@ AIAA-80-1357 Improved Subgrid Scale Models for Large Eddy Simulation J. Bardina, J. H. Ferziger and W. C. Reynolds, Stanford University, Stanford, Ga. AIAA 13th FLUID & PLASMA DYNAMICS CONFERENCE July 14-16, 1980/Snowmass, Colorado Far permission tn copy or rapubish, contact the Amarian Insite of Asronauses an Astanowter-1290 Aveout ofthe Awsrces, Now Yark,H.Y. 10019TAPROVED SUBGRID-SCALE MODELS LARGE-EooY SEULATION Jorge Bardina, Joel W. rerziger", and W. C. Reynolds ‘Thermoselences Division Deparenent of Mechanical Engineering ‘Stanford Untversity Stanford, California 94305 Abareact Models for subgrtd-sotle turbulence are ana lysed. ‘The analyelo indicates that there te enough Information Lo the resolved scales to allow cone of the characteristics of the complete flow field to de determined, The Kinetic energy of tha emall- geate motions can he decompoced into tvo parte One 0 due to energy trancter from tha large scales and 19 correlated with then; the other 1 uncorce- lated, This leads’ to. a teoveomonent eddy- wiseoatty aodel. The “production equals dissipe- Hon” azgusent does aot hold for the gual acales fn the decay oF torbulence because {¢ does sot nccount for the wacotrelated component. The tyo- Sompoaent eodel can be reduced to the single Conposent. sniels that have heen used previously, bat te shows some of the flaws ta argunenta nade earlier and explains sone of the dlscrepenctax that have been observed ‘The exchange botween the ergo and anal scales takes place mainly between the eaallest Seales of the foruor and the largest scales of the Loteer.” This argument 12 the baaie of 2 new model which preliainary Ceste chow to be ouperior to the Songortaaky ‘model that hae’ boca used heretofore. Finally, @ new length scale for use with antoo trople filters 12 proposed. I. Introduction Turtalent flows contain structures of vartour Length scsles- The large-scale motions contain post of tho energy, ace anivotroptc, and do most of the tranaporsing, while the euali-scale mottons are neinly dfeespetive. Present computer capabilit! > not allow computation of ¢l1 scales of wotion, except for very low Reysolde nowbere. Lsrgeeddy simlation (125) attempts to compute the large Sealee and ‘model the ‘saall ones (the so-called Subgesd seste oF SCS motions) at higher Reynolds punters. The stoplest S05 sodels assume chat the S65 eyolde, Stine ceemeor da. proyortiona! 2) the seteasesa0or, of the Entge-tonie Fela. She" proportionate} tactor Iu the S0o eddy viscor- Tey yn particular, ‘the “Sungortty “sodel Ghegor inky, 36h) eswane the oly lacey proportional’ co. a4Gi white the soreicity sodel Ssotwes Te proportions co. atfai. thene wadele Sle turcently tact ty, the Sanford and Goren Macy Esitsge groupes ae tated ty Persiger ad Leni G379}-"Soae’ unresolved. saver om 605" odeting fave been ‘presented. by. Werting "(AS77) ant/oe Feraiger and’ watiie” (1919). he chiet of these foltoe, rrodyetton Equsle Digetpattor ‘This arguont comuace that the rate of trans fer of energy ff00 the resolved motions to the nal scales 10 equal to the rate of dissipation ta the mall acalen snd can be used to derive the ove: mode! ‘Member, ATAL. Coppight © America IetteatAronuatix tad ‘area, ne (0: A Meas Tere, Tats argument Le sot valid in the aecay of cwrbulence, because it neglects the decay of the ‘energy Infttally in the anal] ceales. However, the Smogorineky and vorticity modelo have Seon ouecess~ fully used by Kwak et at. (1975) and shaanan ct ale (4975), snong others, "to otmulate the (flitered) decay ‘of homogencova’ Lsottopte turbulence experi- ents of Conte-Bellat and Correin (1971). Vetoctey Scale Most eddy-viscosity aodels assume vy ~ ah land thos raquire a velocity scale q of the'small- seale sotlons- _ The Soagorinsky ‘sodel Farther germerq~ (25). WeMtlan and Perziger (1973) Found that ‘this relation te not very sccurate. On tha other end, the model hep been used success ftoliy. Suagorinsty constant, The constant {% Saagoriasky's eddy viscsotty model hes been determined. by Lilly's (1967) theo Fetioal arguncnt ae "0.2." Gimilar values were found by Clark ct ol. (1977) through a “complete” Almlation of a low Reynolds saaber Flow, and by Boge et ale (1977) and Shaanao et al. (1577) by Fleeing the (Filtered) expertyental decey of tur bulence. "Gn the other hand, Deardorff (1970) and Schomana (1975) Cound that Udy value of the pater ‘stor damped too auch energy in the siaulation of & channel flov. Their empirical reeulte led to constant of 9.1 for the Seagorinaky model. Dofitroring, ‘An approach to LES whlch defines the large geates by epatial fineering 1g presented tn Apper Six A.” Tale approach se. currently used by the Stanford, msdcguee, and Queen Nary College groups. A. Taettivertog” process wbien could produce the Characteristice of the {lov froa LES hae not yet been presented. Such @ process would Saprove oot underatanding of 805 models and vould also allow ‘couparison with actual experimental results. ‘The analyaia preseated below shed sone Ight oa these Iseues. Th particular, it doe not Te quize the “production equals disstpation” argunest; Te sltows egtioation of acaz of the characteristic scales of the flov ffeld fron resolved vartables and lende to's "teorconponeat” addy viscosity aodal Which" ateplifies to the eddy-viscooity models vhen BC ty” Lt explaine the poor correlation between 4g sed! [aS] "sad explatne come of the difference Between the valuey of the Suagorineky constant Found. by various suthore. We shell aloo discuss Length ‘sesles for use with antsotrople gridg and eougeet sew cubgrig-ceale modelo. the main ynjeetive of thle work ie to reach a better uader= Standing. of the etmplect SCS modele in order to derive better models aad thereby to improve the ‘stwlation of difterent torbulear flove. The eyeattons describing the complete flow field. (a) and zeaolvable oF {ltered flow fleld()_ ave presented in Appendix 3 of this vorks A simple way to close the filtered equations 1 trough use of an eddy viscosity model. A success Ful eday-viscosity model should accerately repre nt the effects of the auall scales in teras of The resolved variables. We absll therefore try to deftiter the resolved {ald frat and to model the eddy viscosity afterwards. ‘The analysis te coweted vith the turbulence decay” expetivent of Conte-Bellot and Corrsin (571); “tm percteular, we use the exporieencst case ith = MO ale, 508 cm, and "ny 0 he constants are soltable for thie flow bie apply to their othe eases with only slightly Less accur~ ay. HL, nefsteering The principal quentitiga to the decay of tur bulence are the turbulence Kiaetic energy, the die sipation rate, and 2 sufteble length scale; thts 1s the eave for both the full and fenced fialdee Dimensional saslyete for the full and ftitered fielde et igh Reyaoiée quaber leads Co the rela tlonahtpe presented in Teble 1 below. Recall that the “dieetpation in the filtered fteld te actually the energy traneferred to the onali-scaie Field- Ae Lilly (1967) suggested, 1 te tne average Length scale of the energy-containing eddies. Thi Length scale mater the noranlized latge-scale spect trum independent of Reyaolds mmber (eee Temmekes and Lumley, 1978, p- 267). ‘The filtered ffeld conteing the same large eddies #8 the full f4elé, 99 ve expect: lnk o Feo the Flest Hae of Table 1, we alao an. ah 28. oP did ® Tie est equation telle ue thet, since ftTrertng Fegueseythe Kinetic energy of the flow (ur, Therefore, expect Cd), the rare of anergy transfer frou the rebotved “scales to the small scales, €,, is ganllcr than the total rate of dissifation, (cee, fy <6). The difference 1 dua to the decay of thé energy which vas initially in the ‘mall cates and io froquently quite Large. one Canaot “apply the “production equals disetpstion™ srgmet to the anall scales If this ts the case ‘The muall-scale field 1s defined by LES as the Aieterence between the full field and the filtered field, The principal quantities for the snail scales are ita Kinetic energy 2, disetpation fate, and the filter width A ‘(chelr aatural Length scale). Disenslonal analysis suggeste that, Ke tha Reynolds nimber te Bfgh enough that thers 18 no Significant viscous dissipation of eddies of ste 4, chon chece ecales are related a5 ohow in able 2 below. Table 