Book On 13th Amendment Tamil

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13 tJ murpay; ahg;G jpUj;jj;ij mKy;gLj;Jjy;
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2008-2010
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ISBN: 978-955-1655-62-4
Kjw;gjpg;G: Mf];l; 2010
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nfhOk;G - 07
njhiyNgrp: +94(11) 2565304/5/6
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Devolution in the Eastern Province: Implementation of the Thirteenth Amendment and Public Perceptions, 2008-2010
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;jy;: 13tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;ij mKy;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; 2008-2010
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Map ifapd; tiuglk;
Sri Lanka
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Page | 2
Centre for Policy Alternatives
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Kd;Diu 5
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vOg;gg;gl;bUe;jd. xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;igg; NgZtjw;fhd Kw;WKOjhd mu;g;gzpg;ig
me;j Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdk; ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. MfNt> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhug; gq;fLP njhlu;ghd
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midj;Jf; fl;rpg; gpujpepjpfs; FOthdJ mjDila fye;Jiuahly;fisj; njhlu;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. 2010 Vg;gpuy; ghuhSkd;;wj; Nju;jypy; UPFA ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kpfg;
ngUk;ghd;ikiaj; njhlu;eJ ; gj;jpupiffs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lgitfspd; gpufhuk; murhq;fkhdJ rpy
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cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ> tlfpof;F khfhzk; xU gpupthf 1987,y; ,Ue;J njhopw;gl;likia
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Clhf mJ njhopw;gl;L te;jJ. 2008 Nk khjj; Nju;jy;fspy; UPFA MdJ 37 njupT
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jpU. rptNerJiu re;jpufhe;jd; Gjpa khfhz epu;thfj;jpd; Kjyikr;ru; Mdhu;. 2008 [_dpy;
Kjy; jlitahff; fpof;F khfhz rigahdJ $baJ. MSeu; Xa;Tngw;w wpau; ml;kpuy;
nkhfhd; tpN[tpf;uk njhlu;eJ ; k; gjtpapy; cs;shu;.
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rigahdJ xU khjpupahf ,Uf;Fnkdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk;
murhq;fj;jpd; ,yf;Ffisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; xU topahfTk; mjpfhug; gq;fPl;Lf;Fk; mjpfhug;
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khfhzq;fSf;fhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; KiwahdJ tlf;F fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J te;j Rahl;rpf;fhd
Nfhupf;iffSf;Fg; gjpyspg;ghf Kf;fpakhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l nghOjpYk;> 1990 kw;Wk;
2008f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpfspd; NghJ mg;gFjpfspy; ,J mNefkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhj
njhd;whfNt ,Ue;J te;jJ.
Vida khfhzq;fspy; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; mKy;gLj;JifahdJ fle;j 22 Mz;LfspNy

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; gue;Jgl;l mDgtq;fis tpistpj;Js;sJ. mjd; epkpj;jk; ePz;l
tuyhw;wpd; xspapNy fle;j 2 tUlq;fSf;fhd fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; mDgtj;jpd; xU kjpg;gl P i
; lr;
nra;tJ mtrpakhdjhfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; cs;sJ. ,e;j tpjkhd kjpg;gl P hdJ 13tJ
jpUj;jf; fl;likg;Gld; njhlu;Gila Gupe;Jzu;Tfis khj;jpuk;; toq;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;ff; g;gLtJld;>
gioa khfhz rigfspd; mDgtq;fSld; xg;gPLfisAk; Kuz;ghLfisAk; toq;FtJld;>
,j;jpl;lj;ij tlf;F khfhzj;jpw;F tp];jupg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLk;nghOJ vOk; rthy;fisAk;
re;ju;gg
; q;fisAk; ,dq;fhZtjw;Fk; cjTtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2008,y; khw;Wf;nfhs;iff;fhd epiyakhdJ khfhz rigfspdhy; mjpfhug; gfpu;tpy;;

gfpug;gl;l kw;Wk; jdpegu; mDgtq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; xU ngupa fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd
trjpg;gLj;jiyr; nra;jpUe;jJ. khfhz rigfspd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;> rthy;fs; mitfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd toptiffs; vd;gdtw;iw khfhzrigfs; nrhy;ypathNw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;
xU midj;Jk; mlq;fpa gpuRuj;ij ntspapLtJld; mf;fUj;jpl;lkhdJ Kbtile;jJ. fpof;F
khfhzj;jpNyNa ftdk; nrYj;Jk; jw;Nghija Ma;thdJ mjpfhug;gq;fl P b
; d; njhopw;ghl;Lldhd
tpUg;gpd; njhlu;rr
; pahfNt cs;sJld;> 2008 fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwikapaypypUe;J
NtWgl;ljhfTk; cs;sJ. 2008,Ny CPA MdJ mbg;gilahd trjpg;gLj;JduhfTk;; tsq;fis
toq;FeuhfTk; njhopw;gl;lJ Nghd;wy;yhky;> jw;Nghija Ma;thdJ RahjPdkhd gFg;gha;thfTk;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; CPA ,d; mjpfhug; gfpu;T mDgtj;jpd; khw;Wf;nfhs;iff;fhd epiyaj;jpd;
kjpg;gPlhfTk;> RahjPdkhd gFg;gha;thfTk; ,J cs;sJ. ,uz;Lk; kl;byhd ek;gpf;ifAk;
ftdk; nrYj;JifAk; xd;whfNt cs;sJ. mjhtJ> rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; epu;thf khw;wq;fis
Ntz;bepw;Fk; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; rpwe;j mKy;gLj;JifahFk;. MdhYk;> Nkyjpf murpayikg;G
khw;wq;fNsh my;yJ xU mjpfhug; gq;fPl;L Kw;WKOjhd Gjpa Kiwapd;wp mJ
nra;ag;glNtz;banjhd;whFk;.
juk; kw;Wk; njhif cl;$Wfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; ,uz;L gFjpfis ,e;j Ma;T

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. 1tJ gjtpahf 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; rl;lf mikg;Gf; fl;likg;gpd; murpayikg;G
kjpg;gPl;ilAk; mjd; njhopw;ghLfspd; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fl;likg;Gr; rl;lf mikg;gpd; rl;l
uPjpahd kw;Wk; murpayikg;G kjpg;gL P k; kw;Wk; mJ njhopw;gLj;Jk; gof;fq;fis tpopg;G+l;LtJk;
,jd; 1tJ gFjpahfTs;sJ. Mdtifapdhy;jhd;> gpuNahfpff ; f;$ba rl;lq;fspdJk; murpayikg;G
Vw;ghLfspdJk; mtu;fSila ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; epu;thf tpsf;fq;fspd; vOj;J tbtpyhd
guprPypg;GfSld; ntWkNd epd;Wtplhky;> nraw;ghLfspd; murpay; guprPypg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;l
mikg;G kw;Wk; epu;thfr; nraw;ghLfspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gltpUf;Fk; khw;wq;fSf;fhd rpghu;Rfspd;
mbg;gilapyhd cupa epWtd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; elj;ijfspd; khjpup kw;Wk; gof;fq;fspd;
murpay; guprPypg;Gfs; vd;gdTk; guprPypf;fg;gLk;. fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; cUg;gbahd mDgtkhdJ
,e;jg; gFg;gha;Tf;fhd mbg;gilia cUthf;FtJld;> 2009,d; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J ,Wjpg;gFjp
tiu khfhz mjpfhupfSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l midj;Jk; mlq;fpa njhlu;rr ; pahd Neu;fhzy;fspd;
Clhfr; Nrfupff ; g;gl;l rpghu;RfspidAk; ,J mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j Neu;fhzy;fspy;
njuptpf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; jdpegu;fSf;F cupadthf ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
gf;fk; 9
1k; gFjpapd; Nehf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tpsf;ff; Fwpg;G mtrpakhdJ. 2009,Ny fpof;F

khfhzj;jpYs;s khfhz mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;Jld; CPA MdJ elj;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fspd;
nghOJ murpayikg;Gf; fl;rpff ; hd ,uz;L fhuzhfhupaq;fs; njspTgLj;jg;gl;ld. KjyhtjhdJ>
khfhzq;fspNy mjpfhug; gfpuT ; j; njhopwg
; hl;bd; RahjPdkhd gFg;gha;twpfi
; f MFk;. ,uz;lhtJ>
mjpfhug; gfpu;it Ml;rpg;gLj;Jk; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lr; rl;lff; fl;likg;G vd;gdtw;Wf;fhd
midj;Jklq;fpa topfhl;b tpNrlkhf jkpo;> rpq;fs nkhopfspNy ,yFthff; fpilf;ff;$bajhf
,Ug;gjw;fhd Njit vd;gdthFk;.
13tJ jpUj;jj;Jld; <LgLk; gy mz;kpj;j gpuRuq;fs; gy vz;zpf;ifapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf

,Ug;gpDk;> mitfnsy;yhk; rl;luPjpahd vOj;jha;Tfshfj; njhopy;El;g mwpTila
thrfu;fSf;fhd Vw;ghLfshfTs;sdNtad;wp> nghJkf;fis Nehf;fpNah my;yJ mjpfhug; gfput
; pd;
murpay; nraw;gLj;Jdu;fis Nehf;fpNah mikf;fg;gl;ljhftpy;iy. mjw;F Nkyhf
,itfnsy;yhk; Mq;fpy nkhopapNyNa fpilf;ff;$badthfTs;sd. rl;lk;> murpay; kw;Wk;
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila tplaq;fspd; epu;thfk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd epWtd
mwptpd; mikg;Gf;fs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j nghOjpYk>; khfhz kl;lj;jpYk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpYk;
,yq;if epu;thf Nritfspy; gzpahw;Wk; kpfTk; mDgtkpf;f cWg;gpdu;fspilNaAk; ,e;j
epGzj;JtkhdJ rkepiyahfg; gq;fL P nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
,e;j ,uz;L J}z;LiffSk; xU jdpj;j gpuRuj;Jf;fhd xd;wpize;j mbg;gilfisf; fl;lhakhf

cUthf;Ftjpy;iy. ,U jdpj;jdpahd gpuRuq;fSf;fhd rhjfj;jd;ik ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;
,uz;L ,yf;FfisAk; xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j Kaw;rp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf
kpfTk; nghJthfTk; fpof;F khfhzj;Jf;F ntspahfTk; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPohd mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fy; Kiwikapy;; tpUg;GilNahUf;F mjpfhug; gfpu;T kPjhd rl;l Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
murpayikg;G kPjhd mjpf tpku;rdq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpa gad;ghLilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Kiwikfis xd;wpize;J gad;gLj;jpAk; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhug;

gutyhf;fy; gof;fq;fspd; nghJf; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; kNdhghtq;fs; epWtdf; fl;likg;G
nraw;gLj;Jdu;fs; khj;jpuky;yhky;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; epu;thf mjpfhupfs; gutyhf;fj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; mf;fiw nfhz;l mjpfhupfs;> fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; nghJkf;fs;
ed;ikailgtu;fs>; Kiwik rupahd Kiwapy; nraw;glNtz;Lk; kw;Wk; ,Wjpg; gFg;gha;T
vd;gd Fwpj;J mf;fiw nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;Nghupd; fUj;Jf;fis cs;slf;fpa xU guPl;irNa
,t;tha;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahFk;. ,f;fUj;Jf;fzpg;G KiwikapayhdJ gFjp ,uz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpNyNa toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu #oikTfspd; NtWghLfisf; fUj;jpy;

vLf;fhJ> murpayikg;G> rl;lthf;f> epu;thf kw;Wk; murpay; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa vy;yh
khfhzrigfSk; Kuz;gLk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; tplaq;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xj;j jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gLtij 2008,d; khfhz rigfs; Kiwikiag; gyg;gLj;Jjy; fhl;bAs;sthW cs;sJ.
MfNt> fpof;F khfhz mDgtj;jpypUe;J vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gLk; ghlq;fshdit Vida khfhzq;fspYk;
gue;jstpyhd nghUj;jg;ghl;bidAk; gpuNahfj;jpidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vdyhk;.
gf;fk; 10
mj;jpahak; 2
13tJ jpUj;jk;: xw;iwahl;rpf;Fs; mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fk;.
13tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; mikf;fg;gl;lthwhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;f fl;likg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;JtJk;>

mjid mjDila murpay; #oiktpy; itj;Jf; fhl;LtJNk ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
13tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; mjpfhuq;fs;>
njhopw;ghLfisg; guprPypg;gJld; rk;ge;jgLtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> mitfs; khfhz
rigfSf;F Kd;NgapUe;j kj;jpa murhq;f epWtdq;fSld; vt;thW njhlu;Gnfhs;fpd;wdntd;Wk;
ClhLfpd;w topfisAk; ,J guprPypf;fpd;wJ. 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; xU KOikahd Gupe;Jzu;thdJ
1978k; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; gue;jstpyhd jpl;lj;jpw;F Mjutspf;Fk; murpayikg;Gf;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fisAk; guprPypf;f miof;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd;
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; xw;iwahl;rpapd; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd cwTKiwiaAk;
mspf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa gpuhe;jpaq;fis cupikNfhug; Nghl;bapLk; murpay; #oikT ,yq;ifapy;
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy mwpKfk; nra;jJld;> tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; ,izg;G
kw;Wk; mjidj; njhlu;e;j gpupg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Ff; fhuzq;fshf cs;sJ. vt;thW ,e;jr;
#oikthdJ 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpNy Kiwik cs;slf;fg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJk;> mjNdhL
,ize;j rl;lthf;fKk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy KOikahfg; GupeJ ; nfhs;tjw;F eLikakhfTs;sJ.
2.1 13tJ jpUj;jk;: xw;iwahl;rpf;Fs; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;.

1978k; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpayikg;G mjw;F Ke;jpa 1972k; Mz;L KjyhtJ
FbauR murpayikg;igg; Nghd;W cWg;Giu 2,Ny ,yq;iff; FbaurhdJ xU xw;iwahl;rp
muR vd ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. xw;iwahl;rp vd;gjw;F gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fs; cs;s
mNjNtisapy;> nghJthf ,J mjpfhuj;ijAk; ,iwikiaAk; jdpj;j epWtdj;jplk; my;yJ
murhq;f kl;lj;jplk; ikag;gLj;jpAs;s muirNah my;yJ murpayikg;gpd; xU tifg;ghl;ilNah
nghJthf mu;jj ; g;gLj;jp epwf
; pdw
; J. rk];b vdg;gLk; ,iwikiaAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; gytifahd
murhq; ; f f; fl; l isfspilNa gfpu; e ; J rk; g e; j g; g Lj; j pAs; s itahdit kuG uP j pahf
rl;lj;juzpfshYk; murpay; tpQ;QhdpfshYk; xw;iwahl;rpf;F vjpuhd nfhs;if ciladthff;
Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhug; guthf;fy; Vw;ghLfs; vy;yh xw;iwahl;rp ehLfspYk; jw;NghJ
fhzg;gl;lhYk;> mjpfhug; gutyhf;fYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ehLfSf;fpilNa NtWgLfpdw ; d. mitfs;
rk~;bapypUe;J NtWgLj;jf;$baitfshfj; njhlu;eJ ; k; ,Ue;J tUfpdw ; d. Vnddpy>; xw;iwahl;rp
muRfspy; kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ ehshe;j epu;thf murhq;f kl;lq;fspy; Vidatw;iw tplj;
njhlu;e;Jk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ug;gJld;> xUjiyg;gl;rkhfNt ve;j mjpfhug; gq;fPl;ilNah
my;yJ mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiyNah Kwpj;Jtplf;$ba mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,J
rk~;b Ml;rpfspNyAs;s kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz murhq;fq;fspd; ,zf;fkhdJ murpayikg;Gfs;
khw;wq;fSf;Fk; mitfSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhug; gfpuT ; fis ghjpgg ; itfSf;Fk; kj;jpa murhq;fk;
kw;Wk; khfhz murhq;fq;fspd; ,zf;fk; Njitg;gLtJ Nghyd;wp> xw;iwahl;rpfspNy
khfhzq;fspd; tpUg;gq;fSf;F khwhf kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ jd;ghl;bNyNa ,itfisr;
nra;af;$badthfTs;sJ. 1987k; Mz;L 13tJ jpUj;jkhdJ murpayikg;ig kPWfpd;wjh
vd;gjd; kPjhd jPuk ; hdj;jpNyNa cr;rePjpkd;wkhdJ ,e;jg; Gjpa murpayikg;G gpur;rpidfSld;
<Lgl;lJ.
gf;fk; 11
13tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;gjhf ,yq;ifahdJ xU tifkhjpup xw;iwahl;rp murhf ,Ue;jJ.

mjpNy rl;lthf;f mjpfhukhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jhYk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhukhdJ [dhjpgjpahYk;
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhukhdJ2 ePjpkd;wq;fshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifahdJ fhydpj;Jtf;
fhyg;gFjpapypUe;J3 ePz;l cs;@uhl;rp murhq;fg; ghuk;gupaj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. MdhYk;
eput
; hf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhff;$l khfhz kl;l murhq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fg;gltpyi ; y. MfNt>
rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd murhq;fq;fspd;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gLk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; nfhs;ifahdJ kj;jpa
kakhf;fg;gl;l xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;Gg; ghuk;gupaj;ijf;nfhz;l ,yq;iff;F Gjpanjhd;NwahFk;.
19k; kw;Wk; 20k; E}w;whz;Lfspd; Muk;gj;jpNy mjpfhuj;ij kj;jpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

fhydpj;Jtf; nfhs;if guPl;rpg;Gf;fspdhy;; Muk;gj;jpNy ciuf;fg;gl;lJld;> xw;iwahl;rp
tbtj;jpyhd muR Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;Gk; njhlu;ej
; J. MdhYk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpw;ghL jPtpd;
tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; rk~;b murpayikg;Gr; rl;lf mikg;Gf;Fs;Ns
jkpo; kf;fs; gpuhe;jpa Rahl;rpia tpUk;gp epd;wjpypUe;J mjpfhug; gutYf;fhd xU gpujhd
Nfs;tp vOe;jJ. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dhd Mz;Lfs; NjhWk; ,e;j tplakhdJ ,yq;if
murpaypy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJld;> 1970fspy; rk~;br; Rahl;rpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;
ntw;wpnfhs;sg;glhikahdJ tlf;F fpof;fpNy jdpj;j jkpo; muir Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
nraw;ghl;ilj; jkpo; Njrpak; vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. mjpfhug; gfpu;Tf;fhd jPu;tspf;fg;glhj
cupikNfhuyhdJ 1980fspy; muRf;Fk; jkpo; ,uhZtf; FOf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd fLikahd
MAj Nkhjy; epiyik tiuf;Fk; nrd;wile;jJ.
Kuz;ghl;Lf;F murpay; jPu;T fhZk; ,e;jpahthy; trjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU Kidg;gpNy 1985

[_iyapy; G+l;lhd; jpk;Gtpy; jkpo;j; Njrpathjf; FOf;fs; $l;lhf xU Gjpa murpayikg;Gj;
jPut
; pd; mbg;gilahf 4 Kf;fpa nfhs;iffisf; $l;lhf vLj;jpak;gpd.
mitahtd:
1. ,yq;ifj; jkpou;fis xU jdpj;j Njrpa ,dkhf mq;fPfupj;jy;.

2. tlf;Ff; fpof;if jkpou; G+u;tfP j; jhafkhf mq;ff
P upj;jy;.
3. 1tJ kw;Wk; 2tjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkpo;j;Njrpaj;jpd; jtpu;f;f Kbahj
Raepu;za cupikia mq;ff P upj;jy;.
4. jPtpidj; jkJ ehlhf Nehf;Fk; vy;yhj;; jkpou;fSf;Fk; KOikahd gpu[h cupikiaAk;
Vida mbg;gil rdehaf cupikfisAk; mq;ff P upj;jy;.
jpk;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd mwpag;gLk; ,e;jf; Nfhupf;iffs; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jhy; ,yq;ifapd;

,iwikf;Fk; gpuNjr xUikg;ghl;Lf;Fk; vjpuhdnjdf; $wp kWf;fg;gl;l gpwg
; hLk;> murhq;fq;fSlDk;
jkpo;f; FOf;fSlDk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Kuz;ghl;Lf;F murpay; jPui; t ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ,e;jpa
trjpg;gLj;jYld; $ba Kidg;Gf;fs; njhlu;e;jd. ,e;jpa Kidg;Gf;fspy; 1987,y; ,U
murhq;fq;fSf;Fkpilapyhd ,e;jpa - ,yq;if xg;ge;jj;Jld; mjd; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ.
jkpo;j; Njrpathjj;jpd; ,aq;FifapypUe;J mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;Jf;fhd murpay; mOj;jKk;

vOe;j mNjNtisapy;> ,yq;if - ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; gutyhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jkhdJ mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F
2
murpayikg;gpd; 4tJ cWg;Giu
3
cz;ikapNyNa Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lthwhf fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F Ke;jpa kughd fpuhk kl;l Ml;rp. cs;Suhl;rp
kWrPuikg;G kPjhd tprhuiz Mizf;FO mwpf;ifia cjhuzj;jpw;F ghHf;f. (1999) gUt ,jo; ,y 1999 ,jo;
1 nfhOk;G ,yq;if murhq;fk; ‘mgatHjd mwpf;if’ vd mjd; jtprhshpd; ngahpy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
gf;fk; 12
khj;jpukhd tpNrl xOq;Ffisr; nra;tijf; fhl;bYk; vy;yh khfhzq;fSf;Fk; mjpfhug;

gutyhf;fiy mwpKfk; nra;tJ murpay; uPjpahf kpfTk; RygkhdJ vd [dhjpgjp [atu;jdhtpd;
murhq;;fk; czu;e;J nfhz;lJ. tlf;Ff; fpof;Ff;F ntspNaAs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fj;Jf;fhd tpUg;G vJTk; ,y;yhjnghOjpYk; ,jd; epkpjj
; khfNt vy;yh khfhzq;fSf;Fk;
khfhz rigfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
,d;W jPtpd; vy;yhg; gFjpfspYk; murpd; fl;likg;gpd; xU Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l mq;fkhf ,e;j

khfhz rigfs; Kiwik khwpapUg;gij mtjhdpg;gJ RthurpakhdJ. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;ij
vjpu;j;j fl;rpfs; $l Nju;jy;fspy; gq;Fgw;wp khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd Ml;rpapy; cs;sd.
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; gue;Jgl;l nfhs;if Fwpj;Jk; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPohd mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fypd; msT kw;Wk; Fwpj;j tbtk; Fwpj;Jk; tpthjpf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;> ,e;jf;
fl;lj;jpNy murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;gpy; khfhz Rahl;rpia mjpfupg;gjw;Nfh md;Nwy; rpyu;
tpthjpg;gJNghy; khfhz rigfis ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;Nfh vd rpwpjstpyhd rhj;jpaKs;sjhfj;
njupfpwJ.
2.1 ,yq;if - ,e;jpa xg;ge;jk;.
,yq;ifapNy rkhjhdj;ijAk; rhhjhuz tho;itAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nfhOk;gpy; 1987 [_iy

29 md;W ,e;jpag; gpujku; u[Pt;fhe;jp mtu;fSf;Fk; ,yq;if [dhjpgjp N[.Mu;. [atu;j;jdh
mtu;fSf;FkpilNa ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ. ,J nghJthf ,e;jpa - ,yq;if xg;ge;jk; vd
mwpag;gLk; ru;tNjr ,Ugf;f xg;ge;jkhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T njhlu;ghd gy
vz;zpf;ifahd tplaq;fis ,J Nehf;fpapUe;jJ. murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ,J
Gjpa FbapUg;Gf;fspd; gue;j nfhs;iffspd; ,ize;j gpufldj;ijAk; ,J nfhz;bUe;jJld;>
khfhz rigfSf;fhd xU mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; Kiwikia ,yq;ifapy; cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;
mJ mu;gg; zpj;jpUe;jJ. murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; topahf ,J rl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJld;>
1987 etk;gu; 14e; jpfjpa 1987k; Mz;L 42k; ,yf;f khfhz rigr; rl;lj;jpd; %yKk; Vida
,jw;Fj; JizNghFk; gpd;tUk; rl;lthf;fq;fs; %yKk; ,J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpfhug; gytyhf;fYk; Gjpa jPu;tpd; murpay; fhuzq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; ,yq;if -

,e;jpa xg;ge;jk; Kd;itf;fpwJ vd;w mstpy; mJ vz;zpaij kPsr;nrhy;tjpy; ,J
gaDilajhfTs;sJ. cWg;Giufs; 1.1 njhlf;;fk; 1.5 tiuapyhd gpd;tUk; mbg;gilf;
nfhs;iffis vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.
1. ,yq;ifapd;; If;fpaj;ijAk; ,iwikiaAk; gpuhe;jpa xUikg;ghl;ilAk; NgZjy;;

2. ,yq;ifahdJ xU gy;ypd> gynkhop - rpq;fstu;fs;> jkpou;fs;> K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk;
gwq;fpau;fisf;; nfhz;l gy;ypd r%fk; vd;gij mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wJ;
3. xt;nthU ,df;FOTk; jdf;Nf cupj;jhd fyhrhu kw;Wk; nkhopapay; milahsj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;snjdTk; mitfs; ftdkhfg; Ngzg;gLk; vd;gijAk; mq;ff P upf;fpd;wJ;
4. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fshdit ,yq;if jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; tuyhw;W
tho; t plq; f shf vy; y hf; fhyq; f spYk; mtu; f spd; gpuhe; j paj; j py; Vida
,df;FOf;fSlDk; mtu;fs; xd;whf tho;eJ ; te;jhu;fs; vd;gijAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpdw
; J;
5. ,yq;ifapd; If;fpak;> ,iwik kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa xUikg;ghl;ilg; gyg;gLj;JtJld;>
xU gy;ypd> gy;nkhop> gy;kj> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; Fzhk;rq;fisg; NgZtJld;>
vy;yhg; gpui[fSk; rkj;JtkhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; xUikg;ghl;LlDk; tho;tijAk;
jkJ mgpyhi~fisg; G+u;jj ; p nra;J epiwnta;JtijAk; mJ ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
gf;fk; 13
nfhs;iffs; xd;whf vLf;fg;gl;L ,yq;iff;fhd rpy murpayiikg;G Nehf;Ffisj; jUfpd;wd.

murpd; rl;lG+u;tkhd mf;fiwahf (cz;ikapy; ngUk;ghd;ik rpq;fstu;fSk; K];ypk;fSk;)
,yq;ifahdJ xU If;fpa ehlhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd ,J mq;fPfupj;jJ. rkj;Jtj;jpd;
mbg;gil kPjhd ghJfhg;ig Ntz;bepwF ; k; NtWgl;l ,dq;fs;> fyhrhuq;fs;> nkhopfs;> rkaq;fspd;
,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gd;ikj;Jt ,ay;GfisAk; ,J mq;fPfupj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpNy Ra murhq;f Vw;ghLfis mDkjpfF ; k; mjpfhug; gq;fl
P i
; l Kd;itg;gJld;>
jkpo;j; Njrpathjj;jpw;fhd gpujhd rYifahf (jkpo; Njrpathjpfs; vy;NyhUk; mjid mt;thW
fUjhtpl;lhYk;) cWg;Giu 1.4 MdJ tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs; Mdit jkpo; NgRk;
kf;fspd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd tho;tplk; vd;gij mq;ff P upf;fpd;wJ. jkpou; ghuk;gupa jhafk; vd;w
fUj;Jepiyia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; xU Kaw;rpahf ,Ug;gpDk; xUtifapy; ,J rpq;fstu;fSf;Fk;
K];ypk;fSf;FNk kpfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$banjhd;whf cs;sJ.
,e;jpa - ,yq;if xg;ge;jkhdJ ,uz;L murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; jkpo; FOf;fSf;FkpilNa 1986,Ny

Vw;nfdNt fye;Jiuahlypd; fPopUe;j gy;NtWgl;l Kd;nkhopTfis cj;jpNahfG+ut ; khf;fpaJld;>
tlf;F fpof;Ff;fhd epWtd mikg;Gf;F tbtKk; cUtKk; mspj;jJld;> mjid tpiuthf
,Wjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mu;gg ; zpg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mj;Jld;> tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fis
xU epu;thfkhf ,izg;gjw;fhd ,izg;igAk; mJ toq;fpaJ. ,J khfhz kf;fspd;
jPu;g;gpD}lhf ,t;tpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,t;tpU ,izf;fg;gl;l
kfhzq;fSk; tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; xU MSeu;> xU Kjyikr;ru;> xU mikr;ru;fs;
rigAldhd gpuhe;jpaj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;. tuyhw;W uPjpahd jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; njhlu;
epykhf xU cUg;gbahd epWtd mikg;ghf mjid ,J mq;fPfupj;jJ.
,e;jr; rl;lf mikg;Gf;fhd jkpo;f; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; Mjuit ,e;jpah ngw;Wf;nfhz;l
mNjNtisapy;> LTTE; apdu; ,jw;F mu;gg ; zpg;Gld; nraw;gltpy;iynad;gJ gpd;G njspthdJ.
LTTE apdu; gpdt ; Uk; fhyq;fspy; xg;ge;jk; m%y;gLj;jg;gLtij cj;juthjg;gLj;j mDg;gg;gl;l
,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdUld; Nkhjy;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. gpujhd jkpo; murpay; fl;rpahd
jkpou; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp jkpo; kf;fsplk; Gjpa tlf;F fpof;F khfhz rigf;fhd Nju;jypy;
gq;Fgw;WkhW jkpo; kf;fisf; Nfl;lJ. MdhYk;> mJ mr;nray;Kiwapy; gq;Fgw;whJtpl;lJld;>
cj;Njr Kiwikapy; cs;s gy;NtWgl;l FiwghLfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;baJ. Fwpg;ghf jkpo;j;
Njrpathjj;jpd; mbg;gilf; nfhs;ifahfpa tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; ,izg;gpd; jw;fhypfj;
jd;ik Fwpj;J mJ ftiynfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jr; #oikTfspy; <okf;f ; s; Gul;rpfu tpLjiy
Kd;dzp EPRLF mjdJ rf mzpahfpa ENDLF cld; ,ize;J Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L
cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa epWtdj;jpd; mKy;gLj;Jiff;fhd jiyikj;Jtj;ij mspg;gjw;F te;jJ.
1988 etk;gu; 19e; jpfjp tlf;F fpof;F khfhz rigf;fhd Nju;jy; eilngw;wJld;> 1988
bnrk;gu; 17e; jpfjp Gjpa khfhz rigahdJ jpUNfhzkiyapy; $baJ. ,r;rig Kjyikr;ru;
V.tujuh[g;ngUkhspd; jiyikapy; Gjpa EPRLF epu;thfj;jpd; KjyhtJ nfhs;if tpsf;fj;ij
rku;gg
; pj;jJ.
mjpfhug; guthf;fiy eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehba EPRLF,d; FWq;fhy mDgtkhdJ

gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; ntw;wpfukhf mikatpy;iy. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk; mu;jj ; G~;bahd
KiwapNy 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;> mjpfhuj;ijg;
gfpu;tJ njhlu;ghd murpay; tpUg;G ,y;yhik kw;Wk; jkpo; murpaypNy ,Ue;j nraw;ghl;L
tpisTfs;> ghJfhg;G epiyfspy; ,Ue;j rPuopTfs;> EPRLF kPJ khfhz epu;thfj;jpy; ,Ue;j
mOj;jq;fs;> cl;gl midj;Jk; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 1990 khu;r; 01k; jpfjp
Kjyikr;ru; tujuh[g;ngUkhs; tlf;F fpof;F kfhz rigia xU <o [dehaf FbauRf;fhd
Gjpa murpayikg;ig tiutjw;fhd rigahf khw;Wtjw;fhd jhf;fj;ij Ntz;bepw;Fk;
jPuk
; hdnkhd;iw tlf;F fpof;F khfhz rigapy; gpNuupj;jhu;. ,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ ,jid
gf;fk; 14
xUjiyg;gl;rkhd Rje;jpug; gpufldkhff; fUjpaJ. 1990 [_iyapNy ghuhSkd;wkhdJ

khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpNy xU jpUj;jj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ. mjd; gpufhuk; miuthrpf;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; murpayikg;Gf;F mika elf;f ntspg;gilahfj; jtwpd; mJ MSeu;
%yk; [dhjpgjpf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;lhy; mk; khfhz rigiaf; fiyg;gjw;F mr;rl;lj; jpUj;jk;
topnra;jJ.4 ,jd; %yk; kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ tlf;F fpof;F khfhz
rigahdJ rl;l uPjpahff; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
rpqf
; s kf;fspilNa ,yq;if - ,;ej
; pa xg;ge;jj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpwF
; khj;jpuky;yhky;> ,yq;ifapd;
cs;sf Kuz;ghl;by; ,e;jpaj; jiyaPL ,Ug;gjhf Nehf;fg;gl;L mjw;Ff; fLikahd vjpu;g;G
,Ue;J te;jJ. rpy ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfisAk; kdpj xUik epWtdq;fisAk; jtpuj; njw;fpYs;s
midj;Jg; gpujhd murpaw; fl;rpfSk;; gpujhd ghuhSkd;w vjpu;ff ; l;rpahd ,yq;if Rje;jpuf;
fl;rp cl;gl kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpAk; (JVP) ,e;j xg;ge;jj;ijAk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiyAk;
vjpu;j;jd. MSk; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpf;Fs;$l ,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpw;F murhq;fj;jpd; rpNu~;l
cWg;gpdu;fshd gpujk ke;jpup Mu;.gpNukjh] kw;Wk; mikr;ru; yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjyp MfpNahH
Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj xU tifapy; vjpu;gG ; f; fhl;bdu;. Mokhd gpupitAk; ,J Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.
1987 xf;NlhgupNy ,yq;if Rje;jpuf; fl;rpahdJ 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F vjpuhd rl;lr; rthiy
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F Kd;Nd nfhz;L nrd;wpUe;jJ.
2.2 13tJ jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghdJ: cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPug

; G
;
cj;Njr mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; jpl;lKk; cj;jpNahfG+u;t nkhopf; nfhs;iff;fhd khw;wq;fs;
Nghd;w tplaq;fSk; ,U rl;l%yq;fspNy mlf;;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mjhtJ> murpayikg;Gr;
rl;l%yj;jpw;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; rl;l %yk;. mjpfhug;gfpu;;T rl;lf
mikg;Gk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd njhlu;e;J te;j khw;wq;fSk; 13tJ jpUj;jr; rl;l%yj;jpNy
nrhy;yg;gl;bUe;jd. NkYk; tpgukhd mjpfhug; gfpu;tpd; epajpr; rl;lf mikg;ghdJ khfhz
rigfs; rl;l%yj;jpNy tpgupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,t;tpuz;L rl;l %yq;fspd; murpayikg;Gf;F xt;Tk; jd;ikiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhd cr;r

ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ [dhjpgjpahYk; Vida 48 kDjhuu;fshYk; vOg;gg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpd; 121tJ cWg;Giuapd; fPo; [dhjpgjp my;yJ ahuhtJ xU gpuirAk; xU
rl;l%ykhdJ murpayikg;Gld; xt;thjpUf;fpd;wjh vdj; jPuk ; hdpg;gjw;F cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
ePjpia murpayikg;Gr; rhu;ghf vOg;gyhk;. rhjhuz rl;lq;fshdit cUthf;fg;glNth
jpUj;jg;glNth my;yJ ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;glNth ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik
NghJkhdjhfTs;sJ. MdhYk; murpayikg;gpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik
NjitahfTs; s J. murpayikg; G khw; w q; f s; ,yFthf eilngwhky; ,Ug; g ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt ,e;j tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; cs;sd. murpayikg;gpd; cr;rkhd
rl;lj;jpNy jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;djhf ngupastpyhd ,zf;fk; ,jd;%yk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
1978 murpayikg;ghdJ mjDila nry;Ygbahd jpUj;jj;Jf;fhf ,uz;L nrad;Kiwfis

Kd;itf;f; pwJ. 1tJ nrad;KiwahdJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikia Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ.
2tJ nrad;KiwahdJ> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld;; kf;fs; jPu;g;igAk;
Ntz;bepw;fpd;wJ. NtW thu;ji ; japy; nrhy;tjhdhy; murpayikg;Gf;fhd vy;yh khw;wq;fSk;
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahYk; nra;ag;glNtz;bapUg;gJld;> rpytifahd jpUj;jq;fs; kf;fs; jPug
; i
; gAk;
Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ.
4
khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 1990 27 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; cWg;Giu 5 A 1990 [{d; 14
khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;l cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jPHkhdj;ijg; ghHf;f.
gf;fk; 15
cWg;Giu 120,d; gpufhuk>; jPu;g;ig khw;Wtjw;fhf xU rl;l%yk; ehbepw;Fk; rkaq;fspy;

mr;rl;l%ykhdJ kf;fs; jPu;g;gpd; %yk; mq;fPfupf;fg;glNtz;Lkh vd;gij cr;rePjpkd;wk;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik ngwNtz;Lkh vd;gijAk; mJ
jPu;khdpf;Fk;. xU rl;l%ykhdJ cWg;Giu 83,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epiyahd Vw;ghLfis
khw;Wtjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rl;l%yk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkh vd;gij cr;r ePjpkd;wNk jPuk
; hdpf;Fk;.
Fwpg;gpl;l epiyahd Vw;ghLfspy; rl;l%ykhdJ jhf;;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jnkd cr;rePjpkd;wk;
fUJk; gl;rj;jpy; xU kf;fs; jPug; g
; hdJ mj;jpahtrpakhfpwJ.
cWg;Giu 83,Ys;s epiyahd Vw;ghLfspilNa cWg;Giu 2 kw;Wk; 3 Mdit 13tJ jpUj;jk;

kw;Wk; khfhz rigfs; rl;l%yk; vd;gdtw;wpd; Vw;ghLfshy; ghjpf;fg;gLtjhf 13tJ jpUj;j
tof;fpy; thjhba rpy kDjhuu;;fs; nfhz;Lte;jdu;. cWg;Giu 2 MdJ ,yq;if xU
xw;iwahl;rp muR vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. cWg;Giu 3 MdJ ,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; ,iwikahdJ
kf;fsplk; cs;snjdTk;> mJ mfw;wg;gl KbahjnjdTk; ,iwikahdJ murhq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fisAk; mbg;gil cupikfisAk; thf;FupikiaAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;gb
mt;tof;fpNy cr;rePjpkd;wj;jplk; 2 gpujhd Nfs;tpfs; njhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;if xU
xw;iwahl;rpf;F cl;gl;l ehnld;w tifapy; ,t;tpU rl;l%yq;fspYk; Kd;itf;;fg;gl;Ls;s
mjpfhug; gq;flP hdJ xU xw;iwahl;rp ehnld;w tifapy; mjDld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wjh? rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; khfhzj;Jf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fisg; gq;fL P nra;tnjd;gJ ,yq;if kf;fspd;
,iwikf;Fk; murpayikg;Gf;Fk; Vw;Gilajh vdTk; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;lJ. ,U rl;l%yq;fs;
xw;iwahl;rpj; jd;ikf;Fk; kf;fspd; ,iwikf;Fk; jhf;fk; tpistpf;Fnkd cr;rePjpkd;wk;
jPu;khdpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; xU kf;fs; jPu;g;gpd; mtrpaNkw;gLtJld;> mjw;F Nkyhf mjw;F rl;l
me;j];ij mspg;gjw;Fg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Njitg;gLk;.
,e;j tplaj;jpd; murpay; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L gpujk

ePjpauru; ,t;tof;if tprhupg;gjw;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; 9 ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l xU tprhuizf;
FOit epakpj;jhu;. gpujk ePjpauru;> ru;thde;jh kw;Wk; Vida ,U ePjpgjpfSk; ePjpgjpfs;
nfhypd; Njhk; kw;Wk; mj;Jf;nfhus Nghd;Nwhu; 13tJ jpUj;jkhdJ kf;fs; jPu;g;ig
Ntz;bepw;ftpy;iynadTk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpNy 13tJ jpUj;jkhdJ nfhz;Ltug;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;
khfhz rigfs; rl;l%ykhdJ murpayikg;Gf;F xt;tf;$banjhd;whFk; vdTk; njuptpj;j ; du;.
xU ePjpgjpahd ePjpauru; uzrpq;f ,e;j Nehf;NfhL ,zq;fpaJld;> 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s
,uz;L cWg;GiufSf;F xU kf;fs; jPug ; G
; mtrpak; vd;w epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jhu;. Vida 3
ePjpgjpfs; ePjpauru; tz. Re;ju B my;tp];> nrdtpuj;d kw;Wk; B rpy;th MfpNahu; ,uz;L
rl;l%yq;fSf;Fk; kf;fs; jPug ; G
; Njitnad;wdu;. ePjpauru; uzrpq;f kf;fs; jPug; G
; j;Njitnad;W
$wpa ,uz;L cWg;GiufisAk; murhq;fk; ePf;fptpl;lJ. mjd;%yk; ve;jr; rl;l%yj;jpw;Fk;
kf;fs; jPu;g;Gj; Njitapy;iynad;w ngUk;ghd;ik epiyiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mjidj;
njhlu;eJ; mJ ,uz;L rl;l%yq;ifisAk; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F Kd;njhlu;ej ; J. mitfs; 19875
etk;gu; 14e; jpfjp rl;lg+u;tkhf mq;ff
P upj;J rl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld.
,t;tz;zkhf kf;fs; jPug ; g

; pd; Njitg;ghlhdJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikfspd; xLf;fj;Jld;
jtpu;ff; g;gl;lJ. ,U Vw;ghLfSk; ,e;jpa tfpgq;Fk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; Vw;ghLfSk; rpq;fs
r%fj;jpilNa vjpu;g;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpapUg;gjhy; kf;fs; jPu;g;Gj; Njhw;fbf;fg;glf;$ba
rhj;jpaepiyapUg;gjhf mg;NghJ gutyhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. murpd; fl;likg;gpy; mbg;gil khw;wq;fis
kf;fs; jPug; g
; py; MNyhrpf;fhky; Nkw;nfhs;tjhdJ [dehafj;Jf;F vjpuhdjhfTk; thjplg;gl;lJ.
13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; rl;lG+u;tj; jd;ikiaj; jhf;fpa ,d;ndhU fhuzp vd;dntdpy;> [dhjpgjp
[atu;jj ; dhtpd; murhq;fk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mDgtpj;j 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahFk;. mjd;%yk;
Nfs;tpf;Fupajhf ,Ue;j 13tJ jpUj;jj;ij mtuhy; nfhz;Ltuf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. 1977,Ny
5
1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13 tJ jpUj;jk;
gf;fk; 16
Kd;ida Nju;jy; njhFjp Kiwf;fika UNP MdJ 5/6 ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffisj; jPT
G+uhfTk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MAl;fhykhdJ 1982,Ny Gjpa Nju;jy;fspd;wp
kf;;fs; jPu;g;gpd; %ykhf ePbf;fg;gl;lJld;> cyfshtpa uPjpapy; KOikahd ghJfhg;gw;w xU
[dehaf ifahSifahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. 13tJ jpUj;j mwpKfj;jpd; %yk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l
mjpfhug; gfpu;T KiwikahdJ murpayikg;Gf;F xj;jjhfTs;sjhf gy ePjpgjpfs; ,JFwpj;J
KbTf;F tUk;nghOJ mjid tpahf;fpahdk; nra;aNtz;bapUe;jJ. cWg;Giufs; 2 kw;Wk; 3
xw;iwahl;rpf; fUj;Jepiyia tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jTk; ,iwik Fwpj;Jg; NgrTk; rk~;b vd;w
cj;Njrf; fl;likg;G my;yJ gFjp ,iwik vd;w ,ay;NghLk; tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd jPug ; g
; hdJ gpd;tUk; tiutpyf;fzq;fis toq;FfpwJ. cWg;Giu 2,Ys;s
xw;iwahl;rp vd;w gjkhdJ rk~;b vd;w gjj;jpw;F KuzhfTs;sJ. rk~;b vd;gJ miu
Rahl;rp myFfspd; ,izthf cs;sJld;> myFfSf;Fk; kj;jpf;FkpilapNyNa jiyik
mjpfhuk; gfpug;gLfpd;wJ. xU xw;iwahl;rp murpNy Njrpa murhq;fkhdJ rl;l uPjpahf vy;yh
kl;lq;fspYk; cr;r mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU xw;iwahl;rp murpd; mbg;gil mk;rkhf
,Ug;gJ mjd; gpupf;f Kbahj ,iwikahFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; nrhy;tjhdhhy; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhukhdJ tiuaiwaw;wJ. xU xw;iwahl;rpapd; ,U mj;jpahtrpa
jifikfshf KjyhtJ> mjpy; kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; NkNyhq;F jd;ikAk; Jiz ,iwikf;
fl;likg;Gfs; ,y;yhjpUg;gJkhFk;. Jizr; rl;lthf;f mikg;Gfs; mq;F ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;wJ
vd;gJ mjd; mu;j;jky;y. Mdhy; mjd; mu;j;jnkd;dntdpy;> mitfs; ,Uf;f KbAk;.
MdhYk; kj;jpa mjpfhuj;jpdhy;6 mitfis ,yFthf ,y;yhjjhf;fptpl KbAk; vd;gjhFk;.
kWGwj;jpNy rk~;b murhq;fkhdJ rk~;bfSf;fpilNaAk; mur murhq;fj;Jf;FkpilNa

gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> xd;Wf;nfhd;W mitfs; fPog ; g
; l;litfs; my;y. mitfs; xUq;fpize;J
nraw;gLtJld;> mtw;wpwF ; xJf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; RahjPdkhfTk; cs;sd. rk~;bf;nfhs;ifapd;
rhuhk;rk; vd;dntdpy>; mjpfhuq;fSf;fpilapyhd xUq;fpizg;Gk; mitfspd; RahjPdKk;
MFk;. rk~;b murhq;fkhdJ rpy tplaq;fspy; ,iwikAilajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mur
murhq;fkhdJ rpy tplaq;fspy; ,iwikAilajhfTs;sJ. xt;nthd;Wk; mjDila
vy;iyf;Fs;Ns jdJ mjpfhuq;fis Vidatw;wplkpUe;Jk; maytuplkpUe;Jk; fl;Lg;ghbd;wp
RahjPdkhfr; nraw;gLtJld;> xd;Wk; kw;iwajw;F ; f; Fiwe;jjy;y. ,e;j ,ay;Gjhd; rk~;bapid
xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpypUe;J ntFthf NtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ. xw;iwahl;rpapNy kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jplNk7 ,iwik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; rk~;b murpayikg;Gf;fspd;; fUj;Jepiy tiutpyf;fzq;fSf;F vjpuhf

