of the movable pulley, the

i effect of the whole wlll be ~ the number 2,

IS • Repr~sentsw~at a .. re k.nownas :Vhite's I m .. :Ultip.,ne.-d. b.Y itself " many times as there pulleys, which can. either be made with sep-] are movable pulleys In the systeJ,Il.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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23. A contrivance for transmitting rotary 27.'"" Multiple gearing"---....a recent inve\-

motion to a movable pulley. The pulley' tion. The smaller triangular wheel driv~ at the bottom of the figure is the movable the larger one by the movement of its at~ one; if this pulley were raised or depressed, ~ tached friction-rollers .in the radial grooves,

- I the belt would be slackened or tightened I

accordingly, In order to keep a uniform I 28. These are sometimes called" brush-

tension on. the belt, a pulley, A, carried in a wheels." The relative speeds can be varied frame sliding between guides (not shown), . by changing the distance of the upper wheel hangs (rom a rope passing over the two from the center of the lower one. The one gu.ide~pulleys} B, B, and is acted upon by ~ drives the other by the friction or adhesion, the balance weight, C, in such manner as to ~ and this may be increased by facing the lower

produce the desired result. one with india-tubber.

lets are termed" miter-gears."

spur-gear, moving it the distance of one tooth at every revolution.

24. Spur-gears. 29· Transmission of rotary motion from

one shaft at right angles to another. The 25- Bevel-gears, Those of equal dlame- spiral thread of the disk-wheel drives the

26. The whee] to the right IS termed a H crown-wheel;" that gearing with it is a spur-gear. These wheels are not much used, and are only available for Tight work, as the teeth of the crown-wheel must necessarily be thin.

30. Rectangular gears. These produce a rotary motion of the driven gear at a varying speed. They were used on aprintillg~press) the type of which were placed olta rectangular roller.

l\1ECHANICAL MOVEftffiNTS.

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31. Worm or endless SC1'ew and a. worm- from their application to mangles=converts

wheel. This effects the same result as 29; continuous rotary motion of pinion into reand as it is more easity constructed, it is dprocatingrotary motion of wheel. The oftener used, shaft of pinion has a vibratory motion, and

32• Friction-wheels, The surfaces, of works in a straight slot cut in the upright, these wheels are made rough, so as to b£te stationary bar to allow the pinion to rise and as much as possihle ; one is sometimes faced fall and work inside and outside of the gearwith Ieathervor, better, with vulcanized india- lug of the wheel. The slot cut in the face ?f rubber, the mangle-wheel and following its outline is to receive and guide the pinion.shaft and keep the pinion in gear.

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33. Elliptical spur-gears, These are used where a rotary motion of varying speed is required, and the variation or' speed is de- I 37· Uniform into variable rotary motion. termined by the relation between the lengths . The bevel-wheel or pinion to. the left has of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. , teeth cut through the whole widthof its face.

- • _ ...l d Its teeth work with a spirally arranged series

J4. An Internally toothed spur-gear ana .of studs on a conical wheel.

pnuon, With ordinary spur-gears (such as

'represented in 24) the direction of rotation is i 33. A means of converting rotary motion, opposite; but with. the internally toothed by which the speed is made uniform during gearl the two rotate in the same directlon ; a part, and varied. during another part, of the and. with the same strength of tooth the revolution.

gears are capable of transmitting greater force, because more teeth are engaged.

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39. Sun-and-planet motion. The spurgear to the right, called the planet-gear, is 305· Variable rotary motion produced by tied to the center of the other, or sun-gear, uniform rotary motion. The small spur- by an arm which preserves a constant dis. pinion works in a slot cut in the bar, which tance between their centers. This was used turns loosely upon. the shaft of the elliptical as a substitute for the crank in a steam eogear, The bearing of the pinion-shalt has gine by James Watt, after the use of the applied toil a spring, which keeps it en- crank had been patented by another party. gaged; the slot in the bar is to allow for the , Each revolution of the planet-gear, which is variation of length of radius of the elliptical rigidly attached to the connectirig-rqd, gives gear. two to the sun-gear, which is keyed to the

36, Mangle~wheel and pinion-so called fly-wheel shaft.

16

MECHANICA L 11:.0 VJS1'.IENiTS.

MECHANICAL MOVEItIENTS.

-~-~

40 and 41. Rotary converted into ~ot~I)'I?f the spring as i~ uncoils itself. The chain ~o~ion. ~he teeth .. of the:e gears, be~ng 115 on. the s~an diameter of the fusee when oblique, . gJ:ve a more continuous bearing I the watch IS wound 'Up, as the spring has

than. ordin .. a.rr spur-gears. I then the greatest force.

I· A· fricti 1 1 hb h . d

42 a~d. 43. Different ,kinds of gears for I 47· ... cttona c. utc i-nox, t .rown In an

transmitting rotary mO~lOn from one shaft I.out. o~: gear. bythele.ver .at thee ~ttom. to another arranged obliquely thereto, I ~hfS. .. IS used. fO.f. c~.nnectmg and dlsco.nnectmg heavy machinery. The eye of the

I disk to the right has a slot which slides upon. .

44- A kind of gearing used to transmit a long key or feather fixed on the shaft. . great force and give a continuous beating' to

the teeth, Each wheel is composed of two, three" or more distinct spur-gears. The teeth, instead of being in line, are arranged in steps to give a continuous bearing. This system is sometimes used for driving screw propellers, and sometimes, with a rack of similar character, to drive the beds of large iron-planing machines •.

48. Clutch-box. The pinion at the top gives a continuous rotary motion to the gear below, to which is attached half'the dutch; and both turn loosely on the shaft.· \Vhen it is desired to give motion to the shaft, the other part of the dutch, which slides upon a key or feather fixed in the shaft, is thrust into gear by the lever,

45. Frictional grooved gearing-:a comparatively recent invention. The diagram to the right is an enlarged section, which

can. be more easily understood. .

49. Alternate circular motion of the horizontal shaft produces a continuous rotary motion of the . vertical C sbaft, by means of the ratchet-wheels secured. to the bevelgears,. the ratchet-teeth of the two wheels

being set opposite ways,and the pawls act-

46~ Fusee chain and spring-box, being ing in opposite directions. The bevel-gears the prime mover in some watches, particu- I and ratchet-wheels are: loose on the shaft, lady of English make. The fusee to the . and the pawls attached to arms firmly seright is to compensate for the loss of force cured on the shaft.

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l\fECHANICAL M O'\tEMENTS.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

50 and 51. Two kinds of universal joints. opposite directions by the bands, and at the same timewill impart motion to the inter-

5. ·2.. A· nether kind of clutch-box, The I b b th d

mediate pinion at the bottom, 0 . aroun

disk-wheel to the right has two holes, corre- its own center and also around the common

spending to t~e studs fixed i~ the, other center of the two concentric gears.

disk; and, being pressed against It" . the .. .. ." .... .

studs enter the holes, when the two disks' 58. ~Oir transmIttmg three different speec~s

rotate together. I. by geanng. The lower part of the band IS

. . ~ shown on a loose pulley. The next pulley

,53. The vertical shaft is made to drive the ~ 1S fixed on the main shaft, on the other end

horizontal one in either direction, as may be J of which is fixed a small spur-gear .. The desired, by means of the double-clutch and ~ next pulley IS fixed on a hollow shaft runbevel-gears, The gears o~ the. horizon~al ning on the main shaft, and there is se~ shaft are loose, and are driven Tn opposrte cured to it a second spur-gear, larger than directions by the third gear j the double- the first. The fourth and last pulley to the dutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on left is fixed on another hollow sbaft running the horizontal shaft, ,', .. hich is made .to I"O-! loosely on the last-named" on the other end tate either to the right or Ieft, according to! of which is fixed tile stm larger spur-gear

the side on which it is engaged. nearest to the pulley. As the band is made

duel to traverse from 'one' pulley to another, It

pro ucmg . ... .'. ..... . ..

transmits three different velocities to the shaft below ..

•

54. 11angle or star-wheel, for an alternating rotary motion.

55. Different velocity given to two gears,. .. .,.:"

A and C. on the same shalt, by the pinion, '. 59· For transI~'llttmg two speeds by gear·

n.'mg. The band IS shown on. the loose pulley-s-the left-hand one of the lower three.

56. Used for throwing in and out of gear The middle pulley is fixed on the same shaft

the speed-motion on lathes. On depressing. as the small pinion, and the pulley to the the lever, the shaft of the large wheel is I right on a hollow shaft, on the end of which dra:vn .bac.kward ,by reason of .theslot in! is fixed the large spur-gear,When th~ba~d whtch it slides being cld eccentrically to the c is on the mlddlepulley a slow motion IS

center or fulcrum of the lever, .. ~ ~ransmitte~ to the shaft below;. but when .~t

57. The small pulley at the top bemg the ' I~ on the rl'ght~hand pulley a~U1ckspeed1s driver, the ]arge:!internaUy~toothed gear and j gIven, proportionate to the diameter of the

the concentric gear within win be driven in I gears. .

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MECHANICAL MOVEl-IENTS.

62

I 55 I

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68

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

--~----------------~~--------------------~----~~~~~~~~~----~--~-----

; !

60. For transmitting two speeds by means of I. 6+ Another arrangement of jumping motion. belrs. There are (our puUeys on the lower shaft, ! Mosion is communicated to WOrlu-gear,. B, by the two outer ones being loose and the two inner: worm or endless screw at the bottom, which is ones fast. The band to the kft is shown On its f fixed upon the driving-shafr, Upon the shaft loose pulley! the. one to the right on its f~st~ne ; ~ carrying the. wO,rm-gear works another. hollow a slow monon .15 consequently transmitted to: shaft, on which IS fixed cam, A. A short piece lower shaft. When band to the right is moved. : of this hoUow shaft is half cut awav, A pin on to its loose M)~l1Jey~ andJeft:hancl on~ on to its l fixed in worm.-gear ~han turns hotlow shaft and fast pulley? a. quicker motion IS transmitted. ! cam, the spring which presses on cam holding

6r. For transmitting two speeds, one a differ- ; hollow shaft back against the pin until it arrives entialmoti.on. The band is shown OIl a loose a ~ittle further than ShO\l'U in the figure, when, pulley on. lowe! shaft. The middle pulsey is the direct,ion of the pressure being changed by fast on said! shaft, and has a smal! bevel-gear se- the peculiar shape of cam, the latter falls dO\\TI cured M its hub. Pulley on the right,- which, ,suddenly, independently of worm-wheel, and relike that on the left, is loose on shaft, carries, ~ mains at rest till the pin overtakes it, when the transverselv, another bevel-gear, A third bevel- r same action is repeated.

gear, loose' upon the shaft, is held bya friction- 65. The left-hand disk or wheel, C, is the drivband which is weighted at the end. On moving ingrwheel, upon which is fixed the tappet, A. band on middle pulley a simple motion. is the re- The other disk or wheel, D, has a. series of cquisalt, but when. it is moved to right-hand pulley distant studs projecting from its face. Every roa double speed is given to' shaft, The friction- tat ton of the tappet acting upon one of the studs band or curb on the third bevel-gear is to allow in the wheel, D, causes tile latter wheel to move it to slip a- little on a sudden change of speed.. the distance of one stud. In order that this may

62. For tr:msmitHng two speeds, one of which not be exceeded, a: lever-like stop is ~nanged is a different and variable motion. This is very on a fixed center. This stop operates 111 a notch similar to the last, except in the third. bevel-gear cut in wheel, C, and at theii1stant tappet, A, being attached to a fourth pulley, at the right of strjkes a stud, said notch faces the lever, As the other thre~, and driven by a band from a ~ wheel, H, rotates, the end t~tween stUd,S is thrust small pulley on. shaft a'_)ove. When left-hand [ out, and tl)e other extremity enters the notch;

h. c.lt is on the pulley canying .the n~:ldd.le bevel" .. I~ h.ut immediately on the .... tap.p. e .. t leaving stud, the g~ar,?nd pulley at the right tH.rns III the sa~e , ~e,:et IS agmn forced ?P In front of nex~ stud.und dll"ec:tioll, the amount of rotation of the third i is there held by periphery of C pressing on Its

bevel-near must be dedilcted from the double l other end. .

speed~Yhich the shaft would have if .thisgear 66. A modificatiop of64; a.weight, D,. attached 'Was at rest. If, on the contrary, the TIght-hand to anarm secured l!1 the shaft of the worm-gear, belt be crossed so as to turn the puBey in an op- being used instead of spring and cam.

posite direc~ion, tha~ amou!lt must be .added., . 67. Another modification of 64; a weight .or

63. JUlllpmg or injermittent rotary mO~I?n~ tumb~er~ E, secured. on the 110][0\\1 s.haftt be~ng used tor meters and revolution-counters, I he used Instead of sprrng and cam, and operatmg drop and attached pawkcarried by a spring _ at htcombili<1ltiofi with pin, CJ in the shaft of

the left. are lifted by pins in the disk at the Jri1,;ht. \vorm-~:~ar,.. .. .

Pins escape first frompa'vl~ \v~l~h drops into 1 68. 1.he SIngle tooth; A, of the dnVlng-~vheel, next space of the star-whee]. \v hen pin escapes I B, acts In the notches of the wheel; C. and turns from drop •. spring. throws. down. suddenly the ! the latter the distance of one notch in every drop, the pin. on which strikes. the 1!aw]! which, ~ revolution of C. N,? ~t(lp is necessary in tbis bv its action on star-wheel, rapidly gives It a por- ~ movement, as the driving-wheel, B. serves as a don of a revolution. This is repeated as each. ~ lock bv fittinp; into the hollov .. ·s cut 1.0 the cirpin passes. - cumference of the wheel, C, between its notches,

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22

MECHANICALD/loVEMENTS.

71

78

fi9

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MECHANICAL MOVEM.ENTS.

