Professional Documents
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Power Transmission System
Power Transmission System
Power Transmission System
4. Conductors used
5. Auxiliary power supplies
6. Communication in the substation
7. Specifications and ratings
8. References
1.Introduction & History
West Bengal is the pioneer in power development in the country. The first hydro electric
power plant was commissioned more than a century ago in 1987 in a tiny village
SIDRAPONG in Darjeeling and the first thermal power plant at Kolkata in 1899. With
urbanization and growth of industries and the advent of green revolution, electricity
became an inseparable part of our lives. West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB)
was established on 1st May, 1955 and its journey spanning over 4 and half decades has been
full of challenges. Sheer determination, hard work and its inherent capability to overcome
hurdles has enabled WBSEB to reach its current enviable position.
WBSEB, a major power utility in the state, has completed 54 years of its dedicated
service to the people of west Bengal, reaching out to provide power to about 40 lakhs
homes, industries, agricultural sectors and hospitals thereby covering about 87000 sq. km
out of the total 89000 sq. km area of this state.
In the year 2000, WBSEB was divided into two new boards, namely WBSEB and
WBSEPDCL. WBSEPDCL covers the thermal generation part of the previous board. In the
year 2007, WBSEB was further divided into two new companies namely WBSETCL AND
WBSEDCL. In spite of this partition WBSEB still is committed in building a powerful base
for Bengal ensuring harmony and balanced growth of company, with equal emphasis in
serving both rural and urban people and thus achieving the twin goals of social development
of people and economic regeneration of West Bengal.
2. SUBSTATION OVERVIEW:
220 kV system layout:-
The 220 kV consists of two bus-bars, namely the Main bus and the transfer bus. This
arrangement is called the double bus bar arrangement. The 220 kV bays at 220 kV
substations are:-
The circuit breakers with isolators on both sides, lightning arrestors are the other
equipments. There are CT’s and PT’s used for metering purpose.
33 kV system layout:
There are three transformers whose tertiary windings steps down the voltage from
220kV to 33kV. The tertiary winding of TR1 andTR2 are connected to gas-turbine1
and gas-turbine2 respectively. The tertiary winding of TR3 is fed to a 33/.4 kVA
transformer.
Power flow in 33kV system:
After proper stepping down of generated voltage, they are fed to the gas turbines;
each can generate 20 MW Power at 11 kV. They are required to provide excessive
power demands when required. The secondaries of 33/.4 kVA transformer is used
to meet the demand of station service auxiliaries like transformer cooling fans, AC
motors etc.
When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically then bus bars are used as the common electrical equipment. Bus bars are
copper or aluminum bars and operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing
lines in a substation are connected to the bus bars. The most commonly used bus bar
arrangements are:
Tower is a lattice structure that supports insulators, overhead transmission line and
overhead earth wires. Towers and structures are three dimensional fabricated lattice
structures made up by bolting, riveting and welding the structural members of galvanized
steel.
Due to limitation of transmitting voltage up to 400kV, in India rigid self supporting towers
are used for transmission. The towers may be single or double circuit. When a tower has
only one circuit it is called vertical tower. Double circuit tower is called horizontal tower.
1. Supporting chamber.
2. Circuit breaker Chamber.
3. Top Chamber.
4. Upper and lower fixed contacts.
5. Moving contact.
6. Turbulator.
7. Breather.
8. Oil level indicator.
9. Gas vent or vent pipe.
10. Arc extinction device and chamber.
11. Operating rod.
12. Drain valve.
13. Cubical box.
14. Spring charge arrangement with limit switch
Figure of an SF6 breaker
The MOCB consists of two compartments separated from each other but both filled with
oil. The upper chamber is the circuit breaking chamber while the lower one is the
supporting chamber. The two chambers are separated by a partition and oil from one
chamber is prevented from mixing with the other chamber. This arrangement permits two
advantages. Firstly, the circuit breaking chamber requires a small volume of oil which is
just enough for arc extinction. Secondly, the amount of oil to be replaced is reduced as
the oil in the supporting chamber does not get contaminated by the arc. The circuit
breaking chamber contains the upper and lower fixed contacts, moving contacts and the
turbulator.
The moving contact is hollow and includes a cylinder which does not move down over a fixed
piston. The turbulator is an arc control device and has both axial and radial vents. The
axial venting ensures the interruption of low currents whereas the radial venting helps in
the interruption of heavy currents. The top chamber provides expansion space for the oil
in the circuit breaking compartment.
