28sept10 WT - 1 - 4 - SHN - OL

ACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ CMCS ၶၢCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS CIUၼS AMၵS
CMႆ (1)S Cၢႆ(4) CၼSSCီ 18 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS 2010S CၼSSCCSS
ACSCCS CIူCSၽIူၵS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS

CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS
CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSS (ၼC-7)
AၼSၾၢႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ ၼၼS EC

CEၼSၸSCIUၼS ၽS ၽIူၵS ၸIUၼS ၶၢCSCS
ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS
CUၵS ၸUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS (ၼC-10)
CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECSCIUCSCၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS

16 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS
Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS AၼSCီ ၼMCS CႆSႁCSSCCSSၼCS AMၼSၵၼSA ၸၵSSCCSSၸIUCS Cႃ Cီ
CIူCSၽIူၵS AၼSCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 157 Eၵႃ Cႃ ECၶCS ၶCS CECS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CၼSSCီ 7
CIူၼၼ
S ူCS CECS CS ၼၼS Cႆ CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS ၼSSEၸ ၼSSCECSSECACS ၵႃS CIUCSၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼS CၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS
CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS ၼSSၸIUCS CႆSS Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSS Eၸ CIူCSSEၸ ၵECSS EC Eၸ CIူCSSCႃ CIူCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ CCS
Cႆ CီSၶၢCS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS
CIူCS ႁCS CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ၼSSEၸ CECSSၼCS Cူ CIUCS CUCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS

Cီ Cီ CECS (ၼC-9)
CUCS CူၺSS Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSECCEၼS

ၼSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS (ၼC-3)
CၼSSCEၼSၵCS ၵCSCEၼSCSS
(ၼC-13)
ႁECSSႁIUCS ... ECCၢCS Eၼ S ၵIUCSSEၼ
CIူCS CူCSSႁႃCECS ၼSSEၸ CECSSၵMၵSSECS ACS ၼၼS ECAၼS

(ၼC-13)
ၵECSACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS ECCIUCS ၵႃ CၢCSS CMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSSS CEၼSၵူၼSSၼUCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS ၶႆ EၼCႃ
CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸၢႆSCMCSCီ CCS Eၵႃ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ CၢCSCူCSACS “ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECCူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSS CECSၶCSSCၼSS EC
CၢCS Eၼ Cီ ၸUCSSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႃ CCS CူCS ECၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS CၢCSS ႁႃCECSၼႆEၵႃ EA CူၼS Cီ ၼႃ S CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၶCSCEၼS (ၼC-5)
“CIူCS CECS ACSCCS CူCSCCSSႁႃS CူCSS CIူCSSၶၢCSCUၼS ” ၼႆCCS S CၢCSCူCS ၵူၼSSႁCSS ECCူCSSCIUCS
ႁUၼS ၼူCSၵၢၼSCIူCSS
CူၼSSCUCS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSSCႆ ၵECS CIူၺS ၽEၼSၵၢၼS Cႃ ၵူ CၢၼS ၵူ CူၼSEC ACS CEၼSCႆ
(ၼC-6)
AIူCS S CIူCS ၽECSCီ CMၵS Cႆ S CၢCSSၶIူCSS AMCS EC Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၶMCSCီ CCS Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ AၢၼSSCIUCS AICS
ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC CီSႁECSSၸSEC EC CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸSCS ၾၢႆ CIUCS EC ၶCSSၸSCူၼSS
ႁၢCS CူၼS
AIူCS S CUၵS Cီ CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSS ၼႆEၵႃ ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSS AၼS CIUCS CူၺSS ၼႃ CIၵS (2)
(ၼC-6 EC 15)
CECEၵS ၵS CၢႆCၢႆ CU CS C CS CMCMCSCSCၢCၢၼSၼSCS CS AM ၼS

AM CS
ၼS CSၶE CSၶES CSCS ၼS
C ၼSCICI
ူ CSူ CS
CMႆ (1)S Cၢႆ(3) CၼSSCီ 18 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS S 2010S CၼSSCCSS
CUၵS Cီ “CူCSSႁႃCECS CIUCSCIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS” ၼၼS CႃS
Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ EC ၼႃ ၶMCSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS

CUCS ႁႃCECSၵMၺSSCCS S ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSSၶIUCSCႆ Cႃ ACSCCS CူCSႁCSS ECCMၵS CၢCS
Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS ၼSSAMCSCူCSS EC CCSSႁၢCS CECS ႁIUCS 15 CECS ၼCS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSS
Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ AၼSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCIၵS Cၢႆ AၼSႁECSSAS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CီS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၶCS CၢCSSCၼSS CCS ECCS CMCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၶCSEC
CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼSၵူၼSS CECSCူၼS ၸUCS ၵူ Cႆ ၼၼS CCS S ECႃSECACSCၵSS CIUCS CIUCS CၼS ၵူၼSCIူCSSၵႃ ၼSSၽIUၼSၶၢCS “CIူCSၽIူၵS ” AၼS SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ CIUၼS
CIူCSAၼSACS ၸS CၢႆSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ CႃSCECS CS ၼSSCူCS CIူCSSCIူCSSၵူၼSS AMၵS ၼIူCS CIူၼSCS CMCSCCS ၼၼS S Cူ Cီ CCS CUၼSSEC ECၶCSSၶIUCSႁၢCS ႁEၼSS
AၼSCူCS CၵSSCIူCSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၼၼS ၼႆEC CIူၼSCCSS AူCSSၵၼS (Cႃ CECS CၼS ၽIUၼSEၸ CIUCS CIUၼS AၼSCႃSၾICS CEၵS CၢႆSႁCS ႁၼS ၶMCSCႃ Cီ EC CIUၼSS
ၵၼS) CCSSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၼၼS CCS S ECႃSၵMၺSSECACSCMၵSSCၢႆSၸIူCSS ACS CUၼS CူCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၶCS AS CECS CၢCS CၼSS CIူၼSၵူ Eၸ CECSSS Cူ Cီ
ၸS CၢႆSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cူ ၼႆCIၵSSCIၵSSEC ECACS Cႆ CူCS CၼSSCႆ Cႃ ၸCS CၢႆSCMၼSSၶCS ၼCS ၶCSSS CEၼSCီS ၵMၵSSECS ၸIူCSSၵCS CၼSၸMႆ ႁECSS Cႃ Cီ
ECEၵႃ CၢCS Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ S CMCS Cႃ ၸCS ႁECSSCMCS ၶCS CS ၶECSႁECSSCႃSCႃS ႁCSSၶႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၶCSSၶIUCSAMၵS CႃS ၽECSSၵၢCSSCႃ Cႃ Cီ S ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSS
ၼႆEၵႃ ၵMCS Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ACS CCS ႁၢၵS Cႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CႃSCMCS ၼIူCS CCS S ECCIUၼS AMၵS CၼSS CCS AS ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ECA ၸၵSSCIၵS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSS
Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSAၼSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCူ CUၵS EၵႃၸUCSS ၶMCSၵူၼSSၸIူCSS CၢႆS ၶႃ ၼၼS ႁECSSCႆ CIူCS Cီ CMECS S Eၸ Cႃ (CCIၵS ၶS ) ECCIUၼS Cႆ S EC
ႁCS ႁၼSCIူၼSၵၼSၶCS ၶMၼS ၵၼSCႆ Cႃ Eၵ CICS ၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCS ၵၢၼSCၢၼS ႁECSSCႃS CMႆ ECႃSS CၢၵS ACS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၼS S CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSCEၼS ၵူၼSS
ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSCCS CMCS S ၼႃ ၶMCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၼႆ CIUၼSSECCႆ ႁECSS ၼUCS ၶCSEၵႃ ECၸS CIUCSS AIၼSSCSSၼECS EC ႁႃCECS” ၼႆCူ CCS S
Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSS ECၶIUၼS CS S ECCႆ Eၼ ၼCSSS CၼSCၢCSSCူၼS ၶႆ ECႃ CူCS ၸMCSSၼCS CUCSSCCS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
CMCS ၸIUCS S ECCႆ ၸီ Eၼ CMCS ၽICSSCMCS CUၵS ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCူCSCMCS ၸIUCS S Cႆ ၽEၼSၵၢၼSၸCSSႁEၼSS ၶCSSCၢႆၵၢၼSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS ၼCS ၼႆ ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS
ၼMၵS EC ၵၢၼSCIူCS CCS ၶIူCSSCIူCSS ECCႆ CCSSCECSSCIUCS Eၼ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵူ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၵူ Eၸ CECSSၶCSEၵႃ ၼCS ၵႃ CMCSCEၼS
CMCS S ECCႆ ၸMႆ ၵMၼSSၵIူCS CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS S ၸIူCSSၼႆ EC CEၼSၼႃ ၶMCSCCS Cႆ ႁၢCSSၽSႁၢCSSCၼSS ECႃ CEၼSၶၢCSSAူၼSၶၢCSSႁIUCS ၼႆEၵႃ CၢCSCူCSၶCSၸCS
CMCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCSCCS S ၵMCS CIူCS CီSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼSၸီ ၸCS CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS CၢCS CၢCS CIူၼSSCIူၼSS CIUCSၼSSCၢၼS ၼSSCူၼS CၢၼS
CCSSCၢCSEC CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS Eၵႃ ECACS ႁCSSCူ Cၢႆ S ၵMCS Cႃ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSSCူ CCS S
ၶCSSၶECSၶCSEC ၸၢCS ၵIူCS AMၵS CႃSCႆ CIူCSၽEၼSၵၢၼSCီ Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSCူ S ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS CIUCSCၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS ၼSS
Cီ CၵSSCIူCSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၼၼS AၼSACS CUၵS Cီ CCSSCၢCS Eၸ CECSSCMႆCECSၼၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS
AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS CီSECAၼSS CIUCS CCSSCၢCS CIUCS CၵSSCIူCSCီ CူCS ၶEC ၶIူCSSCႆS ၸCS CECSCIူCSS Eၵႃ CEၼS CUၵS ၸၢႆS ၸCS ၾႃ CူCSCIူCSSၼၢႆS CEC ၸီ Cူ
Cီ ECCEၼSၼCS CEၼSCူCSCႃSS ECႃSACS ၸS ၸIူCS ၼၼS Cီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆ ၸCS ECM ၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ “ႁCSSၶႃ EC CIUCS AICS ႁECSSၵူၼSSၼUCS EC CူၼSS
ၼႆEၵႃ ECACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS AၼSၸၢCS CIUCS CၢCS Eၶႃ CECSၵၢCS CUCS ၵႃ S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 2 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS ၼၼS ACSCCS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS
ၸSCႆ CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS S ECCIUCS CEၼS CူCSCIူCS ၶMCSၸCS Aႃ ၼႃ CIUၵSSS Eၸ CECSSCMႆCECS ၸၢႆSၺႃ ၼ EC ၽူ ၼၢCSSၵူၼSSၼUCS ၼSSCႃ Cီ ၸၢႆSၼMCS S
ၸၢႆSACSCIUၵSSၶCS AMၼSACSEႁ ၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS CMCSSCၢၼS ၼMCSASၼၼS S ECႃS
ၽူ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ ECACS Cႆ CူၺSS ၶECS CECSၸCS ၵCS
CၼSSCီ 3 CႃSEC ECၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS CၢCSS CၢCSCူCSCၼSSAMၵS ၼၼS S CၢႆS
AၼSCECSCၢႆ Cၢႆ S ECCႆ CူၺSSၸMCSS CၢႆCၢႆCCSSCၢႆS CCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS
ECႁCSSၶႃ ၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS CCS ၸCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEၵႃ A CMCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CႃS
ACS ၵႃS ECCႆ CူၺSSCႃS CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS ၵူ CIူCSSCIူCSSS ၽူ CၢCS CၢၼS CIူCSSၶCSၼႆ
ၼCSCIူCSၵCS ” ၼႆCCS S
CၵSSECCႆ A Cႆ ၼSSCၵSSCIူCSAၼSၼIူCS ၼႆ AၼSCSCUၵS S AၼSCSACS CUၵS
ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸၢႆS
ၼၼS S ၸူCS Cႆ ၸၢCS Cႆ AၼSCီCီ CUCSSၼၼS CၵSSECCႆ EC AၼSႁၢႆ
AMCSCECSCIူCSS Eၵႃ Cူ Cီ EၵSCီSEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ “ႁCSSၶႃ EC ၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS
ၸႃ Cီ CUCSSၼၼS S CIူCS AMၼSၵၼSCၢCS CၢၼS CIူCSSၼႆEၵႃ Cႃ AS ၵူၼSSCီ
CMCSS ၽၵSSၼၢCSCCS CCS S ECCIUCS ၵႃ AIူCS CIူCSSၼMCS CECS Cူ ” ၼႆS
ၵူၼSSၵCS ၶCS Cႆ AMCS Cႆ Cီ Cႃ AMၼSACS CMCSCၢCS CၢၼS CIူCSSS Cႃ ECEႁ
ၵECS CIူၺS CူCSCူCSS ၵၢၼSCူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS Cီ CၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃS
ၵCS Cႃ AS ၵူၼSSCMၵSSၵူၼSSၵEၵSS CႃSAMၼSACSCMCSCၢCS CၢၼS CIူCSSCႆ ၼၼS Eၵႃ
CၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶECS CECSCEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSS Cၢႆ(2) Eၸ
ECCႆ ၾၢCS EC ႁECSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ Cူ S
CECSSၵMၵSSECS ၸၢႆSCIUၼSSCMCS CၢၼSSCMCS Eၵႃ CEၼSၸCS ၶMCS ၵၢၼSCႃ Cႃ CIူCSႁႃ
AၼSCCS CMCS Cီ CUCSSၼၼS EC ECႃSCEၼSCူCS CIူCSSCIူCSSၵူၼSS
CူCSၼၼS CၢCS Cီ ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႃ “CIူCS CEၼSၶၢCSSAူၼSEC ၵႃ CၢCS
Cီ CူCS EC Cီ ၸIUCS ECCႆ CီSCMCS CIUCS CၢCS CUCS CMCS ၵၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ
CႃSCၢCS ၼႃ S CIူCS CႃSEC ႁႃSCCSSၸၢႆSၸIUၼS CS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSS ၵႃ
ၼႆ CMCS ACSEၶႃ CECSၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃSၽSCၼSS ႁECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCSၼၼS Cႆ
CၢCSSAIူCS ECႃ CၢCS CႃSS CၢCSSCၢCS ၼႃ S ECႃ CEၼS ၵႃSAူCSSCီS CCSSၶCSAUCS
CEၼSCၵSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS CီSၼႃ ၶMCS Cႃ CMCS Cႃ CECS CMCS ၵူCS
AIူCS ၶS A S CူCS ECCႃSEC ECၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS AIူCS CIူCSSECႃ S ECႁIUCSCMၵS
Eႁ EC CMCS CၢCSSCUCS CMCSS ႁၢႆCၢႆ Cႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCCSSCၢႆၼၼS Cူ CCS S
ၵCS CၼSSAIူCS ” ၼႆCCS S
ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼS ၵCS ၼCSEC CIUၵS CၢCS ႁၼSCႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS
AၼSCႃ ၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼSAၼSCီၵူCSS ACS CMCS EၽSၸCS EၽSၶUၼS ၼႆEC Eၼႃ
ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶECS CECSCEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSSCၢႆ(2) Eၸ CECSSၼCS Cူ ၼၢCSSၶCSS

EAS ၶႆ Eၼ ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႃ “ECႃSၶႃ ၶCS CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ၼႆ CႃSၽူ
ၼၢCSSၼႃ ၶႃ ၶCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႃ EC S ၽECSၵႃ CSEၵႃ AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSEC
ၽူ CCSS ၽူ CIUၼS AMၵS
CICSSEၼ CCS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS CီၶECSၼၼS Eႁ CၢCS Eၼ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼS
ၸၢႆSCUၼSSEAS (CIူCSSၵUCS ) ၸၢႆSCႃ့EၵMႃ (CC-DDD)
ၶCSCႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼSCႃ ၼႆ ACS ၸS ၵၢၼSၽICSSCူSCIူCSS(Cႃ ၸCUCS Cူ )S CEၼS
Cီ CူCS ၶCECSCIၵSCႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
ၵၢၼSAၼSၶCS ၶMCS CIူCSၽICS CIူCSSEC ACS CူCS ၵူCSCCS ၼႆၶႆ EၼၶCS AMၼS
ၵECSၽူ CCSS Cၢႆႁၼ
I ူ SS(9)S CၢCSSႁIၼ
ူ SSCICSၸႃ
CၢCSSCCS Cႃ ” ၼႆCCS S
ၸၢႆSၸIUၼS Cီ Cီ CူCS AူSCIၼS S CEၼS CၢCSSCICSၸႃ S
ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
CMၵS(8)S Eၸ CECSSCMCS AူၵSၵCႃ Cႃ့S
Eၸ CECSSCႃ CECS ၸၢႆSAMCS Cႃ EC CၢCS Cႃ “ႁCSSၶႃ EC ၽMCS ႁEၼSSၸUCSS
ၸUCSSၶၢCS CၢCSS Eၸ CIူCSSCႃ ၵUCS S
CူၼSSCUCS ၼIူCS ၸUCSSCS AS CႃSၵူၼSSၼUCS CၢCSSEၵႃ EC EၽၵၼSCူCSSCူၼSS
ၸၢႆSCၢCSS ၸၢႆSCECS S ၸၢႆSCIူၼS CUCS S CူCS ECCႃSEC ECၵႃ CူၼSSCUCS CIူCSSECႃ EC Eၸ AEၼS ” ၼႆS
ၽူ AICS CIၵS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
ၸUCSSၶMCS ၽICS CS ACSSAICS CIၵS EASCSSၵCIၼSSS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCICS ၸၢႆSCၢCS ၵMႆ EC CၢCS Cႃ “Aႃ ... ၵူၼSSႁCSSCူCSSCူၼSS
CMႆ့CECSၸၢႆSAၢႆ S ၸၢႆSၵMၼSS (CာCီ-DDD) CUCS CၢႆCၢႆCMၵS CCS EC ACS A S ၵူၼSSၼSSCၢၼS ၶCSECႃSCMCSS ၵူၼSSCႃ Cီ
Cၢႆ(199)S CEၼS CၢCSS (50)S ႁCSSCီCီCူ CCS Cႃ ” ၼႆCCS S
ၽIUၼSCIူၼS 3000 CCSS Eၸ CECSSCၸUၼS CMCS S Cႃ ၵUCS S
(CCSSႁၢCS ၽႃACS CၢCSSၼႃ - CIူCS CၼSSCီ 5 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS ၼၼS
ၵႃ ၶၼS 500 CMႃS CၼSSCီ 18 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS 2010 ၼၢCSSၶCSSEAS CCSSCECSSEၼ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCူၼSၶCS Cီ CၢၼS CMႆECS
Eၸ CECSSၼCS Cူ S Cၢႆ ႁၢCS - ၸၢႆSCECS CECS CIၼSS)
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CUCS CူၺSS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIC

ူ SSECCEၼS ၼSSၵၢၼSCၵ
Iူ S CCS
ၸၢႆSCECS
ၼSSEၶႃ CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cၢႆ(90/2010) ၶMCSၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS Eၵႃ CၢCS CႆS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 40 CၢႆၼCS ၵၼSEC ECAၢၼSSၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ
CIူCSSACS CUCS ၶCSၼၼS CCSSCၵSSCႆ CၼSSCီ Cႃ ECCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ Eၸ CIူCSSCႃ ၵUCS EC Eၸ CIူCSSEA Cႃ CCီ ၵMၺSS ၼႆCCS S Cႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS
CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶMCSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၵူ ၶEC Cီ ၽEၼS CIၼSCMၼSSၼႆEၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 30
CၢCS CၢႆSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cႃ Cီ ၵူ ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ S ၼSSၼၼS CႃSCႆ Cႃ CၼSS CၢႆEC CIူCSCS CၼSSEC ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSCMၼSSၼႆCCS S Cႃ Cီ
AၼSEC CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ ၼၼS CEၼSCၼSSCီ 16 CIူၼSEAႃSၵIူCS ECႃ CS CUCSၶMၢCSSၶCSEC CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 40 CၢႆEC ECၶCS
CIUCS CၼSSCီ 30 CIူၼSEAႃSၵIူCS ၼႆCူ CCS S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 30 CIူၼSEAႃS Eၶ CECS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSၶMၢCSSၼႆCူ S Cႃ Cီ CS CUCSၶMၢCSS EC Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCS
ၵIူCS ၼၼS EC ၵၢၼSCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSSECၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶIူCSSၶMၢCSSၶCS ၸIူCSSECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၶECS CECS Eၸ CIူCSSၶMၢCSS CCSSCIUၼS
ၼၼS Eၵႃ CCS CူCS ၵႃ ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵCS ၵIၼSSၼႃ ၼၼS CCS EC AICSၼIူCS ၼၼS EC ႁIၵS ACS Cႆ Cႃ Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSၶMၢCSSၼၼS Cႃ Cီ ၶMၢCSSၶCSၵMၺSS EC
CၢႆCၢႆ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၼၼS EC ၸၢCS EC ၼႆCႃ S ၼMၵS ECၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSၼႆ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CၢCS
CUCS CၢCSSCူၺSSCႆ CCSSCၢႆS EC CIူCSၾၢCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ECCီSႁIUCS CEၼSႁIUCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC CၼSSCႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CMCSSEA EC
AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cူ S ၶၢCSSCၢCSS Cႃ ECCႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CICSSEၵႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSS
ၼၼS Cႆ 14 CၼSSၵMၺSSEC CMၼS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCၢCS ၸIူCSS CEၼSAၼS CECS CCS Cႃ Cီ CၢCS ၸIူCSS CၢCS CၢႆၾၢCS Cႃ ECCူၼSSCUCS CIူCSS
CၢCS CIူၼSSEC EC CIUၼS CMၼSSCၢCS AS CၼSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCIူCSCECS ၼႆEၵႃ ACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ၼၼS CIူCS Cႆ CၼSSCႆ CIUၼS ၽၢCS CၼSSCီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS
ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၶCS ACS ၸMCSSၸSCၼSS ၼၼS EC CEၼSCူCSS CECS ၸIUCS ၸS ၼႃ ECCႃ ၸCS ၼႆ EC ECႃ Cႃ EC
CၼSSCIUၼSSCUCSS Cႃ ECCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSCူၼS ၸUၵSSCEၼS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၼၼS ECႃS ႆ ၸIUၼS Cႃ ၸIUၼS ႁECSSEC EC Cူ CCS S
ၵႃ CCS EC Cႆ ႁၼSCEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS ၵူ ၸUCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS Cႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS CူCS CIူCSSCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS AူS
ၸUCSSCူ CCS S Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼSCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CMၼS CECSSCUၼSSCၢCS Cႃ ၵMCS CၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS CူCSCIUၼSSEC ACS CၼSSCႆ CၢCS
Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS ၼCSCIူCSCIူၼS Cီ CUCSSၸCSS CEၼS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AS ၶIUCSSCIူCS ၶIUCSSCၢCSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ECACS CEၼSၶCS
CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSSCECSS (Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ) ၶCSEC ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၸMCS CူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CCS ၼႆCႃ S ၼMၵS ECၼႆ CၼSSCၢCS CECS Cႃ ၼSSၵႃ CၢCSS
ၶECS CECSၵူ AၼSS Cႃ CCSCၼSSEC CီSCႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽMCS ACS (Cႃ Cီ CၢCS ၽIUCS AၼSCႃ Cီ ၶCS Cႆ CူCSSCူ ၼၼS CMCS CူCSCIUၼSSၼႆ CEၼSAၼS
CူၼS ၶCS /Cၸၺ)ၶCS ACSCႆ Cီ CMCSS Cူ Cီ ၾၢႆ ၶCSSၶECSEC AMၼSACSၼၢCSS CၢCS ၽIUCS ECCIူၼS Cီ CUCSS ၼႆCCS S CECS CCS CEၼS Cႃ Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ
ၼႃ Cူ ၼၼS EC CEၼS AEၼSႁECSSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS (NDF) ၶCSS ၾၢႆ ၶMၼSSၵCECS EC CCS CUၼSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCၢCSSၽIူၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၶCSEၵႃ ACS
Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSEC Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS (Cႃ CၼSSCႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AS ၶIUCSSCIူCS ၶIUCSSCၢCSSၼCS ၵCS S
Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ) CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၼCSCIူCSCIူၼS EC CCSSCIူCSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSCႃ Cီ ၶCSCၢCS Cႃ ၶCSEၵႃ ၵMCS CIူCS CၢCSS CၢCS ၽIUCS CူCSCIUၼSSၵMၺSS
CCSSCIUၼS ၼႆ ACSCႆ Cီ Cီ CCS S ၼCS ၵCS Cႃ S CCS CUၼSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCၢCSSၽIူၵS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆ CႃSၼSSCႃ Cီ
ၼSSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ EC Cႃ Cီ Cၸၺ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS 10 ၸUCSSCၢCS ၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 ၵIUCSSCူ Cႆ ECႃ CIUCS
CMCSၸUCSSၵMၺSS CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶIူCS CMၵS 1000 Eၵႃ EC CIူCS CECSၸUCSSၼIူCS EC ၶIUၼSSCၢCS CၢႆၾၢCSCႆ Cႃ ၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010S
ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၶECS CECS CCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS CMၼS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸMCSSၼCS ၽICS CIူCSSCၢCS CၢႆၾၢCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၼၼS ၸIUCS Cႃ Cီ
ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSS CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSS CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSS EC Eၸ CIူCSS ၸIူCSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS ECACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS Cႃ ECၸUၵSSၸCS Cႆ ၼCS Cႃ Cီ
ၼၼS S ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ AၼSECCႃ CECS Cႆ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၶCS Cီ ၶECS CECS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCCS S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၼSSၽICS CIူCSSCၢCS CၢႆၾၢCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS AၼS
CCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS ၼၼS EC CEၼS Cႃ Cီ Cၸၺ AၼSCၢCS CUCSS CCS CUၼSS CIUၼSCၼS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 8 CIူၼSCၢၶMS 2010 ၼၼS CႃSCႆ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS
Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS (NLD) CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 ၼၼS CCS S CIူCS AၼSၼIူCS ၼႆ Cီ EA CUCSS ECႃSACS CEၼSၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECSCၢCSCီ
ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 ၼၼS Cႃ Cီ CၸၺၶCS ၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၶECS CECS ၼႆၸIUCS ECACS CီSCUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS Cႃ ECၸUၵSSCEၼSCႆ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS
CCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS ECCႃ ၵMၺSSEC Cႆ Cီ ၶECS CECS 10 Cီ S Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS ၼႆCူ CCS S
ၶIူCSSၽMCS ACS ႁIUCS Cႃ Cီ Cၸၺ ႁIUCS Cႃ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS ၼႆ CUၵS Cီ Cႃ Cီ CူCS Cႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS EC CၼSSCႆ CၢCS CEၼS
EC CICS CၢႆSCၢၼS (BSPP) ၼၼS CMၵS ၶၢCS CEၵS ႁၢCS Cႆ ၵMၺSSS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CၢCSEၵႃ S CCS CUၼSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCIူCSSACS CUCS
ၼMၵS EC Cႃ Cီ CူCSCMCSၸUCSSၼၼS AၼSCႆ CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS CEၼS Cႃ EC ၸUCSSAMၼS ႁEၼSSၼUCS CEၼSSႁUၼS 88 (CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ )
Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၼCSCIူCSCIူၼS Cီ CၢCSၸCSS CEၼS Cႃ Cီ AEၼSႁECSSCီ CူCS ၶEC AၼS AူSEASCUၼS EC AူSECSCUၼSS ၶႃCီ ၼMCS AMၼSACSၼၼS EC CၼSS
Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS NDF CIၵS ၵUCSSၶCS ၼၼS EC CၢCS Cႆ 161 Eၵႃ ၼႆCCS S Cႃ Cီ Cႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ ၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼIူCS ၸUCSSCS
AၼSCၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၼCSCIူCSCIူၼS Cီ Cီ ၸCSS Cီ CူCS ၶIူCS CMၵS 40 Eၵႃ S
ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS AၼSၵူၼSSCCSSၼCS A ၸၵSSCႆ Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ECႃSECႁUCS CူၺSSၼႆEC ၼSSၵႃ ၶECS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS
CIူCSၽIူၵS ၼၼS EC CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 157 Eၵႃ Cႃ EC ၸIူCSSCEၼS CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSS CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSS CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSS ႁIUCS
ၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS ၼႆCူ CCS S CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSSၼၼS CီS 1163 AၼSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSS
ECႃSECCူၺSSၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS ၸIူCSSၸIUCS Cႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS CECSS(ၸUCSSၵMၢၼS ၶECS ECS) ၼၼS EC CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ ECႃSၶS ၸMCS ၵူ
(CEၼS Cႃ ) AၼS ၽူ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCCS Eၵ AူSCူ CူၺS EC CUၵS CၢCSS ၸMCSၽMCSS Cီ S Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽMCS ACS (C.ၸ.ၺ)EC CၼSSCႆ CၢCS ၶECS CECS ၶIူCS
CူCSၵCS S ၽMCSSCIူCSSၵCS CIူCS CၢၼSCႃ Cီ CၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၶCS AMၼSACS CMၵS 980 AၼSS ၼMၵS ECၶCS Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSCၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSS
ၼၼS EC CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 50 ၸCSၸCSEC ECၶCS ၽMCSS AS ECႃSCူၼS 100 Cီ ၼၼS CႃSၸECS AEၼSႁECSSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS
Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS ၵႃ ၼႆCCS S (NDF) EC Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS (SNDP Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS )
ECႃSECCူၺSSCECS Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSCၢCSCူCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSၼႆEC ၵMၺSSCီS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS Cီ ၸUCSSS
ၵCS Cႃ ၼCSEC CIUCS AICSၸSCS CIUၼS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSS ၽSCၼSSEC ၶCSSၶIUCSCႃ ၶCS
Cီ CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSSၽSCၼSSCႆ S Cႃ Cီ CS CUCSCUၼSSCECSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၶECS ၶCS CIUCS CူၺSS ၼႃ CIၵS (4)
Eၵႃ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 40 CၢႆS Cႃ Cီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၢCSSၽIူၵS ၶCS
3
CCS S Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ႁIUCS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSSCECSSၼႆ AူS

CUၵS Cီ “CUCS CူၺSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ” ၼၼS CႃS CECSSCECS Eၵႃ CIUၵS CEၼS ၸMCSၽMCSSCူCSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS AMၼSACSCႆ S ၾၢႆ Cႃ
Cႃ Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS (CEၼS Cႃ ) EC CIူCS ၸCS AၢCS AၢၼSSCႆ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS ႁIUCS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽMCS ACS (C.ၸ.ၺ) EC ၸMCSCIUၵSၵCS
Cႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ EA CUCSS ၶECS CECSCCSSCIူCSSCCSSCIUၼS ၶIUCS ၼIူCS S AူSCUၼSSCီ Eၵႃ CၢCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS CၼSSႁECSS ၵECSၸMCSCMCSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS CIူCS CၢၼS
ၽIူCS CIUCSCႃSCၢCSSCၼSS ၵMCS CၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS CူCSCIUၼSSEC ၵMၺSSCႆ CၢCS Cႃ Cီ CူCS EC CICS CၢႆSCၢၼS ၼၼS S
CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ 50 Eၵႃ ၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ACSCCS Cႃ Cီ Cီ ၵMCS ၼႆ ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSS Cႃ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS ႁIUCS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS (CEၼS Cႃ )ၶCS AူSCူ CူၺS CၢCS EC CၢCSSၼCS CEၼSSၽMCSS ၽMCS ACS AူSႁၢၼS CူၺS CMၵS CၢCS Cႃ ၸUCSSAၼSECCECS Cႃ Cႆ ၶCSၼႆ CီS
EA ၵႃ ႁIUCSEၵႃ CီCCS CူCS Cႆ CီS ၼCS ၵCS ၼCS ၵႃ Cီ ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSSႁCSS Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၵMၺSSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
ၵMၺSS ၼႆCCS S ၶCS Cႃ CECS Cႆ ECႃ ၶCS ၼႆCCS S ၵMCS CCSၼႆ ၽၢႆ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၶCSၼႆ ACS
ၽူ ၼၢCSS Cႃ Cီ NDF AူSၶIၼS CMCS CူၺS EC CၢCS Cႃ ၼMၵS EC AEၼSႁECSS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 1000 CၢႆEC ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSS
Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ EC Cႃ Cီ C.ၸ.ၺၶCSၼၼS Cႃ Cီ CၢCS AၼSCCSSCECS CIUၼS S ၽၢႆ CCS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ CီSႁECSSၵCS CၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽSCၼSSCႆ
ECCၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶIူCS CMၵS 300 Eၵႃ S ၼSS 300 EC Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ CIUၼSSCEၼS ၸUCSSAၼSCီSႁECSSCႃ CECS ၶCSCCSS
Eၵႃ ၼႆ Cႆ CUၵS CIူၵS CCS ၶIUCS ၼIူCS Eၵႃ ECCီSCIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ ECCၢCS CMCSၸUCSSS CIူCS CECS Cႃ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS CၢCS Cႃ ၶCSCီSCUၵS ၸUCSS CၢCSCၢၼS Cၢႆ
ၵၢCSSS Cႃ ECCၢCS Eၼ CIူCSCီ ၽICS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSECCီS ၽMၼSSCၢCS CၢၵS CီS ၵူၼSS ၶIUCS S CMၼS Cႃ ECAMCS EC Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼႆ ECCIUCS AICSၸSCS Cီ
CIူCSSS ECၸၢCS Eႁ ႁၢCS Cႆ ၸIူCSSECACS CီSၽMၼSSCီ Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS Eၸ CIူCSS 7 AၼSS ၼSSEၸ CIူCSSၶCSEC CီS Eၸ CIူCSSCMၼSS EC Eၸ CIူCSS
ၼႆCူ CCS S CECS CCS ၸၢCS CIUCS ၶCSSCၢCS Cႆ Cႃ ၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSSS ၵCႃSၵMၺSS ၶCSၸၢCS ၸSCS Cႆ ၼၼS S
Cႃ ၸၼS CၢၼS ECၽECS CECSSၵၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CၢCS ၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS Cႃ Cီ CၼSSၸCS CIUCS CၢCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ C.ၸ.ၺ ၼႆ CၢCS Cႆ Eၼႃ
NDF AၼSCၢCS Cႆ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 161 Eၵႃ ၼၼS EC CIူCSCS CၼSS EC CEၼSSၽMCSS 980 Eၵႃ S Cႃ Cီ ၶCSၼႆ Cႆ ႁၢCS ႁEၼSSCႆ ၸECSCIူCS 2008 CူCSCMCS
ၶCS Cီ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSS EC CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵMၺSSS ၵCS ၼCS ၶCS Eၶ ၸIUCS CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ ECၸCSSႁEၼSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼၼS EC Cႆ ၶEၼSSၸS
CECS Cီ ၼSS Eၸ CIူCSSCႃ ၵUCS EC Eၸ CIူCSSCႃ CIူCS S CူၺS ၸSCူCSCႆ AICSSၼIူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆၸCS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS 15 CၼSSၼႆ ၸၢCS
ACSCCS Cႃ Cီ CS CUCSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၶECS CMၵS CS EASCMCS EC CၢCS CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AၢၼS ACSCၢၵS ၸIူCS ၼႆ CၢCS ၵႃ ၸIူCS
Cႃ CၢႆCCIူCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSSECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS ၼၼS EA Cႆ S ၼCS ၼႆS Cႃ Cီ C.ၸ.ၺ ၼႆ Cႆ Cႃ ၼMၵS EC Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ CၼSSCEၼSCႃ
ECႃSECACS AMCS EC ၼCS AၢCS AၢၼSSCႆ ၼၼS EC ECCႃSၵICS ၶMCS Cီ Cီ AၼSCီSႁECSSCူCSCIUၼSSၼCSECCIူၼS ၼႆCCS S
ၵၢၼSCIၼS Cၢႆ Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cူ ၼႆCCS S Cႃ Cီ CS CUCSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၶECS ၶCS CၢCSSCၢCS ၽIUCS AၼSCႃ Cီ CCSSၼCS Cႆ ACS ECႃ ၼႃ ၼၼS
ၼႆ CIူCSCS CၼSS ECၶCS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSCၶECS ၵMၺSSEC CၢCS Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS CEၼS Cႃ ECၶCSSCၢCS ၼႃ ၶMCSCႃ Cီ ၵူ CIူCS ၵူ CၼSSၼၼS EC CCSS ၵၢၼSႁႃ
Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS 44 Eၵႃ Cူ S Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၸIူCSSCEၼS CႆSS CၢCSSၽIူၵS S CူCSCIUၼSS ၵႃ CၢCS CၢႆၾၢCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSEC CCSS ၵၢၼSႁႃCူCSCIUၼSSၵMCSၵၢCS
CMၼSSS ၶMၢCSSၶCSEC AMၼSၵၼSCၢCS Cႃ ၵMCS Cႆ Eၶ CECS Cီ CIူCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSS Cႃ CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECSၼၼS EC CCS ACS ၵႃS ECCီS ၼႃ ၵၢၼSၼႃ ၶMCS
ၽSCၼSSၵMၺSSEC ECႃSCEၵS CူၺSSၵၼSCCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS ၶCSEC CIUCS AၼSECၽIူCS ၸMႆ CၢCS ၸIူCS CၢCS CMCS CCSSၼCSCCS S
CၢCSSCႃ ECEC Cႆ ၼၼS ၼCSCႆ Cူ ၼႆCCS S Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ႁIUCS SNDP ၸMCSSၼCS CEၼS Cၢႆ ACS ၵၢၼSၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS ၾၢႆ ၽEၼSၵၢၼSၶIူCSSCIူCSS
EC CIူCSCS CၼSS ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIUCS CႆSECCႃ EC ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSCS CUCSၶCS CIUCS Eၼ CIူCS ၵၢၼSCCS ၵၢCSၸS Cႃ CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS
ၼMၵS EC ၸIUCS CႆS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSၼႆEၵႃ ECၶCS CIူၵS CCS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AၼSၸCSSႁEၼSS CIူCS CIူၼSEC 2008 ၼၼS EC CIူCS CECS ACSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS
ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS EC CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCူ CCS S CီS 57 CၢၼS Cၢႆ 5 CEၼSEC ၽူ CီSCUၼS CၼSCECSCႆ ၸCSS CီS27 CၢၼS Cၢႆ 3
ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS EC CEၼSၼႆCCS S ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၶCSEC ၽူ CူCSSCၢCS ၼSSCIUCS ၶၢCS CႃSCႃ
CIUCS Eၼ CၢCSSႁၼSCIUCSCၼSSCႃ Cီ CEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS ၼႆ CီSCEၼSSၽMCSS ၼSSၼၼS Cီ EA CUCSSၼၼS ECCႃSCUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၶCS 16 CၢၼS
ႁECSCၢႆECCႃ ၾၢႆ AEၼSႁECSSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၶCS CCSSCECS ACS ACSSၵၼS EC ၼႆCႃ S
ACS CUCS CCSSCႆ Cီ CEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS ၶIUCS ၼIူCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CIUCS CၢCSS Cႃ CၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ EC ၼSSCEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AၼSCႃ Cီ
ECCူၼS ECSCIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS ၼSSၸူCS ၶၢCSSႁႃ Cီ ၼႆ EC Cႆ CEၼSCႃSCႆ Cၢႆ Cၢႆ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS CၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼႆEၵႃ ECCCSS
ၼႆCူ S ၼMၵS ECၼႆ CၼSSၸCS CIUCS CၢCS Cႃ Cႃ ECCMၼSCECS ၽICS CIူCSS CIၼS CECSSCCSS ၽSECCႆ ၶCS ACS Cႆ ၶCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS
ၸIူCSSACS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSၼၼS EC CCSS Cႃ ECCCSSCၢCSSCIUၼSCၼS ၽICS CIူCSSCS CၼSSCီ 6 ECႃ 10 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS ၼၼS CCS CCS S ၽူ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၵူၼSS
Cႃ CၢၼS CIူCSSECCIူCSSCီCႃSၼၼS EC CCS Eၶႃ CECSၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS Cႃ Cီ CIUၵSS 25 CၢၵS AၼSCၢCSCူCS ၸMCSCMCSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS CECS CCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ EC
ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCCSSCECS CၵSSECCႆ CIူၼSၽECS ၵၼSCEၵSSCEၵSS ၸCS ECCEၼSၵၢၼSS CီSCႆ ၼSS CCSSCEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS S
CၢCS EC CCS CIUၵSSၼႆEၵႃ ECႁCS ႁၼS ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆEC ECႃSၽECSၼSS CူၺSSACS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS AၼSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၵူ
CEၼSSၽMCSSEC ECၸၢCS CူၼS ECS AၼSၵCS AၼSCMၵSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS AS CီCႃS AၼSAၼSCၢCS Cႆ ၼၼS EC ၸၢCS CUCS CၢCSSCူၺSSCႆ CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS CEၼSS
ၸMCSSၼCS Eၶႃ CECSၵၢCSၸS ၵူၼSSCCSSၼCSCူ CၢCS ၵႃ ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS ၽMCSS AၼSECၽUCSSAMၵS CႃS ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSSၼၼS CီCီCူ CCS S ၵMCS
ECႃSECCူၺSS ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSၸIUCS CIUCS AICSCIUၼS ၼႆ ၸCS CၢCS Cႆ Cႃ ႁECSSႁIUCSEၵႃ ၾၢႆ AEၼSႁECSSၵCS CၼSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ
Cီ Eၸ CIူCSSၽSCၼSSEC ၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS S Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSႁIၵS ACS Cႃ EC ႁCSSၶCSၼႆ A ၵႃ ECCEၼSၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSEA Cႆ ၼSSCEၼSSၽMCSSCၢCSCၢၼS AၼS
CူၼSSCUCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ၼႆEC CၵSSCUCSSCႆ Cီ Cႃ ၵUCS ၶCS ၼႆEၵႃ ECၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSၼၼS Cူ ၼႆCCS S
ၵMၺSSCၼSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS ၶCS Eၶ CECS Cႆ Cီ CIူCSSCၢၼS AၼSCEၼSEၸ
CIူCSSၶCSၼၼS S ၼSSၵႃ CီSEၸ CIူCSSၸECSSAၼSၼႆEၵႃ ၵCS ၼCSCIUCS AICS ၸၢႆSCECS
Eၸ CIူCSSCMCSAၼSCႆ ၵMၺSSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Eၸ CIူCSS EC Eၸ CIူCSSၵCS ၼCSၼႆ
ECCEၼS CၢCS AၼS Cႃ Cီ CၢCSCီ EC Cႃ Cီ C.ၸ.ၺ ၶCS CECS ၵၼSၵMၺSS
4
ၵၢၼSCIူCSS CECSၶCSSCၼSS EC CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၶCSCEၼS

ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS
CႆS CECSၽEၼS ၽEၼS EC ၸCS CEၼSၵႃ Nanzhao/南诏 S “EC” AၼSCႃ ၼႆ

CEၼSCIူၵS CူCSCECSSၼIူCS AၼSCႆSCIူCS ၵMၼS CUCS CCSCႃ CီSCႆ S ၶS Cႃ CEၼS ၼၵႃSCႆS
ၼႆEၵႃ Cႃ Cႆ S CIူCSၾၢCSႁၢCS CၢCS “EC”ၼႆ CူCSCၼSSCIူၼSCႃ S CီSၵECSSS CႃSCIၵS S
CီSCIၼSCီ ၶMၼSS ႁၢCSCၢCS Cီ S ACSCIူၵS S ၸCS A ECႃCၢCS ၸCS Eၵႃ ACS Cႃ “Cႃ
ACSCူCS”S Cႃ ACSCူCSEC ACS CႃSCIၵS S AၼSCႆSႁCSSCူCSၵႃ Cူ CၢCSSၵႃ CူCSS
ၼႆEၵႃ CUၵS Cီ CူCS Cႃ ACSCူCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CEၼSSCEၼSCႃSၼႆCCS S Cီ ၼSSCIUၼSS
CၢၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႆ ႁၼS CMCS ၸIUCS CIူCSSၼMCSECS CIူCSSECS ၶCSEC ACSCECS
ၶCSACS Cႃ CၢႆSEC CECS Cႃ (CIUCSSCCS) ၼႆCCS S
ၵMCS CIUၵSS CၢCSSCMႆS CIUၵSSEC Cႆ CIူCSSၼMCSEC ၶMCSCႆSၵႃ EC CႆS
CCSSCၢႆ AMၼSၵၼS Cႆ ၽၢCS CၢၼS CIူCSSႁၢCSSၸCS ၵCS EC ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ CႃS EASCီS
CSSၸECS ၸၢၼSSCၼSSAMၵS ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CEၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆEC ၽSACS ၸၢCS Eႁ ႁၢCS
Cႆ CႆSၸIူCSSၶၢႆ CူCSSCႃS CIူၼSၼCS CူၼS ၾၢႆၼၼS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CIူCS ACSCၢၵS Cီ CူၼS
CICSSCၢCS CႆSၵUCSSၵCSCႆ CUCS CMIၼS ၸECSSCီCီCၢCSSCၢCSSCCS CS ၶECSႁECSSCႃS
CူCS CၼSS Cႃ ECၶၢၵS ၼႃ CIၼS CၢCS Cီ CၢCS CEၼS ၼၼS S CIူCS ၼၼS
CMCS CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆS(CUCS ၵူCSS) CူၼS CEၼSၸICSSCIူCSSCEၼS CIၼSCၵၢၼS
CMIၼS ၸECSSၼၼS CEၼSAMCS CCS CMCS ၼIူCSCEၼS CၢCSSၵၢၼSၵႃ ၶၢႆ CIူCSSCႆS EC
CIူCS C.ၶ 1287S CMCS ၸCS ၾႃ CၵၢၼS ၼCCီ ႁႃ CEC Cၢႆ CIUCSCCECS ၸIူCSS
CIူCSSCၢၼS S ECႃ CECS ၵူၼSSၵႃ CႆSၶCS ACSၶူCSSCIူCSSCႆS ၵူ ၸIူCS ၵူ CၢCS CၢCS
ၼၼS CEၼSCMCS CၢCSSCMCSAၼS ႁECSSAS CIူCSSCUCS ၵEၼS CူCSCၵၢၼS ႁIC
ူ S ႁIC
ူ SS
ၼIူCS CူCSSS Cႃ EC CူCSSCႃSၶၢႆ Cီ CMIၼS ၸECSSS CCS Eၵႃ CIUCS ၶူCSSCIူCSSCၢၼS
CIူCSSCS CႃSၸECSCIူCS CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ AEၼႃ CCႃ Cီ C.ၶ 1044 ၼၼS ၵူၼS
Cီ CMIၼS ၸECSSEC CIူCSSၶIUၼSSCIူCSSCႆSS ၵMCS CီSCEၼS CၢCSSၵၢၼSၵႃ ၶၢႆၼႆ EC
CCSSCူ CECSၵႃ Cူ CCS S ၸCS ၾႃ CၢႆSCIUၼSSၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ AူCUၼSCူCS CူCSS
ECႃ CECS ၵူၼSSၵႃ့CႆS CCSSၼCS CIUၼS ၾၢႆ EC ႁႃ CႃSၵႃ ၶၢႆ ECႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSS
CႃSEC ACS ၸၢCS ၵUCSSၵCSCႆ ႁECSSCMCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEႁႃၶCSSCၵၢၼS CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ
ၵၢCSS
Cီ CၵၢၼS ၼႆ CEၼSCMၵSSCCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃSEC CCS ၸIUCS ၵEၼS ၵၢCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCCS
CECS CCS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS CCSSၼCSEၵႃ AMၼSၵၼS
ၶၢႆ CႃS CIUCSCMIၼS ၸECSS Cီ AၼSCႆSၵUCSSၵCSCႆ S CMCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶၢႆ CႆCEၵS Cၢႆ
ၶၢႆ CူCSSCႃS CUCS CMIၼS ၸECSS Cီ AၼSCီSCIၼSCၢCS CIၼSCCS ၼCSS ၶCSၸS CIUCSS
AၼSၼႆ CEၼSCIUCS CၢCSSCီ ၽၢၼS CၢCS Cႃ CႆS ၵၢၼSSCMCSCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS
CၢCSSECႃၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၶCS AၼSၸၼS CUCSၼၼS EC CEၵS Cၢႆ CIၼSCCS
CMCSSၵၢCSၼၼS CCS S
CIၼSCၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CEၼSCIူၵS ႁႆ CMၵSSၼႃSCႃSS ၸMCSSၼCS ၸCS CၢႆSA ECႃၶCS
ECႃSECၽIUၼS ၶIUၼSSCIUၼSSၵCS CႆSၼႆ CECS CၼSၶCS CႃS ၼSSCIူCSSCEၼS
CECS ႁEၼSSCႃSၼၼS CႆS ၼႆ CEၼSၸၢCSSၵူၼSS ECႃၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CCSSCIူCSၾၢႆ
Cႃ CႃSၸECSCIူCS ACSCၢၵS Cီ CူၼS ၼIူCS ၼၼS S CIူCS ၸCS EC ၸUCSSCႆS
ၸIူCSSၼၼS ၼႆCCS Cႃ S CႆS ၸIူCSSCူ CCSSCီ ၼႃ CIၼS CUၵS Cီ Eၸ CIူCSS
CၢႆCၢႆၸUCSS ၶၢႆ ၶCS CႃSၵCSSၵCSSCEၼSCEၼS CMႆSCMႆSS ECႃSCႃ CၢCSSၽၢႆ ACS
ၵၢCSSCီ ၼSSCIူCSSEၶ ECႃ CIUCS Eၸ CIူCSSAႃ CCS ၼSSCIူCSSAIၼSSCီSCSSၼၼS
CUၼS Eၶ ၶCSCUCS ၶCS CႃSၼႆEၵႃ CႆSEၵႃ Cႆ ႁICS ၼECS ၶCS CႃSၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS
ၸUCSSCSEၵႃ ၶCS Eၵႃ CIUၵS ACS Cႃ ၶCS S ၼႃS Eၵႃ CIUၵS ACS Cႃ ၼႃSS CIူCS Eၵႃ
ၶၼSၶၼSCႆSCႆSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSCCSSCၢႆ EC CCS Cူ CCSS CUCS ၼCS EၵS ၼSS
CIUၵS ACS Cႃ CIူCSS ၾၢႆ Eၵႃ CIUၵS ACS Cႃ ၾၢႆ ၼႆၵMၺSSS
CIူCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၸMCSSၸECS ACS CၼSSCူၵSSS ၽၢႆ ACS S ၸECS ACS CၼSSAMၵS S ၽၢႆ CၼSS
ၼSSEၵ ၵူၼSSCႆS ၸIူCSSၶၢႆ ၶCS CႃS CၢၼSCIUၼSSCIူCSSCၵၢၼS ၼၼS Eၵႃ
AMၵS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S AMCS Cီ ၶCSCူ CCSSၼႆEၵႃ ACS Eၶႃ AၼS “CIူCSS”S “Eၸ ”S
ၸIUCS Cႃ CECၶ
S CSSCၼSSၼၼS CၢCS ၸECS Cီၼႃ S CၼSSCEၼSၶIူCSSၸCS ၶIူCSSၶUၼS Cီ
“ၵECSS” EC CၼSၸIUCS CECSAMCS Cီ CႃSS CMCS Cႃ CIူCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS CICS CS ၵႃ ႁIUCS
CIူCSSCႆS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cႆ CUCSSCIူCS ႁICSႁၢCS EႁႃၵၼSEC ၸCS Cၢႆ CႃSCူ CIူCSS
AၼSCႃ EC AICSၼIူCSCၢCS ၼCS EၵSၶCSCCS CIူCSSၼၼS ၵၢCS ၶၢCSCS ၵႃ ႁIUCSS
CၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSS CIူCS CECSၶCSSCၼSS ၽECSCႃS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSS ၵၢCSS CၼSSAMၼSACS
CMၼSSCၢၵS ၵႃ ႁIUCSၼၼS CCS S EC Cီ CIူCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၸECS ACS CၼSSCူၵSS EC
CႆSCCSSၼCSEC CူၼS ECS ACS CIူCSS ၾၢႆၵCS ၽUၵS CMCS CၢႆၸIူCS CၢႆCၢCS EC
CCS CၢCSSၵၼSၵႃ CMCSCူCSSS CIူCSSၶIUCSS CIူCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSၵMCS S CECSSCIူCSS CIူCSSCICS S
CUCS CMIၼS ၸECSSEၵႃ CEၼSCMCSၶCS CူCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSCႃSCူ CCS S ၽMCSS
CIူCSSCၢCSSS Eၸ CၢၼS S CEၼC
S ီS AUCSSCMCS S CMCS AၺS S CIူCSSၼၢႆSS CIူCSSCၢႆSS
ၶၢCSSCIူCS ၼၼS CၢCSSCIူCSSCၵၢၼS Eၵႃ Cႃ CIူၼS CူCS Cႆ CူၺS S ၾႃ CECS
ၵECSSႁUCS S ၵECSSCUCSS ၵECSSCEၼSS ၵECSSCS S CIူCSSCႆSၸIူCSSၼႆ CMCS ACS CIူCSSCၢၼS
AူၼSႁIC
ူ S CႃSEC ၵECS CIူၺS ၶCS ၼCS CၢCSSၵIၼS Cႆ CIUCS AICS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS
CMCSSၵၢCS AၼSCEၼS CUCS ၼCS ၵECSCႆ ၼၼS CEၼSEၶႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCECS CIူCSS
ၼႃSCႆS Cီ CIူCSSCMIၼS ၸECSSS ၵMCS CIူCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSCႃSEC ACS
(Geopolitics) AၼSၼIူCS Cႃ CႆSAUCS CMCSCႆ CIူCSSCၢၼS S
ၼCS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ ၼCSCIူCSSCႃSS CIူCSSCMIၼS ၸECSSၼႆ ACS ၸS ၵMၺSSCႆ ၵCS ၸMႆ ၶCS
ၸECSCIူCS CIူCSSCၵၢၼS ၸCS ႁႃEC CCS ၼၼS CႆS ECႃSCၼSSၽECS
ၼCS CၢCSSၵIၼS ECႃ CIူCSSCၵၢၼS S ECႃSCီSၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼSCIူCSၼႆEၵႃ ACSAEၼS
CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSCCS CCS S ၸUCS AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSEC ၶၢႆ ၶCS CႃSၵCSS
ႁECSSCIUၵSSၵCS ၸMႆ CႃSCႆ CCS S ၵMCS ၼႆ CECSၶCSSCၼSS EC CUၵS ၸၢႆSCၼSS
ၵCSSCEၼSCEၼSEC ၵMCS ႁECSSEA Cႆ EC ACS ၶCS ၵECSၸMCSS ၵၢၼSCၢၼS ၵၢၼS
CၢCSEၵႃ Eၵႃ CEၼSSၽူ ၵူၼSSCICS CS ၼSSEႁႃၶCSSCIူCSSCၵၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS ၸCS ၾႃ
CIူCSS EႁႃၶCSSCၵၢၼS ၶCSCႃSS ၵMၺSSႁECSS ၵၢၼSEၵႃ CၢCS S ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC
CၵၢၼS CIူCS ၼၼS ၼCCီ ႁႃ CEC Eၵႃ CECS CCS CUၵS ၸၢႆSCECSၶCSSCၼSS CEၼS
Cူ CCSSၽECS ၽECS S CၢCS CMၵS CၢCS CS ECႃSၸCS ၾႃ CၵၢၼS ၶCS CီSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS
ၶUၼSCIူCSSCSCIူCSSၼၼS S Eၵႃ CS Aၢႆ CECSၶCSS CEၼS ၶUၼSCIူCSS CMIၼS ၸECSSS Eၵႃ ၵၢCS
ၵၢၼSCIူCS CႆSၸIူCSSCူ CUCS CECSSၶCSEၵႃ ၶCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSS CIUၵSSECႃSCIUCSS
CIUCS CူၺSSၼႃ CIၵS (6)
ၽၼSS CIUCSCၢႆCၢႆCIူCSSS ၼMၵS ECၼႆ Cီ CIၵS CCSႁIၼS CIူCS CၢၼSCၵၢၼS
Cႆ ႁၼSၸIUCS CႆS Eၵႃ CEၼSၸCS Cႃ ၼEC CCSS CMCS CႆSECႃCူ ECႃCၢၼSS
EC CCSၼၼS CCS S
CIူCS CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ AEၼႃ CCႃ EC CIူCSSCၵၢၼS Eၵႃ AEၼSႁECSSCS
CႃSEC ECႃႁႃၵCSSCIUCS CICSSECႃ ႁECSSEၵႃ ၵၼSCCSS CIူCSSCႆSၼMCSEC
CႃSECCႃ CMCSၵူCSCႆSECၶCS CႃSCIူCSSCၢၼS ၼၼS EC Eၵႃ CCS CECSSCS ၵၢCS
43 CECSS ၽၢႆ ACS EC ၽၢႆ CၼSSAMၵS CIူCSSCၢၼS AၼSCEၼSCIၼSCၼSCMႆၸIUCS
CႆSၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ CIUCSCႃSCၢၼS ၸCS ၾႃ CၵၢၼS ၸIူCSS ႁECSSCူCS CMCSSCႃSၼၼS
EC CECSSCS ၵၢCSၸIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS Cႆ CMCS CCSCCS S CUၵS Cီ ၵICS CMႆEၵ
CMႆEC CႆSCႆၶCS CႃSၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCS CIူCSCS CၼSS AၼSCEၼSCUCS CMIၼS
ၸECSS (ၵMၵS EC )ၼၼS S
AၼSCႆ ႁၼS ၼSSCIUၼSSCၢႆCၢႆၽIUၼS CECS Cႆ Cႃ ၼၢၼSၸၢCS S ၼၢၼS
ၸၢCSS ၼၢၼSၶMၢCS S ၼၼSSEၸႃSS CၢၼS ၸCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS ACS ECႃ CIူCSSCႆS
AၼSCႆ Eၵႃ CCS CCS Cီ CECSSCႃ Cီ CီSCႃSႁICSS ၼMCSAၢၼS AၺS ၼၼS CCS S ႁၢCS CူCSAၼS
CႆSႁCSSACS Cႃ Cႃ “EC” ၼၼS
Cီ EC CIူCSSၼၼS CႆSႁCSSACS Cႃ CIူCSS“ၼMCSEC”S Eၶ ၶCSACS ECႃACS ၸIUCS
5
CUၵS Cီ “CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ” CႃS CၢCSSCMႆSၶCSEC CIUၵSSCႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၸCS EC CUၼS CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCSS
Cီ CECSၵCS CEၼSၶUၼSCIူCSS CEၵS ၶCႃ S Eၵႃ AMၼS CၢCSCECSCS CEၼSၶUၼSCIူCSS CၢCS CIUၼSSCUCSSCႃS CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS Eၵႃ ACSၸCS ၾႃ ၵCS EၵMႃ ၸႃ CECSSACSEC
Cၢႆ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶCSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS CီSCIUCS CၢCSSၵUCSSၵCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSCႃSCူ S EၼCၢCSSCMႆSၶCSS Cီ EC CၢCSSCMႆSၶCS AၢၼSSCႃSACS EၵMႃ ၸႃ CၢCS CEၼS
CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၵMCS Cႆ ၶCS AMၵS ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ CIူCSSC ၸCS ၾႃ ၶIUၼSSS CIူCS CECS EၵMႃ ၸႃ ACS CီSCCS EC ၵၢၼSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCSEၵႃ
ၵၢၼS CႃSEC CIUCS ၵIUCSSၸCSၸSၵၼSCCSS Eၼႃ CECSCIUၼSSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၵၢၼS ၶCS ACS CီSCCSၵႃ CCS S ၼMၵS ECၼႆ CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ACSၶCSSၸECSSၸMႆ S CIUၼSS
CႃS ၸECSၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃSS CECS CCS ၼMCS CICSSၶCSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Eၵႃ ၵူCS ၵူ CMၼS CၢCSSCMCSၸMႆ EC ၶူCSSၶMCSCCSS ၼCSCIUၼS CMၼSCၼS ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIUၵSS CၢCSSCMႆS
CICS ၵၼSCCSS CUၵS ၸၢႆSၸCS ၾႃ ၼCCီ ႁႃ CEC Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC Cႆ CIူCSSၸCS ၶCS Cႃ ECႃSCIUၵSSၵၼSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၽူ ၵၢၼSSCIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS Eၵႃ ႁၢၼS
ၸSၵၼSCႃSCECS S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶCSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSSCီCူCS Cႆ ၶCS AMၵS ၸSၵႃ EC CCSSၶUCS ACS CIူCSCူCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CIူCSSCMIၼS ၸECSSၼၼS
ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃEC CECS ႁEၼSS CၢႆSA ECႃ ၾၢႆ ၸCSSၵၢၼSCၢၼS CMCS CၢၼS CIူCSS EC ECႃ CIUCSCIူCS CECS CIUၵS ACS Cႃ CEၼS ACS CIူCSCၢCSSCMႆS ၼႆCCS S
EC CCSS ၽICS ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ EC CCS ၼၼS CCS S CMCS CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS CMႆCIူCSSၵႃ ၶIUၼSSၼၼS CEၼSCMCS AMCS EC
CၢႆSEC ၸCS ၾႃ ၼCCီ ႁႃ CEC ႁၢႆCCS S CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS Eၵႃ CူCS ၶMCSCႆSCIူCSSCMIၼS ၸECSSၶCSEC CCS S Cီ ၼႆ Cႆ ၸS CIUCSS ၼCS ၵCS
CS ၶECSႁECSS CႃSCႃS Cႃ ၸUၵSSၸCS Cႆ ႁၢCSSEၶႃS ၵMCS ၶCSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS CၢၼS CMCS ၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၵၢၼS CIူCSECACS ၵႃSS ၼCS ၵCS ECႃ AUCS CၢCS ၸႃ ၵCSSCIUၵS
CၢၼS CIူCSS AS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSS CီSCၢCSSၼICSCCSSCICSSCEၼSEC ၵူၼSS CICSSECႃ ၼၼS Eၵႃ CCS CMCS
CၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSၶCS ႁၼSCီၼIူCS CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS EC AMၼS Cႆ EC Cူ CCS S CၢႆSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS
ၵၼSCMၼS ၶCS CS ၶCSCႃSCCSSၼCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS CMCSSႁCS CMCS CႆS CMၵS Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CIူCSSၵႃ ၶIUၼSSS ၼSSCႆS
CၢCSCီ ၼMCS AMၼSACSCၢၼS CIူCSSၼၼS CCS S CၢCS Cီ ၼMCS ၵIUCSSၶCS Eၵႃ CEၵS
ၽMCSSCၢCSSၼၼS ၸCS ၾႃ EၵMႃ ၸႃ Eၵႃ CUCS ႁၢCS EႁႃCၵၢၼS ၼၼS CUCSS CၢCSCECSCSၵMၺSSS CၢCS
Eၵႃ ၼMၵS EC ႁICSSACSSEၸ CူCSCၵၢၼS ၼၼS ၽSEၵႃ ACS ACSၵၢCSSCၼSS CECC
S S CUၵS Cီ CMIၼS ၸECSS ၶၢႆ CႃS
CCS S AူCUၼS CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၵMၺSS Eၽ ၸMCS CႃSCIၵSSCIၵSSS EၵMႃ ၸႃ ၼႆ CIUCSCၢCSCႃ AၼSၵS ၸCSCCSS
ACS ECႃSECႃACSၶၢCS ၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃSS ၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃSEၵႃ ႁၼSCIUCSCႃSCႃ ၼCS ၵECSၼၼS EC AUCS CMCSCIူCSS
CၼSSACS CီSCEC ၼႃ Cႃ AူCUၼSၽUCSSCCSS ၼSSႁၢCS ၼSSEႁႃ CCS ၼႆEC CၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCSS CECS CCS AS
CၵS CMCSၸCSSၵၢၼS Cႃ CူCSSCECS EၵMႃ ၸႃ S ၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃS CၵS CMCSCMႆ CUၵS ၸၢႆSCၼSS ၸCS CူၼSS CIူCSS
ၵူၼSS CICSSECႃ CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS Cႃ ၸMႆ CECSCၼSSS ၽEၼSၵၢၼSCႃ ECႁECSS CCS Eၸ ၵECSSEC ႁECSSၸCS
ႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ CၼSSCူCS CႃSCၼSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၸCS ႁECSSၵMCSSCူCSCCS ႁECSSၶUၼSS EC CIူCS ၼၼS CUၵS
ၼIူCS CCS ႁCS CMၵS EၵMႃ ၸႃ AS CIူCSSCMCS CCSSCၢCS ၼCS ၵMCSSCူCS Cီ CMIၼS CၢၼS CၢCSCECSCSၶCS Cူ Cီ
ၸECSSS ၽIူCS EၵMႃ ၸႃ CIူCSSၽECS CMႆSCၢCS ၼCS ၵMCSS Cီ CMIၼS ၸECSSၼၼS CႆSCၢCS CၢCSCႃ S Eၸ ၵECSSEC AUCS CMCS
Cီ ၼMCS ၸCS CEၵSSAS CၼSSၼUCS ၽႃ CIူCSCECS S ၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃSEၵႃ CIူCSSEႁႃၶCSS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCS ႁIUCS 60 Cီ S
CၵၢၼS EC ACSCUၵS ၸၢႆSEၵMႃ ၸႃ Eၵႃ ACS Cႃ EၸႃSၼICS CၢCS CEၼSၸCS CၢႆSၼၼS CCူCSSCၢCSSၽMႃS Eၵႃ
ၾႃ EC ၼၢCSSၾႃ EၸႃSEၵႃ ၶIUၼSSCႆ CUၼS ၵUCSSၵCS ၵၢၼSCၢၼS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSCႃS CEၼSCၢၼS ၸCS CူၼSSၼၼS Eၵႃ CIUၵSSႁၢၼSCႆS CIူCS ၵMၼS
ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၼSၸCS EၵMႃ ၸႃ EC EၸႃSၼICS Eၵႃ CEၼSCႃSၸCS ၾႃ CCS CIူCSSACSSCႃ CIူCS CၼSSCီ 25 CIူၼSၾECS Cႃ Cီ 1365 ၼၼS EC
CS ၵူၺSSACS CီSႁECSSCMCS CCSၼၼS CၵS CMCSၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCS CICSSECႃ Eၵႃ CCS CၢၼSၸCS ၾႃ CႆS AUCS CMCSCIူCSSCၢၼS ႁIUCS200 Cီ ECႃ CIUCS 1555
CၢCSSCMႆSၶCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆS CIUၼS CၢႆCMCSႁECS CူCSSၽECSCႃS CIူCSSCၢၼS CCS S
CMCSSၵၢCSCECS S Cႆ CၢCSCီ ၼMCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ႁၢCS ၶူSECSCEၼS Cီ Eၸ ၽSCECSS ၼႆ EC CEၼSCMCS ၽEၼSၵၢၼSCၢႆSCIူCSS CECSၶCSSCၼSS EC CUၵS ၸၢႆS
CၼSSS CCSSCၢCSSၽEၼSၵၢၼSCIUၵSS Cႃ ECႁCS CIUၵSSECႃSၶIUၼSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCSS CIUၵSS CၼSSCၢCSEၵႃ CEၼS ၵႃ ၼၼS CCS S ၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCS AS CၢCSSၽS ၶS CIUၼS
CၢCSSCMႆSၶCS CႃSCMCS ACS Eၸ CူCSCၢCSAၼS CMIၼS ၸECSSS CEၵS ၶCႃ S CၢCS Cၢႆ CၢၼSCECSCူၼS S AS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSSS CူၼSSCUCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS
ၸIူCSSၼၼS S CIUၵSSCႆS Cူ ၼIူCSCEၼS ၸS CIUCSSCၢၵS ႁIၼS CIUCSSCIUCSSECႃ CIUၵSS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS AS ၵCS CၼSCႃSS CECS ႁEၼSS CၢႆSၾၢႆ ၸCSSၵၢၼSCၢၼS CIူCSSS ECႃACS
CၢCSSCMႆSၶCSS CMၵS ၼIူCS CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆS ၶCSSCၢCS ၶIUၼS CEၼS CECSSS CIUၵSSCႆS Cူ CIUCS CၢCSS ၽMCSSၶၢCSSCIူCSၾၢCSၵၢၼSCIူCSS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵႃ EC Eၵႃ CၢCS AS CၢၼS
ၼIူCSCEၼS ACSၵၢCS CIUCSSS ACSCၢၵS ႁIၼS ၵICS CူCSSEC CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSCၢႆCEၼS CIူCSS ၵCSSCEၼSၼICSCCSSS ၵECS EၶCUCS CMCS CIUၵSSၼMၵS CIူCSS ၸIူCSSCူၼS CEၼS
ႁႃ CၢၵS CၢႆS CIUၵSSၵၼS CIUCS ႁIUCS CIUCS ၽၢႆ CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS ၸECSSCၢCS Cၢႆႁၢႆ ၸICSSCIူCSSCႃSၼၼS CCS S
ၼCSCႃSS ၵMCS CIူCS CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS EC CIUၵSSCႆSၶCS CီSCူCSCူCSSၵၢၼSCIUၵSSၼCS ၶUၼSCUCSSၶECS
CCS EC ၶCSECႃႁႃCMၵSSCၢႆSCီCီ Cႃ ECAMCS EC CIUၵSSCၢCSSCMႆSၶCS ၸIူCSS
Cႆ CူCSSCႃSCIUCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CMCSSၵၢCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSႁIUCSCၢCSS ႁIC
ူ S CMႆ ၼႃ ၼၼS S
CCS ၾICS ၾႃ Eၵႃ ACS CIUCS CIUၼS S ၶCS ၼCS CၢCSSၵIၼSEၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ CIUၵSS
ႁUၼS ၼူCSCၢႆSCIူCSS ႁၢCS CူၼS