_~~~ ~_~_.~~., ,_'._ , ••• _._ ••• _ ,_. _, ""~_.,_ •• ~ ,.L ~ __ .. __ .. ~- ,~,

69. B, a. small wheel with one tooth" is ~ taehed to a fixed support. As the wheel, the driver. and the circumference entering i D, revolves, the spring, Bypasses under the between the teeth of the wheel, A, serves as 1 strong spring, C, which presses it into a a lock or stop while the tooth of the small: tooth of the ratchet-wheel, A, which is thus wheel is out of operation. made to rotate. The catch-spring, B, bdng

released on its escape from the strong

. " I'spring; C, allows the wheel, A, to remain

'}O. The driving-wheel, C, has a rim, shown I at rest till D has made another revolution, in dotted outline, the exterior of which serv'esl The spring, C, serves as a stop.

as a bearing and stop for tbe studs on the I

other wheel1• A, when the tappet, B, .is o~t I " . " ,',. ',' ,.

of contact with the studs. An openmg m I 74- A uniform tntermittent rotary mottos

this rim serves to allow one stud to pass in ! in opposite directions is given to the beveland another to pass out. The tappet is op- ! gears, A and BJ by means of the mutilated

posit. the middle (If this opening. I bevel-gear, C

- " , s: - (sh - " b 1 7,. Redprocatingrectiiinear motion of

71. The inner circumrerence snown y! h d C t .: . itt t ircu

_ '" " , ' , ' ,.' ' ~ t ,e TO, , ransmits an tntermi .. en. CIT'-

dotte, d hoes) of the nm of the ,dr,lvmg", -whee, I, ~ I ,-- , t the h 1 A b s of the

, .: _ _ ,_ _ '" 'I . I, - f ',h - [car mahan 0 "'e w.ee., " y means 0 '

B. serves as a. ,lock agamst W l!,e, _l, two 0 t e ',I B- t th md f th lb - tin 1." , D

. .. _ _ , I paw at 'e en 0 e VI ,ra lDg~l.Jar! .

studs In the wheel, C, rest untll the tappet,; , " .

A,. striking one of the studs, th: next one I

below passes out from the guard-rIm through 176. Is another contrivance for registering the lower notch, and another stud enters the: or counting revolutions. A tappet, B, suprim through the upper notch. I ported on th~ fixed pivot, C, is struck at

1 every revolution of the large wheel (partly

'", c, ,".,'..' .', I represented) by a stud, D, attached to the

72, Is a tilt-hammer motioa, the re\ olu- id rh - 1 This c - - tl: end f t' h t - -- §,

'IL I! B lifti sal, Vi' eei, , IS causes .' ie en 0 ne ap

tj,on of the cam '" Wlper-\Vnee,J!"" ',.1 tm,g"" h h, .t, 1 A »be 1''"+ ..t

'" " , -, ' "'h "I pet next t eratc et-wneel, .', to e Iureu,

the hammer, A, four times in eact revotu- • and : tr the ,"h ,1 th -- distance of- one

an to urn ' e w' ee ' e 1 , .. ,,' ..

tion, tooth. The tappet returns by its own weight

to its original position after the stud, D, has 73. To the.driving-wheel, H, is secured a : passed, the end being jointed to, permit it bent spring, B; another spring, C, is .at-I to pass the teeth of the ratch et-wh eel.

24

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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8Q

83

78

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MECHANICA~ M OVE1r[ENTS.

77. The vibration of the lever, C, on the! 83. A nearly continuous rotarv motion. center or fulcrum, A, produces a rotary t is ~iven to the wheel, D, by two ratchetmovement of the wheel, B, by means of the! toothed ares, C, one operating on each side

I

two pawls, which act alternately. This is j of the ratchet-wheel, D. . These arcs (only

almost a continuous movement. . lone of which is shown) are fast Oil the same ! rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op-

78. A modification of 77. : posite ways. The rock-shaft is worked by ! giving a reciprocating rectilinear motion to

79. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of : the rod, A. The arcs should !13ve springs the rod, B, produces a nearly continuous J applied to them, so that each may be capable rotary movement of the ratchet-faced wheel, of rising to allow its teeth to slide over those A, by the pawls attached to the extremities of the wheel in moving one way.

of the vibrating radial arms, C,. C.

84. The double rack-frame, E, is sus-

80. Rectilinear motion is imparted to the pended from the rod, A. Continuous rotary slotted bar, A, by the vibration of the lever, : motion is given to the cam, D. When the C, through the agency of the two hooked! shaft of the cam is midway between the two pawls, which drop alternately into the teeth: racks, the cam acts upon neither of them; of the slotted rack-bar, A~ : but by raising or lowering the rod, A, either

. the lower or upper rack is brought within 8 r. Alternate rectilinear motion is given' range of the cam, and the rack-frame moved

01

to the rack-rod, B, by the continuous revo- ! to the left or right. This movement bas

Iution of the mutilated spur-gear, A, the' been used in eonnectlon with the governor spiral spring, C, forcing the rod back to its' of an engine, the rod, A, being connected original position on the teeth of the gear, A; ~ with the governor, and the rack-frame with

quitting the rack. i the throttle or regulating" valve.

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82. all motion being given to the two 85- Intermittentalternatingrecminearmo-

treadles, D; a nearly continuous motion is Han is ghten to the rod, A, by the continuimparted, through the vibrating arms, B, and ous rotation of the shaft carrying the two their attached pawls, to the ratchet-wheel, A. j cams or wipers" which act upon the projecA chain or strap attached to each treadle r tion, D, of the. rod, and ~hcreby liftm"t. The ~asses over the pulley; ,C, a~d as one treadle I rod drops by its ow.n ·welght. U sed for ore-

15 depressed the other is raised. stampers or pulverizers, and for hammers.

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MECHAN.ICAL MOVE~IENTS.

1J8

89

Il7

90

BI

11'° ..

....

MECIiANICAL M OVE1\IENTS.

I I '--------------~--'~~-- ---------~ .• --"-------~---.-------. - .• -

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86. A.metho~ ofl~orking areciprocat~ng I the per~~mdicll!la:rposition, and thereby again pump by rotary morton. A rope, c:arrylng causes It to reverse the motion.

the pump-rod" is attached to the wheel, A,

which runs loosely upon ; the shaft. The 83 C.', ~. . . -', . ,c'

shaft carries a Gam, C, and has a continuous ' : ontinuous rot~ry converted into in-

. . ; terrnettent rotary" motion The disk-wl I

rotary motion, At eVlery revolution the cam' •• _..... . , . _ 1. I -\\ liee, ,

seizes the hooked catch, B, attached to the ~ B, ~aITYlng th~ stoP}s, C, . D, turns on a wheel, and dracs it round together with th ',' : c.en er eccentric to tne cam, A. On conwheel, and rais~e.s the rop'~ un til 0" .tl ... _.e! t.mu.ous rO.taey motion being giv. en to the

. , . - - . . .. ~,11 ne ex-· - A'

tremity of the catch striking th~ stationary! c~m, ,-' ~nteI'tlli_ttentr~tary 'motion . is. lm-

stop above, the catch is released, and the! parte~ to the wheel, B. The stops free theII1:~ wheel is returned by the weight of the pum _ \ selves f:om the offset of the cam at every haltbucket. .' p- rev?lutwn, the wheel, B, .-emamlOg at rest

, until the cam has completed its revolution,

., 87. Aco~triv~nce fora self-reversing mO-1 when the same motion is repeated. non, The bevel-gear between the gears, B !

and C, is the driver. The gears, Band C, I 89, An eccentrie generaUy used on the

run loose upon the shaft, consequently mo- . cra~k-snaft.:or communicating the reclprotion is. only communicated when one or other' eating rectilinear motion to the valves of of them is engaged wlth the dutch-box, D, i stearn. engines, and sometimes used for which slides on 3! feather on the shaft and is : pumpmg.

shown in gear with C. The wheel, E, at the !

right, is driven by bevel-gearing from the i 90. A modification of the abovej an shaft on which the 1:ears,. B, C, and dutch; elongated yoke being substituted for the are placed, and is about to strike the bell- r circular strap, to ob·'.ri-ate the nec-essity for crank, G, a~~ produce such a movement ~ ~nJ' vibrati?g motion of the roo which works thereof as W1U cause the connecting-rod to ! to fixed guides.

carry the weighted lever, F, beyond a per- ~

pendicular positioncwhen the said lever will 1 9'- Triangular eccentric giving an interfall over suddenly to the left, and carry the : mittent reclprocaring rectilinear motion, used dutch into gear with B, thereby reversing! in France for the valve motion of steam the motion of the shaft, until the stud in the: engines,

wheel, E,. coming round in the contrary di- !

rection, brings the weighted lever back past I 92. Ordinary crank motion.

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ThiIECHANICA!... MOVEMEN'TS.

94

98

97

ali

1'01

100

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MECHANICAL 1VloVEME~TS.

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9j,. Crank motion, with the crank-wrist I are described through these points. The

working in, a slotted yoke, thereby dispens- I outside circle is then divided into double iog with the oscillating connecting-rod or i the number of these divisions, and lines pitman. I drawn to the center. The curve is then

drawn through the intersections of the concentric circles and the radiating lines.

94. Variable crank, two circular plates re-

volving on the same center, In one a spiral:

groove is cut ; in the other a series of slots i 97. This is a heart-cam, similar to 96, exradiating from the center. On turning one, cept that it is grooved.

of these plates around its center, the bolt I,

shown near the: bottom of the figure, and I _

whi.eh pa~ses. through the spiral groove and I, 98. Irreg~Iar vibrati~g m,o~mo:~ is ~rod~:e~ radial slots, IS caused to move toward or J by the rotation of the CIrcular disk, m which

from the center of the plates. I' is fixed a c.rank, ~-Pi~ u,'o.rk,.ino,tT in,' an endless

groove cut In the vlbrating ann.

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9;' On rotating the upright shaft, recipro-

cating rectilinear motion is imparted by the 99. Spiral guide attached to the face of a oblique disk to the upright rod resting upon. disk; used for the feed-motion of a drilling

its surface. machine.

96. A heart-cam. Uniform traversing motion is imparted to the .. horizontal bar by the rotation of the heart-shaped cam. The,

100. Quick return crank motion, applicable to shaping machines.

dotted lines show the mode of striking out

the curve of the cam. The length of traverse I 10 r. Rectilinear motion of horizontal bar, is divided into any number of parts; and: by means of vibrating slotted bar hung from from the center a series of concentric d rcles I the top.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

108

109

110

IOi tos 104
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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

102. Common screw bolt and nut ;rec- i in every revolution. A point inserted in the tilinear motion obtained from circular rno- groove' will traverse the cylinder from end

~~ ~e~

103. Rectilinear motion of slide produced ] 1 . Th '. ti f h t tho 1 ft

- - - log. e rota Ion 01 t .~ scr'Ewa .. , e e -

by the rotation of screw. '1-'" _ __ _ __ .. [hand side produces a Uniform rectilinear

,

I movement of a cuttervwhich cuts another

r

104· In this, rotary motion is imparted to : screw thread. The pitch of the screw to be

the wheel by the rotation of the screw, or' cut may be varied by changing the shes of

I ..

rectilinear motion of the slide by the rota- ! the wheels at the end of the frame.

. i

tion of the wheel. Used in screw-cutting! - i

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and slide-lathes.

110. Uniform circular into uniform recti-

I linear motion; used in spooling-frames for

Rectilinear '. d . idi 'I... L d t tl

: lea mg or gm mg tile threa ono. ie

spools. The roller is divided. into two, parts, !

~each having a fine screw thread cut upon it,

106 and 107. Uniform reciprocating rec- j one a. right and the other a 1eft hand screw,

tilinear motion, produced by rotary motion: The- spindle 'Qarallel with the rollerhas arms of grooved cams. I which carry two half-nuts, fitted to the

IO 5. Screw stamping-press. motion from circular motion.

i . . d I

.1 screws one over and the other un .. er the

I ,..

108. Uniform reciprocaringrectllinear mo- ~ roller, When one half-nut is in, the other

I

tion from uniform rotary motion of a cylin- I is out of gear. By pressing the leverto the

, .

der, in which are cut reverse threads or! right or lent the rod is made to traverse in

grooves, which necessarilyfntersect twice: either direction.

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l\fECHANICAL MOVF;bIENTS.

111

112

113

114

116

117

118

, i .. ·----~-·----~- -----.

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lV[ECHAN MCALMoVEMENTS.

_.- -_. - .. - .. ~---~

I II. Micrometer screw. Great power can ~ rate pinion is used for each tack, the two be obtained by this device, The threads racks being in different planes. Both pinions are made of different pitch and run mn differ- are loose on the shaft. A ratchet-wheel is ent directions, consequently .• - a. die or nut fast on the shaft outside of each pinion, and

1. .

fitted to the inner and smaller screwwould ; a pawl attached to the pinion to engage in

traverse only the length of the difference be- I it, one ratchet-wheel having its teeth set in tween the pitches for every revolution of the one direction and the other 'having its teeth outside hollow-screw in a. nut. set in the opposite direction. When the

racks move one way, one pinion turns the

Il2. Persian drill. The stock of the drill shaft by means of its pawl and ratchet; and has a very quick thread c,ut upon it and re- ! when t~e. racks ~ove the opposite wa):, ~he volves freely, supported by the head at the i otherpinion acts in the same way, one pmion top, which rests against the body. The but- .~ always turning loosely on the shaft

ton. or nut shown. on the middle of the screw

. is held firm in the hand, and pulled quickly II7. A cam acting between two friction-

up and down the' stock, thus causing it to 'I rollers in a yoke. Has be~n used to give revolve to the right and left alternately. . the movement to the valve. of a ·steam enI .

!gme,

113. Circular into rectilinear motion, or I

vice versa, by means of rack and pinion. i 118. A mode of doubling the length of

_ .r'...... _ '.. •.. . ... stroke of a piston-rod, or the throw of a

114· U niform CIrcular monon Into reci- ~ ~. A . '.. ·1' .' dl t

....' • . i crank. .. pIniOn revo vmg on a spm e a -

proca. unz rectilinear .. roo. t1O.n.,. b." means. Of. J }. di 1 ... ' d r . ,.

_.... ~ '.' .It '.1 -~-~ )"c·-l .... " . I tac le . to t U! connecting-roc or pitman IS In

mutl.lated pmlO.n, .VI n.K.l ortves a ternatelv l -. 'I f d ~. A h k - ... , d

• . ... ·.b.~... .... 1. ' JC ~ gear WIt 1 a Ix.·.e rack, .. n. ot. er. rae .. carne

the top and ottom rack, . b 'd d b d . . 1 h

. .... y a gume-roc a ove, anu 10 gear WIU t e

I I 5. Rotary motion of the toothed wheels· opposite side of the pinion, is free to traproduces rectilinear motion of the double verse ~ck\Vard and for~'ard. Now, a~ ~he rack and gives equal force and velocity to connecting-red commuHlc.at:es to the pm.lon

each side," both wheels being of equal size. the full length of stroke, It would cause the

. . top rack to traverse the same distance, if the

n6. A substitute for the crank Recip- I bottom rack was alike movable; but • .5 the rocating rectiHnear motion of the frame car- latter is fixed, the pinion is made to rotate, rylng the double rack produces a uniform and consequently the top rack travels double rotary motion of the pinion-shaft. A sepa- the distance.

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MECHANICAL MOVElIENTS.