2 Properties of the Snall-Seale Field Disstpattoa Raergy Balance Keneese Energy decermine ‘the characterietice of the full field fea the filtered vattablee, ‘riting the first Hine of Table 2 8 the equality Ps gaan ° and using the last Line of Table 2 and gn. (2), wo Hind thet the toral kinetic eactgy can be egtinated rom: 4 ¢ - =, » @ ~ c, (206 where ¢ 14 4 constant of order unlty to be deter mined. The scaling aod dnéCieering sethade proposed above can be tested for the experiment on the decay of honogencous Inotropic turbulence oF Canter Belloc and correin (1971): An exact or direct simulation of his flov at lov turbulence Reynolds ‘numbers might provide on even better test of the detileering process. Higure_1 prevents a test of the dtesipstion scaling of Eq. (2)-. Fig: 2 teste the eealing for the subgrid-scale energy presented in Eq. (3)- Hig. 3 testa the relationship for the total Kinetic cenctay given by E4- (4)i. the filtered wiaetsec energy 1s also shown, but his ta known to be well predicted from earlier stadies. All of these tests table 1 Scaling Relationships for the Full and Filtered Fields ~ ‘Full Field Filtered Ficld ‘inetpatton omen ee ay ‘Energy Balance Pon 2e tet Baerey < ay? Detector creervalidate the scaling love for this flov and the Sonstent tn Eqs. (3) and (4) te found to be oy = Tos, ALL qumt(eies vere evalugted from the expert= meatal date, except for 6. Thin rate of transfer hes been catculated by es using the vorttetty wnodel (eee Bak et al. (1975) and Mensoor at aly (1978). ‘The wodel conpates this rate of transfec Sell excape for the fret feu tine step Sintlar teste show that these relattonshtpe work equally well for the other Conte-Belloe and Correin (1971) cases. There are incuffictent data to do those tects for other flows at the present tine. TUL. Eddy-Viscostry Node An addy-viscoatty model should accurately represent the effects of the aubgrid-acale (or jallmsesta) motions on the resolvable | flow field. There are two Hutinct compoowste of the small seales in the decay of turbulence: = cotpo- ene that 19 correlated vith the large scales and can be considered ag reculetng from energy crane ferced from the Large setles, and 2 componeat that fs the decaying remnant of the part of the initial, ‘emalivecale field thet 1s aot correlated with the Targevscale field. Jn onder to aodel the corvelated component of the nasil scales, we shell Lavoke “production equals dixatpation.” Wo can then relate It to the carract rate of anergy traaster ey. : a fe ates © se conooy vill be suryend tn grater dopch ta hn ceey tance tndlasee shnt in ecg tn cae SDSS ges teen saw gu cust to 8. 2 - gaat. gaat Ho expect that these tuo componente will attect™ the large-scale sotions aifferently and therefore propose the “two-component” model! vet eat tah a ils pede can be reduced to one fa¥olvlag oxly Beet he tatiace Eis" hee 1. ree eee te aE 7 ate Finally, we need a way to compute g7 . thie can be done’ from relationshiye airesdy given and Leads to a cubic equation for” vz. We shall not ‘ive the feoult here, asa better “approach wilt be given {a Section IV. g-¢ 1 @ For putpores of testing the concent, we also cajoulgte the egy riscoeicy. divectiy by ‘computing Goats, and aq cisectly”frow the ehperinesta Sinple Models ‘The two-component eddy-viseoatty model di¢fers froa the Saagoriosky model. However, Keak et al (1975) ‘sod Shannen et a1. (1975) successfully stu Tated the (flitered) decay of turbulence using the ‘Snagorinsky model, eo ve shall look for conditions that. reduce the uorcomponent model to the Seagor Antky aodel ‘The correlated SCs component (ae) {2 expec ted to interact more strongly with thé large sealee than does the uncorrelated component, go we expect that eg 9 ey. Then unlece qj fe euch laract then be. (7) reduces to'a staple Kinetic eneray (fiz) noted. vp > eghet o Worsovne, If the fflter width a ts enatt, Lens, there ane gnough computational pointy such thet” A CT, the uncorrelated component shasta be felatively exalt and can be neglected, and q- (7) again reduces to Eq. (S)- Thie should also hold at Hong eines in the decay of turbulence. The