ၼCS ၵCS
Cီ CၢCSCECSSၶၢCS AၼSၼIူCS ၼႆ ၽူ CIUCS ၶၢCS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCSCီ ၽူ ၵၢၼS
CIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼCS ၼႆS
“ၽူ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS ၼႆ CUၵS CီCီSၼCS ၵCS ၸIူCS ႁIUCSၶႃ Cႃ ”
“ECCႆ ၶIၼSၵၢCSSCၼS S CCS ECCႆ ECႃCူၼS ၶႆ CCSSCၢCSAIူCS ”
“ၶIၼSၵၢCSSCၼS AၼSCႃ ၼႆ ၶS Cႃ CMCS ၸIူCS ႁIUCS”
“ECCႆ CMCSCၢCS ၸMCSSၼCS ၵၢCSSCၼS AၼSၸCS ၵCS CၼSCႆ Cီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS
ၽMCSSၶၢCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼၼS ”
“AၼSCႃ ECႃCူၼS ၶႆ CCSSCၢCSၼၼS ၶႃ CူS”
“ECCႆ A CMCS Cႆ Cႃ CIူCS CSEၵႃ ECACS Cႆ CၼSၵၢCSSCၼS ၼၼS CCS ”
ၵCSCEၼSCEၼSSၽMCSSCCS
ၽူ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS Cီ ECSၼၢCSSCၼSSၸIူCS ၼႆS
“ၼၢႆSCူCS ... ၵCSCEၼSCEၼSSၽMCSSCCS ”
“Cႃ ECCႃSCEၼSႁCSSၼႃ ၶICSSၼႆ ”
“Aႃ ... ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ECႃSCCS CူCS ၵႃ CCS Cႃ S ၵMCS CCSEC ၵCSEC ECႃ CCS - Aၢႆ CၢၼSAIူၺSS ... Cႃ Cီ (ၼCS)CၢႆCၼS ၼီ
Cႆ CEၼSCECS ” CUCSSၸCႆ CIူၵS Cႆ CUၵS (ၸUCSS)CႆEၼႃS?
CECSS - CCSSCEၼSCECSS CCSSEၵႃ Cႆ CUၵS CECSSCCSSၵMၺSS ..
6
CMCS AၺS S CူၼS CီSၶCS EC ၽူ CMCS

ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS
ၵၢၼSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽူIၵS Eၸ CECSSCူၼS
CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSS EC CMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSS CီSၶCSEၵႃ ၶCSACS ၸMCSSၵၼSS
Cီ CၢCSၵUCSၼၼS CMCS Cႃ
14 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS
EC AMCS EC Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼႆ
ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS ECCူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS CIူCSSCႆSCCSSCIUၼS
EC CCSS Cႃ ECCူCSSCူၼSSCUCS
ၼႆEC CCS EC CၼSSCီ 4 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS AMၵS Cႃ ၵUCS CႃSEC CIူCSSၽECS CECSSCEၼSCီ CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS CIူCS CၼSSCီ
ႁႃCECSၼၼS EC CCSS CMCS ECCႆ
6 CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS Cူ CCS S
ႁECSSCEၼS CၢႆCၢႆCူCSCIUၼSS ၸS ၸၢႆ
ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS ECၶCS Eၶ CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS AS CECS ၼECS Cီ
CECS CIူၵS CCS ၶECS CECSCၢႆ(2)Eၸ CၢCSSEC CCS ACSCCS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS
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CCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS CMႆS Cီ ၼMCS CႆSၼIူCSS CႆSCECSၶCS Cူ
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ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ၽEၼSCၢႆ CIUCS CUCSSCီ

CူCSSႁႃCECS Cီ ၼCS CၼS Eၸ CECSSCၢCSSၶIူCSS
CIူCS ၵECSACSCCS Eၸ CECSSCီ ECႃ CUCSSEၵႃSCICS CMၵS CၢCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS

15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS Eၽ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS
7 CECS CECS CS Cီ ECႃ Eၵႃ ၶCS ACS S ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSၶCS CၢႆCၢႆ
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼSCECS Eၸ CMၼS CၢCSSၶIူCSS ၸၢႆSCၢCS ၼႆ
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 5 CIူၼSCECS Eၸ CECSS ၶႆ EၼCီ ၼMCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS
CECS CS ၵၢCSၼS 7 CူCSSၼၼS Cႆ CIUCS Eၵႃ CႃSၶCS CၢCSၵECS ၼႆCCS S
CECS CS ၼၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶ ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS ACS CIၼSSCMCS ၼၼS
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CECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Cီ CMCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS
CECSSCၢCSSၶIူCSSS CIူCSၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCၢCSSၶIူCSSၼၼS
CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS ၶCS CၢႆCၢႆEၸ CECSS ၶIူCSSCႆS Cႆ ၽUCSSAMၵS CႃSS CMCS CၵSS
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CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Cီ CၢCSS ၸၢႆSEၵMႃ EၸႃSCၢၼSSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS
CIူCSSCီ ၼCS CၼS Eၸ CECSSCီ ECႃ CMCS Cႃ ECCႆ ႁECSSၸIူCS ႁIUCS CၼS
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EC ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSEၸ CECSSCူၼS CီS CၢCSSၶIူCSSၼႆ CၢCS CီS
Cီ CၢCSACS CူCSSၵၼSၼၼS CMCS CECSSCECSS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS
CUCSSCၢCS ၸEၼSSS ၸၢႆSAMCS CEၼSS ၵူၼSSၸIUCS CECSCIUCSSCCS ၶCS AMၵS CႃS
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ECႃ ၶCS ACS ၵႃS CႃSၸECSၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS ၼၼS S Cႆ ႁၼS Cီ
CၼSAEၼSCၼSႁECSSCူ CCS S Eၵႃ CူCSSCၢႆSCIUCSS CIၵS ACS Cၢႆ CၢCS
Eၸ CECSSၵMၵSSECSၶCS AၼS ACSCCS ၼMCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSEၵႃ CႃSၸSCႃSEၶႃS
CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS CူCSEC CCSS ၽူ ACS ၽECSSၵၢCSSၸIUCS
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Cီ CၢCSSၶIူCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS CၢCS Cႃ CECSCIUCSSCCS CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIUၼS
Eၸ CECSSCႃ CECS AၼSၵECSACSCCS EC EC Cူ CCS S
ၼMၵS ECၼႆ CီSCECS ACSCCS Eၵႃ CIUCS CူၺSSၼႃ CIၵS (13)
ၸၢႆSCMIၼS CECSSၶCS AMၼSACSၼၼS
8
CUCSSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCီ CECS EC CMၵS Cႆ ၶECSCUၼSSCECSSၶCSEC CCSS CCS CUၼSS ၺႃ EC ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ ၶCSS
ၶCS CIUCS ၽUၺS CၼSSCECSၵၼS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCAူCSS(PNO) ၶCS EC CCS ၶCS ACSCUၼS ၽMၼSSCႆ EC Cီ Cီ CူCS
AMၼSၵၼSCႃS ၶCS ACS Cူ S ၵMCS CIူCS CီS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSEၸ
15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS Cီ Cီ CECS ၼၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS CCS CၢCSSၵႃ ၼူၵS S CၢCSSၵႃ CူCSS CူၼS CECSSCMၵS Cႆ ၼၼS EC ACSCCS ၸၢႆS
CUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS ၸSCၼSEC Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSCႆ ႁCS CMၵS AUCS (ႁIUCS)ၸၢႆSCIၼS AMCS EC ၽူ
Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Cီ Eၸ CECSS ၶIူCSSCႆS ၸCS CUၼSSCECS ၶCS ACS CIUCS Cႆ AIၵS CႃS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS ၵၢCS ၼၢCSSၼSS ၸၢႆSCႃ CMIၼS ၶCS ACSCUၼS
Cီ CECS EC Eၸ CECSSCMၵS Cႆ ၽUၺS EC Cီ CMၵS Cႆ ၼၼS EC ၽူ ၶCS CႃSACSၸူCSSCူၺSSၸMCSSEC ၵIUၼSS ၽMၼSSCႆ S
ၶCSၼႆ Cႆ CIUCS ၽUၺS ၵႃ CIူCS CၼSS CMCSၵၢၼS Eၸ CECSSCူၼS CီSၶCS ၶCS EC EC Cူ ၼႆCCS S Eၸ CECSSCီ CECS ၼႆ CEၼS
Cီ 24 CIူၼSEAႃSၵIူCS ၼၼS ACS CၼSAEၼSCၼSႁECSSၵၼSCူ CCS S Cီ ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS Eၸ CECSS AၼSCႃSCႆ ၼSS ၼႃ CIၼS
CIူCS CECSၵၼS ၼႆCCS S Cီ CၢCS CIUCS CUCSSCီ CECS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSEၸ CAူCSSၽMCSSCCSSႁၢCSSEၶႃ ၼၼS CECSS
Cီ CၢCSၽEၼSCၢႆ CIUCS CUCSS ၼၼS ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS CECSSCီ CECS ၼႆ ACSCCS CUCSSCUCICS ၼIူCS ၼႆCCS S
Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSၶCS ACS CၢCSCIUCS CUCSSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Cီ Cီ CECS CIူCS ACS CၢCSSၵႃ CူCSS CၢCSSၵႃ ၼူၵS CူၼS ၸSEၼ Cီ ၼMCS ၶCS
Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS CIူCSSCၼS ၽMCS ႁEၼSS

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8 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS CUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS

CၢCSၵUCS AၼSCIူၵS CCS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSS
ၽMCS ႁEၼSS ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶ CၼS ၼႆ Cႆ CIUCS Cႆ Cီ Cၢႆ(9)S CEၼS
CECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CၢCSSCူCS ၶMAUၵS AMCS CၢၼSSS CMၵS ၵၢCS
CECSSCIူCSSCၼS ၼၼS Cႆ ၸCSSႁEၼSSၵႃ ၸECSCIူCS CၼSSCီ 11 CIူၼSၸUၼS
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 29 CIူၼSၸူ Cၢႆ Cီ ၼၼS EC ECႃ CIUCSၸCS ၼႆ CီSၵူၼSS
CUCSSCႃ Cီ Eၸ CECSSၼႆCCS S Cႆ A CႃSCMၼSSၶCS Cႃ Cီ CီSCMၵS 200 ၼႆS
Cႃ Cီ CၢCSၵUCSၼၼS CီSCီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSS Cူ Cီ Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCၼS
CူၼSၸSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS ၶCS ACS 50 Cၢႆ EC Cႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSS
EC CIူၵS CCS ၸၢႆSCူCSSၵMီS CEၼSACS ၽMCSS Cႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၵၢၼS
CCS S AူSCUၼSSCMIၼS AူS CEၼS ၽူ CIူၵS CCS EC CMၼS Cႃ CEၼSS ၽူ ၼၢCSSၼႃ EC ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCၼS
ၼၢCSSၼSS Cႃ ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Eၸ CECSS ၽMCSSၸIUCS CႆSCၢႆ(1) ၸၢႆSCူCSSၵMီ S ၶECS
ၶIူCSSCႆS EC ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၼႆCCS S CCS CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS
CIူCSSCၼS ၼႆCCS S ၼMၵS ECၼၼS CECSCၢႆ(2) ၸၢႆSCႃ AMCS EC CMၼS
ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS CႆS(ၸUCSSACSCIူCS) EC ၶCS Eၶ CECS
Cႆ CIUCS CCSSCECSSEၼ ၵူၼSSၶCS ACS Cႃ ၶECS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS
Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSS CIူCSS Cီ CIူCSSCၼS CႃSCူ S CIူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ
CၢCSၵUCSၶCS CMCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS AၼS EC AူSCUၼSSCMIၼS AူSၶCS ECCၢCS
CၼS ၸၢႆSCူCSSၵMီ ၼႆ CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS ၸၢႆSCူCSSၵMီ Cႆ CUၵS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၼS ၶCS
ECၸCSSႁEၼSSၼၼS Cူ CCS S CူCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS
CCS 1990 ၼၼS Eၵႃ CၢCSCူCS CIူၵS CCS CႃSCူ CCS S
Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS CIUCS CUCSSCီ CIူCSSၼၢႆS 8 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS CECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Cီ
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 21 CIူၼSၸူ CIူCSSၼၢႆSCCS Eၵႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၼၢႆS ၸIူCSS
Cၢႆ ၼၼS Cႆ CIUCS ၽUၺS CUCSSS ၽEၼS CီSၸS ၶS ၵCS ၸMႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS
Cၢႆ S CၢCS ၸMCSCICSCီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS AMၼSၵၼS CႃSCၢCS CCS CEၼSCUၵS
Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Cီ Eၸ CECSS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ၼႆCCS S
CIူCSSၼၢႆS ၼႆCCS S Cူ Cီ Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSၼၢႆS
Cႆ A Cႃ ၸECSCIူCS CၼSSCီ EC Cႆ CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSS
7 CIူၼSၸူ Cၢႆ ၼၼS ECႃSCၼSS ၽMCSS Cႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS
ၽMCS ႁEၼSS ၸUCSSCMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS EC CMၼS Cႃ
CECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIUCS CႆS ၶECS CECS Cၢႆ(1)
CECSSCIူCSSၼၢႆS CCS EC ၸၢႆSEၸႃS ၸၢႆSEၸႃSCူCS S ၶECS CECS Cၢႆ(2) ၸၢႆS
CူCS (CMၵS CMႆEC ) CEၼSACSCCS S ၸၢႆS CMCS ၵMီS EC CMၼS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS
Eၼႃ CUၼSS (CMၵS ECႃ CIူCSS) CEၼSၽူ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC ၸၢႆSEၵMႃ CMIၼS ၶCS EC
ၼၢCSSၼSSS ၸၢႆSCူCSႁၢၼS (CMၵS ၼႃS CၢCSCူCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ
ACS ) ၾၢႆ ၵCSSCIUCS CMCS ၶၢCS Cႆ ၼႆ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Cီ CIူCSSၼၢႆS ၵႃ ၼႆCူ
CCS S CၢႆSEC CIUCS CUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶ CCS S
Cီ ၼMCS CႆS ၸIူCSSၶCS ACS CၢCSCIUCS CUCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Cီ CIူCSSၼၢႆS
9
AၼSၾၢႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ ၼႆ EC CီSၸSCIUၼS ၽS (Eၸ Cၼႃ )