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{ C

122 123

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i J J 9, Reciprocating rectilinear motion of f tile ,double rack gives a conti nuous rotary

'J the bar carrying the oblong endless rack, J motion to the center gear. The teeth on

>il produced by the uniform rotary motion of I the rack act upon those of the two semi-cir-

I the pinion working alternately above and i cular toothed sectors, and the spur-gears atbelow the rack. The shaft of the pinj,onl tached to th e sectors operate upon the cenmoves up and. down int and is guided by, the iter gear. The two stops on the rack shown slotted bar. by dotted lines ate caught by the curved

piece on the center gear, and lead the toothed sectors alternately into gear 'with

1 :::0. Each jaw is atta(;~~d to one of the I the double rack, two segments, one of wl'uch has teeth out- ,i

side and the other teeth inside. On turning!

the shait carrying the two pinions, one of I, ~24·. Fiddle dri "1,,1,. R . , .' recti-

- ~ - .. - _ eClprO{:a,~mg

which gears with. one and the other with the ~ linear motion of the bow, the string of

other segment, the jaws are brought to-] which passes around the pulley on the spingether with great force, ! dIe carrying the drill, producing alternating

I rotary motion of the drill,

J 2 r. Alternating rectilinear motion of the!

rod attached to the disk-wheel produces an. ~ I"''' A' modif ',' ti , f tl ' 'tOo c shown

. I -" . roumcation 0 ne mouon : '.

lntermiuent~ rotary .moHon of the cog-v"'l:eel, in I 22, but of a more complex character.

by means of the click attached. to the disk- ~ .

hi . , hi I . 'bI 'b ~

wheel. T_lS motion, W lIC 1 IS reverse _ ey!

throwi~goyer ~J~,e ',cli,c, k" ,is used for" the feed Ii I :26. A ben-crank lever, used for changing

of nlaninz machines and other tools. t'h, d" .tiot f .v f .

, ,1-" 0 ' ., "Ie.~t'ee !.On 0 any l;Q£ce.

.. ---."~.--.--~-".~---- - __ ._-- .. _,-_.- - ... --~,~~~-------

122. The rotation of the two spllr~gears; , ,_ , " •

. _, k-wrist . 'acl d I, 'r 127· Motion used in air-pumps. On vi-

With crank-wrists attac iea, prouuces a va- f '_ .v. _ .".', ,-, '_

" ble alt ns t', tr ers e of t', II e II' orl ental '~br,atlllg the lever fixed,' on tl,le snme, s, h, aft,

ria. ,e ' erna mg li.ra.v, rs " '" • Z'.1 ".' - , '.. _

ba - . WIth the spur-~ear, reciprocaung rectilinear

air ,~'_' "

• motion. is imparted to the racks on each

side, which are attached to the pistons of 123- Intended as a substitute for the two pumps, one rack always ascending while crank. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the other is descending.

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H 128. A continuous rotary motion of the: bars move toward perpendicular positions

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shaft carrying the three wipers produces a and force the lower disk down. The top

reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rec- disk must be firmly secured in a stationary tangular frame. The shaft must revolve in position, except as to its revolution. the direction of the arrow for the parts to be

in the position represented,

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I33. A simple press motion is given through the hand-crank on the pinion-shaft ;

129. Chinese windlass. This embraces. the pinion communicating motion to the the sam~ principles asthemicrometer scre~ I toothed sector.which ~,cts upon th~ platen, I I I. The movement of the pulley in i by means of the rod which connects It thereevery revolution of the windlass is equal to! with.

half the difference between the larger and I 134. Uniform circular motion into rectismaller circumferences of the windlass bar-jlineal" by means of a rope or band: ,,,hkh is

rel. ! wound once or more times around the drum.

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130. S _ears lor cuttlng Iron plates, etc. i .... 1\I - do' C _, • _, _. . _. _ __

-h- . . _ d Lv tl _ _ . 1 f 1 I I j,. 0 ification of the tnan!lu.lar eccen-

T e Jaws are opene y tIe wets ht 0 t Ie I' • , _ .... • '.

__ . . - .. _- _ -'1 eo. '. . _ I tric 9£, used on the steam engme In the

10nO' arm of the upper one. and closed by the l 1-"" __ '. 1\1.'- -

, ~ • . __ . -, j -'ans I at. The circular disk behind car-

rotation of the cam. l' 1- _ ,,- . '

I neg t 1e triangular tappet, which communi ~

I3L On rotating the disk carrying the r cates an alternate rectilinear motion to the crank-pin working in. the slotted arm, reci- I valve-rod, The valve is at rest at the comprocatiug rectilinear motion _ is imparted to I pletion of each stroke fol"_ an instant, and is the rack at the bottom by the vibration of I pushed quickly across the steam-ports to ,

the toothed sector. i the end of the next.

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132. This is a motion which has been i 136. A cam-wheelc-c of which a side view

used in presses to produce the necessary' is, shown -has its rim formed into teeth, or pressure upon the platen. Horizontal_mo-I made of any profile form desired. The rod tion is given to the arm of the lever which i to the right is made to press constantly turns the upper disk. Between the, top and: against the teeth or edge of the rim. On bottom disks are two bars\yhidl enter! turning the wheel, alternate rectilinear mohomes in. the disks. These bars are in ob- ~ tion is communicated to the rod. Tlu:!- charIique positions, as shown in the drawing, ,acter of this motion may be varied by alterwhen the press is not in operation; but: ing the shape of the: teeth or profile of the when the top disk is made to rotate, the. edge of the rim of the wheel.

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I'rIECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

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137. Expansion eccentric used in France 1 continued, the spur-gear would make an ento work the slide-v:llve ot a steam engine. tire revolution. During half a revolution The eccentric is fixed on the crank-shaft, the traverse would have been shortened <land communicates motion to the forked vi- certain amount at every revolution of disk, brating arm to the bottom of which the ~ccotding to the size of spur-gear; and durvalve-rod is attached. ing the other halt it would have gradually lengthened in the same ratio.

138. On turning the cam at the bottom a variable alternating rectilinear motion is Im-: r 43. Chcular motion into alternate rec-

parted to the rod resting on it. : tilinear motion. Motion is transmitted

. .. '. . ... . . ..' ... ; through. pulley at the left upon the: ,votm~

139· The mtern~l rack, carr.led by the ' shaft. \Vorm slides upon shaft, but 15 made

rectang~b.r frame, IS. fre~ t?, slIde. up and to turn with it by means of a groove cut l.n down. '~Ithm. H for a ce~tam :dlstan~e, so that shaft, and a key in hub of worm. Worm is the pmion c;angear ';rlthelther ~!(tc of the carried by a. small traversing-frame, which r~c~. C;ontmuQus. cu·cularmoh~n. of . ~he slides upon a horizontal bar of the fix.ed pmj?~ lsma~e to produce reciprocating Jrame.and the traversing-frame also carries rectilinear motion of rectangular frame. the toothed wheel into which the worm gears.

140. The toggle-joint arranzed for a. One. end. of a cO!nnect~ng-rod is. attached

I . hl L t ~t' . ht . i to fixed frame at the ritrht and the other

punc llng mac me. ever a the rIg lS r . d . . cured . -=- .. h···d· .. t, j On

made to operate upon the joint of the toggle en. ~o a wrist secure m toot e: wl!~,e .

by means of the horizontal connecti~g-link. turnmg worm-shaft; rotary motion 15 trans-

mitted by worm to wheel, which, as it re-

r 4 I.F;ndless-band .saw .. Continuous ro- . valves, is f?r~edbr connec!lng-rod to. make

tary motlO~ of the pu~f~ys IS ma~e to pro- t an alternating trav erse monon. ..

due: contmuous .. rectilinear motion of the ~ 144. A svstem of crossed levers, termed straiglrt parts of the saw. . ~ '~Lazy. Tongs." A short al~ernati~f ~er.d-

14:2. Movement used for varying the I h_ne~r motion of rod at the ng~t WI1 glve a lensth of the traversing guide-bar which, in ; similar but '~uch greater motl~n to. rod ~~

Si.lk<:>m .. ~a .. chinerv, g. uides. the.si.lk on .to spoo .. 15 .. ~ t.he .. , left. It I:S frequentl~ .. tls,:d in cl.1. Ild r en. s or bobbins. -The sp· ur-zear turning freelv toys .. It has b.e:n applied In France to a,

. .., d ~ 'd b . . .; machIne for ra·1 SinO" sun ken. vessels: also

on its center, IS carne roun·. y the lareer : . .....- .•.. .1'. .,.; I::'l. ... .... . . . •

. 1 1'· k hich . fi d ;0:, 11 applied to shies pumps three-quarters of a:

CIt'CU ar {IS, W . ic .. turns on a .. xe centra, .-.. it" -" .

stuz], which has a pinion fast on its end. 1 century ago.

Upon the spur-gear is bolted a srnal] crank, l 145. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of to which is jointed a connecting-rod attached: the beam gives a continuous rotary motion to traversing guide-bar .. On turning the' to the crank and fly-wheel. The small disk, the spur-gear is made to rotate partly standard at the left. to which ts attached one upon its center ~yme.ansof the fixed pinion, I end ofthe.leyerwith\~'ltich the beam is.conand consequently bnngs crank nearer to ~ neeted by the connecting-rod, has a horizoncenter of disk If the rotation of disk was : tal reciprocating rectllinear movement.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

14.9

150

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

146. Continuous rotary motion of the disk! that either may be made to act upon the produces redprocati~g rectmne~r motion of i lever to which the valve-rod is connecte? t~e yoke-bar.' by mea~s 0: the wrist or crank- j A greater or less. movement of the valve IS pin on the disk workmg In the groove of the ; produced, according as a cam of greater or yoke. The groove may be so shaped as to , less throw is opposite the Iever,

obt~ill a uniform reciprocatinq rectilinear ~ 151. Continuous circular into continuous motion. II but much slower rectilinear motion. Tl-H;;

147. Steam engine governor. The oper- j worm on the upper shaft, acting on. the ation is as fo11o\vs.:~?n engine starting i toothedwheel on the screw-shaft, causes the the spindle revol:es and carries round the I right and left hand screw-threads to move cross-~ead to which fans are. ~tt~dled,and 1 the nuts upon them toward or from each on .wlnch are also fitt_ed two. ff1,:tlOn-roUers I other according to the direction of rotation,

which bear on two circular inclined planes ! ..•

attached securely to the center shaft, the I ... 152· ~n eUlpso?,raph. ::le trave:se bar cross-head being loose on the shaft. The! (shown l~ an, ob~lque position) carries two cross-head is made heavy, or has a. ball or j s~tlds which shd~ In the grooves of the crossother 'weight attached, and is driven by the! pIece,., By ~~~mng the traver~e bar an, at-

'. .' , . J tached p. encil is m ade to desc ribe an el lipse

circular inclined planes, As the speed of ! . . .... ,. - .. ... . • ,. . .. ,l _

the center shaft increases, the resistance of ~ by the rectilinear movement of the studs In

. he wi ds t _l· h r the zrooves .

t~e alr. to t ie wings tenc s to ret~r~ tt e rota- . ~"." ~.. .. '. ,

bon of the cross-head; the friction-rollers 1153. Circular motton into alternarlng rec-

therefore run up the inclined planes and I tilinear motion. The studs on the rotating raise t:1e cross-head, to the uppe:~ part of .11 di.sk strike.th~ .projection .~.n.th.e under_side which IS c?unected a ,leve. r op. _erattng Upon I ~f the ,horizontal bar, ,fi1o~;m.g, ,It one directhe regulating-valve of theengine, ~ uon. The return motion IS giv en by means

148. Continuous circular motion of the] of the bell-crank or elbow-lever, ~ne arm of spur-gears produces alternate circular mo_!whiCh is operate~ upon by the next stud, tion of the crank attached to the larger gear. I and the. o.ther stn~es the stud on the front 149. Uniform circular converted, by the i of the horizon tal bar.

cams acting upon the levers, into alternating J 54. Circular motion into alternati"ng rec-

rectilinear motions of the attached rods. tilinear motion, by the action of the studs on

r 50. A valve motion for working steam the rotary disk upon one end. of the belle~pansively. The serie~ o~ cams of varying I cra,nk, th~. other end of 'v.hich has aJ.'ttached throw are movable lengthwise of the Shaft so to It a weighted cord passmg over a pulley.

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156

157

160

159

tal I

163

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: 155. Reciprocating rectilinear motion! horizontal shaft and bevel-gears, and the

into intermittent circular motion by means [lower gears control the rise and fal! of the of the pawl attached to the ejbow-lever, and i sbunle or gate over or through which the operating in the to?th~d whe,el. . Motion is I water flows_to the wheel 'The action is as g-iven to the.wheel 10 el~her dlrectlO~accord- follows :-The two be\:el.gears ~n the 10\~·er InO" to the side on which the pawl works. part of the center spindle, which are furThis is used in giving the feed-motion. to' nished with studs, are fitted loosely to the planing machines and other tools. said spindle and remain at rest. so long. as

156. Circular motion into variable alter- thegov,ernoir has a l)rope~ yel?cay ; but imnating rectilinear motion, by. the wrist or mechateJy that theyeloclty. Increases, t1:e crank-pin on the rotating disk working in baI!s,flpng further out, draw up the pm

the slot of the bell-crank or elbow-lever. which is attached to a loose sleeve which

A ern ' f 1 1 slides up and down the spindle, and this

157 •.. monmcanou 0 the movement Iast pin, coming in contact with the stud on the

described j. a connecting-rod being substi- . ~

tuted for the slot in the bell-crank. upper bevel gear, causes that gear to' rotate

., . '.' '.... .' ." ' . . with the spindle and to ghre motion to. the

I.58,R,eclp~ocatmg ,curnhnear. motion of lower horizontal shaft in such a dir,ection as

the treadle gIves a CIrcular monon to the to make it raise the shuttle or gate, and so disk, A crank may be substituted for the; reduce the quan tity of water passing to the disk, . wheel, On the contrary, if the speed of tile 159: A modi~cationof I5S, a cord ~nd pul- governor decreases below that r'equired, the ley being substituted for the connecting rod. I pin faUs and. gives motion to the lowerbe-

160.. Alternating curvilinear motion into vel-gear, which drives the horizontal shaft in alternating circular. When the treadle has. the opposite direction and produces a con-

been. depressed, the spring at the top ele- trary effect, _

Yates it for the next stroke; the connect~ng 163- Another aI!ang~melTlt for_ a wate~:

band passes once round the pulley, to which wheel governor, In this the governor co

it gives motion. ! trois the shuttle or gate by means, . of the

• I cranked lever,\vhich acts on the strap or

,I6I. Centrifugal gyvernorfor steam en~ belt in the following manner :-!he belt gUles. The centrfll spindle and attached arms runs on one of three pulleys, the middle one and bans are driven tram the engme by the I of which is loose on the governor spindle bevel-gears at the top, ~nd the balls fly out. and the upper and lower ones fast. . When tram the center b:y ce1_ltr,lfugal force. ... I f the the governor is runnIng at the. proper speed speed of the engine Increases, the b~ns fly the belt is on the loose pulley, as shown ; hut o~t further from the center, and so raise the, when the speed increases the belt is thrown shde, at the bottom and, the~~b~' rec~u~e t!~c Ion the low~r pulley, ~ndtherepr caused to

opern ng. of. ,the ~egu].ah ng- \ ah;e . \\ h 1~ll IS,' act upon suitable gean~g for raismg' the gate connectedwith said slide: Adlmmutwn of : or shuttle and decreasing the supply of ", .. aspeed produces an Opposite effect. ! ter. A reduction of the speed of the gover-

.62. Water-wheel governor acting on the! nor brings the belt ~n the upper _pulley, same principle as 16r, but by different Iwl~ich acts upon gearing for producing an

·I~.~ ~eans. The governor i~.dr.i~e~~~ ... ~~~_.~~~ __ O~l~~s,i.te~.~ec:.~~~~.~-~~u-t-H~_o_r_ga t_·e. _." _.