When a fault occurs, the moving contact is pulled down by the tripping springs and an arc
is struck. The arc energy vaporizes the oil and produces gases under high pressure. This
action constrains the oil to pass through a central hole in the moving contact and results in
forcing series of oil through the respective passages of the turbulator.
Advantages
Disadvantages
In the Sulphur Hexaflouride(SF6) circuit breaker, the arc quenching medium is SF6 gas.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in a chamber (called arc interruption
chamber) containing SF6 gas. This chamber is connected to SF6 gas reservoir. When the
contacts are opened, the valve mechanism permits the high pressure SF6 gas from
reservoir to flow towards to arc interruption chamber. The fixed contact is a hollow
cylinder current carrying contact fitted with an arc horn. The moving contact is also a
hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in the sides to permit the SF6 gas to let out
through these holes after flowing along and across the arc. The tips of the moving contact,
fixed contact and the arcing horn are coated with copper tungsten arc resistant material.
Since SF6 gas is costly it is reconditioned and reclaimed by suitable auxiliary system after
each operation of the breaker.
1. Level system case
2. Sealed shaft
3. Finger cluster sliding contact
4. Moving contact stem of silver plated
copper
5. Stationary piston of Al alloy
6. Finger cluster type moving contact
7. Arcing contact
8. Nozzle
9. Stationary contact stem
10. Porcelain weather casing
11. Gasket
12. Protective insulating tube
13. springs
14. terminals
15. Upper cap
16. Absorbing substances
17. Plug in joints
18. Removable cover.
In closed position the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas, and at a pressure of 2.8
kg/cm2. The breaker operates the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck
between the contacts. The movement of the moving contacts is synchronized with opening
of a valve which permits SF6 gas at 14kg/cm2 from the reservoir to the arc interruption
chamber. SF6 being an electronegative gas absorbs free electrons in the arc path to form
immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that medium
between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and causes extinction of
arc.
Advantages
1. Due to superior arc quenching property of SF6, such circuit breakers have very
short arcing time.
2. Since dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3 times as that of air, such breakers
can interrupt much larger currents.
3. The SF6 circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due to its closed gas circuit
4. The closed gas enclosure keeps the interiors dry so that there is no moisture
problem.
5. There is no risk of fire in such breakers as SF6 gas is non-inflammable.
6. There is no carbon deposit so that tracking and insulation problems are eliminated.
Disadvantages
In Kasba substation motor controlled spring mechanism is used in all the breakers. In this
case the closing operation is done by releasing the compressed spring which had been
previously charged by electric motor. The main advantage is that the making time is
independent of the charging time of the spring and depends only on the elasticity of the
spring.
1. Selectivity- It is the ability of the system to select correctly that part of the
system that is faulty and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of
the system.
2. Speed- The relay system should disconnect the faulty part as fast as possible.
3. Sensitivity- It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of
actuating quantity
4. Reliability- It is the ability of the relay system to operate under the pre-
determined conditions.
5. Simplicity- The relaying system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained.
6. Economy- The most important factor in the choice of a particular protection
scheme is the economic aspect. The relay used for protection should be economic.
Over current relay: This type of relay works on the induction principle and initiates
corrective measures when the current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current
transformer. This relay is used for a.c circuits only and it may be directional or non-
directional in nature. A non directional over current relay can operate for fault current
flow in any direction. A directional over current relay consists of a directional element and
a non directional element. The directional element is essentially a directional power relay
where the operation of the relay is dependent on the direction of power flow and the non
directional element is a non directional over current relay.
The operation of the relay occurs under the following conditions:
Distance or impedance relay: The operation of this type of relay is governed by the ratio
of the applied voltage to current in the protected circuit. This relay is called impedance or
distance relay because impedance is the electrical measure of distance along a
transmission line. In an impedance relay the torque produced by the current element is
opposed by the torque produced by a voltage element. The relay will operate when the
ratio V/I falls below a pre determined value.
The basic operational principle shows that the voltage element of the relay is excited
through a potential transformer (P.T) from the line to be protected. The current element
of the relay is excited from a current transformer (C.T) in series with the line. The
portion AB of the line is the protected zone. Under normal operating conditions the
impedance of the protected zone is ZL. The relay is designed such that it closes its
contacts whenever the impedance of the protected zone falls below the pre determined
value i.e. ZL in this case. If a fault occurs at a point F1 in the protected zone then the
relay operates because the impedance in this case is less than ZL. But if the fault occurs
at a point F2 then the relay does not operate as the impedance is more than ZL.