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ACS CူCSSCMCS CၢCS CMၵS CS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၵူ CၢCS CၢႆSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cႃ Cီ ၵူ ၸIူCSS AၼSECၸCSSႁEၼSS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS 2010 ၼၼS EC ၸUCSS
ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS ႁCSSၶႃ Cႆ CီSCIUCS CၢCSS ၵႃ ACS CူCSSCMCS CၢCS CCS Cီ CMၵS CS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ Eၵႃ ၶCS CႃSၼSS ၽူ ၸIူCSSEၵႃ CCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ
ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS 15 Eၵႃ S Eၵႃ CEၼS ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼSCCS CUၼSSS Eၵႃ ႁCS CUၼS ၽMၼSS ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSၵUCS ၼၼS EC Eၵႃ
CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ Cႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS Cီ ၶECS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCICS ၼၼS S
CIူCSၽIူၵS ECႃSCႃ Cႃ Cီ SNDP EC ၵႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010 ၼႆၸIUCS

ECႁECSSCCSCၼSCီ ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSCႃ S
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CUၵS Cီ CၼSAEၼSCၼSႁECSS AS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ ECႃSEC Cႆ Cီ ၵၢၼS
CIူၵS CCS ၼႆ ၼႆၶႃ EAႃ S ECႃSCႃ Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ EC Cီ
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EC AMၼSCၢCSSCUCSS ႁCSSၶႃ ECၶCSSၸSAS A Eၶႃ CECSၵၢCSၸS
ၼSSEၶႃS ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSႁCSSၶCS CီSၸIူCS ႁIUCS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS EAႃ S
CCS Eၵႃ ECၶCSSၸSႁECSSCၢCS ၽIူCS CECSCၼS CၢCSSၽS ၶS ECႃ
EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSႁCSSၶCS ၸMCSSၼCS ၼSSၶMCS CIူCSSၽICS CIူCSS CIUၼSCၼS
CၼSCႆ ၼၼS Cူ S
CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႃ Cီ CူCS CၢCS AၼSEC CIူCS CEၼS CၢCSSCၼSS ၵၢႆ ၶူCSCၼSS CCS
CECS CၢၼSSCူ CူCSCIUၼSS Cႃ Cူ CUၵS ၸUCSSၵၼS ၵူၼSSၶCSCSS ၶEၵS Cီ
CၢCSၸႃ ၶCSCSၼၼS Cူ S Cႃ Cီ SNDP CူၸCS ၶCSၶႃ Cႃ ၵMCS CCS
EC ACS ႁECSSCၼSCႆ ၼCS CIူၼS S
ၸၢႆSEၼႃ CMCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CၢCS AၼSၶCS ႁECSSCၼSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆEC ႁCSSၶႃ
Eၵႃ ၸူCSSၸMCSSEC Cူ S ၵူၺSSၼႃ CUၵS CီCCSSCၢCSCူၺSSCႃ ၶႃ Eၵႃ ECၸUၵSSၸCS CS CႃSႁၵS Cႃ CIူCSၾၢCSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူၼSS ၸIူCSS
ၶCSၼႆ ၵMCS ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၵS ၸCSCႃSEC ၸCS ႁႃCႃS ၼၼS ၵႃ Cူ ၵMၺSSS CECS CCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
ႁECSSCၼSႁႃ S CIUၼSSCီSၸSၶS ႁECSSCၼSEC ႁECSSCၼSCႃS ၸECSCIူCS CS CႆS ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSၼႆ CEၼSCႃ Cီ CၢCSCူCS Cီ ၼMCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
CIူCS Cီ ၼၼS ႁႃ ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ ၽMCSSCIUၵS ႁႃCECS Cႃ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CီSAၼSCECSၵMၺSSၼၼS EC ECၸSCS CIUCS ႁECSS ၼIူCSAEၼSႁECSSၸၢCSS
CCS ၼႆ ၸCS ႁECSSEၼၼႃ CIူCS CၼSSၵMၺSSႁႃ ၼႆCူ CCS S ၶIူCSSCႆSECACS ၵႃS ECၵMCS CၢၼSCIUCSSၵၼSCCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
ၶၢCSSCၢCSSၸCS ၼႆ EC Cူ Cီ ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ CၢCS ၸIူCSS Cူ CCSS Cီ ၼCS CIၼSႁIၼSၽႃ AၼSCECSၵၼSၼၼS Cႆ
ၼႆ EC CီSၸSCIUၼS ၽS (Eၸ Cၼႃ ) ၽIူၵS ၸIUၼS ၶၢCSCSၼၼS ၸၼS CၢၼS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSၵႃ Cူ S ၵMCS ၼႆႁCSSၶႃ CUCS CCSCႆ Cႃ
ၵMၺSSCCS Cႃ S Cႃ Cီ CIူၼS EC ၵMCS ၶCSၽMCS ႁEၼSSEၵႃ CCS CႃS Cီ ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCCSSCူCSၼႆEၵႃ ECCMCS ၸSၼIူCS
CၢCSSၶၢCSSႁIUCSCCS EC ၶCSၸၢCS ၸS CIUCSS AEၼSႁECSSၵူ ၸIူCSS AၼS CMCS ၼႆ EC ECCၼSCECS AS Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆCူ CCS S
ၶCSCီSၼၼS CCSSCၢႆSCၢCSSၵူ CၢCS EC CူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECSCႆ Cူ S ECႃSECႁUCS CူၺSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ၼႆEC SNDP EC
Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ EC ၸCS ႁႃၽMCS ႁEၼSSEၵႃ CCS CႃS CIူCS CႃS EC ACS EC ၼၼS EC ACS ၸၢCS CၢCS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cီ ၶECS CECS
CIူCS CIUၼSSၵMၺSSEC CEၼSCႃ Cီ CS AၼSACS Cႆ ၵUCS CူၼS CIူၼSၶCSS ၸIူCSSႁCSSၶႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS ၼၼS EC ႁCSSၶႃ CUCS CMCSS
ၵူၺSSၼႃ ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSEC CUCS CCSCႆ Cႃ ECCႆ ACS ႁECSSၵCS CၼS Cႆ CCSSၸSCIUCS ၽECS Cႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSCCSSCECS ECAMၼS
Cီ ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEၵႃ CCS ၸCS ECCEၼSCႃS Cႃ Cီ AၼSAEၼS ၵၼSၸMႆ CECS Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ Cူ ၼႆEAႃ S
ႁECSSCS ၼCS CIူၼS ၼႆCူ ၶႃ S CIူCSၽIူၵS ၵMCS CIူCS CEၼS Cႃ Cီ CႆSEC ECႁECSSCႃ CႆSၵMၺSSၶႃ ႁႃ S CMၼS
CCS CECS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSၼႆ ACS ၸS ၼCS CUၵS ၸၢႆS Cႃ Cီ ၼMCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢCS ၸIူCSS Cႆ Cူ CCSSၸMCSS ၼCS CIၼSႁIၼS
CECS Cႆ ၶူCSSCUCS ၶMCSCူၺS Cီ ECႃ EC ၼၼS S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ECႃS ၽႃ AၼSCECSၵၼSၼၼS ၸIUCS ECႁECSSCၼSCCSၶႃ Cႃ S
CၼSSၼIူCS CႃSEC Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ ၵMCS ၸSႁၵS ၽS ECႃ EC ၵူၼSS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ CIူCSSACS CUCS CEၼS Cႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCIူCSSAၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူ ၸIူCSS CIUCS AICS
CIူCSSCCSSCူCS CUCS CMCS CႃSၼၼS EC ႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ ၸၢCS ECႁECSS Cူ CCSSၸMCSSၵၼSCႆ EAႃ S ECႃSCႃ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူ ၸIူCSS ၶIUၼS CS
CၢCS ACSCႃ CECSSCIူၼS Cႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS ၸCS ၼႆ EC AၼSၾၢႆ ႁCSSၶႃ ၽECS CECSSၵၼSCCSSCECS ၸCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CူCSEၵႃ ECၶIUၼS CS
CၼSCႆ ၼႆ EC CီSၸSCIUၼS ၽS (Eၸ Cၼႃ ) ၽIူၵS ၸIUၼS ၶၢCSCS EAႃ S ၼSSCIူCSSACS CUCS ႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆ ECႃSCီSၸSCႃ CႆS ၵMၺSSEC
ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၸCS ၶS CCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSCIUCS ECႃ EC ၶIUၼS CS ACS ၼၼS CၢၼS ၶCS ၶIူCSSCECSၵMၺSS ECၶIUၼS CS ၼႆEC
ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSCႃ CUCS CCS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ EC S AMၼSၵၼS CၼSAEၼS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ECACS ၶIUၼS CS ၽECS CECSSCႆ EAႃ S
CၼSႁECSS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSEC ၼႆCCS Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶS AS CUCS CCSCႃ Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆEၵႃ
CIူCSၽIူၵS ECႃSၼၼS Cႃ Cီ SNDP CူၸCS ၼႆ ၸMCS ECCူCS EC Cႆ Cႃ Cီ CEၼSCႃ Cီ AၼSCIူCSSAၢၼSS Cႃ ECၶCSSၸSCMCSCၢCS AS CIူCSSACS
CူCS AၼSAEၼSႁECSSCS ECCIူၼS ၼSSCIူCSSS AၼSCIUCS CUCSS 400 Cၢႆ CUCS CCSSCIUၼS ၶIUၼS CS CS CUCS CUၼSSCECSSၽECS CECSSၵၼS ၼႆEAႃ S
ၸMCS CူCS CCSSCIူCSS ၸIူCS ၼCS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSS CIူCSၽIူၵS CECS CCS Cႆ CIၼSSၶၢCS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ SNDP ၼႆ ၵMCS ၵၢႆ ၵၼSCႆ CCSS
CECSS (ၸUCSSၵMၢၼS ၶECS ECSCၢCS Cီ ) ၶCSၼၼS ၶႃ ႁIUCSS ၸUCSSCႆSCICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS ၶCSၼႆCႃ S ၸMCS ၸS ACS ၸS S
ၸၢႆSEၼႃ Eၶႃ CၢCSၼႆ ၶIUၵS EC S ၼႆ CEၼS Eၶႃ CၢCSAၼSႁႃS ၶS CMCS ECCIူၼS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ ၼႆ EC CၢCS ၸECS Cီၼႃ S ECႃSCႃ ႁCSSၶႃ ၵMCS ၵၢႆ Cႆ CCSSၸUCSS
CCS Cႃ S CICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS ၶCSၼႆEC ၽSECCႃS CၢCSSCၼSCၢႆၾၢCS Cႃ Eၵႃ CCS
ႁCSSၶႃ CူCS EC Cႆ Cူ S Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ ECEC CEၼSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶႃ Cႃ S CူၺSSECႃ ECႃSCEၼS Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSS CUၵS
ACS EC AၼSCႃ ၼၼS CၼSSAICSၼIူCS Eၶႃ CECS ၵၢCSၸSၼSSEၶႃS Cီ ၸUCSSCICSSၵMCS ၵၢCS ၶCS CEၵS Cၢႆ CEၼSSCEၼSCႃSၼၼS CCSSACS
ECႃ EC ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵMၺSSEAႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ Eၶႃ CMCS AၼSၼႆ ECႃ EC CၢCSS CၢႆၾၢCSCၼSၶႃ CူSS
ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၵMၺSS ECCMCS CၼSCႆ S CIူCSၽIူၵS ၵECS CIူၺS ၾၢႆ CူCSCIUၼSSၶႃ CူS CEၼSၽSၸIူCSSCS ၵCS ၸMႆ CၼS Cႃ Cီ
CIူCSၾၢCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၵူၼSSႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆ CIUCS ၽECS S ECႃၶCSS SNDP ၶႃ Cႃ S
ၸSႁECSSၵၢၼS AS CီCီ CUCSSၼႆ ACS ၸS Eၼ S Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ ECႃSECCၢCS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCူCSCIUၼSSၼႆEC Cႃ Cီ SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ
ၼႆ Cႆ ၸUၵSSၸCS Cူ ၼIူCS CူCSCIUၼSS AၼSCUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ
10
CIူCSၽIူၵS Cီ ECႃ ၶCS ႁIၵS ACS Cႃ Cႃ ECCၼSCECS AS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSS ၵMၺSSECႃCMၵS ACS CIူၼSAၢၵS ၶၢCSACSၶECS
AS CMCS CၼSCECS AS CူCSCEၼSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSAၼSEC ၼၼS ၼႆ
14 CECS CECS CS Cီ ECႃ Cႃ ECCၼSCECS AS ၵူၼSSၸIူCSS ၵMၺSS
ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cႃ Cီ CIူCS ECႃCMၵS ACSCIူၼSAၢၵS ၶၢCSACSၶECSCMCS
ၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCီ ECႃ CူCSSႁႃCECS ၵၢCSSCIူၼS S AS CMCS CၼSCECS CူCS
CIUCS CၢၼS ၼCS CICS S CUCS ၽၢၼSSS CEၼSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS EC ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ
ၼCS AUၼS ၼSSEၸ CECSS Cီ ECႃ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSCIUCS ၽECS S ၸIူCSSႁCSS
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 13 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS ႁၢၼSS ၸIူCSSECEႁ ၵCS CၼS ၽMၼSS
ၼၼS EC Cႆ CCSSCECSSEၼ CMCS CၢCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSS ၸIူCSSECႃႁCSSCၢCS
CၵSSCIူCSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cႃ Cီ ၵူ ၸႃ AၼSၸIUCS ၸS ၼႆၼၼS ၵူၼSSCIူCSS
ၸIူCSSEC CCSS CMCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS CMCS ၼၼS CUၵS ၸSၼႃ
2010 EC CCSS CMCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS EC CူCSSCIUCSSCၼSႁECSS ၼႆCCS S
CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSEC CCSS Cီ ၼMCS ၸIူCSSCႃSၶCS ACS
ၵူၼSSCIူCSS CIUၼS Cီ ၶCS AMၼSၵၼS ႁCS CMCS CၢCSCCSSCECSS ၶS CCSSCူCSS
ACSၸူCSSCMCS EC EC Cႃ Cႃ ၼႆ AMၼSၵၼSၶCS ၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS
CCS S Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၵCSSCECSEC
CIူCS CUၵS ၸUCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCS Cႆ ႁCS CႃS CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ Eၵႃ CS
CIူCS CUCSSၵႃ CI ၵECSၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCီ ECႃ
ၽIူၵS ၶCS CၢCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSႁCSSၼႆ 300 ၸCSၸCS ၼႆCူ CCS S
CCSSCECSSCၢၼS ၶႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSS Cီ CၢၼS ၼCS CICS S
ၶCSCၢၼSSCူ Cႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSEAႃ S CIUၵS Cႆ ၶCSSၸS ၸUၵSSၸCS ႁၢCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ CၢCSSၽEၼSCႆ ၸIူCS ႁIUCSၼႆEၵႃ ၶႆ Eၼၶႃ Eၼႃ S
ၵMၺSSCူ EC ACS Cႆ ၸၢCS CၢၼSSCူ ၵCS ၸMႆ Cႆ ၼCS Cႃ Cီ CူCS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ CIူCSSႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆ CEၼSCIူCSSAၼS ႁECSSၵIၼSႁႆ Cႆ ၵIၼSၼႃSၵMၺSSS ၵMCS CIူCS
CIူၼS ၼၼS S ၶS CCS CECS Cႃ ၾၢႆ AၼSႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ ၼႆ CီSၸSCIUၼS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၸIUCS CIူCSSႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆEၵႃ Cႆ CIUCS AICS ၼIူCSၵၢၼSၽUၵS
ၽS ၽIူၵS ၸIUၼS ၶၢCSCS EC ၼCS ၸSAၼS ECႃႁၵS ECႃCႆ ၵႃ ၶၼS CMCS Cႆ ၵMၺSSEC CUCS CCSCႃ ECႃSၵၼS CMၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS
Cီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSCCS Cႃ S ၶIUၼS CS CEၼSၵၢၼSၸCS ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီSၵူ CMၼS ၵူ ၽၢႆ ECၶIUၼS CS CS
CIူCSၽIူၵS ECႃSECCူၺSSCီ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၼႆEC ၶCSၵူCSCႆ CMCS ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶႃ CUCSCႆ S ECႃSECCူၺSSၵၼS ၽUၵS CMCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၼCSCIၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS
EAႃ S CECS CCS ၶCSCၢCS Cႃ ၽSCEၵSSၸS CS ၾၢႆ CSEၵႃ ECCS CCSSCECS ECCီS 56 CၢၼS EA ၵႃ့S ACSၵူၼSSCIူCSSCၢၼS 70 CၢၵS
CၼSၾၢႆ ၼၼS ၵMၺSSၼႆCႃ S ၵECSCIူၺS CMCS ၼၼS ၶႃ CူS ECၶS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ႁECSSၵIၼSႁႆ Cႆ ၵIၼSၼႃSS ၵMCS ၼႆ Cႃ AS CၢၼSၸCS ႁႆ
CၢCS CCSEၵႃ ACS A S ၸCS ၼႃSCIူCSSႁCSS ECၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSSCႃSၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼSAၼSCCS
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Eၵႃ AၼSႁCSSCၼSCECSၵႃ ၼၼS ၶIUၼSSECၵၢၼSSCMCS ၼIူCSႁCSS AၼS CMCS Cႆ CCSSၼCSS ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၽၢႆ ၽUၵS CMCS ၶCS ၼၼS EC ACS
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ၸMCSSၼCS CIူၼS CEၵSSၸS CS ၼၼS ၵMၺSSၼႆEC CIူCSSႁCSSၼႆ ၶIUၼSS ၶႃ ၼႆEC ၵူၼSSႁECSSၵၢၼSႁႆ ၼႃSၵူ Eၵႃ CီSCUၼS CIူCS Cႆ CIၼSႁႆ
ECCၢၵS Cၢႆ AၼSCCSၸူS CၵSSCIူCSCၢၼSႁၢႆ ၸႃ CူCSၶIUၼSSၵMၺSSEAႃ S ၼႃSEC CီSCUၼS CEၵS Cၢႆ ၵၼSCႆ S ECCႆ CUၼS ၽUၵS CMCS S
ၵူၼSSCIူCSSႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆ ACS Cႃ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Cီ ECႃ ACSS ၶၢႆECႃ CIူၼS CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS S ECACS AS Cႆ CီS
SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ S ACS Cႃ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CUၵS CSၸUCSSCSEၵႃ Cီ CMCS CEၵSSAS ၽUၵS CMCS ၸIူCS ၶCS AၼSၸCS ၼႃS CIူCSSႁCSS ACS Cႆ
CCS CီSCUၼS CIူၵS Cႃ CၼSCECSCႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS CIူCSCS CၼSSEC ၸSၼၼS EC S CECS CCS ECၶCSSၸSCMCSCၢCS AS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃS
CUၵS CီCူၼS ၶႆ EC CၼSCECS AS Cႃ Cီ AၼSECCMCSCၢCS CၼSCႆ ၶCS Cႃ ECCႆ CူCSCIUၼSSၵူ Cီ CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ECEၽ
CMၼS Cႃ ၽMၼSSCီၸCS ၵCS Cူ ၵMၺSSEAႃ S CECS CၼS ၸIူCS ၶCS AၼSCီAၼSCၢCSS EC CၢႆSၽUၵS CMCS AၼS
ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010 ၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼS AၼSၾၢႆ CူCSCMCS ၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSၸIူCSSၼၼS S CCS ECၶCSSCၢCS ၸMႆ CECS AS
ၸIUCS ၶCS ၸCSSႁEၼSSCၼS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSEAႃ S ၵMCS CIူCS Cႃ Cီ ၽCႃ ၸူCS CၢၼS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃS ၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSSCႃSCူ CCS S
SNDP ႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ CEၼSCႃ Cီ AၼSCီSCၢႆၾၢCS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSEC CIူCSၽIူၵS EAႃ ... CIၼSSၸူCSSၶMCS ၸSEC Cူ ၶႃ S
ၾၢႆ CူCSCMCS ၸIUCS Eၵႃ ႁCS CCS Cႆ Cႃ ၶCS Eၶ CECS CEၼSၸMCSSCCSS
ၼႆCူ S ၵMCS CIူCS CEၼSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS CEၼSCၢCSSၵၢၼSCႆ EC ACS
CUၵS CီၵူCSCCSS ၵCS CၼSCၼS Cႃ Cီ AၼSႁCSSCႆ ၸSၼၼS ႁCSS
ႁCSSEC S CၼSႁECSSႁCSSႁCSSEC S CၼSCECSႁCSSႁCSSEC S ၵူၺSS CIUၼSSၵECS CUၼS CူCS CMၵS CS ၸၢႆSEၼႃ
ၵႃ ECCႆ ACSAMၵSSEAႃ CူၼS ၶႆ CီCီCCS ၸCS CၼSCECSS Cႃ
ECCIUCSCၼS ၸMCSSၼCS CIူၼS CMၵS CIူCS CEၵSSၸS CS ၼၼS S ECႃ EC ၶUၼSCECSS ၼၢCSSၶMCS
CIူCSၽIူၵS ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၼS CMၼS ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCSၼၼS CူS ၾICS CEၵS CၢႆSႁCS ႁၼS Cီ ၵIူCS Cႃ Eၵႃ S Eၸ CECSSၵUၼSႁICSSS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSၸၢၼSS
SNDP CCS CီSၸIူCS ႁIUCSၶႃ Cီ ၵIူCS 1958
ၸၢႆSEၼႃ ၶႃ EC ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSၵူၼSSၶIူCSSၼIူCS ၼႆ ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCSၼႆ CၢႆSA ECႃ ၸူCSSCႆ ၶECSSၶူS M.B.,B.S. Cီ ၸၼS ၸMCSCၢႆSCႃ CECSSCIူCS
CEၼSAၼSCCS CMCS ECCIူၼS ၼႆCCS S ၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆCCS CၢႆၸS Cူ
CUၵS EၵႃၸUCSS AၼSၼIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ CEၼSAEၼSႁECSSၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCSၵMၺSSၶႃ ၵၢၼSCူCS ၼIUCS ၼSSၸူCS CၢၼS
EAႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ AMCS ၵူၼSSCCS ၶၢCS Eၵ ၶCSၼႆ ECCႆ CၢCS CၼS 1982 EC ၼႃ EႁႃECႃႁIၼ
ူ SSၵၼSCCSS ၼၢCSSၶIၼS ၽူCSSCMIၼS CIူCSSၵUCS S
AMCS Cႃ ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCS ၸIူCSSCEၼSEၼႃ CEၼSSၶIူCSS ECCႃSCUCS CEၼSS 1983 ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS ၶူSECႃCႃၽIUၵSSၽMၼS Cီ ACSSCႃCူCS CူၼS CီSS
Cႆ ၼၼS ၶႃ CCS Cႃ S ၵMCS ၼႆ Cီ Eၶႃ CၼS ၸS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ ၼႆEၵႃ 1984-88 ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS Cီ ACS Cႃ CCႃ Cႃ CC Cီ CIူCSSCECSSS
CီSCႆ Cႃ CၵSSECၶCSSCၢCS ႁၢCS CMCS CIူCS Cႃ ၽCႃ CၢၼSCEၼS ၵူၼSS 1989 ၶၢႆ ၵႃ Cူ Cီ CIူCSSၵUCS EC CIUCS ACS CႃCUၼS CECSS
ၼUCS ၸUCS CEၼSSCS ၶCS ၶIUၼS CS CUၼSSCECSSCႃS ၼႆCူ EAႃ S CCS 1996 EC ႁၢCS CEၼS ၵECSACSCCS EၵႃCIၵS CၢႆSEC ၾICS EC CႆS CIူCSSၵUCS
Cီ CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Cီ ႁCSSၶႃ CၢCS Cႆ ၼႆEၵႃ Cူ CCS CIUCS ႁၢCS CEၼS ACSCCS S
ECCႆ ႁၼS CႃSCႆ ၵူၼSSၼUCS CCSSၼCSCူ S 2010 CIူCS Eၵႃ CCS ၽMCS ႁEၼSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS CIူCS
CIူCSၽIူၵS ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၼS CMၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၼႆ Cီ ၾICS CEၵS CၢႆSႁCS ႁၼS CၼSSCီ 8 CIူၼSEA CCCS ၼၼS ၶCS CႃSCEၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS S
Cႃ Cီ SNDP ၼႆ CS Cႆ ၸIူCS ႁIUCSၶႃ S ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS
11
CၼSSCEၼSၵCS ၵCSCEၼSCSS
ၸၢႆSACSCူCSS
ၵၢCSSCၢCS S CၢCSSCူၼS S ၵၢၼSCMCSCၢCS ၶMCS ၸCS Aႃ ၼႃ CူCS CIူCS CCS Cႃ S