MECHANICAL rvIoVE?IENTS.

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Jl,IECfiAN leA L "'IoVE!tr1E:STS.

164

i115

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.169

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MECHANICA.LM OVEMENTS.

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I64- A knee-lever, differing slightly from: crank. Intermediate between the first crank

the toggle-joint shown in 40. It is often! and the moving power is a shaft carrying a: used for presses and stamps, as a great: second crank, of an. invariable radius, conforce can be obtained by it. The action! nected with the same pitman. While the is by raising or lowering the horizontal; first crank moves in a circular orbit, the pin 'lever. : at the end of the pitman is compelled to

165. Circular into rectilinear motion, The, move' in an elllptical orbit, thereby increaswaved-wheel or earn on the upright shaft: Ing the leverage of the main crank at those communicates a rectilinear motion to the points which - are most favorable for the

upright bar through the oscillatlng rod. transmission of power.

t66. The rotation of the disk carrying the 169. A modification of 163:, in which j:

crank pin gives a: to-and-fro motion to the link is used to connect the pitman with the connecting-rod, and the slot allows the rod main crank, thereby dispensing 'with the slot to remain at rest atthe termination of eaca in the said crank.

stroke; it has been used in a: brick-press; r 70. Another form of steam engine go\'~ in which the connecting-rod draws a: mold eruor, Instead of the arms being connected backward and forward, and permits it to rest with a slide working on a spindle, they cross at the termination of each stroke, that the each other and are elongated upward beyond clay may be deposited in it and. the brick the top thereof and connected with the valve-

extracted. rod by two short links,

]67. A drum or cylinder having an endless I]I. Valve motion and reversing gear spiral groO\'c extending all around it ; one used in oscillating marine engines. The half of the groove having its pitch in one, two eccentric rods give an osclllaring moand the other half its pitch III the opposite. tion to the slotted link which works. the direction. A stud on a reciprocating recti- curved slide over the trunnion. Within the linearly moving rod works in the groove, and slot in the curved slide is a pin attached to so converts reciprocating into rotary motion. : the arm of a rock-sl-iliaft which gives motion This has been used as a substitute for the: to the valve. The curve of the slot in the crank in a steam engine. : slide is an arc of a circle described from the

168. The slotted crank at the left hand of' center of the trunnion, and as it m?ves with the figure is on the main shaft of an engine, the cylinder it does not interfere with the and the pitman which connects it 'with the stroke of the valve, The two eccentrics reciprocating moving power Is furnished and link are like those of the link motion with a pin which works in the slot of the used in locomotives.

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IVfECHANICAL MOVKMENTS.

172

:176

179

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174

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180

MECHANICAL M OV:EMENTS.

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172. A mode of obtaining an eggrshaped turning the crank to 'which said ring is at-

elliptical movement. tached.

173" A movement used in silk machinery 178. Contrivance for varyitlg the speed of

for the same purpose as thae described in the slide carrying the cutting tool in slotting 14-3• On the back of a disk or bevel-gear and shaping machines, etc, The drivingis secured a screw with a tappet-wheel shaft works through an opening in a fixed at one extremity. On each revolution of disk, in which is a circular slot. At the end the disk the tappet-wheel comes ][1 contact of the said. shaft. is a slotted crank. A slide with a pin or tappet, and thus receives an in- • fits in the slot of the crank and in the circuterrnltrent rotary movement. A wrist secured 1iar slot ; and to the outward extremity of to a nut on the screw enters and works in a ~ this slide is attached the connecting-rod slotted bar at the end of the rod which. which works the slide carrying the cutting guides the siillk on the bobbins. Each revo- I toot When the driving-shaft rotates the Iution of the disk .... aries the length of stroke. :rank is carried round~ and the slide carryof the guide-rod, as the tappet-wheel on the ing the end of the connecting-rod is guided end of the screw turns the screw with it ' by the circular slot, which is placed eccenand the position of the nut on the screwi~ trically to the shaft; therefore, as the slide

therefore changed. approaches the bottom, the length of the

.. . ,. . crank is shortened and the speed of the cou-

. 174- Carpenters' bench-~la~p" By push- necting-rod is diminished.

mg the damp between the Jrl.'l'rs they ate .. . _, ~.' ... . .

m.·. ad.c to turn on the screws and damp the 1_ .179·. ~e\e. rsmg~gear .. for a sin .. gIe ... en. gl~. e,

id On r;;usmg the eccentric-rod the valve-spin-

Sl es. d·j • .. .

• '. .. I u e IS released. The engine can then be re~

175. A means of gn.-mg one complete re- ! versed bv . k' t 1· .... ~ ·1· ~ t .. ,. ft

, . . ... .. .. . I .)- wor _ 109 .H!: upng 1,~ .!.e\ er, a .. er

volution to the. crank of an engine to each which th e t . ~. ~ t d ..

, .. . ... .. 11....~. eceen ric-roc] lS le .own agam.

stroke of the piston. The ecce. , in thi .. 1 h

- . . ·le eccentric III tt )8 case IS oose upon the

176 and 177. Contrivance for uncoupling shaft and driven by a projection on the shaft engines. The wrist which is fixed on one acting upon a nearly semi-circular projection arm of the crank (not shown) wil] communi- on the side of the eccentric, 'which permits cate motion to the arm of the crank which the eccentric to turn half-way round on the is r,epresented~ when the ring on the Iat- shaft on reversing the valves,

ter has its slot in the position shown in 180. This only differs from 174 in be- 176. But when the ring is turned to bring ing' composed of a single pivoted clamp the slot in the position shown in 177, operating in connection with a fixed sidethe wrist passes through the skit without J piece ..

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181, and 1.8. 2, Di~gO .• nal catch o.r hand.~gear.1 slide and p .. rllC,onn:ec .. ted with an a .. rrangement J'

used rn marge blowing and pumpmg engmes. I oflevers terminatmg at the valve-stern, The

In IS I the lower steam-valve and upper 1 link, in moving with the action of the eccen- ~

eduction-valve are open, while the upper ~ tries, carries with it the slide, and thence steam-valve and lower eduction-valve are! motion is communicated to the valve. Supshut ; consequently the piston will be as- j pose the link raised so that the slide is in cending, In the ascent of the piston-rod J the middle, then the link will oscillate on the lower handle ·win be struck by the pro- the pin of the slide, and consequently the jecting tappet, and, being raised, will be- valve will be at rest. If the link is moved come ,engaged by the catch and shut the so that the slide is at one of its extremities, upper eduction and lower steam valves; at thewhole throw of the eccentric connected

the same time, the upper handle be.ing (H~- ~ with that extremity will be ~iven to it, and engag,ed from the catch, the back weight "nn : the valve and steam-ports will be opened W

pull the handle up and open the upper steam ~ the ful], and it will only be foward the end

and m~wer eduction valvesv when the pis= ~I· of the stroke that they w~ll be totally shut,

ton will con.s~~uen tly .. descend. 182 repre- I c~nsequen tIy th~ steam \\:111 have been. aliseats the posrtion of the catchers and han- i mitterl to the cylinder during' almost the en-

dle~ when tnePoistonis at, the top of the I·:l:re length of ead~ stroke. But ~f the, sUde c~hnder, . In ~omg down, tile tappet of the liS be~ween the rmcl~le and the ex~remlt~· of piston-rod stnkes. the .. upper. handle and 1 the slot, as shown In, the figure, It reCelY.es throws the catches and handles to the po- ! only a part of the throw of the eccentnc,

sitio ... n.~ Sh. own. in .. ' 18 .. 1.. . . I~ and the .s .• tea. ffi.-por. is ul '\.~il1 on.IJ' be p. :i:tiaUy

. .... . ... . ... opened, and are quickly closed agam, so

183 and 184 represent a modlficat.Jon of ~ ·1 . t tl . d . -.f t rn

_ . ....., .. ~ .. .'. . ~ t 1<1.· . Ie affilSSlOU 0 seam ceases some

ISland 182, the dlag.onal catches being su- i ,'.. b .•. ·. L •.... ' .n, t··' x . f. the . ~k

r nme erore tne terrruna IOn a ne stro e,

perseded by two quadrants. I. _.. . I

. - I and the steam IS worked expansively. T re

18S. Link-motion. valve-gear of a locorno- : nearer the slide is to the middle of the slot tive. Two eccentrics are used for one valve, 1 the greater will be the expansion, and uice

one for the forward and the ot11:1' for the !"/crs:.a.. . . ,.... . . ..

backward movement of the engme, The i,186. Apparatus for dlsengagmg the~ccen. extremities of the eccentric-rods are jointed! tric-rod from the valve-gear, By pulling up to a curved slotted bar, or, as it is termed, a j the spring handle below until it catches in

liltlt, w .. h. Ich ca. ·.n be raj.se.d ... 0:. lo .. \v.er~d b.· •. y a. n ,I the ~otch. a, the .~in is disengaged from the arrangement of levers terminating m a han- gab In the eccentric-rod,

dIe as shown. I n the slot of the link is a 187 and 188. Modifications of 186.

!VIECHA~ICAL 1VIoVEMENTS.

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MOVEMENTS.

MECH_ NICAL~_~, __ ~_

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MECHANICAL ,MOVEMENTS. 5 I I

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189. Another modification of 186. r only one circle of teeth being provided on ! the wheel. With all of these mangle-wheels

190. A screw-clamp. On tuminz the! the pinion-shaft is guided and ,the, pinion

handle the screw thrusts upward a.gai~t the: ke~t in gea~ by a groo:e in the _'whed .. ~he holdervwhich, operating as a lever, holds r S~I~, shaft, IS made. ~vlth ~ um~ersal Jom~, down the piece of wood or other material iwinch allow.s a portion of It to . ave t~e .Vl-

placed under it 011 the other side of its fu~-! ?ratory motion necessary to keep the pillIon I In gear.

1 .

crum,

,

191, Scroll-gears for obtaining a gradually f 195. A mode of driving a pair of feed-

increasing speed. [roUs, the opposite surfaces of which requite ! to move in the same direction, The two

192• A variety of what is known as the i ~vheeIs are, precisely simi!<1r, .:lnl.l both gear H mangle-wheel." One varietv of this was . into the endless screw which IS arranged beillustrated by 36. In this ~ne the speed' twecI.~ .them. The teeth of one :vheel only varies in every part of ;:I. revolution, the; an: y!slbI~, thus: o~ the other being o~ the groove, b, d, in which the pinion-shaft is ~ back or Side which IS concealed from view.

guided, as well as the series of teeth, being j

eccentric to the axis of the wheel. i 196. The pinion, B, rotates about afixed

- ! axis and gives an irregular vibratory motion

193. Another kind of mangle-wlleel with ~ to the ann carrying the whee], A. ~tSPlmon. ~Vlth this as well as with. t~lat I

in the precedmgfigure, although the pmion.: 197. What is caned a .. m:tngle-rack" A continues, to. re.volvC.,.il1, one direc_tio~, the i co~tinuou~ rotatio~l of ,the pinion will give a ~l~n~]e-~~heeI wll.ill, ma~e almost an entlr:e re-r reclpt~c~tmg . mOhon, to the. square. frame. volution In one direction and the same In an J The pinion-shaft must he free to rise and opposite dlrection ; but the revolution of the' fall, to pass round the guides at the, ends of wheel in one dir,ection: win be slower than the rack. This motion may be modified as that in the other, owing to the greater radius, follov .... s :~If the square frame be fixed, and of the outer circle of teeth. ~ the pinion be fixed upon a shaft made with

I a universal joint, the end of the shaft 'will 194. Another mangle-whed. I n this the! describe a line, similar to that shown in the speed is equal In both directions of motion! ! drawing, around the rack.

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MECHANICAL MOl71tbffiNTS.

198

199

sas

204

ROO

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206

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

l~~-~~~~-----~-~-------·-~·-··----------~-~~~~--~---

f I t • 1 I. -

198. A modification 0 197. n t US t re j ~nent to the horizontal arm, and a variable

pinion revolves, but does not rise and fall ~ reciprocating movement to the rod, A.

I

as in the former figure. The portion of !

the frame carrying the rack is jointed to the j 202. Worm or endless screw and wormmain. portion of the: frame by rods, so that: wheel. Modification of 30, used. when when the pinion arrives at the end it lifts I steadiness or great power 15 required.

the rack by its own movement! and follows

on the other side.

203- A regular vibrating movement of the curved slotted ann gives a variable vibration

199. Another form of mangle-rack. The i to the straight arm .. lantern~pinion revolves continuously in one:

direction, and gives ~eci~roca.ting motion to j 204. An.mustratlon of the transmission of the square frame, which IS gUided by rollers rotary motion from one-shaft to another, ar-

, . I _ .•

or grooves. The pinion has only teeth in : ranged obliquely to it, by means of rolling

I

less than half of its circumference, so that I contact

while it engages one side of the rack, the i

toothless hajf is directed against the other. 205. Represents a wheel driven bya pinThe large tooth at the commencement of ion of two teeth. The pinion consists in reeach rack is made to insure the teeth of the ality of two cams, which gear. with two dispinion being properly in gear. tinct series of teeth on opposite sides of the

wheel, the teeth of one series alternating in. :200. A mode of obtaining two different position with those of the other.

speeds on the same shaft from one drivingwheel.

206. A continuous circular movement of the ratchet-wheel, produced by the. vibration

:!ot. A continual rotation of the pinion of the lever carrying two pawls, one of which (obtained through the irregular shaped gear: engages the ratchet-teeth in rising and the at the left) gives a variable vibrating move- ~ other ill falling.

53

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54

l\1:ECHANICAL ~1:0VE lENTS.