Suagoriaghy and vorticity nodele can be derived from the TKE model. In pattieular, using Bq, (3) and the Last Line £9 Table 1 and noglceting the spatial vartation Of vp, £4. (9) can be tem duced to in ances 10 yt ea 8,3 ao) If we denme that the vorticity scales ithe the atrain rate, wo obtain the vorttetty model. <5 ye ay = Cee? Stnce wo cannot simulate tucbulent flove at igh Reynolds numbare without modeling, the exper Ament of Gomte-Bellot and Corcetn’ (1972). at wer simulated with the vorticity wodel with ¢, = 0.213, value for which che #tlcered Ktostic"cneray, F Qp, te well represented (ace Awak et at-, 1975, “and Mansoor et ah, 1978). The couputation was cetried out on # 16° mesh uaing peedospectral progran provided by De. Parviz Holm, Tee excellent agroeusat between the fiitered experinental decay and the cowputations) results fseana that’ the coustant in the eddy viacosity ts accurate. Prou the eddy viscosity, the coustant(s) of each aodel can by deturoined; these values are presented 1a Tabla 3. Yor the siapie wodele the Constants vere evaluated fron the alaylated venules fat the lect tine step; U,tM= 98. Tor the two cooponent aodel, the constance were evaluated by Teasevequares regression of the experinental and simulated tesulter Tue constants of che claple modes agree with previoesly reported valnee. Lilly (1967) derived The Seagorinaty model under the acsumption that Uhere te an inertial oubrange, and found a oltghtly mealler constant (cg = 0-17), probably because the Kolwogorov apectfon overestiantes the gaall= scale energy at lov Reynolds numbers. In fact, Lilty's analyale gives as d= 45 de aayTable 3 Wodel Constants fret of the Bay Viscosity Conotent Tvo- component ort + e,ayh = 0.107 = 0.011 ve 5 = 0.28 2S an sengortacky (60 < Bay = 0457 Voretetty boar? < oe, 0? = 0.213 witch overestimates q? by 25% for the conte Bellot and Corrain (1972) flow. Moin et als (1979) Gave a model besed on & Kolaogoroy enaray spectrus Greretal subrange) aod a Gaussian filter. Thelt wesulte oveteatinate the energy of the enall scales of the Gonte-Bellot and Coresin (1971) experiment by 47%, “Tr these differences are taken tuto 2c~ count, the constants presented in Table 3 agree with these previous prediettoas- These resus apply only £0 high teynotds nse ves, Uae "eee aS cut ee petetaee stay "nate piece aha ‘ey. Correction! Deardorff (1970) and Schuoana (1975) have stmilated channel? flow and found « Suagorinsky com stant of 0.1 was Toquired. The causes of thie ‘goall constant are NOt well understood: neverther Tore, ve onn offer 4 parcial explanation. #18 the initial quali-seaie cnctay haw boos diasipated, ene two-component wodel reduces to the ‘TRE wodel with # saaller constant then that of the ‘THE godel gives in Table 3. The difference te nF ‘250% redaction of the Guagoriasky constant, but thle explater parr of the differeare: athece ty evidence that the effect of onan shear oo turbulence Iv to decrease the nat rate of Seergy transfer to amall scales (cee Hillam, Fertger, and Rogallo (1980), and this could explain the enaller constant. Decay of the Eddy Yiacostty. Figure 4 presents the edéy-viscostty history for the decay of terbulence at R770.” The too~ component aad TKE models have beén evaluated fron experiaental data, while the dtseipation, Suagor Saeky, and vorticity models have been evaluated slag UES with the voretetty uodel as basic model. ALL Values of the edéy viscosity ate nor alized with respect to the value ar the last Hae step. ALL aodets yleld etapier decay of the aldy viscosity because the 167 computational box 15 eutfietent for & t, which Ie 9 condition for the validity of the stuple models. The differences observed in che First tine svepe are aainly due to the decay of che uncorrelated SCS component, which Ae treated only by the tvo-couponent wodel. amp tears The anatysis of the ciéy-viscosity sodele leads to the Following conclustons: # the eddy viscootey model should consider both componente of the enaii-ecsle sottonst tho compo nent corelated with che Large ecclcs, gy, aad the meorrelated component, qj. This ead to the ‘two-component addy-viscosity