CူၼS CႃS 50 Cီ CၢႆၼၼS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CUၵS CီၼCS CMၼS CEၼS CMၼS CMၼS CMၵSSCၢႆSCICS CEၼS AၼSၸၼS CUCSCECS CၢႆSၼIူCS CCS ၽူ CၢCS
AၼSၼIူCS EC Cူ Cီ ၸECS CUCS ႁၼSၽSCၼSSEC CUၵS CီCူၼS ၶႆ ၸMCSSEC Cူ ၸIူCSSၶCS CEၼS EၼၼIူCSၶECS ႁၢၼS ၸၢCS CECSSEC CCSS ၼSSCီSCီSEC CCS
EC S AၼSCၼSSCၢCS ၼၼS EC “ECႃSCUၵS CEၼSEၵႃ CIUၼSSECCႆ CEၼSS ၼၼS CCS S ECႃSECACS ၸECS CUCS ႁၼS CၢႆSCMၼSS CၢCS EC ECACS Cႃ
ECႃSCEၼSEၵႃ CEၼSၶIUၵS ၶIUၵS S CEၼSCCS Eၵႃ CCS CEၼSCECS S CIUCS CEၼSCIUCS ၵၢၼSCICS CEၼSAၼSၼIူCS S ECCၢCS Cႃ CEၼSၵၢၼSCၢၼSSEၼ CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼS
AS CIUCS ၸSၸCS ၵCS ECႃSCCSSCCSSCႃSCႃ AၼSၸCS ၵCS CEၼSၼၼS CEၼSAၼS ၼSSၸSၽSCၼSSၼႆၵMၼS S CIူCS ECCၢၼSSEၼ CၢCSSၶUၺS ႁၼSၼၼS AၼSCီၸူCSS
EC Cူ ႁIUCSၼၼS Cႃ ” ၼႆCႃ S CၢCSSCူၼS ၸIူCSSၼႆ ၵMCS CၼSSCၢCS ႁECSSCႃS ၼCS ၼူCSCIူCSSၸMCSSEၵႃ ၸၢCS CႃSS AၼSCီၸSCEၵS EၶႃSၶူCSEၵႃ ၸၢCS CႃSS AၼSCီ
ၼႆEC ၸCS CၢCS AMၵS CႃSCႆ ၸIူCS ၼႆS AၼSCၼSSႁECSSCႃSၼၼS Eၵႃ CECS ၸၢၼS CIူCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CIUၼSSECCႃSCူ S ၵူၺSS ၵႃ CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ ၸၢCS CႃSCႃS
ၸIUCS ၸS Cႆ EC CၢCS Cႆ CၢCSSAMCS EC CႃSၽMCS Cူ EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵၢၼSAၼS AၼSCUၵS CီACSCMၼS CMၼSၼၼS Cူ EC S CMCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSၽူ CၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCS
CၼSSႁECSSၸMCSS CၢCSSCူၼS CၼSSAၼSၼႆ ACS CEၼSၼCS CEၼSCူCSCႃSECAICSSS AၼSACS CီSၼၼS ႁECSSAS CီSS AၼSACS CၢCS CEၼSCႃSၼၼS ႁECSSAS CEၼSCႃS
ႁCSSၶႃ ၶCSၼႆEၵႃ CၢCS CEၼSCႃၶီSCႃCၢႆSAMၼS ၸIူCSSCUၺSSCႃS ၼSS ၸIူCSSၼၼS EC CEၼၾ
S ICS CIUၼSSCEၼS CၢႆSCMၼSSၵMၺSSၼCS ၵCS CCS S
ၼCS EၵSCူCS CIူCS ၵၢCS CၢၼSCူCS AၼSCူၼS CႃS CၢၼSၼIူCS ၼၼS Cူ EAႃ S CIူCS CMၵSSCၢႆS ၽူ CၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCS ႁECSSEၼၵႃ ၼIူCSၶECS ႁၢၼS ၸၢCS CECSS
CၢၼSၼၼS AၼSACS CီၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ CီS AၼSACS CီSၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ CီSS EC CCSS ၼSSCီSCီSEC CCSၼၼS EC CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၶS CၢႆSCIူၼS
AၼSACS AMၵS ၼၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS Cႃ AMၵS ၼႆEC ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CS CEၼSECႃ ၵၼSCႆ Cူ S ECႃSCႃ Cူ Cီ ၸECS CUCS ႁၼS CၢႆSCMၼSSCူၺSSEႁEC CၢၵS ၼႃ CၢၵS
ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵၢCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵၢCSCCS CEၼS ၵူၼS CၢၼS CUCSS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CUCS CႃCCSSCၢႆ ၵMCS Cႃ ၵMCS EၶႃS ၸUCSCICSSCIUCSSၵၼSS ၼUCS CIူCS ၶူCSSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽS
ၶCSEၵႃ CIUCS CEၼSECႃ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၸIၵSSၸMCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS CႃSCူ S CၼSSCEၼS CၼSSEC ၵႃ EၼၵၼS Cီ CၢCSCMႆSCS CၢCSၵECS CSၼၼS EC CECS ECCီS CၢCSS
ၵCSS ၵCSCEၼSCSSEC Cႆ CUCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSCႃSCၢႆ Cၢႆ CၢCSSAၵSSCီ CCS CCS CIူCSSၼူCSCႆ Cူ S
ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS CIူၼSၵၼSCCSS ၽူ CၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCS ACSCၢႆSCMၼSSၶCSEC CICS CEၼS
Cီ ၵၼS CMၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ၼႆ AMၵS ၶCS AICSSၼIူCS ၵMၺSSEၵႃ CၢၼSSEၼၵႃ ၼၼS CၢCSSၼMၵS ၼႆEၵႃ CIူၼS CICS CEၼSACSၸIူCS ၼႆCူ ၼႆEC
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CCSS ၵၢCSSၶCSCEၼSECႃ ၵၼSၼၼS CၢCS ၸIUCS Cႃ ၶCS AMၵS CIူCSS ၶCS CၢCS ၸIူCSSၶCS CၢၼSSEၼCCSS CIူCSCEၼSCIူCSCီS CၢCSSၼMၵS ႁCSSႁႃS CႃSCူၵSSCEၼS
AMၵS CIူCSၶIUၵS CMၼSSS ၶCS AMၵS CၢၵS CၢCS ၼႆCႃ S Cီ ACSSCၢၼSSACSSၸၢၵS ၶCSEၵႃ CMၵSSCECSEႁEC ႁCSSၶႃ Eၵႃ CEၼSၵူၼSS CUၵS CIူၼS CEၼSၵႃ ၵMၺSSCCS S
AMၼSၵၼSCႃ Cီ ၼႆ ႁECSSAMၵS Cႆ ၶူCSSၵUၼS CူၼS CIူCSEC CၢCSSၼCS ၼCS AၼSACS ၸS ၼၼS CၢCS Cႃ ၸIUCS ၸS S AၼSၸIUCS ၸSCCS ACS ACS
CIူCSSAၢၼSSCႆ ၼၼS ၼႆEC CEၼSၸူCSSACSCူSS CEၼSႁCS ACS CSCMCS ECႃSၵႃ CူCSSCူCSSEႁEC CUၵS CီCီSCီ ၵၢၼSCၢႆSCMၼSSၵMၺSSS ACS CUၵS CီCီSCီ ၵၢၼS
CCSSၼCSၼႆEၵႃ CၢCS CIၼSSCႃSCူ S CCS CIUCS CၢCS AMၵS ႁၢCS CႃSCႃ ၵူၼSSႁၢCS CူCSCူCSS ၵႃ ၼMၵS S
ၵၢၼSၵူ CၢၼS CၢၼS ၶCSSCၢCS CMCSCEၼSCႃSEC ၸCS Cႆ CၢCSSAMCS EC ၸIူCS CIူCS ႁCSSႁႃSEၵႃ CEၵS ၼၼS EC ၵMCS CIူCS ၵူCSၼႃ EC CCSS ၵMCS ၸUၼSS
ၼCS ၼႆEC ACSၸIUCS ACSCECSၵၼSS ECႃSECCႆ CၢCS CIUCS CIUCS EC CEၼS Cၢႆ ၼႃ EC CCS ECCၢCS ၽECS CEၼSECႃ ECႃ EC S ECႃCMၼSS ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCS
ၵၢCS CၢၼS ၽၢCSSAၽၢCSSCႃ CEၼSECႃ ၵၼSၶUၼSS CEၼSECႃ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCSၵMၺSS CႃSCူ ၵူ Eၵႃ S ၵMCS CIူCS CEၼSCၢၼSCUၵS AMၼS CEၵS CECSS ၵMCS CIူCS CEၼSCၢၼSႁၢCS
CCS S ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CS CEၼSၸူICS ၼႆECCႃ CီSၸUCSSၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၼIူCSၶCS ၼႆEC ၸၢCS CၢCSSCၼSCႆ ၵMၼS S
CူCSSCႃS ၵူCS CCSSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ Cူ Cႃ EC EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CIUCSCၢၼS ECႃႁႃႁECSSၵၢၼSCႃSCCS ၼၼS EC Eၵႃ CIUၵS ECႃၵူCS
CS ၶCS ECႃၽၢCSSAၽၢCSSCႃၼႃ EC ႁIUCS ACS ၼၼSEၵႃ ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၼIူCSၶCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၼIူCSႁCSSCMCS Cႃ Cႃ CIူCS EC AၼSCEၼSCူ EC Eၵႃ ACS ႁCSS
Eၵႃ ၵူCSCIူCS ၶIူၵS ၽMၼSSCၢCS CၢၵS CီS CUၼS CECSၽSCၼSSEC ႁECSSၵECS ACS A CၢCS S CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ ECCႆ CIူCSS CၢCS CMၵS Eၵႃ CMCSSEႁCၢCS Eၵႃ ၸၢCS
ACS ႁၼSEၵႃ ACS A Cႃ Eၼႃ S CEၼSၸIူCS ႁIUCSEC EC ၼႆEC ၾႃ ၽီၼIူCS CီSS ၼႆ Eၵႃ CၢCSSCၼSCႆ Cူ ၵMၺSSS
ACSၵMၺSSECA Cႆ CCS Cႃ S ၵMCS CEၼSECႃ ၵၼS ၸIူCS ၼႆEC AၼSႁCSSႁႃSA CIUCSCၢၼS CCS ၶၢCS Eၵ CႃSCCS S ၼႃ ၶMCSCUၼS ၽMၼSSEၵႃ CIUCSCီ
CႃSCၢႆCႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS ECႃS ၶS CIUCSSCECS ၵႃ EC Cႆ CၢႆCS CS Cႃ ၵCS ၶၼSၼIူCS ၸMႆ S CMCS ACS Cီ CၢႆCCS S AၼSႁCSSCူCS ၵူCS ၵူၼSSCႃ ၼIူCSEၵႃ ACS CီSCCS S ECႃS
CICSSCEၵS ၼIူCS CCSSS CMCSCCSSCၢႆၶIUCS ၼIူCS Cႃ ၼႆၵMၼS ACS ၸS ႁIUCSS CEၼSၸIူCS ၼႆEC ၶIUၼSS ၶူၼS CူၼS ႁၼS ၸCS ၵCS Cႆ CEၼSECႃ ၵူၼSSCူCSၶCSCႃS
ECႃSၼၼS ၵMCS CီSၵူၼSSECႃCEၼSEC Cႆ CUၵS CEၼSႁIUCSS ၵMCS CီSEၵႃ ၼၼS EC ECCႆ Cႆ ၸSCIUၼSSၸSၶCSSCႃ Cႃ AS ၽSCEၼS ၸCS ၵCS CECS CCS S
Cႆ CUၵS CEၼSEC ၸCS CီSၵူၼSSECႃCEၼSႁIUCS ECႁECSSႁIUCSCူၼS ၶႆ CMCS ၶႃ Cႃ S ၸCS ၵCS Eၵႃ Cႃ CEၼSၽSCECS CCS ၼႆၸIUCS ACS CIူCSSCီႁႃ S ၵCSၶႃ EC ႁၼS
CIူၼSCCSS ၵႆ ၶႆ ၶႆ ၵႆ CႃSAMၼSCၢCSSႁႃ S CUၵS Cီ ၶႆ ၵႆ CEၼSၵႆ CႃSႁႃ ၼၼS ၵMၺSS CIUCSၸIူCS ၼCS ၼႆCCS Cႃ S
CIူCS EC CၢCSSႁECSSCၢCS S CၢCSS

ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
CၢCS ၸႃ AၼSECCUCS ECႃ ECႃ
CMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSSၶCS ၵူ Eၸ CECSS AUCS ၵUCSၵၼS Cီ ၼၵMၼSSၵECSSCUCS ၺႃSCIူၼS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S ၵMCS ႁCSSႁႃSEၵႃ
ၸူCS ၶူCS CS CႃSCCS EC CMၼS
8 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS CCS ၵူ CၢCS CၢႆSCီ CူCS ၶEC Cီ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
Cႃ Cႃ Cီ ႁCSS ECႁUၼS CUၼSSCIUၼSS
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 23 EC 28 Cႃ Cီ ၵူ ၸIူCSS AၼSECၸCSSႁEၼSS CႆS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCECSS CUCSSEၵႃS
CၢCSSၵႃ CIူCSSၼႃ ၼၼS CIUၼSSEC
CIူၼSEAႃSၵIူCS CMCSCၼSSၼၼS ၽူ CIူCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼS ၼူCS CECS CS CICS CEၵႃ AUCS ၵUCSCMCS Cႃ EC
Cႆ CူၵSSCMCSCၼS ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCSS EC
CMCSၵၢၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၼၼS S EၽCECS CၢCSSA ECႃCၼS ECႃ EC
Cႆ CၼSAMCS Cီ Cႃ ၵူၼSSၼUCS ၶCS ၼႆ
ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSS ၸIူCSSCီSၼSS CIူCS AUCS ၵUCSၵၼS ၸIူCS ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၶCS ၵECS CIူၺS ၵၢၼSCၼSCECS
Cူ CCS S
CIူCSSCႆS CMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSS ၸIူCSSCEၼS ၼၼSၼၼS ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS AၼSECၸCSS
CCS Eၵႃ ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cီ
Eၸ CECSS Cႃ ၶီ CEၵSSS Eၸ CECSS CIူCSS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSS ႁEၼSSၼၼS S
CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
ၽMၢၵS S Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCMCSSS Eၸ CECSS CIူCSSၽMၢၵS AECS Cႃ ၵCS ႁၢႆSCၢၼSS CCS Eၵႃ ACSCCS Cီ CူCS
CMCSSAMၵS ၶူCSSၶCS ၵူ Eၸ CECSS AMၼS
CIူCSSCECSSS Eၸ CECSSၵECSSCUCSၶCS ACS Eၼ CMCS ၵၢၼSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECS Cႃ ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
ၵၼSCIUCS AUCS ၵUCS ၵECS CIူၺS ၼႃ ၶMCS
CူCSSၵၼS Cီ ၵECSSCUCSEC AUCS ၵUCS Cီ ၼSSEၸ CECSSCIူCSSၽMၢၵS S ACSCCS Eၸ CECSSၵECSSCUCS ၸၢႆSCူCSSၵECS ၸCS
Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSၼႃ ၵႃ Cူ CCS S
ၵၼS CMCS ၵၢၼSCူၼSSCUCS Cီ CူCS ၶ Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CၢCS Cႃ CIူCS CMCSCၢCS ၵၢၼSCူၼSS
CECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS EC CႆS Eၸ CECSSCႃ ၶီ CEၵSS ၼၢCSS CUCS ႁႃCECSၼႆ A ၵႃ ECCႆ CMCS
* * *
CMCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSSECၶCS CူၺS CMႃ ႁၢႆSCၢၼSSEၼ CMCS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCS ၸMCSSၼCS CၢႆCီ ၽICS CIူCSS CီSCႆ
Eၶ CECS CIူၵS CCS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CUCSSCႃ Cီ Cီ Cႃ ၶီ CEၵSSS ACSCCS Cူ ၼၼS S CCS ECCႆ Cႆ ၼၵSSၼႃ
12
ႁECSSႁIUCS ... ECCၢCS Eၼ S ၵIUCSSEၼ ACS ၼၼS ECAၼS