20'1

2QIJ

210

211

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21'4 •

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z ro, By turning the shaft- ca:rrying the I 2F4 and 215, Other modifications of the cur~'ed s~otte~ "" ~ rectilinear m~tion of I' stop, the oper.ati~ns of ~vhkh ~m be easily variable velocity IS given to the vertical bar. _ understood by a companson with 2IZ.

l\IECJIANICAL MOVEMENTS.

207. A modification of 195 by means of two worms and worm-wheels,

, I

2U. A continuous rotary motion of the large wheel gives an intermittent rotary motion to the pinion-shaft. The part of the 208. A pin-wheel and slotted pinion, by pinion shown next the wheel is cut of the which three changes of speed can be ob~ same curve as the plain portion of the cirtained. There are three circles of pins of cumferencs of the\..-heel, and therefore

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. di I ,('. f I ' - 1 serves as a lock while t h_ e wiled makes a

equal istance on the lace 0 the pin-whee J

and by shifting the slotted pinion a.long its part of a revolution, and until the pin upon shaft, to bring it in contact with one or the the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the other of the circles of pins, a continuous 1"0- pinion, when the' pinion-shaft commences tar)" motion of the wheel is made to produce another revolution.

three changes of speed of the pinion, or'i/lce

~ 12. What is called the H Genev-a .. stop,

versa.

~ ~ used in Swiss watches to limit the number

209. Represents a mode of obtaining mo- ! of revolutions in winding-up; the convex

r

tion from rolling contact. The teeth are for curved part, a, 'OJ of the wheel, B, serving as

making the motion con tinuo us , or it: would the stop.

cease at the point of contact shown in the

figure. The forked catch is to guide the 2IJ. Another kind of stop for the same

teeth into proper contact. purpose,

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MOVEl:rENTS.

MECH..IlliICAL

223

f!22

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::: 16. The external and internal. mutilated I slot of the other is, continually changing its !

cog-wl?eels work alternately ,into. the pinion, distance from the shaft of the Iatter.

and. gIve slow forward and quick reverse ""71 I I ... , I tion i t d t

m~tion. , h--l' A· freKu .ar CITCU1' I.art· .mol,· Ion nnpar e . 0

. wee" .. C]$ an e Hp lea. spur-gear rotat-

217 and 218. These are parts of the same ing round center, D, and is the driver. B is movef!1e.nty w~ich.has ,been. us~d for gi,vin. g JI a sn:all pi~~on with t,.eet.,h of tl~e. sa~le I~H:ch, the roller motion In wool-combing machines. geanngwHh C. The center at this pinton

The roller to which wheel, F (218), is secured l is not fixed, but is carried by an armor

Is required to make on.e third a r-evolut!on I frame which vibrates on a center, A, so that backward, then two thirds of a revolution as C revolves the frame rises and falls to forward, 'when it must stop until another enable pinion to remain in gear with it, notlen~t~ of combe.d fiber is ready for delivery. withstanding the variation in its radius ?f

ThIS rs accomplished b.Y .the grooved heart. contact. To keep, the. teeth of C and. B in

?am, C, ~, B,.e (217), the. stud. A,. working I· gear t?,~ proper depth, and prevent them

m the said groove; from C to D .It moves trom riding over each other, wheel" C, has

the roller backward, and from D to e it ~ attached to it a plate which extends beyond moves it forward, the motion being trans-I it and is furnished with a grom"e, g,n, of mitted through the. catch, G, to the notch-I similar elliptical form, for the reception of a wheel, F, on the roller-shaft, H. When the pin or small roller attached to the vibrating

stu~) ~, a~rives at the ,Point, e, in the cam, a I arm concentric with pinion,B.

proJ~ehon at the b:ack of the :wh~ei wl!ich j "'.., . ,... ."., . ...' J carries the cam strikes tl~e pl'(~Jechng piece I .... 2~. If lor the eccen~nc _"heel descnbe~

on the catch, G, and raises It out of the I~n the last figure ~n ordinary spu~-gear movnotch in the wheel, F, so thatvwhile the I m~ on an ec.centn~ center ofn;otIOn be sub= stud i~ travel;ing in the cam fr?m (1 to C, the I stltut~d, .,a slmp,l.e Ilnkconaecttngtbe ce~~er catch ispassmg oyer the plain surface be-I of .the .\\heel '\l~h th~t of the PUllO? \1i.lth twee.n the ~wo notches i.n the wheel, F, with- 1 which It ~ears wllll,~amtam prop~r pitching out rmparung any motion ; but when stud, 1 ~f te,:-th in a more SImple manner than the A, arrives at the part, C~ the catch has I .t!>roo~ e.

dropped .~.~ another notch; and Is aga:i~ ready j . 223 '. An. arran~ement for obtaining varito move \i\ heel, F, and roller as required, j able circular monon. The sectors are ar-

'.... • " J •.• • " .-. •• ••. I: ranged On different planes, and the relative

; 219. Vanab~e. circular motion by crowt;- velocitychanges according to the respective

wheel and pI~lOn. The crown-wheel IS I diameters of the sectors.

placed eccentrically to the shaft, therefore

the relative radius changes. :324· This represents an expanding pulley.

c. • ... . - . . .• On turning pinion, d, to the right or lef], a

220. The two crank-shafts. are parallel in i similar motion is imparted to wheel c,whkh direction, b~t not i~ line ,:ith each o~heT, I by means of curved slots cut therei~; 'thrust~

The. revolution. of eltl~er WIll C~)nlmumc.ate I the studs fastened to arms of pulley outward motion to ,the other with a varym}5 ve~oclty, I or inward, thus augmenting or diminishing for the wrist of one crank working In the! the size of the pulley,

MECHANICAL MOVEMENT'S.

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57

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS .

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:n5. Intermittent circular mction of the The links being in differentplanes, spaces

ratchet-wheel from vibratory motion of the are left between them for the teeth of the

arm carrying a pawl. pulley to enter.

MECHANICA.L MOVEMENTS.

226. This movement is. designed to double I 228. Another kind of chain and pulley. the speed by gears of equal diameters and

numbers of teeth-a result once generally: 229. Another variety. supposed to be impossible. Six be\'ehgears ,

ate employed. The ge.ar on the shaft, B, is I 230. Circular motion into ditto. The conin gear with t\VO others-one on the shaft, i neeting-rods are so arranged that when one F ~ and the other on the same hollow shaft 'pair of connected links is over the dead with C, wlsich turns loosely on F. The gear, ! point, or at the extremity of its stroke, the D, is carried by the frame, A, 'which, being. other is at right angles; continuous motion fast on the sha.n, F, is made to rotate, and i is thus insuredwlthout a fl:.y-,vhcel therefore takes round D .. vith it. E is loose

on the shaft, F, and gears with D. N OW~ sup- 231. Drag-link motion. Circular motion

pose the two gears on the hollow shaft, C, is transmitted from one crank to the other. were removed and D prevented from turning

on its axis; one revolution given to the gear 232• Intermittent circular motion is im~ on B would cause the frame, A, also to re- parted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the ceive one revolution, and as this frame car- arm, B. \'then the arm, B, is lifted, the des, wi_th it the g,ear, D, gearing with E, one pawl, C, is raised from between the teeth of revolution would be imparted to E; but if the wheel, and, traveling backward over the gears on the hollow shaft, C, were re- the circumference, again drops between two placed, D would receive also a revolution on teeth on Iowerlng the arm, and draws with its axis during the one revolution of B, and ' it the w heel.

thus would produce two revolutions of E.

:233. Shows two different kinds of stops 227. Repres,ents.a chain and chain pulley. for a lantern-wheel.

59

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MECHANICAL D.iOVE1IENTS.

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236

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237

-

239

S40

241

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Ii 234- Represents a verge.esca~m<mt. On I wheel, and C and B the pallets. i'l is the

r. ~ oscillating' the spindle, S, the crown-wheel I axis of the pallets.

! ~ -

; has an intermittent rotary motion, ~

Ii

IV[ECHA:KICAL MOVEMENTS. 6 r

, , , , , ,

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235. The oscillation of the tappet-ann pro- 239· An arrangemen.t c.f stops, for a spur-

duces an. in.termittent rotary motion of the gea.r.

ratChet-vi'heel. The small spring at the bot-

tom of the tappet-arm keeps the tappet in

, ; , !

the position shown in the drawing as the

240. Represents varieties of stops for a

_ arm rises, yet allO\ys it to pass the teeth on.

ratchet-wheel.

the return motion.

236. A nearly continuous circular motion: _ _ ',' _., . .

, 24r. Intermittent circular motion IS im-

is imparted to the ratchet-wheel on vibrating; ... .' ..

. . . ~ parted to the wheel, A,. by the continuous

the lever, a, to which are attached the two 'I' • •

I circular motion of the smaller wheel with

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. one tooth.

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237.rec1procatmg circu ar motion 0 I

the top arm makes its attached pawl pro~ II

242. A brake used in cranes and hoisting

duce an intermittent circular motion of the I machir d

. nac nnes, By pulling . own the end of the

pawls, band c.

crown-ratchet or rag-wheel,

lever, the ends of the brake-strap are drawn

238. An escapement,

,toward each other, and the strap tightened D is the escape-Ion the brake-wheel.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

245

A

246

.247

249

260

261

MEeHAN rcxr, MOVEMENTS.

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:24-3. Represents a mode of transmitting i arm is attached to and turns On the fixed power from a horizontal shaft to two vertical . point, C. D is an ivory tracing-point, and

ones by means of pulleys and a band, I A the pencil, Arranged as shown, if we

"" ". . "" " . " : trace the Iines ofa plan with the point, B,

24-1- A '~y?amometer, or mstruln-:ntused I the pe_ndl will reproduce it double the size. for ascertaintng the ,:mount of usetu_1 effect, By shIfting the slide attached to the fixed given out by :lAo. n~· motIve-pol" "Iver. ltd" 15 u11secl : point, C,and the slide carrying the pencil as follows :- := IS a smoot ly-turo_e pu iey, i along their respective arms, the proportion secured on a shaft as near as 1?oss~ble to the: to which the plan. is traced will be varied, motive·-pm v er. Two blocks at wood are 11t- i

ted to this pulley, or one block of wood and;. ""

a series of straps fastened to a band or: 2-1-7· A mode of releasing a soundingchain, 8.5 in the drawing, instead of a com- weight. When the piece projecting from mon block. The blocks or block and straps i the bott<~ml:. of the ~od strikes the, bottom of are so arranged that they may be made to: the sea, It .IS forced upward relatively to the bite or press upon the pulley bJ:: means of i ro~, al~d wl.thdraws the catch from under the the screws and nuts on the top ot the lever, :,Yelght, which drops off and allows the rod to D. To estimate the amount of power trans- i be lifted without it.

mitted through the shaft, it is only necessary;

to asc~rtain th.e :l";lOnnt ~)f f~ktion of the: :q.8.Union coupling. A is a pipe with a druln~_A, :"he~ It IS III lmotl~n, and the n~UIn- ~ Sl?aU flange abutting a~a[nst the. pipe, C, ber ot re",olutlOns mane, _, ~\t the,end D,t the; with a screwed end; H a nut which holds lever, D, IS hung a scale, IJ, in which \vclgh ts : them tczether.

are pla ced, The two stops, C~ C~ are to i 0"

maintain the lever as nearly as possible in a: , ,

horizontal position. N01.Y, suppose the shaft "~~9· Ball-and-socket joint, arranged for

to be in motion, the screws are to be tight- tubing.

erred and \.veignts added in B. until the lever: _

takes the position shown in the drat\'ing- at' ::50; Anti-friction bearing. Instead of a the required number of revolutions. Th~re-" .shaft~evolving in an ordinary ~eari~g it is fore the useful effect would be equal to the sometimes supported on the circumterence product of the weights multiplied by the ve- . of wheels. The friction is thus reduced to Iocitv at which the point of suspension of the; the least amount.

wcigbts would" revolve if the lever were at~ :

tached to the shaft, i 25 L Releasing-hook, used in pile-driving

. : machines. When the weight, \V, is suffi-

245- Bayonet joint, On turning HIe part, : cientlv raised. the upper ends of the hooks, A, it is released fron~ the L-sh~pcd slot in : A, b}: 'which i'l: is su::pended, are pressed inthe socket, B, 'when It can be withdrawn. ward by the sides 01 the slot, B, in the top of the frame; the weight is thus suddenly ~-t6. Represents it pantograph for copying, released, and fans with accumulating force enlarging, ";tnd reducing plans, etc. One on to the pile-head,

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MECILI\.NICAL MOVEME~TS.

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25--'1

958

959

252

255

256

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J.\,fECHANICAL M:OVE~:rENTS.

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2 p. A and B are two rollers which require· z.5 5. A flanged pulley to drive or be driven to be equally moved to and fro in the slot, ~ by a flat belt.

C. This is accomplished by moving the ~

piece, D,. with oblique slotted arms, up and ~,_ '">-6 A lal 11 r fl t b It

~) ... _. pam pn .ey lor a na e.

down.

257. A concave-grooved pulley fora round band.

253. Cenrrifugal check-hooks. fOT prevent- -

ing accidents in case of the breakage of rna- :

chinerv which raises and lowers workmen, . 253. A smooth-surface Y -g-rooYed pulley ores, etc., in mines. A is a. frame-work fixed: for a round band.

I

to the side of the shaft of the mine, and :

having fixed studs, D, attached. The drum on which the rope is wound is provided with a flange, B, to which the check-hooks are attached.! f the drum acquires a dangerously rapid motion, the hooks fly out by centrifu.gal force, and one or other or all 'Of them catch hold of the studs, D, and arrest the

259. A V-grooved pulley haying its groove notched to Increase the adhesion of tile band.

::260. A differential movement, The screw, C, works in a nut secured to the hub of the

wheel, E, the nut being free to turn ~na

drum and stop the descent of whatever is bearing in the shorter standard, but preventattached to the rope, The drum ought be- ed by dille bearing from any lateral motlon. sides this to have a spring applled to it, The screw-shaft is secured in thewheel, D. otherwise the jerk arising from the sudden The driving-shaft, A, carries two pinions, stoppage of the rope might produce worse F and B. If these pinions were of such

effects than its rapid motion.

254. A sprocket-wheel to driye or to driven by a chain ..

. size as to turn the two wheels, D and E" with an equal velocity, the screwwould remain at rest; but the said wheels being

b I d • l 1: •• 1

e 'I· rrven at unequa vetocines, t 112: screw tra-

.vels according to the difference of velocity.

lVIECIIAN1CAL MOVEMENTS.

262

26'1

o 0 G

8

966

1269

268

207

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M'ECHANIC.4.L MOVEMENTS.