wodel. SIE 86 Ly che TH, dtestpatton, Saagoriaaky, and vorticity sodele ate eeasonsble ‘aypreniaations fo the eddy viscosity in the s{mlation of the decay of turbulence. (@ Previous workers axsumed that the proper 565 velocity scale to be eed in the nodel faq and that q~ 131s. Ta our view, both of these ae~ mumpttons are Incorrect but the resulting model ts Feasonable. One should use gp as the velocsty scale and gy ~ 151d ax a valid spproxination. AV. Fulvered gaaliseale Hottont Since $65 modele aust be based on the resolved vartables, if 1s reasonable to expect thet the com ponent of the suali~acale motions vhich is related fo the transfer of energy frow the large scales, ties, the correlated eoapouent, canbe well eetinated frou a knowledge of’ the Large-scale ottons- Moreover, we expect this couponent to be related to the sealT soates of the resolved flow Field. A aaturel definition of the mall-ecale coaponcat of the resolved Field ts the difference bhetwern the filtered fleld (which io computed in Es) and the eutee-tiltered fleld (whlch can be obtained ty. filtering). Rote chat, eince che ouslivacale field 1e given ty eat aay ve have, by Filtering, wo. a-3 aay wo that =U te @ reasonable eatiante of the Ffltered 965 “veloctty, and the eimrgy In the correlated SC component can be extinated from 2 c= Ee ae <5, a> as) Then we can alco evaluate the two-component and the ‘THE models ffon covolvable variables directly,Vw ‘Test of the Hodet The tuorcomponent, TRE, Snagorinsky, vortic tty, ‘and Gtepipetion adele vere applied to. the stmitation of the dacay of hosogencous teotropte turbulence at R= 70. Wo significant dttfer- ences ate obscrbed betueea the eddy viscosity models ‘based on the filtered enall-scale motions Bnd. the Suagorineky, voreietty, and diesipetion aodele. These results indicate that all these eddy-viecootty sodels aodel the effects of the SmalI-scale notions on the large-scale variables in the decay of turbulence reasonably well. Another Saall-Langth Seale For flows in which the epectrun io different from the spectra obtained in the decay of howoger our ‘vurbuience, ft may be degirable to have @ model ‘which doce aot expitciely use the filter width ".. Teaneltion aad relasinarteing flove ay be examples of thie. We shall develop auch @ model wustag the ideas given above. Cain (1980) cuggeotod Chat @ combination of the TKR and. Saagorinaky mod- ela could provide this. Combining these models, we an obtate Mp = O61 CU, = BB? ARB, as) ‘hie model te well behaved at a wall) and should ‘leo behave ‘well in a shear flow, according te Gain. ‘This model te aleo divetpative. ‘A Nodal of the Reynolde Stra Tt may de posetble to model che Reynolde stresses ditcctly a teres of the enall-ecale com ponent of the resolvable tleld. Such a model of the Reynolds etresaes 18 ay 7 5 - By - 4 GE. - HED 4, 07D ‘This wodel does not require the principal axes of the Reynolds stresses be aligned with the principal faxes of the atrasa tenor 8) + 7 Tests of this model by Matilan, Fersiger, and Rogatia indicate that thts sodel correlates “Sith the exact’ 86S Reynolds stresses better than the Snagorineky model for’ decaying Arotrepte tocber ence. "More Importantly, white the Saagortasky odel loses fe¢ validicy in chear flove, thio wodel Se equally good in shesr flow as in Leotroptc cur Dutence Te thus appeare thet thie model fe very pronioing, Kote that it does aot ragetre a length feale, Hovevar, the model has a scrioss flav; it te not diosipatire. We ate therefore veins @ ines combination of thin model and en cddy-viecoesty Rodel, A Linear coublastion of this sodel aad the fone given 1m Section D may be even better. Exact teste using dat provided by Matttten, cxiger, aud Rogello (1980) were perforaed for hocogencous iuctrople tutbuleace at 'B, = 30 and for, one cate of sheared homogeneous "cucbulene gee” MeNtllan, Persiger end Rogalto (1980)" for farther detatie. Tablee & and 5 ehow the corre Lntion coofficionts between the exact 305 weynolde etresves and the predictions of the Suagotincky ‘uodel, the eodel represented by Bq. (17), and a near combination of both wodels. ‘The coabtastion