,e;j ,uz;L rl;l%yq;fspYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l mjpfhug; gfpu;Tf; fl;likg;Gfisg; guprPypf;Fk;
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ePjpgjpfs; gpd;tUkhW KbTf;F te;jdu;.
13 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gLk; mur epWtdq;fs; cr;rkhditahfTk; RahjPdkhfTk;

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l mk;rq;fSf;Fs; fPo;g;glhjitahfTk; ,Uf;Fkh vd;w Nfs;tp
vOfpd;wJ. ,g; ghPli; rapd; gpuNahfkhdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLtJ njhlHghfTk;>
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlHghfTk; khfhzrigfsplk; ve;jtpjkhd
gpuj;jpNaf my;yJ RahjPd mjpfhuq;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gij tpsf;fk; nra;fpd;wJ.
ghuhSkd;wKk; [dhjpgjpANk cr;r fl;Lg;ghl;il mtw;wpd; kPJ nfhz;bUg;gJld;>
cd;djkhdtHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.8
6
1987 khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13 tJ jpUj;jk; 2SLR 312 319
7
Kjypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
8
320 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
gf;fk; 17
,J ngUk;ghd;ikNahH nfhz;bUf;Fk; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy;; khfhz rigfs;

rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjw;fhf mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;s Nghl;bahd tplaj;jpy; mjhtJ (khfhzrig
epuy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpia epuy; vd Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; njhlHghf) ,t; mjpfhukhdJ
kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; gpuj;jpNafkhdjhfNth my;yJ xd;wpizg;ghdjhfNth ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mjpfhuk; gq;fPL nra;ag;gl;l rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; vit kPJ me;j mjpfhuq;fs; nrYj;jg;gl
KbANkh vd;w tplaq;fSk; mitfs; vy;yhk; KOikahf ghuhSkd;w ,iwikf;F fPNoNa
Kw;WKOjhf itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. MfNt> khfhzrigfSf;F tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;l
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fis ve;j Neuj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ khw;wf;$bajhfNth my;yJ
Vw; f f; $ bajhfNth ,Ue; j J. Nkyjpfkhf ghuhSkd; w khdJ 9 khfhzrigfSld;
fye;jhNyhridfs; Nghd;w tpNrl nray;Kiwfis gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jhYk; ,itfs;
ntWkNd tiuaiwfshfNt cs;sd.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; ngUk;ghyhdit [dhjpgjpaplk; ,Uf;fpdw

; d. epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuq;fs; njhlHghf mtNu cd;djkhdtuhf cs;shh;. [dhjpgjpapd; J}Jtuhf gfpug;gl;l
tplaq;fs; njhlHghd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij MSdHfsJk; mikr;rHfs; rigapdJk; midj;J
njhopw;ghLfisg; ghprPypf;Fk;nghOJ mit ahTk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw ,iwikAk; kfh cd;djKk;
[dhjpgjpaplNk cs;sijAk; kfhzrigahdJ mtUf;F fPohd xU mikg;ghfTNk cs;sJ.10
ngUk;ghyhditfs; rl;l %yj;jpNy ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhukhdJ khfhz rigfSf;F

gutyhf;fg;gltpy;iy. ePjpkd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gf;fspNyh my;yJ kf;fspd; ePjp mjpfhuj;jpNyh
vJtpj khw;wj;ijAk; nfhz;Ltu KbahJ.11 cj;Njr khfhzrigfspd; caHePjpkd;wq;fs;
tiuaiwahd ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> cr;r ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nky;KiwaPlL; ePjpkd;wq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwghlhw;wdthf ,Ue;jd. cj;Njr
khfhz caH ePjpkd;wq;fs; tiuaiwahd ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisNa nfhz;bUg;gjhf mtHfs;
mtjhdpj;jhHfs;. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
Fiwghlhw;wdthf ,Ue;jd. ePjpr;Nritfspd; epHthfkhdJ kj;jpapNyNa njhlHe;J ,Ue;jJld;>
khfhzq;fspy; cs;s caHePjpkd;wq;fSf;F Nkyjpf ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis toq;FtjhdJ>
tPlL
; f;F mUfpNy ePjpiaf; nfhz;LtUtJld; ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd nryTfisAk;
jhkjq;fisAk; Fiwf;Fk;12.
kDjhuHfshy; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jplk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l kw;WnkhU thjk; vd;dntdpy;> mjpfhug;;

gutyhf;fkhdJ murpayikg;gpd; 3 Mk; cWg;GiuAld; xt;thjjhf ,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;.
(,iwik kf;fsplk; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mJ mfw;wg;gl KbahjJ vdTk; mJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.) 4tJ
cWg;GiuAld; thrpf;fg;gLk;nghOJ (ve;j tifapy; ,iwikahdJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gjid mJ toq;Ffpd;wJ.) 4 tJ cWg;GiuahdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk;>
epiwNtw; W mjpfhukhdJ [dhjpgjpahYk; > eP j pj; J iw mjpfhukhdJ eP j pgjpahYk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk;> kf;fspd; ,iwikia nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd murpd; epWtdf; fl;likg;gpd;
mbg;gilahf mJ cs;sJ vd thjpLfpd;wJ.
cj;Njr khfhzrigfSf;F rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis gq;fL

P nra;tnjd;gJ cWg;Giu
3 f;F Kuzhd murpay; ,iwikapd; murpayikg;G vjpuhd nraw;ghL vd jpUg;jpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld;> murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;G vjpuhdJ vdTk; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy;
9
cWg;Giu 154 G
10
11
12
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
gf;fk; 18
cWg;Giu 4 MdJ khfhzrigfs; Nghd;w ghuhSkd;wk;> [dhjpgjp> ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;w

,iwik mjpfhuj;ij13 nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w ,it jtpHe;j NtW ve;j epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;
rpe;jpj;jpUf;ftpy;iy. cWg;Giu 4 MdJ cWg;Giu 83 My; epiyahf itf;fg;gl;l Vw;ghLfspd;
xd;wy;y vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MfNt kDjhuHfs; cWg;Giu 4 MdJ cWg;Giu 3
,y; gphpf;f Kbahj xU gFjpahf ePjpkd;wk; fUj Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfl;lhHfs;.
ngUk;ghd;ikNahH ,e;j tpthjj;ij kWj;J tpl;lhHfs;. 23 tJ cWg;Giuapd; tiuG tuyhW

MdJ murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;FdHfs; epiyahf itj;jypy; ,Ue;J cWg;G 4 ia ePff ; ptpl
vz;zpdhHfs; vd;Wk;> mjdhNyNa mJ epiyahf itf;fg;gl;l Vw;ghlhfNth> cWg;Giu 4
tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLtjw;F ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jpwe;J tplg;gltpy;iy vdTk; cUthf;FdHfs;
ntspg;gilahf mjid tpyf;fptpl;lnghOJ mJ cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy vdTk; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ePjpgjpfs; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;jtjw;fhf
cWg;Giu 4 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;litfis tpl Vida Gjpa epWtdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ
rhj;jpakhdJ vdTk; thjpl;lhHfs;. cWg;Giu 3 ,y; toq;fg;gl;ljhd kf;fspd; ,iwikapy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jhj msTf;F cWg;Giu 4 Fwpg;gpl;lijj; jtpHe;j rl;l %yj;jpNy itf;fg;gl;l
khfhzrigfs; KiwikahdJ ghuhSkd;wk;> [dhjpgjpahy; xJf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fisNa
nraw;gLj;Jtjhy; kf;fspd; ,iwikiag; ghjpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; fUj;jhf
,Ue;jJ.
murpayikg;gpd; 6 Mk; mjpfhuj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l murnfhs;ifapd; nraw;gLj;Jiff;

nfhs;iffs; kPjhd tiugpd; Clhf ngUk;ghd;ikahd ePjpgjpfs; ,t; mjpfhug; guthf;fiy
gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jdh;:
'MNuhf;fpakhd [dehafkhdJ tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtJld; khWk; #oYf;Nfw;g jd;id

khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; kl;lj;jpw;F mz;kpj;j mstpy; mJ nraw;gLj;j
Ntz;ba fzprkhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfisAk; jw;Nghija kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
nraw;ghLfs; cs;slf;FfpwJ. cWg;Giu 27 (4) jq;fs; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; cs;Suhl;rpapy; gq;Fgw;Wk;
cs;SH kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis kdjpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. If;fpa ,yq;if vd;w rl;lf
tbj;jpw;Fs;Ns xt;nthU khfhzj;jpd; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fisAk; ifahStjw;fhd nghWg;ig
ifaspg;gjpy; ,e;j rl;l%ykhdJ ftdk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU khfhz kf;fspd;
tpUg;gq;fisAk; Fwp;g;ghfj; NjitfisAk; G+Hj;jpnra;Ak; Gjpa tPr;ir mJ nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
mt;mt; khfhzq;fspd; NjitfisAk; tpUg;Gf;fisAk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;ljd; kPJ khfhzq;fspd;
epHthfkhdJ> cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; xU gaDs;s toptifahf mjpfhug;
gtyhf;fy; cs;sJ. xt;nthU khfhzq;fSf;Fkhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;l epHthf epWtdq;fspwF ; khd
cUthf;fNk ,t; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; mHj;jkhf cs;sJld;> mt; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy;
nfhs;iff;F tbtj;ijAk; msp;ff ; pd;wJ.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; vd;w fUj;J epiyahdJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis kfh

cd;djj;jpd; tpUg;gw;w jil Vw;ghlhf ,Uj;jy; vd;w tifapy; gutyhf;FjiyNa ,J Fwpj;J
epwf
; pdw
; J. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fyhdJ rl;lthf;fkhfNth my;yJ epHthfkhfNth my;yJ ,uz;Lkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; mjpfhukhdJ gy;NtWgl;l14 gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhhpfshy;; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwahfpa mjpfhug; gfpHtpypUe;J
,J NtWgLj;jp ghHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;."
13
4 ,y; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; gpwpjhd tiffSld; khfhzrigfs; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W 13 tJ jpUj;jk; ehbepw;ftpy;iy.
14
1987 Mk; Mz;L 13 tJ jpUj;jk; 2 SLR 312 326 – 327
gf;fk; 19
Fiwe;j vz;zpf;if ePjpgjpfs; tpNrlkhf ePjpgjp tdRe;juh15 mtHfspd; gpujhd ,zf;fkpd;wpa

fUj;J ngUk;ghyhNdhhpd; ,e;jf; fhz;Gfspd; gy; rf;jptha;e;j tpkHrdj;ij toq;fpaJ.
mtHfSila Nehf;fpy; ,e;j ,U rl;lthf;fj;jhYk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;jpd;
fl;likg;ghdJ 197816 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;Gf;Fk; ehl;bd; xw;iw
Ml;rp murhq;fj;jpypUe;J rk~;b my;yJ Fiw rk~;b tbtj;jpyhd Ml;rpnahd;iw mikj;JtpLk;
vd;gjhFk;. MfNt mtHfs; kf;fs; jPHg;gpNy kf;fspd; mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;F mtrpakhdJ
vdf; $wpdh;. MdhYk; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW 13 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;l%yj;jpNy khw;wq;fis
cUthf;fp ePjpgjp uzrpq;ftpd; ftiyfis G+Hj;jp nra;J> kf;fs; jPHg;G Njitapy;yhJ Nghfr;
nra;Ak; gbahd Nehf;Fld; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikia mjd; %yk; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
1978 murpayikg;gpd; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;lthwhd jw;N ; ghJs;s xw;iwahl;rp kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l

fl;likg;Gld; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fiy ,zf;fr; nra;Ak; Kfkhf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH
,Wjp mjpfhukhdJ kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jplKk;> [dhjpgjpaplKNk njhlHe; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
mOj;jk; nfhLj;jdh;. mjhtJ khfhzrigfshdit Muk;gj;jpNy kj;jpa epWtdj;jpd;
Jizf;fl;likg;Gf;fshfNt fUjg;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jkhFk;. cz;ikapNyNa
vt;tifapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjpy; epr;rakhf ,jpy; jhf;fq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. epHthfg; gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mijj; njhlHe;J te;j kj;jpa rl;lthf;fq;fs; njspthf
kj;jpapd; kfh cd;djj;ijAk; caHjd;ikiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahfNt ,Ue;jd.
murpayikg;G tpsf;fk; $Wk; kl;lj;ij rpyNtisfspy; ngUk;ghd;ik ePjpgjpfSf;F
fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;j njhpTfs; 13 tJ jpUj;jk; njhlHghf tiuaiwAiladthf ,Ue;jd.
kj;jpa murhq;fq;fshdit khfhzrigfspd; epHthfj;ij Ra mjpfhuj;ij fPoe ; piyg;gLj;Jk;
topfspy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,J mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. Jujp~;ltrkhf 1988 ,ypUe;jhd
vy;yh khfhzrigfspd; ngUksthd mDgtk; mt;thwhdjhfNt cs;sJ.
2.3 tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspd; gphpg;G

NkNy Fwp;g;gplg;gl;lthW tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fs; xU jdpj;j gpuhe;jpa> murpay;
myfhf ,yq;if> ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; nghWg;ngLg;gpd; %ykhf ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.17 ,;ej
;
mHg;gzpg;ghdJ cWg;G 154 a(3),y; gpujpgypf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpdhy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,j; jpUj;j tplakhdJ rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf ghuhSkd;wkhdJ ,uz;L
my;yJ %d;W mLj;jLj;Js;s khfhzq;fs; xU epHthf myfhf xU njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
khfhzrigahf xU MSdH> xU Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; xU mikr;rHfs; rig vd;gtw;Wld;
nraw;glf;$bajhfTk; mk; khfhzq;fshditfs; njhlHe;J mt;thW epHtfpf;fg;gLtjh xNu
myfhf epHtfpf;fg;gLtjh my;yJ xt;nthU khfhz myFk; jdpj;jdp epHthf myfhf gphpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lkh vd;gij jPHkhdpf;f $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
khfhzq;fis ,izg;gjw;fhd tpNrbj;j nray;Kiwfshdit khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; 1987

Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; gphpT 34 ,Ny vLj;jpak;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;
Vw;ghLfspd; chpa rhuhk;rkhdJ [dhjpgjpahdtH xU gpufldj;jpd; %ykhf 2> 3 mLj;jLj;js;s
khfhzq;fis xU epHthf myfhf epHthfk; nra;tjw;F gphpT 37 mtUf;F mjpfhukspf;fpd;wJ18.
15
333 – 383 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ
16
,e;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fSf;F Nkyhf 13tJ jpUj;j eilKiwg;gLj;jy; mDgtq;fspd; ed;ikahdit
eilKiwapy; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; vjpHghHg;gpd;gb rl;lf mikg;ghdJ xd;Wkpy;yhky; cs;sJ.
17
mj;jpahak; 2.1 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f
18
gphpT 31(1) (a)
gf;fk; 20
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;j tpNrl Vw;glhdJ vt;thwhapDk;

mjd; gpufhuk; mt;thwhd xU gpufldj;ij [dhjpgjp MAjq;fs;> RLfUtpfs;> ntbkUe;Jfs;
kw;Wk; Vida ,uhZt cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s gaq;futhjpfs;> MAjjhhpfs; Vida
MAjf; FOf;fs; jkJ ,yf;fhd jdpehl;il miltjw;fhf ,jidf; nfhz;bUg;NghH ,yq;if
murhq;fj;jplNkh my;yJ mjdhy; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;ltHfsplk; ,Ue;Njh MAjq;fis
ruzile;jhNyad;wp kw;Wk; xU Aj;j epWj;jk; epyTtJld;> tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspdhy;
mf; FOf;fspdhy; td;Kiwfs; epWj;jg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNk [dhjpgjpahdth; xU gpufldj;ijr;
nra;af;$bajhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.19
,t;thwhf ,e;j murpayikg;G kw;Wk; rl;l Vw;ghLfis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa murpay; ,zf;fkhdJ

,yq;if> ,e;jpa muRf;fs;> jkpouRf;fs;> ,uhZtf;FOf;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; Ngr;RthHj;ij
nrad;KiwapNy gpd;tUkhW murpay; ,zf;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jkpo; Njrpathjpfs; chpikNfhUk;
xU tuyhw;W hPjpahd tho;tplk; my;yJ ghuk;ghpaj; jhafk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;
ntspg;gilahf my;y. MdhYk; tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fshdit xU epHthf myfhf
khfhzrigfs;> khfhz epiwNtw;W gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjd; %ykhd gpuhe;jpak; KOtjw;Fkhd
Ml;rp vd;gtw;wpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd mjpfhug;gfpHT %yKk; khfhzq;fs; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gLk;.
…. khfhzj;jpy; mjpfkhf thOk; K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk; rpq;fs rdr%fq;fspilNa> jkpo;
,izf;fg;gl;l tlf;F fpof;fpNy vz;zpf;if hPjpapy; jkpoHfspd; Nkyhz;ik Fwpj;j ftiyapd;
epkpj;jkhf ,t; ,izg;ig Kwpg;gjh my;yJ njhlHe;J itj;jpUg;gjh vd;gJ Fwpj;J xU
kf;fs; jPHg;ig elhj;Jtjhf Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; gy tpkHrfHfs; $WtJNghy; cj;jpNahf
hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpyi
; y. mjd; Nehf;fj;jpd; gpufhuk; me;j fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk;
kf;fs; jPHg;ghdJ fhytiuaiwapd;wp njhlHe;Jk; gpd;Nghlg;gl;Nl te;jJ. (,J 37(2)(b) %yk;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 37 Mk; gphptpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; MNyhrpf;fg;gl;l ,t; ,ilf;fhy
Vw;ghlhdJ xU epue;jukhd ,ay;ghf ,Wjpapy; khWk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.20 1988
Mk; Mz;L Mtzp Muk;gg; gpufldj;jpypUe;J 2005 etk;gH tiuf;Fk; ,e;j kf;fs; jPHg;ghdJ
xd;Wf;Fg; gpd; xd;whf te;j [dhjpgjpahy; gpd;Nghlg;gl;L te;jJ.21
1988 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 08 Mk; jpfjp [dhjpgjp [atHjd tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fis
,izf;Fk; gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhh;. mj;Jld; tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;fhd NjHjiyAk;
1988 etk;gH 19 ,y; elj;Jtjw;F njhptpj;jhh;. ePq;fs; fz;lJNghy khfhz rigapdhy;
epHthfj;jpw;nfd njhpT nra;ag;gl;l Kjyikr;rH tujuh[g;ngUkhs; 1990 khHr; ,y; ,Ue;J
mtH ,Ug;G Kbtile;jJ.22 mjw;F gpd;G 2008 [{d; 11 tiuf;Fk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpof;F
khfhz rig Kjy; jlitahf tlf;F fpof;fpy; $Lk; tiuf;Fk; ,J MSeuhNyNa epHthfk;
nra;ag;gl;L te;jJ.23
tlf;F fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; ,izg;gpw;fhd rl;lr; rthYk;> epajpr; rl;lhPjpahf Fwpj;Jr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l kf;fs; jPhg
; g
; pd; gpw;NghLifAk; ,jidj; njhlHe;jhd fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; rl;lhPjpahf
19
gphpT 31(1) (b)
20
ghhf;f R. vjphprpq;f> M. Nfhnk];> V.T. jkpo;khwd; kw;Wk; A. ntypfy (Eds) 2008 ,yq;ifapy;
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; murpay; Mtzq;fs; 2008
21
2006 cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;gpd; 6 ,y; gphpg;G kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;gpd; gpd;NghLifapd; jpfjpfs; xd;Wf;Fg;gpd;
xd;whd gpufldq;fs;
22
NkNy cs;s mjpfhuk; 2.1 ,d; fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;Ff.
23
gphpg;Gf; Fwpj;j cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ghdJ 2006 xf;NuhgH 16 Me; jpfjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. mijj; njhlh;e;J 2007
[dthp 1 ,ypUe;J ,uz;L khfhzq;fSk; jdpj;jdp ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpd. tlkhfhzk; Mseuhy;
epHtfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gf;fk; 21
njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khfhzrigapd; jLf;fg;gLifAk; fpof;F kfhzj;jpd; %d;W tjpgtHfspdhy;

cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; mbg;gil chpikfs; tpz;zg;gj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jJ.
,w;iwtiuf;Fk; cz;ikapNyNa njhpahj cz;ikahf ek;gg;gLk; ,uz;L khfhzq;fisAk;
,izg;gjw;fhd 1988 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gg; gpufldj;jpd; rl;lj;jd;ik Fwpj;J me;j kDjhuHfs;
rthy; nra;jhh;fs;. ehq;fs; Vw;fdNt ghuhSkd;w rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; 37 Mk; gphpT (1) (b) apy;
ghHj;jthwhf mJ tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fs; rhHgpy; xU gpufldj;ij ntspapLtjw;F Kd;gjhf
[dhjpgjp rpy jpUj;j epiyfs; ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J jpUg;jpg;gLtij mJ Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. mjd;
gpufhuk; Kuz;ghLfs; jpUg;jpfukhf KbTf;F tUjYk; gFjpfspYs;s gphptpidthjpfsplkpUe;J
MAjq;fs; fisag;gLtJkhFk;.
1988 Mf];by; ,izg;Gk; gpufldj;ij ntspapLtjw;F Kd;gjhf cldbahf [dhjpgjp

[atHjd mtHfs; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mtrufhy xOq;Ffis
cUthf;fp khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 37 Mk; gphpT (1) (b) apid jpUj;jp mjw;F gpd;tUk;
nrhw;fisr; NrHj;J “my;yJ KOikahd MAjq;fspd;24 ifaspg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
eltbf;iffs; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ” NrHj;jhh; vd kDjhuHfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpwF ; njhptpjj
; hh;fs;. nghJkf;fs;
ghJfhg;G gphpT rl;lj;jpd; 5 Mk; gphptpd; fPo; mWjp Nehf;fq;fspw;fhf [dhjpgjp mtrufhyj;ijg;
gad;gLj;JtJ epajpr;rl;lq;fshy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;ljy;y vd;gjdhy; kDjhuHfspd;
,zf;fkpd;ikahd ,t; mtrufhy xOq;Ffs; nry;YgbahfhJ vd;w thjj;Jld; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
,zq;fpaJ. khfhzrigfspd; rl;lq;fs; nry;Ygbaw;wJ vdTk; mtrufhy xOq;Ffis
jpUj;Jtjw;F Ntz;b epd;wjhYk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpw;fhd xU rl;lj;jpUj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
MfNt> [dhjpgjp mtHfs; MAjq;fis ifaspg;gJ njhlHghf 37 Mk; gphpT (1) (b) gphptpy;
nrhy;yg;gl;l epajpr;rl;l Njitg;ghLfis jpUg;jpailahJ khfhzq;fis ,izg;gJ njhlHghf
ntspapl;l gpufldkhdJ nry;Ygbahdjy;y. tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fisg; gphpg;gjw;fhf
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l gpufldj;jpw;fhd rl;l mbg;gil ,Jjhd;.25
2007 [{iyapy; fpof;fpy; MAj Nkhjy;fs; KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J 2008 Nk

10 Me; jpfjp fpof;F khfhzrigf;fhd NjHjy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. mjpNy If;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpu
Kd;dzp UPFA (jkpo; kf;fs; tpLjiyg; GypfSk; mjd; fPNoNa Nghl;bapl;lhHfs;) 37 Mrdq;fspy;
20 Mrdq;fisg; ngw;w ngUk;ghd;ikAld; ntw;wpngw;whHfs;. MSdH nkhfhd; tp[a tpf;fpuk
fpof;F khfhz rigia 2008 [{d; 04 Me; jpfjp jpUNfhziyapy; $l;bdhH. mq;Fuhg;gz
mkHtpNy rigahdJ jtprhsiuAk;> gpujpj; jtprhsiuAk; njhpT nra;jJ.26 khfhzrig epHthfj;jpd;
nfhs;iff; $w;whdJ mjd; 5 tUlj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l Kd;nkhopT epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lj;ij Fwpg;gpl;lJld;>
2008 [{d; 11 Me;jp jpfjp rptNdrJiu re;jpufhe;jd; mtHfshy; mJ rigf;Fj; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.27
24
murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 155 (2) kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G fl;lisr; rl;lg; gphpT 5 [dhjpgjpia
mtrufhyr; rl;lj;ij ePbf;fTk; murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfs; jtpHe;j Vidatw;Wf;F NkNyhq;fp epw;fTk; jhf;fk;
mspf;fpwJ.
25
tpN[Nrfu rl;lkh mjpgH (2007)> tlf;F fpof;F gphpg;G tof;F vd miof;fg;gLk; 1 SLR 38
26
fpof;F khfhzrig mjpfhu mwpf;if 2008 [{d; 4 ,y 01
27
fpof;F khfhzrig mjpfhu mwpf;if 2008 [{d; 11 ,y 02
gf;fk; 22
2.4 epWtd fl;likg;G: nraw;gLdHfSk; mtHfSila

njhopw;ghLfSk;
kj;jpf;Fk; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd gfpHT Fwpj;J ghprPypg;gjw;F Kd;ghf 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhug;gfpHT Kiwikapd; gy;NtWgl;l epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;
njhopw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j NkNyhl;lkhd xU vz;zj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ gaDilajhFk;. 1978
Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpw;F XVIIA vd;w Gjpa mjpfhuj;ij mwpKfk; nra;Ak; 13 tJ
jpUj;jkhdJ ,e; epWtdq;fspdJk; mitfspd; tfpgq;FfspdJk; murpayikg;G hPjpahd
rl;lf tbtikg;ig toq;Ffpd;wd. khfhzrigfs; Fwpj;j jw;Nghija fye;JiuahlYf;fhd
kpfTk; Kf;fpa ,U mjpfhug;gfpHit rl;lj;Jz;lq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kj;jpa rl;lthf;f mikg;G
cs;sJ. 1987 ,d; 47k; ,yf;f khfhz rigfs; rl;lk; 1990 ,y; ,yf;fk; 27 kw;Wk; 28 ,y;
jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhf 1989 Mk; Mz;L (12 Mk; ,yf;f) khfhzrigfs; gpd;tpisT Vw;ghLfs;
rl;lk; vd;gdNt mit ,uz;LkhFk;.28
mjpfhug; gfpHT Kiwapy; tfpgq;F Mw;Wk; murpay; epWtdq;fshf [dhjpgjp> ghuhSkd;wk;>

MSdHfs;> gpujk Kjyikr;rHfs;> mikr;rHfs; rigfs;> khfhzrigfs; vd;gd tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;j murpay; epWtdq;fis Mjutspg;gjhf nghJr;Nrit kw;Wk; nghyp]; kw;Wk; epHthf
mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd nghJr;NritifisAk;> nghypirAk; xOq;FgLj;Jfpd;wd. 13 tJ
jpUj;jkhdJ> khfhz rigfSf;Fk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khfhz nghJr;Nrit
Mizf; F Of; f spw; F k; > khfhz nghyp]; Mizf; F Of; f spw; F k; jkJ Njrpa rk
gq;fhz;ikahsHfSld; xd;whfg; gzpahw;Wtjw;fhf epjpfis xJf;Ftjw;fhf rpghHR nra;Ak;
epjp Mizf;FOit mikf;fpwJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,t;tplaj;jpNy fzf;Ffspd; NghJ
,Wjpahd jPHg;gspg;gtuhfTk;> mjpfhuk; cilatuhfTk;> murpayikg;gpw;F tpsf;fk;
nrYj;JgtuhfTk; xU kj;jpa gq;if tfpf;fpd;wJ.
13 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ murpayikg;gpy; Mq;fpy ml;ltizapy; epuy;gLj;jg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; 9

khfhzq;fSf;Fk; khfhzrigfis mikf;fpd;wJ.29 khfhzrigahdJ khfhzj;jpd; rl;lthf;f
rigahf ,Ug;gJld;> khfhzrigfs; epuypYk; nghJ epuypYk; ciuf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kPJ
rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; trjpia mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.30 ghuhSkd;wk; khj;jpuNk rl;lk; ,aw;wf;$ba
%ba epuy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ve;j tplaq;fs; rhHghfTk; khfhzrigahdJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;buhJ31. khfhzrigfshdit fiyf;fg;glhJ NghFkhf ,Ue;jhy; Ie;J tUlf;
fhyg;gFjpff ; hf njhpT nra;ag;gLfpdw; d.32 kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;ijg; Nghyy;yhky; khfhzrigfspd;
rl;l mjpfhukhdJ murpayikg;ghYk; khfhzrig epajprr ; l;lq;fshYk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld;>
ePjpjJ
; iw hPjpahf ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mitfis khw;wpaikf;ff; $bajhfTk; cs;sJ. ,t;tifahd
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lf mikg;gpw;Fs; ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rl;lq;fNs
rl;lk; vdg;gLtJld;> 33khfhzrigfshy; rl;lhPjpahf cUthf;fg;gLgitfs; epajpr;rl;lq;fs s;
vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
28
cWg;Giu 154 Q tpdhy; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vy;yh mj;jpahtrpakhd rl;lj;jhy;
toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
29
cWg;Giu 154A(1)
30
cWg;Giu 154 G (1) kw;Wk; (5) (b)
31
cWg;Giu 154 G (7)
32
cWg;Giu 154 E
33
cWg;Giu 154 170
gf;fk; 23
epiwNtw;W mjpfhukhdJ khfhzrig kl;lj;jpNy MSeuhYk; mikr;rh;fs; rigahYk;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLtJld; rpy epiyikfspy; [dhjpgjpahYk; topelj;jg;gLfpwJ.34 MSeH
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtJld; khfhzj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; Kftuhf jdJ mjpfhuq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH;. 35khfhzrig epuy; ,uz;Lf;Fk; nghJthd epuy; vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; cl;gl;l
tplaq;fs; njhlHghf khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis MSdH nraw;gLj;JfpwhH.
nghJthf mikr;rHfs; rigapd; MNyhridAlNd mtH nraw;gLtJld;> toikahf
[dhjpgjpapd; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; fPo; nraw;gLk;nghOJ mtH jdJ tpUg;Gld; nraw;gl
Ntz;batuhf cs;shh;.36
eilKiwapy; khfhzrigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikapid gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l

murpay; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltHfshfpa mikr;rHfs; rigahdJ MSdH Clhf
khfhzrigf;F $l;Lg; nghWg;Gilath;fshf jkJ mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.
37
vt;thwhapDk; MSdH ehshe;j epHthfk; njhlHghf njhopw;ghLfspd; rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;shh;. (cjhuzj;jpw;F epjp> nghJr;Nritfs;> khfhz epajpfNshL
,zq;Fgit) vd;gitfspy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l mikr;rHfspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; mjpfhuq;fs;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. MSdhpd; vy;yh epiwNtw;Wr; nraw;ghLfSk; mikr;rHfspd;
kjpAiulNdh my;yJ kjpAiuapdw ; pNah vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; [dhjpgjpapd; ngahpy; vLf;fg;gLtjhfNt
38
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
13 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ khfhzq;fSf;F ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisg; gfpHe;jspf;ftpy;iy. MdhYk;

khfhzq;fspNy xt;nthU khfhzq;fspYk; caH ePjpkd;wq;fis mikg;gjd; %ykhf ePjpj;Jiw
epHthfj;ij gue;Jglr; nra;fpd;wJ.39 khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns caH ePjpkd;wkhdJ mry; Fw;wtpay;
ePjpj;Jiwiar; nraw;gLj;JtJld; kw;Wk; kPsha;T nra;jy; vd;gd kPJ ePjthd; ePjpkd;wj;jplKk;
ePjpkd;w Mizia tpLf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khfhz kl;lj;jpyhd ePjpr; NritahdJ
kj;jpa ePjpr;Nritfs; Mizf;FOthy; njhlHe;Jk; epHtfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ehk; NkNy ghHj;jthW 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l mjpfhug;gfpHTf; fl;likg;ghdJ

xw;iwahl;rp rl;lf mikg;gpw;Fs;NsNa ,J mike;Js;sijf; fhzyhk;. ,jd; mHj;jk; kj;jpa
murhq;fkhdJ ,f; fl;likg;gpw;Fs;Ns xl;Lnkhj;j Nkyhz;ik nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gjhFk;. tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F fPo;g;gl;ldthf
cs;sJld;40 khfhzq;fspd; ,zf;fkpd;wpNah mitfSldhd fye;Jiuahlypd;wpNah
Njitg;gLk;nghOJ #o;epiyf;fikthf kj;jpahdJ mjpfhug;gfpHit ,ilepWj;jf;$bajhfNth
kWjiyg;gLj;jf;$bajhfNth cs;sJ. 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpYk;
cs;s tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; %yk; ,J njspthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ gy;NtWgl;l epWtdq;fspNy
kj; j pa murhq; f khdJ gfpug; g l; l njhopw; g hLfis ,ilepWj; J tjw; N fh my; y J
nghWg;ngLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Nfh $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mtrufhyepiy 41 mwpTWj;jy;fspd;gb
34
cWg;Giu 154 B (2) 154 C kw;Wk; 154F
35
cWg;Giu 154 B (2) gphpT 15 (2) khfhzrigfs; rl;lk;
36
cWg;Giu 154 C kw;Wk; 154 F
37
cWg;Giu 154F (6)
38
khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 15 (2)
39
cWg;Giu 154 P
40
ePjpkd;wkhdJ khfhzrigfisAk; cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhurigfisAk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fg;gl;l mq;fq;fshf
tpghpj;jJ. Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J Mizf;FO rl;l%yk; 1991 ,y; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jp;d; jPHkhdj;ijg; ghHf;Ff.
41
cWg;Giu 154 J
gf;fk; 24
khfhzrig MSdH xl;bnahOfj; jtWif kw;Wk; khfhzj;jpw;Fs;shd epHthf ,ae;jpuj;jpd;

jtWif42 ePjp ];jpukw;wjd;ik43 my;yJ khfhzrigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd cWg;gpdHfs;
murpayikg;gpw;F mike;njhOf kWj;jy; my;yJ kWjypg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jjy; 44my;yJ xU
khfhzrigapy; vy;yh Nehf;fq;fSk; njhopw;glhJ Nghjy; 45kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ,e;j tpNrl
mjpfhuq;fs; gy [dhjpgjpAlNdh ghuhSkd;wj;jplNkh fhzg;gLtJld;> rpy tplaq;fspy;
MSeUk; rpy njhopw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;.
murpayikg;Gr; nrad;Kiw khfhz mk;rq;fisg; ghJfhf;F ; k; fl;likg;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sjhdJ

rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; gytPdkhdjhf cs;sJld;> (mDgtq;fs; fhl;Ltjpd;gb
,f; fhg;Gf;fs; $l kPwg;gl;Ls;sjhf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) mj;Jld; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lf mikg;Gf;fSk; gytPdkhdjhf cs;sd. tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyfspy;
jiyaPlb ; w;Fhpa tpNrl mjpfhuq;fspd; fPo; (cjhuzj;jpw;F mkHTfspd; Nghjhd Kaw;rpfisj;
jLj;jy;) Nghd;wd vjpHf;fg;gl Kbahjjhf cs;sJld;> ,Wjpahd kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
mf;fiwahfTk; cs;sJ. rk~;b Ml;rp muRfspy; $l gpujpgypg;gJld; Fwpg;ghd tifapy;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhNyh (rf;jptha;e;j epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fspdhNyh
xUjiyg;gl;r jiyaPLfspwf ; hd tiuaiwaw;w mDkjpgg ; pwf; hf Vw;ghLfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kj;jpa kl;lj;jpNy khfhz tpUg;Gf;fspd; gpujpepjpjJ
; tj;jpwf; hf mjhtJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapd;
,uz;lhk; rigA+lhf ghuk;ghpa hPjpahf toq;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fs; ,d;ikahy; murpayikg;G
epWtdq;fs; ,y;yhikAld; ,J xd;W fye;Js;sJ.
42
cWg;Giu 154 K 154 L kw;Wk; 154 M
43
cWg;Giu 154 N
44
gphpT 5 A (a) khfhzrigfs; rl;lk;
45
gphpT 5A (b) khfhzrigfs; rl;lk;
gf;fk; 25
mj;jpahak; 3
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F Kd;gjhf ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j xNunahU rl;lthf;f mikg;G ,yq;ifg;

ghuhSkd;wkhFk;. cs;Suhl;rp rigfs; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F mjpfhuq;ifsf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mitfis MSk; rl;l tPr;Rf;fspw;F ,Wf;fkhd tiuaiwfSf;Fl;gl;Nl
mtHfs; rl;lq;fis cUthf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. khfhzrigfSf;F gfpug;gl;l rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fs; cs;Suhl;rpfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lij tpl gue;Jgl;ljhf ,Ug;gJld;> cr;r
ePjpkd;wkhdJ 13 tJ jpUj;j khfhz muRf;fshdit J}Jf;FO rl;lthf;fk; vd njspthf
tpghpj;Js;sJ. 46rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijf; FOf;fspw;F nfhLg;gnjd;gJ my;yJ rl;lthf;fj;ij
fPog; g; l;ltHfSf;F nfhLg;gnjd;gNjh rl;lthf;fj;jhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhukhdJ cs;Suhl;rp
rigfs; Nghd;w fPog ; g; l;l mikg;GfspwF
; rl;lthf;fj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gLtijNa
47
Fwpj;Jepw;fpd;wJ. ,t; xOq;Ftpjpfshdit ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; chpa rl;lj;jhy; nrhy;yg;gl;l
mjpfhuq;fis kpQ;rptpl KbahJ. MdhYk; khfhzrigfs; cs;Suhl;rprigfs; Nghd;W my;yhJ
murpayikg;ghy; epWtg;gl;l rl;lthf;f mikg;Gf;fshf cs;sd. mitfspd; rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fshdit murpay; mikg;gpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd. MfNt mitfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
fPog
; g; l;l epWtdq;fshf cs;sJld;> cs;Suhl;rp rigfSf;F Nkw;gl;l epiyapdjhfTk; cs;sd.
cs;Suhl;rpr;rigfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cg rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; khfhzrig cUthf;Fk; epajpr;
rl;lq;fs; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nehf;fpw;F cl;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gLk;
rl;lq;fs; mt;thwhditay;y.48 mjhtJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fkhdJ rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtjw;F
Kd;dhd mt; murpayikg;Gld; nghUe;Jfpd;wjh vd;gJ njhlHghd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
tiuaWj;j ghh;itf;F cl;gLfpwJ. MdhYk; mJ rl;lkhf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lhy; mitfs;
murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhf ,Ue;jhYk; murpayikg;ghy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nray;Kiwfis
kPWtjhf ,Ue;jhYk; kPWk; Kiwapy; rl;lkhf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ghuhSkd;wj;ij rthYf;F
cl;gLj;j KbahJ.
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; murpayikg;Gf;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l 9 tJ ml;ltizahdJ %d;W

tpla epuy;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. khfhzrig epuy; (epuy; 1) %ba epuy; (epuy; 2) xUq;fpia
epuy; (epuy; 3) khfhzrigfSf;F epahahjpf;fk; cs;s tplaq;fshdit khfhzrig epuypy;
cs;sJld;> midj;jpw;Fk; nghJthd epuypy; (rl;lk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; gfpug;gl;Ls;sJ MdhYk;
kj;jp NkNyhq;fpAs;sJ. mNjNtisapy; %ba epuyhdJ khfhzrigf;F rl;lk; ,aw;w ,ayhj
tplaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> khfhzrigf;F rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhjJk;
ghuhSkd;wk; khj;jpuk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;lJkhd tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
9 tJ ml;ltizapYs;s tplaq;fspd; 3 epuYk; murpd; KOikahd gphpj;Jr; nrhy;Yk;
cghakhf fUjg;gl KbahJ. Vnddpy; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ ve;j tplaq;fs; kPJkhd rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; kpFjpahd mjpfhuk; cs;NshiuAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.49 3 epuy;fisAk; xd;whfg; ghh;fF
; k;nghOJ
46
1987 13 tJ jpUj;jk;
47
cjhuzj;jpw;F Nkhl;lhH Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd mikr;ruhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
xOq;Ffs;
48
cWg;Giu 124 120> 121> 122 vd;g;tw;wpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s murpayikg;gpw;fhd ePjpj;Jiw kPs;ghHitfspd;
Kd;Ndw;ghl;bw;fhd tPr;nry;iyfs;.
49
cWg;Giu 154 G 10
gf;fk; 26
khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd; tPrR

; vy;iyfisAk; tiuaiwfisAk; fhl;LtJld;>
mitfs; ghuhSkd;wj;ij ve;j tiuaiwAk; nra;tjpy;iy.50
3.1 epWtd kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwr; rl;lf Ntiy:

ghuhSkd;wKk; khfhzrigfSk;
khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhukhdJ gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; njhopw;ghl;L mbg;gilapy;