There are two types of distance or impedance relays:
Differential relay: A differential relay is the one that operates when the phasor
difference of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre-determined value. A
differential relay compares the currents entering a section with the current leaving the
section. Under normal operating conditions the two currents are equal, but when a fault
occurs, the difference between the incoming and outgoing current is arranged to flow
through the operating coil of the relay. If this differential current is greater than the
pick value, the relay will operate and isolate the faulty part of the circuit. There are two
fundamental types of differential protection:
When a fault occurs in a circuit and a relay operates to close the trip circuit of the
respective circuit breaker, it is called main tripping relay or master tripping relay.
Other subsequent relays are called auxiliary tripping relay.
RELAY PANEL
F. TRANSFORMERS:
Power Transformer
Distribution Transformer
Power Transformer:
A power transformer is used in a substation to step down the voltage. Except at the power
station, all the subsequent substations use step down transformers to gradually reduce
the voltage of electric supply and finally deliver it at utilization voltage. The modern
practice is to use 3 phase transformers in substations. These types of transformers have
higher flux density as they are not always in continuous operation.
Distribution Transformer:
A distribution transformer is normally used for purposes in day in and out to provide
transmission and distribution after the voltage has been stepped down. It has
comparatively a lower value of flux density than a power transformer.
Although these two are the basic ones, regarding transmission and distribution,
there are other types of transformers which are used mainly in substations providing
power supply to the railways. These are the Traction Transformers.
A Traction transformer is a special type of transformer used only for providing power
supply to the railways that require an abnormal supply of 23 kV(single phase). It
transforms 132 kV L-L voltage to 25 kV L-G voltage. It may be of different capacities like
10, 12.5 or 20 MVA. This type of transformer is generally not used in parallel operation.
For this type of transformer, OFF-LOAD-TAP-CHANGER is used. In addition, Buchholz
relay, Oil-Temperature Indicator (OTI), and Winding Temperature Indicator(WTI( are
used.
Front View of a Power Transformer
As transformers are widely used over the transmission and distribution area, protection of
the same is very much needed because if a transformer ceases to operate the power
system has to bear heavy losses caused by shedding of loads. The two main types of
protection that are used are as follows:-
BUCHHOLZ RELAY:
It is fitted in a pipe between the conservator and the tank. Its operation should be
listed before installation y ensuring that the chambers are full of oil. When a
serious short circuit fault occurs in the transformer, the increased pressure in the
tank makes the oil rush towards the conservator, through the Buchholz relay.
CIRCULATING CURRENT SCHEME FOR TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
The figure below shows Merz-Price circulating-current scheme for the protection
of a 3-phase delta/delta power transformer against phase-to-ground and phase-to-
phase faults. The CTs on the two sides of the transformer are connected in star.
This compensates for the phase difference between the power transformer
primary and secondary. Pilot wires connect the CTs on the two sides and one relay is
used for each pair of CTs.
During normal operating conditions, the secondaries of CTs carry identical currents.
Therefore, the currents entering and leaving the pilot wires at both the ends are
same and no current flows through the relay. If a ground or a phase-to-phase fault
occurs, the current in the secondaries of the CTs will no longer be the same and the
differential current flowing through the relay circuit will clear the breaker on both
sides of the transformer. The protected zone is limited to the region between the
CTs on the high-voltage side and the CTs on the low-voltage side of the power
transformer.
It is worthwhile to note that this scheme also provides protection for short-circuit
between the turns on the same phase winding.
COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS;
The transformer is a static device which converts energy at one voltage level to
another voltage level. During this conversion process, losses occur in the windings of
the transformer in the form of heat. This heat is dissipated to the surroundings.
Hence the types of cooling normally used for dissipation of heat are as follows :-
1. Air Natural(AN)
2. Air Blast(AB)
3. Oil Natural(ON)
4. Oil Natural Air Forced(ONAF)
5. Oil Natural Water Forced(ONWF)
6. Oil Forced Air Natural(OFAN)
7. Oil Forced Air Forced(OFAF)
8. Oil Forced Water Forced(OFWF)
Among all the above cooling processes, the two main processes that are most
commonly used are:
In addition to the above methods, there are some other processes that are also
used like:
Air Blast :-
Cooling by natural circulation of air becomes inadequate to dissipate heat from
large transformers and hence air blast cooling is employed in order to keep the
temperature rise within limits. The blast of air improves the heat dissipation.
G. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
A Current Transformer is easily a step down transformer which steps down current
according to a known ratio.
The primary of this transformer consists of one or more turns of thick wire
connected in series with the line. The secondary consists of large number of turns
of wire which provides for measuring instruments and relays and a current which is
a constant fraction of the current in the line.
In KASBA substation, there are wound type multi-ratios and core current
transformers which are used in different bays. But in power transformer bushing
type CTs are used for differential protection. These CTs are bar type in
construction,
For obtaining desirable CT ratio for selected fault current, transformers can be
provided with two or more cores. Each core carries its own secondary winding.
Primary winding is common to all of them. It is called Multi-Core-Transformer (ex. 2
core CT 400/5/1 Amp.)
H. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT) :
It is essentially a step down transformer that steps down the voltage to a known
value. The primary of this transformer consists of a large number of fine wires connected
across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few turns that provides for measuring
instruments and relays, a voltage which is a known fraction of the line voltage.
PTs are important in case of voltmeter, wattmeter, distance, and directional relays. Its
one end of the primary winding is grounded so it has only input bushing and it is connected
in parallel with the bus. In Kasba substation, the CVT is also used as the coupling capacitor
for power line carrier communication, for protecting the low frequency noise.
Potential Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer(CVT)
I. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS:
Normally in power stations, the ground wire or the earthing screen used for
protection of overhead lines and power stations provide adequate protection
against lightning but eventually they are inactive in providing protection the
travelling waves. The most common device used for this purpose is the Lightning
Arrestor or Surge Diverter.
A surge diverter is a device that is connected between line and earth i.e. in
parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation. A lightning
arrestor can be classified according to the components it is comprised of and
the function it performs.
1. Rod-Gap arrestor:
This is the simplest form of surge diverter consisting of two 12mm diameter
The thyrite arrestor discharges several thousand amperes without the slightest tendency
to flashover on the edges. Of all the advantages of this type of arrestor, the most
important one is that there is absolutely no time lag in its performance.
J. INSULATORS:
An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of electric current.
An insulating material has atoms with tightly bonded valence electrons. These materials
are used in parts of electrical equipment, also called insulators or insulation, intended to
support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through themselves.
The term is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports that attach electric
power transmission wires to utility poles or pylons.
Some materials such as glass or Teflon are very good electrical insulators. A much larger
class of materials, for ex. rubber-like polymers and most plastic are still “good enough” to
insulate electrical wiring and cables even though they may have lower bulk resistivity,
these materials can serve as practical and safe insulators for low to moderate voltages
( 100, or even 1000 volts)
Insulators suffer from the phenomenon of electrical BREAKDOWN. When any voltage
applied across a length of insulating substance exceeds a threshold breakdown field for
that substance, which equals the band gap energy, the insulator suddenly turns into a
resistor, sometimes with catastrophic results. During electrical breakdown, any free
charge carried being accelerated by the strong E-field will have enough velocity to knock
electrons (ionize) ant atom it strikes. These free electrons and ions are in turn
accelerated and strike other atoms, creating more charge carriers, in a chain reaction.
Rapidly the insulator becomes filled with mobile carriers and its resistance drops to a
lower level. In air, the outbreak of conductivity is called “Corona discharge” or a “Spark”.
Similar breakdown can occur when any insulator, even within the bulk solid of a materials.
Even a vacuum can suffer a sort of breakdown, but in this case the breakdown or vacuum
are involves charges ejected from the surface of metal electrodes rather than produced
by the vacuum itself.
Suspended wires of electrical power transmission are bare, except when connecting two
houses and are insulated by the surrounding air. Insulators are required at the points at
which they are supported by utility poles or pylons. Insulators are also required where the
wire enters buildings or electrical devices, such as transformers or circuit breakers. To
insulate the wire from the case, these hollow insulators with a conductor inside them are
called BUSHINGS.
Insulators are used for High-voltage power transmission are made from glass porcelain or
composite polymer materials. Porcelain insulators are made from clay, quartz or alumina
and feldspar and are covered with a smooth glaze to shed water. Insulators made from
porcelain rich in alumina are used where high mechanical strength is a criterion. Porcelain
has a dielectric strength of 4-10 kV/mm. Glass has a higher dielectric strength, but it
attracts condensation and the thick irregular shapes needed for insulators are difficult to
cast without internal strains. Some insulator manufacturers stopped making glass
insulators in the late 1960s switching to ceramic materials.