ke expected to have the best properties of both models apie 4 Average Corcelation Goeffictents in Honogentou: Inotropic Tutbulence at Ry = 38 and Rage = 100 ‘tensor | Vector | Scala Hotel Level | Level | Level’ Saagortnsky model | 28 20 “30 New Model Bea 07) | .80 m 50 Comdsaed mode 2 7 60 Table 5 Average Correlation Covffictents In Homgcneous ‘Terbolence in the Presence of Neen sheat at Bog = 208 Tensor | Vector | Seat Model Tevet | Tevel | tevet Smagortnsty woaer | .05 o 05 Mew Modal Bq. (17) | 80 1s se Combsaed eodet 0 75 38 Atay Dteotpertve Noted ‘The poor behavior of the Snagorinsky sodel in shear flove prompted us to search for other divsi= pative models with better properties. We took sou utdance form the equations deeertbiag the S05 Rey- olds stresses. In particular, one ean expcet the Following model to be dissipative: 2a 5. 1b a EG THe) 18 ‘Testa of the Lind described ahove show that this aodel ie only alightly inferfor to the Sasgortasky ‘sedel for Leotrople turbulence but quite mpertor to it in sheared turbulence. He sre therefore testing tt a a candidate sndel- A cosb(ntion of thls sodel wich Bq. (17) 16 also a strong candidate for s model vith ail of the desired properties. Ys Antetropte Crt 128 Hod To the large addy simlation of inhomogencoss chear flove, eepecially those in which there tea Solid boundary, it 19 neceeeary to uee FLiters and Computational grids whos widtho are different tn each directions We aust oxpect that che eddy vis coedty wil no longer be a scalar; it con become a fsecond- or fourth-rank tensor. Parthermofe, 1t ts ot even clear which Iength acale should be used in au eddy viscosity wodel. Most of the pravious vork with anisotropic meshes used. the Smagorineky wodel with a scalar ‘eddy viscoaity. The length seale in the model wae Bared on the elaplese scalar property of # paral Telepiped-~the volume: A Get? asy ‘This approach wap first used by Deardortf (1370) ‘and bas been popular aince,To wake @ tensor eddy viscosity, ve mst find 4 tensor related to the geosetry of # paraliclepi~ ped. The sfaplest cholce fe the mosent of inertia ty Bf For a rectangular paralieleptzed whose exes are ‘aligned with the coordinate wystes, this becomes (20 ooo 2 2 ny blo So ev o 0 Bf Lc, the censor fe on prineipel axee In this coor dinate eyeton. mis tropic component and a trace-tre contains the anisotropy: tensor con be decomposed into an iso couponcet that By yt Oy By Myr hy en where Leaked = bat eabe dy re en 1 can’ A model for 14, ohich has no trace) can be conseructed 2 ceeding the. tensors that” con be Sreated from "18,5 Ty yp (Bly ond 8, ty = SSIs, adr RaS, Tadashi 75 Tatas We have chosen not to ase tensor products tnvoleiag 3,4 wore then once, bur thane covld be added tatde 2€ tt appeare thet they are needed. We have ‘elec used only terme whlch reduce to the Saagoria- Sky model when the f{lter fa ootropte. Note that Behave ured Ty) cother than Ty the tyo are cquivatent, and ‘Uhre choice etapiities the equa- ther The first tena in the Hq. (23) de just che ‘usual Saagorinsky wodel with the leagth scale: UE 2a kaa? fat +h + oD a a+ ep Yo test whether thie length sceln is. agperior to the ‘one given by ty." Cd}y we bate weed Oe data af Noncllea and. wecedgen i910). Thoy_conoted an Senay vlaconity” by iivising each coopoorte, ty the correrponding eompontney Sygr tmis setdoe 2 esay viscoatey tensor, woe ttfoee provide ea fatiunte ‘of the eclavint_tnportance of” the tse" ttepte aod anicctropi, porte of tw sddy shecoeley) Shere ste go asta avatloble se present frac which the addy viscosity tentor can be’ conreructeds The arta" aloes boeevet, that the tacvrople component St tie’ caay viscorigy fn wch the moet soporeane, Sn ‘they are tuttictent to tert whecher Ege" G9) of tee G3 iy a beter chotees Todo thisy we bare Elen im. sverege, render eliyvievosley "an the Sroregs ot “The eniuteprovonted by Raniliew asd versiger (1978) and computed the “coastent” that each of the to wodele would give. ‘The reoulte are shom in Table 6 for several atsforeat anteorropie filters; the Laat Lae fo the Ferule Cor a case of strained homogeneous turbo ence. Tt ia clear