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. khfhzrigfSf;F cs;s rl;lthf;f mjpfhukhdJ
khfhzrigfs; epuypy; cs;s epahjpf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf gfpug;gl;Ls;sJ.51 xU
khfhzrigahdJ xUq;fpia epuypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlHghfTk; epahahjpf;fq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. mt;thwhd xt;nthU re;jHg;gj;jpYk;52 ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; chpa
fye;jhNyhridapd; gpw;ghL mtw;wpidr; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. ,U rkaq;fspYk; khfhzrigfspd;
gpuhe;jpa ePjpj;JiwahdJ chpa khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. khfhzrigfs; %ba
epuypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlHghf epahahjpf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mjpfhuk; nfhz;ld
my;y. 53
khfhzrig epuypy; cs;s ve;j xU tplak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Kd;G

nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;s xU rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; xU khfhzrigahdJ mjw;Fg; gpe;jp te;j mJ
njhlHghd epahahjpf;fj;ij cUthf;fyhk;. mJ rl;lj;Jld; xt;thjjhf ,Ue;jhy; khfhz
epahajpf;fk; mKypy; cs;s fhyk; tiuf;Fk; khfhzj;jpDs;Ns me;jr; rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghL
xj;jpitf;fg;gLk;.54 ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; jhf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhf khfhzrig
epahahjpf;fj;jpd; ePz;l jiyg;ghdJ chpa rl;lj;Jld; xt;thJ ,Ug;gjhf jd;idj;jhNd
tpghpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ePz;l jiyg;gpy; xt;thikapd; ntspg;ghl;L tpghpg;gpd; Njitg;ghl;bd;
Nehf;fj;ij cr;r ePjpkd;wk; nfhz;bUg;gjhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mtjhdj;jpw;F mt;tifahd
xt;thj;jd;ikia nfhz;Ltu Ntz;bAs;sJ.55
khfhzrig epuypy; cs;s ve;j xU tplak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Kd;G

nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;s xU rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; xU khfhzrigahdJ mjw;Fg; gpe;jp te;j mJ
njhlHghd epahahjpf;fj;ij cUthf;fyhk;. mJ rl;lj;Jld; xt;thjjhf ,Ue;jhy; khfhz
epahajpf;fk; mKypy; cs;s fhyk; tiuf;Fk; khfhzj;jpDs;Ns me;jr; rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghL
xj;jpitf;fg;gLk;.56 MdhYk; nghJthd epuy; njhlHghf ehl;Lf;fhd jPHkhdq;fis nraw;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. MfNt Vw;fdNt cs;s kj;jpa rl;lthf;fkhdJ ve;j
50
cWg;Giu 154 G (2) kw;Wk; (3) vd;gd rpy eilKiwj; Njitg;ghLfis tpjpj;Js;sNghjpYk; Muk;g rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
51
cWg;Giu 154 G (1)
52
cWg;Giu 154 G (5) (b) cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ khfhzrigfs; ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; MNyhrpg;gJ fl;lhakhdJ vd
mwptpj;jJ.
53
cWg;Giu 154 G (7)
54
cWg;Giu 154 G (8)
55
cr;r ePjpkd;wj; jPHkhdk; tlf;F fpof;F khfhz Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig epahahjpf;fj;jpd; kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPHkhdk;
56
cWg;Giu 154 G (9)
gf;fk; 27
gpej
; pa khfhz epahahjpff
; j;jpYk; epytf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpdw
; J. xU khfhzrigapdhy; nghJthd
epuypy; cs;s xU epahahjpf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpd; nraw;ghlhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;Jldhd
Kd;ida MNyhridapd; Njitg;ghl;Lld; mt;tplak; nra;ag;gLtJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.57
cWg;Giu 154 G (8) (9) vd;gitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jk; mOj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtisapy;

mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fk; cWg;Giufs; 154 G (8) (9) (b) vd;gd khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fspd; rhjfkhd tPr;ir Kd;itf;fpd;wd. cWg;Giu 154 G (8) kw;Wk; (9) rl;lthf;f
Ra mjpfhuj;jpd; rhuj;ij cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ghuhSkd;wk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw xU khfhz
epahahjpf;fj;ij58 Nky; mOj;jpdhyd;wp ,t;tpU Vw;ghLfSk; khfhz rl;lthf;f Ra mjpfhuj;ij
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; khfhzrigfs; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; mstpw;F ,t;tpU
Vw;ghLfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.59 ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf kj;jpa
rl;lthf;fj;jpd; gpuNahfkhdJ khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glhJ Nghfpd;wJ. MdhYk;
ghuhSkd;w jiyaPl;bw;fhd murpayikg;G tPr;R kw;Wk; kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nkyhz;ik
,ay;G vd;gd rl;lthf;f Rahjpf;fkhdJ kpfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gij kpfTk; fhl;b epw;fpwJ.
xU jPh;khdj;ijf; nfhz;LtUjd; Clhf xU khfhzrigahdJ> khfhzrig epuypy; cs;s
ve;j tplak; kPjhfTk; ghuhSkd;wk; xU rl;lj;ij nfhz;L tu Ntz;b epw;fyhk;. 60,e;j
Vw;ghl;bd; fPo; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; rl;lthf;fkhdJ Ntz;LNfhis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
khfhzj;jpwF ; s;Ns khj;jpuNk gpuNahfpff
; g;glf;$bajhFk;. xU khfhzrigahdJ xU jPhk
; hdj;jpd;
Clhf khfhzrig my;yJ nghJepuy; my;yJ nghJthd epuy;fspd; KOikahdjhfNth
my;yJ gFjpahdjpd; ve;j xU tplak; njhlHghfTk;> rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;j
jPHkhdpf;f KbahJ. 61mt;thwhf xU khfhzj;jpd; rl;l Mf;f mjpfhuj;ij jpwg;gjw;fhd mj;
jPHkhdj;jpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlHghf ghuSkd;wj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;
mk; khfhzj;jpw;fhd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 62,r;
#o;epiyfspy; rl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;fhfTk;> Fiwe;j ngUk;ghd;ikA+lhf mjd; rl;lj;ij
nfhz;L tUtjw;fhfTk; cWg;Giu 154 G apy; nrhy;yg;gl;l tpNrl nrad;Kiwikfis
ghuhSkd;wk; gp;d;gw;w Ntz;bapUg;gjpy;iy.
khfhzrigfSf;fhd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fis gfpUk; ,e;j topfspy; tiuaiwg;gLj;Jk;nghOJ

vy;yh mbg;gil kw;Wk; cr;r msthd ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd; jifikfs;
13 tJ jpUj;j rk;gtj;jpy; fLikahf tpthjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J rk;ge;jkhd tpthtjj;jpd; xU
Kf;fpakhd jskhf ,Ug;gJ cWg;Giu 154 G (2) kw;Wk; (3) Vw;ghLfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
Nkyhz;ikia ghjpgg ; J vd;gjhFk;. murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fspy63; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpNrl eilKiwfis ,e;j ,uz;L Vw;ghLfs; Kd;itg;gJld;> khfhzrig
epuyhy; khfhzq;fSf;F gq;fPL nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlHghd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fspd;
njhlHr;rpiaAk;; mitfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.64 MdhYk; ,e;j Vw;ghLfspd; nrad;Kiwj;
57
cWg;Giu 154 G (5) (b)
58
nghJthd tplaq;fSld; njhlHGila cWg;Giu 154 G (9) fPohd xU jPHkhdk;
59
cWg;Giu 154 G (4)
60
cWg;Giu 154 S (1)
61
cWg;Giu 154 S (2)
62
cWg;Giu 154 G (2)
63
cWg;Giu 154 G (3)
64
1987 13 tJ jpUj;jk; 2 SLR 312 – 320
gf;fk; 28
Njitg;ghLfshdit ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cr;r Nky; epiyia ghjpg;gjhf ,y;iy. 13 tJ

jpUj;jk; Fwpj;J fUj;J njhptpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik ePjpgjpfspd; fUj;jpd;gb “cWg;Giufs; 154
G (2) (3) ghuHSkd;wj;jpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij tiuaWf;ftpy;iy. mitfs; nrad;Kiw
eilKiw tiuaiwfis khj;jpuNk tpjpf;fpd;wd”65.
cWg;Giufs; 154 G (2) ,d; gpufhuk; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ 13 tJ jpUj;jj;ijNah my;yJ 9 tJ

ml;ltizapYs;s 3 epuy;fisNah cj;Njr jpUj;jq;fshditfs; [dhjpgjpahy; xt;nthU
khfhzrigf;Fk; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;L mitfspd; Nehf;Ff;fs; vLj;jpak;gg;gl;lhnyhopa ghuhSkd;wk;
mitfisj; jpUj;jNth ,y;yhnjhopf;fNth KbahJ vd;gjhFk;. cj;Njr jpUj;jj;ijNah
,y;yhnjhopg;igNah vy;yh khfhz rigfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;nghOJ ghuhSkd;wkhdJ
Fiwe;j ngUk;ghd;ikAld; mjid nraw;gLj;jyhk;. 66xd;Nwh gyNth khfhzrig jpUj;jj;jp;wF ;
,zq;fhJ tpbd; ghuhSkd;wkd;wk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikAld; mjid epiwNtw;w
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. 67
cWg;Giu 154 G (3) ,d; gpufhuk; xU rl;l%ykhdJ (ghuhSkd;w rl;lthf;f tiughdJ)

khfhzrig epuypYs;s VjhtJ xU tplak; njhlHghf [dhjpgjpahy; vy;yh khfhzrigfSf;Fk;
mitfspd; fUj;J ntspg;ghLj;Jiffs; ngWtjw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 68mr; rl;l
%yj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F vy;yh khfhzrigfSk; ,zq;fpd;> vspa ngUk;ghd;ik %yk;
ghuhSkd;wk; mjid KiwNa epiwNtw;WtJld; vy;yh khfhzq;fSf;Fk;69 mr; rl;lkhdJ
gpuNahfpf;ff;$bajhFk;. xd;Nwh my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khfhzrigfs; ,r; rl;l %yj;ij
epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,zq;fhJ Nghapd; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ vy;yh khfhzq;fspYk; nry;Ygbahd
rl;lk; Mf;Ftjw;fhf %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikAld; mjid epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ.70
mr; rl;lkhdJ %d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikahy; md;wp Fiwe;j ngUk;ghd;ikahNyNa
epiwNtw;wg;glf;$bajhf ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F rk;kjk; mspj;j khfhzq;fspy; khj;jpuNk mr;rl;lk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. 71
rhjhuz rl;lthf;fq;fs; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy ghjpf;Fk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fs;

Nghd;w ,uz;L rk;ge;jkhfTk; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ jdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jk;nghOJ
kjpAiu ngwy; kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd Kiwapy; nraw;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fiy ghJfhf;Fk; ,e;j nray;Kiwikfs; Kf;fpakhditahf cs;sd. ,e;jg;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nray;Kiwfshdit Jujpu;~l ; trkhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpNy 13 tJ jpUj;jk;
kw;Wk; khfhzrig epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; rpy Vw;ghLfis ntspg;gilahf jpUj;jpanghOJ
Jujpu;~;ltrkhf gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. 2001 Mk; Mz;by; murpayikg;gpd; 17 tJ jpUj;jk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l nghOJ epjp Mizf;FOtpd; rpy cWg;gpdHfspd; epakd
65
cWg;Giu 154 G (2 ) (a) ghuhSkd;wk; murpayikg;ig vspa ngUk;ghd;ikahy; jpUj;jf;$ba re;jHg;gk; ,J
khj;jpuNk ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ.
66
cWg;Giu 154 G (2) (b)
67
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;jpd; gpufhuk; khfhzrigfis fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk; ,e;jj; Njitg;ghlhdJ fl;lhakhdJ.
68
cWg;Giu 154 G (3) (a)
69
cWg;Giu 154 G (3) (b)
70
cWg;Giu 154 G (3) f;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
71
cWg;Giu 154 R 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; 19 ,d; gphptpdhy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ
gf;fk; 29
Kiwia mJ khw;wpaikj;jJld;> Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; cl;$w;wpidAk; khfhz

nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjpyhd Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOTldhd [dhjpgjpapd;
; itg;G Fwpj;Jk; mJ jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ.72
gpujpaPlL
9 tJ epuy; kw;Wk; 13 Mk; jpUj;jq;fspd; ,t; Vw;ghLfspd; jhf;fj;jpd; epkpj;jkhf 17 tJ

jpUj;jj;ij rl;lkhf;Ftjw;fhf gad;gLj;jpa nray;Kiwikfspy; khfhzrigfSld; MNyhridr;
nraw;ghl;by; ,wq;Ftjw;fhd Njitg;ghLfis cWg;Giu 154 G (2) ntspg;gilahf Ntz;b
epd;wJ. ,e;j Kf;fpa nrad;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;glhJ NghdJld; mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtru Njrpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; mtru rl;l%yq;fspwf ; hd73 nrad;KiwNa gpdg
; w;wg;gl;lJ. iff;nfhs;sg;gl;l
nrad;Kiwfs; Fwpj;J ve;j khfhzrigAk; rthy; tpLf;fhjJld;> cWg;Giu 154 G (2) ,y;
nrhy;yg;gl;l nray;Kiwapd; gpufhuk; rl;l%yj;jpd; 17 tJ jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w
Njitg;ghl;ilAk;> cWg;Giu 122 ,d; fPo; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; tpNrl jPHkhdj;jpd; %yk; Nfl;L
epw;ftpy;iy.74 murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSld; khj;jpuk; xt;thj tifapyhd gpioahd nray;
Kiwikfis gpd;gw;wp 17 tJ jpUj;;jkhdJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf ,jd; epkpj;jkhf
tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; gpw;gl;l rk;gtq;fspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ (kiwKfkhf) cWg;Giu
154 G (2) nray;Kiwikapidg; gpd;gw;wj; jtwpaikahdJ 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Nfs;tpf;Fhpa
jd;ikapd; murpayikg;gpw;F xt;Tk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 75cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlHGila
rl;lj;ij jpUj;Jtjw;fhd Xu; mz;ika Kaw;rpahdJ cWg;Giu 121 ,d; fPo; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
ntw;wpfukhf rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd rl;l%ykhdJ cs;s cs;Suhl;rp
mikg;Gf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; Nkyjpfg; gilahf gphpTf; FOf;fis mikg;gij ehb
epd;wJld;> cs;SH murhq;f kl;lj;jpy; fyg;G NjHjy; KiwiaAk; mwpKfk; nra;a ehbg;
epd;wJ. mr; rl;l%yj;jpNy Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rthy;fshdit khfhzrigfspd; tplak; 4 :
1 3 ,Ny Kd;itf;fg;gl;l khfhzrig rl;lthf;f nray;jpiwid ghjpg;gjhf cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
njhptpj;jJ. MfNt ,r; rl;l %ykhdJ cWg;Giu 154 G (3) ,d; nrad;KiwAld; [dhjpgjpahy;
vy;yh khfhzrigfspdJk; fUj;J cWjpg;gLj;jYf;fhf Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;lhnyhopa rl;lkhfhJ.76
cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHkhdj;jpidj; njhlHe;J kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ ,r; rl;l%yj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;ytpy;iy.
cWg;Giu 154Q ghuhSkd;wk; khfhzrigfSf;Fk; njhlHGila tplaq;fSf;Fk;77 cWg;gpdHfisj;

njhptjw;Fk; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fkhd khfhzrigfspd;78 mYty;fspd; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; nray;KiwfSf;Fkhd khfhzrigfs;79 kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfspd; rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk;
,jugbfSf;fhd ,t; mjpfhuj;jpd; 80mjhtJ 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; nfhs;iffSf;F
72
cWg;Giu 122
73
cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ 17 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;l %yk; kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHkhdk; mwpf;ifaplg;glhjJ
74
fahdp jprehaf;f (2004) 1 SLR 17 30 ghhpa nfhOk;G nghUsjhu Mizf;FO rl;l %yk; njhlHghd cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;igAk; ghHf;f
75
cs;Suhl;rp rigfs; tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; rl;l %yk; kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ig ghHf;Ff.
76
cWg;Giu 154 Q (a) 1988 Mk; Mz;L khfhzrigfs; NjHjy; rl;lj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
77
cWg;Giu 154 Q (b) 1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp 2 ,w;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
78
cWg;Giu 154 Q (c) 1988 Mk; Mz;L 37 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfspd; rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk; ,jugbfspd;
nfhLg;gdTfs; rl;lj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
79
cWg;Giu 154 Q (d)
80
,J khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;Jld; ,ize;jjhff; fUjg;gLk;.
gf;fk; 30
jhf;fk; nfhLf;Fk; Vida tplaq;fSf;fhf ,t; mjpfhuj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSld; njhlHGila

mjpypUe;J cz;lhFk; Vida tplaq;fSf;fhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpwF; rl;lkhf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ij
mspf;fpd;wJ. murpayikg;gpy; rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk; khfhzrigfspd; cs;sf nray;Kiwfs;
Fwpj;j rpwpa tplaq;fspy; jiyapLtJ Fwpj;J murpayikg;G rpe;jpg;gjhdJ ftdpf;fg;glf;$ba
xd;whFk;. MdhYk; cWg;Giu 154 Q tpd; nghJ mjpfhukhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,uz;L Kf;fpa rl;lthf;fj;jpy; ,J jq;fpAs;sJ. khfhzrigfs; (gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs;
rl;lk;) 1989 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;fKilaJ kw;Wk; 1990 Mz;L 27 Mk; ,yf;f
khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;.
gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;lkhdJ jw;fhypf Vw;glhf rl;lkhf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; njhlHe;J

mKypy; ,Ug;gJld;> khfhzrigfsp;d; rl;lr; nraw;ghl;Lr; #oiktpy; epue;jukhff;
fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jq;fshf khfhzq;fspy; murpay;; hPjpahd
];jpuj;jd;ikAld; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. 81 rl;l %yf; fl;lj;jpy; ,r; rl;lj;jpd; murpayikg;G
xt;Tk; jd;ik Fwpj;j jPHkhdj;jpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ rl;lkh mjpghpd; rkHg;gzj;Jld;
,zq;fpg; NghdJld;> gutyhf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpid Kd;Ndw;wp nraw;gLj;Jtjd;
Kfkhf cj;Njr rl;l%yj;jpd; jiyaPl;bd; tiff;fhf cWg;Giu 154 Q (d) tiff;fhdij
toq;Ftij mJ nfhz;bUe;jJ. 82
1990 ,y; rl;lkhf;fg;gl;l khfhzrigfSf;fhd jpUj;jr;rl;lkhdJ tlf;F fpof;fpd;

xUjiyg;gl;rkhf gpufldk; nra;a Kaw;rpj;j nghOJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;> 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
fPohd ,d> murpay;> gd;ikj;jd;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fYf;fhd
gue;Jgl;l murpay; gpur;rpidapd; mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; vjpHg;Gf;fspd; murpay; Kf;fpaj;Jt
tplak; fhuzkhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ njspthdJ. mjpfhpj;j vjpHg;Gj;jd;ikapd; murpay;
#oiktpy; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; mjpfhug;gfpHT nraw;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;LtUk;
murpay; nraw;ghl;ilNa ,J gpujpgypj;jjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ. 83
murpay; mikg;G rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fpypUe;J rl;l%y jpUj;jj;jpd; murpayikg;G xt;Tk;jd;ik

kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHkhdkhdJ cWg;Giu 154 Q (d) apd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gpujpgypjj ; Jld;
mJ mDkjpf;Fk; kj;jpapd; jiyaPlb ; d; mfd;w rhj;jpag;ghl;ilAk; gpujpgypj;jJ. khfhzrigapd;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdHfis gjtpepiyfspypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;Fk; khfhzrigiaf;
fiyg;gjw;Fk; MSdH rig cWg;gpdHfs; murpayikg;gpw;F mikahjtplj;J my;yJ mjw;F
kWj;J fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,lj;J eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F rl;l%ykhdJ topnra;jJ.84 ,t;
tof;fpd; kDjhuHfs; murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; ,r;rl;l %yj;jpy;
MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fis tpthjpjj ; jd; %yk; jw;NghJs;s murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfspy; MSdhpd;
mjpfhuNk tlf;F fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 85vOe;Js;s mrhjhuz #o;epiyfisf; ifahStjw;F
NghJkhdJ vd thjpl;ldh;. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; ,jw;F ,zq;fhjJld; gjtpapYs;s khfhzrig
81
mjpfhuk; 4 ,Ys;s gFjpia thrpf;f khfhzrigfis gyg;gLj;Jjy;.
82
1989 Mk; Mz;L 11 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrig gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;l %yk; %yk; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPHg;ig ghHf;f.
83
mjpfhuk; 2.1 ,d; fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f
84
1990 Mk; Mz;L 27 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 2 kw;Wk; 3 iag; ghHf;f
85
mjpfhuk; 4.1 ,Ys;s fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f
gf;fk; 31
cWg;gpdHfspd; rj;jpag;gpukhzj;Jld; njhlHGld; re;Njfj;jpw;Fhpa cWg;Giu kPJ cz;ikapNy

ftdk; nrYj;jp mJ khfhzrigr; rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; mJ ,yFthdjhfNt
rhjhuz eilKiwA+lhf khw;wg;glf;$baJ vdTk; njhptpj;jpUe;jJ. 86
%ba epuypYs;s tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf ghuhSkd;wkhdJ gpuj;jpNaf rl;lthf;f

mjpfhuq;fisAk; (cWg;Giu 154 G (7) %ykhf) ghuhSkd;wkhdJ mJ nghUj;jkhdJ vdf;
fUJk; tplaq;fspy; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; gpw;ghL nghJthd epuypYs;s VjhtJ tplaq;fs;
kPJk; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.87 ,yq;ifahy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rHtNjr
flg;ghLfis G+Hj;jp nra;Ak; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tplaj;jpy; khfhzrig epuypYs;s
VjhtJ xU tplak; kPJ ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lk; Mf;Fk;nghOJ cWg;Giu 154 G (3) ,dhy;
fhl;lg;gLk; nrad;Kiw tiuaiwfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. 88mjw;F Nkyhf
cWg;Giu 154 G (10) toq;Ftjpd;gb cWg;Giu 154 G ,Ys;s ,JTk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjw;fhf
murpayikg;ghy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspypUe;J tUtjhf thrpf;fg;gLk;.
(mjhtJ cWg;Giu 75> 76 ,d; fPo;) murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; ,yq;if KOtJNkh my;yJ
mjd; gFjpfspYNkh mJ nry;YgbahFk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lkhf;fg;gl;l nry;Ygbahd
rl;lq;fs; eilKiwapYs;s nghOJ khfhz epahahjpf;fq;fSld; xt;thjjhf VjhtJ
,Uf;Fkhapd; xt;thikapd; msTf;F Vw;g mitfs; ntWikahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.89
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; mjpfhug; gq;fl

P hdJ epWj;jg;gLk;nghOJ my;yJ jiyaPLfs; tpUg;gpdhy;
tbtq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gLk;nghOJ 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpdhy; rpe;jpf;fg;gl;l tpNrl epiyfSld;
njhlHghd rpy njhopw;ghLfis ghuhSkd;wk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.90 ,itfs; gpujhdkhf
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; kPjhd ghuhSkd;w Nkw;ghHit njhopw;ghLfshFk;. cWg;Giu 154 G
apdg; b [dhjpgjpapd; mtrufhy epiy mjpfhuq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F cl;gLtJld;
cWg;Giu 155 f;Fk; cs;shfpwJ. cWg;Giu 154 L ,d; fPo; khfhzj;jpNy xU epHthf ,ae;jpu
jtWif eilngw;wjhf [dhjpgjp jpUg;jpailthuhapd; khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij
mtH gpufldk; nra;J mJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd gpufldk; nra;ayhk;.
cWg;Giu 154 L MdJ khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fisAk; khfhz epjpaj;jpypUe;jhd
nrytpdq;fis mjpfhug;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ghuhSkd;wk; [dhjpgjpf;F mspf;f top
nra;fpd;wJ. cWg;Giu 154 N MdJ epjp ];jpuj;jd;ikapid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Njitahd
Neuq;fspy; MSdH Clhf khfhzj;jpd; epjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; topia [dhjpgjpf;F
toq;Ffpd;wJ. [dhjpgjpahy; nra;ag;gLk; gpufldq;fs; nraw;ghl;bw;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gLtjw;F
,t; Vw;ghLfSf;F ghuhSkd;w mq;ff P huk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
86
1990 Mk; Mz;L 14 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ig ghHf;Ff.
87
cWg;Giu 154 G (5) (a) khfhzrigfSld; ghuhSkd;wk; MNyhrid elj;Jtjw;fhd nrad;KiwahdJ
epiyapaw; fl;lis 46 A apy; nfhL;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
88
cWg;Giu 154 G (11)
89
cWg;Giu 154 G (6)
90
cWg;Giu 154 J, 154K, 154L, 154M, 154N
gf;fk; 32
3.2 khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;fr; nrad;Kiw
kj;jpa kl;lj;jpy; rl;lkhf;Ftijg; Nghyy;yhky; (Vnddpy; mq;F [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wr;

nrad;Kiwapy; ve;j tfpgq;ifAk; Mw;Wtjpyi
; y). Mdhy; khfhz kl;lj;jpy; khfhz epahahjpff ;
91
Njitg;ghLfspd; Clhf MSdH rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpwhh;. rl;lthf;fj;jpw;fhd
nghJr; nrad;KiwahdJ Fiwe;j ngUk;ghd;ikahFk;.92 cj;jpNahfG+Ht ,zf;fk; njhlHghd
xOq;Ffs; cWg;Giu 154 H ,Ny nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
khfhzrigapdhNy epahahjpff ; k; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;nghOJ mJ cj;jpNahfG+Ht ,zf;fj;jpwf ; hf

93
MSdUf;F rkHg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mtH mjw;F rk;kjk; njhptpf;fyhk;. my;yJ mjid jLj;J
itj;jpUf;fyhk;. mtH rk;kjk; mspf;Fk;nghOJ epahajpf;fk; mKYf;F tUfpwJ. MdhYk;
MSdH rk;kjj;ij jLj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; rkaq;fspy; mtH cldbahf mjid khfhzrigf;F
mDg;gp epahahjpff ; j;ij kPsg; hpryP pfF ; k;nghONjh my;yJ tpNrbj;j Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gbNah
Nfl;fyhk;. mt;thW nra;ifapy; MSdH epahahjpf;fj;jpw;fhd Fwpj;j jpUj;jq;fis rpghHR
nra;ayhk;.94 MSdH xU epahahjpf;fj;ij khfhzrigf;F jpUg;gp mDg;Gk;nghOJ MSdH
cldhd njhlHghlypd; topapy; mt; epahahjpff ; khdJ kPsg ; hpry
P pff
; g;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ MSeUld;
,zq;fpg; NghFk; gl;rj;jpy; kPzL ; k; MSdhpd; gpur;rpidfis jPHf;Fk; Njitahd jpUj;jq;fSld;
mJ kPz;Lk; epahahjpf;fkhf epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. ,y;yhJNghdhy; khfhzrigahdJ ve;jj;
jpUj;jq;fSkpd;wp kPzL ; k; epahahjpf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wp MSdhpd; rk;kjj;jpw;fhf rkHg;gpf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.95 kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l epahahjpf;fkhdJ MSdUf;F
rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk;nghOJ mtH mjw;F ,zf;fk; njhptpf;fyhk; my;yJ epahahjpf;fj;jpd;
murpayikg;gpd; xt;Tk; jd;ikia jPh;khdpg;gjw;fhf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf
[dhjpgjpf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xJf;fp itj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. [dhjpgjp epahahjpf;fj;ij
xU khjj;jpw;Fs;Ns cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; epahahjpf;fk;
murpayikg;Gld; xt;Tk;jd;ikahdJ vd;W jPhk ; hdpj;jhy; MSdH epahahjpf;fj;jpw;F ,zf;fk;
njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yhJNghdhy; epahahjpf;fkhdJ jLj;J itf;fg;gLtJld; epahahjpf;fk;
mKYf;F tuhky; Nghfpd;wJ.96 khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 10 MdJ mbg;gil thf;fspg;Gr;
nrad;KiwfisAk; khfhzrigfs; $w Kw;gl;l tplaq;fisAk; vLj;jpak;GtJld; gphpT 11
khfhzrigf;Fs;shd mYty;fspd; elj;ijfSf;fhd eilKiw xOq;FfisAk; khfhzrigfs;
cUthf;Ftjw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fpwJ. mr;rl;lkhdJ gFjp 3 ,Ny epjp epahahjpf;fq;fs;
njhlHghd xOq;Ffspd; tphpthd rl;lf NtiyiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. khfhz epahahjpf;fq;fs;
murpayikg;Gld; xt;Tk; jd;ikAiladth vd ePjpj;Jiw kPsg ; hHitf;F cl;gLtJld;> ve;j
Neuj;jpYk; murpayikg;GlDk; kj;jpapd; rl;lthf;fj;JlDk; ,J rl;lkhf;fg;gLk; Kd;G khj;jpuNk
rthyhf;ff;$ba kj;jpapd; rl;lthf;fj;ij Nghyy;yhJ.97
91
cWg;Giu 154 H (1)
92
khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 10
93
khfhzrigahy; MSdhplk; ,zf;fj;jpw;fhf rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l epahahjpf;fq;fis mJ murpayikg;gpw;F xj;jjhf
vd rl;lkh mjpgUf;F rkHg;gpf;Fk; xU kuG cUthfpAs;sJ.
94
cWg;Giu 154 H (2)
95
cWg;Giu 154 H (3)
96
cWg;Giu 154 H (4)
97
cWg;Giu 80 (3) cWg;Giufs; 120> 121> 122> 123> kw;Wk; 124 cld; thrpf;Ff
gf;fk; 33
3.3 tplaq;fspd; gq;fL

P : khfhz-%ba xUq;fpia epuy;fs;
NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJNghd;W kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd tplaq;fspd; gq;fl P hdJ

13 tJ jpUj;jj;jhy; murpaYf;F mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l 9 tJ ml;ltizapy; epuy;gLj;jg;gLfpdw; J.
9 tJ ml;ltizahdJ tplaq;fspd; 3 epuiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khfhzrig epuy; (epuy; 1)
%ba epuy; (epuy; 2) xUq;fpia epuy; (epuy; 3) vd;gdthFk;. khfhzrigfs; epahahjpf;fj;ij
cUthf; f f; $ba tplaq; f shdit khfhzrig epuypYk; > xUq; f pia epuypYk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mNjNtisapy; %ba epuyhdJ khfhzrigfs; epahahjpf;fq;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; KbahjdTk;> ghuhSkd;wk; khj;jpuNk rl;lthf;fq;fis cUthf;ff;$ba
tplaq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. nghJthd epuypYs;s tplaq;fspy; khfhzrigfSk;>
ghuhSkd;wKk; rl;lthf;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
9 tJ ml;ltizapYs;s tplaq;fspd; 3 epuy;fshdit murpdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fspd;

xU G+uzkhd cr;rhldkhff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ve;j tplaq;fspYk; rl;lthf;fk;
kpFjpahd mjpfhuq;fis ghuhSkd;wk; mikj;jpUf;fpdw; J.98 xJf;fg;gl;l epuypd; 1 tJ tplakhdJ
vy;yh tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; kPjhd Njrpa nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J ghuhSkd;wNk
Njrpaf; nfhs;iffs; kPJk; khfhzrig epuypYs;s rl;lj;jpy; khfhzrigfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
tplaq;fspYk; ghuhSkd;wNk rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,e;j Vw;ghlhdJ
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; tptrha Nritfs; kw;Wk; Nkw;gug;G Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;w mjpfhug;
gfpu;T nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fs; njhlHghd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
,g;gphpTfshdit mjpfhug;gq;fl ; f; nfhs;iffSld; njspthd Kuz;ghL cilad. 99
P L
,k; %d;W epuy;fSk; khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhu vy;iyfisAk;

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tiuaWj;jhf ,y;iy. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mbg;gil rl;lthf;fk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ ,Ug;gJld;>
cWg;Giu 154G (2) kw;Wk; (3)> cWg;Giu 5 (a) vd;gd khfhzrigfs; kw;Wk; nghJ epuy; kw;Wk;
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld;
njhlHGilajhf nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; gp;dg; w;w Ntz;ba eilKiwj; Njitg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ.
mNjNghyNt khfhz kl;lj;jpy; gfpug;gLk; epiwNtw;w mjpfhuq;fSk; MSduhy;> Kjyikr;ruhy;>

mikr;ru;fs; rigapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; khfhz epuypYk; nghJ epuypYk; cs;s tplaq;fs;
rk;ge;jkhfNt epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd epahahjpf;fq;fis cUthf;f
mjpfhuk; mspf;fpd;wJ.100 [dhjpgjpf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpNrbj;j mjpfhuq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf
[dhjpgjpapd; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; gpufhuk; nraw;gLk; MSeUk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij
nraw;gLj;Jk; [dhjpgjpaplkpUe;J ,e; epiwNtw;W mjpfhug; gq;fPlhdJ vt;topapYk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhpatpy;iy.
98
cWg;Giu 75> 76 kw;Wk; 154 G (10)
99
fkyhtjp khfhz nghJNrit Mizf;FO tlNky; khfhzk; (2001) 1 SLR 1
100
mj;jpahak; 4 ,y; fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;Ff.
gf;fk; 34
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khfhzrig kl;lj;jpw;F xl;Lnkhj;jkhfNth my;yJ Muk;g mjpfhug; gq;fl P hfNth cs;sJ vd
13tJ jpUj;jk; nfhLj;jpUf;ftpy;iynad Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Kd;ida
gphptpNy fye;JiuahbathW mjpfhuq;fis gutyhf;Fk; nraw;ghlhdJ epWtd kw;Wk; eilKiw
tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gLfpwJ. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhz kl;lj;jpy; mjpfhug; gfpHT rl;lf mikg;gpy;
cUthf;Fk;nghOJ khfhz rigahdJ njspthfNt xU fPoe ; piy tfpgq;fhsuhf cs;sJ.
mt;thNw khfhzrig epuypd; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; my;yJ

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tiuaWj;Js;sd. Muk;gj;jpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,t; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l %d;W epuy;fspd;
jiyg;Gf;fs; epuy; 1> kw;Wk; epuy; 3 vd;gtw;Wf;F xU jiyg;G khj;jpuk; ,Uf;f tpghpg;G
,Uf;fhikapdhy; KO tplaq;fSk; mjpfhug;gfpHT nra;ag;glf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. kw;w rkaq;fspy;
jiyg;ghdJ ntWkNd tplaj;ij ,dq;fhz cjtpaJld; mjid tiutpyf;fzk; nra;atpyi ; y.
,t;thwhf epuy; 1 kw;Wk; epuy; 3 ,y; ,Uf;Fk; gy tplaq;fsp;d; jiyg;Gf;fs; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
MdhYk; NtWgl;l tpghpg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,t; tpghpg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l
tpguq;fspd; cs;slf;fk; jPHkhdpf;f Ntz;bajhf cs;sJ. 101
rpf;fyhdjhf nraw;gl;l ,d;ndhU fhuzp vd;dntdpy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khfhzq;fspd; ,aYikfs;

Fwpj;j epahakhd vy;iyfisj; jPHkhdpg;gJ MdJ mr;nrhl;lw;wjhf ,Ug;gJk; mNefkhf 3
epuy;fspYk; tplaq;fs; gq;fplg;gl;l tpjk; Kuz;ghlhf ,Ug;gJk; MFk;. cz;ikapNy gy;NtWkl;l
murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,aYikfspd; epuiy tbtikg;gjpy; vy;yh re;Njfq;fisAk;
ePfF
; tJ rhj;jpakhdjy;y.
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P nra;ag;gl;l Kiwikfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,aYikfs; Fwpjj ; ,t;thwhd
gpzf;Ffs; vOtJ ,aw;ifNa. Kjy; fl;lj;jpNyNa epHthfr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Clhf Ntz;ba
jPhk
; hdq;fis cUthf;fp mitfis ePjpkd;wq;fs; Clhf ,Wjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. MdhYk; 9
Mk; epuy;fspd; 3 epuy;fspd; tbtikg;ghdJ njspT kw;Wk; EZf;fj;jd;ik tplaq;fspy;
epiwaNt nra;a Ntz;bajhf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. tpisT vd;dntdpy; mNefkhf ePjpkd;wkhdJ
gpur;rpidfisj; jPHf;Fk;nghOJ nrsfhpakhf kj;jpf;F rhHghf jPHkhdk; vLf;fr; nrhy;y
toptFf;fpwJ.102 khfhzrig epuy; epuy; 1 MdJ 37 tplaq;fis gphpj;Jf;$WfpwJ. mtw;Ws;
gytw;Wf;F (cg tplaq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L mt; tplaq;fspd; tPr;Rf;fSk; vy;iyfSk;
Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. khfhzrigfs; kPJ gfpug;gl;l rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis
,itfs; jUfpd;wd. 3 Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; NkYk; 3 gpd;dpizg;Gfshf103
khfhzrig epuypd; xU gFjpahf tpgukhfj; jug;gLfpd;wd. rl;lKk; xOq;Fk; (gpd;dpizg;G 1)

fhzpf;FbakHTk; (gpd;dpizg;G 2) fy;tp (gpd;dpizg;G 3). fhzp kPjhd mjpfhuk; nghyp];
vd;gd jkpo; Njrpathjpfshy; Fwpg;ghf Kf;fpakhd ,ay;Giladthff; fhl;lg;gl;L tlf;F
fpof;Fg; gFjpfspy; Ra Ml;rp Nfhug;gl;bUe;jJ. MdhYk; ehl;bd; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; khfhzrig
njhopw;ghl;il 20 tUlq;fshff; nfhz;bUe;j mDgtj;jpy; nghyp];> fhzp> epjp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;>
101
ghhpa nfhOk;G nghUshjhu Mizf;FOr; rl;lj; jpUj;j %yk; 1992
102
[dhjpgjp N[.Mu;. [atu;jd $l;ba murpay; fl;rpfs; khehL gw;wpa fl;Liu 15k; gf;fk; ghu;f;f
103
fkyhtjp vjpuhf khfhzrig mur Nrit Mizf;FO (2001) SLR 1
gf;fk; 35
fy;tp kw;Wk; fkey Nritfs; tplaq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; KO Rahjpf;fk; tpUk;gg;gLtJ

njspthfpwJ. 104
rl;lk;> xOq;F> fy;tp> fhzp vd;gtw;Wld; Vida Kf;fpa mjpfhug;gfpHT nra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fshf
cs;Suhl;rp (tplak; 4)> 105tPlikg;G kw;Wk; fl;bl epHkhzk; (tplak; 5)> tPjpfs;> ghyq;fs;>
glFfs; (tplak; 6)> Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; jtpu) r%f Nritfs; kw;Wk; GdHtho;T (tplak;
7) khfhzj;jpw;fpilapyhd epyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J> (tplak; 8)> tptrhak; kw;Wk; fkey Nritfs;
(tpalk; 9) Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; RNjr kUj;Jk; (tplak; 11> 12) $l;LwT (tplak; 17)> ePHg;ghrdk;
(tplak; 19) ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp (tplak; 21) Njrpaf; nfhs;iff;Fl;gl;L Ruq;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
Ruq;f mgptpUj;jpia xOq;FgLj;jy; (tpalk; 26)> kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jpd; mDkjp tPr;rpw;Fs;
kw;Wk; rf;jp gpwg;ghf;fk; (tpalk; 34 vd;gdthFk;) khfhzf; fldhdJ khfhzg; nghWg;ghFk;
(tplak; 31)> fld;ngwy; vy;iyahdJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ (tplak; 35)
khfhzrigfshy; tpjpf;ff;$ba mwtPLfs; kw;Wk; thpfspd; tPr;nry;iyahdJ (tplak; 33)
kw;Wk; 36: (36 1-20) gphpj;Jf;$wg;gl;Ls
; s
; J. nghJthd epuy; (epuy; 3) 36 tplaq;fis jdpj;jdpahfj;
jUfpd;wJ. kPzL ; k; rpy tplaq;fs; cg tplaq;fshf tpghpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jpl;lkply; (tplak; 1)
fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tpr;Nritfs;> caHfy;tp (tplaq;fs; 2> 3> 4) epuy; 1 ,y; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
tplaq;fs; 3 kw;Wk; 4 jtpHe;j) tPlikg;G kw;Wk; epHkhzk; (tplak; 5)> nrhj;Jf;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; (tplak; 6)> r%f Nritfs; kw;Wk; GdHtho;T
(tplak; 7)> tptrhak; kw;Wk; fkey Nritfs; (tplak; 8)> Rfhjhuk; (tplak; 9)> $l;LwT
(tplak; 15)> ePHg;ghrdk; (tplak; 17)> gpuhe;jpa vy;iyf;Fs;shd kPd;gpb> (tpalk; 19)>
cy;yhrg;gazk; (tplak; 22)> czT kw;Wk; kUe;J epakq;fs; (tplak; 30>31)> njhw;WNeha;fisj;
jtpHj;jy; (tplak; 35)>
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; nghJthf tUk; fUj;JepiyahdJ> Kd;ndr;rhpf;ifapd; kj;jpa fsj;jpy;;

xd;whf cs;sJ. kj;jpa rl;lthf;fkhdJ ghuhSkd;wk; xUjiyg;gl;lrkhf ,jidr; nra;Ak;nghOJ
nghJthd tplaq;fs; kPjhd kj;jpa rl;lNk epyTfpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;wKk; khfhzrigfSk;
nghJthd tplaq;fs; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;w mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.106 khfhzrigfspd;
epahahjpf;fkhdJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F Kd;dpUe;J epytf;$bajhf ,Uf;fyhk;. MdhYk;
ghuhSkd;wk; me; epahahjpf;fq;fspd; gpuNahfk; kPjhd xU jPHkhdj;jpdhy; mitfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fiwf;fyhk;.107 ve;j vjpHfhy kj;jpapd; rl;lthf;fKk; khfhz epahahjpff
; j;ij108
tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwJ. ,J ,g; nghJthd tplaq;fspy; cz;ikapNyNa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
khfhzq;fspd; Nkyhd rl;lthf;fj;ij mDkjpgg ; J cz;ikapNyNa jhf;fg;gLk; rl;lf mikg;ghf
,Ug;gNjhL> njspthfNt mHj;jkpy;yhj xd;whfTk; cs;sJ. cWg;Giu 154 G (5) (a) apYs;s
104
Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO khfhz nghyp]; Mizf;FO Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO Nghd;w tpNrl gy
mikg;Gf;fs; mikf;fg;gLtij gpd;dpizg;G 3 fhl;LfpwJ.
105
khfhzrigfs; Kiwikapidg; gyg;gLj;Jjy; CPA (2008)
106
2008 6 kw;Wk; 7Mk; ,yf;f cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhurigfs; kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHkhdj;Jld;
rk;ge;jg;gLgitfis ghHf;Ff.
107
1990Mk; Mz;L tlf;F fpof;F khfhzrig Nghf;Ftuj;J epahahjpf;fk; kPjhd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ig
ghu;f;f
108
fkj;njhopy; Nritfs; jpUj;jr;rl;lk; (1990)
gf;fk; 36
gytPdkhd ghJfhg;ghd ghuhSkd;wkhdJ xUq;fpia epuy;fspYs;stw;wpy; rl;lthf;fq;fis

nra;a Kd;gjhf khfhzrigfisf; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ filg;gpbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.109
,e;jf; fhuzj;jpd; epkpj;jk; gy khfhzrig mjpfhhpfs; ,t;nthUq;fpia epuiy ePf;fptpl
Ntz;Lnkd;W czUfpwhHfs;. MdhYk; 13 tJ jpUj;jjpNy gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; nghJthd
mjpfhuq;fspd; Fwpj;j tbtikg;gpd; tpkHrdq;fshdit nry;YgbahdJ vd;gJ epidtpy;
itg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.110
,J xUq;fpia epuypy; tUk; tplaq;fshdit ehl;bd; mjpfhug;gfpHtpw;F Kuzhditahf

,Uf;fNtz;baJ vd;wy;y. xUq;fpia epuypy; NkNyhq;fp epw;wy; vd;w gpur;rpidahdJ mur
fl;likg;gpd; rl;lthf;f rpwg;Ghpik murpayikg;gpw;F xt;Tk;jd;ikapdhy; jPHf;fg;gl
Ntz;bAs;sJ.111 (13 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; kj;jpa rl;lthf;fkhdJ khfhz epahahjpf;fj;ij
tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;fpwJ) cz;ikahf nghJthf tUjy; my;yJ gfpug;gl;l ,aYikapd;
rl;lf mikg;G vd;gJ rk;gtk; rk;gtk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ve;j kl;lj;jpdhy; jPHkhdk; vLf;fr;
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Jizj;jd;ik> tpidj;jpwd; Nghd;w gue;j murpayikg;gpd;
nfhs;iffspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.112
rk~;b jHf;fhPjpapy; nghJthd mjpfhuq;fs; tbtikf;fg;glhJ tpbDk; khfhz Rahl;rpf;fhd

rpwe;j ghJfhg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ ,aYkhdjhf cs;sJ. 13 jpUj;jj;jpd; rl;lf
mikg;gpw;Fs; khfhz Rahl;rpf;Fk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fYf;Fkhd mjpf cjtpahd kNdhghtKk;
mjd; nrhe;j mjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jtjw;fhd ,zf;fkhd xU mZFKiwAk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; gf;fj;jplkpUe;J Njitahf cs;sJ.
%ba epuy; (epuy; 2) ,d; tplaq; f shdit kj; j pa kl; l j; j pw; n fd gpuj; j pNafkhf
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> Vida epuy;fspypUe;J kpfTk; nghJthdjhfTk;
gue;Jgl;ljhdjhfTk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf rl;lfk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lthwhf
mitfSk; ,yf;fkplg;gltpy;iy. %ba epuyhdJ vy;yh kuGhPjpahd mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,iwik
murhq;fj;Jld; njhlHGgl;l nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ghJfhg;G>
Njrpa ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L mYty;fs;> epjp mjpfhuq;fs;> Njrpa tUkhdk;> epjpf;nfhs;if>
ntsptsq;fs;> Rq;fk;> ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;sf khfhz tHj;jfk;> Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J>
JiwKfq;fs;> gpuh[h chpik> tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kf;fpa Njrpa tsq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,J
cs;slf;FfpwJ.113
vt;thwhapDk; ,J ,U toikf;F khwhd cWg;Ghpikfisf; nfhz;bUe;J mjpfhug;gq;fl P L