Recently some electrical utilities have been converting to polymer composite materials for
some types of insulators. These are typically composed of a central rod made of fiber
reinforced plastic and an outer weather shed made of silicon rubber or EPDM.
Composite insulators are less costly, lighter in weight, and have excellent hydrophobic
capability. This combination makes them ideal for service in polluted areas. However, these
materials do not yet have the long term proven service life of glass and porcelain.
The electrical breakdown of an insulator due to excessive voltage can occur in one of two
ways:-
Punctuation voltage: Is the voltage across the insulator (when installed in its
normal manner) which causes a breakdown and conduction through the interior of
the insulator. The heat resulting from the puncture usually damages the insulator
irreparably.
Flashover voltage: is the voltage which causes the air along the surface of the
insulator to break down the conduct, causing ‘flashover’ along the outside of the
insulator. They are usually designed to withstand this without damage.
High voltage insulators are designed with a lower flashover voltage than puncture
voltage, so they will flashover before they puncture to avoid damage. Dirt, pollution,
salt and particularly water on the surface of a high voltage insulator can create a
conductive path across it, causing leakage currents and flashovers. The flashover
voltage can be more than 50% lower when the insulator is wet. High voltage
insulators for outdoor use are shaped to maximize the length of the leakage path
along the surface from one end to the other, called the creepage length, to
minimize these leakage currents. To accomplice this, the surface is molded into a
series of corrugations or concentric discs shapes. These usually include one or more
shaded, downward facing, cup-shaped surfaces that act as umbrellas to ensure the
part of the surface leakage path under the ‘cup’ stays dry in wet weather. Minimum
creepage distances are 20-25 mm/kV, but must be increased in high pollution
airborne sea-salt areas.
Arcing horns (arc horns) are projecting conductors used to protect insulators on high
voltage electric power transmission systems from damage during flashover. The horns
encourage flash over between themselves rather than across the surface of the insulator
they serve to protect. Horns are normally paired on either side of the transformer, one
connected to the high voltage part and other to ground. They are frequently seen on
insulator strings, or protecting transformer bushings. The horns can take various forms
such as simple cylindrical rods, circular guard rings or contoured curves, sometimes known
as stirrups.
High voltage equipment particularly that which is installed outside such a overhead power
line is commonly subjected to transient overvoltage, which may be caused by phenomena
such as lightning strikes, faults on other equipments or switching surges during circuit re-
energisation. Over voltage conditions such as these are un-predictable and in general
cannot be prevented. Line terminations at which a transmission line connects to a bus bar
or a transformer bushing, are at greatest risk to over voltage due to change in
characteristic impedance at this point.
An electrical insulator serves to provide physical separation of conducting parts and under
normal operating conditions is continuously subject to high electric field which occupies
the air surrounding the equipment. Over voltage event may cause the dielectric field to
exceed the dielectric strength of air and result in the formation of an arc between the
conducting parts and over the surface of the insulator. This is called flashover.
Contamination of the surface of the insulator reduces the breakdown strength and
increases the tendency to flashover. On an electrical transmission system protective
relays are expected, to detect the formation of the arc and automatically open the circuit
breakers to discharge the circuit and extinguish the arc. Under a worst case this process
may take several seconds. During which time the insulator surface would be in close
contact with the highly energetic plasma of the arc. This is very damaging to an insulator
and may shatter brittle glass or ceramic discs, resulting in its complete failure.
Arcing horns form a spark gap across the insulators with a lower breakdown voltage than
the air path along the insulator surface. So an over voltage will cause the air to breakdown
and the arc to be formed between the arcing horns diverting it away from the surface of
the insulators. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for the equipment, providing
more time for the fault to be detected and the arc to be safely cleared by the remote
circuit breakers. The geometry of some designs encourages the arc to migrate away from
the insulator, driven by rising currents as it heats up the surrounding air. As it does so the
path length increases, cooling the arc, reducing the electric field and causing the arc to
extinguish itself when it can no longer span the gap. Other designs can utilize the magnetic
fields produced by the high current to drive the arc away from the insulator. This type of
arrangement is known as magnetic blowout.
Design criteria and maintenance regimes may treat arcing horns as sacrificial equipment,
cheaper and more easily replaced than the insulator, failure of which can result in
complete destruction of the equipment it insulates. Failure of the insulator strings on
overhead lines could result in parting of the line, with significant safety and cost
implications. Arcing horns thus play an important role in the process of correlating system
protection with protective device characteristics, known as insulation coordination. The
horns should provide among other characteristics, near infinite impedance during normal
operating conditions to minimize conductive current losses, low impedance during the
flashover, and physical resilience to the high temperature of the arc.