-----.--~--~------.--------- _._-- -- ---~. ---------.-----~--

~6L A combination movement, in which :, 264, Two worm-wheels of equal diameter, the weight, \V~ moves vvertically with a but one having one tooth more than. the reciprocating movement; the down-stroke other, both in gear with the same WOrm. beina shorter than the up-stroke, B is a Suppose the first wheel has reo teeth and re,·oKillo" disk. carrvinir a drum which winds the, second ro t , one wheel ,,,III ga,in one re-

b, • .~

round itself the cord, n. An arm" C. is volution over the other during the passage jointed to the disk ;and to the UPl)er ann/A. of roo x lor teeth of either wheel across SO that when the disk revolves the arm, .. ~\~ the plane of centers, or during 10,100 revomoves up and down, yibr-ating on the point, lations of the worm ..

C. This arm carries with it the pulley, E.

Suppose we detach the cord from the drum

and tie it to a. fixed point, and then. move the 265. Variable motion. If the conical drum arm A, up and down, the weight" 'V. will has a regular circular motion. and the fric-

, dl 1 • 11" l tion-roller is made to tra verse Jen,gtindse, a

move the same tstance, and ru J!(.[ ItWI1 t H~ .

movement given to it by the cord, that is to variable rotary motion of the frictlon-roner sav, the movement win be doubled. Now' will be obtained,

let' us attach the cord to the drum and re-·

volve the disk, H, and the weight will move 266. The shaft has two screws of different

verricallv with the reciprocating motion, in

'which the down-stroke will be shorter than pitches cut on it; one screwing into a fixed

the up-stro, ke, because the drum Is continu- bearingt, and t1llefj othe}r_) into a. bea~il1g frt~etltoe

1 . . tl 0- (1 move '0 anc roo .... otarv m,otlon 0 l'

ally ta ,an~T up ie cr. " . ft ci '1,' .-

, . 0' l suatt gl\:es rec~nltlear mOlli?n to th~ mOV3-

" " ',,- ,. " ,",. .' ., ~ _ .' ble bearing, a distance equal to the difference

26z an_d 263- The first of tl~ese ~lf;ure~ IS , of pitches, at each revolution. an end VIew, and the second a SIde new, of an .

arrangement of mechanism for obtaining a :

series of changes o.f v~locit)' 3;nd directiou. : 267. Friction pulley. When the rim turns D is a screw On\Vhl~h IS p~a~ed eccentnc~Uy : in the opposite direCldon 10 the arrow! it the cone; B, and C IS a friction-roller which eives motion to the shaft [iv means of the is pressed ag~hast the cone by .. a spring ~r ,'pivoted eccentric arms; but when it mrns weight. ~ontlnuous rotary mot!On.a~ a urn- ; in the direction of the arrow, the arms turn form n~}ocltr, of ,the scre,~·. D. carrymg the: on their pivots and the shaft is at rest. The ecce~tnc cone"gn·e.s a. series of f;h~nf!~s of : arms are held to the rim bysprings. velocitv and direction to the rouer, C. It,

will be- understood that during every revolu- :

tion of the cone the roller would press' 268. Circular into reciprocating vmotion

against a (Hffel'~nt part of the con.e, and, that by means of a crank and oscillating rod.

it would describe thereon a spiral at the r

same pitch as the screw, D, The roller, C, \

would. receive a reciprocating motion, the: 269. Continued rectilinear movement of movement in one dlrection being shorter. tile frame 'with mutilated. racks gin:s an

than that in the other. I alternate rotary motion to the spur-gear.

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68

MECHAN.ICAL MOVEMENTS.

S7fJ

2''12

2'78

275

M ECHA~]CAL MOVE),1ENTS •.

·-~-~·~·----------i

i 69

-------- .... --.~.-- ... -

. the bar. The cam is of equal di • ameter in : every direction measured across its center. 27 r. On v ibrating the lever to which the;

270. Anti-friction bearing for a pulley,

,

two pawls are attached, a nearly continuous; 277. Col. Colt's invention for obtaining

rectilinear motion is given to the ratchet- i the movement of the cylinder of <L revolving

bar.

fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer.

As the hammer is drawn back to cock it, the 272• Rotary motion of the beveled disk dog, a, attached to the tumbler, ads on the cam gives a reciprocating rectlllnear rootion ratchet. b, on the back of the cylinder. The to the rod bearing on its circumference. dog is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c.

273. Rectilinear into rectilinear motion.

When the rods, A and E; are brought together, the rods, C and D, are thrust further

278. C. R. Otis lS safety-stop for the platform of a hoisting apparatus. A are the stationary uprights" and B is the upper part of the platform working between them.

The rope, a, by which the platform is hoisted,

274· An engine-governor. The rise and is attached by a pin, b, and spring, c, and the fall of the balls, K, are guided. by t:he para- _ pin ls connected by two elbow levers with bolic curved arms, B, on which the 2nH- two pawls, d; which work in ratchets secured friction wheels, L~ run. The rods, F, con- to the itlprights, A. The weight of the platnecting the wheels, L, with the sleeve move' form and the tension of the rope keep the it up and down the spindle, C: D. pawls out of gear from the ratchetsin hoist-

ing or lowering the platform, but in 'Case of a I the breakage of rope the spring, c) presses down the pin, b, and the attached errds of

apart, and oiceoersa.

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275. Rotary motion of the worm gives rectilinear motion to the rack.

276. Continuous rotary motion. of the earn gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion to

the levers, and so presses the pawls into the . ratchets and stops the descent of the platform .

. -------~----- ~~ .. --.-------~-~-

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1\11 ECIL<\KICAL l'vlovEMENTs.

279

281

r :

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:MECHAXICAL IV1 OVE~IE~TS.

279. Crank and slotted cross-head, with Cl<"vton.:s sliding journal-box. applied to the crank-wrist. This box consists of two taper Hning pieces and. two tapergibs adjustable bv screws, which serve at the same

time to tighten the box on the wrist and to ' , . ,

set it out to the slot in the cross-head as the~84. Repre5en~s a feed,eng apparatus for box and wrist wear. I the, bed of a s:n\'mg machine. By the l:C\'O'

[ lurion of the crank at the lower part ot the

28.0. ,A mode of w:otking a windlass. By: figure, alternate motion is communic~te~1 _:0 the alternatmg monon ot the long hand-. the hO~lzontal:arm ot the bell .crank lev cr Iever to the right: motion is communicated : whose fulcrum IS at a, near ~he top ieft-h~:nd to the short lever, the end of which is in . ~orner of t!le figure ... By this means ~otlon immediate contact with the rim of the; IS c~m~lul11cat~d to the catch attached to the wheel. The short lever has a very limited i vertical ~nn 0.1 the. lever, and the said catch motion upon a pin, which is fixed in a block ! commllfilcate~ tl19tw~ to. the ratchet-wheel, of cast-iron, which is made with two jaws; : upon_the.shatt ofwhich IS a toothed ~lnlon, each havinz a flanze projecting inward in: \Vorkw.!5. In the: rack attached to the side of contact "dth the in~er surface of the rim of ! ~he carrIage. The feed is varied by a sere".' the wheel. , By the upward motion of the, HI, the bell-crank lever.

outward e~d .of, the sho~t lever, the rim. of I _ , _,' _.

the wheel is jammed between the end of the; ~35. Is the movable head of a turnmg

Ee\'eran~ ~he flar:ge,s of the block" so as. to i lath~. !l.Y, turning .•.. t.he wheel to the right, cause friction sutnctent to turn the 'wheel by i motion 1$ communicated to the screw, prothe further upward movement of the lever. i ducing rectilinear motion of the spindle in The backward movement of the 'wheel is ~ the end of which the center is fixed.

preventec! by a common. ratchet-wheel an.d I -

pawls ~ as Tthe ,short l~ver IS pus.he~ down It 1 :286. Toe and lifter for working puppet

frees the '" heel and slides freely 0'1, er It. 1 valves in steam engines. The curved tee

, " . -. _, , " f thedi " " ' . _ : on the rocbs~a~t operates ~I1: the lifter at-

281. The r~' olution 0 the disk ca~ses the. tached to the liftinz-rod to raise the valve.

lever at the right to vibrate by the pm mov- .';>

ing in the groo'o'e in the face of the disk. . .,

_ . , ..,... ..., 237. Picketing's governor, Tbe ballsare

. 282. Byt_hereVO!Uh<;>n of thedisk in Wl?lCh. att~che? to springsthe upper codal each of IS fixed a pin workingin a slot In the _UpflghtwhlCh is attached to a collar fixed on the bar which turns on. a center near the bottom. spindle. and the lowerend to a collar on the both ends of the bar are. made to traverse, sliding sleeve, The springs yield in a proper

the toothed sector producing alternate recti- degr.ee to the centrifugal force of the bails, .

Iinear motion in the horizontal bar at the and raise the sleeve j and as the centrifugal I

bott.0n11 and als?, alternate perpendicular force (~h11i'l1isbes~ they draw the balls toward

motion of the weight. the spindle and depress the sleeve, J

_-------------

::!,SJ' By a vibrator,' motion of the handle, motion is communicated by the pinion to the racks. This Is used in workinv small air pumps for scientific expcdments.~

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)'JI ECHA N]CAL .1\/IOVEI\IEN'TS"

2BB

291

294

29.0

289

293

,292

295

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lYIEc HASI CAL IvI OVE lI.IENTS.

.' -_.- ---------,~~----

!

288 and :339. The former is what is termed :l - balance-wheel the force lost during a vibration. recoi7, and the latter. a rCpNI' or dead-beat escape- : It will be understood that only at one point is the ment for clocks. The same letters of reference free movement of balance opposed during all 0;'indicate like parts in b?th, _ The al~cluH-, H; L, ' dilation.

K, is caused, by the oscillation of the pendulum,

to vibrate upon the axis, a~ Between the two ex- 29z. Stud escapement, used in large clocks. 'trcmities, or pallets, H, K, is placed the escape- One pallet, B, works in front of the wheel and wb~el At the teeth of which come alternately the other at the back. The studs are arranged aO'ain~t the outer surface of the pallet, K,. and In' ill the same manner, and rest alternately upon n~r surface of palletv H. 11")289 these surfaces : tbe front or back pallet. As the curve of ehe are cut to 3. curve concentric to the axis, a ; COil" ! pallets is ai, arc described from F, this is a repos« sequent! y, during the time Ol1c?f the teeth is . or tkad-b:eat escapement.

against thc pallet the wheel remains perfectly at

rest. Hence the name ,-cjose or d.'dd-beat.. In 293- Duplex escapement, for watches, so called 288 the surfaces are of a differeent form, not ne- {rollCJ. partaking of the characters of the spur and cessary to explain, as i!ca!~ be under:stood that crown 'wbeels.b The axis of balance carries pallet, any fonn no~ cOl1cent~ic with the aXIs;,,:. must B) which at every oscillation recei ves an impulse produce a slight. recoil of the wheel durmg the , from the crown teeth. In the axis, Aj of balance, escape of the tooth, and hence t,ile term n:coi! ·es, i wheel is cut a notch into which the teeth round capernent. On the pallets ieaVing teeth, at each! the edge of the wheel successively fail after each oscillation of the pendulum, the extremities of : one of the crown teeth passes the impulse pallet, teeth slide along the surfaces, c, 1'; and Ii} (I, and ~ 13.

give sufticleur impulse to pendulum. I.. . . .

ki d f I I .' 294 and 295· A cyhnder . escapement- 294-

:290· Another .. m 0 penc uturu escape- shows the cylinder in perspective, and 295 shows

ment, part of the escape-wheel on a large scale, and re-

29( .. Arnold's ~hwnomete'r or free. escape!l1ent, pr..esents th~. different p~siti~ms t3iI~_cn b~ (X~somenmos used In watches, A spnng, Aj IS fix+ inder, A, B, during an oscillation. 1 he p~lI~t1::» eel or screwed against the plate of the 'watch at b. at b, c, on the wheel rest alternately on the I~lslde To the under side of this spring is attached a and outside of cylinder. To the top of cylmder small stop, d, against.vhich. rest successively the. is attached the balance-wheel. ,Tr~e wheel pallets teeth of the escape-wheel, B; and on the top of i are beveled so as to keep up the Impulse of b~lspring is. fixed a. stud, /' holding a lighter and ] ance oy sliding against the beveled edge of cyhn-

'.Jl.m-.c ftex.lb. le sp,rmg wh.l.ch pass~s.under a hO?k,. '1' del'.

k, at ~:he extremity of A, so that It l~ free on being

depressed, but in rising\\"ould lift A., On the I :296.. Lever escapement. The anchor or piece, axis of the . balance is a small stud, 11, which I B, which carries the pallets, is attached to lever) touches the thin spring at each oscillation of bal-] E, C, at one end ofwhich isa notch, E. .Ona ancc-wheel. \Vh.en the movement is in the direc- '1 disk secured on the arbor of balance is nxen a tion shown by the arrow, the stud depresses the small pin which enters the notch at the middle spring in passing, but on returning raises it and I of each vibration, causing the pallet to enter in the spring, A, and stop, d, and thus allows one I and retire from between the teeth of escape-wheel tooth of escape-wheel to pass, letti.ng . them LJ.1l [ The wheel gives an impulse to .each of the pallets immediately to arrest the next. At the same I alternately as it leaves a tooth, and the je,:er time (hat this tooth escapes another strikes I gives impulse to the balance-wheel in opposne against the side of the notch, g, and! restores to .1 directions alternately.

,-' - - - --------- ------,------

73

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74

MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.

303

,305

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MECHANIC\.L lYfOVEMENTS.

---------- - .. _._.-

---- ---- - .- . - -. ---~------- -~~. i

'2-97- An 'escapement with a lantern wheel. . face of D,. are concentric with the axis on

I -

An arm, Ai carries the two pallets, Band C. i which the pallets vibrate, end hence. there

is no recoil

298. An old-fashioned watch escapement. ~

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304. Pin-wheel escapement, somewhat 299. An. old-fashioned dock escapement. resembling the stud escapement shown by 292. The pIClS, A! B, of the escapewheel are of two different forms,but the

form of those on the right side is the best. 300 and JOr. A clock or watch escape-

One advantage of this kind of escapement ment; 300 being a front elevation, and 3Q1

ll ,. .1 is that if one of the pins is damaged it can

a side elevation. The pas et IS acter upon'

easily be replaced, whereas if a tooth is by the teeth of one and the other of two ,.

! damaged the whole wheel is ruined.

,

escape-wheels alteruately.

30:J. Balance-wheel escapement. Cis the . J05- A single-pin pendulum escapement. balance; A, D, are the pallets; and D IS. The escape-wheel is a very small disk with

, single eccentric pin; it makes half a. revolu~ion for every beat of the pendulum, giving . the impulse on the upright faces of the pal- 303. A dead-beat pendulum escapement. : lets, the horizontal faces of which are dead

I

The inner face of the pallet, E, and outer. ones. This. ca.n also be adapted to watches.

the eseape-whee],

7.5

306

MECHANICAL MOVEJ\-lENTS.

