Type of defect in welding proceses

A. Excessive dressing (underflushing)

 A reduction in metal thickness caused by the removal of the surface of a weld and
adjacent areas to below the surface of the parent metal.

B. Grinding mark
 Grooves in the surface of parent metal or of weld made by a grinding wheel or
surfacing tool.

C. Tool mark (chipping mark)

 An indentation in the surface of parent metal or of a weld, resulting from the
application of a tool, e.g a chipping tool, in preparation or dressing.

D. Hammer tool
 An indentation in the surface of parent metal or of a weld due to a hammer blow.

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E. Torn surface
 A surface irregularity due to the breaking off of temporary attachments.

F. Crack
 A linear discontinuity produced by fracture. Crack may be longitudinal, transverse,
adge, crater, centerline, fusion zone, underbead, weld metal or parent metal.

G. Lack of fusion
 Lack of union in a weld:
a) Between weld metal & parent metal.
b) Between parent metal & parent metal.
c) Between weld metal & weld metal

H. Linear inclusion
 An inclusion of linear form situated parallel to the axis of a weld.

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I. Oxide inclusion
 Metallic oxide entrapped during welding.

J. Tungsten inclusion
 An inclusion of tungsten from the electrode in tungsten inert-gas.

K. Copper inclusion
 An inclusion of copper due to the accidental melting of the contact tube or nozzle
in self-adjusting and controlled-arc welding or to pick-up by contact between the
copper nozzle and the molten pool in metal inert-gas welding.

L. Gas pore
 A cavity, generally under 1.5mm in diameter, formed by entrapped gas during the
solidification of molten metal.

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M. Blowhole
 A cavity, generally over 1.5mm in diameter, formed by entrapped gas during the
solidification of molten metal.

N. Porosity
 A group of gas pores.

O. Localised porosity
 Porosity confined to a small area of a weld

P. Linear porosity
 A string of a gas pores situated parallel to the axis of a weld

Q. Elongated cavity
 A large non-spherical cavity with its major dimension parallel to the axis of the
weld.

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R. Shrinkage cavity
 A cavity, due to the shrinkage of metal whilst in a plastic condition.

S. Wormhole
 A tubular cavity in weld metal caused by release of gas. The shape and position of
wormhole is determined by the mode of solidification and the sources of the gas
and they may be distributed in a hearing-bone formation.

T. Burnthrough
 A localized collapse of the molten pool due to excessive penertration, resulting in a
hole in the weld run.

U. Puckering
 The formation of an oxide-covered weld run or bead with irregular surfaces and
with deeply entrained oxide films, that can occur when materials forming
refractory oxides (e.g. aluminium and its alloys) are being welded.

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V. Flux inclusion
 Flux entrapped in the weld metal. According to circumstances such inclusion
maybe: linear, isolated, other.

W. Excessive reinforcement
 An excess of weld metal at the face of the butt weld.

X. Misalignment
 Misalignment between two welded pieces such that whilst their surface planes are
parallel their projected surfaces are not at the required level.
Misalignment between two welded pieces such that their surface planes are not
parallel (or a the intended angle).

Y. Arc strike
 Local damage to the surface of the parent metal adjacent to weld resulting from
accidental arcing or striking the arc outside the weld groove.

Z. Spatter
 Globules of weld metal or filler expellad during welding and adhering to the
surface of parent metal or solidified weld metal.