An underground cable consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation
and surrounded by a protective cover. In practice underground cables are required to
deliver three phase power. But mainly cables are used in a substation to connect the high
voltage equipments in the yard to the control room for controlling and monitoring purpose.
For the purpose single core, 2 cores, 3 core cables are used. But sometimes 4, 8, 12, or 16
core cables are also used.
1. Core or conductors
2. Insulation
3. Metallic sheath
4. Bedding
5. Armoring
6. Serving
Insulation is applied over the conductors. The various types of insulation are classified as:
i. Illumination
ii. Battery charging
iii. Transformer slant adjustment
iv. Oil filtration slant
v. Transformer tap changer drives
vi. Power supplies for communication equipments
vii. Breakers/ disconnect switch motor operation
DC auxiliary supply
DC auxiliary supplies are necessary for closing and tripping of CB, emergency lighting,
control board indication etc. During normal operation rectifiers serve the purpose.
However in case of failure of rectifiers a storage battery of adequate capacity is provided
to meet the DC requirement. Normally storage batteries in substations merely keep
floating on the DC subsystem and supply current only in case of failure of rectifiers.The
voltages commonly used are 30V, 110V or 220V and 48V for PLCC.
MODEL : BC
SERIAL NO. : CON/00278 101-02
RATING : 220V, 24V +24V
A.C. INPUT : 145+/- 15%, 30A %0 HZ, 3PHASE
D.C. OUTPUT : 247.5V,24A
BATTERY VOLTAGE : 220V
AH CAPACITY : 217
MAX. AMB. : 50 degree Celsius
MANUFACTURING :
DATE
P.O. NO. : KD/TR/42/968
CUSTOMER : WBSEB
6.COMMUNICATION IN THE SUBSTATION:
Communication is a vital part of any substation. It is necessary to connect HQ, CLD and
different tie line substations. For load dispatching and better power management,
communication is essential.
The KASBA substation employs the following medium for communication are used:
Power line carrier communication means that communication signals are sent through power
line along with the power. The supply to communication system is 48V DC. A PLCC system
should have the following parts:
The wave trapper is a tuned LC circuit, where the frequency carrier gets blocked and the
power frequency electrical signal passes into the electrical circuit. High frequency wave
passes through the coupling capacitor but low frequency is blocked here. Drainage coil is
used to bypass the over current surges whereas lightning arrestor is kept here
additionally to provide safety against over voltages and lightning surges. Generally PLCC is
done using R phase. The conductor from the lower end of the coupling capacitor enters the
drainage coil. LA and earthing switch enter into a box, known as Line Matching Unit (LMU).
From there a coaxial cable enters to carrier set. Phase modulation is employed in the
carrier set circuit. The signal is sent to the transmitter and after amplification it is
passed to the filter.
In kasba substation the receiving end and sending end frequencies are as follows.
VSAT or Very Small Aperture Terminal communication through satellite is also done in
KASBA substation. It is done with other primary grid substation, CLD, HQ authorities.
Due to weak, noisy, slow and poor receiving qualities this type of communication is not used
now days.
This type of communication takes place between 132KV and 33KV substations. The
frequency of sending and receiving signals is 167.125MHz. Its main disadvantage is that it
is one way communication at a time.
There are two P&T phones in Kasba substation. One is used for normal official works and
the other phone line is an emergency line and can be used for CLD or HQ for collecting
data from any feeder or bay. Mobile phones are personal and are used only in emergency.
7. SPECIFICATION AND RATING
A. POWER TRANSFORMERS: There are three auto transformers for stepping down
the voltage at a level of 220 kV/132 kV/33kV. Two of them are MITSUBISHI
Corp., Japan made and the other is CROMPTON GREAVES India made. Their load
capacities are 150MVA and 160 MVA respectively. Their tertiary winding voltage is
33kV. The tertiary voltage of the CROMPTON GREAVES transformer has been
further stepped down to .4kV by an auxiliary transformer to provide power to the
central load of the substation only.
SPECIFICATIONS OF CTs:
1. Dead Tank type- Here CT tanks are situated well below the instrument. They have
their major insulation over high current carrying primary.
2. Live Tank type- Here Ct tanks are on the top of the instrument bushings. Primary
winding is short and rigid, therefore more reliable and can withstand high short
circuit current. They don’t have their major insulation over high current carrying
primary, so the heat generated can easily be dissipated, thus having a longer life.