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xt; t hjjhf ,Ug; g jhf thjplg; g LfpwJ. cz; i kapNyNa mjpfhug; g q; f P l ; b idf;
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109
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110
cWg;Giu 154 G (9)
111
cWg;Giu 154 G (6 ) cWg;Giu 154 G (5) (a) thrpf;Ff
112
1990 Mk; Mz;L tlf;F fpof;F khfhzrigapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J epahahjpf;fk; kPjhd ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHkhdk;
113
ghu;f;f CPA khfhz rig Kiwikia gyg;gLj;Jjy;
gf;fk; 37
cz;ikahFk;.114 Kjyhtjhf ed;fwpag;gl;l vy;yh tplaq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfs; kPjhd

Njrpa nfhs;if cWg;GiuahFk;. kw;iwaJ cWg;Giu 154 G (10) vDk; kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
kpFjpahd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk; xU nrayhFk;. mJ epuy; 1 my;yJ epuy; 3 ,y;
nrhy;yg;glhj tplaq;fSk; njhopw;ghLfSk; kj;jpf;FhpaJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. xU xw;iwahl;rp
muRr; #o;epiyapy; $l kpFjpahd mjpfhuq;fis mjpfhug; gutyhf;fYf;F jPqF ; Vw;gLj;jhjthW
kj;jpaplk; tpl;Ltplf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. MdhYk; xJf;fg;gl;l epuypYs;s ,e;j Vw;ghLfs;
,Ue;jnghOjpYk; 3 tJ jpUj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;l jiyaPLfSf;fhd tPri ; r ,J
jLj;J epw;fpwJ.
Njrpaf; nfhs;if cWg;Giufs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fggl;l rl;lq;fis khj;jpuNk

nrhy;Ytjhf njhpe;jhYk; eilKiwapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if
epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fshf mJ tpsf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. MdhYk; kpfTk;
nghJthd tifapy; epiwNtw;Wf; fl;lisfspd; tbtq;fs;> mikr;ruitj; jPHkhdq;fs;>
epahahjpf;ffUtpfs; tbtpNyNa nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.115 ,jd; mHj;jk; xJf;fg;gl;l epuypy; cs;s
Vw;ghLfshdit khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd; nraw;gLj;Jiffis mjpfhuj;jhy;
Kd;nfhz;L nry;yr; nra;fpd;wd vd;gJjhd;.
,jw;F Nkyhf epuypy; cs;s gpuNahfg;gLj;Jiffs; xJf;fg;gl;l epuypYs;sitfshf Njrpaf;

nfhs;iffis tpsf;fkspg;gjw;F vz;zg;gl;ltifshfj; njd;glhky; %d;W epuy;fs; %ykhf
khfhz tplaq;fisAk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf mgfhpf;Fk; xU toptifia ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j
tifapy; Njrpa nfhs;if cWg;GiuahdJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;ij xg;gl P l
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khfhzrigfspd; ,aYikfisf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
kPzL; k; kPzL
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,j; Njrpaf; nfhs;if gug;GiuahdJ ve;jr; re;NjfKkpd;wp 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gytPdkhfNt
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114
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mj;jpahak; 3.1 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ.
115
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eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhug;gLj;Jk; ikakhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ vd FWfpa mstpy; tpsf;fk;
nfhLf;ff;$ba rhj;jpag;ghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk; cr;r ePjpkd;wkhdJ Njrpaf; nfhs;if cWg;Giu
Fwpj;J gue;Jgl;l mZFKiwapy; mjid cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fkyhtjp khfhz nghJr;Nrit
Mizf;FO tlNky; khfhzk; 2001 rk;gtj;jpy; fy;tp tplaj;jpyhd ,aYik gpur;rpidAk;
Njrpaf; nfhs;iff;F cjTk; Vw;ghLk; kj;jpa mikr;Rld; njhlHGila xU epHthf Rw;wwpf;if
%ykhf toq; f g; g l; L > mJ Fwpj; j cr; r eP j pkd; w j; j pd; Fwpg; g pNy khfhzrigf; F
toq;fg;gl;lNghjpYk; mitfs; Njrpaf; nfhs;iff;F mikthf nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU
jlit Njrpaf; nfhs;ifahdJ chpa Kiwapy; mt; mt; tplaq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy;
mt; tplaj;jpy; khfhzf; nfhs;ifapy;; ve;j Kuz;ghLk; fhzg;glf;$lhJ.116
3.4 fpof;F khfhzrigapy; epajpr;rl;l cUthf;fk;

2008 ,Ny fpof;F khfhzrigapd; NjHjYk; cUthf;fKk; fzprkhdsT vjpu;ghu;g;GfSld;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ 13tJ jpUj;jj;ij KOikahf mKy;gLj;JtJ vd;w
mHg;gzpg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpaJld;> cj;juthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd [dehafj;jpd; ntw;wpahf Aj;jj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mjpfhug; gfpHT epWtdq;fis kPsikf;f cjtTk; jahuhf
,Ue;jJ. Nkyhf UPFA MdJ fpof;F khfhzrigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikia fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs;
nfhz;L te;jJld;> khfhz epHthfj;ijAk; njhpT nra;jJ. MfNt jhd; mjpfhug; gfpHT
Ntz;ba ,g; gFjpfF ; mJ fpilf;Fnkd;w ey;nyz;zj;Jld;> mJ NtHtplL ; tsk; mspfF ; nkdTk;
vjpHghHj;jpUe;jJ.
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nraw;gLj;Jiffs; njhlHghf mDgtkhdJ vjpHghHf;fg;gl;l tifapYk; FiwthdjhfNt cs;sJ.
,J rigapd; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdHfspd; gq;fpd; tpUg;G kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; Fwpj;J fl;rp
NtWghLfs; kw;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlHgpy; cWg;gpdHfspilNa
ve;jtpj re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;jtpy;iyahapDk; fpof;F khfhzrigapd; epahahjpf;f cUthf;f
gjpTfspd; ,f;fl;rp fle;j tplhKaw;rpahdJ fl;rpapd; ngUk;gq;if Mw;wpapUg;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
2008 xf;NuhgH 07 Me;jpfjp mjdJ eilKiw xOq;Ffis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJld; 2008 brk;gH 03

Me;jpfjp [dhjpgjpahy; mq;ffP hpf;fg;gl;lJ.117 ,J $l;lg;gl;ljpypUe;J 2008 [{d; mkHT Muk;gf;
fl;lk;tiu nrayfj;ij xU KOikahfj; njhopw;gLk; murhf khw;Wjy; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdHfs;
jq;fs; njhopw;ghLfis Mw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd trjpfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w gy epHthf
rthy;fis vjpHnfhz;lJ.
116
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117
1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; 11 Mk; gphpthy; Ntz;lg;gLtJ
gf;fk; 39
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P huj;jpd; rl;lhPjpahd Njitg;ghlhdJ 2 khjq;fis
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fpof;F khfhzrigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l KjyhtJ cUg;gbahd rl;lthf;fk; 2008 Mk; Mz;L

Kjyhk; ,yf;f epjp epahahjpf;fkhFk;. 2008 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 18 Me; jpfjp mku;tpd; tuT
nryTj;jpl;l ciuapy; rigf;F epahahjpf;f tiuG rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;lJld;> md;iwajpdNk mJ
epiwNtw;wTk; gl;lJ.118 fpof;F khfhz rigapd; epjp mjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
rl;l kw;Wk; rl;lf mikg;ig ,;e; epjp epahahjpf;fk; epWTfpwJ. cWg;Giu 154 G (8) cld;
cld;gLtjhf epjp epahahjpf;fkhdJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;Jld; xt;thj tifapyhd xd;iw
epuypLfpwJ.119 epjp Ml;rpahdJ khfhzrigapd; tUkhd MizahsH> kjpg;gl P l
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mYtyHfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL tUkhdk; Nrfhpg;G> kDf;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; epakdj;jpw;fhd
epjpahl;rpapd; epHthfj;ij toq;Ffpd;wJ. khfhzrigfshditfs; nkhj;j tpahghu thp> Kj;jpiu
thpfs;> fyhy; thpfs;> mjp;~l; yhgr; rPl
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fl;lzq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw tpjpg;gjw;Fk; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk; rl;l mbg;gilapy; chpj;Jiladthf
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; epahahjpf;fj;jpd; gpufhuk; epWtg;gLfpwJ.
khfhz epHthfj;jhy; epYitfis mwtpLtJk;> Neuj;jpy; mt; tUkhdq;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;F

Vida mjpfhurigfs; mt; tUkhdq;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk; mitfspd; epYitfis khfhz
epHthfk; Nrfhpg;gjw;Fk; Vw;ghLs;sJ. epjp epahahjpf;fj;ij nraw;gLj;jpajd; %ykhf fpof;F
khfhz rigahdJ tUkhdj;ij <l;LtJld; njhlHGila epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpHe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhd chpik Nfhuiy ehb epd;wJ. 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fspd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
rl;lf mikg;gpw;Fs; $l mJ khfhzrig RahjPd Ml;rpapd; xU Kf;fpakhd cz;ikahf
,Ue;jJ. ,e; epahahjpff ; j;jpid cUthf;Fifapy; ,jw;F ,zf;fkspff ; MSdH vLj;Jf;nfhz;l
fhykhdJ ,J FwpjJ ; mtjhdpff ; Ntz;ba xU cz;ikia FwpjJ ; epwf; pwJ. …….. murhq;fj;jpd;
nrad;Kiwfspd; gpw;ghL 2009 khHr; 05 Me; jpfjp ,Wjpahf ,zf;fk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.120
MdhYk; 4 fhyg;gFjpahf epjp epahahjpf;fk; fpilf;fhkikahdJ mikr;rHfs; rigf;Fk;
MSdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xU gjw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,q;Nf ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa
tplak; vd;dntdpy; ,zf;fk; Jhpjkhf mDg;gg;gl;l me;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy; (3 ehl;fshfpa
rpwpa fhyg;gFjpapy;) epahahjpf;fq;fs; njhlHgpy; khfhzrigahdJ xU rpwpa tfpgq;ifNa
nfhz;bUg;gJld;> epjp epahahjpf;fkhdJ rigapdJk; mikr;rHfs; rigapdJk; Rahl;rpia
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp epw;gjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.121
khfhz rl;lthf;f nrad;Kiwapd; xU Kf;fpa gFjpahf MSdhpd; ,zf;fk; njhptpg;Gf; fUtp

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118
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etk;gH 25 Mk; jpfjp ,zq;fg;gl;lJ
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Nkw;ghHit Nehf;fpd; tpUg;Gf;fspd; rkdpiyapd; rl;lf mikg;ig MNyhrid $WfpwJ.
khfhzrigf;Fs;Ns Jhpjkhd epahahjpff ; j;ij cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.
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mikr;ru;fs; rigAld; khpahij epkpj;jkhd njhlHGfSk; Jujp~;ltrkhf ,y;yhJ Nghdjpdhy;
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nraw;gLj;JdHfSf;Fkpilapyhd xU Jujpu;~l ; trkhd ek;gpf;ifaPdj;ij ,J fhl;bapUf;fpwJ.
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124
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khfhz mjpfhuq;fSf;fhff; NfhUtjhFk;. ,J 2009 xf;NuhghpNy Kjyikr;rH mYtyfkhdJ
rl;lthf;f efy;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; mjpf J}uk; nrd;wnghOJk; ,J gydspf;ftpy;iy.
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jdJ tpUg;gj;ij jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ciuj;J tUfpwhH. ,e;jr; #oiktpy; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;Jld;
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vJTk; mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy nghyp]; epahahjpf;f rl;lthf;fkhdJ
,e;j mjpfhuq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mbg;gilia cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j ek;gpf;iffs;
murpayikg;ghy; Kd;G toq;fg;gl;litfis tpl vJTk; mjpfkhditay;y.125 MdhYk; kj;jpa
murhq;fkhdJ 13 tJ jpUj;jj;ij mKy;gLj;JtJ njhlHghd mjd; Kd;ida mHg;gzpgG ; fisf;
fUj;jpy; vLf;fhky; nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F mJ KOikahf vjpHj;J
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mjw;fhd Njit rpwpjsthfNt cs;sJ vd;gijr; nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy.
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124
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125
murpayikg;gpd; 9 tJ ml;ltizapd; 1 Mk; epuypd; 10 gpd;dpizg;G tplak; 1
gf;fk; 41
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fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;tsTjhd; ,r; nraw;ghLfs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; jpl;lkplg;gl;L
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhYk;> Fwpg;ghf Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; mikr;R mjdJ fpof;fpd;; cjak;
epfo;rr
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Clhf khfhz rigapd; mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thwhd caHe;j Jyhk;gukhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; $l njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdHfSk;> mikr;rH
rigAk; mtHfsplkpUe;J xU MjuT tfpgq;Fjhd; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wNj jtpu jiyikj;JtNkh
my;yJ MjuT tfpgq;Nfh vjpHghHf;fg;gltpy;iy. fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mur nraw;ghLfs;
kj;jpapdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpdw ; dNtad;wp mjd; njhopwg
; hLfs; kj;jpa kakhf;fg;gl;l xw;iwahl;rp
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nraw;ghLfshdit kj;jpa kakhf;fYld; cWjpahfj; njhlHGgLtJld;> mJNt [dhjpgjp
uh[gf;~tpd; epHthff; Fzhk;rkhfTk; cs;sJ. 3 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fl;likg;G rl;lf tbtj;jhy;
toq;fg;gl;l tiuaiwahd khfhz Rahl;rpiaAk; mJ mfw;wp epw;fpwJ.
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; ghHit Nehf;fpy; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd tplak; vd;dntdpy;

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ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J fzprkhd Vkhw;wq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.
gf;fk; 42
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13 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfk; nra;j fhyj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpw;F khfhz kl;lj;jpw;F
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MdhYk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhdJ gy Kd;Ndw;wq;fisf; fhl;b epd;wJ.
murpayikg;G nfhs;if vd;wstpy; mjpfhug;gfpHthdJ 1978 Mk; Mz;L xw;iwahl;rpapd;
murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil nfhs;if xOq;FfSld; xd;wpize;J njhopw;gLtJld;> kj;jpa
kl;lj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpd; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwikf;F fl;likg;G hPjpahfTk; MjuT
toq;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ,e;jf; fl;likg;G rl;lfikg;G Mfpa mjpfhug;gfpHthdJ cWjpahf
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikapd; fPog; g
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epiyikfspy; khj;jpuk; md;wp kj;jpa epWtdq;fshdit khfhz kl;lj;jpy; Vida NtiyfspYk;
jiyapLtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. khfhzrig ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspy; kj;jpahdJ
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eilKiwr; rl;lq;fSf;fhd [dhjpgjp mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F Njitg;gLif Nghd;w jHf;fhPjpaw;w
mwpf;if tplaq;fs; cl;gl)
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ePjpj;Jiwapd; gytPdj;jd;ik> xJf;fg;gl;l epuypYs;s Njrpaf;nfhs;if mjpfhuk;> ,zf;fj;ij
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjd; Clhf epahahjpf;fk; cUthf;Fk; nrad;Kiwapy; MSdH rk;ge;jg;gLjy;>
3 epuy;fspd; vOj;JUthf;fj;jpy; njspTk; Jy;ypaKk; ,d;ik> 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; rpy
gFjpfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F njhlHe;JtUk; kj;jpa murhq;fq;fspd; kWg;G my;yJ
jtWif (cjhuzk; nghyp]; mjpfhuk;> murfhzp mjpfhuk; vd;gd.) ,it midj;Jk;
mjpfhug;gfpHT Kiwia xU jhf;fg;glf;$ba xd;whfr; nra;Js;sd.
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ePjpj;JiwapYk; kj;jpa kakhf;fy; fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F

Nkyjpfkhf ePjpj;JiwapYk; nghJr; NritapYk; gue;jstpyhd murpay; fyhrhuj;jpYk; kj;jpa
epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. (cjhuzj;jpw;F murpay; fl;rpfspd; kj;jpa
kag;gLj;jg;gl;l cs;sf epWtdk;) ,e;j epHthfk; kw;Wk; murpay; fyhhruk; kw;Wk;
eilKiwfshdit mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; 1987 f;Fg; gpe;jpa murpayikg;Gr; #oiktpy;
rpwpjsNth my;yJ ve;jtpjkhd khw;wq;fisAk; fhztpy;iy. mjpfhug;gutyhf;fiy
mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfTk;> caHe;jgl;r jaf;fj;ij Muk;gj;jpNy fhl;ba cr;r
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiwapy; ve;jtpjkhd njhlHGgl;l tbtikg;GfSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. MdhYk;
mz;ikapy; mitfs; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYf;F Mjuthd KbTf;F tpUg;Gld; te;Js;sd.
MdhYk; xw;iwahl;rpf;Fs;Ns mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; nfhs;if hPjpahd xd;Wgl;l mbg;gil
,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; murpayikg;gpd; vOj;Jf;fspNyh my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw mikg;Gf;fspd;
cr;rhpg;Gf;fspNyh mt;thwhd vJTkp;yy ; hjpUg;gjdhy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYf;F rhHghf cs;s
mz;ikf;fhyg; Nghf;Fk;> ePjpj;Jiwg; Nghf;Fk; njhlUk; vd;gjw;fhd ve;jtpjkhd cj;juthjKk;
,y;iy.
fpof;F khfhzj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; khfhzrig njhpT nra;ag;gLtJk; mJ njhopw;gLtJk;

tuNtw;ff;$ba xd;Wjhd;. epHthf kw;Wk; ,aYik tplaq;fshdit tpsq;ff;$batifapy;
Aj;jj;jpw;F gpw;gl;l rthy;kpf;f fhyg;gFjpapy; xU rigia jw;NghJ mikj;jpUf;fpwJ. fLikahd
jPh;khdq;fis vjpHnfhz;L rigAk; mjd; cWg;gpdHfSk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwhHfs;.
gf;fk; 43
MdhYk; gutyhf;fg;gl;l rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ty;yikadhJ kj;jpa

murhq;fj;Jld; ,Ug;gjhy; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; KOikahd mKy;gLj;Jifapy; mHg;gzpg;gjhf
nrhy;yg;gl;l tplaq;fs; edthf tpy;iy. mjpfhug;gfpHT njhlHghf xU kpfTk; nrayhw;wf;$ba
murpayikg;G hPjpahf Gjpa jPHthdJ ,d;Dk; fpilf;fhj xd;whfNt cs;sJ. 13 tJ jpUj;jj;ij
rpwe;j Kiwapy; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtrukhf jPHf;fg;glf;$ba gy tplaq;fs; cs;sd. 13
tJ jpUj;jj;ij KOikahf mKy;gLj;Jtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghWg;G kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jplk; cz;L. khfhz rigiar; nraw;gLj;JtJ md;Nwy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy
epHkhzk; kw;Wk; epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lq;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd rk me;j];J epiyak; vd;w tifapyhtJ
xU mbg;gil epWtdj;ij itj;jpUg;gJk; mjw;F fPNo cs;s mjpfhhpfs; (mikr;rHfs;> kw;Wk;
kj;jpa mikr;rpd; mjpfhhpfs; MSdH khtl;l nrayhsHfs;> gpuhe;jpa nrayhsHfs; vd;Nghh;
mjpfhug; gfpHtpd; vOj;J kw;Wk; capHg;Gld; xj;jike;jtHfshf jkJ njhopw;ghLfis
nraw;gLj;Jtij cWjpg;gLj;JtJk; MFk;.
gf;fk; 44
mj;jpahak; 4
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij gq;fLP nra;tJ Nghd;W kj;jpa epWtdkhdJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij

khfhz kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLj;Jtij Kf;fpa tfpgq;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. MSdH mYtyfj;jpd;
Clhf [dhjpgjpapd; Neub tfpgq;fpy; ,J gpujhdkhf nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l
khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhuKilatHfshf Kjyikr;rUk;> mikr;ru; rigAk; cs;sJ.
khfhzj;jpwF
; s;Ns Kf;fpa epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l rigahdJ [dehaf hPjpahf nra;ag;gl;l
nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;ba mikr;rh;fs; rigahdJ khfhzj;jpNy Nkyhz;ikkpf;f epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuKilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtisapy; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPohd mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fy; Kiwikapy; kpfTk; Neubahd Kiwapy; my;yhky; milahs hPjpahf fzprkhd
mjpfhuq;fs; MSdhplk; cs;sd.
,t; mbg;gilapyhd khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; mbg;gil tPr;rhdJ cWg;Giu 154 C

apNy khfhzrig njhlHghd tplaq;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fshditfs; epahahjpff ; q;fis
nra;tjw;fhf cs;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; mjpfhug;gfpHT nra;ag;gl;l
tplaq;fspd; njhlHghf epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis gutyhf;fk; nra;Ak; njspthd xd;whf ,J
fhzg; g LfpwJ. MdhYk; nraw; g Lj; J ifapy; ,J nrhy; y g; g l; l tpjj; j pYk; ,ij
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l epWtdj;ijAk; ghHf;Fk;nghOJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhu
gutyhf;fkhdJ rl;lthf;f msTf;F mNjtpjkhf ,y;iynad;gJ njspthfpwJ. mj;Jld; ,J
cz;ikapNy xU mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; Fiwe;j xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
cWg;Giu 154 C toq;Ftjd; gpufhuk; khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhukhdJ MSduhy; NeubahfNth

my;yJ mikr;rHfspd; rig mikr;rHfs; %ykhfNth my;yJ mtUf;F fPog ; g
; l;l mjpfhhpfs;
%ykhfNth cWg;Giu 154 F ,d; gpufuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cWg;Giu 154 B (2) gpufhuk;
MSdH [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtJld; cWg;Giu 4 B ,w;F ,zq;f [dhjpgjpapd; MrpAld;
nraw;gLfpwhH. cWg;Giu 4 B ,yq;if kf;fspd; ,iwik mike;Js;s tplaj;ijf; fhl;LtJld;
cWg;Giu 3 MdJ FbauR [dhjpgjp %yNk kf;fspd; ,iwik epiwNtw;wg;gLk; vdj;
njhptpj;J. nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cWg;Giu 154 b(2)> cWg;Giu 4 (b) vd;gtw;wpd; ,Ue;jhd
%yk; njspthd kiwKf ntspg;gLj;JifahdJ> mjpfhuq;fs; Mdit [dhjpgjpaplkpUe;J
MSdUf;Fr; nry;tjhff; fhl;LfpwJ.126 ,t;tz;zkhf 154 B (2), 154 C cWg;Giufspd; mHj;jkhf
khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;W vJTk; ,y;yhky; kj;jpa epiwNtw;W mjpfhukhdit
khfhzrigfspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; cWg;Giu 154 (f) MdJ mikr;rHfs; rigapy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,t;tplakhdJ 154 F kw;Wk; 2 ,y; njspTgLj;jg;gl
MSdH mikr;rHfs; rig kw;Wk; VidNahhpd; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nraw;gLtJ
Fwpj;J nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. MSdhpd; jPHkhdq;fspd; nraw;gLj;JifahdJ [dhjpgjpapd;
,af;FifapypUe;J nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhf njspthf Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 127
126
1989 Mk; Mz;L 11 ,y khfhzrigfs; gpd;tpisT rl;l%yj;jpd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;ig ghu;f;f
127
murpayikg;gpd; 154 f(2) cWg;Giu njhlu;ghf cau;ePjpkd;wk; gpNukr;re;jpuh vjpuhf [atpf;uk
gf;fk; 45
1989 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; gpd;tpisT Vw;ghLfshdit128 epiwNtw;W

jd;tpUg;Gr; nraw;ghLfis129 kw;Wk; rl;lkhf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l130 rl;lq;fspd; Clhf
kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ murhq;f mjpfhhpfsplk; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; MSdH>
khfhz mikr;rHfs;> kw;Wk; khfhz murhq;f mjpfhhpfSf;Fk; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,e;j gpd;tpisT
Vw;ghLfshdit khfhzrig epuypYs;s tplaq;fsplk; njhlHGila rl;lq;fsplk; khj;jpuNk
gpuNahfpff
; f;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mj;Jld; 1987 etk;gH 17 f;F Kd;gjhf rl;lkhf;fg;gl;litfSld;
,J njhlHGgLfpwJ. mjhtJ 13 tJ jpUj;jk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; vd;gd ew;rhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l
jpfjp) cWg;Giu 154 G (8) (1) kw;Wk; gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;lk; khfhz epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuk; vd;gd khfhzrig epuypYs;s tplaq;fSld; njhlHGila Kd;Ng cs;s kj;jpa
rl;lthf;fq;fspd; gpufhukhf mjhtJ khfhzrigfs; jdf;F mjpfhukpy;yhj jdJ nrhe;j
epahahjpf;fk; ,y;yhj tplaq;fspy; nraw;gLj;jg;glyhnkd cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;G toq;fpaJ.131
,J khfhz epiwNtw;Wiff;F chpa rl;lq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij tp];jhpg;Gr; nra;Ak; xd;whFk;.132

chpa rl;l tiffspd; fPNo kj;jpa mikr;rHfspdJk; nghJ mjpfhhpfspdJk; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuj;ij ,J jLj;J itf;fhJ. ,r; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpisAk; epiy vd;dntdpy; kj;jpa
kw;Wk; khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhhpfs; jk; rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlHGila tpjkhf gpd;tpisT Vw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpd; jhf;fkhdJ
kpfTk; tiuaiwAilajhf ,Ug;gJld;> cWg;Giu 144 (8) ,d; fPo; khfhz rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuj;jpd; tPrn
; ry;iyAk; mdNyhNfh]; my;yhjjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
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khfhz epahahjpf;fkhdJ kPs miof;fg;gLtJld;> Vw;fdNt cs;s kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;Jld;
xt;thj tifapyhd eltbf;if epWj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijAk; ,J nfhz;Ls;sJ.133
gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;litfisf; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fhJ> mjpfhug;

gfpHtpd; 13 tJ jpUj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gl;l xU tpkHrdq;fspy; xd;whdJ vd;dntdpy;
murpayikg;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;l tiuaWf;fg;gl;l rl;lf Ntiyg;ghL $l rl;lthf;fj;ij
mOj;jpf;fhl;Lk; Vida Jz;lq;fshy; NkYk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf
(gpuj;jpNafkhf my;yhj khfhzrig rl;lkhFk;)134 tpkHrdj;jpd; nry;Ygbj;jd;ikahdJ
MSdUf;F mspf;fg;gl;l Nkyjpfkhd ngUk; mjpfhuq;fspD}lhf fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ
khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpNy ,t; mjpfhuq;fs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.
128
1989k; Mz;L ,yf;fk; 11 rl;lk; njhlu;ghdJ
129
cWg;Giu 2(1) gpupT
130
cWg;Giu 2(2) gpupT
131
myt;t vjpuhf fl;Lfk;gy g.Neh.$.rq;fk;
132
xU kpfTk; gbahd epiyg;ghl;by; xU FWfpa gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghl;L rl;lj;jpd; xU FWfpa Nehf;fpy;
nrhy;tjpd;gb murpayikg;G epuy; 1 ml;ltiz 9 ,d; nrhy;yg;gl;ltplaq;fs; kPJ vOjpa rl;lq;fspd;
tpahf;fpahdj;jpw;fhd ,ilf;fhy Vw;ghLfis cUthf;Fk; xU rl;lk;
133
mj;jpahak; 3.1 ,d; kPjhd fye;Jiuahly;
gf;fk; 46
rl;lj;jpd; gFjp 3 MdJ khfhz epjpAld; njhlHGgLfpd;wJ. MSdhpd; tfpgq;fhdJ mtiu

khfhz epjpaikr;ruhff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.135 MSduhdth; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd;
KftH vd;w tifapy; mtH khfhz kf;fshy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ltuhf ,uhjjpdhy; mjpfhug;
gfpHTf; nfhs;iff;F Kuz;ghlhf MSdH mtHfs; khfhz epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;JtJld; Kf;fpa epjp mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. cz;ikapy;
MSduhy; rpghHR nra;ag;gLk; nghJ tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nrytPdq;fspd; Kd;nkhopTfis
kWf;fNth mq;ff P hpf;f Ntz;ba mjpfhuk; khfhz rigaplk; jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.136 nghJ epjp
rk;ge;jg;gl;l nghWg;ghdJ khfhzj;jhy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;WdHfsplk; ,Ug;gNj
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd [dehaff; nfhs;ifahf ,Uf;Fk;.
mt;thNw rl;lj;jpd; gFjp 4 ck; khfhz nghJr; Nrit mjpfhuq;fs; MSdhplk; ,Ug;gijf;
fhl;LfpwJ.137 khfhz nghJr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpw;fhd ,Ue;jNghJk; mt; mikg;ghdJ
MSdhpd; mbg;gil mjpfhuq;fisNa ntWkNd nfhz;bUg;gjhy; khfhz nghJr; Nritapd;
RahjPdj;ij mJ ghjpff; pdw
; J. khfhzrigahy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l mjw;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yf;$ba
khfhz mikr;rHfspd; tpUg;gq;fisAk; fUj;jpy; vLf;fhJ khfhz mikr;rpd; njhopw;ghLfis
kiwKfkhff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F MSdUf;F ,aYikaspf;fpd;J.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fSf;fpilapyhd cilthd ,k; KiwahdJ nraw;jpwd;

kw;Wk; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;yy; Nghd;w ,yf;FfSf;F vjpuhd xd;Wglhj fl;likg;ghf Nehf;fg;gLfpdw
; J.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l MSdH kw;Wk; mikr;rHfs; rig vd;gtw;Wf;F ,ilNa
gjw;wj;ij cUthf;Ftjhy; ,J nraw;jpwdw;wjhf cs;sJld;> khfhz epHthfj;jpd; ,jkhd
njhopw;ghl;ilAk; ,J ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nghWg;GzHT kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
cwTfis ,J ntbg;Ngw;gLj;Jtjhy;> nghWg;Gf;$wy; gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk;nghOJk; ,J
gpur;rpidf;Fhpajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mikr;rh;fs; rigahdJ $l;lhf khfhz rigf;F
nghWg;ghdjhfTk;> gjpy;nrhy;y Ntz;bajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> khfhzj;jpd; nghJ epjp njhlHghd
mbg;gilg; nghWg;G mtHfsplk; ,y;iy. MSdH [dhjpgjpf;F khj;jpuk; gjpy; nrhy;y
Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> mtUila elj;ijahdJ ngUkstpy; khfhzrigapdhy; ghPlr ; pjJ
; Muhag;gl
Ntz;ba xd;whf ,y;iy. MdhYk; mtiu mfw;Wtjhd tpNrl nrad;Kiwfspd;NghJ ,J
tpjptpyf;fhf cs;sJ.138 MdhYk; vy;yh khfhz epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; epHthf nraw;ghLfshdit
ePjpj;Jiw kPs;ghHitf;F cl;gLfpd;wJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mbg;gil chpikfs; ePjpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. 139
nghJ epHthfj;jpd; fl;likg;Gf;$l Nkyjpf murpayikg;G mbg;gilapy; khfhz rigapd;

tpidj;jpwd; nraw;ghlhdJ njhlHr;rpahf fPoe
; piyg;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd;
mwpKfkhdJ murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW kl;l Kiwikfspd; xspapNy nghJr;Nritfis
kPsf;fl;likg;gij mj;jpatrpag;gLj;jpdhYk; mJ nra;ag;gltpy;iy. mjw;F khwhf kj;jpa
murhq;fkhdJ mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYf;F Ke;jpa fl;likg;Gfs;> nrad;Kiwfs;> gof;fq;fs;>
vd;gtw;WlNdNa ,d;Dk; njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ cg khtl;l
134
13 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpfs;
135
khfhzrig rl;lj;jpd; 24>25>26>28>30 gpupTfs;
136
khfhzrig rl;lj;jpd; 36k; gphpT
137
khfhz rig Kjyikr;rupd; xg;GjNyhL rpNu\;l mur mjpfhup gpujk nrayhsuhf [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLthu;.
138
khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpd; 18tJ cWg;GiuNahL thrpf;f 154 B (4)
139
guNk];tup [aNjtd; vjpuhf rl;lkh mjpgu; (1992) 2 SLR 356
gf;fk; 47
kl;lj;jpy; Gjpa kj;jpa murhq;f epWtdq;fis mwpKfk; nra;J (gpuhe;jpa nrayfq;fs;)

khfhzrigfs; epWtpajw;F gpwg ; hL$l mt; mYtyfq;fis epWtp khfhzrigfs; fPoe
; piyg;gLj;j
tbtikf;fg;gl;lit Nghy Njhd;Wfpd;wd.140 tpisT epiy vd;dntdpy; kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ
Neubahf khtl;l> gpuhe;jpa> fpuhkpa kl;lq;fspy; khtl;l nrayfq;fs; Clhf (fhydpj;Jt
murhq;f mjpgHfs;) gpuhe;jpa nrayfq;fs;> fpuhkNrtfHfs;> vd;NghH Clhf rkhe;jukhdJk;
Nghl;bahdJkhd epHthff; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;L nraw;gLfpwJ. fPo;epiy kl;lq;fspNy
khfhzrigahdJ xg;gplj;jf;f epHthff; fl;likg;G xd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.141
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpNy epWtd nrad;Kiw kw;Wk; fzprkhd tiuaiwfspd; %ykhf rl;lthf;f

mjpfhuj;jpd; gfpHthdJ tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;lij ehq;fs; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. gutyhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij ,t;thW nraw;gLj;Jk; rl;lf mikg;ig NkYk; tiuaiw nra;tij
,t;thW ehk; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpYk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. Vnddpy;
khfhzj;jpw;Fs;shd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; fzprkhd gFjpahdJ MSdH vdg;gLk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhhpapdhNyNa epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.1 MSdh;
cWg;Giu 154 B (1) xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; xU MSdiu toq;Ffpd;wJ. MSduhdth;

[dhjpgjpahy; 05 tUlf; fhyg;gFjpf;F epakpf;fg;gLtJld; mJ GJg;gpf;fg;glf;$ba xd;whfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ. 142MSdH NtW gjtpfis tfpf;f khl;lhH.143 cWg;Giu 154 B (2) ,d; gpufhuk;
MSdH [dhjpgjpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd; NghpNyNa gjtpiaf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhH. mjd; mHj;jkhdJ
[dhjpgjp mtiu ve;j Neuj;jpYk; tpyf;fptplyhk; vd;gjhFk;. gjtp tpyFtijj; jtpu144
khfhzrigahdJ [dhjpgjpf;F murpayikg;ig Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPwpanjd;w mbg;gilapy;
mtiu mfw;Wtjw;F kjpAiu $Wk; gl;rj;jpYk; 145gpioahd elj;ij> Coy; mjpfhu
J~;gpuNahfj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk; 146mwf;Fw;wrhl;Lld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l xU Fw;wk; my;yJ ,yQ;rf;
Fw;w czHT fhzg;gLjy; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapYk; ,jid 147 Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,jid
rkHg;gpg;gjw;fhd xU jPHkhdkhdJ khfhzrigapd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;bAs;sJ.148
mjw;F Nkyhf mt;tifahd jPh;khdkhJ khfhzrigapd; jtprhsuhy; nfhz;Ltug;glNth

my;yJ cWg;gpdHfspy; miuthrpg; Nghpdhy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L mwptpj;jy; nfhLf;fg;gl;L
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l jPhk
; hdkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd jPHkhdkhdJ khfhz rig jtprhsuhy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl KbahjjhfTk;> my;yJ cWg;gpdHfspd; miuthrpg;Nghpdhy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L
140
1992,d; 58k; ,yf;f gpuNjrr; nrayffr; rl;lk; mNrhf;f Fztu;jd FO mwpf;if ghu;f;f mj;jpahak; 4
141
khtl;lq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epjp xJf;fPL Fwpg;gpl;l mur mjpgu;fshNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
142
cWg;Giu 154 B (1) kw;Wk; (5)
143
cWg;Giu 154 B (7)
144
cWg;Giu 154 B (3)
145
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) a (i)
146
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) a (ii)
147
cWg;Giu 154 B (iii)
148
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) a
gf;fk; 48
jPHkhdj;jpw;fhd mwptpg;G Nkw;nfhz;lhy; xopa mt;thW nra;ag;gl KbahJ. 149,t;tz;zkhf

ntWkNd njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khfhz rl;lkhf;FdHfSf;F khfhzj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhhpapd;
Nkyhz;ikia mfw;wptpLk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. ,e;j Vw;ghLfs; vy;yhk; cr;r fl;lj;jpy;
MSduhdtH [dhjpgjpf;F nkhj;j fz;zpakhf elg;gij Ntz;b epw;fpwJ.
13 tJ jpUj;jk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; MSduhdtH nghJ ,ay;Gila kw;Wk; gy

tpNrbj;j mjpfhuq;fSld; fhzg;gLfpwhh;. khfhzj;jpd; ehshe;j epHthfj;jpw;fhd rfy tifahd
mjpfhuq;fSk; mthplk; ,Ug;gJld;> mtrufhu #o;epiyfSf;fhd Nkyjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fisAk;
murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfs; toq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.
Vw;fdNt ehq;fs; fz;lJNghy khfhz kl;lj;jpd; nghJthd epiwNtw;W mjpfhukhdJ cWg;Giu

154 C kw;Wk; cWg;Giu F ,Ny cWg;Giu 154 B (2) Ald; cWg;Giu 4 B 150 vd;gtw;wpNy
thrpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 144 ,e;j Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfshf ,U ntspg;gilahd Kiwikfs; cWg;Giu 154 C, cWg;Giu
F ,Ny tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1 MSdH epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij Neubahf jd;tpUg;Gg;gb epiwNtw;WfpwhH. mq;Nf

murpayikg;gpd; fPNo mtuhy; nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpdw; J.151 my;yJ mikr;rHfs; rigapd;
152
kjpAiu Clhf mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wfpwhh;. vt;tpjkhd #o;epiyfspy; ,t;tpUtpjkhd KiwfSk;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij njspthfg; GhpeJ
; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhdjhFk;. 153
jd;tpUg;gpy; vd;w nrhw;gjkhdJ rl;lNehf;fpy; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtuhy; toq;fg;gl;l

mjpfhuq;fSf;Fs; mtUf;F ,Uf;Fk; xU njhpT tPrr ; pwF
; s; ,Ue;J MSdH njhpit nraw;gLj;Jk;
xU nraw;ghlhf ,jid vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. FbNaW Fwpj;j cz;ikahd epiyikAld;
njhlHGglf;$ba tifapy; rl;lk; Fwpf;fg;gLtijAk; vt;thW MSdH nraw;gLfpwhH vd;gJld;
njhlHGgLj;jpg; ghHf;fyhk;. mt;thwhd #o;epiyapy; vt;thW MSdH nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; ,jd; mbg;gilapy; njhlHGgLj;jpg; ghHf;fyhk;. ,t;tifapyhd epiyikfspid
tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; tifapy; Kjyikr;rhpd; epakdk; njhlHghf MSdhpd; njhopw;ghl;by;
rk;ge;jkhd Vw;ghLfSf;Fk; ,t;tpU tpjkhd epiyikfisAk; tpsf;fk; nra;ayhk;. cWg;Giu
154 F (4) MdJ rigapd; ngUk;ghyhd cWg;gpdHfspd; Mjuitg; ngw;W fl;lisaplf;$ba
xUtuhf mtH fUJgtiu khfhzrigapd; cWg;gpdiu gpujk mikr;ruhf jd;tpUg;gpy; epakpf;f
mDkjpff ; pwJ. xU jdpjj
; fl;rp my;yJ FOthdJ mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ikia ngwhj epiyikapy ; ;
MSdH Kjyikr;riu epakpf;Fk; njhptpy; epakkhd rl;l hPjpahd tpUg;G mtUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. khwhf khfhzrigf;F njhpT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdHfs; miuthrpg; NgUf;F
Nkyhf xU fl;rpapypUe;J ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ cWg;Giu 154 F (4) Vw;ghLfs; Ntz;bepw;gjd;
gpufhuk; mf; F Otpd; jiytH Kjyikr; r uhfj; epakpf; f g; g LfpwhH. jdJ tpUg; i g
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ve;jj; njhpTk; mthplk; ,Uf;fhJ.154
149
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) f
150
Nkw;gb 4k; mj;jpahaj;ijg; ghHf;f.
151
cWg;Giu 154 F (1)
152
khfhzrig mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridg;gb MSeu; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.
153
k`pe;jNrhk – Nrdehaf;f (1996) 1 SLR 180 (CA)@ Nrdehaf;f – k`pe;jNrhk (1998) 2 SLR 333 (SC)
154
cWg;Giu 154 B (10)
gf;fk; 49
khfhzj;jpd; rhjhuz epHthf nrad;Kiwapd; nghOJ MSdH jdJ nrhe;j tpUg;gpd;

mbg;gilapy; mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;j Ntz;batuhf ,Uf;fpwhH. (RahjPdkhf Kjyikr;rhpd;
kw;Wk; mikr;rHfs; rigapd; kjpAiuAld;) NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Kjyikr;rH epakdj;jpw;F
Nkyjpfkhf khfhz epahahjpf;fq;fSf;fhd ,zf;fj;jpd; mtuJ tpUg;gk; njhlHghf MSdhpd;
tfpgq;fhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xd;whf ,Uf;fpwJ. ePq;fs; Vw;fdNt ghHj;jjd; gpufhuk;
khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd rl;lthf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; MSdhpd; ,zf;fkhdJ xU Kf;fpakhd
gFjpahf cs;sJ.150 MSdH ,zf;fj;ij njhptpf;fyhk; xU khfhz epahahjpf;fj;jpw;fhd
,zf;fj;ij jLj;J itj;jpUf;fyhk;. kPs;ghprPyidf;fhf mtH epahahjpf;fj;ij jpUg;gp
mDg;gptplyhk;. mtH rpghHRf;fhf khfhzrigf;F jpUj;jj;jpwf
; hd rpghHRf;fhf mDg;gp itf;fyhk;
151
my;yJ [dhjpgjp cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;Gtjw;fhf epahahjpf;fj;ij xJf;fp itf;fyhk;.
cWg;Giu 154 H ,d; gpufhuk; MSdhpd; ,zf;fkpd;wp ve;jtpjkhd khfhz epahahjpf;fKk;
nry;Ybaw;w rl;lkhf;f KbahJ.
khfhzrigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikapd; Mjuitg; ngwhj NtisapNy MSdH jd; tpUg;G mbg;gilapy;

khfhzrigiaf; $l;lNth xj;jpg;NghlNth> fiyf;fNth mjpfhuKilatuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;.152
Kjyikr;rH ngUk;ghd;ikiaf; iff;nfhs;shjtplj;J ,t; mjpfhuq;fs; MSdUf;F ,Ug;gjhf
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; njspthfj; njhptpj;jpUf;fpwJ. cWg;Giu 154 F (8) ,d; fPo; jdJ mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;j Kbahj ngUk;ghd;ikAld; $ba Kjyikr;rhpd; tpUg;GfSf;F vjpuhf ,t;thW
nraw;glf;$bajhf cs;sJ.153 ,J njhlHghfTk; khfhzrigf;F nra;jp mDg;g tpUk;Gk;
nghONjh my;yJ khfhzrigapy; ciuahw;w tpUk;Gk;nghONjh mtH jdJ tpUg;gg;gb
nraw;glf;$bajhf cs;sJ. 154
,jw;F Nkyhf tpjptpyf;fhd epiyikfspy; murpayikg;gpd; njhopw;ghLfSld; <LgLk;nghOJ