CUCSSCMႆ (CUCS CၢCSS)
ၸMCSSCIူၺS CEၼS CၢCSS (Road Map) CCSSCၢCSSCႃSEC CCSS ၵECS “CIူCS ၸSCီၸSCၢၼSEC ACS ၸMCSSၼႆ CCSACS ၸMCSSၼႆ ECCEၼSCၢCSS
CူၺS CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS 2008 EC CCSS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CIူCSSACS ၽICSSႁCSSAIူCS S CူCS CူCS ႁCSSECၵႃ CIူCSSၶCSSCEၼSၼႆ ႁECSSCIUၼSSၶူCSSၶMCSCူCS
CUCS ႁCSSCၢCSSCECS ECႃSCIUCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼSၼူCS CECS CS 2010 ECႁECSS ၵႃSECၶီ ႁCSSACS CီSCCSS CIူCS CီSCUၼS ၵႃ Cၢႆ Cၢႆ CူCSCူCSၼႆ ၸCSSၸMCSSၵႃ Eႁ
ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSSECCၢCSCူCSၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC CMCSၵၢၼSCIူCSSCၢၼS CCS Cႃ ”
CS CCS S “ႁႃSEC ACS ၶS CIူCSSၸMCSSCၢႆ Cၢႆ ၼCS CၼSSECၶCSSCူCS ၼႆ ၵMၺSSS
CMၼS CUၼS Cႆ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ECႃSECACS Cႆ CUCSS ၼSSၵၢၼSCIူCSS ECႃSၸူSၸSCၼSS ECၶCSSCူCS ၼႆ CၼSSၶS ၵႃ CS ၽECSCီ CSEၵႃ A ECCႆ ၸMCSS
CIူCS ECEၵႃ CCS ၽCႃ CၢၼSCS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၼႆ Cူ CUၵS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ႁCSS CၼSSAIူCS S ၽIူCS ECCEၼSၼၼS Cႃ ႁCSSCၼSၵႃ ၶၼSCၼSSEႁ ၶီ ၸMCSSCႃ S
Eၵႃ Cႆ CူCSSၶCS ၼSSEၵ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC CCSSCECSSCူၼSSCUCS CMCS CIူCSၵၢၼSCၢႆS ECႃSၼၼS AMCS AၼSႁCSSACS ၶS AS CၼSSCူCS ACS ၶS ၵႃ ၼၼS ႁCSSၸၢCS ႁၢCS
CIူCSS ECCEၵS Cၢႆ CIူCSSၼႃ ၵူ Cီ ၵူ CၢCSSS ၶၢCSSၼCS ၼၼS Cႆ ACS Cႆ ႁၼS A CၼSSS ႁCSSၸၢCS ၸီ EၼCၼS CEၼS CၢCSSႁCSSၶS ၽECS”
CIၼSSၵၢCSၸSၵူၼSS CIူCSSCႃSCCSSၼCSS “ႁCSSCCS ACS CီSၵႃ ၶၼS ECCၼSCၼSSS AIူCS ! AၢCS ECႁECSS
ၵCS ၽMCS Cႃ ... CီၵူCSCEၼS ၵၢၼSၶCSSၶၢCSၶUၼSCIူCSSS CIူCSSCၼSSCႃ ူ SS ... ECႃSCၼSS
ၵူၼSS ၵCSCUCSCMၼS (ၵMၢၼSSCူCSS) ၸMCSSၵႃSCၼSSၵMၺSSCCS ႁIၺ
ၶS CEၼSCCSCEၼSS ECၵIUCSSCူ ၸMCSS CMၵSSၵCS ၵCS ၵMၺSSCCS Cႃ S ECECႃ CူၵSSAၺS ႁႃSECACSCUCS CMၼSCၼSၵႃ EႁS EႁS Eႁ ”
ၵCS ၽMCS Cႃ ... CUၵS ၶCSSၶMCS CECS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010 AIူCS S (ၽူ CူAၢၼS CူS ECၸMCSSEၼ S ECၵIUCSSCႆ Eၼ ACS ၼၼS CီၵူCSEC EC
CIUၼSSACS CူCS CMCS CECSAီ CCSS ၵMCS CIူCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 ၼႆ AၼSCူ ၽၢႆ CCSS)
CIUၼSSACS Cႆ Cူ S ECCႆ ၸူ CMCS ၵၼS ၶၼSCၢၵS AၼSCCS CMၼSSၶIUၼSSAၼS
CူၼS CႃS ၼႆS Aႃ CUCS CMၼS Cၢႆ(2)
ၵCS ၽMCS Cႃ ... CMႆSၼႆ ACS ၸS CMႆSႁCSSS CMCS CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS ၼSSCၢၼS AMၼS “ACS ႁUCSS” ၼႆ CီSႁIၼ
ူ SS 14 CCSS EႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SS 14 CUCS S
EC CEၼSၸMCSSCCSS EၶSECCူCS CMCSSS ၵူCSCႆ ၼECSၸSၸMCSSၶIUၼSSCၢႆSCႃS CၢCS EႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SSၶIUCS ၼIူCS ၼႆ CEၼSEႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SSCUCS CS CUCS CူCSS ၵူၼSSႁIၼ
ူ SSၼCSS Cႃ ႁႃCႆ
ၸIူCS ၼႆS ၵIၼSCMCS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶCSSၸSEC EC Cႃ Cႃ S ၼႃ CIၼSEၵႃ ၵICS EC S ၵူၺSSၵႃ
ၵCS ၽMCS EC ... ႁCSSCUၵS ၶCS Eၶ CECS AIူCS S ၵMCS ႁCSSACS ၶCS ၶCSCၢCS CEၼS CၢႆCIUCS CIူၼS ၶIူCSS ၶICSSEၵ EC CCSS ၵMCS AMၼSၵၼSၶCSSၸSႁႃႁEၼSS
CMCSCႆ CၢၼS ၼIူCSCႃSEC ၶMCSႁCSSACS CEၼSၶMCSႁCSSCႃS CီSCCSSၼCSCCS S CIUၼSS CၢCSSA ECႃၶIUCSSၵၢCS CီSCCSSၼCSEC CMCS CMCSၵၢၼS ၼႃ CၢၼS CႃCူၼSၼႆ
CူCS Cႆ CၢCS Cႆၵႃ CၢCSSၼႃ ... CCS Cႃ ၼႆS CEၼSCIၼSCIUCSSၶCSCCSSၼCSCCS S
AIူCS ! ACS ၶS CECSCCSS ACS CECSCCS ၵMၺSSၶS ၶႆ Eၼ Aႃ CUCS Cီ ၼMၵS ECၶCSCCS ၸIူCSSCEၼSEႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SS Aၢႆ ၸUၼSSCၢႆ Cီ CMCSSၵCS
Cီ CMၵS ၶMၵS CMCSSAMၼS CMၼS ၵူၼSSCCS CၢCS ၶႆ CၢCS CႃSEC ECCၢCSCIUCS CၢCSၼူၵS Cႆ CၼS EC ၵူCS Aီ CူCS AၢCSEၼSၵၢCS ... ၸIူCSSၼႆ CIူCS ၵၢCS CူၼS
ၽူ AၢၼS CIၵS S CူၸCS CူS! ႁECSSႁIUCS ... CႃSၼၼS AMCS Cူ CၼSSCCSSၵCS ၵၢCS ၵူCSEC CCSS ႁႃၵIၼSႁႆ Cႆ ၵIၼSၼႃS ၵႃ
ECၵIUCSSEၼ ! ECAၼSEၼ ! ECCၢCS Cႆၵႃ CၢCSSၼႃ Eၼ ! ၶၢႆၵႃ CႃS ႁECSSၵၢၼSCS CMCS Cၢႆ CECS EC CCSS CCS ႁECSSCCSEၵႃ ၸUၼSSCၢႆ S
CMCSSCMၵSSCၢႆSၵCS ၵMၺSSEC ACS ECႃSCူ ႁႃ ACS ၶS ႁႃCၢCSSA ECႃၶIUCSSၵၢCS
Aႃ CUCS CMၼS Cၢႆ(1) ၼူၵS ၼူၵS CၼSCၼS ၼၵSSၼၵSSCIူCS CIူCS ၵMၺSSECႃၵူCSECႃCူCS ECႃCECS CၢCSSCCS
ၶICSSEၵ CၢၼS ၼႃSႁီSS CီSCIUၼSSCီSၶCSS ၵMCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၵCS ၵECSCECSၸMႆ CIူၼS S ECႃSႁECSSACS CECSSၸSCႃS EၼSၵၢCS ၸCS ၵCS ႁၢႆ S (Cီ EC ၵၢCS AၼSCႃ
ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCၼSSCႃS ၵူ CMCS CMCS ၼၼS S AMၵS ၸSCီၶS ႁႃၵၢၼSၵူ CူCS CႃSၽMCS S ၼႆ CEၼSၵၢၼSႁCSSႁECSSCူCSS ECႃSႁCSSACS ၶCSSၸSႁECSS ၵၢCS ႁCSSCIUၼSSECႁၢႆ
CCS ၵMCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CMCS ၶၢCSSCႃS ၵMCS CIူCS Cႆ ၵCS ၸMႆ CMCSႁECSSၵၢၼSCၼSSCႃSCCSS Cႆ Cႃ EC AIူCS S) ၶCSၸIူCSSၼႆ ACS Cူ Cႆ ၶCS ၵECSၸCSၸMCSS CMCS ၼႃ CၢၼS
ၼCSEC Cႆ Cူ CUCSS ၵၢၼSၸCS ၵCS S ၶICS ၶၢCSS EC ၶူCSSၶMCS ၸCS ၵCS CႃSCCSS CႃCူၼS ၵMၺSSECႃCၼS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSႁUၼS ၸMCSSCႃ CီCCS ၵMႃ CCS ၸUၼSSCCS Cႃ
ၼCSS ၵMCS ၼႆ ၶICSSEၵ ၸCS CIUၼS ၽၢCS CၼSၼSSCၢၼS CၼSS CMCS Cႃ CၼSSECACS ၼႆS
ၵႃSCၼSSCၢCS ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ၸIူCSSၶS ၸMCSSCIူCSSCႆ CႃM ၽႃS Cီ CIူCSSၶCSSCEၼS Cႃ ၼႆS AIူCS ! CIူCS CူၼS CႃSၸIူCSSၼၼS EC Cႆ ၵႃ Cႃ S CIူCS CECSEC CMCS
ၵူၺSSCၼSSACS CCSSၸS ၵူၼSSၶCSSၵႃSCၼSSEC CူCSCၼSSECၶCSSCူCS ၼႆCCS S Cူ CၼSSCCSS CMCS ႁႃၵIၼSCECS CMCS ႁၢCS CၢCS CIူၼSSၶၢၼSၸSCႃSCIၵSSCIၵSS
ၵူၼSSCၢၼS CCSSၼCS ၸIူCSSၸူCSSEၵႃ CီSS ၸIူCSSACS CUCS Eၵႃ CီSS ၸIူCSS EC ၵူၼSSCၢၼS ACS ႁUCSSၶCS ၶS ၵူ EႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SS AMၼSAMၵS ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ ႁECSSၵၢၼSCၢၼS
CီၵူCSEၵႃ ECႃ Cႆ ႁၼSS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSSAMၵS ၼSSၵၢCSၸSၵူၼSSCၢၼSSၶCS CႃSEC CီS CIူၼS CIူCSSCIူၼS CCSSၼCSS ၸIူCSSEႁႃႁIၼ
ူ SSCUCS CS ၼၼS EC AMၵS ၵႃ CၢႆEၵႃ Eၵႃ
CႃSCIူၼSၼCS ၼႆS ECႃ CIUၵS ၵIUCSSCCSSၼCSS ၸIူCSSၵူၼSSႁIၼ
ူ SSEA CCS ECCEၼSႁၼ
I ူ SSႁၢCSSCCS S
“ၶICSSCCS ၼႆ ၶS CCS ၸSCၼSႁCSS CIူၼSCူCSSAS CႃၸSCီ ACS A S ၵMCS CၢႆCCIူCS Cီ ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCMCSၵၢၼSAUCS CIူCS ၼSSCၢၼS ACS Cႆ CICSSCCSS ECႃSAMၵS
CၼSSၵIၼSႁECSSCIUၼSSႁCSSCႃSၼCSCCS Cႃ S CူၺSSECႃ ! CၢCS EC Cႃ ၽSၶS ၸMCSS Cၢႆ CEၼSႁIၼ
ူ SSႁၢCSSၵႃ EC CIUၼSSCIူၼS ECCUCS ACS AMCS ႁIၼ
ူ SSၶCSCူ CCS S
Eၵႃ Cႆ ၼႆS ၵူၺSS Cီ ၼMCS CၼSS ECႃSၶS CECSၵႃSCCS Cႃ ႁCSSACS CီSAMCS ” Cူ CUၵS Aၢႆ ၸUၼSSCၢႆ Cီ CMCSSၵCS CCSSCၢႆ ...
“ၶS EC ၶS CIူCSSၽECS CIူCSSၶCSSCEၼSCူ S ၵူၺSSၵႃ ၵူၼSSCCS ECၶCSS ECAMၵS ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ AS CIူၼS CUCS AMCS ၸCS ၵCS Eၼ !
ၵႃSCူCS ၼႆ CီၵူCSAIူCS S ႁECSS CၼSSACS CECSCူၼS S CIၼSCIUCSSACS CၼS CIUၼSSS ECၸCS Eႁ ၵCS AMCS ၸCS ၵCS EC ECၶCSSၸSAS Cႆ ၶCSSၶIUCS
ACS ၽSSၶၼSCCS S ၵူCSECႃ CူCSSCူၵSSAၺS ” CMCSၼႃ ႁIၼ
ူ SSၸCS ၵCS AS ECႃSႁUၼS CUၼSSၶIUၼS CS Eၼ ...
CUၵS Cီ “CၢCSSၶIူCSS” CႃS CUၵS Cီ “EC CECS EC Cီ Cီ ” CႃS

ၸၢႆSCီSCECS ၶCSCီ ၼMCS ၶCSEC CCS CEၼSၵူၼSSၵIူCS ႁၼSၼႃ Cီ CၢCSSၶIူCSS CၼSSCီ Cႃ ECCၢCS ၵၢCSS ၼႆCCS S
CMၼS CMၼS S CၢႆSEC CIUၼS ၽၢCS CCS ၸIူCS ၼႆEၵႃ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS
CUCSSCUၼSSCMIၼS CၢCSSၶIူCSS EC CEၼS ၵူၼSSEၵႃ Eၵႃ ႁEၵS ၽMCS ႁEၼSS CIူCSSACS CUCS CူCS CIၵS ၸူS Cႃ Cီ ၵူ AၼSEC CMCS ၶၢCS CၼSSCီ Cႃ EC
CCS CUၼSSCူCSSCMႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSၸIUCS CႆS (C.C.C) ၼၼS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS EC CIူCS CူCSSCၢႆS CၢCS ၵၢCSSၼၼS S ၸMCSSၼCS CIၵS ၼၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS
CIUCSS CIၵS ACS CၢႆCၢCSCူCSၼၼS Eၵႃ Cူ Cီ CူCSCEၼSSၾၢႆ ၵူၼSSCIူCSSEC CူCSS CႆS Cႆ CIUCS CၢCSSCႃ ECCၢCS ၵၢCSSCီ AMCSCူCSS EC CCSSႁၢCS CECS CIူCS
CၢႆSCIUCSSCႃSS CIူCS CၢၼSCMCS CECSSCCSSEၶႃၼၼS Eၵႃ CၢCS CEၼS ACSCCS CူCS CၼSSCီ 30 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS EC CၼSSCီ 19 CIူၼSAMၵS CူCS CS CMCSCၼSS
CMCS ၸIUCS CႆS Eၵႃ ႁEၵS S ၶUၼSၽMCSSCူCS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSACSSၸၢၵS EC ၾၢႆ ၶUCS Eႁ ၼSS CMCSCMၵS ၼႆCူ CCS S
ၸUCSSCူCSCMCS ၸIUCS ၽ.C.C.C ၶCSS CIူCS CၢၼS Cႃ Cီ CူCS EC CICS CၢႆS
CၢၼS (C.C.C) ၼၼS Eၵႃ CႃSၼSS ၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CIူCSSCႃS CMၵS ၼIူCS S CIူCS CၼSS
ACS ၽECS CIူCSSACS CUCS AECSCီSၵSSၼၼS Eၵႃ CၼSSၸCS Cႆ ACSCႃS ၸIူCS ၼCS CIUCSၼCS ၵၼS
ၾၼSS Cႃ ၶၼSSCၢၼSEC ၽUၵS CMCS Cီ CၢCSSၶIူCSSAMၼSCၢCSSCUCSSEC ၸCS
ECႃS Eၽ CIူၼSSၸMCS CူCS ၵႃ CIူCSSCၢၼS CCSSCIUၼS Cူ CCS S Eၶႃ CၼSCIူCSၽIူၵS
13
ECCီSCႃ Cီ CၢCSAၼSၵMၺSS Eၶ CECS ၵၼS

Cီ Eၸ CMၼS CIူCSSCၢCSS Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCS
15 CECS CECS CS CIူCSSCၢCSS CMCSAၼSS
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 13CIူၼSCECS ၵူၺSSၵႃ Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS
CECS CS Cီ CUCSSEၵႃEၽ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSS EC Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ၶCSၵMၺSS ၶCS
CSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS Eၸ CMၼS CIူCSS Eၶ CECS Cႆ ၶECS CECSCECSCECSEC
CၢCSS Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCS Cႃ Cႆ CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႃ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS C.ၸ.ၺEC ACS
Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSSCႆ CCSSCIၼS CၼSSCႆ ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECSၵူ
ႁCS CEၼS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ EC AၼSၼSSEၸ CECSS CIူCSSၵMCSS EC ၽႃ
ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010 ၵၢၼS S CၢCSCူCS Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ EC
CCS ၼၼS S ၵECSၸMCSႁၢၼSၵCS AူSၽူCSSCူၺS EC
Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSAၼS ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECS(7)CEၼSSၽMCSS
ACSCCS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCၢCSS ၸၢႆSCႃ ECႃ CMၵS CၢCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS
ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ Eၸ CMၼS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS AၼSCႃSEၸ CECSSCIူCSSၵMCSSS
Cီ CၢCSၵUCSCIူၵS CMCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCၢCSS
CIူCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CIူCSCS CၼSS CီSCၢCS ၸMCSႁၢၼSၵCS AူSAူCSSCMIၼS ECၶCS
ၸUCSSS CEၼS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECSCEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSS
CIူCS CၼSSCီ 20 CIူၼSEAႃSၵIူCS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSS ၼႆCCS S ၶECS
Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS (Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS )S CIူCSS Eၸ CECSSၽႃၵၢၼS ၵႃ S ၾၢႆ Cႃ
ECCIူၵS CMCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Eၸ CECS(1)EC (2)Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ
Cႃ Cီ CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSS Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ၼႆEၵႃ ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS CCS
CECSSCIူCSSCၢCSSS ၽူ CူၼSSCUCS EC CIူCSSၼၼS CီSCူ CၢၼS 23 AၼS ၼCS
CECSS (Cႃ Cီ CၢCS Cီ ) EC Cႃ Cီ CUၼSS ၸCS CၢၼSSCMIၼS ECၶCS Eၶ
CူCSCEၼSS 15 CၢၼS ႁICSSACSS CIူCSS ၵၼSS
ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၽMCS ACS (Cႃ Cီ CူၼS ၶCS S CECS ၶECS CECS(7) CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS
CၢCSSၶCS CႃSၶCS ACS S Cီ CၢCSၵUCSၼႆ CECS CCS ၸၢႆSCIၼS AMCS
Cၸၺ)ၶCSS Cႃ Cီ AEၼSႁECSSCီ CူCS ၶIူCSS AၼSCႃSEၸ CECSSCIူCSSၵMCSSS ၸၢႆS
CIူၵS Cႆ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Eၸ Eၵႃ EC CၢCSCူCS Cူ ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ
ၶEC Cီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS (NDF) ၶCSEC CUၼSSEAS ECၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS
CECSSCIူCSSCၢCSS ႁႃ Eၵႃ S ၸIူCSSၶCSၸCSS CIူCSSACS CUCS ၵEၼS ၶECSCUၼSSCECSSEC
CၼSSCႆ ၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ Eၸ CECSS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSS Eၸ CECSS
CEၼS ၸၢႆSCIၼS CUၼSS Cႃ ၶECS CECS ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၶECS CECSCၢႆ(5)
ၽႃၵၢၼS Cႃ ၶECS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSS CIူCSSCၢCSS ၼႆCူ CCS S
(1) CEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSSS ၸၢႆSCၢၼSS CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS Cီ Eၸ CECSS
ၵူၼSSCIူCSS Eၵႃ CECSၵMၺSSS Cီ Eၸ CၢႆSၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS
CUၼS Cႃ ၶECS CECS (2) CEၼSSၽMCSS CIူCSSCၢCSSၼၼS CEၼS ၼMCS ၶူၺS ACS
CMၼS CIူCSSCၢCSSၼႆ CႃSEၸ CECSS CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ
Eၸ CIူCSSS ၸၢႆSCUၼSS EAS Cႃ CEၼSS CCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSS
CIူCSSCၢCSSS CIူCSSၵMCSSS ၽႃၵၢၼS EC ECCၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSS
ၽMCSSၵူၼSSCIူCSSS ၸၢႆSEၸႃSCIၼSSCUၼSS ၶIူCSSCႆS (Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ) ၸၢႆSCႃ
CMၼS Cႃ Eၸ CECSSCIူCSSCၢCSS AၼS ၽMCSSS Cီ CUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS
Cႃ ၶECS CECS(5)CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSSS ECႃ ၼႆCူ CCS S
CECSၵMၺSS ၼSSEၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSၼၼS Cႆ Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CECSSCIူCSS
CUCSSၸၢCS CECSS Cႃ ၶECS CECS(6)
Cႆ ၶECS CECS CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIူCS ၶIူCSS CၢCSSၼၼS Cႆ ၸCSSႁEၼSSCၢCSၵUCS
Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶECS CECS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢၼS ၼSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၼၼS ၵMၺSS ၶၢCSၼၼS ၼၢCSSၶIၼS CMACSSCီ Eၵႃ့Cူ
ECCႆ CၼSCECS Cႃ ၶECS CECSၸၢCSS CCSSCီ CMၵS ၶၢCS CECSSCMICS ၵMီSၼႃS
Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCS ၾၢႆ Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႆ CUၵS CၢၵS
ၶIူCSSၽS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၼSSၼႆEC CႃSCႆ ၼၼS CၢCSCူCSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS EC
15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS ၸIUCS ၵူၼSSႁIၼ
ူ SS(CUCS ၸၢCS -10) ၼၼS ၼSSၽICS CIူCSSCECS ၼECS Cူ S ၵူၺSS CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ S CIူၼSၼCS ၼႆ
ၼၢCSSEၸႃSAUCS Eၵႃ CႃSCႆ Cႃ CEၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၼႆEC ၵႃ Eၵႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS CCS EC CၢCSCူCS Cႃ Cီ ၽMCS ACS EC Cီ
AၼSCၢCSCူCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS ACS CၼSCူCSS ၼႆS Cႆ CEၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၼၼS ႁႃ ACS CEၼS CူCS ၶEC Cီ (Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCS)EC
Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSEC CၢCS CEၼS Cီ CIူCSCCS CIUCSSCIူCSS 2008 Eၵႃ Cႆ Cူ ႁႃ AၼSCႃ ၼၼS Cီ Eၵႃ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၶECS CECS
ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSCႆ Cႃ EC EC CIUCS EၼCႆ Cႃ ၼMၵS ECၸၢCSS Eၶႃ CUၵS Cႆ CီS Cႃ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSSၼၼS
ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS ၶIူCSS ၸIူCSSCႆ Cႆ Eၸ CIူCSSEၸ CIူCSS ၼၼS ACS ECႃSၸECS CECSSCီ” ၼႆ ၸCSSCEၼS ၸၢႆSEASEၵMႃ S CၼSSCCS
CၢၼS Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSၼၼS Cႆ CUၵS ႁIUCS ၼႃ CIၼSၽMCSSCCSSႁၢCSSEၶႃၶCS CCS S CEၼSၵECSACSCCS Cႃ Cီ ၼၼS S
CၢၵS CECSCECS ၼႆ Cႆ A Cီ CUCSSEၵႃ ၼSSEၸ CIူCSS ႁIUCS Eၸ CIူCSSS ၸၢCSS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CIူၼSၼCS ၼႆ CMၼS Cႃ
Eၽ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၶIူCSSCSEC ACS Cႃ ECႃSCီSACS ၵူၼSS CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCၵSSCႆ Eၸ ECၶCS Eၶ CECS ၶECS CECS ၸၢCSS
Eၸ CMၼS CMICS ၵMီSၼႃS ၸMCSSၼCS 0.1 CၢၵS ၼSSACSၵူၼSSCCSSCIူCSSCCSS CIူCSS ႁIUCS Eၸ CIူCSS CCSSAၼSၼႆ ၶIူCSSCၢၼS ၼSSၸIUCS CႆSၼႆ EC CၢCS
ၶCSCIUၼS ၽၢCS Cႃ Cႆ S CIUၼS ၼႆEC ECCီS CUၼS Cႆ CUၼS CEၼS ၶECS CECSAၼSၼIူCS Cႃ ၸၢCSS CူCS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS EC ၸၢႆSEၸႃ
ၼၢCSSEၸႃSAUCS ၼႆ Cူ CEၼS Cႃ ECCIူၵS CCS Cႆ CEၼSS ၶIူCSSၽSCၼSS AၼSCႃ ၼၼS S ၸMCSS CIၼSSCUၼSS Eၵႃ Cူ CMၵS ၵMCSSCူSၶCSSS
CCSSCီ CMၵS CECS CICS ၵMီS CECSSCMICS ၽMCSSEၵႃ ၼIူCS Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Eၸ ၼCS Eၶႃ CIUၼS ၽၢCS AၼSၼႆ Cီ CECSSၵMၵSSECS CၢCS CEၼS ၸIUCS Cႆ S
ၵMီSၼႃSEC CၢCS ႁၢCS ၵၢၼS ၶူSCMၼS CIူCSS ႁIUCS Eၸ CIူCSS ၼႆCူ S Eၸ CIူCSSၶၢCSEC CီSၶECS CECS Cႃ ၵူၺSSၵႃ CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS
Cီ EၵႃSCEၵS CၢႆSA့ECႃ CMICS ၵMီSၼႃSS ၵECS CIူၺS CMCS CၢCSSAၼS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCၢၼS S ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆSS ၸၢCSS Eၵႃ ၼIူCS CCSSCၢCSCႃ CၼSSEC
ACSCCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၼႆ ၼႆ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCS ၶIူCSSCီ ECႃS EC ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCCၢCS S CEၼS CUၵS ၶIUCS CႆSECႃSCၢၼS EC
Eၸ CECSSCMICS ၵMီSၼႃSEC CၢCS ၽIူၵS Eၵႃ Cႆ ၶECSS ၶူS ၾၢႆ CၵSSCIူCSၽICS CIူCS Cႃ EC ၶCS Eၶ CECS ၸCS ACS Cႆ CUၵS CၢၵS CECSCECS
Cႃ ၵMCS CIူCS ၼSSCၢႆၾၢCSEC CSCEၼS CIူCSSၼၼS ႁၼSCIUCSCႃ “CMCS ၵူၼSS ၶECS CECS ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS ၼSSEၸ CIူCSS CူCSS ၼႆCူ CCS S
CUၵS Cီ “ၶMCS CUCSSCMCS CSCECS” CႃS AS CIူၼSၵၼS CEၵSSCEၵSSCူ ၼႆCCS S