from the table that, although Ab tx aot perfect, Pq. (24) 1s definitely superior to Bq. 9) Much more reneing to be done in this are The anisotropic component of ehe eddy viscosity tensor needs to be computed (Woiiilan aad Fersiger ntend to do this) and compared with the models, rable § Constants for the Saagorinsky Model for Anfsotropte ‘Geld Veing Two Different Length Seal Pier Gate | ey for |p tor (Ceetartve) za | ee eo Bae ar a ana 292 “190 ea 382 9 een an ca98 eas vise ste ranae 360 2130 1. The Ellterad flow fleld contsine enough infor mation to determine cone of the characterfatic scales of the full flou field, at least for the Flows conekdered. 2. The onal scale Kinetic energy can be decom posed nto tuo components, one correlated with che Fesolved loid sed one uncorrelared.. While Boch componente are elgnificant porte of the cotel energy and disetpation, only the ELree component noraally makes a significant contribution to the eddy viscosity. 3. The “production equale dtestpation” argument {oc not hold ia the decay of turbulence, beoapee KE disregard the decaying tnitlal small scale notion (the uncorrelated component) 4, Previgue authore have used the total sc ‘energy qe and q.~ 1518 as che basta Tor the Velocity ‘scale in their SCS modele. Neither of these assumptions 42 correct, bot the conpensating errors make tho resulting model reasoned) 5. We have given a nev eddy-viscosity model Andependent of the filter wideh (Eq. (16)) This fodel aay be useful in Eranolticnal flows. 6, A new model of the Reynolds stresses which ts not of the eddy-viscosity type (Eq. (17)) has been suggested and appears to be prowleins, cepecially when coubloed with an eddy viacosity wodel. 7. A mew sodel which has better dtestpating properties than the” Suagerineky model hao beenWw euggeoted, and che combination of thie aodel with the. model’ of Eq: (17) eppeate to offer the poter- tial for gubstactiel feprovenent in largeeady stmotation Cechatques 8. A naw Length scale for use in eddy viscosity sodele with anisotropic filtere has been propeosd ‘and appeare to be superior to the aodel which has ‘been ‘used heretofore. Acknoviedguonte The work deveribeé in this report was done Search Center edge the substantial contributions ro this. work nade by 0. J- Heutllan, Alan Cain, Me Rubestn, Robert Rogalto, F. Mohn, ond J. xia. Appendix A Etleering Process ‘An approach to LES that bes bom widely aged to defiae the large-scale aotions represented by the filtered flow eld te computed, while the saali-scale aotioas are modeled. Tala method {a currently used ty the Stanford and Qoama Mary College groupe and stated by Fersiger aud lasite a979)- ‘The ltoring process 16 defined as: Be + fas ow uhere 19 the veloctty of che octyal flow field, ‘Le the volocity of the filecred flov fleld, and S 4s the filter Fonction, woually taken to be a Geussian. 2 ax! ‘The Gaussian filter te defined a¢¢ ean = (VE fy e[-« where 4 ta the filter aidth. The filtered and ‘unfiltered energy spectra are related by 24 = 10 oe [na] ‘The Gaussian ftlter keducee the Levels of che esergy at mnllar wave unbere (largeencale mom Eons) and leaves alwost no energy at the Mghest wave numbers (sualTmacale wotior Tho energy spectrum of the actual flow fteld cannot be obealned from the’ energy spectrum of the flltered flow field because mmerical approxine- felons prodoce Large errors at high wave numbere and no inforeation Le available et wave mumbere shove w/a. Appendix B Equations for Hosogeneous Teotropte Turbolence Complete flew Feld: tat ~ SSR ay RR Ry + ae day vincoutey andeing! 47 Fy The kinetic energy equation at hgh Reynolds mmber @, >t PUB COMER? Be ay ‘The dynamical systen of equations of the £11 tered Flow field (sce Moin etal, 1978) can be wolved once the model of the eddy viscosity (oF Reynolds strassee) 49 formated.” ‘The boundary conditions are periodic, aod the tattial conditions are Forwulated according to Haak et al. (1975), References Batchelor, Gs K- (1953), The Theory of Houogensous ‘urbsdesee, Canbeidgcr Ualveeeliy renee Gein, A. (1980) (private comuntcatton). Clark, B. Avy J. Ho Ferstger, and WC. Reynold (0977), “Evaluation of | Subgrid-Seale Turbu= ence Hodele Using a Fully Simulated Turbulent Tow,” J. Fluld wech. Comtetetiot, G-, and S. Correin (1971), “Simple Rolerian Time Correlation of Full- and Rarcow- Tae Part 2, pp. 275-397, Champogne, F- , and Vo C. 