MSdH jdJ tpUg;gg;gb nraw;gLfpwhH. cWg;Giu 154 G MdJ mtrufhy epiyikfspy;
MSdH jdJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpjk; Fwpj;J MSdUf;F [dhjpgjp
,af;Fiffis toq;Fk;gbahd mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. cWg;Giu 154 L MdJ
khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns epHthf ,ae;jpuk; jtWk; #o;epiyfspy; mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjpaplk;
itj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. 154 L ,d; Vw;ghLfs; nraw;gLk; topfspy; xd;whf murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk;
khfhz epHthfj;ijf; nfhz;L nry;y Kbahj epiy vOe;Js;snjd mtH [dhjpgjpf;F
mwptpjj; y; mDg;Gk;nghOJ Vw;gLfpwJ. MSdH ,t;tz;zkhd KbTf;F jdJ nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd;
Nghpy; te;jpUg;gJ ntspg;gilahFk;nghOJ> mikr;rh;fs; rigapd; kjpAiu kPjhd Muk;g
Kidg;Gld; [dhjpgjpf;F mt;thwhd mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;jHg;gj;ij mJ jLj;JtplhJ.
cWg;Giu 154 N ,d; gpufhuk; ehl;bNyh my;yJ NtW xU gFjpapNyh epjp ];jpuj;jd;ikapy;yhj
epiy Fwpj;J [dhjpgjp gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lnghOJ Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lthwhd epjp
Kd;Dhpikia khfhzj;jpy; mD~;bf;Fk;gb MSdUf;F mjd;gb mwpTWj;jy;fis tpLf;fyhk;.
155
1990 Mk; Mz;L 27 Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; %ykhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
156
gphpT 5A (b)
157
gphpT 5 A (a)
158
1990 Mk; Mz;L 27 Mk; ,yf;fj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; gphpT 5 (3)
159
gphpT 15> 19> 20> 23> 24> 25>26> 27 (cWg;Giu 154 H) 28> 29 gphpT 24 (3)> 30> 32 kw;Wk; 33 khfhzrigr; rl;lk;
gphpT 11 (c)
gf;fk; 50
mt;thwhd epiyapy; [dhjpgjpapd; mwpTWj;jYf;F xj;Jg;NghFk; tifapy; MSdH jdJ

mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;;. cWg;Giu 154 f (1) MdJ murpayikg;gpw;F mika
MSdUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfisAk;
toq;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis vLjJf;$Wfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; khfhzrig rl;lkhdJ xU
njhFjp mjpfhuq;fisAk; njhopw;ghLfisAk; MSdUf;F vd mikj;Js;sJ. mJ epHthfj;jpy;
mtUf;Fs;s tfpgq;if cWjpg;gLj;jp epw;fpwJ.
gphpT 5A160 jhf;fkhd tpjj;jpy; mrhjhuz #o;epiyfspy; [dhjpAldhd njhlHghlYld;

khfhzrigia fiyg;gjw;F MSdUf;F mjpfhuq;fis toq;FfpwJ. me; epiyikfspy;
khfhzrigahdJ vy;yh Nehf;fq;fSlDk; njhopw;ghlw;W NghFk; rkaj;jpYk;161 my;yJ mjd;;
cWg;gpdHfspd; miuthrpf;F Nkw;gl;NlhH murpayikg;gpid kWj;J fUj;J ntspg;gLj;Jk;
#o;epiyapy; my;yJ jkJ gjtpepiy rj;jpag;gpukhzj;jpw;F Kuzhd tpjj;jpy; ele;J nfhs;Sk;
gl;rj;jpy; 162 ,t;thW nra;af;$bajhf cs;sJ. MSdhpd; njhlHghly; [dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gg;gLk;
gl;rj;jpy; khfhzrig fiyf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kpfTk; njspthf gphpT 5 A apd; fPo;
MSdhpd; gpuj;jpNafkhd tpUg;gpd; Nghpy; xU njhlHghly; xd;W cz;ikahd #o;epiyfspy;
,t;thW nra;ag;gLk; epiyiaj; Njitg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wJ. 163
kpfg; nghJthf khfhzrigfs; rl;lkhdJ khfhzj;jpd; rhjhuz epHthfj;jpy; MSdH nraw;gLj;Jk;

njhopw;ghLfis Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ.164 mr; rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; %d;W gue;Jgl;l
tplaq;fs; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;f mYtypd; elj;ij (rl;lj;jpd; gFjp
2) epjp (gFjp 3) khfhz nghJr; Nritapd; nraw;gLj;JifAk; fl;Lg;ghLk; (gFjp 4)
MSdhpd; ,zf;fj;165 njhopw;ghl;bw;F Nkyjpfkhf mtH khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;fr;

nrad;Kiwapd; khfhz mikr;rHfspilNa mYty;fis xJf;Fk; xOq;FfisAk; MSdH
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;.166
khfhzrigapd; epjp kw;Wk; epjpahjpff

; j;jpwf
; hd nrad;Kiwfs; njhlHghf MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
kpfTk; njspthditahf cs;sJld;> [dehafk; kw;Wk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; nfhs;iffSld;
Mff; Fiwe;jJ nghUe;jf;$badthfTk; cs;sd.167 khfhz epjp tplaq;fis MSk; vy;yh
xOq;FfisAk; MSdH Nkw;nfhs;tJld; 168 khfhz epjp khfhzj;jpd; mtrufhy epjp vd;gd
cl;gl midj;ijAk; ifahs;fpwhh;.169 MSdhpd; rpghHR170 ,d;wp khfhz rigapd; ve;jtpkhd
160
cWg;Giu 154 H
161
gphpT 15 (1)
162
rl;lj;jpd; gFjp III
163
gphpT 19 (5)
164
gphpT 20 (3)
165
gphpT 24
166
gphpT 25
167
gphpT 26(3)
168
gphpT 27 ia thrpf;f cWg;Giu gFjp 154 H
169
gphpT 28
170
gphpT 29 gFjp 24 (3)
gf;fk; 51
tUkhdk; nrytpdj;NjhL rk;ge;jg;gl;l tUkhd epajpahjpf;fq;fshdit mwpKfk; nra;ag;glNth

Kd;nkhopag;glNth Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glNth KbahJ. khfhz epHthfj;jpd; tUlhe;j tuT
nryTj;jpl;lj;ij MSdNu Kd;itf;fpwhH. (mJ tUlhe;j epjpf;$w;W vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ)
,J tuTfs; kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fspd; kjpg;gPLfisf; fhl;LfpwJ.171 mj;Jld; khfhzrigf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; khdpaq;fSf;fhd172 vy;yhj; NjitfisAk; mtH rpghHR nra;a Ntz;Lk;. tUlhe;j
tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij mq;ff
P hpg;gjw;F khfhzrig mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtisapy;
gpd;tpisT xJf;fy;fspd; epahahjpf;fkhdJ MSdhpd; ,zf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLfpwJ.173
epjpahz;bd;nghOjhd G+uzg;gLj;jy; khdpaq;fSf;Nfh>174 fzf;F thf;fpw;Nfh175 Md ve;jf;
Nfs;tpAk; MSdH %ykhfNt Muk;gpf;fg;gl KbAk;. khfhzrigf;fhd khfhz epHthfj;jpd;
fzf;fha;Tf; fzf;ifAk; MSdNu rkHg;gpff ; pwhH.176 RUf;fkhf ,t; Vw;ghLfspd; xd;W jpul;lg;gl;l
jhf;fj;jpy; MSduhdth; khfhzj;jpd; epjpaikr;rH; Mf;fg;gLfpwhH;.
epjp rl;lf mikg;gpw;F xj;jjhf khfhzg; nghJr;NritapdJ nraw;gLj;Jiff;Fk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jiff;Fkhd xOq;F mikg;Gf;fSk; MSdhplj;jpNyNa cs;sd.177 2001 Mk;
Mz;L murpayikg;Gf;fhd 17 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l xU nghJr;Nrit kj;jpa
kl;lj;jpd; RahjPdj;jpw;fhd xOq;fikg;Gr; rl;lf NtiyahdJ khfhz nghJr;NritAld;
njhlHGila nrad;KiwfSf;F ve;jtpjkhd vLj;jpak;gy; gpd;tpisT khw;wq;fisr;
nra;atpy;iy.178 epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpePf;fk; xOf;fr; nraw;ghl;L fl;Lg;ghL> khfhzr;
nghJr;Nrit mjpfhhpfspd; epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpePf;fk;> kw;Wk; xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghL
vd;gtw;wpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs; MSdhplNk fhzg;gLfpd;wd.179 MSduhdtH ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis
khfhzrig nghJr;Nrit180 Mizf;FOtpw;F toq;fyhk;.181 mjd; cWg;gpdHfSk; jtprhsUk;
mtuhNy epakpf;fg;gl;L> mtuhNy mfw;wg;glf;$batHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.182 khfhz
nghJr;Nritfs; Mizf;FOtpd; jPHkhdq;fis my;yJ fl;lisfs; kPJ Nkyhjpf;fk; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuk; MSdUf;F cz;L.183 ,e;j Vw;ghLfspd; xspapNy khfhz nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
RahjPdj;jpw;fhd rl;lf Ntiy kw;Wk; mjd; topahf khfhz nghJr; Nrit vd;gd
jhf;ftpisTs;sditahf fUjg;gl KbahJ.
171
gphpT 23 (2)
172
rl;lj;jpd; gFjp IV
173
17 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ,d;Dk; ,uz;L jpUj;jq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
174
gphpT 32 (1)
175
gphpT 32 (3)
176
gphpT 32 (2)
177
gphpT 33 (1) kw;Wk; (3)
178
gphpT 33 (8)
179
Kjyikr;rHfs; ngUk;ghd;ikia mDgtpf;f tpUk;GgtHfSf;F vjpuhhf [dhjpgjpapd; mwpTWj;jypd;; gpufhuk;
khfhz rigfisf; fiyg;gjw;F MSdhpd; jPHkhdq;fs;
180
4.1 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ
181
cWg;Giu 154 F (4)
182
cWg;Giu 154 F (4) Vw;ghLfs;
183
cWg;Giu 154 F (5)
gf;fk; 52
,q;Nf cs;s xU Kf;fpa tplak; vd;dntdpy; cWg;Giu 154 J, cWg;Giu 154 L> cWg;Giu
154 N kw;Wk; gphpT 5 A vd;gtw;why; rpe;jpf;fg;gl;l mrhuzkhd epiyikfspy; my;yhJ
MSduhdth; jd; tpUg;gj;jpy; jdJ njhopw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;JtJ epahakhdjhfpwJ.
fl;lj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l kpfg; nghJthd njhopw;ghLfSk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;gpy; (mikr;rHfs;
rigapd; kjpAiuia gpd;gw;w my;yJ ehl rl;lhPjpahf flg;ghLilajhf ,y;iy) epahahjpf;f
Vw;ghLfspd; xU tpahf;fpahdkhdJ MSdH mikr;rHfs; rigapd; kjpAiuapd; gpufhuk;
nraw;gl Ntz;baJ ,y;iy vd Rl;bf;fhl;LtJNghy; njhpfpwJ. mjw;F khwhf epahahjpf;f
Vw;ghLfspd; Nehf;fkhd tpsf;fkhdJ cWg;Giu 154 1 ,d; mHj;jj;JlDk; [dehafk; kw;Wk;
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYld; xj;Jg;NghtJkhdJ MSduhdtH njhpT nra;ag;gl;l mikr;rHfspd;
kjpAiuapd; gpufhuk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTiu toq;FfpwJ. MdhYk; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
nraw;ghl;bYs;s khfhzrigfspd; eilKiw mDgtj;jpy; fle;j ,uz;L jrhg;jj;jpd; MSdHfs;
mikr;rHfSld; xUikg;ghl;Lld; nghJthf njhopw;gl;bUf;fpd;wdh;. MdhYk; Kuz;ghLfs;
ePjpia ehbr; nrd;wjw;fhd rk;gtq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.184 epahahjpf;f rl;lf NtiyAld;
njhlHGgl;L Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba gue;Jgl;l xU tplak; vd;dntdpy; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpd;
Vw;ghLfshdit MSdUf;fhd xU ,ilntspia jpwe;Jtpl;l tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mtH [dhjpgjpapd; mwpTWj;jy;fs; kPJ kpfTk; tpUg;Gilatuhf ,Ug;gpd; mikr;rHfspd; rig
vd;wtifapy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; tpUg;Gf;fSf;F vjpuhf mtH ehshe;j epHthf mYty;fspy;
nraw;gl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
184
cWg;Giu 154 F (6)
gf;fk; 53
4.2 Kjyikr;rUk; mikr;rHfs; rigAk;
cWg;Giu 154 f (1) MdJ Kjyikr;rH jiyikapyhd mikr;rHfs; rigAlDk; kw;Wk;

cjTtjw;fhd Vida 4 f;F Nkw;glhj mikr;rHfSk;> khfhz mikr;rh; jdJ njhopw;ghLfis
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F kjpAiu toq;FgtHfSkhf ,Ug;ghHfs; vd mt; cWg;Giu Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
mt; cWg;Giu NkYk; nrhy;ifapy; MSdH jd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Nghpy; murpayikg;gpdhy;
Ntz;lg;gLk; njhopwg
; hLfis mk; kjpAiufspd; gpufhuk; nraw;gLj;Jthh;. ,t;thwhf Kjyikr;rUk;>
mikr;rHfs; rigAk; murpayikg;G mbg;gilapyhd mjpfhuq;fSld; khfhzrig nraw;gLk;.
mikr;rHfs; rigapd; mjpfhuq;fspd; ,ay;ghdJ ,tHfspd; kjpAiuapd; gpufhuk; MSdH kPJ
itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; nghJf; flikapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> tpNrbj;j rpy epiyikfspy;
mtH jdpj;J nraw;gl Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. khfhzj;jpd; mNefkhd epHthf tplaq;fspy;
mikr;ru; rigahdJ nfhs;iffis jPHkhdpg;gjpy; RahjPdkhf ,Ue;J jPHkhdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> mitfis epiwNtw;WtjpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYk; MSdUk;
,ize;Jnfhs;thh;. MdhYk; ,t;thwhd fzprkhd MSdhpd; mjpfhu tPr;rpy; mikr;rHfs;
rigapd; Rahl;rpapd; kPJ fzprkhd tiuaiwfs; ,lg;gLfpd;wd. 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpYk;>
khfhzrigr; rl;lj;jpYk; vq;NfDk; Kjyikr;rUf;Fk;> mikr;rHfs; rigf;Fkhd185 njhopwg ; hLfs;>
mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs; Fwpj;J tpNrbj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khfhzrigapd; ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdHfsplk; fl;lisiaAk;> MjuitAk; nrYj;jf;$ba

khfhzrig cWg;gpdH vdf; fUjg;gLgtiu MSdH epakpff ; pwhH.186 khfhzrigapd
; ; cWg;gpdHfspy;
miuthrpf;F Nkw;gl;NlhH xU fl;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ mf;fl;rpapd; jiytiu Kjyikr;ruhf
mtH epakpf;f Ntz;ba NjitNaw;gLfpwJ.187 Vida mikr;riu Kjyikr;rhpd; kjpAiuAld;
MSdH epakpf;fpwhh;.188 mikr;rHfspd; rigahdJ $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtJld;
khfhzrigf;F gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;bajhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.189 MSdH mikr;rHfs; rigapd;
cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;. mikr;rHfspd; rigahdJ njhpT nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;WdHfshf
$l;lhf khfhzrigf;F nghWg;Gf;$WgtHfshfTk;> gjpy; $WgtHfshfTk; ,Ug;gij
mj;jpatrpakhfTk;> tpUk;gg;gLk; xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLifapy; ehq;fs; ghHg;gJNghy MSdH
jd; tpUg;gj;jpy; Kf;fpakhd epiwNtw;Wj; njhopw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;iy. MapDk;
mtH khfhz epHthfj;jpw;fhd epjp Vw;ghLfSf;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;whh;. MfNt ,e;jf;
fl;likg;gpNy MSdh; mikr;rh;fspd; $l;Lg; nghWg;Gf;F fl;Lg;gl;L ,y;yhjpUg;gJld;>
khfhzrigf;F gjpy;nrhy;y Ntz;batuhfTk; ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;whh;.
Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; mikr;rHfs; rigapd; Kf;fpa mjpfhuq;fSs; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ MSdUf;F

khfhzrigiaf; $l;Ljy;> xj;jpitj;jy;> fiyj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; kjpAiu toq;Ftjw;fhd
mjpfhukhFk;.190 ,j;njhopw;ghLfis MSdH Kjyikr;rhpd; MNyhridAlNdNa nraw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;. khfhz rigia tpNrlkhf fiyj;jy;> Gjpa NjHjiy mioj;jy;> vd;gtw;Wld;
185
cWg;Giu 154 B (8)
186
cWg;Giu 154 B (8) (d)
187
chpa fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;ghfNt 2008 [{dpy; tlkj;jpa kw;Wk; rg;gpufKt khfhzk; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ
njhlHghdJ
188
cWg;Giu 154 B (11) (a)
189
cWg;Giu 154 B (11) (b)
190
cWg;Giu 154 B (11) (c)
gf;fk; 54
njhlHghd jPHkhdq;fspy; khfhz Rahjpff ; j;ij Ra Ml;rpiag; ghjpfF

; k; Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fspy;
fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. MdhYk; Kjyikr;rH MdtH ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuit
mDgtpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuNk mtuJ MNyhridia gpd;gw;wf; flikg;gLfpwhh;.191
khfhzrigapy; Kjyikr;rUf;F ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhjnghOJ khfhzrigiaf; $l;ly;>
xj;jpitj;jy;> fiyj;jy;> vd;gtw;Wf;F MSdH jd;tpUg;gpd; gbNa nraw;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.192
Kjyikr;ruhdth; murpayikg;G flikapd; fPo; MSdhpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; mikr;rHfs; rigapd;

vy;yhj; jPHkhdq;fisAk; MSdUf;F njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;bapUg;gJld; khfhzr; rl;lj;jpd;
Kd;nkhopTfisAk; mtUf;F njhpag;gLj;Jfpwhh;.193 MSdH Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;Fk;nghOJ khfhz
epHthfk; kw;Wk; rl;lthf;f tiuGfs; njhlHghd jfty;fis mtUf;F toq;FtJld; 194
my;yJ MSdH ghprPypf;Fk;gb Ntz;Lk; ve;j tplaj;ijAk; mikr;rHfs; rigapd; ghprPyidf;F
rkHg;gpf;fpd;whh;.195 kPz;Lk; ,e;j Kjyikr;rH kw;Wk; Vida mikr;rHfSld; njhlHGila
MSdhpd; Nky;epiy gjtpepiyahdJ khfhzj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wj; jPHkhdk; vLj;jy;> kw;Wk;
nfhs;if cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; jilahf cs;sJ.
MSdNuhL fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk; mtuJ mjpfhuj;Jtk; Njitahf cs;sJ vd;w

Njitg;ghLfspd; epkpj;jkhf murpay; mikg;ghYk; khfhzrigfs; rl;lj;jpdhYk; murpay;
hPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; %d;W tplaq;fs; njhlHghd njhopw;ghLfspy; Kjyikr;rH
mjpfhukw;wtuhf ,Uf;fpd;whh;. rl;lKk; xOq;Fk;> nghyp];> epjp> nghJr;Nrit vd;gdNt
MFk;.196
khfhzrig epuypd; gpd;dpizg;G 1 ,y; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fis

nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lf mikg;Gf;Fs; Kjyikr;rhpd; tfpgq;F Kjyhtjhf cs;sJ.
gpd;dpizg;G 1 MdJ nghyp]; kw;Wk; Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhzg; gphpTifs cs;slf;fp Njrpa
nghyp]; Mizf;FO kw;Wk; khfhz nghyp]; Mizf;FOf;fis tphpthd fl;likg;ig
epWTfpwJ.197
Kjyikr;rH khfhz nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd; xU cWg;gpdiu epakpf;fpd;whh;.198 nghyp];kh

mjpgH Kjyikr;rhpd; MNyhridAld; khfhzj;jpw;F nghWg;ghd gpujpg; nghyp];kh mjpgiu
epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kjyikr;rUf;Fk; nghyp];kh mjpgUf;Fk; ,J njhlHghf ,zf;fk; Vw;glhJ
tplj;J ,t;tplak; Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;L Kjyikr;rUld;
chpa fye;Jiu MNyhridapd; gpw;ghL xU epakdk; nra;ag;gLk;.199 mtrufhy epiyikfspd;
[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fSf;F cl;gl;L200 khfhzj;jpd; gpujpg; nghyp];kh mjpgH khfhzj;jpd;
191
epuy; 1 ,d; gp;d;dpizg;G 3 tplak; 9 fy;tpf;fhd khfhzf;FO
192
Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FOit cUthf;FtJ njhlHghd 13 tJ jpUj;jk;
193
tplak; 4 (C) gpd;dpizg;G epuy; 1
194
tplak; 4 (6)
195
tplak; 11:2 (a)
196
tplak; 11 (1)
197
tplak; 11:2 (b)
198
tplak; 12:2
199
tplak; 12.4 (a)
200
tplak; 12 :4 (b)
gf;fk; 55
nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jp nghJrd xOq;ifg; NgZtjpy; Kjyikr;rH cld;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nghWg;ghf ,Ug;ghh;.201 khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns fLikahd cs;sf Fog;gq;fs; epkpj;jk;
Njrpa nghyprpd; mkHj;Jif Njitg;gLk;nghOJ mNjNtisapy; mtrufhy epiyg; gpufldKk;
Njitg;glhj epiyapy; [dhjpgjp Kjyikr;rUld; MNyhrpj;J mtw;wpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;.202
khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns Njrpa nghyp]; gphptpd; nghJ xOq;Fg; NgZif cjtpia Kjyikr;rH
ehLk;nghOJ nghyp];kh mjpgH khfhz gpujpg; nghyp];kh mjpghpd; fl;Lg;g ; hl;bd; fPo; mtw;iw
203
toq;fp Njitahd Ml;fis mtw;wpw;fhf mkHj;jpf;nfhs;thh;. Kjyikr;rH MdtH kj;jpa
Fw;wtpay; tprhuiz Gydha;Tj;jpizf;fsk; CID my;yJ Njrpa nghyprpd; tprhuiz gphpTfspd;
cjtpia Ntz;lyhk;.204 (nghJkf;fs; eyid Kd;dpl;L rl;lkh mjpghpd;) CID my;yJ Njrpa
nghyp]; gphpTfspd; tprhuiz khfhzj;jpy; Njitg;gLk;nghOJ nghyp]; kh mjpgH Kjyikr;rhpd;
205
MNyhridapd; gpd;G khj;jpuNk mtH mJ Fwpj;J jPh;khdk; vLf;fyhk;. murpayikg;gpd;
Kfj;jpy; ,e;j mtrpakhdJk; NjitahdJkhd Vw;ghLfshdit khfhzj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpf;Fk;
,ilapyhd rl;l xOq;F kw;Wk; nghyp]; jug;ghd njhlHGfSf;F ftdkhd rkepiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjhfj; njd;gLfpwJ. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba tplak; vd;dntdpy; ve;j khfhzj;jpYk;
,itfs; ,Jtiuf;Fk; mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
Vw;fdNt ghHj;jJNghy; khfhzj;jpd; nghJ epjp njhlHghd mjpfhuj;ij MSdH nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;.

206
MdhYk; khfhz epjpaj;jpypUe;J ve;j njhifAk; vLf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. 207Kjyikr;rhpd;
cj;juthjj;jpd; fPohdijj; jtpu vijAk; ngwg;gl KbahJ. 208epjp njhlHghf khfhz
epiwNtw;W njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpisapd; kPJ toq;fg;gl;l xNunahU mjpfhuk; ,JthFk;.
khfhzg; nghJr; Nritapd; xOq;fikg;G rl;lf NtiyAld; njhlHGilajpy; MSdH kj;jpa
cUtkhf cs;shh;.209 khfhzj;jpd; mNefkhd rpNu];l epHthf mjpfhhpfSk; gpujk nrayhsUk;
[dhjpgjpahy; Kjyikr;rhpd; fye;jhNyhridAld; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. 210
201
khfhzrigr;rl;lj;jpd; gFjp III mjpfhuk; 4.1 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ.
202
khfhzj;jpd; jpul;ba epjp
203
gphpT 19 (3)
204
khfhzrigr;rl;lj;jpd; gFjp IV mjpfhuk; 4.1 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ
205
gphpT 31
206
mjpfhuk; 4 kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; 4.1 ,y; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ.
207
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l ,uz;L jpUj;jq;fs; [dhjpgjpapd; njhopw;ghLfs; gw;wpad
208
nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1947 ,y 25 cWg;Giu 155 ,d; fPo;
209
cWg;Giu 155 (3a)
210
209 cWg;Giu 15 (2)
gf;fk; 56
4.3 [dhjpgjp
[dhjpgjpapd; khfhz tplaj;jpyhd vy;yh ,lKk; tpahgpj;j gpurd;dkhdJ mtuJ Kftuhd

MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fSlhf njspthfpd;wJ.211 MdhYk; 13 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lf mikg;ghdJ
gy epiyikfspy; [dhjpgjpahdtH khfhzj;jpd; tptfhuq;fspy; Neubahf jiyaplr; nra;tJld;>
gpujhdkhf tpjptpyf;fhd #o;epiyfspy; mtuJ jiyaPL Neubahfr; rk;ge;jg;gLfpwJ.212
cWg;Giu 154 J ,d; gpufhuk; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuj;jpd; tp];jhpg;ghdJ mtrufhy epiyg;

gpufldk; njhlHghd [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuj;Jld;; njhlHGgLfpd;wJ.213 mjd; gpufhuk;
[dhjpgjpahdtH MSdUf;F mthpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtrufhy
epiyikapy; gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kpfTk; Neubahf [dhjpgjpapd; mtrufhy
epiyikfis tp];jhpf;Fk; mjpfhukhdJ murpayikg;gpd; 9 tJ ml;ltizapy; (khfhzrig
kw;Wk; xUq;fpia epuy; cl;gl) mt;thwhd mtrufhy xOq;Ftpjpfshdit Nkyhz;ikailaNth
jpUj;jNth xj;jpitf;fNth khfhz epahahjpf;fq;fisr; nra;af;$bajhf cs;sJ.214 ,t;
Vw;ghLfshdit khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;f Rahl;rpia kpfj; njspthf fPoe ; piyg;gLj;JtJld;
1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; gue;j Nehf;fpy; ,J tif khjphpahdjhf cs;sJ. Vnddpy;
ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;l Vw;ghLfspy; $l mtrufhy xOq;Ftpjpfs; mNj jhf;f
Nkyhz;ikfis Vw;gLj;jf;$bajhf cs;sJ. mjhtJ murpayikg;Gj; jtpHe;j rl;lq;fs;)215
cWg;Giu 154K> cWg;Giu 154L cWg;Giu 154M vd;gd khfhzj;jw;Fs;Ns epHthf ,ae;jpuj;jpd;
jtWif njhlHghd kw;Wk; khfhzj;jpw;Fs;Ns mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; KOikahd epWj;jj;jpd;
jhf;fk; njhlHghd tplaq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j [dhjpgjpapd; nraw;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;
MdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; khj;jpuk; ghprPypf;fg;gLtJld; 154 L 216 fPo; [dhjpgjpapd; gpufldj;jhy;
mq;ffP hpf;fg;gl Ntz;bAk; cs;sJ. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khfhz kl;l epWtdq;fs; xUjiyg;gl;r
mjpfhuj;Jld; jd;dpr;irahf my;yJ mtrukhf ,t; xUgf;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
murpayikg;Gr; nrad;Kiw vJTk; ,y;iy.
VjhtJ xU khfhzrigNah my;yJ MSdNuh mtHfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l rl;lG+Htkhd

mwpTWj;jy;fis eilKiwg;gLj;j jtWk; gl;rj;jpy; epHthf ,ae;jpuj;jpy; jtW Vw;gl;ljhf
[dhjpgjp vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.217 MSdhplkpUe;J my;yJ NtW VjhtJ kl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J
mwpf;if fpilf;fg;ngWk; gl;rj;jpy; murpayikg;Gf;F Vw;Gilajhf khfhz epHthfk; nfhz;L
nry;y KbahjpUg;gjhf [dhjpgjp jpUg;jpg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; khfhzj;jpd; vy;yh my;yJ rpy
epiwNtw;Wj; njhopw;ghLfis jhd; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjhf mtH gpufldk; nra;ayhk;.218 mt;thwhd
#oiktpy; khfhzrigfspd; rl;lthf;fj; njhopw;ghLfis mtH jhdhfNt vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;
mjpfhuk; ,y;yhjpUe;Jk; khfhzrigapd; mjpfhuq;fshdit ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
211
cWg;Giu 154 L (3) kw;Wk; (4)
212
cWg;Giu 154 K
213
cWg;Giu 154 L (1) (a)
214
cWg;Giu 154 L (1) (b)
215
cWg;Giu 154 M (1) (a)
216
cWg;Giu 154 L (1) (C)
217
cWg;Giu 154 L (1) f;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
218
cWg;Giu 154 N (1)
gf;fk; 57
vd mtH gpufldk; nra;ayhk;.219 mt;thwhd #oiktpy; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ khfhzk; njhlHghd

epahahjpf;f cUthf;fy; mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;jNth md;Nwy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; kPJ me;j
mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;jNth KbAk;. my;yJ mt; mjpfhuj;ij NtnwhU mjpfhurigf;F220 nfhLf;ff;
$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,g; gpufldj;jpd; ,yf;Ffspd; jhf;fj;ij nfhLf;ff;$ba
Njitahd Vw;ghLfis vLg;gjw;fhd kpFjpahd mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.221
Mdhy;> ve;jtpjkhd ePjp mjpfhuj;ijAk; mtH ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpypUe;J khj;jpuk; jLf;fg;gLfpwhh;.222
,yq;ifapd; ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; epjp ];jpuj;jd;ikahdJ mr;RWj;jg;gLfpd;w xU #o;epiy

cUthfpapUg;gjhf [dhjpgjp mjpUg;jpgl;lhy; mtH xU gpufldj;ijf; nfhz;Ltuyhk;.223
mg;gpufldj;jpd; njhlHr;rpahd nry;Ygbj;jd;ikahdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mq;ff
P huj;jpw;F cl;gl
Ntz;Lk;224. MdhYk; mjdJ nraw;gL fhyj;jpd;nghOJ [dhjpgjpahdth; Njitahd NtW
VjhtJ Vw;ghLfis vLf;Fk;gbNah my;yJ tpNrbj;j epjp elj;ijfSf;F [dhjpgjp MSdUf;F
topfhl;Ljy;fisf; nfhLf;fyhk;.225
khfhzrigr; rl; l khdJ [dhjpgjp Fwpj; J r; nrhy; y p mtH (epjp Kjyikr; r hpd;
fye;jhNyhridAld;) khfhz gpujk nrayhsiu epakpgg ; J kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.226
khfhzrigfspdhy; mjdJ nray; K iwfis nghJthf xOq; F gLj; J k; rl; l q; f s;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;. MdhYk; mt; xOq;Ffs; mjDila epjp epahahjpf;f elj;ijfis
elj;JtNjhL rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhfTk;> [dhjpgjpapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij Ntz;b epw;Fk; MSdhpd;
elj;ijapd; fye;Jiuahly;fs; kPjhd jil Fwpjj ; hfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.227 MSdhpd; vy;yh epiwNtw;Wr;
nraw;ghLfSk; mikr;rHfspd; kjpAiuapd; gpufhuk; vLf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtH jd;dpri
; rahf
vLf;fg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jhYk; [dhjpgjpapd; ngahpNy vLf;fg;gl;ljhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.228
[dhjpgjp elj;ij kPjhd ve;jf; fye;JiuahlYk; khfhzrigapy; jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ.229
219
cWg;Giu 154 N (2)
220
cWg;Giu 154 N (3) kw;Wk; (4)
221
gphpT 31
222
gphpT 11 f;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
223
gphpT 15 (2)
224
gFjp 18
225
2009 fpof;F khfhzrig epjp xOq;Ffs;
226
MSdUf;Fk; Kjyikr;rhpd; rpNu\;l MNyhrfiu epakpg;gjhd rHr;ir
227
mjpfhuk; 3> 4 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f.
228
mjpfhuk; 4.1 ,d; fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f
229
khfhz rigapd; khfhz nghJr;Nrit gFjp 4 f;fhd rl;lf mikg;G
gf;fk; 58
4.4 xU rhjhuz elj;ijaw;w cile;j epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;:

fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; MSdUk; mikr;rHfs; rigAk;
khfhz epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; Fwpj;j epWtd tbtikg;G gw;wpa gFg;gha;thdJ mJ
nraw;gLj;Jifapd; Nehf;fpy; G+uzkw;wjhfTk;> MSdH (mt&lhf [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; kj;jpa
murhq;fk;) Nehf;fpa rhHgpy; rha;TilajhfTk; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;b epw;fpwJ. MfNt ek;gj;jFe;j
khfhz Ra Ml;rp Vw;ghLfSld; nray;Kiw nraw;glr; nra;tjw;F MSdH kw;Wk; mikr;rHfs;
rigahdJ fzprkhdsT xj;Jiog;GlDk;> ey;kdJlDk; gzpahw;WtJld; MSdH gf;fj;jpy;
mikjpahdJk;> fl;Lg;ghldhJkhd epiyAld; gzpahw;w Ntz;bAs;sJ. fle;j fhyj;jpNy
tlf;F fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 1981> 91 ,y; epytpa mrhjhuz #o;epiyia xUgf;fj;jpy; tpl;L
Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ePjpiaj; NjLjy; MSdUf;Fk; khfhz mikr;rHfSf;FkpilNa toikahf
vOe;J kj;jpapYs;s muRf;F vjpuhd fl;rpfs; khfhzrigfis fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; vLj;jpUe;j
epiyikfs; ,Ue;jd. mjw;F khwhf epiwNtw;W mjpfhug; gutyhf;fyhdJ rpwe;j Kiwapy;
nrayhw;wp MSduhdtH xU rhe;jkhd tfpgq;if Vw;w nghOJ khfhzj;jpd; Kjyikr;rH
kw;Wk; rigapd; epHthfj;jpd; Kf;fpa jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; milahsj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpd;
tfpgq;if mtuhy; toq;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mNefkhf kj;jpapYs;s murhq;fj;jpd; mNjfl;rpfF ;
khfhz epHthfk; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jNghNj ,t;thW eilngw;wJ. fl;rpapNy Kjyikr;rH
rpNu~;lj;Jtj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; epiyapy; Njrpa epiyg;ghlhdJ mtiu MSdhpd; KiwrhH
mjpfhuq;fis mDgtpf;f mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,q;Nf ehq;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Kjyikr;rUf;F
fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk; murpay; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nry;thf;Ffspd; msTf;F> fl;rp
murpay; MjuT kw;;Wk; kj;jpAldhd njhiyj;njhlHGfspd; topfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Kiwrhuh
tiyg;gpd;dypy; mtH jq;fpapUg;gjd; xU ghlk; mjpfhug;gfpHtpd; KiwrhH murpayikg;G
rl;lf mikg;gpw;F Nkyhfj; njhpfpd;wJ.
fpof;F khfhzrigapNy 2008 Nk apy; gutyhf vjpHghHf;fg;gl;lthwhf UPFA NjHjy;fspy;

ntd;wNghJ Kjyikr;rH Ntl;ghsUk; Vida mikr;rHfSk; mYtyfg; nghWg;Gf;fis
vLj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. khfhz epHthfkhdJ xU xg;gPl;lstpyhd Rahjpf;fj;ijAk;> nraw;ghl;L
Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;w Kd;ida mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapd; vjpHghHg;gpNy
,J mike;jpUe;jJ. gy tifg;gl;l murpay; fhuzpfSf;fhf fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mJ mg;gbahf
,Uf;ftpy;iy.
mikr;rHfs; rig kw;Wk; jilNaw;gLj;Jtjhff; fUjg;gLk; MSdH mYtyfk; vd;gtw;Wf;F

,ilapyhd cwtpy; epyTk; ftiyAk;> mnrshpakw;wJkhd #o;epiyahdJ jq;fshy;
Kbe;jsTf;F jq;fsJ mjpfhuq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mikr;rHfs; rigapd; jPHkhdj;ij
xUq;FgLj;jpapUg;gJld;> mNjNtisapy; nra;af;$baJ vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp re;Njfq;fisAk;
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; nghpa murpay;
jilahf MSdhpd; elj;ij ,Ug;gjhf mikr;rHfspilNa xU fUj;J cs;sJ. ,g; gpur;rpidf;fhf
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fhuzq;fs; MSdH njhpTnra;ag;gl;l khfhzrig mikf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;djhfNt njhpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gJk;> mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; jd; tpUg;gg;gb mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;jpapUg;gJk;> mikr;rHfs; rigf;fhd ehshe;j epHthfj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfSf;F
toq;ff;$ba gy Gjpa epiyikfSf;Fj; jf;fjhf jd;id khw;wpaikj;Jf;nfhs;s KbahJ
,Ug;gJ Nghd;w vz;zq;fs; ,jdpy; cs;slq;fpAs;sd. cz;ikNah> cz;ikapy;iyNah
MSdH khfhz epHthfj;jpd; xU jiyaPl;L tfpgq;if mwpTWj;jy;fspd; gb Mw;w
Ntz;bapUf;fp;d;wJ vd;gJ mq;Fs;s gue;Jgl;l Nehf;fhf cs;sJ. MSduhdtH njspthf
jdJ fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; gpujpepjpahf nraw;gLk; murpayikg;G tfpgq;ifg;
gf;fk; 59
Ghpe;J itj;Js;shh;. mthpd; Nehf;fpd; gpufhuk; mtuJ epakdkhdJ mtUf;F jdJ rl;lhPjpahd
mjpfhuq;fs; nghWg;Gf;fis epr;rag;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tNj my;yhky;> Kjyikr;rHfs;
kw;Wk; mikr;rHfs; rigapd; gpujhd tfpgq;if nrhe;jq; nfhz;lhbf;nfhs;tjy;y. MSdhpd;
mjpfhukhdJ murpayikg;gpd; vOj;Jf;fSk; njhlHGila rl;lthf;fq;fSf;Fs;Sk;
tiuaiwg;glhjpUg;gJld;> mikr;rHfs; rigf;F MNyhrid toq;fp topg;gLj;Jk; toptop
te;j chpikiaAk; mJ tp];jhpj;Jf; nfhLf;fpwJ. ,e;j epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J jhd; MSduhdtH
ehshe;j epHthfj;jpy; neUf;fkhd tpUg;ngLf;fpwhh;. xU mDgtk; cs;s epHthfpia MSduhff;
nfhz;bUg;gjpy; rpy ed;ikfs; cz;L. cjhuzj;jpw;F nghJepjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l vy;yhtplaq;fspYk;
xOq;ifAk; chpa rl;lr; nrad;KiwiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy MSduhy;
gug;gg;gl;Ls;s G+uzkhd epjp xOq;Ffs; Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.230 ,e;j Kidg;Gf;fs;
ghuhl;lf;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> mitfs; mjpfhug; gfpHtpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij
cUthf;Ftijf; fhl;bYk; mjw;F trjp nra;J mjid mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; [dehaf
hPjpahfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fshdit fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s mjpfhhpfis epakpff; f;$lhJ.
mt;thNw epiwNtw;W epHthfr; nraw;ghLfshdit xOq;Ffs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l Vw;ghLfSld;
KOikahf cld;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w MSdhpd; tw;GWj;Jif xU ey;y tplaNk.
MdhYk; mt;tifahd tw;GWj;jy;fs; E}jdkhditfshfTk;> fz;Nzhl;lj;ij khw;WtdthfTk;>
njhlHgpy;yhj ghprPypg;Gf;fshy; J}z;lg;gl;ldthfTk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.231
fl;likg;G kw;Wk; eilKiwahfpa ,uz;bdJk; cs;slf;fj;jpd; FwpgG ; vd;dntdpy; ,Wjpahdjpd;

mDgtkhdJ Kd;idaJ kPjhd ghHf;Fk; tpjj;ij mwptpf;fpwJ. MSdhpd; ,zf;fj;ij epjp>
epahahjpf;fq;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhlHghd tplakhdJ mikr;rHfSf;Fk;> mikr;rHfs;
rigf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTf;F vjpHg;Gf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd Nkilaikg;gJld;> mjpNy MSdhpd;
gf;fj;jpy; Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; murpayikg;gpd; njspthd vz;zk; toq;Fk; elj;ijf;F
vjpuhd czHTld; mij MSdhpd; ghfj;jpy; ,d;Dk; nflr; nra;fpd;wJ.232 epahahjpf;f
cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwiaj; jLg;gjw;fhd xU Kaw;rp vd mJ vz;zg;gl;lhYk;> NkYk;
khfhz epahahjpf;f cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwia jLg;gjw;fhd xU njhpe;j Kaw;rp my;y vd;W
vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; vjph;ghHf;fg;gl;ljw;F Nkyjpfkhd ,j; jhkjkhdJ xU jhkjg;gLj;Jk; murhq;fr;
nrad;Kiwapd; rhjhuz tpisTjhd; vd vLf;fg;gl;lhYk;> tpisT epiyahdJ cWg;Giu
154 H ,d; vOj;Jf;Fk;> capHg;Gf;Fk; vjpuhf ,Ug;gjd; vz;zj;Jld;> ,zq;fpf;nfhs;tJ
rpukkhf cs;sJ. mbf;fb ,zf;fkpd;ik Njhd;Wk; tplaq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ug;gJ khfhz
nghJr;Nrit njhlHghd tplaq;fspYk; mNefkhf xt;nthU mikr;Rj; njhlHghditfspYk;
MFk;. ehq;fs; Vw;fdNt ghHj;jJNghy khfhz nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO kw;Wk; khfhz
nghJr; Nrit MdJ khfhzrig rl;lj;jpd; kpfTk; jpUg;jpfukw;w mk;rkhf 13tJ jpUj;jr;
rl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ.233 ,J khfhz nghJr;Nritapd; fl;Lg;gLj;jiy MSdH Clhf
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. ,Njay;yhky; mJ RahjPdkhdjhf nraw;gltpy;iy. mj;Jld; khfhz
nghJr; Nrit Mizf; F Otpd; ,ay; g hdJ mjdJ RahjP d j; j py; ve; j tpjkhd
eLepiyj;jd;ikiaNah> ek;gfj;jd;ikiaNah cUthf;ftpy;iy. fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy
MSdUf;Fk;> khfhz nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOTf;FkpilapNy tplajhdj;jpy; ve;jtpj
NtWghl;ilAk; fhzKbahjsTf;F xU gytPdkhd fl;likg;ig milahsg;gLj;jp ,J epw;fpwJ.
230
Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; mikr;Rk; mjd; gpujhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lKk;
231
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) (a) mj;jpahak; 4.1 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;f
232
cWg;Giu 154 B (4) kw;Wk fPohd rl;lr; nrad;Kiwf;fhd ngUk;ghd;ik mikr;rHfspd; MjuT gw;wpaJ
233
[dhjpgjp mYtyfj;jpypUe;J KiwikhPjpahd gjpy; VJk; fpilf;ftpy;iy
gf;fk; 60
xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lf mikg;gpNy njhpfpd;w gytPdkhdJ re;Njfkpy;yhky; mikr;rHfsplj;jpNy

xU ntWg;GzHit cUthf;fpAs;sJld; ,t;tplaq;fshd epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk; tp];jhpg;G
kw;Wk; Ml;NrHg;G> murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPLfs; Fwpj;Jk; mtHfspilNa tprdk; cs;sJ.
mikr;rHfshdtHfs; jkJ mur mjpfhhpfsplj;jpNy topg;gLj;Jjy;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpy;
rl;lhPjpahd mtHfspd; eLepiyj;jd;ik> RahjPdk; njhlHghd rl;lq;fSf;Fl;gl;L xU chpjj
; pidg;
ngw;wpUf;fpwhHfs;. MdhYk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; gyhplk; fhzg;gLk; xU Nehf;F vd;dntdpy;
(murhq;f mjpfhhpfsplk; $l mikr;rHfs; kw;Wk; mtHfSila MSdH mYtyfj;jpw;F
,ilapNyAk; fzprkhdsT jiyaPLfs; ,Ug;gjhf xU Nehf;F cs;sJ)
mikr;rHfSf;F ,t; tplaj;jpy; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJld; njhlHGila njhpT nra;ag;gl;l

murpay;thjpfs; vd;w tifapy; mtHfspd; Mjutpd; Kf;fpa %yk; vd;W njspthf;fg;gl;ltHfs;
kPJ mtHfSf;F fl;Lg;ghL ,y;yhjpUg;gJ njspthf cs;sJ. MdhYk; khfhzj;jpd; epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuk; nfhz;l njhpT nra;ag;gl;l cs;sPL MdtHfs; MSdhpd; murhq;f mjpfhhpfshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; msTf;F ,e; epiyikahdJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajy;y. nghJ epWtdq;fspdJk;
ey;yhl;rpapdJk; NeHikj;jdj;jpd; Nehf;fpypUe;J MSdhplk; ,Ue;J mjpfhuq;fis gwpj;J
mikr;rHfSf;F nfhLg;gJ jhd; ,jw;Fhpa jPHty;y. MdhYk; khfhz nghJr;Nritapid
mjDila njhopy;thz;ik thjj;iAk;> kfj;Jtj;ijAk;> NeHikj;jd;ikiaAk; RahjPdj;ijAk;
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Gjpa rl;lf mikg;gpd; %ykhf cWjpg;gLj;JtNj rpwe;jjhFk;.234
mikr;rHfs; vy;NyhUk; UPFA apd; cWg;gpdHfshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mikr;rHfs; rigahdJ

gy gpuepjpj;Jtq;fspd; $l;likg;ghf cs;sJ. xt;nthU mikr;rHfSk; UPFA f;Fs;shd NtWgl;l
fl;rpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp> NtWgl;l kf;fisAk; ,lq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJld;>
kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; NtWgl;l cwitf; nfhz;lhLfpwhHfs;. ,e;jr; #oiktpy; mtHfs;
,JtiuAk; ntspg;gL;j;jpa xUikg;ghlhdJ fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy mjpfhug;gutyhf;fiy
nraw;gLj;Jtjd; gfpug;gl;l tpUg;gpypUe;J vOe;jJld;> mJ tiuf;Fk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhupfsplk;
MSdhpd; jiyaPL vdr; nrhy;yg;gLtjw;fhd jPHkhdk; ,Ue;jJ. MdhYk; ,e;j mikr;rHfs;
rigapd; murpay; xd;WNrh; jd;ikahdJ gy Vida mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; eilKiwapy;
nraw;gLj;Jk; topfspYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$baJ. murhq;fj;Jld; jdpg;gl;l mikr;rHfs;
nfhz;Ls;s cwthdJ tpNrlkhf [dhjpgjpAlDk; Njrj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; mikr;RlDk;
nfhz;Ls;s cwthdJ235 mtHfSila mikr;rpd; Ntiyia Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjw;F gad;gLj;Jk;
cghaq;fisj; jPhk ; hdpf;fpwJ. kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; neUf;f cwTila me;j mikr;rHfs;
MSdhplkpUe;J tUk; jiyaPLfis vjpHj;J epw;Fk; Kaw;rpfis Rygkhff; fhz;gJld;>
VidNahh; nra;tijf; fhl;bYk;> mtHfSf;F Vw;gLk; jilfisAk; tpyf;fpf;nfhs;fpwhh;fs;.
,t;thwhd neUf;f cwTfshdit kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghl;lhsHfSldhd
jdpg;gl;l njhlHGfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nlh my;yJ kj;jpAldhd ,Wf;fkhd fl;rp
murpay; gpizg;Gfisf; nfhz;Nlh Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb cjhuzj;jpw;F ahH ahH [dhjpAlNdh
my;yJ grpy; uh[gf;~TlNdh my;yJ ,yq;if Rje;jpuf;fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdHfSlNdh
nrd;wilaf;$bath;shf cs;stHfs; UPF ,d; Vida cjphpf;fl;rpfisf; fhl;bYk;> jkJ
tpUg;Gf;fis epiyehl;bf; nfhs;tjpYs;s murhq;fj; jilfisAk; my;yJ rl;lr; rpf;fy;fisAk;
ntw;wpnfhs;Stjpy; ,e;jj; njhlHGfs; cjTtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,yq;if murpay; fyhrhuj;jpd; gue;j #oiktpy; ,J toikf;F khwhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;

khfhz mikr;rHfs; jkJ nfhs;iffs;> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wdtw;iw
234
khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; 1987 ,y 42 gphpT 11 (C) kw;Wk; 18
235
khfhzrigapd; cs;sf xOq;FfSf;fhd [dhjpgjpapd; mq;fPfhuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ
gf;fk; 61
eilKiwg;gLj;jpfn; fhs;tjw;fhf Kiwrhuh nghwpKiwfis ehb epwf

; Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;Ls;s
epiyikahdJ mikr;rHfs; rigapd; $l;L nghWg;igAk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; thjj;jpd;
mbg;giliaAk; fLikahf fPo;epiyg;gLj;Jk;. mikr;rHfs; rigapd; nraw;ghl;L Rje;jpuk;>
murpayikg;G mjpfhuj;jpNy kpfTk; njspthf cs;s tplaq;fspy; $l> MSdhpd; rhjf
gjpy;fs; gw;wpa je;jpNuhgha ghprPypg;GfSld; nra;a Kbahky; Nghfpd;wJ. my;yJ mr;
nraw;ghLfshdit khfhzrigapd; tfpgq;fpd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fUj;J epiyia tpQ;rpg;
Nghfpd;wJ. (mjd; %yk; ghjfkhd murpay; gpd;tpisTfisf; ftUtjd; mghak; Vw;gLfpwJ)
cjhuzj;jpw;F 2009 [{iyapy; MSdUf;Fk; mikr;rHfs; rigf;Fkpilapyhd cwthdJ

fPok
; l;lj;ij mile;jJld;> rpy mikr;rHfs; [dhjpgjpf;F Xu; MSdiu mfw;Wk;gb kjpAiu
$Wtjw;F tpistjw;fhd rkHg;gzj;jpw;fhf khfhzrigia nfhz;LtUjw;F Jbg;ghf
ghprPypj;jdh;.236 ,e;j tplaj;jpy; mikr;rHfs; rigahdJ gphpTgl;lJ. me;j Vw;ghlhdJ xU
kdJ ,y;yhJ Nghdjhf czug;gl;lJ.237 MdhYk; xU cj;jpNahfG+Ht Kiwg;ghl;L fbjj;ij
mDg;Gtjpy; rig xU kdg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU mikr;rHfshYk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L [{d; 2008 –
[{iy 2009 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; MSdhpd; elj;ijahy; vOe;j ftiyfis epuy;gLj;jp
[dhjpgjpf;F vy;yh mikr;rHfSk; ifr;rhj;jp;l;L xU Kiwg;ghl;L fbjj;ij mDg;gj;
jPHkhdpj;jdh;.238 mt;thNw nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fis nraw;gLj;j Muk;gpg;gjw;F nra;tjw;fhf
nghyp]; epahahjpf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rp njhlHghf kj;jpa murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; ghJfhg;Gr;
nrayhsH Nghd;NwhH> kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ> murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfspd; nghyp]; kw;Wk; rl;l
xOq;F mKy;gLj;Jif njhlHtJ gw;wp Fwpj;j fUj;Jf;fspid Nehf;fp mJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
Nkhjy;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; vd gy mikr;rHfs; czHe;jpUe;jdh;.
,e;j Nehf;fpy; ,J xd;Wf;fhf xd;iwf; Nfl;gJNghy; ,J ,Ue;jhYk; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;

kw;Wk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; Nehf;fpNy mikr;rHfs; rigapd; NtiyapYs;s mikr;ruit
Njhoikapy; fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b mikr;rHfs; nraw;ghLfSf;F vjpHg;Gf; fhl;LtjhdJ kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J vjpHg;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;gijf; ftdpg;gJ RthurpakhdJ. RUf;fkhfr;
nrhy;tjhdhy; vjpHg;ghdJ murhq;fj;jpw;F Nfhgk; Cl;LtjhYk;> mjdhy; Vw;gLk; jz;lidg;
gpd;tpisTfshYk; jw;NghJ khfhzrigf;Fk;> jdpg;gl;l jdpegHfSf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis cz;L
gz;Ztjhfg; ghHf;fg;gl;l mr;rj;ij mbg;glahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. MfNt jhd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
murpay; ajhHj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;fshdit mjpfhug; gq;fPl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; msitj;
jP H khdpj; j Njad; w p murpayikg; g pYk; rl; l j; j pYk; gpujpgypf; f g; g l; l itfs; mjidj;
jPHkhdpf;ftpy;iy.
,r; #oikTfspy; jhd; mjpfhug; gq;fl P b

; w;fhd murpayikg;G rl;lf Ntiy kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpahf
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l mur gy kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfs;> jdpahs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
murpay; cwTfspd; tiyg;gpd;diy Nkw;ghHit nra;tJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> khfhz Rahl;rpf;fhd
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rfpg;gpd; vy;iyfs; gw;wpa mbf;fbahd murpay; jPHg;gpw;fhd NjitiaAk;
njhlHr;rpahd ftiyf;FkhdJ ,uz;lhk; tplakhfpwJ.
,e;j epiyikapy; murpyikg;G murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; rl;l xOq;fpw;Fk; xl;bapUg;gJ gw;wpa

gpur;rpidahdJ mjpfhug;gutyhf;fiy xUGwk; js;sptplL
; mbg;gilahd Nfs;tpfis vOg;GfpwJ.
236
cWg;Giu 154 P (1)
237
khfhzj;jpd; caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; 2 Mk; ml;ltizapypUe;J tUk; gphpT 2 (3) ,d; fPo; tUk; tplaq;fs;
jtpHe;jd
238
cWg;Giu 154 P (3) (a)
gf;fk; 62
4.5 KbTiu
NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l murpayg;G kw;Wk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy Ml;rp nra;Ak;; rl;l
Vw;ghLfspd; gFg;gha;thdJ mjd; tPrn
; ry;iy 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jp;d; fPo; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fis
tpl epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwthf gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,J MSdiu murhq;fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; itj;J ,e;j epHthf epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis mthplk;
nfhLj;jpUg;gjdhyhFk;. xU mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; Nehf;fpNy MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fshdJ
Njitaw;wjhfTk; cj;njz;zkhfTk; cs;sJ.
mjw;Fk; Nkyhf rl;lj;jpNy nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;Fk; Vida mjpfhuq;fshdit mjpfhug; gfpu;it

Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Kaw;rpahff; fhl;lg;gLtJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> murpayikg;G tbtikg;gpd;
Nehf;fpypUe;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl KbahjjhfTk; cs;sJ. MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;> njhopw;ghLfs;
vd;gtw;iw khfhz epjp kw;Wk; khfhz nghJr;Nrit vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd Vw;ghLfisf;
nfhz;L ghHf;Fk;nghOJ> Fwpg;ghf tifg;nghWg;G ,y;yhj mjpfhuj; jhf;fk; mthplk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> khfhzrigapd; Clhf khfhz kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W nraw;ghLfspd;
fzprkhd gFjpAk; [dehaf tifg;nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik Kw;WKOjhf ,y;yhJs;sJ.239
gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;lkhdJ jw;fhypf Vw;ghlhf cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,d;Dk; mJ

mKypy; njhlHfpwJ. khfhz mikr;rHfSf;F> khfhz rig epuypYs;s kj;jpa rl;lthf;fk;
rk;ge;jkhd Vw;fdNt cs;s tplaq;fspd; fPo; mj;Jld; ,e;j khfhzrig epuypYs;s tplaq;fs;
mitfspd; kj;jpa murhq;f xj;j gjtpepiy cs;stUld; ,ize;J nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,ij cUthf;fpanghOJ ,e;j Vw;ghLfshdit khfhz epahahjpf;fj;ij cUthf;Ftij

cw; r hfg; g Lj; j hj Vw; g hlhf ,Uf; F nkd ftiy njhptpf; f g; g l; l Jld; > mjd; %yk;
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fiyAk; nkJthf;Fk; vd ftiy njhptpff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. khfhzrig epahahjpff
; k;
Fwpj;j gjpTfshdit mjid xU cWjpaw;w xd;whf tpghpf;f KbahJ NghdhYk; gpd;tpisT
Vw;ghl;L rl;lj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd fhuzg;gLj;Jk; tiuig tiutJ rpukkhdjhf cs;sJ.
Vida fhuzpfspilNa rl;l epGzj;Jtk; kw;Wk; kdpj tsq;fs; Nghd;w khfhz ,aYik
tplaq;fshdit khfhzrig jdJ mjpfhuq;fis KOikahf nraw;gLj;Jk; ,aYik kPJ
njhlHe;J xU jhq;Fifiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; tplaq;fSld; njhlHGila
caH ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tof;Fr; rl;lq;fshdit Xustpw;F njhlHGilajhf ,Ue;jhYk;> nghJthf
mjpfsthd re;Njfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ePjpkd;wq;fshdit gpw;gl;l tof;FfspNy mjpfk;
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; rhHe;jjhd gue;jsT mZFKiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; Nghf;if nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
ePjpjJ
; iw kNdhghtq;fis cldbahf tpyfp Xl mDkjpgg ; jhdJ> xUq;fpize;j murpayikg;Gf;
nfhs;iffspd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fspd; ePjpj;Jiwahy; nrhy;yg;gl;l kw;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
Kf; f pakhditfs; fz; L nfhs; t J vdr; nrhy; t J eP j pahdjhFk; . fle; j 27 fhy
xw;iwahl;rpf;Fs;shd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYld; njhlHGila xUq;fpize;j murpayikg;Gf;
nfhs;iffspd; jdpg;gl;l tof;Ffshdit cz;ikfs; kPJ <LgLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; kw;Wk;
rl;lg;gbg;gpNy tuhjpUg;git fhuz fhhpa nfhs;iffspd;wp ,Ug;gijAk;> mitfs; xt;nthU
tof;FfspYk; kw;wtHfSf;F gue;jstpyhd murpay; MjuT NjLjyhfTk; cs;sJ. kpfTk;
gue;Jgl;l mstpy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; jpl;lkhdJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Nkyhz;ikapdhy;
239
1990 Mk; Mz;L 19 Mk; ,yf;f khfhz caHePjpkd;w tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
gf;fk; 63
fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gLtJ vd;w vz;zkhdJ ntspg;gilahfj; njhpAk; xd;whFk;. ,J

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; vz;zj;Jld; NtWgl;ljhf cs;sJ. NkNy fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l gy
Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fSld; NrHj;J kpfTk; mw;gkhd rpwpa tplaq;fspy; $l khfhz tplaq;fspy;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdJk;> [dhjpgjpapdJk; jiyaPlhdJ gy rl;l Vw;ghLfs; Clhf ,q;Nf240
fl;likg;G rl;lf NtiyahdJ epHthfr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspd; chpa mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fy; kw;Wk; Kw;WKOjhd kPsN; ehf;fg;glhj kw;Wk; kPsf
; l;likf;fg;glhj mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy;
murhq;fj;jpw;F Mjutspg;gjw;F jilNaw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Kiwrhuh murpay;
eilKiwfs;> kw;Wk; fl;rp murpay; fl;likg;Gfs; kj;jpag;gLj;Jifia njhlHe;J gpujpgypj;J
Cf;Ftpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;j murpay; kw;Wk; epHthf eilKiwfis kWrPuikj;J
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhdJ xU kpfTk; mHj;jG~;bahd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
fPo; nfhz;Lte;J Kf;fpakhf gq;fspf;f cjTk;. me;jf; fhyk; tiuf;Fk; murpayikg;G
khw;wq;fshdit mjDila gyj;ijAk;> gytPdq;fisAk; jPHj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F nghWg;ngLf;f
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
240
cWg;Giu 154 P (4) (a)
gf;fk; 64
mj;jpahak; 5
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;fy;
khfhzq;fspd; caH ePjpkd;wk;
13 tJ jpUj;jkhdJ xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;F xU ePjpkd;wj;ij mikf;fpd;wJ.241 caH

ePjpkd;wj;jpdJk; gpuhe;jpa ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhukhdJ mJ mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s khfhzq;fSf;Fs;
chpj;jhdjhf cs;sJ. 242 caH ePjpkd;wkhdJ ,yq;if caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mry; Fw;wtpay;
ePjp Mjpf;fj;ij khfhzj;jpw;Fs; Mw;wg;gl;l Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghf nraw;gLj;JfpwJ.243
Nkd;KiwaPl;L kw;Wk; kPsha;T Fw;wtpay; ePjp Mjpf;fk; khfhzj;jpw;Fs;shd Nkd;KiwaPl;L
kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjp Mjpf;fk; Vida ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; (cjhuzj;jpw;F njhopy;
epaharigaplkpUe; j hd Nkd; K iwaP L fs; kw; W k; fkeyNritr; rl; l j; j pd; fP o hd
jPHkhdq;fspypUe;jhditfs; fk;gdpr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; vd;gtw;wpd; ePjp Mjpf;fq;fs; fhyj;jpw;F
fhyk;244 ,jw;F mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khfhz caHePjpkd;wkhdJ rpiwapYs;stiu ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
nfhz;LtUk; Miz245 Certiorari> prohibition, procedendo, mandamus, kw;Wk; quo warranto246
Nghd;w rl;l Mtzq;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
ePjpgjpfs; [dhjpgjpahy; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpdJk;> rl;lkh mjpghpd;; rpghHRld;
epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. 247 ,tHfs; mfw;wg;glf;$batHfshfTk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
rpghHrpd; kPJ [dhjpgjpapd; xOf;ff;fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F cl;glf;$batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.248
Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis ,lkhw;Wk; mjpfhukhdJ ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtplk; khj;jpuNk
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khfhzq;fspy; Nky;ej P pkd;wq;fis mikg;gJk;> mjd; m ; iktplq;fs; ,Ug;gJk;
kj;jpa epiyaq;fspdhy; ePjpf;fpisfs; njhlHe;J fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtJk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO
ePjpepHthfj;jpy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; ,Ug;gij njspTgLj;JfpwJ. MdhYk; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
fPo; ePjpj;Jiw gutyhf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf ,y;iy. rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jp;d; mjpfhug; gfpu;NthL
xg;gplf;$ba ePjpj;Jiwg;gutyhf;fk; xd;W rpe;jpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; xU khfhz ePjpr; Nrit249
cl;gl (khfhzg; nghJr;Nrit> khfhz nghyp]; gphpit) xj;j xU Fiwthd xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; nrad;Kiw vd;gd mike;jpUe;jhy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; mjDila mjpfhuq;fs;>
njhopw;ghLfs;> ePjpj;Jiw Mjpf;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; epWtd rl;lf NtiyahdJ kpfTk; NtWgl;ljhf
,Ue; j pUf; F k; . gy re; j Hg; g q; f spNy cr; r eP j pkd; w j; j hy;250 ,e; j g; Ghpe; J zHthdJ
Nky;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. Madduma Banda fkeyNritfs; cjtp MizahsH (2003)
tplaj;jpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; nfhz;bUe;j epiyg;ghL
241
cWg;Giu 154 P (4) (b)
242
cWg;Giu 111 (2) (a)
243
cWg;Giu 111 (2) (b)
244
cWg;Giu 111 (2) (a)
245
khfhzrig rl;lk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jj;ijg; ghhf;fTk;.
246
kj;Jk gz;lhu fkeyNrit cjtpahsH (2003)
247
murpayikg;gpd; 9 tJ ml;ltizapd; epuy; I kw;Wk; III
248
cWg;Giu 154G (10) murpayikg;gpd; 9 tJ ml;ltizapd; epuy; II
249
mj;jpahak; 4 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghh;f;fTk;.
250
khfhzf; fld; cUthf;f tplak; 31
gf;fk; 65
“murpayikg;gpd; 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l

me;j Neuj;jpy; rl;lthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ vd;W nrhd;dhy; khfhz epiyaq;fis
tpNrl tplaq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;fp me; epiyaq;fspy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij
khj;jpukd;wp rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ijAk; toq;FtNjhL khj;jpuky;yhky; Gjpjhf mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
Nky; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Clhf ePjpj;Jiwapd; njhopw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fj;ij nra;tJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ khfhz kf;fs; jk; ehshe;j tplaq;fis mk;
khfhzj;jpNyNa nraw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Nf khfhz rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. gFjpAk;
cs;s xU gapH nra;Ak; epyj;jpw;F thlif nfhLf;Fk; xUtH jdJ tptrha epyj;jpw;F
fl;lisf;F nrYj;JtJ njhlHghd xU fl;lisia rthy; tpLf;Fk; re;jHg;gj;ij nfhOk;Gf;F
tUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wk; %yk; Nkd;KiwaPlL ; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjp Mjpf;fj;ij
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ251”
251
cWg;Giu 154R (1)
gf;fk; 66
mj;jpahak; 6
ehza kw;Wk; mur tup rl;lf mikg;G
NkNy fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lthwhf Kf;fpakhd khfhz ,aYikfshdit gpujhdkhf khfhzrig

epuypYk; ,uz;lhk; fl;lkhf khfhz rigahdJ epahahjpf;fj;jpd; %ykhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
,aYikfspd; nghJ epuy; tplaq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. 252kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
,aYikfshdit khfhzrig epuypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld;> murpd; kpFjpahd rl;lthf;f
mjpfhukhdJ mNjkl;lj;jpNyNa itj;jpUf;fg;gLfpwJ.253 ,t;tz;zkhf khfhzrigfspd; mbg;gil
nrytpdg; nghWg;Gf;fshdit khfhz rig epuypYs;s ,aYikfSld; njhlHGgl;ljhf
cs;sJld; kw;Wk; Vida nghWg;Gf;fshit nghJthd ,aYikfspdhy; Nfhug;gLtjhf
vz;zg;glyhk;. khfhzrig epuy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpia epuy; vd;gtw;wpd; fPohd mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; mitfSld; njhlHGila nrytpdg; nghWg;Gf;fs; Mtd ,uz;L epuy;fspy; tUk;
VjhtJ tplaq;fs; kPjhd khfhzrigapd; rl;lthf;fj;jpw;Fs; tUfpd;wd vd nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
1989 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; rl;l (gpd;tpisTfspd; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo); tUk;
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk; epiyAld; njhlHGila jPHkhdkpd;ikahdJ epjp
nghWg;GzHT jd;ik njhlHghf Njitapy;yhj rpf;fyhd tplakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.254
tUkhdk; jpul;ly; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlHghf tpalk; 33 kw;Wk; 36 (36: 1-36:20 tiuf;Fkhd)

khfhzrigfs; epuyhdJ khfhzrigapdhy; tpjpf;ff;$ba fl;lzq;fspd; tPrR ; f;fs; thpfis
255
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mj;Jld; (tplak; 35) kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l mstpyhd
fld;thq;FiffisAk; ,it Fwpf;fpwJ. ,itfspy; cl;gLtd
• khfhzrig epuy; tpalk; (33) ,d; ve;j tplaKk; njhlHghd fl;lzq;fs;

• kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l mstpw;fhd nkhj;j kw;Wk; rpy;yiw tpw;gidfs;
kPjhd tpahghu nkhj;j tpw;gid thp (tplak; 36: khfhzrig tpahghu nkhj;j
tpw;gid thup vy;iyfSk; tpjptpyf;Fk;) 1995 Mk; Mz;L 25 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;)
• ge;jak; kw;Wk; nyhj;jHfs; kPjhd thp Njrpa nyhj;jH jtpu (tplak; 36:2)
• mDkjpg;gj;jpuf; fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; kJghdk; kPjhd thp ( tplak; 36:3 kw;Wk; 36:19)
• Nkhl;lhHthfd mDkjpg;gj;jpuf; fl;lzq;fs; rl;lthf;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l mstpw;F
(tplak; 36:4)
• kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; ,urhadg;nghUl;fs; kPjhd tpahghu chpkf;fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; thpfs;
(tplak; 36:5)
• mirAk;> mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; khw;Wif kPjhd Kj;jpiu thp (tplak; 36:6)
• rpW njhifg; gzq;fspd; Nrfhpg;G (tplak; 36: 7)
• ePjpkd;w jz;lq;fSk; fl;lzq;fSk; (tplak; 36: 8 kw;Wk; 36:14)
252
cWg;Giu 154R (2)
253
cWg;Giu 154R (3)
254
cWg;Giu 154R (4) (a)
255
cWg;Giu 154R (5)
gf;fk; 67
• Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l VyNt cs;s rl;lthf;fq;fs; kPjhd fl;lzq;fSk;mwtPLfSk;

kUj;Jt fl;lisr; rl;lk; cl;gl> Nkhl;lhH Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rl;lk;> tpyq;Ffs; jhtuq;fs;
ghJfhg;G fl;lisr; rl;lk;> fhzp mgptpUj;jp fl;lisr; rl;lk;> Kbf;Fhpa fhzpfs;
fl;lisr; rl;lk;> epWitfSk; msitfSk; fl;lisr; rl;lk; (tplak; 36: 9> 36:10>
36:12> 36:13> 36:15)
• khfhz epuypy; cs;s VjhtJ tplak; njhlHghd jpizf;fs fl;lzq;fs; (tplak;
36:11)
• kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l msTf;F fhzp kw;Wk; fl;blq;fs; m;ur nrhj;Jf;fs;
cl;gl vd;gtw;wpd; kPjhd fhzp tUkhdk; kw;Wk; thpfs; (tplaq;fs; 36:16 kw;Wk;36:17)
• rl;lthf;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l msTf;F fdpats chpikfs; kPjhd thpfs; (tplak;
36:18)
• kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;lthwhf khfhzq;fSf;Fs;shd NtW VjhtJ
thpfs;. (tplak; 36:20)
khfhz nrytpd nghWg;Gf;fSf;F vjpuhf mikf;fg;gl;l ,e;j tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tUkhdk;

Nrfhpf;Fk; mjpfhukhdJ epiyf;Fj;jhd epjpr; rkdpd;ik vd;gijf; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. NtW
thHj;ijfspy; nrhy;tjhf ,Ue;jhy; khfhz rigfSf;F mjpfkhd ,aYikfis gutyhf;fk;
nra;Js;sJ. mjhtJ nrytpdg; nghWg;Gf;fs; thp tpjpfF ; k; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Vida tiffspyhd
mjpfhuk; tUkhdk; <l;Ljy;fs; tUkhdk; <l;Ljy;fis tpl nrytpdg; nghWg;Gf;fis mjpfkhfg;
gutyhf;fk; nra;Js;sJ. ,jd; mHj;jkhdJ khfhzrigfshdit Nghjpa tUkhdj;ij jd;ghl;by;
<l;Ltjw;F mjpfhukw;wdthf cs;sJld;> khfhzrigfs; jd;ghl;by; jkJ epjpg;nghWg;Gf;fis
<Lnra;tjw;fhf Nghjpa tUkhdj;ij <l;Lk; mjpfhuk; mw;wdthf cs;sJ vd;gdthFk;.
Murpayikg;ghdJ ,jw;fhd xU Kiwikia toq;FtJld; mjd; %yk; epiyf;Fj;jhd
rkdpd;ikahdJ rkdpiyg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. cWg;Giu 154 R d; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l epjp
Mizf;FOtpd; njhopw;ghL ,JthfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epjp Mizf;FOthdJ epiyf;Fj;J
epjp rkdpd;ikia rkg;gLj;JtJ vd mwpag;gLk; nraw;ghl;ilAk; nra;fpwJ. my;yJ ,yFthf
epiyf;Fj;jpid rkg;gLj;jy; vd ,jidr; nrhy;yyhk;. ve;j ehl;bYk; tUkhd tpUj;jp>
nry;tk; ,aw;if my;yJ Gtpapay; my;yJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzpfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nghUshjhu tpUj;jpapy; gpuhe;jpaj;jpw;F gpuhe;jpak; NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. xU mgptpUj;jpaile;j murhq;fk; KiwikapNy ,e;j gpuhe;jpa NtWghLfisAk;
rkijaw;w mgptpUj;jpfisAk; jPHj;Jf;nfhz;L mgptpUj;jpailahj gFjpfSf;F khj;jpuk;
Mjutspf;fhky; ehLG+uhfTk; nghJr;Nritfis gue;jstpy; rkepakj;jpy; toq;FtJ
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJld;> khfhz murhq;fq;fSf;Fk;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
nry;tk; gfpHjy; Kiwnahd;W Njitg;gLfpdw ; J. ,jw;fhd rpghHRfis [dhjpgjpfF ; nra;tjhdJ
epiyf;Fj;J rkg;gLj;jy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ghl;il ,e;j epjp Mizf;FO Mw;Wfpd;wJ. cWg;Giu
154 R MdJ epjp Mizf;FOit mikf;fpd;wJ. ,jpNy kj;jpatq;fpapd; MSdH> jpiwNrhpapd;
nrayhsH kw;Wk; %d;W kjpg;GilatHfs; cWg;gpdHfshf [dhjpgjpapdhy; murpayikg;Gr;
rigapd; rpghHRld; %d;W nghpa rdr%fq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
; g;gLfpwhHfs;.256 epjp Mizf;FOtpd; epakdq;fspNy cs;s xU ghhpa gytPdk; vd;dntdpy;
epakpff
mr;nrad;Kiwapy; Neubahd khfhz gpujpepjpj;JtNkh my;yJ khfhz rk;ge;jg;gLifNah
,y;yhjpUg;gjhFk;. epjp Mizf;FOtpd; gjtpff ; hyk; %d;W tUlq;fshFk;.257 epjp Mizf;FOtpd258 ;
rpghHRlDk; mjDila fye;JiuahlYlDk; tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;jpll ; j;jpypUe;J khfhzq;fspd;
256
mj;jpahak; 4.1 kw;Wk; 4.3 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;fTk;
257
mj;jpahak; 4.1 kw;Wk; mj;jpahak; 4.2 fye;Jiuahliyg; ghHf;fTk;
258
khfhzrigfspd; mwpf;ifiag; ghHf;fTk;
gf;fk; 68
Njitapidg; G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F Nghjpa epjpahdJ kj;jpa murpdhy; xJf;fg;gLtjhf ,jpy;

nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.
epjp Mizf;FOthdJ epiyf;Fj;J epjp rkdpd;ikia nra;Ak; mjd; flikahf [dhjpgjpf;F

nfhs;if mstpy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy; tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; Mz;LNjhWk; xJf;fg;gLk; ve;
epjpfs; gy;NtWgl;l khfhzq;fSf;fpilNa khfhz kl;lj;jpy; xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd
rpghHR nra;fpd;wJ.259 mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; KO KiwikAk; kj;jpa khw;Wif kPJ
jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; xJf;fLP njhlh;ghd epjpapay; jPHkhdq;fspd; tfpgq;fpy; Mizf;FOthdJ
xU kj;jpa xUq;fpizg;G tfpgq;if Mw;Wtjhf czHe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. MdhYk;
murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; Mizf;FOthdJ khfhzrigfSf;fpilapyhd nkhj;j xJf;fPL
rk;ge;jkhdJld;> KOikahf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jPHkhdj;jpy; ve;jtpj tfpgq;ifAk;
nra;ahjjhfTk;> MdhYk; mitfspilNaahd njhifapd; xJf;fl P L
; nfhs;iffis rpghHR
nra;tij khj;jpuNk nra;af;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyhf eilKiwapy; kj;jpa murhq;fkhdJ
xg;gpL njhlHghf Mizf;FOtpd; rpghHRfis fl;lha mwpTWj;jy;fshf vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
MdhYk; mjid xU topfhl;bahfNt gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. epiyf;Fj;J rkepiyg;gLj;jy;
vd;gjd; gpufhuk; Mizf;FOthdJ ehLG+uhfTk; rkepiyahd gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpiar;
rhjp;gg
; jw;Fj; Njitahd nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftij Mizahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mt;thW
nra;Ak;nghOJ Mizf;FOthdJ fzf;fpy; vLf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fshf (m) xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpd; rdj;njhif (M) mk; khfhzj;jpd; jyhtPj tUkhdk; (,) Njit> Kd;Ndw;wfukhf;f
r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu NtWghLfisf; Fiwg;gjw;F (<) Njit Kd;Ndw;wfukhf xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpdJk; jyhtPj tUkhdq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;ilf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk;
khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd kpf caHe;j tUkhdk; 260
khfhz epjpapd; kj;jpa fl;Lg;ghlhdJ MSdhpd; mjpfhuq;fs; Clhf epjpapay; epahahjpf;fk;

njhlHghd nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; tiuaiwfs; kw;Wk; epjpapay; ];jpukpd;ikiaj; jLg;gjw;fhd
[dhjpgjpapd; jiyaPlL ; mjpfhuk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd ehk; ghHj;Njhk;.
261
Mizf;FOtpd rpghHRfs; epahag;gLj;jf;$baitfs; my;y. ,J VjhtJ ePjpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sypy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkh? mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; mjd; njhopw;ghl;bd;
njhopy;El;g ,ay;G kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; jiyaPl;by; <LgLk; vd;W cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tiuaiwahd jd;ikapd; fhuzkhf ,J elf;f Kbahjjhf cs;sJ.262
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ghHf;Fk;nghOJ epjpg; gutyhf;fypd; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; rl;l NtiyahdJ

epjp mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; 13tJ jpUj;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; gytPdkhd gFjpfspy; xd;whFk;.263
kj;jpa khw;Wiffs; kPJ eq;$uk; ,lg;gl;Ls;s Kiwikfspy; jtwhdJ vJTk; ,y;iy.
rkg;gLj;Jiff;fhd nghwpj;njhFjp kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; cwjpahf ,Ug;gijj; jtpu. MdhYk;
epjp Mizf;FOtpd; murpayikg;Gj; njhopwg ; hLfshdit kj;jpa khw;Wiffs; 13 tJ jpUj;jj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ Vida vy;yh tplaq;fs; vd;git kPjhd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; Kiwf;F
Nghjpajhdjy;y. khw;Wif Kiwik $l epHthf kw;Wk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; nraw;jpwidAk;
tpidj;jpwidAk; fPoe; piyg;gLj;Jk; murpay; gof;fq;fshYk;> ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.264
259
ehzak; kw;Wk; epjp xOq;Ffs
260
1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 19 (5) kw;Wk; 20 (3)
261
2007 brk;gh; 17 MSdhpd; fl;lisiag; ghHf;fTk;
262
2008 Mk; Mz;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpr;rl;lk;
263
kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;jpw;fhd khdpak;
264
gphpT 15 (2)
gf;fk; 69
6.1 fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; nghJepjpapd; rl;lf mikg;G
1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; rl;lk; (1990 Mk; Mz;L 28 Mk; ,yf;f
khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jj;jpd;gb) khfhzrigr; rl;lj;jp;d; gFjp 3 f;F Nkyjpfkhf 2009 Mk;
Mz;L fpof;F khfhzrig epjpr; rl;lq;fspNy nghJepjpapd; vy;yh mk;rq;fSk; njhlHghd
tpsf;fkhd rl;lq;fSk; NrHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 265 ,e;j KOikahd rl;lq;fshdit nrytpdj;
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; tuT nryTj; jpl;lkply; nryT nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk;> gzk; kPsg;ngwy;>
,og;Gf;fs;> ,y;yhnjhopjj
; y;> Ntz;baij gjptopjJ; tpLjy; kw;Wk; gzk; nrYj;j Njitapyy
; hJ
nra;jy;> epjp Kfhikj;Jtk;> nghWg;Gf;$wy;> ngWiffs;> nfhLg;gdTfs;> gzj;ij itj;jpUj;jy;>
tq;fpf; fzf;Ffs;> tq;fpr; nrad;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; nfhs;tdTfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs;>
fsQ;rparhiy Kfhikj;Jtk;> mr;rbj;jy; kw;Wk; ntspapLjy; Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Vida
ehdhtpj tplaq;fspd; tPr;R vd;gtw;Wf;fhd KOikahd rl;lq;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; rhuk;rkhdJ NjitahdJ khj;jpuky;yhky; khfhz khtl;lj;jpyhd nghJ

epjpapd; NeHikj;jdk; kw;Wk; nraw;jpwd; vd;gdtw;Wf;F Kf;fpakhdJk; $l. MdhYk;
MSduhdtH epjpaikr;ruhfTk; khfhzj;jpwF ; s;shd epjpr; nrad;Kiwapd; Nkw;ghHitahsuhfTk;
njhopwg ; J.266 ,e;j tplaq;fshdit
; Lk; fl;likg;G tplakhdJ gue;Jgl;lstpy; njhlHe;Jk; ,Uf;fpdw
khfhzrigapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epahahjpf;fq;fshy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNk khfhz
kl;lj;jpy; nghpastpyhd epjp nghWg;GzHT Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLk;.
2008 ,Ny khfhzrig njhpTnra;ag;gl;L epWtg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf khfhzj;jpd; epHthfj;jpd;

epjp Vw;ghLfs; MSdhpd; fl;lisahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.267 mg;NghjpypUe;J rhjhuz
nrad;KiwNa gpd;gw;wg;gl;L te;jJ. 2008 kw;Wk; 2009 ,y; nrytpdq;fs; (kPs vOk; nrytpdq;fs;>
%yjdr; nrytpdq;fs;) fpof;F khfhzrigapd; 2008 kw;Wk; 2009 ,y; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd;
nrytpdq;fs; (kPs vOk; nrytpdq;fs;> %yjdr; nrytpdq;fspd; nkhj;jkhdJ) fpof;F
khfhzj;jpd; kj;jpapd; khw;Wiffs; Clhf G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. 268 2008 Mk; Mz;L 1 Mk;
,yf;f fpof;F khfhz epjpapd; epahahjpf;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J thptpjpj;jy; thpNrfhpj;jy;
mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;jYf;F mtrpakhd epHthf ,ae;jpuk; mikf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;Jk;> fpof;F
khfhzj;jpd; nrytpdk; kw;Wk; tUkhd toptifahdJ khw;wk; ngWk;. khw;wj;jpd; mstpidg;
nghWj;J RahjPdkhd gytiff; fhuzpfshd nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzpfs; ghHf;fg;gl
Ntz;badthf cs;sd.
265
gphpT 16 (1)
266
gphpT 11
267
gphpTfs; 15 (C)> 18
268
gphpT 15 (1)
gf;fk; 70
mj;jpahak; 7
13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; KOikahd mKyhf;fk;:
nra;aNtz;baJ vd;d?
13 tJ jpUj;jj;ij KOikahf mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; mHg;gzpg;Gld; ,Ug;gjhf mJ

2008 Mk; Mz;by; Nkw;nfhz;l $w;wpy; gy kiwKf tplaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. Kjyhtjhf
xd;Wf;Fg; gpd; xd;whf khwpte;j murhq;fq;fs; mjidr; nra;atpy;iy vd;W ed;F mwpag;gl;l
cz;ikia mJ Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mj;Jld; mJ mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;L ,uz;L jrhg;gjq;fSf;F
gpd;duhtJ murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfshdit mKy;gLj;jg;gl ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtw;wpd; KOikahd
mstpy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl ,Ug;gjhfTk; mwptpf;fg;gl;l mstpw;F tuNtw;fg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j tifapy; murhq;fkhdJ nfhs;ifj; njhpit mwptpf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ehl;bd;
cr;r rl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd mjDila rl;lf; flikapd;
mbg;gilia mJ Vw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,uz;lhtjhf ,e;j mHg;gzpg;ghdJ vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lnghOJ mJ xU ,ilf;fhy Vw;ghl;bd;

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mjpfhug; gfpHtpd; msTf;F mKy;gLj;Jk; mstpw;F APRC My; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;G
rPHghHg;gpd; vjpHghHg;Gk; kw;Wk; mjpfhug; gfpHtpw;fhd Gjpa Aj;jj;jpw;F gpe;jpa murpayikg;G
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mKy;gLj;Jifapd; mHg;gzpgG ; gw;wp kpfTk; FiwthfTNk Nfl;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fpof;F khfhzj;jpd;
NjHjy; kw;Wk; murpayikg;Gf;F mg;ghy; (tlf;F khfhzj;jpYk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; xU nray;Kiw)
tpUj;jpaile;j Ml;rpapd; mDgtkhdJ vjpHghHg;Gf;Fk; Fiwe;jjhf cs;s Xhplj;jpy; murpay;
gutyhf;fiy edthf;Fk; Njitahd murpay; mHg;gzpg;Gila cUg;gbahd ve;j Kf;fpa
khw;wKk; Kd;tutpy;iy.
gjpyhf kj;jpa murhq;fk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghLfspy;

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rpNu~;l mjpfhhpfSk; [dhjpgjp cl;gl Clfj;jpwF; fUj;J njhptpfi
; fapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy
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midj;ijAk; mspf;f tpUg;gkw;W ,Uf;Fk; cz;ikia cWjpahfj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdh;. mjw;F
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kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapd; Ml;rp tifkhjphp cjhuzkhdJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; khj;jpuk;jhd; jhf;fhPjpahf
toq;ff;$baJ vd;Wk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp vd;git gu];guk; gpuj;jpNafkhd
fUj;Jepiyfs; vd;w cz;ikf;fhd Nghjpajw;w fUj;J epytpaJ. Nkw;gb tplaq;fis Muha;eJ ;
ghu;fi
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Nfs;tp vOfpd;wJ.
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mKy;gLj;Jif kPJ Kd;nkhopT nrhy;ypapUe;jJ. kw;Wk; mjNdhL ,ize;j rl;lthf;fj;jpd;
gpujhd fUtpahfpa khfhz rigr; rl;lkhdJ ,U Nehf;fq;fspy; Nritahw;WfpwJ. Kjyhtjhf
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fypd; VjhtJ murpay; mikg;G rl;lfNtiyapd; tbtikg;gpy; cs;s FiwghLfs;
jtpHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,uz;lhtjhf ,JNt ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; ftdKk;
gf;fk; 71
MFk; . mjDila vy; i yfSf; F s; N s mjpfhug; gutyhf; f j; j pd; KO mstpyhd

eilKiwg;gLj;Jiff;fhd Nehf;Fldhd 13 tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; NtiyahdJ KOikahf
mKy;gLj;j Ntz;b Njitahd tplaq;fis ,e;j mjpfhuk; ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L tUfpwJ.
caHj;jpr; nrhy;ypf;fhl;lg;gl;l tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf xU kpfTk; Jyhk;gukhd

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nghWg;ngLf;fg;gl;lJ ,j;jifa xd;W mtrukhfj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. me;jf; FOtpdhy;
,dq;fhzg;gl;l midj;Jg; gpur;rpidfSk;> mNefkhf ,d;Dk; nghUj;jkhf cs;sJ vd;gij
epidT$u Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; mjd; gy rpghHRfs; mKy;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. cz;ikrhHe;j
kPs;ghHit mikg;Gf;F mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd; epahahjpf;f rl;lf Ntiy kpfTk; gue;Jgl;l
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nraw;gLj;Jtij MSk; gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; epHthfr; rl;lq;fspd; mikg;G khfhzk; kw;Wk;
cs;SH kl;lq;fs;> epjpr;rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Njitahd
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thHj;ijapy; nrhy;tjhap;d; xU Jyhk;gukhd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; fzf;fha;T MdJ
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jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd rpghHRfs; ,y;yhnjhopg;Gf;fs; murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mDkjpf;f Ntz;ba
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fYld; nghUe;jhj vijAk; khw;Wiffs; vd;gd nghWg;ngLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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khw;wq;fshdit kfpe;j rpe;jidia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; UPFA ,dJk; [dhjpgjpapdJk;
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7.1 fl;likg;gpyhd khw;wq;fs;

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MSdhpd; eLthz;ikahd nraw;ghLfshFk;.
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gy njhopw;ghLfSld; njhlHGgLj;jp xU kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd rkepiyia Vd; Vw;gLj;j