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308

310

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MECHAXICAL TvloVE)'IENTS.

. ---~--~---~---~--.--------.--.----- -_._-_._. _._-- ----------

306. Three-legged pendulum escapement. ! raises one of the weightedl pallets out of the The pallets are formed in an opening in a wheel at each vibration. When the pcnduplate attached to the pendulum, and the lum returns the pallet falls with it, and the three teeth of theescape-wheel operate on ,,,·eight of the pallet gives the impulse.

the upper and lower pallets alternately.

One tooth is shown in operation on the

upper pallet,

3 to, Three-legged gravity escapement.

The lifting of the pallets, A and B~ is done by the three pins near the center of the escape-wheel, the pallets vibrating from two centers near the point of suspension of the pendulum. The escape-wheel is locked by means of stops, D and E, on the pallets,

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307 .. A modification of the above with long stopping teeth, D and.E. A and B are the pallets.

i

308, .. A detached pendulum escapement, ~

leaving the pendulum, P, free or detached i 3It. Double three-legged gravity escapefrom the escap~-wheel, except at the.time of! rnent. T,:\·o locking-wheels, A, u, C, and receiving the Impulse and unlocking the! a, h, c, are here used with one set of lifting\"he~l !here is but. on~ pallet,.I, w~lich l pins between them. The 1\\'0. wheels are receives Impulse: only during t!1e vibrations ! set wide enough apart to altow the pallets of the pendiUlum~o th,e illef~ .. ~he lever, Q, l to lie. between t~em. The teeth of the firstlocks the escape-wheel until Just before the 1 mentioned lockinz-whcel are stopped by a time for giving the impulse" when it is un-] stop-tooth D on bone pallet, and those of locked by the dick, C, attached to the pen- ~ the other' one by a stop-tooth, E, on the

dulnm. As the pendulum returns to the! other pallet. .

right, the dick, , v hich oscillates on a pivot, 1

- I

will be pushed aside by the lever, j

J 312. Bloxam's gnndtyescapement The

_ ~ pallets are lifted alternately by the small

3(]9. Mudg~'s gravity e~capement '. The l '~'heel, and the stopping is done by the acpallets, A, B, instead of being on. one arbor, I bon of the stops, A and B, on the larger are on 1\\'0, as shown at C. The pendulum l wheel. E and F are the fork-pins which plays between the fork-pins, P t Q~ and so 1 embrace the pendulum.

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MECHANICAL MOVEMENT'S ..

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820

MECHAXICAL 1\iO\"E~IENTS.

--~-"-----.--~~~--._-------_~-.---_----

313- Chronometer escapement, the form ncwcornmouly T ~i;;;-h-~-~he -Cl~~--l~-i~~-·~~~' ~n~d~~~~duce the le~g:lh O;:ctillg .

constructed. As the balance rotates inthe dir·ec!ion of the p3rt of spring, andlhe vibrations of balance are made ~r,OW, the tooth, V,. em tbe verge, presses the pnssing- fasrcr ; and by moving it ,0 the left i\:l opposite .,{feet is spring ~~~;li!l':'1 the l'e,-er, pressing a:;:,;de the lever and re- produced,

moving the detent from the tooth of the escape-whee]. As

balance returns, 100111, Y, presses aside <J.E1d IXl.S:;CS ~pr]ng, 31<,· Compensatioll balance. i, IT, r,. is the rnaiu bar of witllO~Jt moving lever w hich then rests ag'.~ins, the stop, Jr __ balance, with timiT.g screw" r(lr rcgul arion "t the e·::ds. t

p )5 the o!lly pallet upon which impulse i3giveLi. : and t' are two compound bars, of which Ihe outside is

._. _ _ ' _ , ~ i.Jr<'L55 and the inside ~.t~e!,carryil1g weights, b. li'. As heat

3 I ~- Lever chrc}l)Onleter escapement, In this the l");1I'Icts ~ • " - .

. " _ .. , _ ..' I , . IIIcreases, these bars are bent inward bv the ~Tealcr expan-

,\ B, and lever, look like HIOSe of the l.ever escapcmCill· - f' the brass - h -'1 d":""·. - d

., '. '._ _, , _ , ,_ . ~Wll. [> 1 Ie ,rass, and the we]g- rs are tnus . _ rawn In war ' ,

'Of;! but these pallets onlv lock the csc:lpe·whed hav- ,- -- I' h - - f 'h ,. 'I . A 1 I -'1"'

- -. _ .' _ _ r.. . ,. (,lmn115 lmg 1.e merna {) I :e,,;l ~nce_ .... 5 I le ,leat ",lfill-

iue no impulse. Impulse IS .fi:w,e:n by teeth of escape -wheel • u, , - IT is d 1 1-'1. -.' I 1

- .co- . ' , 11. C" _I . . . : nisnes, all opposite ellen 1.5 pro uceo, _11~ X". auce con, •.

directly to a J1J. et, ' ,allac led to balance. I , , ~ I t: - _.-

-' _ , , pensates "''''' '.or Its Own expans:.on and ClIntr.J.CIJ.Oll, and

315. CO!1~C~! pendulum, hung by a Ihi.a piece of 1"0\11)(1 tint of tile balance'spring, win~_ Lower end connel;ledwi(l1 and driven in <i circle bv

an arm attached to a vertical rotating spindle, TIle ]Jelld~.· 3:;0- Endless chain, m<uintaining power O~l ~:oing"lJ;)nel,

lmn-rud describes a cone in iIS. revolution, to keep a clock g~hlg while wintHng, during which opera-

316. 1\Iercnrt;l1 cOl1lpenS:1;I~On pendulum, A g1"5S. j a r of : tion the action of the weighl or main-spring" is laken 0)1 [Il~ mercury is used lor the bob or \n~ighl. A:; the pendrl1um- barrel, TIle wheel 10 t he right is the "gojng·,:~hed," nile! I'"GJ is cxp:mded lengthwise by increased temperature, the' that to the left the "stril,ing-wheeLjj P is a pulky fixed expmlSiOl) 1)[ mercnry in jar CO!Ti~sitlo, a. ~'Teat~t height. 10 the great wheel or the going ~l"U-t, and roughened, to therein, and so raises its center of gra\'lty rdath-dy to the, prevent a rope Or chain hung over it from slippiag. A rod s\.tffi.d.ently ,0 compensate for downward expansion of , similar pulley rides On i\1l0:11~r RI DOI-,:1, ", .. hich mny belhc ill(! rod, As rod is. contracted by a reduction of tempera- ! arbor of the great wheel of the sll:iking part, and ;u1I;Lched rure, c011traction of mercury lowers It re'atively to rod, In' by a ratchet and dick 10 that wheel, ofW· clcck-Ireme, if rhis waylbe centerofoscllkuion is always ke!l!~tl the same; there is no striking part The weights are hung, as may place, and the effective Iengrh of pelldu:um always the' be seen, the small one being only large enough 1.0 keepthe same, rope or chain on the pul:eys, If the part, z" oflhe rope

31;. COlllpoUIi(i bar compensation pendulum, C IS a or dl:\in is pulled down, the ralchet~pulley runs under Ih¢

f b d . I b ' click, and the great weizht is pulled up by r, witho;l! tak-

compoulld LIar O. rass an,' Iron or Mee,'razed tog·e·ther -

~yj[h brass downward- As brassexpands more ilIaD iTO!], • iug its pressure off the goiIJI'!",wheel at all,

(he b, nr ""'i, 11 .. bC,lId U1H",-;ud a,f;,. it .. ge,:s, \\.-arlll .. t:l",', .;\nd.·. carrv the ." H - .' " • b ".,~. - 1

.' _ '. ._ ,_or '___ - _:.; .' - _ ":' , 3~·I_a!Ti$On s gOIng"' <lJ-cr:-eu._ ,-"u-ger ratchet-wheel,

weights,,"', \\, up with '': ra.~mg the center ol~lle~gg,,)- . to which tbeelick, R, is i1:t.iached, is connected WIth the

gate weight, M, W, to raise the €enter of oscillation a" . ereat wheel, "'. b" .'LII" 5 51 Wi_l.il_e_ t." .... "'1_Qr, k ie

oi - , ,. ~- ~ - .'. , .,:-, Ut ,') a SpI" . ,~.... '" ~ J."""''' '!u ~

much as elongation of the pendulum rod would let It.: going, theweig:ht acls upon tile great wheel, G, 111WU.gb

down. ~ the spring; but as soon as the weight is taken ut:fby wind-

3i:8 .. \V.a,ell regulator. TIle balance-spring is annched illg, the dick. T, whose ph-ot isset llllille frame, prevenes at its outer end to <I fixed stud, R, and at irs inner CI!d to : the larger ratchet (rom falling bark, and so the spl'i!Jg, staff of b .. l]iU!OO-· A neutral point is formed in the~prilng S, 81, still drives the great wheel during the rime the deck at P by inserting it between two curb-pills in the lever, _ takes to wiud, as it need only justkeep the escapement which is fitted to turn on a fixed ring concentric with staff i going, the pel)duh.lm t.~king cam of itself forlha.lshol'"~ of balance. and the spring (lilly vibrates between this neu-I time, Good watches haseil substantially similar appatral point and staff of balance. By moviug lever '10 the: ratus,

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MECHAN1CAL MOVElI.fENTS.

S2R 323 324

OA It B
i I MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 81

,! - 322. A very convenient construction of I is guided by the vertical slot in the frame,

! I parallel ruler ~or drawing,~llade by ccutt~ng I which is pl',aned to a t.rue surface.

a quadr.ane:1e throuzh the diagonal, form. In£' D' «,' f" 6' h - '" ll

. ._. . ~. . ~ ;~ 327. HIers tom 32 in avmg raj ers

t''llO. ri!rht~.an.2'led rrianales. A and B.. It rs Is b tit t d f "'1· slid ' the c ··. h d ~ " .... ,. ,--" , us 'I uear ~ 1e s ,1 'es on .. ~ ... I"OS$- ea .

used by sliding the hyporbenuse of one trI-! . id II ·k· e • - ai t trais It'd '

, , ." . ,,' '." . , ~ sal rOlers wor, mg agams S alg 1 gm ,e~

anzle upon that of the other. t b. ,A' A tt '1 d t tt fra 1~1'"

'~ - I ars~.:., ,a . ac 1>1:. .o rne rame, lIS IS

323. Parallel rul~r consisting of a simple I used for small engines ." ~rance., straight ruler, B, with an attached axle, C, I 328. A parallel motion Invented by Dr. and pair of wheels, A, A. The wheels, Cartwright in the year J 787. The toothed

,'"rhkh.protrude but slightly througl~ the -. wheels,. C, C, ha~e equal dia~e~ers and 1,'

der SIde of the ruler, have their edges ] numbers of teeth, and the cranks, A~ A, I

nicked to take bold of the paper and keep I have equal radii, . and are set in opposite Ii '

the ruler always parallel with any Iines . directions, and consequently gh·:e 410 equal drawn upon it, obliquity to the connecting-rods during the

revolution of the wheels, The cross-head

324. Compound parallel ruler, composed. on the piston-rod being attached to the two of two simple rulers, A, A, connected by connecting-rods, the piston-rod is caused to two crossed arms pivoted together at the move in a right line,

middle of their length, each pivoted ;at one 329. A. piston-rod guide, The piston-rod, end to one of the rulers, and connected A, is connected with a wrist attached to a with the other one by ~ slot and sliding-pin;. cog-wbeel, B; which turns on a crank-pin,

as shown at, B.. In this the ends as ~yel~ as carried by a~ plate, C, which is fast on the the edges ar.e kept parallel, The principle I shaft. The rwheel, B, revolves around a of cons~ructlOn of the several ,rulers repre- I stationary internally toothed gear, D, of sen ted is taken advantage of m the forma- ! double the diameter of B. and so motion is: tion of some parts or machinery, r~iven to t~e crank-pinJ,a~d the piston-rod

325. Parallel ruler composed of two sim-Ils kept uptlgh~.., . ... .. ,.

ple rulers, A, B" connected by two pivoted I .. 330• ,The PI:ston.-rod~s. ~ro~on~.ed ,a,tid swinging arms, C, C. I works ra a gUlde,_ A: which ]8 in 1me With the center of the cylinder. The lower part 326. A simple means of guiding or oh- of the connecting-rod is Corked to permit taining a parallel motion of the piston-rod, the upper part of the piston-rod to pass of an engine. The slide, A, moves in: and between.

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331

332

333

33S

387

BS8

389

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l\-IE.CI-I.\.XICAL 1Vi[O\"EMENTS.

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331. An engine with crank motion like; 336. An arrangement of parallel motion

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that represented in 93 and 279 of this. for side lever marine engines. The paral-

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table, the crank-wrist journal working in a! Iel rods connected with the side rods {rum

slotted cross-head, A. This cross-head the beams 0[' side levers are abo connected 'works between the pillar guides" D, D, of with short radius arms on a rock-shaft

the engine framing'.

working in fixed bearings.

332. A parallel motion used for the pis- '

337· Parallel motion in which the radius

ton-rod of side lever marine engines. F, C. 11 'd' " " ,I' ", I I'd' f'

" ro. IS connecter. with the ower en 0 a

is the radius bar, and E the cross-head to I l, , ' 'b ' ' '" ' ~'] , - d c ~. h

' ! S iort vi rating roo, t le upper en o~ wnict

which the parallel bar, E, D, is attached. !. , , d . I h' b d t~; en

' 118 connecte wrt 1 t . eeam, an .. to de ce -

i f whi 1 he oi di "f- a,

I tel' 0 ,,,"me 1 t. e ptston-ro ,. IS connec~e' .

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333. A parallel motion used only in par-

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334. Shows a parallel motion used In j -

some of the old single-acting beam engines. I

The piston-rod is formed with a straight 1

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rack gearing wH,h, a toothed segment On r gines. In this, the end of the barvB, C~ is

the beam. The back of the rack works f connected with the piston-rod, and the end,

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! B, slides in a fixed slot, D. The radius

I bar F A is connected at F with a fixed

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335. A parallel motion commonly used I pivot, and at A, midway between the ends

for stationary beam engines, J of B, C. '

ticular cases,

338. Auother modlficatlon, in which the

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339. Parallel motion for direct action en-

agains,t a roller, A.

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1VIECH.t\NICAL 1\1 OVEMENT 5.