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Fluid Heche, Vol- 42, parr 3, pp. 561-562. Keak, Di, We 6. Reynolds, and J. my Ferziser (0973), ~Three-Dinenstonal, ” ‘Tine-Depeadest Siwulation of Turbulent Flow,” Report fo. TH 5, Mech, Engrg. Dept-, Staaford Untveraity. Laonacd, A. (1974), “Energy Cascade in Lacge-tddy ‘Stwvlations of Turbulent Fluid Flowe,- Adv. in Geophys, Vol. 18A, p. 237. and C. Ls Quarint (1979), "The ‘Terbulence, Theory v0 the Subgeid Modelizg Proce Vol. 91, pp. 65-91. Leslic, 9. Lee ‘Application “of Formolation "of dures,” Jo Fluid Mech Letty, DB. K. (1966), "On the Application of the dy Wincontty Concept tn the Inertial Sub- Range of Turbulence,” NCAR Manuseript No. 123. Lilly, 0. K. (1967), "The Represcntation of saali~ ‘Scate “Turbulence In Munerteal Sinlation Ex perinents,” Proc- of TR Sclenctfte Competing Symp. on Env. ‘Schences, THM Data Proceesing Dior, thite Plains, W. ¥., pp. 195-210. Love, MDs, and De C. Leslie (1977), “Studies of Subgeid "nodeling with Claeaieal ‘Clocures and Burgers’ Equation,” Proc, Syap- Turbaleat Shear Flovs, University Park, PA, pp. 13d 110. Mansour, Xe We, Pe Moin, W- Gy Raynolda, and J. Hy Vetziger (1977), “improved Methods for Large Bday ‘Siaulatioas of Turbulence," Proc Syap- Turbulent Shear Flows, University Park, PA. Mansour, M. Wz, J. He Ferciger, and W- C. Reynolds (1878), “large-Eddy ‘Simulation of 4 Torbulent Mixtog’ tayer," Report Won TEL, Yecheateal Engrg: Dept., Stanford University. Mola, 7, Ke Re Mansour, U- B. Mehta, J. A. Fersi~ ‘get, and W. C. Reynolds (1973),” “Taprovanance in targe-tddy Staviation Technique: special Mechods and Righ-Order Stattettes,” Report No. Tr10, Hechaaical Engeg. Dept, Stanford University (co be published). Moin, P., WC. Roynolde, and J. H. Fereiger 2978)," “Latge-sday Staulatton of an Incom presaible Turbulent Channel Plow,” Report So. Te-12, Mechanical Engrs. Dept., Stanford University. MeNIL1aa, O. Jey and J. He Feestger (1978), "Dleect Testing of" Subgrid Seale Modela,” Report REAR tacl76, Melson Engrg. and Berezrch, Mountain how, GA. MeM{lIaq, 0. Ju, J. Hs Feceiger, and Re Rogelio 19%0)," “Divece Testing” of ‘Subgrid Seale Model,” ATAA paper 80-1339. Reynolds, WC. (1976), “Computation of Turbulent, ‘Flove,” Anevel Review of Fluid. techeates, vol. & Rogallo, R. (1977), “An TIMTAC Peugram for the Momerteal Simulation of Homogeneous Tncom presotble Turbulence,” WASA TITS, p- 203. Schosann, Us, G+ Gedeebech, and b Eletear (1979), “pitect’ Numerical Simulation’ of Turbulence, presented at the von firain Tnetitute for Fluid. Dynentes, Uecture Sertes 1979-2, Predic~ tion Methods for Turbulent Flove, January 15- 19°(co be printed by Hemiephere Publ. Co-)- Schumann, Us (1975), "Subgrid-ScaTe Model for Finite-Disference Simulations of _ Turbulont Flove in Flane Channels and Annoli,” J. Cospe Bhyse, Vol. 18, pp. 376-408, Suagorinsky, J. (1963), “General Circulation, Exper ‘iments’ vith the ' Peteteive Equations,” Mon Weather Bev., Vol. 91, pyr 29-164. Tenoekes, Me, and J. te lamley (1978), A Firat Goutse in Turbulence, MIT Press, Ceabridge, Vere, Sub ed- wsPo re ~ oo La 19 ——— tok - io 0 at Te ooo ae we Ow Mw a ® os gs 1. Tost of the dtastgation seqing. The expere Fig. 2. foot of the sealing Ly for the snalt-stie Tegal She dtestepon seating Bs nap Beg eee AUT ine nce coraein Gsnas gis de'afae ans Gee anna ta sree ft Sieh aS 0103 ae tins ee "Sgtontell by meter SET Reh, wr): AD ee eee 09 “EXPERIMENTAL ‘THO COMPONENT KODEL 08 ° ‘SIMULATION TRE MODEL 07 . & ‘SMAGORINSKY MODEL OF a vorricrT¥ woe. wu Boe a (FILTERED) EXPERIMENTAL soa ATION vortictty model c= 0.213 f= 0.03 wb aS aH a a SB ss a u Fig. 3. Decay of turbulence for the flow of Camte- Bellot and Correia (1971) with U,, ~ 10 asec and = 0308 =, Fig. 6 Time history of the eddy viseostty for the flow of coute-Bellot and Correin (1971) with UV," 10 w/ece and M = 0.0508 a.