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nfhs;syhk;. khfhzrig jpUj;jj;jq;fs; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fis Ntz;b ep;wf
; pwJ.
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gf;fk; 72
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elhj;jg;gLk; fye;Jiuahly;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhd khfhzrigapd; rl;lr; nray;KiwfSf;F
[dhjpgjpapd271
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vJTk; ,y;iy.273 ,r; nraw;ghL khfhzrigfspd; mq;fPfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;L khfhzrigapd;
jtprhsNuhL MNyhrpj;J mikr;rHfs; rigahNyNa nra;Jnfhs;sg;glf;$bad.
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P b
; w;Fk;
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mjpfhuq;fis nfhLj;jpUg;gjhdJ epjpaikr;rH kPJ nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;w Njitapy;iy.
khfhz epahahjpff; j;jpy; NrHj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ. NkNyhl;lg;ghHit Njitahd
msTf;F tUlhe;j xJf;fPL epahahjpf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; (Fiwepug;G toq;fy; fzf;F Nghd;w
jw;fhypf toq;fy; epahahjpf;fk;) Njitahf cs;sJ.
khfhzg; nghJr;Nrit> khfhzg; nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO vd;gdtw;wpy; MSdhpd;

mjpfhuq;fSk; njhopwg
; hLfSk; khfhzrig rl;lk; 4 ,d; fPo; ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy;
Nehf;fpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gJ fbdkhf cs;sJ.275 khfhzg; nghJr;Nritapy; fl;Lg;ghl;il
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuz fhhpaq;fspd; gFjpahf murpay; kakhf;fy; Fwpj;J ftiyAs;sJ.
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#o;epiyfspy; khfhz mikr;rHfspd; Rahl;rp kw;Wk; Mjpf;fk; fPoe ; piyg;gLj;jg;gl cjTfpwJ.
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,Uf;fpwJ. khfhzg; nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOit 17 tJ rl;lf mikg;gpwF ; s; nfhz;LtUtjd;
%yk; ,jidr; nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kj;jpa rl;lthf;f cWg;Giu 42 ,d; fPo; ,jid
nghWg;ngLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. khfhz mur mjpfhhpfsplk; njhlHGila mikr;rHfspd; rigapd;
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269
gphpTfs; 19 (5)> 20 (3)> 23 (2)> 24 (1)> 24 (3) 25(1)> 26(3)> 28(1)> 28(1)> 30
270
gphpTfs; 32>33
271
gphpT 55 (3)
272
mNrhfh FztHjd FO mwpf;if mj;jpahak; 1 iag; ghHf;fTk; : gf;fk; 44
273
mNrhf FztHjd FO mwpf;if mj;jpahak; 7 Ig; ghHf;fTk;
274
NkNy nrhy;yggl;lJ
275
cWg;Giufs; 32> 33
276
cWg;Giufs; 53 (3)
gf;fk; 73
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tpUg;Gr; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd mfw;wg;gLtJld; mj; njhopw;ghLfs; khfhz nghJr;Nrit
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kw;Wk; nghJepjp (,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhd epakpf;fg;gl;l nghUj;jkhd mikg;ghy; rpghHR nra;ag;gLk;
tpguq;fs;) cld; njhlHGila xl;Lnkhj;jr; rl;lq;fs;> eilKiwfs;> nrad;Kiwfs;>
fl;likg;GfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf tpNrl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej ; xU tplakhf cg khfhz kl;l
epHthff; fl;likg;Gf;fspy; caHj;jpf; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;bf; fhl;lg;gl ,Ug;gJld;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
Neub KftuhfTk; jw;NghJ nraw;gLfpwJ. mNrhf FztHjd FOtpd; rpghHrpd; Nghpy; gpuNjrr;
nrayhsHfs; kw;Wk; fpuhkNritahsHfs;> khfhzg; nghJr;Nriapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk;.277
tpNrlkhf epjp> khfhzg; nghJr;Nrit vd;gtw;Wld; njhlHGila epahahjpf;f mjpfhuq;fspd;

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epiwNtw;W tplaq;fspd; Rahjpf;fj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk;.
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kj;jpa rl;lthf;fq;fspy;) NtWgl;l tpjq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; khw;wq;fs;. ,J ftdk;
Njitg;gLk; kpfTk; ghuJ}ukhd gpur;rpidfisj; jPHf;Fk;. MdhYk; epWtg;gl;Ls;s fl;likg;ig
nghpJk; Fog;Gk;. ,uz;lhtjhf khfhzrigfs; rl;lkhdJ Gjpa rl;lj;jpdhy; khw;wpaikf;fg;glyhk;.
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xd;gJ NtWgl;l rl;lq;fshy; mjid kPsitg;gjhFk;. khfhzq;fspd; Njitfs; Kd;tpUg;gq;fspd;
gpufhuk; xt;nthU khfhzrigf;Fk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Ngr;RthHj;ijfs;
%yk; ,itfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L 13 tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; vy;iyfspd; %yk; mjd; ntsp
vy;iyfs; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;L xU nghpa my;yJ Fiwe;jsthd xt;nthU khfhzj;jpd; [dehaf
tpUg;gj;ij nghWj;J mjpfhug; gutyhf;fiy mspff ; yhk;. NkYk; xU GJKaw;rpAk; ,ayf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikapy; ,J xU ,uz;lhtJ njhpthf cs;sJ. mJ vd;dntdpy; Rahjpf;f
Rahl;rp xg;ge;jk; xd;whdJ kj;jpa rl;lthf;fj;jpy; Nehf;fpYs;s Fwpg;gpl;l xU fhyg;gFjpf;F
cl;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ ,ayf;$bajhf cs;sJ. (xt;nthU 10 tUlq;fSf;Fk;) mZFKiwapd;
nghpa ftHr;rp vd;dntdpy; ,J milahs hPjpahdJk; kw;Wk; cs;slf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtkhd
cwTKiwia kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpwF ; k; xt;nthU khfhzj;jpwF ; kpilapy; murpayikg;G hPjpahfTk;
rk gq;fhsH vd;w tifapYk; nrhy;yg;gLk; mj;jpatrpakhd mjpfhuf; fl;likg;igAk;
nfhz;bUf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,Wjpahf vy;yh khfhzq;fSk; caHe;jsthd mjpfgl;r
mjpfhu kl;lq;fis Nfl;L epwg; jpNy KbtilAk;. mZFKiwapd; milahsj;JtkhdJ mg;gbNa
,Uf;Fk;.
277
mNrhf;f Fztu;jd FO mwpf;if gf;fk; 44
gf;fk; 74
7.2 murpay; kw;Wk; epHthf fyhrhuk;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lthwhf mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fiy mh;jG~;bahdjhf;f

epiwNtw;WtjpYs;s njhlHr;rpahd jilfspy; xd;whf KiwrhH fl;likg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
rl;lthrfq;fs; my;yJ eilKiwg;gL;j;Jk; Ml;fspd; kNdhgthq;fs;> ,Ug;Gf;fs; my;yJ
murpayikg;G Vw;ghLfs; khj;jpuk; vd;W mjpfk; ,y;yhky; tpNrlkhf nra;ag;gl;l murpay;
gpujpepjpfs;> kw;Wk; mur CopaHfs; 278 ,e;j kNdhghtq;fis khw;Wtjw;fhd tpUg;Ngh> Cf;fNkh
,y;yhjpUf;Fk; tiuf;Fk;> epWtd hPjpahfNth my;yJ nrad;Kiw khw;wq;fSlhfNth kpfr;
nrhw;gkhdijNa Kd;itf;fg;gl;l epWtd hPjpahd kw;Wk; eilKiw khw;wq;fSlhf
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,y;yhJNghFk;. nkhj;jkhf tbtikf;fg;gl;l Kiwik $l tpUg;gpd;ik> FNuhjk; my;yJ
,aYikapd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf iftplg;glyhk;. 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPohd mDgtj;jpd;
gFjpfs; ,jw;F rhd;W gfHfpd;wd. jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;> khw;wj;jpw;fhd mHg;gzpg;G
Nghd;w gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfis ghprPypg;gjw;F jFjpahditahf cs;sd.
,yq;ifapy; mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fy; mDgtj;jpd; kpfTk; njhLfpd;w xU mk;rkhf ,Ug;gJ NtW

,lq;fspYs;s gykl;l murhq;fq;fspd; Vida Kiwikfspd; xg;gl P hFk;. mikg;Gg; nghwpKiwapd;
nkhj;jkhd vy;yh epiyahf (murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfshf mwpag;gLfpd;wJ)279 ve;j
tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l KiwAk; mg;nghwpj; njhFjpf;Fhpa Mjutpd;wp nraw;gl KbahJ. ,itfs;
murpay; epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w nfhs;if xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;JgitfspypUe;J mur epHthfj;ij
xUq;fpizf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; kpfTk; tpNrlj;Jtkhf murhq;fj;jpd; tpNrl mk;rq;fSf;F
Mjutspf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; vd;w gy tPr;rpy; cs;sd. gFjpapy; tpNrbj;j Njitg;ghLfisg;
G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd xU vjpHfhy Nehf;F mikg;Gk; Njitahf cs;sJ. mNrhf
FztHjd FOthdJ Nkw;nfhz;l rpghHRfspy; gy ,d;Dk; nghUj;jkhditahf njhlHe;J
,Uf;fpd;wJ.280
murhq;fj;jpd; gy kl;lq;fSf;fpilapNy xUq;fpizg;Gk; MNyhrid nghwpjn

; jhFjpAk; ,y;yhjjpy;
,Ue;J Muk;gpj;J murpay; kw;Wk; epHthf xOq;FfSk; ,zf;fq;fSk; ,y;yhjpUg;gjhdJ
,ay; g pNyNa Kiwrhuhjjhf my; y J XusT rl; l ,ay; G ilajhf cs; s J. ,e; j
kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;G mbg;gilapypUe;J XusT rl;l ,ay;Gilajhf ,Ue;jJ.
gy kl;l Kiwikapd; njhopw;ghl;L tbtq;fspd; ,ayf;$baJk; njhopw;ghl;L khjphpfspd;

xt;nthU tpguKk; xd;wpy; ,ayj;jf;fjhfNth md;Nwy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhfNth ,y;yhJ tpbDk;
xU rl;lf;fUtpapy; ,Wf;fkhf ,ize;jpUg;gJld; ve;j Vw;ghLfshdit Ntz;lg;gLk; fl;likg;ig
xOf;fj;ijAk; murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspYk;> mNjNtisapy; murhq;fj;jpd; khWk;
neUf;fb epiyikfSf;F gjpyspg;gjd; Nghjpa nefpof;$bajhfTk;> jpUj;jf;$bajhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,J ,y;yhjnghOJ ,e;j vjpHfhy xg;ge;jq;fs; vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd
Fwpj;Jiuj;jtifapy; MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;fhf me;j xg;ge;jq;fs; tpUk;gg;Lk; tifapyhd
gue;Jgl;l vz;zg;nghUl;fis milahsk; fhZtjw;F ,ayhJ.
278
mNrhf;f Fztu;jd FO mwpf;if 1k; mj;jpahak;
279
mNrhf;f Fztu;jd FO mwpf;if 7k; mj;jpahak;
280
Nkw;gb mwpf;if
gf;fk; 75
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khfhz epHthfq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; kPjhd xU

nghJthd KiwrhH xg;ge;jkhdJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf ed;ikahdjhfj; njhpfpwJ.
Kjyhtjhf mt;thwhd xU xg;ge;jkhdJ murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fSf;fpilapyhd
murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F gue;Jgl;l nfhs;iffis vLj;Jiuf;ff;$bajhf cs;sJ.
,f; nfhs;iffshdit murpay; kw;Wk; rl;lhPjpaw;w nghWg;Gf;fis gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
gue;Jgl;lstpy; ,t;tz;zkhd xg;ge;jq;fshdit mt;thwhd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; nfhs;iffSf;F
xl;bapUg;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjdhy; (khfhz kl;l Rahl;rp) xj;Jiog;G rl;lhPjpahdJ
ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; [dehafk; vd;gtw;wpdhy; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjdhy; Ml;rpaikg;gpdhy;
xJf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fhd gu];gu khpahijia cWjpg;gLj;JtijAk; xOq;FgLj;JtijAk;
,e;j gue;jsthd xg;ge;jk; ehb epw;fpwJ. epiwNtw;W xg;ge;jj;jpd; gue;Jgl;l rl;lf Ntiyf;Fs;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> khfhz kl;lj;jpw;FkpilNa nghJthd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;Jk; tplaq;fspy; MSdhpd; tfpgq;F mikr;Rf;fSf;fpilapyhd Ntiy xOq;F
Vw;ghLfs;> tuT nryTj;jpl;l nrad;Kiwfs;> xJf;fPLfs;> Kf;fpa nfhs;if tplaq;fs;>
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; gphpT ifj;njhopy; tplaq;fs; cjhuzj;jpw;F (cy;y ; hrg;gazj;Jiw> kPdg
; pb>
tptrhak; ,aw;if tsq;fs; ,d;Dk; gy) my;yJ Nkyjpf kunghOq;Ffisf; fhZtjw;F
,ayf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
7.3 KbTiu
khfhz rigfs; gw;wpa mDgtq;fs; ,uz;L jrhg;j tPrn ; ry;iyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,J tiu
KOikahf eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhfhj 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; g+uz mjpfhug; gfpu;T ,ilntspia
Gjpa Nfhzj;jpYk; nefpo;rr
; pahd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; mZfp mKyhf;f KbAk;.
vdNt 13tJ murpayikg;gpw;fhd jpUj;jj;ij KOikahf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J njhlu;ghd

rl;lq;fisAk; nfhs;iffisAk; eilKiwfisAk; kPsha;T nra;J mtw;iw khw;wj;jpw;F
cs;shf;f ehk; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fSk; nfhs;iffSk; ,f;fl;Liuapy;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sd. xl;L nkhj;jkhff;$wpd; murpay; jplrq;fw;gk; - mu;gg
; zpg;G tplhKaw;rp
vd;git ,y;yhJ tpl;lhy; Nkw;gb Fwpf;Nfhs;fis ajhu;j;jkhf;f KbahJ. mz;ikf;fhy
tuyhW ,jid cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sNjhL ,d;iwf;Fk; mJ nghUj;jKilaJ. rhjfkhd
vjpu;fhyj;jpw;F mD$ykhd epiyikfs; Njhd;wtpy;iyahapDk; ,e;epiyikfspy; khw;wk;
Vw;gLkh vd;gjw;F fhyk; jhd; gjpy; $w Ntz;bAs;sJ.
gf;fk; 76
gjq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
gpd;tUk; nrhw;fs; ve;j #oiktpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;w njspT ,y;yhtpbd; NtWgl;l
fUj;Jf;fis vz;zNth ntspg;gLj;j ,lKz;L. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fs; ,yq;if
murpayikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mu;jj
; j;jpNyNa mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
rl;l tiuG: ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf cs;s tiuGr; rl;lk;
rl;lk;: ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rl;lk;
tiuG epajpr;rl;lk; : khfhzrigapdhy; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F Kd;ghf cs;s khfhz

rigapd; tiuGr; rl;lk;
epajpr;rl;lk; : kfhhzrig mq;fPfupf;Fk; xU rl;lk;
cWg;Giu: murpayikg;gpy; my;yJ rl;lj;jpy; cs;s xU thrfk; (rl;l Vw;ghL)
gphpT: ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; my;yJ khfhz rig epajpr; rl;lj;jpd; xU gpupT
khfhz rigf;F xJf;fg;gl;l nghJthd tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j %d;W epuy;fspd; VjhtJ xU tpla
epuy; I, epuy; II, epuy; III vd murpayikg;gpd; IX ml;ltizapy; vLj;Jf;$wg;gLfpwJ. epuy;
I ,d; gpd;dpizg;G I, gpd;dpizg;G II, gpd;dpizg;G III vd;gd cl;gl
murhq;fk; : ,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa murhq;fk;
RUf;f tpsf;fq;fs;
UPFA: If;fpa kf;fs; Rje;jpu Kd;dzp
SLFP: rpwpyhq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp
TMVP: jkpo; kf;fs; tpLjiyg; Gypfs;
UNP: If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp
SLMC: ,yq;if K];ypk; fhq;fpu];
EPRLF: <okf;fs; Gul;rpfu tpLjiy Kd;dzp
ENDLF: <oj; Njrpa [dehaf tpLjiy Kd;dzp
LTTE: jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs;
APRC: midj;Jf; fl;rp gpujpepjpfs; FO
gf;fk; 77
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fNyhL
njhlHGila ghuhSkd;wr;
rl;lq;fs;
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;G
1987 Mk; Mz;L 42 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; rl;lk;
1988 Mk; Mz;L 2 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; NjHjy; rl;lk;
1988 Mk; Mz;L 37 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; (rk;gsq;fs;> ,jugbfs;> nfhLg;gdTr;) rl;lk;
1988 Mk; Mz;L 55 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; NjHjy; (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;
1989 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; (gpd;tpisT Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;
1990 Mk; Mz;L 1 Mk; ,yf;f nghyp]; Mizf;FO rl;lk;
1990 Mk; Mz;L 9 Mk; ,yf;f fkeyNritfs; (jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;
1990 Mk; Mz;L 19 Mk; ,yf;f Nky; ePjpkd;w Vw;ghLfs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;); rl;lk;
1990 Mk; Mz;L 27 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;
1991 Mk; Mz;L 37 Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J Mizf;FO rl;lk;
1992 Mk; Mz;L 49 Mk; ,yf;f ghhpa nfhOk;G nghUshjhu Mizf;FO (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;
1992 Mk; Mz;L 58 Mk; ,yf;f mjpfhuq;fis khw;Wjy; (gpuNjr nrayhsHfs;) rl;lk;
1993 Mk; Mz;L 17 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; Xa;T+jpa rl;lk;
1994 Mk; Mz;L 13 Mk; ,yf;f ePHg;ghrd jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
1995 Mk; Mz;L 25 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzrigfs; Gus;T thpfs; (vy;iyfSk; tpjptpyf;FfSk;)
rl; l k;
1996 Mk; Mz;L 10 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzq;fspd; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; (tpNrl Vw;ghl;Lr;) rl;lk;
1996 Mk; Mz;L 24 Mk; ,yf;f kz; ghJfhg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk;
1999 Mk; Mz;L 31 Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;if cs;Suhl;rp epWtf rl;lk;
2006 Mk; Mz;L 54 Mk; ,yf;f khfhzq;fspd; Nky; ePjpkd;w (tpNrl Vw;ghl;L) (jpUj;jr;) rl;lk;
gf;fk; 78
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy;
njhlHghf cr;r
ePjp kd;wq;fspd;
jPHkhdq;fs;
vLf;fg;gl;l rpy tof;Ffs; cj;jpNahfG+Ht ,yq;if rl;l mwpf;ifapy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
mNjNeuk; Vidaitfs; ,d;Dk; mwpf;ifaplg;gltpy;iy. MdhYk; ghhpa nfhOk;G nghUshjhu
Mizf;FO (jpUj;jr; rl;lk;) 1992> kw;Wk; gz;lhu vjpuhf Arawwawala (1996) vd;gd jtpHe;j
Vidait vy;yhk; L. khurpq;f> J. tpf;fpukul;z 2010 ,y; vOjpa (Colombo: Stamford Lake)
Judicaial Pronouncement on 13th Amendment E}ypy; ,Ue; J ed; w pAld; kWgpuRuk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
1990 Mk; Mz;L fkeyNritfs; jpUj;jr; rl;l%yk;> 1991 Mk; Mz;L 09 ,yf;f SCSD
1991 Mk; Mz;L fkeyNritfs; jpUj;jr; rl;l%yk;> 1991 Mk; Mz;L 02 ,yf;f SCSD
1996 Mk; Mz;L myth fl;Lfk;nghy gyNehf;F $l;LwTr; rq;fk; 1 SLR 278
gz;lhu vjpuhf mwthty (Bandara Arawwawala) 1996 CA Writ App No. 483/95, 1996 Nk 24
jdghy vjpuhf fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsH khfhzk;> tlkj;jpa khfhzk; (1997) 1 SLR 400
fhdp vjpuhf jprehaf;f (Ghany Dissanayake) (2004) 1 SLR 17
ghhpa nfhOk;G nghUshjhu Mizf;FO jpUj;jr;rl;lk; (1992)> 1992 Mk; Mz;L 01 Mk; ,yf;f
SCSD
tlkj;jpa khfhzrig cs;Suhl;rp tPlikg;G epajpr;rl;lk; (1997) 3 SLR 344 13 tJ jpUj;jk;

khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (1987) 2 SLR 312
fkyhtjp vjpuhf khfhz nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO tlNky; khfhzk; (2001) 1 SLR1
epy chpikr; rl;l%yk; (2003), 2003 ,y 26-36-2003
cs;Suhl;rp rigfs; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;l %yk; SCSD 2008 Mk; Mz;L 6 kw;Wk; 7
kj;Jk gz;lh vjpuhf cjtp MizahsH> fkey Nritfs; (2003) 2 SLR 80
k`pe;j Nrhkh vjpuhf - Nrdehaf;f (1996) 1 SLR 180 (CA)
Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J Mizf;FOr; rl;l%yk; (1991) SCSD 1991 Mk; Mz;L ,y 8
epkyuj;d vjpuhf – fkeyNrit cjtp MizahsH (2000) 3 SLR 184
gf;fk; 79
[aNjtd; vjpuhf - rl;lkh mjpgh; (1992) 2 SLR 356
guNk];thp [aNjtd; rl;lkh mjpgh; (1992) 2 SLR 356
nghbepyNk vjpuhf kj;jpA (1996) 2 SLR 82
gpNukre;jpu kw;Wk; njhlq;nfhl vjpuhf – [atpf;fpuk kw;Wk; gfPH khfH (1993) 2 SLR 294 (CA)
gpNukre;jpu vjpuhf - [atpf;fpuk (1994) 2 SLR 90 (SC)
khfhzrigfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> SCM 1990 [{d; 14
khfhzrigfs; gpd;tpisTfs; Vw;ghLfs; rl;l %yk; (1989), SCSD 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,y 11
uQ;rdp gphpayjh vjpuhf – khfhz nghJNritfs; Mizf;FO kj;jpa khfhzk; (2009), CA

Writ App. ,y 775/07, 2009 Mk; Mz;L etk;gH 03
uj;ehaf;f b rpy;th (1999) 3 SLR 57
thlif jpUj;jr; rl;lk; (2002), SCSD 2002 Mk; Mz;L ,y 08
tz. NrUtpy ruzfpjp vjpuhf – rl;lkh mjpgH (2004) 1 SLR 365
tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzrigapd; Nghf;Ftuj;J rig epjp Mjpf;fk; (1990), SC (Spl) 1989 Mk;
Mz;L ,y 7
Nrdehaf;f vjpuhf - k`pe;jNrhk (1998) 2 SLR 333 (SC)
nghyp]; Mizf;FO rl;l%yk; (1989) SC (Spl) 1989 Mk; Mz;L ,y 14
ePHr;Nritfs; kWrPuikg;G rl;l%yk; (2003) 2003 SCSD ,y 24> 25
tPurpq;f vjpuhf – jprehaf;f (1997) 1 SLR 406
tpN[Nrfu vjpuhf rl;lkh mjpgH (2007) 1 SLR 38
tpN[tHjd vjpuhf – cs;Suhl;rp gzpg;ghsH (2004) 1 SLR 179
gf;fk; 80
Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhf
C. mkuJq;f (Ed) murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;gpw;fhd vz;zq;fs; (nfhOk;G : CLD)
J.A.L. $Nu (1995) ,yq;ifapy; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; epHthfr; rl;lq;fs; (nfhOk;G: Rkjp)
khw;Wf;nfhs;iff;fhd epjpak; (2008) khfhzrig Kiwikiag; gyg;gLj;Jjy;

nrayku;Tj; jPHkhdq;fspd; Ma;Tg;nghUs; hPjpahd mwpf;if (nfhOk;G : CPA)
R. vjphprpq;f> M. Nfhnk];> V.T. jkpo; khwd; kw;Wk; A. ntypfy (Eds) (2008) ,yq;fiapy;
mjpfhug;gfpHT: murpayikg;G kw;Wk; mjpfhu Mtzq;fs;> 1926 – 2008 (nfhOk;G :
CPA)
R. vjphprpq;f>. A. ntypfy (2008) ,yq;ifapy; r

; k~;b kPjhd fl;Liufs; (nfhOk;G : CPA)
B.nghd;Nrfh kw;Wk; M. ufPk; (2010) fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; fhzp kw;Wk; murpay;

Kuz;ghL (nfhOk;G : CPA)
K.C. fkyrNgrd; (2009) mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; ,yq;if mDgtk; (nfhOk;G: fkyrNgrd;

kd;wk;)
K. Nyhfehjd; (1996) ,yq;ifapy; jtw re;jHg;gq;fs; (nfhOk;G: CEPRA)
L.khurpq;f (2009) khfhz MSdH 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPohd chpikfSk;

flikfSk; (nfhOk;G: rHNthjak;)
L.khurpq;f kw;Wk; J. tpf;fpukuj;d (Eds) (2010) 13 tJ jpUj;jk; eilKiwfs; kPjhd

fl;Liufs; (nfhOk;G: Stamford Lake)
L.khurpq;f kw;Wk; J. tpf;fpukuj;d (Eds) (2010) 13 tJ jpUj;jk; kPjhd ePjpj;Jiw

njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs; (nfhOk;G: Stamford Lake)
khfhzrigfs; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; eltbf;if mDgtq;fs; (1996) ,yq;ifapy;

khfhzrigfspd; nraw;ghL gw;wpa Ma;T nra;tjw;fhd mwpf;if (nfhOk;G
ntspaplg;glhjjJ) (mNrhf FztHjd FO mwpf;if)
J. caq;nfhl kw;Wk; R. vjphprpq;f>. (Eds) murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;gpw;fhd fl;Liufs;

(nfhOk;G :CEPRA)
gf;fk; 81
NeHfhzg;gl;ltHfspd; epuy;
• nfsut. nkhfhd; tpN[tpf;fpuk – fpof;F khfhzrig MSdu;
• nfsut. rptNdrJiu re;jpufhe;jd; – Kjyikr;rh;
• nfsut. MLAM `p];Gy;yh – Kd;id ehs; Rfhjhu mikr;rH
• nfsut. T. etuj;jpduh[; – tptrha mikr;rH
• nfsut. M.S. cLkh nyNg – tPjp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rH
• nfsut. tpkytPu jprehaf;f – fy;tp mikr;rH
• nfsut. AMM ghap]; – jtprhsH
• nfsut. M.K.D.S. FztHjd – Kd;id ehs; cjtpj; jtprhsH
• nfsut. jah fkNf – vjpHf;fl;rpj; jiytH
• nfsut. grPH NrF jh$H – Kd;dhs; vjpHf;fl;rpj;jiytH
• nfsut. A. urPf; ghPl; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. A.S. [th`pu; ]hyp – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. M.A.M. k`W}t; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. W.G.M.M. Mhpatjp fyg;gj;jp – fpof;F khfhzrig cjtpj; jtprhsu;
• nfsut. A.P.G. re;jpujhr – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. S. G];guh[h – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. R.N. tujd; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. S. nry;tuh[h – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. N. jputpak; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. K.M. mg;Jy; urhf; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. A.M. [kPy; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. A. guRukd; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. S.L.M. `rd; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. E.S. fpU~;dhde;juh[h – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. U.M.N. KgPd; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. M.L.T. efPk; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. A. rrpjud; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. M.S. jT+tPf; – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• nfsut. T.A. khrpy;yhkzp – fpof;F khfhzrig cWg;gpdH
• jpU. V.P. ghyrpq;fk; – rigr; nrayhsH
• jpUkjp. N.R. uQ;rdp – Kjyikr;rhpd; nrayhsH
• jpU. K.U.K. tPutHjd – fy;tp mikr;rpd; nrayhsH
• jpU. gj;kehjd; – tptrha mikr;rpd; nrayhsH
• jpU. nrhPt; – tPjp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; nrayhsH
• jpU. U.L.A. mrP]; – Rfhjhu mikr;rpd; nrayhsH
• jpU. jpahfypq;fk; – Kd;dhs; fpof;F khfhzrig nrayhsu;
• jpU. K. clNf – khfhz nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO nrayhsH
• fyhepjp R QhdNrfH – jpl;lkply; gzpg;ghsH
• jpU. mdp/g; nyg;Ng – rl;l mjpfhup> fpof;F khfhzrig
gf;fk; 82
gFjp 2 - fpof;F
khfhz rig
Gjpjhf Nju;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l fpof;F khfhz
rigapd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa kjpg;gha;T
rhuhk;r mwpf;if
yady; FUNf
gf;fk; 83
rhuhk;rk;
1987y; ,yq;if - ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhz rig Kiwik %yk; gpuNjr
myFfSf;F mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpUk; Kiw ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mjw;fg;ghy;> ,d Nkhjy; #oikTf;Fs; Nkhjy; jPu;tpw;fhd Xu; fUtpahfTk; khfhz rig
Kiw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fika fpof;F khfhz rig njhlu;ghf elj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpy; kw;Wk;
FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; njhlu;ghd ,t;twpfi ; f gpuNjr uPjpapy; mjpfhuj;ij gfpUk; nrad;Kiwapy;
nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghf nghJ kf;fsplk;> kpf tpupthd epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
cs;s gpui[fs; kw;Wk; murpay; FOf;fsplKk; ,yq;ifapy; gpuNjr uPjpapy; mjpfhuj;ij
gfpuj
; y; njhlu;ghf nghWg;ghd khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
czu;Tfs; njhlu;ghd Nehf;nfhd;iw toq;fpAs;sJ. mjw;fika ,g;ngWNgWfs; jw;NghJs;s
Kiw njhlu;ghd jpUg;jp thf;FWjpfs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;WjYf;fpilapy; ,Uf;Fk; NtWghL>
rthy;fs; kw;Wk; thf;FWjpfis ,ilepWj;jhJ nra;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fKk;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. epfo;fhy Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpd;duhd gpd;dzpapy;> mt;thwhdhy;> Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg;
gpd;du; tiu epiyikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;Jf;fhf re;ju;g;gk;
,Uf;Fk; gpd;dzpapy; ,t; Ma;tpd; ngWNgWfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;.
,t;tha;tpd; NghJ ,dq;fhzg;gl;l tpN~l fhuzpfspy; rpy:

• khfhz rig njhlu;ghd gy (epu;thf) tplaq;fspy; kf;fspd; fUj;J> khfhz rigapd; fPo;
,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; NtWgl;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• khfhz rig Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; kf;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; mjd; cz;ikahd
Nritfis toq;Ftjpy; njspthd nghWj;jg;ghLfs; ,d;wp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• khfhz tplaq;fspd; NghJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gpy;yhj epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• fpof;F khfhz eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; mjpf gq;fspg;ig
toq;fpAs;sd.
• ,d;iwa khfhz rig nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; jpUg;jp Fwpg;gpl;lsT Fiwtile;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; fpof;F khfhz rigf;Ff; fhzp>
nghyp]; Nghd;w ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J NkYk; khfhz rigia gyg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Nehf;fk;
2008 Nk khjk; eilngw;w khfhfz rigj; Nju;jYf;Fg; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhfz rig
KOikahf nraw;glj;njhlq;fpaJ. 20 tUlq;fspd; gpd;du; khfhz rig Nju;jy; eilngw;wJ
my;yhky; cau; ePjpkd;w jPug
; G
; f;fpzq;f tlkhfhzj;jpypUe;J fpof;F khfhzj;ij gpupj;jjd;
gpd;du; eilngw;w Kjy; Nju;jYk; ,JthFk;.
khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;> cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
czu;Tfis xg;G Nehf;fp fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s rhjfkhd kw;Wk; gpd;dilTfis
,dq;fhz;gJ ,t; Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.
gf;fk; 84
khfhz rigapd; Nrit toq;fy; njhlu;ghd jpUg;jpfuj; jd;ikia ,dq;fhz;gJ ,t;

Ma;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fkhFk;.
gpuNjr uPjpapy; mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;tjw;fhd kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf
nghJ kf;fsplKk; murpay; fl;rpfsplKk; fUj;Jf;fis ngWjy; kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpapy; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gfpuj
; y; njhlu;ghd mDgtq;fs;> Ra epuz
; ak; njhlu;ghd Ntz;LNfhs;fSf;F jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;s
tpjk; kw;Wk; mjd; ,ay;G njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,t; Ma;tpd;
kw;iwa Nehf;fkhFk;.
tplag;nghUSk; nray;KiwAk;
fpof;F khfhz rig njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpupthd fw;ifahd ,t; Ma;T gy;NtW
KiwfspD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fpof;F khfhz rigg; gpujpepjpfs;> cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; ,t; Ma;tpy; mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Nritg; gpupTfs; njhlu;ghfTk;
,jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
a) Fwpfhl; b fs;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; MSeu;> Kjyikr;ru; cl;gl;l mikr;ru;fs;> gpujhd nrayhsu; cl;gl;l

nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J cWg;gpdu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jw;fika
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; mk;ghiw> kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w khtl;lq;fspy; ,t;
Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ml;ltiz 1 – Fwpfhl;bfspd; fl;likg;G

mk;ghiw kl;lf;fsg;G jpUNfhzkiy
1. khfhz rigapd; cau; ϭϱ ϱϬ ϱϬ
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
2. khfhz rig ϭϮ ϭϬ Ϭϵ
cWg;gpdu;fs;
3. nghJ kf;fSld;
elj;jg;gl;l ,yf;Ff; Ϯϰ Ϯϰ Ϯϰ
FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;
b) jfty; Nrfupj;jy;
i. Neu;fhzy;fs;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; xt;nthU khtl;lq;fspYk; khfhz rigapd; fPo; ,aq;ff; $ba epWtdq;fspy;
flik GupAk; 50 cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; vd;w mbg;gilapy; 150 cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsplk; mikf;fg;gl;l
Nfs;tpfn
; fhj;ij gad;gLj;jp Neubahf fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. 1k; ml;ltizapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW
%d;W khtl;lq;fspy; ,d tpfpjhrhu mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; vz;zpf;if jPuk; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ii. gj;jpupif Ma;T
2008 Nk 10k; jpfjp Kjy; 2009 Mf];l; 10k; jpfjp tiu jkpo; kw;Wk; rpq;fs nkhop %ykhd
gpujhd gj;jpupiffs; fpof;F khfhz rigfs; njhlu;ghf ntspapll; nra;jpfs; tifaPL nra;ag;gl;L
mit Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
gf;fk; 85
iii. nghJkf;fspd; fUj;jwpAk; Ma;T
xU khtl;lj;jpy; 24 FOf;fs; tPjk; 3 khtl;lq;fspy; 72 FOf;fSf;fpilNa khtl;l

kf;fSf;fpilNa ,f; fye;Jiuahly;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. jw;nrayhf re;jpgg
; tu;fs; kw;Wk; ,yFthf
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; Kiwapy; fye;JiuahlYf;fhf gq;Fgw;Wdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
FOf;fye;Jiuahly; xt;nthU nkhop mbg;gilapy; ntt;Ntwhf elj;jg;gl;lNjhL %d;W
khtl;lq;fspy; ,d tpfpjhrhu mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU khtl;lq;fspYk; fye;Jiuahly;fspd;
vz;zpf;if jPuk ; hdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
iii-a) tpNrl Fwpg;G – FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fis Ma;T nra;jy;

xU khtl;lj;jpy; 24 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fs; tPjk; 3 khtl;lq;fspy; 72 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; mwpKfk; KOikahf toq;fg;gltpy;iy> vd;gij
njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. thrfu;fSf;F tpiuthd kw;Wk; RUf;fkhd jfty;fis ngwf; $ba
tpupthd Ma;thf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
mjd; fhuzkhf jfty;fs; kjpgG

; uPjpapyhd jfty;fshf mikahky; vz;zpfi
; f mbg;gilapyhd
jfty;fshf ,t; Ma;tpy; mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,j;jfty;fis ,t;thW Kd;itg;gjw;fhd fhuzk;> mwpe;J nfhz;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf

kjpg;gPl;L uPjpapyhd tpsf;fk; ,Ug;gpd; thrfu;fs; mjpfkhd fhyj;ij tpuakhf;fp f~;lg;gl;L
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLtjdhy; rhuhk;rg;gLj;jp ,t;tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gjdhy; cupa
tplaj;ij mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba re;ju;gg ; k; mjpfupf;Fk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ.
NkYk;> xU FOf;fye;Jiuahlypd; NghJ xU tplak; njhlu;ghf mjpfkhNdhu; xNu tpjkhf

fUj;J njuptpjj
; hy;> mr;re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; mf;fUj;J mf;FOtpd; midtupdJk; fUj;jhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
gf;fk; 86
gpujhd mwpKfk;
1. khfhz rig njhlu;ghd kdg;ghq;F
khfhz rig njhlu;ghf cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rigapd; fPo; NritGupfpdw
; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
ey;nyz;zj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhYk; rhjhuz kf;fs; Gjpa khfhz rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf
ey;y vz;zj;ij nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
'khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;du; khfhz rigapy; mJtiu ele;j
Nritfspy; Fwpg;gpLk;gbahd khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;Js;sd. vd;gij khfhzj;jpy; NritGupAk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L tPjkhNdhu; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. mJ rjtPjj;jpy; 64% khFk;.
mNj Nghd;W mf;$w;iw Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; 36% ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 1
gf;fk; 7) mf;$w;iw Vw;Wf;nfhz;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; $Wk; tpjj;jpy; 'nghJkf;fs; Nrit
toq;FtJ tpidj;jpwdhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (40.9%) mNj Nghd;W kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;du; khfhz rig flikfspy; ghupa khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ (tiuglk; 2)
fpof;F khfhzrigf; $l;lq;fspd; n`d;rhl; mwpf;iffSf;F mika xt;nthU cWg;gpdu;fspd;

ciufspd; cs;slf;fj;ij MuhAk; NghJ cWg;gpdu;fspd; ngUk;ghshNdhu; mjhtJ 87.5% khNdhu;
Gjpjhf mikj;j khfhfz rig njhlu;ghf ey;y mgpg;gpuhaj;ijNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. (tiuglk; 3)
Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf FOf;fye;Jiuahly; %yk; nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis

mwpAk; NghJ 72 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; 38 fye;Jiuahly;fs; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ve;j khw;wKk; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;w fUj;ijNa ntspg;gLj;jpdu;.
,Ug;gpDk; 24 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; fpof;F khfhz rig mike;jjd; gpd;du; rpwe;j khw;wk;
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gJ Gjpa khfhz rig njhlu;ghf ey;y kdg;ghq;F
Vw;gLtjw;fhd mwpFwpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (tiuglk; 4 gf;fk; 8) kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy;
jkpo; kf;fspd; FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; mjpfkhdtw;wpy; fpof;F khfhz rig mike;jjd;
gpd;du; rpwe;j khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ Kf;fpa tplakhFk;. (ml;ltiz 1)
ml;ltiz 1 - kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;

ml;ltiz khw;
VNjDk; 1 - wkf;
k; fs; gpujpepjpfs;
Vw;g l;Ls;sjh? Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; VNjDk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sjh?
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;
nkhj;jk;
rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk;
khw;wk;
,y;iy ϳ Ϯ ϲ ϭ ϳ ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϯϴ
epiyik
rpf;fyile; Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ͳ Ϯ
Js;sJ.
rpwe;j
khw;wk; ϭ Ϯ ϯ Ͳ ϭϬ Ϯ Ϯ ϭ ϯ Ϯϰ
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ
Rje;jpukhf
tho;
tjw;fhd ϭ Ͳ Ϯ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϲ
re;ju;g;gk;
kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfs;
,Ug;gjd; Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ Ϯ
Kf;fpaj;
Jtk;
gf;fk; 87
tiuglk; 1
kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs; Nju; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; l jd; gpd; d u; cq; f Sf; F khfhz rigapy;
mJtiu epfo; e ; j Nritfspy; Fwpg; g plj; j f; f khw; w k; Vw; g l; b Uf; f pd; w jh?
- cj; j pNahfj; j u;
Mk; ,y; i y
tiuglk; 2
kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs; Nju; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; l jd; khfhz rigapy; mJtiu epfo; e ; j

Nritfspy; khw; w q; f s; Vw; g l; l hy; mit ahit?
nghJkf;fspd; mNefkhd tplaq;fspy; ,Jtiu jhkjkhd khfhzj;jpd; rptpy; NtW

Nritfs; toq;Fk; rupahd Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk; my;yJ ,ilapy; epu;thfk; rpwe;j
eltbf;iffs; jiyikj;Jtk; kf;fs; iftplg;gl;l Kiwapy;
tpidj; jpwDld; gpujpepjpfs; Clhf eltbf;iffs; kPz;Lk; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
epfo;fpd;wJ fpilf;fpd;wJ Muk;gpj;Js;sd
gf;fk; 88
tiuglk; 3
khfhz rig njhlu; g hf khfhz rig cWg; g pdu; f spd; fUj; J f; f s;

- `d; r hl; mwpf; i ffSf; f ika
jpUg; j p jpUg; j papd; i k
tiuglk; 4
fpof; F khfhz rigf; F kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs; Nju; e ; n jLf; f g; g l; l jd; gpd; d u;

epiyikapy; khw; w k; Vw; g l; L s; s jh? - njupTnra; a g; g l; l ,yf; F f; FOf; f ye; J iuahly;
khw; w k; cs; s J
epyik
Nkhrkile; J s; s J
rpwe; j khw; w k;
Vw; g l; L s; s J
Rje; j pukhf
thof; $ ba epyik
kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs;
,Ug; g jd;
Kf; f paj; J tk;
gf;fk; 89
2. khfhz rigapd; gpujhd gpur;rpidfs;

i. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
khfhz rig `d;rhl; mwpf;ifia Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,t;tplaq;fspy; khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;
ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fspy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 'khfhz rig mikg;gpYs;s mjpfhuq;fSf;Nf"
nfhLf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf khfhz rig
cWg;gpdu;fs; fijj;jpUg;gij tpfpjhrhu Kiwapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; 10.6% MFk;. mjw;F
mg;ghy; gl;ljhup Mrpupau;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; (9.6%)> ,d xw;Wik (7.1%)> epjp xJf;fPL (7%)>
ghJfhg;G (6.6%) kw;Wk; kj;jpa murhq;fk; (6.1%) Nghd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cWg;gpdu;fs;
rigf;$l;lq;fspy; NgRk; NghJ ftdk; nrYj;jp ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gij fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpdw ; J.
Aj;jk; Kbtile;j cld; Muk;gpj;J> jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;> murhq;fj;jpd; ghupa mgptpUj;jp

jpl;lkhd fpof;fpd; cjak; njhlu;ghf kpff; Fiwe;j (0.7%) ftdj;ijNa cWg;gpdu;fs; nrYj;jp
,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. (ml;ltiz 5)
ii. kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

gpujhd gpur; r pidfspy; 'cl; f l; l ikg; G trjpfspd; FiwghL" vd; w tplak; 72
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; 40,y; kf;fs; ,J njhlu;ghf fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jpUg;gJld; FbePu;
Fiwghl;il 29 FOf;fspdhYk;> 24 FOf;fs; njhopypd;ik gpur;rpidiaAk;> gapu;rn ; ra;tjw;fhf
ePu; kw;Wk; Vida trjpfs; ,d;ik njhlu;ghf 17 FOf;fSk; kw;Wk; fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuk;
,d;ik njhlu;ghf 15 FOf;fspdhYk; jhk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; gpujhd gpur;rpidfshff;
$wpapUe;jhu;fs;. (tiuglk; 6 gf;fk; 11) %d;W khtl;lq;fspy; jkpo;> rpq;fsk;> kw;wk; K];ypk;
vd %d;W ,d kf;fspdhYk; cl;fl;likg;G gpur;rpidNa gpujhd gpur;rpidahf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ml;ltiz 2)
Nkw;$wpa jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; njspthff; fhzf;$ba tplak; ahnjdpy; khfhz rig

cWg;gpdu;fs; rigf;$l;lq;fspy; Kd; itf;fpd;w tplaq;fSf;Fk; gpuNjr kf;fs; jkJ
gpur;rpidfshf Kd;itj;j gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghl;il fhz Kbfpd;wJ. gpuNjr
kf;fs; jkJ gpur;rpidfis Kd;itf;Fk; xU tplakhtJ khfhz rig $l;lq;fspy; Ngrg;gltpyi
; y
vd;gJ GJikahdJk; tpag;Gf;FupaJkhd tplakhFk;.
gf;fk; 90
ml;ltiz
ml; ltiz2 2 khfhzj; jpYs;j
spYs;
gpujhd gpur;rpid vd; d? FOf;
vd;dfye;
? Jiuahly;fspd; Clhd fUj;Jf;fs;. khtl;lk;
– khfhzj; s gpujhd gpur; rpid
kw;Wk; ,df; FOf;fSf;F mikthf
FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; Clhd fUj;Jf;fs;.-khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,df; FOf;fSf;F mikthf
jpUNfhzkiy nkhj;jk;
cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfs;
(ghijfs;>
ϳ Ϯ ϰ Ͳ ϵ ϱ ϱ Ϯ ϲ ϰϬ
tbfhy;>
kpd;rhuk;>
njhiyNgrp)
ghlrhiy
Mrpupau;
gw;whf;Fiw ͬ ϯ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ ϰ Ͳ ϭ ϵ
fy;tpg;
gpur;rpid
njhopy;
ϰ ϭ Ϯ Ͳ ϵ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯϰ
,y;yhik
gapu;r;nra;iff;
fhd ePu;
kw;Wk; Vida ϱ ϯ ϯ ϭ Ϯ Ͳ Ϯ ϭ Ͳ ϭϳ
trjpfs;
,y;yhik
Rfhjhug;
ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭ ϯ Ͳ Ϯ ϭϬ
gpur;rpid
tPlikg;G Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϲ
FbePu; ϴ ϰ ϳ ϭ ϰ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϯ Ϯϵ
cj;juTg;
gj;jpukpy;yhj ϲ Ϯ Ϯ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ϯ Ͳ ϭϱ
fhzpfs;
epakq;fs;
kw;Wk;
jpl;lkplyw;w Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ϯ
fl;bl
mikg;G
tpjitfspd;
tho;f;ifg; Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ Ϯ
gpur;rpid
fhl;L
ahidfspd; ϭ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ϯ
njhy;iy
tiuglk; 5
khfhz rigapd; gpur; r pidfs;