CIUၼSCၼS CIUၼS ၽၢCS AMၵS CၼS CEၼS ၸIUCS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၸIူCSS EC Cီ CၢCSၵUCS AၼSၽူ ၼၢCSSၼSS EၵႃEၽ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS
ၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼၼS Cူ CCS S ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSS EC Eၸ CMၼS ၶCS AUCS ၵူCSSCူCS Cီ ၵၼS CMCS ၵၢၼSCၢၼSSၼၼS ACSCCS ၸUCSSၵၢၼSS
AICS AMၵS CႃS CSCECS ၸIူCSSၵူၼSS CIူCSS ECCႆ CMCS CS ၼSSၶMCS CUCSSၼၼS Cူ S CSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS AူSCECSSၸူCSS CCS CၢCS ၵႃ Cႃ CMၼS Cႃ
Cႆ A CECS Cႃ CIၵS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶMCSCႃ Cီ ၶCS EC ၽူ CUၼS CECSၶCS ECCၼSCECSCႆ ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS CCSSCၵSSCႆ AS Cၢႆ CECS ၵႃ ၼၼS ၼIူCS Cီ ၼႆ
ၸIူCSSECၶCS Eၶ CECS Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼၼS Eၵႃ ACS ႁIUCSACS ၼၢၼSS EC CUၵS CီCႆ ACS CMCS CECS ႁႃ MCS ၼႆCူ CCS S
CIUၼS ၽၢCS AMၵS CႃSCူ CCS S ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS AၼSECၸCSSႁEၼSSCIူCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼSၼူCS CECS
ၼSSCSCECS AၼSECၸS CIUCSSCီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS ၼႆ ECCႃS ၸIUCS CS 2010S CၼSSAႃSCICS ၼၼS EC ECCIUCS Cႆ CၼS ACSSCMCS CECS ၼSS
CECS Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSS ၸIUCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS EC AIၵS CႃS CIူCSSACS CUCS CCSSCIUၼS CCS EC ၵၢCSၼS 6 CူCSS ECႃ CIUCS CၢCSSၶCS 4
CMၵSSCCS AၼSECCႆ ၶICS (CၢႆCEၼS ) ၼၼS Cူ S CSCECS Cႃ Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CူCSSၼႆCူ CCS S
CUၼS CECS EC Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS Cႃ ၶECS CECSၸၢCSSၶIူCSSၶCSၼႆEၵႃ ECႁECSS
14
CၢႆSႁCS ႁၼS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS ၶMCSCီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS
♦ ECၸS CIUCSS CၵSSCIူCSၵၢၼSCၢၵS CီS CMၵSSၵၢCS AၼSCMCS CECSS Cႃ ၵူ ၵူၼSSCIUၼS CIူCSSS ၵူ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSS CီSCMCS ၵIၼSၼUCS Cူ CCSS
AS CECSSECႃSCIူCSEC Cႃ AS ၸၼS CၢၼS CUCSၶIUၼS ၽECS CECSSၵၼSCCSSCUCS ၾႃ
♦ CၵSSCIူCSCၢႆSCၢၵS CီS AၼSCMCS CECSSၼႆ ECCႆ ၽECS CECSSၵIUCS CECS ၸMCSS CIူCSCၢႆSၵႃ ၶၢႆCUCS ၾႃ ၼၼS CCS S
♦ ၽMCS Cူ ၸUCSSၸMCSSၵၼS CCSSၸIUCS CIူCSSAူၺSSEၵႃ EC ၼCS ႁIUCS ECCီSၽMၼSSCီECႃ ၶIူCSSၸCS ၵCS ၼၼS ECACS ၶCS CႃSCIUCSS
ၵCS CၵSSCIူCSCၢၵS CီSCMၵSSၵၢCS AၼSCMCS CECSSCCS S
CMၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ႁႆ ၼႃS

1. ၵူၼSSႁECSSႁႆ ႁECSSၼႃSၵူ Eၵႃ ECCႆ CီSCUၼS CEၼS ၸCS CIၼSႁႆ ၼႃSEC CီSCUၼS CUCS ၶၢႆ Cၢႆ CၼSCႆ S
2. ECCႆ CီSCUၼS CMCS CECSSCၢCS ႁၢCS Cီ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS S ECႃ CူCS EC ၶၢႆAMၵS ၶူCSSAၼSAMၵS ၼSSႁႆ ၼSSၼႃSS
3. ၶူCSSၶMCSAၼSAMၵS ၼSSႁႆ ၼSSၼႃSၼႆ ၼCS ႁIUCSECႁCS ၶUၺS ႁၼSCႆ ၸMCSSၼCS ၵႃ ၶၼS AၼSCEၼSEC ၼၼS ECၶCS CၢCS CၼSS
4. Cႃ ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃS ECႁCS Cႆ CIUၼSSၵူ Cႃ ၶၢCSSCMCSSၶၢCSSCၢCSSၼၼS ECၸCSSၵၢၼSၶIUCSCၢCS CၼSS
5. Cီ CIၼSCCS CIၼႁ
S ၢCSSၸIူCSSၼၼS ၶၢၵS CEၼSCIၼSၽUၵS CMCS EC ECCၼSႁECSSၸMႆ CECS ၸIူCS ၾၼSSၶCS AၼSCEၼS Cီ AၼS
AMၵS CၢၵS CူCSSၼCSCီ AIၵS CႃS Cႃ AS ၽUၵS CMCS Cႆ CၢၵS CၢၵS CၢCS ၸIူCSSၼၼS Cူ S
6. ECCၼSႁECSSၸMႆ CECSႁECSSCၢCS CၼS Cႃ AS Cႆ AUၼS CၢCS AၼSCUၵS CူCS Cႃ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS AS ECႃSၵUCS CူၼS S Cႃ AS ၸS
CIUCSSCႆ ၶIူCS ၸၢၵS AၼSၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼSEC Cႃ AS CၢႆSA ECႃCၢႆSၵၢၼSၶIUၼS CS ၸIူCSSၼၼS S
7. Cီ ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ႁႆ ၼႃSၼၼS ACSၵၢၼSႁECSSAMၵS CၢၵS ၶCS S ၶူCSSၵUၼS Cႃ Cႃ ၵၢၼSACSSၸၢၵS ၼၼS ႁECSSCEၼC
S IူCSCူCSEC
ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS CၢၵS CၢၵS CၢCS ၸIူCSS AၼSECCႆ CူCSၼMၵS CIူCSSၼၼS Eၵႃ ECCၼSႁECSSၵႃ S
8. ၽEၼSၾၢႆ ႁEၼSSA CၢႆSCၢႆSA ECႃ CၢႆSၽUၵS CMCS AၼSၶIUCSSၸၼS CၢၼS ၵCS ၾႃ AၼSECCIူCSSၸူSECႃ CMCS CၢႆSCၢCSSA CၢႆS
ၽUၵS CMCS ၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၶIUCSSCၢၼS AၼSECၶIUၼS CS Eၽ CIူၼSSၵႃ ၼႃ S
9. Cႃ AS ၸူCS CၢၼSၵူၼSSCူ CၢCS CCSS ၸCS ႁႆ ၸCS ၼႃS AS ၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSၼၼS CIUၼSSCIူCSSၸူSCႆ Cႃ EC S
CMၼS ၵၢၼSCူCS Cႆ
1. Cႃ AS CူCS Cႆ CူၺS ႁၢႆEC CCS Cႃ ၵMၼSSCICSSCS CႃSႁICSSACSSၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼSEC CCS ECႁECSSCၢCS ၵႃ S
2. Cႃ AS ၽUၵS CMCS ACSAMၵS CIUၼS ၶၢႆCႆ ၶူCSSၶMCSAၼSAMၵS ၼSSCူCS Cႆ EC AIၵS Cႆ AၼSCႃ CEၼSCႆ ၵUၼS Cႃ CUၼS ၾၢႆ ၵၢၼS
ACSSၸၢၵS ၼႆ ECၶCSSၶIUCSႁECSSCၢCS ၵႃ S
3. Cႃ AS AMၵS CEၼSCႃS CူCS Cႆ ၶMCSCUၼS ACS EC CူCS Cႆ ၶMCSCUၼS CECSၶCS CEၼSCႃ ႁICSSACSSၾICS CIUၼSSCEၼS ၶECSၸCS CCSSCီ
ၼၼS ECၸMႆ CECSႁECSSCၢCS ၵႃ S
CMၼS ၵၢၼSCECS Cူ Cႃ EC CCSS

1. Cႃ AS ၵၢၼSCECS Cူ Cႃ EC CCSS AၼSၶIUCSSၵၢCS ၸMCSSCIူၺS CၢႆSCၢႆ ECၶIUၼS CS CS CUCSCႃSၼၼS ACSCၢႆSCၢႆSCၺS ၺႃ
EC CCSS ACSCCSSCူCS(CIUၼSS)ၵူ EC CCS EၸၸMႆ CECSႁECSSCၢCS CၼS ၸCS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ CECS Cူ Cႃ EC CCSS ၸIူCSSၼႆ Cူ S
2. Cီ CUCS ႁၢCSSCMႆ ၼCS ႁIUCSECၶၢၵS ႁECSSCႃS ၼႃ ၵၢၼSCECS ၽIUCS ၸMCSSCၢႆSCၢႆSCၢႆ ၼႆ ECCၼSCၢႆSA EC CူၼSSCUCS ႁECSSCၢCS
ၵႃ S
ႁၢCS CူၼS
15
Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSႁႃ AၼS ၸIူCSSၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 CႃS ACS CႃS

CCS CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCႆS ႁIUCS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ACSCIူCS (SNLD) ၼၼS Cႆ CUၵS Cႃ CICSSCECS
15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS 10 ၸUCSS

ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS ၸIူCSSၸUၵSSCူ CႃS ၸMCSSၼCS ၽICS
CCS CIူCSSACS CUCS CIUၼS ၽၢCS CCSS CIူCSSCၢႆ(4/88) ၶMCSၸUCSSEၵႃ CၢCS
Eၶႃ CIUၼS ၽၢCS Cၢႆ (97/2010) CIူCS ၸIUCS CIူCSSၼICSCCSSၶCSၼၼS ECႃSEC
CၼSSCီ 14 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS ၼႆ ၶS CIUCS CEၼS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၵႃ ၵႃ
Cႃ Cႃ CECS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSႁႃ AၼS ၼႃ ၼႆၸIUCS ၸMCSSၼCS ၽICS CIူCSSCၢCS
ၸIူCSSၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 ACS CၢႆၾၢCSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၽICS CIူCSSCၢႆ
CႃS CCS CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS (2/2010) ၶMCS ၶMCS Cီ ၸIUCS CIူCSSCICSS
ၶIူCSSCႆS ႁIUCS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ACSCIူCS CEၼSEC CUၼSSCECSSၼၼS CCS EC
(SNLD) ၼႆ Cူ CCS S CၼSSCီ CIUၼSCၼSၽICS CIူCSSၼၼS
Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS ၸIူCSSAၼS ၼSSၶၢCSSCၢCSS 60 CၼSSၼၼS EC ၸMCSCICS CCS CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCႆS ႁIUCS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ACSCIူCS (SNLD)
Cႆ CUၵS Cႃ CECS ACS ၵၼSCCSS CCS Cႆ CCS CMၼSS Cႃ CIUCS CEၼSCႃ Cီ CCS CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSS
CCS CUၼSS Cီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ
CUၼSSCီ CူCS ၵEC ၸီ ၸIူCS ၶIူCSSCႆS ၵၢၼSCIူCSS Cီ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS ၶCS Cူ CCS S
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28sept10 WT - 1 - 4 - SHN - OL

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ACS ၵၢၼSၾၢႆ CMCS ၶၢCS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS Cႃ Cီ ၸၢCSSၶIူCSSCႆS CIUၼS AMၵS

CMႆ (1)S Cၢႆ(4) CၼSSCီ 18 CIူၼSCECS CECS CS 2010S CၼSSCCSS

ACSCCS CIူCSၽIူၵS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS

AၼSၾၢႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ ၼၼS EC

CူCSSCူၼSSCUCS ႁႃCECSCIUCSCၢၼS ၼMၵS ၼႃSCၢCS CIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS

CIူCS ႁCS CUၵS ၸUCSSCႃ Cီ ၼSSEၸ CECSSၼCS Cူ CIUCS CUCSS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS

CUCS CူၺSS Cႃ Cီ ၸIူCSSECCEၼS

ႁECSSႁIUCS ... ECCၢCS Eၼ S ၵIUCSSEၼ

CIူCS CူCSSႁႃCECS ၼSSEၸ CECSSၵMၵSSECS ACS ၼၼS ECAၼS

CECEၵS ၵS CၢႆCၢႆ CU CS C CS CMCMCSCSCၢCၢၼSၼSCS CS AM ၼS

CUၵS Cီ “CူCSSႁႃCECS CIUCSCIၵS CIူၼS ႁၢCSၶIူCSS” ၼၼS CႃS

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ၽIUၼSၶၢCS CIူCSၽIူၵS CEၼSSၽMCSS ၶECS CECSCEၼSSၽMCSSEၸ CIူCSSCၢႆ(2) Eၸ CECSSၼCS Cူ ၼၢCSSၶCSS

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ၵၢၼSCIူCSS CECSၶCSSCၼSS EC CႆSCၢCSCီ ၼMCS ၶCSCEၼS

CႆS CECSၽEၼS ၽEၼS EC ၸCS CEၼSၵႃ Nanzhao/南诏 S “EC” AၼSCႃ ၼႆ

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CMCS AၺS S CူၼS CီSၶCS EC ၽူ CMCS

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CECSSCEၼSCီ Cႃ CEၼSSၽMCSSၸIUCS CႆS Cႆ CCS CၢCS ၵႃ Cီ ၵူၼSSၶCS CၢCS

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ႁEၼSSၼၼS S CIူCS CၼSSCီ 7 CIူၼSCECS CIူCS CၼSSCီ 12 CIူၼSCECS

CECS CS ၼၼS ၸၢႆSAၢႆ CCSS ၽECSCီ CECS CS CၢCSSၶCS 6 CူCSSၼၼS ႁECSS

CUCSSEၵႃEၽ ၸUCSSၵၢၼSSCSSၵၢၼSCIူၵS CၢCSၵIၼSၶCS ACS Cူ ၵၼS Cီ ACSSEႁႃ

CCS Eၸ CMၼS Cႃ CECS EC ၸMCS EၵႃCIၵS CၢႆSEC ၽICS EC CႆS CECSS

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Eၼႃ CEၼSSၽMCSS CCS CူCS ႁIUCS ACS Cူ CၢၼSS Cႃ Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS Cႆ

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ၽူ CMCSၵၢၼS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS CIူCSSCႆSCMCSSACS Cႃ Cီ CIူCSၽIူၵS ၽEၼSCၢႆ CIUCS CUCSSCီ

CIူCS ၵECSACSCCS Eၸ CECSSCီ ECႃ CUCSSEၵႃSCICS CMၵS CၢCS Eၶႃ ၵၢCSS

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8 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS CUCSS Cီ CူCS ၶCECS CIၵS

AၼSၾၢႆ ႁCSSၶႃ CၼSCႆ ၼႆ EC CီSၸSCIUၼS ၽS (Eၸ Cၼႃ )

CIူCSၽIူၵS ECႃSCႃ Cႃ Cီ SNDP EC ၵႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 2010 ၼႆၸIUCS

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CIူCS EC CၢCSSႁECSSCၢCS S CၢCSS

ႁECSSႁIUCS ... ECCၢCS Eၼ S ၵIUCSSEၼ ACS ၼၼS ECAၼS

CUၵS Cီ “CၢCSSၶIူCSS” CႃS CUၵS Cီ “EC CECS EC Cီ Cီ ” CႃS

ECCီSCႃ Cီ CၢCSAၼSၵMၺSS Eၶ CECS ၵၼS

CUၵS Cီ “ၶMCS CUCSSCMCS CSCECS” CႃS AS CIူၼSၵၼS CEၵSSCEၵSSCူ ၼႆCCS S

CMၼS ၵၢၼSၽUၵS CMCS ႁႆ ၼႃS

CMၼS ၵၢၼSCECS Cူ Cႃ EC CCSS

Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSႁႃ AၼS ၸIူCSSၶCS ၵၢၼSCIူၵS CCS 1990 CႃS ACS CႃS

15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS Cႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSS 10 ၸUCSS

ၶMCS CMCS CS CSCECS ၸIူCSSECၸS CIUCSSCီ CၢCSSCၼSCႃ Cီ ၵၢၼSCIူCSSၶCS Cႃ CၢCS ၵၢCSS

15 CECS CECS CS Cႃ ၵUCS CIူCSCႆ ၼႆၸIUCS CီSCIUCS CၢCSSCႃ EC

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