342'

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340. Another parallel motion .. Beam, D,. C, . gine. The cylinder has trunnions at its with joggming pillar-support, B, F, which vi- ; upper end and swings like a pendulum. ~rates from the c:nter,. F. T.he piston-rod I The crank-shaft is ~ below', and the pistonIS connected at C. The radius-bar, E, A, : rod connected directly with crank.

produces the parallel motion. ! 6 T bl . The c vlind er 1'S fixed

~ .. i 34 . ;].1 e engme. ~) ~ .... '"

341. "Gra:iishopper'! beam engine. The: on a table-like base, The piston-rod has

beam is attached at one end to a l'ock-! J; cross-head working in straight slotted jng-pillar, A, and the shaft a.rranged as near ~ guides fixed on top of cylinder, and is conto the cylinder as the crank "\ ... ili work. B: nected by two side connecting- rods with is the radius-bar of the parallel motion. two parallel cranks on shaft under the table.

34-2, Old - fashioned single - acting beam pumping engine on the atmospheric prin- 347. Section of di.sk engine. Disk piston, ciple, with chain connection between piston- seen edge'\rise, has a motion substantially rod and a segment at end of be-am. The like a coin when it first fans after bdng cylinder is open at top. Very low pressure spun in. the air. The cylinder-heads are steam is admitted below piston, and t1H"; cones, The piston-rod is made with a. ball weight of pump-rod, etc., at the other end to which the disk is attached, said ball of beam, helps to raise piston. Steam is working in concentric seats in. cylinder~ then condensed by Injection, and a vacuum heads, and the left-hand end is attached thus produced below piston, which is then to the crank-arm or fly-wheel on end of forced down byatmospheric pressure there- s.ha:ft at left. Steam is admitted alternately

by drawing up pump-rod, on either side of piston.

343. Parallel motion for upright engine. 348. lHede of obtaining two reciprocating

A, A, are radius-rods connected at one end I movements of a rod. by one revolution of a 'with the framing and at the other with a ~ shaft, patented in '.1836 by B, F. Snyder,

vibrating piece on top of piston-rod. has been used for operating the needle of

,- " . , '. ~ ,~a sewing machine; by J. S. l\·feCurdy,. also

344· OSCIllatlOQ' enzme. The. cvllnder f 1.··· r f '.. T' d .. 'i k. "

. ~ ~.- . ~. ", ' or (trlnufY" a O'ao(!" 0_ sav;.'s. ne IS -, ~'"1.j

has trunnions at the Huddle of Its length' . 1 0. 1;:' tati '. ., ~ ft I' tIt

. . ~ .' . . on t le centra ro a'mg S.la . las \\'0 5,,0 5,

wcrkinz In fixed bear-ings, and the prston- '. ~. .~ . . . ~ . . .

d '., b ," ;I~ ~ ... :- '~"1 .... a, llJcrossmg each other ata nght angle m

ro .IS connected ol.rectI) wrtn t ie crank, and t~ J tl ~. d 1n I

~. .'0 . ..~. I ne center, ana ~. ie connecq:.mg-ro , D,ms

no gul es are usee. attached to it two pivoted slides; c, c, one

345. I nverted oscillating or pend ulum en- working in each slot.

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349

,35,2

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MECHANICAL ]rIOVEMENTS.

349· An?tller for:m of para~lel ruler. The i 356, Bohnenberger's machine m us traarms are. Jointe? m the. middle and c?n- l ting the same tendency of rotating bodies. nected with an intermediate bar, by which 'This consists of three. rings,. AI A I, . All, means the ends of the ruler, as well as the placed one within the other and connected sides, are kept parallel _ by pivots at right angMes to each other.

350. Traverse or to-and-fro motion. The !he smallest ring, A~, contains the bearpin in d:e upper slot being stationary, an,d mgs. f~r the d:ds of, a hea,:y ba}l, B .. TI~e the one In the tower skit made to move in ball bemg set In rapid rotatron, Its axis ''''dE the direction of the horizontal dotted line continue in. the same direction, no matter the lever ,,,,in by its connection with the ba; how the position of the rings may be gin'! to the latter a traversing motion in its ~lte~ed; ~nd the ring, A\ which supports guides, a, a. !J will r~slst a~onsl,derabIDe pressure tend-

35L Stamp. Vertical percussive falls de- Ing to displsce It. rived from horizontal rotating shaft, The

mu:ti~ated toothed p5n,io.TII acts upo.1l t~e rack .. 357. What is caned the gyroscope goverto raise the rod unrilits teethJeave the rack 1 nOT, for steam engines, etc., patented by

and allow the rod to fall. .' , . 1A:lba~ Anderson. in ,ISts. ... A i;s alH:,n:y

352. Another arrangement of the Chinese i \, heel, the axle, B~ B, ot which 18 made m

windlass illustrated by I ~9 of this. table. . two pIeces connected together by a onrver-

353. A modification of the _tilt or trip sal join~ .. The wheel, A~ is on. o~e pi~ece..~ HI hammer, must~ated by 7&... In this the: a?d a pml?n, I, on the othc: plec~! ~.. I~h:

1 .' .". l' elve rs a 1· ever of the first d.' . pIece, B. ' IS con. nected at its middle bj

lamm",r 1",~.·.] .... - .. , _ or. er. l hins ,. ..•. ' th 1 . .1"" f . H

In 7 4i t is a lever of the third order. i I nge. JIOInil:. "'.1 it, t _le . rev9 Vll~g • rame! . '

~.' .' ,.. . a : ..•. .r I so that van~hofis m the inclination ot the

],4· A_modlt1,catLOn .(I~ the <:rank and 510t-1 wheel, A, WlU cause the outer end of the

te~ cross-head, 93· .. fi~le ci oss-head COI1- : piece, B, to rise and fall. The frame, HI is ta]~s an. endless gro.ove.ln which the crank- ; driven by bevel gearing from the engine, 'wns! works, an~\~'hICh 1.5 .formed to ?I'o~u.ce i and by that means the pinion, I, is carried a umf?rm ve~oc]ty of movement of the wrist : round the stationary toothed circle, G, anti. or reciprocating-rod. ! the wheel, A; is thus made to receive a rapid

355, The gyroscope or rotascope, an in- i rotary motion on its axis.\Vllen the frame, strument illustrating the tendency of rotat-! H, and wheel, A, are in motion, the tening bodies to preserve their plane of rota- ; dency of the wheel, A, is to assume a vertition. The spindle of the metallic disk, C, ! cal position, but this tendency is opposed is fitted to turrreasily ~nbearings in the' by a spring, L. The greater the velocity riage, A. If the disk is set in rapid rotary: of the (rovernor, the stronger is the tendency motion on its axis, and the pintle. F, at one : abo\'e~entionedt and the more it overcomes side of the ring, A, is placed on the beating. the force of the spring, and uic« z/crsa. The in the top of the pillar! G .. the disk and ring: piece, H, is connected with the valve-rod seem indifferent to gravity! and instead of : by rods, C, D,. an~l the spring, L, is condr.?pping begin to revolve about the vertical 'I neete~ with the said rod by Ievess, N, and

axis, rod, I .

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l\1ECRA:.tlCAL MOVE1\IENTS",

MECHANICAL MOVE)IENTS.

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358. Traverse of carriage" made variable by fusee according to the variation ill diameter where the band acts.

362. Alternating traverse of upper shaft and its drum, produced by pin 011 the end of the shaft wcrking in oblique groove in the lower cylinder.

359. Primitive drilling apparatus. Being

once set in motion, it is kept going by hand) 363. See-saw, one of the simplest illusby alternately pressing down and relieving I trations of a limited oscillating or alternate the transverse bar to which the bands are' circular motion.

attached, causing the bands to 'wind upon

the spindle alternately in opposite direc-

tions, while the heavy disk or fly-whee] 364. Intermittent rotary motion from congi\'es a steady momentum to the drill-spin- ti.nuous rotary motion about an axis at right dIe in its rotary motion. angles. Small wheel on meft is driver; and

'I th.·. e . frict~on . rollers on i~s . .radi. al stu.· rls work , agamst the faces of oblique grooves or pw-

360. Continuous rotary motion from os~! jecti~ns across ~he face of the larger wheel,

"11' T·1 b b ., - d "b·, and impart motion thereto

Cl , at mg. Ie. eamelOg ma e to VI ~ rate, • .. . - - ...• ~ . , ..

the drum to which the cord is attached,

working loose on fly-wheel shaft" gives mo- I

tion to said shaft through the pawl and 1 365. Cylindrical rod arranged between ratchet-wlieel, the pawl being attached to j two rollers, the axes of which are oblique drum and the ratchet-v v ·heel fast on. shaft. I to each other. The rotation of the rollers

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I monon of the rod. . :

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36[. Another simple form of clutch for

pulleys, consisting of a pin on. the lower 366. Drilling machine. By the large shaft and a. pin on side of pulley, The pul- bevel-gear rotary motion is given to ver-

ley is moved lengthwise of the shan by i tical drill-shaft, which slides through small ' I'

means of a lever or other means to bring i bevel-gear but is made ;to turn .. vith it by

its pin into or out of contact with the pin on l a feather and groove, and is depressed by I i

shaft. ! treadle connected with upper lever.

89

MECHANICAL MOVErvIENTS.

367

368

369

37S

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~IEcRANKAL DlloVEJ.lENTS.

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367. A, parallel ruie~ with, which lines. rotarv motion to any piece of mechanism, may be drawn. at required distances apart The two horizontal bevel-gears are arranged without setting out. Lower edge of upper in a hoop-shaped frame, which revolves blade has a graduated! ivory scale, on which ' freely en the middle of the horizontal shaft, the incidence of th~ outer edge of the brass: en which there are two vertical bevel-gears

<Ire indicates the width between blades. ! gearing to the horizontal ones; one fast and

_.,' .' " . , ,'" _ i the other loose on t!le shaft.?uPP?s'e the

363., Describing splr~llme on a cylinder, ' hoop to be held stationary, morton gwen to

The spur-gear \yl'u_ch driY~s the be'\;el-~ears, ~ either vertica] bevel-gear will be imparted and th. us gl.ves rotary motion to t, hoe cylinder, ; thr. o?gh the hO, r, iz.ol1tal ge"ars to the,' o.thcr also gears into the to?thed l"?,ck, and there- i vertical one; but If the hoop be permitted by causes the m~_rkmg p01nt to tr<werse-: it will revolve with the vertical gear put in from end to end of the cylinder. I ,I motion, a:nd th~ a, ,rna, unto of power requi~ed

to hold It stationary will correspond WIth 369. Cycloidal surfaces, causing pendulum: that transmitted from the first. gear., and a to :nov~ incj-cloidal curve, rel_ldering oscil- ~ band attached to its peril)ilery will Indicate lations Isochronous or equal-timed. j thatpower by the weight required to keep I it still.

37?· Motion. for polishing ~1irrors, the i

rubbinz of which should be varied as much i, , ,. ' '." .:» " ,.. " as prac"ticable. The handle turns the crank! .3Z3· Robert's. contnvan,cefof proving t];at

to 'which the long bar and attached ratchet- ! friction '~fa whe:l carnage doe.~ not' 10- wheel are connected. , The mirror is secur- i crease c With vel.oclty, but only wHl~ Woad. , ed rizidlv to the ratchet-wheel, The lana: Loaded wagon is supported O~1 s~lrli~ce of bar" ~'Mch is guided by pins in the lowe~! large wheel" ~l1d c?nnectt;d, with Tndicator rail has both a Ionzitndinal and an oscillat- : constructed with spira] spring, to show force iflO"' mm_'ernent,a.n~i the ratchet-wheel is: required to keep carriage stationary when ca~sed to rotate intermittently by a. dick [ large wheel is put in motion. It was found operated by an e~centTic on the crank-shat\ i t~~a~ di~erence ,in .velocity prod~lCedno \'~and hence the mirror has a compound move- I nation in the Indicator, but difference m

rnent, : weight immediately did so.

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, . 371. ]\IodificaHo~ of :ntangle~wheel ,mo- : 374. Rotary motion of shaft fron~ trcTd':lc bon. The large w he~l ~S. toothed on, bo~h ~ bv means of an endless band runmnu lrorn faces, and an alterna:H1g_clTcular .n1otl~n 18,' aroller on the treadle to an eccentric 'on the

produced ?y the uniform re\"o]uh.on. ot the shaft. -

pinion, which passes trorn one slde?f the.

wheel to the other through an opemng on ,

the left of the figure. \ . 375. Pair of edze runners or chasers for

I crushin« or !ITinding. The axles are (:,0])- 372. White's dynamometer, for deterrnin- ! nected ~ith ~erti'cal shaft, and the wheels or ing the amount of power required to give 1 chasers run in an annular pan or trough.

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379

371

318

380

381

, 383

384

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NIEcHANmcAL 1'lOVE~![EXTS.

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3i7. The tread-mill employed in jails in some ,countries for exercising criminals conrlcmned to labor, and employed in grinding

grain, etc. : turns by weight of persons 383. Represents the principal dements of

stepping on tread-boards on periphery,", I ' £ l

'-' macmnery or dressing cloth anu warps,

This, is supposed to be a Chin"ese i,llvention, " " t' , f , II " f ' ~,tl

, '. ", " . ", .' • 00[1515 mg 0 two 1'0 ers, rom one I~O ',lie

and it ]5 still used in China for r<Hsmg water tl fl' h '! ~ ] . d

' •• ' '. ," . I 0 " ier 0' w uc tne yarn or ctot 1 15 'WOlIn,

for irrigation. • and an interposed cylinder having its peri-

I phery either smooth-surfaced or armed 'with ;78, Saw for cutting trees by motion (If " brushes, teasels, or other contrivances, acpendulurn, is represented as cutting a lying cording to the nature of thcwork to be done. These elements are used in machines

384. Helicograph, or instrument for describing helices, The small wheel, by revolving about the fixed central point, de-

38m, Bowery's joiner's clamp, plan and scribes a volute or spiral by moving along transverse section. Obmong bed has, at one i the screw-threaded axle either "\vay, and end, two wedge-formed cheeks, adjacent transmits the same to drawing paper on sides of which He at an angle to each other, which transfer-paper is laid with colored and are dovetailed inward from upper edge side downward,

376. Tread-wheel horse-power turned by the 'weight of an animal attempting to walk up one -side of its interior; has been used for dri \'ing the paddle-wheels of ferry-boats and other putposesby horses. The turnspit dog used also to be employed in such a whee] ill ancient times for turn.ingmeat while roasting on a spit,

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tree.

379 and 380, Portable cramp drills. In 3i9 the feed-screw is opposite the drill, and in 380 the drill spindle passes through the center of the feed-screw.

to receive two wedges for damping the piece or pieces of wood to be planed.

3:82. Adjustable stand for mirrors, etc., by which a glass or other artide can be raised or lowered, turned to the right or left, and varied in its inclination, The stem is fitted into a socket of pillar, and secured by a set screw, and the gbss is hinged to the stem, and a set screw -is applied to the hi.nge to tighten it. The same thing is used for photographic camera-stands.

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93

for sizing warps, gig-mills woolen goods, and in most finishing woven fabrics.

for dressing machines for

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$98