- `d; r hl; mwpf; i ffSf; f ika
ghJfhg; G
mfjpfs;
flw;njhopy;
gl;ljhupfs;-
Mrpupau;fs;-fy;tp
FbNaw;wk; /
tptrhak;
tpjitfs;
epjp xJf;fPL
rl;l uPjpapyhd
mjpfhuk;
Rfhjhuk; ;
mur rhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fs
,d xj;Jiog;G
khfhz rig
tpUj;jp
fhzp
rYiffs;
nghyp];
fpof;fpd; cjak;
kj;jpa muR
NtW
gf;fk; 91
tiuglk; 6
kf; f s; Kd; itj; j khfhzj; j pd; mbg; g ilg; gpur; r pidfs;

FOf; f ye; J iuahly; f s; Clhf ((FGD))
ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fs;
ePu; kw;Wk; Vida
Rfhjhug; gpur;rpid
tPlikg;G
FbeP u ;
tpjitfspd;
Nghl; b
Fiwe;j (njUf;fs;>
tbfhyikg;G>
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
kpd;rhuk;> njhiyNgrp)
njhopy; ,y;yhik
trjpfs; ,y;yhik
fhzp cWjp ,d;ik
epakkw;w jpl;lkplyw;w
gw;whf;Fiw fy;tpg;
gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf
fl;bl mikg;G
murpay; mjpfhug;
gpur;rpid
; fg; gpur;rpid
fhl;L ahidfspd;
njhe;juT
tho;fi
3. kf;fs; gpur;rpidfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l jPuT

; njhlu;ghd
fUj;Jf;fs;
fpof;F khfhz rig mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
Kiwahd epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; kf;fSf;F Gjpa tho;f;if Kiwnahd;W cjakhFnkd;W
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gl;lJ.
i. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
khfhz rig mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;F khfhz rigapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l
jPu;Tfs; jpUg;jpailaf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W khfhzj;jpy; flik GupAk; mNdfkhd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; (62%) ek;gpf;if nfhs;tNjhL cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspy; 38% khNdhu; khfhz
rigapd; Nritfs; jpUg;jpaspf;ff;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;Wk; njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 7)
ii. khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;

,t;tplaj;ijNa khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fsplk; Nfl;l NghJ mtu;fspy; 55.6% khNdhu; kf;fspd;
gpur;rpidfSf;F khfhz rigapdhy; jpUg;jpg;glf;$ba jPu;Tfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk;
mtu;fspy; 44.4% MNdhu; khfhz rigj; jPu;Tfs; jpUg;jpaspf;ff;$bajhf ,y;iy vd;Wk;
njuptpj;jdu;. (tilglk; 8)
gf;fk; 92
iii. kf;fspd; fUj;J

FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; jkJ gpur;rpidf;F khfhz rigapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l jPuT
; fs; njhlu;ghf
kf;fspd; fUj;ij Nfl;lNghJ> Kd;dijg; Nghd;Nw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rig
cWg;gpdu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F khWgl;l fUj;jhfNt mike;jJ. jkJ gpur;rpidfSf;F jPuT ;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W 61 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; mNdfkhd kf;fs; njuptpf;Fk; nghOJ
4 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; mNdfkhNdhu; jkJ gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;it toq;Ftjw;F
epjpnahJf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W cWg;gpdu;fs; njuptpj;jjhf njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 9)
ml;ltiz 3 - gpur;rpidfSf;F khfhz rig toq;fpa jPu;T vd;d?

ml;ltiz 3 - .gpur;rpidfSf;F khfhz rig toq;fpa jPu;T vd;d? FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; -
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; - khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,df; FOf;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,df; FOf;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
nkhj;jk;
Jyq;f
tpy;iy ϴ ϰ ϴ ϭ ϭϲ ϲ ϱ ϰ ϵ ϲϭ
cupa
khfhz
rig
cWg;gpdu;
fs; te;J Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ͳ ϯ
gpur;rpid
fisf;
Nfl;Ls;sdu;
.
Jyq;fg;
ϭ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϰ
gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdu;
fs; khfhz
rigapy;
epjp
Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϰ
Vw;ghLfs;
,y;iy vd
njuptpf;
fpd;wdu;.
gf;fk; 93
tiuglk; 7
khfhz rigfs; mikf; f g; g l; l jd; gpd; d u; kf; f spd;

gpur; r pidf@f; f hf toq; f pa jP u ; T NghJkhdjh?
Mk; ,y; i y
tiuglk; 8
kf; f spd; gpur; r pidfSf; F khfhz rig toq; f pAs; s jP u ; T njhlu; g hf

eP q ; f s; jpUg; j p milfpd; w P u ; f sh?
- khfhz rig cj; j pNahfj; j u;
Mk; ,y; i y
gf;fk; 94
tiuglk; 9
gpur;rpidfSf;F khfhz rig toq;fpa jPu;T vd;d?

- FOf; f ye; J iuahly; ((FGD))
Jyq;fy; Fwpg;gpl;l khfhz gpujpgypg;Gf; khfhz rigapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gltpyi
; y rig cWg;gpdu;fs; fpilj;jJ epjp ,y;iynad
te;J gpur;rpidfis cWg;gpdu;fs;
tprhupj;Js;sdu; $Wfpd;wdu;
4. mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis
toq;Fk;nghOJ mtw;wpy; mjpfkhdtw;iw kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfs; %yk; gy;NtW
mikr;Rf;fspd; Clhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf khfhz rigapd; fPo; flikahw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspy; 23.7% khNdhu; njuptpj;jdu;. ,jw;F mg;ghy; 20.4% cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; khfhz rig ,ize;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf
njuptpj;jNjhL 15.1% cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; cs;@uhl;rp rigfspd; %yk; ,e;eltbf;iffs;
eilngWtjhfTk; njuptpj;jdu;. 11.8% cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; fpof;F
khfhz rig %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhfj; njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 10)
khfhzj;jpy; rupahd kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwdhd Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; mgptpUj;jp

cl;gl Vida tplaq;fspd; NghJ vg;gpupT mjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfs;tpia
cj;jpNahfj;juplk; Nfl;l NghJ mtu;fspy; 44.7% khNdhu; khfhz rig me;j tplaq;fspy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 11)
ii. kf;fs; fUj;J

khfhzj;jpy; eilngWk; mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; fUj;ij FOf;
fye;Jiuahly;fspd; %yk; Nfl;lwpe;j NghJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; me; eltbf;iffs;
gf;fk; 95
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhf 34 FOf;fspd; mNdfkhNdhu; njuptpj;jNjhL 34 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy;

cs;@uhl;rp rigfs; %yk; ,t; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhf kf;fs;
njuptpj;jdu;. mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; %yk; ,t; tplaq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhf 15
FOf;fspd; kf;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 12)
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; gad;ngWk; kf;fsplk; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ kf;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fsh? vd;W Nfl;l nghOJ 61 FOf;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpatu;fs;
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ mtu;fSf;F mwpt+l;Ljy;
vd;gd eilngwtpy;iy vd;W njuptpj;jdu;. (ml;ltiz 4)
,jw;fika khfhzj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

rupahd jfty;fis nfhz;L nry;tjpy; my;yJ kf;fis mr;nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fjhuu;fshf
,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F khfhz rigapduhy; Kbahky; NghAs;sJ.
ml;
ll
ml; tiz
tiz 4 4 – khfhzj;
khfhzj;jjpd;pd; mgptpUj;
mgptpUj;jjp p kw;
kw;WWk;k; Vida
Vida gpujhd
gpujhd tplaq;
tplaq;ffs;s; vt;
vt;tthW
hW eilngWfpd;wd? (kf
mwpt+l;b kw;W
eilngWfpd; wk;
d? mtu;
(kf;f
fspd; fUj;Jf;
is mwpt+l; bfiskw; W k;Nfl; lwpe;fJ
mtu; ) FOf;
spd; fJ
fUj; ye;
f;J iuahlypd;
f is fUj;
Nfl; l wpe; J ) J khtl;lk; kw;Wk;
mbg;gilapy;
FOf; fye;Jiuahlypd; fUj;J khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;

nkhj;jk;
,y;iy ϴ ϰ ϭϭ Ͳ ϭϱ ϲ ϰ ϱ ϴ ϲϭ
rpy
eltbf;if
fs; ϭ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ϯ Ͳ Ϯ Ϯ ϯ ϭϭ
njuptpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd
tiuglk; 10
eilngw; W tUk; mgptpUj; j p kw; W k; cl; f l; l ikg; G trjpfs; toq; F jy; Nghd; w
eltbf; i ffspd; NghJ mij topelhj; J tJ ahu; ? - cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
kj;jpa MSeupd; kj;jpa cs;@uhl;rp fpof;F kj;jpa NtW

murhq;fj;jpd; jiyikapy; murhq;fj;jpd; epWtdq;fspd; khfhz murhq;fk;
khtl;l tpNrl Clhf rigapdhy; kw;Wk;
nrayhsu; gpujpepjpfs;> khfhz rig
fhupahyak; gy;NtW ,ize;J
mikr;Rf;fspd;
Clhf
gf;fk; 96
tiuglk; 11
khfhzj; j py; rupahd kw; W k; gaDs; s tpUj; j p

mila Ntz;Lk; vdpy; mgptpUj;jp cl;gl Vida tplaq;fspy;
ve;jg; gpuptpdu; jiyik jhq;f Ntz;Lk;?
- cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
kj;jpa muR khfhz rig cs;@uhl;rp NtW

epWtdq;fs;
tiuglk; 12
ve; e pWtdq; f spd; jiyaP l ; b dhy; khfhzj; j py; mgptpUj; j p eltbf; i ffs;
eilngWfpd; w J?
- FOf; f ye; J iuahly; ((FGD))
kj;jpa cs;@uhl;rp khfhz M@eu; mur midj;J njupahJ

muR epWtdq;fs; rig epjp rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSk;
xJf;Fjy; epWtdq;fs;
gf;fk; 97
5. fpof;F khfhzj;jpDs; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd;

nraw;ghLfs;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ntsp epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig
fle;j tUlj;jpy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf njuptpf;Fk; mNefkhd khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fNs mt;thW xj;Jiog;ig toq;fpaJ vdTk; njuptpj;jdu;.
midj;J khtl;lq;fspd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; njuptpfF
; k; tpjj;jpy; cs;@u; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
,t; tplaj;jpy; kpff; Fiwe;j xj;Jiog;igNa toq;fpAs;sd. mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSf;F
ntsp epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf $Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspy; 93.1% khNdhu; jkJ khfhzj;jpw;F ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd;
xj;Jiiog;G fpilj;jjhff; $wpdhu;fs;. (tiuglk; 13)
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ ntsp epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhff;

$Wk; cj; j pNahfj; j u; f spy; Fwpg; g pLk; g bahd tpfpjj; j pdu; mt; t hW xj; J iog; i gg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpdhy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; ahnjdpy; rupahd ,izg;gpd; %yk; nraw;gLtjw;F
khfhz rigf;F Kbe;Js;sjhf njuptpj;jdu;. mk;ghiw (42.1%) > kl;lf;fsg;G (37.9%)> kw;Wk;
jpUNfhzkiy (28.9%) khtl;lq;fspy; cj;jpNahfj;ju; ,e;jf; fUj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
mNjNghd;W jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; 36.8% khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ ntsp epWtdq;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig nghJkf;fSf;F mwpt+l;lhky;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhf njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 14)
ii. kf;fs; fUj;J

fpof;F khfhzj;jpDs; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; nraw;gl;ljhf 53 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy;
mNefkhd kf;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. NkYk; 7 fye;Jiuahly;fspy; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspdhy;
Nkhrbfs; eilngWtjhfTk; kf;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 15)
tiuglk; 13
khfhz rig khfhzj; j pd; mgptpUj; j p tplaq; f Sf; F NtW

epWtdq; f splkpUe; J (mur rhu; g w; w ) cjtpfis ngw; w pUe; j hy;
me; e pWtdq; f s; ahit? - cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
NtW
cs;ehl;L mur
rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
ru;tNjr mur
rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
gf;fk; 98
tiuglk; 14
cq; f spd; fUj; J g; g b fle; j fhyq; f spy; mJ Nghd; w epWtdq; f Sld;
nraw; g Lk; NghJ Vw; g l; b Uf; F k; khw; w k; vd; d ?
- (cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; )
NtW
kf;fSf;F njspTgLj;jhky;
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;bUj;jy;
NtW epWtdq;fspd; Njitfs;

kl;Lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ
vjpu;ghu;j;j Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf
khfhz rigfs; ,y;iy
rupahd $l;bizg;Gld;
nraw;gl khfhz rigf;F
Mw;wy; cs;sJ
tiuglk; 15
mur rhu; g w; w epWtdq; f s; njhlu; g hd fUj; J

- (FOf; fye; J iuahly; f s; Clhf)
nraw;gl;lJ Nkhrbfs; jw;NGhJ rpq;fs gpuNjrq;fspy; njupahJ

,lk;ngw;wJ nraw;gl mur rhu;gw;w
tpy;iy epWtdq;fspd;
xj;Jiog;G
fpilf;ftpy;iy
gf;fk; 99
6. khfhz rigapd; ,d;iwa nraw;ghLfs;

i. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fUj;J
fpof;F khfhz rig mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; mjd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf khfhz rig
mikg;gjw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj khfhzj;jpy; Nrit Gupe;j cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsplk; Nfl;l NghJ mtu;fspy;
59.3% khNdhu; jhk; ,d;iwa khfhz rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpailatpy;iy
vd;W njuptpj;jdu;. mjd; ,d;iwa nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpailtjhf 40.7% khd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; khj;jpuNk njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. (tiuglk; 16) ,t;thW jpUg;jpailahikf;fhd
fhuzq;fshf mtu;fspy; mNdfkhNdhu; njuptpg;gJ ahnjdpy; 'khfhzrig kf;fSf;fhf nra;a
Ntz;ba flikfis rupahd Kiwapy; nra;ahik" vd;gjhFk;. kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; 54.3%
khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; 43.5% khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; kw;Wk;
jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; 29% khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; ,f;fUj;ijNa nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
kj;jpa murhq;fk; NghjpasT xj;Jiog;ig toq;fhik ,d;iwa khfhz rig njhlu;ghf
,t;thW mjpUg;jp epiy Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jnjd;W mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; 43.5%
khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;jj ; py; 35.5% khd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk;
fUj;J njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. (tiuglk; 17)
ii. khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; Gjpa khfhz rig mikj;jjd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; njhlu;ghf khfhz
rig cWg;gpdu;fsplk; Nfl;lNghJ mtu;fspd; jpUg;jpfukhd jd;ikAk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhf
mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. 'jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ MSeu; jkJ
vz;zj;jpd;gb khfhz rigfspd; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whu; vd;W mk;ghiw (40%)
kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G (55.6%) khtl;lq;fspy; mNefkhd khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; ntspapl;l
fUj;jhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ". ,Ug;gpDk; Mr;rupag;gLk; tpjj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd;
fUj;J khWgl;ljhFk;. jpUNfhzkiy (41.7%)> kl;lf;fsg;G (33.3%)> khtl;lq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fspdhy;
mOj;jkhf Kd; itf;fg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;lhf jPuk; hdq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ khfhzj;jpy;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fspd; mOj;jq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; nraw;glNtz;b
,Ug;gjhfj; njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 18)
iii. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
khfhz rig eltbf;iffs; khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; xd;whf

,ize;J jpl;lkpl;L my;yJ nraw;gLj;Jk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wjh? vd;W khfhz rigapd; fPo;
flikGupAk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsplk; Nfl;l NghJ mtu;fspd; 52% khNdhu; mt;thW xd;wpize;J
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhfTk; 48% khNdhu; mt;thW eilngWtjpy;iy vd;Wk;
njuptpj;jdu;. (tiuglk; 19) kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ rupahd njhlu;G
,y;yhky; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gpujhd fhuzkhf ,t; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; 'khfhzj;jpd;
eltbf;iffs; toikNghd;W jw;NghJk; Mizahsupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;" (31.9%) vd;W
njuptpjj
; du;. 'kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspy; kf;fs; Nritfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;fhf
NghjpasT jplrq;fw;gk; ,d;ik" ,e;j epyik jhd; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ vd;W 27.8% khd
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. (tiuglk; 20)
epfo;fhy khfhz rigapd; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; rig cWg;gpdu;fs;

Mfpa ,U gpuptpdUk; jpUg;jp milatpy;iy.
gf;fk; 100
tiuglk; 16
khfhz rigapd; epfo; f hy nraw; g hLfs; njhlu; g hf eP q ; f s;

jpUg; j p milfpd; w P u ; f sh?
Mk; ,y; i y
tiuglk; 17
khfhz rigfspd; jw; f hy nraw; g hLfs; njhlu; g hf eP q ; f s; jpUg; j p
milahikf; f hd fhuzq; f shf miktJ ahit?
- cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; NtW
kl; l f; f sg; G
kj;jpa murhq;fk; Njitahd
mDruizia toq;fhik
M@eu; khfhz rig

mk; g hiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
MfpNahUf;fpilapy; rupahd
$l;bizg;Gld; nraw;glhik
khfhzj;jpd; gpur;rpidfis tpl
Njrpa kl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F
mjpf ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wik
jpUNfhzkiy
khfhz rig kf;fSf;fhf
epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfis
rupahf epiwNtw;wtpy;iy
gf;fk; 101
tiuglk; 18
jw;NghJ cq;fs; khfhz rigapy; jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; NghJ ve;j
tifapyhd khw; w q; f s; Vw; g l; L s; s J?
- khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;
NtW
kl; l f; f sg; G
khfhzj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk;
mikr;ru;fspd;
mOj;jj;jpdhy; tplaq;fs;
mk; g hiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;
khfhzj;jpw;Fupa jpl;lk;
kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa
tplaq;fs; Kiwaw;w
tpjj;jpy; eilngWjy;
jpUNfhzkiy Kjyikr;ru; cl;gl

mikr;ruit khfhzj;jpy;
jPu;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ
Kd;dpd;W nraw;gLfpd;whu;fs;
tiuglk; 19
cq; f spd; fUj; J f; F mika khfhz rigapd; eltbf; i ffs; kf; f s;

gpujpepjpfs; kw; W k; cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; ,ize; J jpl; l kply; m y; y J
nraw; g Lj; J jy; Nghd; w d ,lk; n gWfpd; w ik cq; f Sf; F njupfpd; w jh?
Mk; ,y; i y
gf;fk; 102
tiuglk; 20
kf; f s; gpujpepjpfs; njupTnra; a g; g l; L s; s NghJ rupahd $l; b izg; G
,e; j eltbf; i ffs; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Ltjw; f hd fhuzq; f s; ahit?
cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
rupahd mjpfkhd fhyk; kf;fs; khfhzj;jpd; kj;jpa NtW

murpay; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpujpepjpfsplk; mNefkhd murhq;fj;jpd;
epu;thff; fspdhy; kl;Lk; kf;fs; Nritfs; tplaq;fs; mNefkhd
fl;likg;G khfhzj;jpd; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp toikNghy; tplaq;fs;
Vw;gl rptpy; epu;thf Nghd;w M@euhy; Kftu; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iffs; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; eilngwy;
fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;sg; njhlu;ghf
vLg;gjdhy; gl;likapdhy; Njitahd
jplrq;fw;gk; ,d;ik
tiuglk; 21
kf; f s; gpujpepjpahf cq; f Sf; F Vw; G ila tplaq; f spy; <LgLk; NghJ
khfhz rig cj; j pNahfj; j u; f splk; fpilf; F k; xj; J iog; G gw; w p
eP q ; f s; jpUg; j p milfpd; w P u ; f sh? khfhz rig cWg; g pdu; f s;
Mk; ,y; i y
gf;fk; 103
7. khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; fUj;J
i. kf;fspd; fUj;J
khfhz rig eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk;
xj;Jiog;G njhlu;ghd mDgtk; vd;d vd;W kf;fsplk; Nfl;l nghOJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpahd vz;zj;jpy; kf;fs; ,y;iy vd;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. khfhzj;jpd;
eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; xj;Jiog;G fpilg;gjpy;iy vd;W 42
FOf; f ye; J iuahly; f spy; mNefkhd kf; f s; njuptpj; j pUe; j NjhL ,d; D k; 9
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kf;fsplk; neUf;fkpy;iy
vd;Wk; kf;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. jkJ khfhzj;jpd; eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd;
xj;Jiog;G fpilf;fpd;wnjd;W 12 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; kl;LNk mNefkhd kf;fs;
njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. (ml;ltiz 5)
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; gpuNjr kf;fSld; itj;jpUf;Fk; njhlu;igg; gw;wp kf;fsplk; Nfl;lnghOJ

45 FOf;fspy; kf;fs; njuptpj;jJ ahnjdpy; mj;njhlu;G kfpo;r;rpaw;w jd;ikapy; cs;sJ
vd;gjhFk;. (ml;ltiz 6)
ml; l tiz 5 – khfhz eltbf; i ffSf; f hf khfhz rig cj; j pNahfj; j u; f spd;
ml;ltiz 5 khfhz eltbf;iffSf;fhf khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; xj;Jiog;G fpilf;Fk; tpj
xj;Jiog;G fpilf;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghd mDgtk; - FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;J
njhlu;ghd mDgtk; - FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;J khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;
khtl;lk; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;
nkhj;jk;
cj;jpNahfj;j
u;fspd;
xj;Jiog;G ϰ ϯ ϴ ϭ ϭϮ ϱ ϭ ϯ ϲ ϰϮ
fpilg;g
jpy;iy
cj;jpNahfj;j
u;fSf;F
khfhzj;jpd;
gpur;rpid
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ϯ ϭ Ͳ ϰ
njhlu;ghf
Gupe;Jzu;T
,y;iy
cj;jpNah
fj;ju;fspd;
tpidj;jpwd; ϭ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ Ͳ ϭ ϱ
mw;w jd;ik
cj;jpNahfj;
ju;fs;
kf;fsplk; ϯ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ ϭ Ϯ Ϯ ϵ
neUf;f
kpd;ik
cj;jpNahfj;j
u;fspd;
xj;Jiog;G ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϭ ϯ ϭ Ͳ ϭ Ϯ ϭϮ
fpilf;fpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 6 – kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; gpuNjr kf;fSld; vt;thwhd njhlu;ig NgZfpd;wdu;.

ml;ltiz 6 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; gpuNjr kf;fSld; vt;thwhd njhlu;ig NgZfpd;wdu;. FOf;fye;Jiuahlypd;
– FOf; f ye;
fUj;J khtl;lk; kw;Jiuahlypd;
Wk; ,d mbg;fUj; ; lk; kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;;
J khtl;
gilapy;
rpq;f sk; jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk; rpq;fs jkpo; K];ypk; nkhj;jk;
k
k;
kfpo;;r;rp
ϵ ϯ ϲ ϭ ϳ ϯ ϯ ϱ ϴ ϰϱ
apd;ik
kfpo;r;rp Ͳ Ͳ ϱ Ͳ ϲ ϯ Ϯ ϭ Ϯ ϭϵ
gf;fr;
rhu;ghf
Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ ϰ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϭ ϴ
nraw;
gLjy;
gf;fk; 104
tiuglk; 22
khfhzj; j pd; eltbf; i ffspd; NghJ khfhz rig cj; j pNahfj; j u; f spd;
xj; J iog; G fpilf; F k; Kiw njhlu; g hd mDgtq; f s; - FOf; fye; J iuahly;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F cj;jpNahfj;jupd;

xj;Jiog;G khfhzj;jpd; tpidj;jpwdw;wtu;fs; kf;fSld; xj;Jiog;G
fpilg;gjpy;iy gpur;rpidfs; neUf;fkpd;ik fpilf;Fk;
njhlu;ghd
Gupe;Jzu;T ,y;iy
tiuglk; 23
kf; f s; gpujpepjpfSf; F g; gpuNjr kf; f Sld; ,Uf; F k; njhlu; G

vt;thwhdJ? - FOf; fye;Jiuahly; ((FGD))
jpUg;jpapd;ik jpUg;jp gf;fr;rhu;ghf

nraw;gLfpd;wdu;
gf;fk; 105
8. Clfk; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU

gj;jpupif thrpgg; jw;Fk; thndhyp Nfl;gjw;Fk; my;yJ njhiyf;fhl;rp ghu;gg
; jw;Fk; Mu;tKilNahu;
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; mjpfhupfspy; 49.7% tPjkhdtu;fs; njuptpg;gjhtJ khfhz rig njhlu;gpy;
Clfq;fspy; mjpfkhf gpuRupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ 'kj;jpa murpad; mikr;R kw;Wk; khfhz rig
,ize;J eilKiwg;gLj;jpaitfNs" vd;gjhFk;. Kjyikr;ru; njhlu;Gila nra;jpfs;
gpuRupf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhf ehd;fpy; xU gFjpapdu; mjhtJ 24.8% rhuhu; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 24)
ii. kf;fspd; fUj;J

khfhz rig njhlu;ghf Clfq;fspd; gq;fspgG
; gw;wp ve;jsT njspT cs;sJ vd nghJkf;fsplk;
tpdtpa NghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; ve;jtpj njspTk; ,y;iy vd 38 FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy;
fye;Jnfhz;ltu;fspy; $LjyhNdhu; njuptpj;j mNjNtisapy; jkf;F mJ njhlu;gpy; XusT
njspT cs;snjd 22 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; fye;J nfhz;l kf;fs; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;
(tiuglk; 25)
tiuglk; 24
khfhz rigfspd; eltbf; i ffs; njhlu; g hf Clfq; f spy;

vt; t ifahd nra; j pfs; mjpfkhfg; gpuRupf; f g; g l; b Uf; f pd; w d?
- cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
Kjyikr;ru; khfhz rig M@eu; njhlu;ghd kj;jpa murpd; NtW

njhlu;ghd epfo;T cWg;gpdu;fs; epfo;T mikr;Rf;fs; kw;Wk;
njhlu;ghd epfo;T khfhz rigf;Fk;
,ilapyhd $l;bizf;fg;
gl;l epfo;Tfs;
gf;fk; 106
tiuglk; 25
khfhz rig gw; w p Clfq; f spy; ntspahFk; nra; j pfs; njhlu; g hf

kf; f Sf; F j; njspT ,Uf; f pd; w jh? - FOf; fye; J iuahly; ((FGD))
,y; i y njspT ,y;iy Clfq;fspy; ek;gfj;jd;ik

gpujhd murpay; FiwT
jiytu;fs; gw;wpa
nra;jpfs; kl;LNk
gpuRukhfpd;wJ
9. epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;GgLtjw;Fs;s re;ju;gg

; q;fs; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs;
i. kf;fspd; fUj;J
gpuNjrj;jpd; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ nghJkf;fSf;F kpfTk; neUf;fKila epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf

Ma;T nra;Ak; NghJ ngUk;ghyhd mjhtJ 48 FOf;fye;Jiuhaly;fspy; fye;J nfhz;l
kf;fs;> njuptpj;jNjhL cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fNs jkf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd epWtdq;fs; vd;Wk;
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ehk; kpfTk; neUq;fp nraw;gLk; epWtdk; gpuNjr nrayfk; vd 20
FOf;fSk;> fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; vd ,d;Dk; 11 FOf;fSk; kf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. (ml;ltiz 7)
ii. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
jkf;F kpfTk; neUq;fp nraw;glf; $ba epWtdq;fs; ahit vd khfhz rig mjpfhupfsplk;
tpdtpa NghJ mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; njuptpj;jJ jkf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd epWtdq;fs;
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F (jpUNfhzkiy 30%> mk;ghiu 35.4% kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;G 34.6%)
kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayfk; vd;Nw Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. (tiuglk; 26)
gf;fk; 107
ml;ll
ml; tiz7 7- khfhz
tiz - khfhz
rig rig
tplaq;tplaq;
fspd; fNghJ
spd; kf;
NghJ kf;jfs;
fs; ve; ve;j JepWtdj;
epWtdj; ld; kpf J ld; fkpf
neUf; khf cs;sd?
neUf;fkhf cs;sd? – FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; khtl;l kw;Wk; ,d
FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; khtl;l kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapy;
mbg;gilapy;

nkhj;jk;
cs; uhl;rp
rig ϳ ϰ ϵ Ϯ ϴ ϯ ϲ Ϯ ϴ ϰϴ
epWtdq;fs;
gpuNjr nrayfk; ϱ Ͳ ϯ Ͳ ϳ ϭ ϯ Ͳ ϭ ϮϬ
khtl;l
nrayhsu; Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ Ͳ Ͳ Ϯ
fhupahyak;
fpuhk Nrtfu; ϭ Ͳ Ϯ Ͳ ϯ Ϯ ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭϭ
midj;J
Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ ϭ
epWtdq;fs;
khfhz rig Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϭ Ͳ ϭ ϭ ϲ
MSeu; Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ϭ
tiuglk; 26
eP q ; f s; fUJk; tifapy; kpfTk; neUf; f khf njhlu; G nfhs; s f; $ ba

epWtdk; vJ? - cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
kl; l f; f sg; G
NtW
gpuNjrr; nrayk;
khtl;lr; nrayk;
mk; g hiw
cs;@uhl;rpr; rig
khfhz rig
kj;jpa murhq;fk;
jpUNfhzkiy
gf;fk; 108
10. khfhz rigfSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;

jkJ khfhzj;jpw;F kpfr; rpwe;j Nritia ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F jw;Nghija khfhz rigfspy;
,Uf; f pd; w mjpfhuq; f s; NghJkhdit my; y vd vz; Z fpd; w khfhz rigfspy;
filikahw;Wfpd;w mjpfhupfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; tPjj;jpdu; mjhtJ 48.6% khdtu;fs; fhzp
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; mjpfhuk; Mfpa ,uz;L tplaq;fSk; khfhz rigfSf;F fpilf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw vz;Zfpd;wdu;. ntspehl;L ed;nfhilfis Neubahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;
khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd 19% khd mjpfhupfs; rpe;jpf;Fk; mNjNtis
,d;Dk; 14.3% khdtu;fs; fhzp mjpfhuk; khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
vz;Zfpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 27)
xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;fhuzpfs; njhlu;gpy; MuhAk; NghJ Vida

khtl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l mjpfhupfspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;bw;F mjpfkhNdhu;
mg;gbahapd; 70.2% khdtu;fs; khfhz rigfSf;F fhzp kw;Wk; nghyp]; Mfpa ,uz;L
mjpfhuq;fSk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. mk;ghiw khtl;l mjpfhupfspy; 40%
khNdhu; kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;l mjpfhupfspy; 24.2% khNdhu; ,f;fUj;jpwF
; cld;gLfpdw; du;.
Vida khtl;lq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpNy mjpfhupfspy; $Ljyhd
tPjj;jpdu; mjhtJ 27.3% tPjj;jpdu; ntspehl;L ed;nfhilfis Neubahfg; ngWk; mjpfhuk;
khfhz rigfSf;F fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 28)
mNj Nghy; mjpfhupfspy; ,dtpfpjhrhug;gb MuhAk; NghJ jkpo; mjpfhupfs; 57.6% khdtu;fSk;
K];ypk; mjpfhupfs; 47.2% khdtu;fSk; fhzp mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghyp]; mjpfhuk; Mfpa
,uz;Lk; khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,q;Fs;s tpNrl
mk;rk; vd;dntdpy; rpq;fs mjpfhupfspy; vtUNk fhzp> nghyp]; mjpfhuq;fs; my;yJ mit
,uz;Lk; khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpf;ftpy;iy. rpq;fs mjpfhupfspy;
33.3% tPjkhdtu;fs; ntspehl;L ed;nfhilfis Neubahfg; ngWk; mjpfhuk; khfhz rigfSf;F
fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 29)
ii. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; vd;w tifapy; kf;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wg; NghJkhd mjpfhuk;
fpof;F khfhz rigapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vd khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fsplk; tpdtpa
NghJ rpq;fs cWg;gpdu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; mjhtJ 62.5% khdtu;fs; mt;thW mjpfhuk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Nw njuptpj;jdu;. jkpo; cWg;gpdu;fspy; 72.7% tPjkhdtu;fs; kw;Wk;
K];ypk; cWg;gpdu;fspy; 75% tPjkhdtu;fs; kf;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;w Njitahd mjpfhuk;
khfhzj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W njuptpf;fpdu;. (tiuglk; 30)
iii. kf;fspd; fUj;J

khfhz rigfSf;Fwpa mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghf FOf; fye;Jiuahly; Clhf nghJkf;fsplk;
tpdtpa NghJ 41 FOf;fisr; Nru;ej; tu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; fhzp> nghyp]; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fs;
khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fg;gl;L khfhz rigfis NkYk; tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd
njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. (tiuglk; 31)
gf;fk; 109
tiuglk; 27
cq; f sJ khfhzj; j pw; F mjpf Nritia toq; f khfhz rigf; F Njitahd

mjpfhuq;fs; ,y;iy vd;W ePq;fs; epidj;jhy; jw;NghJ ,Ug;gij tpl
fpilf; f Ntz; b a mjpfhuq; f shf eP q ; f s; fUJtJ vd; d ? cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
fhzp mjpfhuk; nghyp]; mjpfhuk; fhzp> nghyp]; ntspehl;L cjtpfis NtW

mjpfhuq;fs; Neubahfg; ngWk;
mjpfhuk;
tiuglk; 28
cq; f sJ khfhzj; j pw; F mjpf Nritia toq; f khfhz rigf; F j; Njitahd

fpilf; f Ntz; b a mjpfhuq; f shf eP q ; f s; fUJtJ ahit?
- khtl; l uP j papy; cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s;
kl; l f; f sg; G NtW
ntspehl;L cjtpfis
Neubahfg; ngWk;
mjpfhuk;
mk;ghiw fhzp> nghyp];
mjpfhuq;fs;
nghyp]; mjpfhuk;
jpUNfhzkiy
fhzp mjpfhuk;
gf;fk; 110
tiuglk; 29
cq; f s; khfhzj; j pw; F mjpf Nritia toq; f khfhz rigf; F Njitahd

fpilf; f Ntz; b a mjpfhuq; f shf eP q ; f s; fUJtJ ahit?
(cj; j pNahfj; j u; f s; ,d uP j papy; )
NtW
K]; y pk;
ntspehl;L cjtpfis
Neubahfg; ngWk;
mjpfhuk;
jkpo; fhzp> nghyp];

mjpfhuq;fs;
nghyp]; mjpfhuk;
rpq; f sk; fhzp mjpfhuk;
tiuglk; 30
kf; f s; gpujpepjpahf kf; f spd; Njitfis epiwNtw; W tjw; F upa mjpfhuk;

fpof; F khfhz rigapDs; Vw; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s jh?
(khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs; - ,d uPjpapy;)
K]; y pk;
,y;iy
jkpo; Mk;
rpq; f sk;
gf;fk; 111
tiuglk; 31
khfhz rigf; F fpilj; j pUf; F k; mjpfhuq; f s; njhlu; g hf kf; f spd;

fUj;Jf;fs; ahit? - FOf;; fye;Jiuahly; ((FGD))
khfhz rigf;F NtW mjpfhuq;fs; fhzp> nghyp]; tpsf;fk; khfhz rigfs; NkYk;
,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; Njitapy;iy mjpfhuq;fs; ,d;ik gyg;gl Ntz;Lk; (fhzp>
$l mKy;gLj;jtpy;iy nfhLf;fNtz;bajpy;iy nghyp]; cl;gl
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk;
nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
11. gj;jpupif mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Ma;T – RUf;fk;

i. gj;jpupif mwpf;ifaply; njhlu;ghd Ma;T
2008 Nk khjk; 10k; jpfjp Kjy; 2009 Mf];l; 10k; jpfjp tiuahd rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo;
nkhopapyhd mr;R Clfq;fs; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
jkpo; Clfk;
2008 Nk 10 njhlf;fk; 2009 Mf];l; 10 Mk; jpfjp tiu jkpo; gj;jpupiffspy; fpof;F khfhz
rig gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,t; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjw;fika jpdf;Fuy; gj;jpupifapy;
fpof;F khfhz rig njhlu;ghf ntspahd nkhj;j nra;jpfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Vida
gj;jpupiffSld; xg;gpLifapy; mjpfkhd ,lk; khfhz rig nra;jpfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
thu ,Wjp jpdf;Fuy; gj;jpupifapy; 49.5% Kk; ehshe;j jpdf;Fuy; gj;jpupifapy; 31.4% Kk;
khfhz rig njhlu;ghf gpuRupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. (tiuglk; 32)
rpq;fs Clfk;
2008 Nk 10 njhlf;fk; 2009 Mf];l; 10 Mk; jpfjp tiu rpq;fs gj;jpupiffspy; fpof;F khfhz
rig gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,t; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjw;fika rpq;fsg; gj;jpupiffspy;
fpof;F khfhz rig njhlu;ghf ntspahd nkhj;j nra;jpfspd; vz;zpf;iffspy; yq;fhjPg
ehshe;j gj;jpupifapy; 32.8% Kk; QhapW (thu ,Wjp) yq;fhjPg gj;jpupifapy; 28.9% vd;w
mbg;gilapy; rpq;fs nkhopapy; ntspahd Vida gj;jpupiffSld; xg;gpLifapy; khfhz rig
nra;jp njhlu;ghf mjpf ,lk; xJf;Ftjpy; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. (tiuglk; 33)
gf;fk; 112
tiuglk; 32
jkpo; nkhop ehshe;j kw;Wk; thu ,Wjp gj;jpupiffspy; fpof;F khfhzk;

njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifaply; - 2008 Nk 10 - 2009 Mf];l; 10
thu ,Wjp
jpdfud;
Rlu; xsp
jpdf;Fuy;
ehshe;j tPuNfrup
tiuglk; 33
rpq;fs nkhop ehshe;j kw;Wk; thu ,Wjpg; gj;jpupiffspy; fpof;F

khfhzk; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifaply; (2008 Nk 10 - 2009 Mf];l; 10)
jpdkpd
n`yjpt
jptkpd
thu ,Wjp
uhta
rpaj;j
,Ujpd
uptpu
yq;fh
jptapd
ehshe;j
yq;fhjPg
yf;gpk
rpYkpd
gf;fk; 113
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; gpuRukhfpa khfhz rig njhlu;ghd nra;jpfspd;

cs;slf;fj;ij ftdpf;Fk; NghJ jpdrup 18.9% kw;Wk; thu ,Wjp 10.3% Mfpa ,uz;L
gj;jpupiffSk; khfhz rigapd; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak;> flw;njhopy; Nghd;w kf;fs; Nrit
njhlu;ghd fhuzpfSf;F $Ljyhd ,lj;ij xJf;fpapUg;gij fhz Kbfpd;wJ. (tiuglk; 34)
khfhz rig njhlu;ghd nra;jpfspd; cs;slf;fk; njhlu;gpy; rpq;fs gj;jpupiffspy; ftdpf;Fk;

NghJ khfhz rigapy; mt;thwhd nghJkf;fs; Nrit njhlu;gpy; nra;jpfisg; gpuRupf;f $Ljy;
,lj;ij xJf;fpapUg;gij fhz KbfpwJ. jpdrup gj;jpupiffspy; 19.3% Kk; thu ,Wjpg;
gj;jpupiffspy; 10.9% vd;wthW mikfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf rpq;fs gj;jpupiffs; ghJfhg;G
/ tpjitfs; / kdpj cupik Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fk; fzprkhd ,lj;ij xJf;fpAs;sJ. rjtPjj;jpy;
fdpf;Fk; NghJ jpdrup gj;jpupiffspy; 10.1% vd;wthWk; thu ,Wjp gj;jpupiffspy; 18%
vd;wthWk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (tiuglk; 35)
tiuglk; 34
jkpo; Clfq;fs; ehshe;j kw;Wk; thu ,Wjp gj;jpupiffspy; fpof;F khfhzk;
njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifapl;l gy;NtW nra;jpfs; (2008 Nk 10 - 2009 Mf]; l ; 10)
NtW
khfhz rigapy; kf;fs; Nritfs;

fy;tp
ghJfhg;G/tpjitfs;/kdpj cupik
thu ,Wjp
khfhz rig mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fs;
fpof;fpd; cjak;
kj;jpa murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;
khfhz rigapdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp
ehshe;j eltbf;iffs;
khfhz rigapd; FiwghLfs; kw;Wk;

tpku;rdq;fs;
khfhz rig - rigf;$l;l mwpf;if
gf;fk; 114
tiuglk; 35
rpq; f s Clfq; f s; ehshe; j kw; W k; thu ,Wjp gj; j pupiffspy; fpof; F khfhzk;
njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifapl;l gy;NtW nra;jpfs; (2008 Nk 10 - 2009 Mf]; l ; 10)
NtW
khfhz rigapy; kf;fs; Nritfs;

fy;tp
th
thuu ,Wjp
ghJfhg;G/tpjitfs;/kdpj cupik
khfhz rig mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fs;
fpof;fpd; cjak;
kj;jpa murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;
ehshe; j khfhz rigapdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffs;
khfhz rigapd; FiwghLfs;
kw;Wk; tpku;rdq;fs;
khfhz rig - rigf;$l;l
mwpf;if
MSeu; kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fspd; nrayhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

1. fpof;F khfhz rigapd; epfo;fhy gpd;dzp njhlu;ghd Ma;T –
(mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSld; elj;jpa Neu;fhzy;fspd; rhuhk;rk;)
fpof;F khfhz rig mike;J fle;j 18 khj fhyj;jpy; fpof;F khfhz rigapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf Kf;fpakhd nghWg;G kw;Wk; Gupe;Jzu;Ts;s gpuptpduhf mjd; Kjyikr;ru;
cl;gl mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis $w KbAk;. mjw;fika khfhz rigapd;
nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf mjpfkhf mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; Kf;fpa fhuzpfs; rpy njhlu;ghf
Nkw;$wg;gl;Nlhuplk; elj;jg;gl;l Neu;fhzy;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij fPNo fhz KbAk;.
2. MSeu; kw;Wk; mikr;Rf;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; cl;gl Vida gpujhd

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
• mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; cl;gl khfhz rig eltbf;iffSf;fhd epjp xJf;fL

P
epjp Mizf;FOtpdhy; khfhz rigfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l DG kw;Wk; CBG xJf;fL P fs; khfhz
rigfSf;F fpilj;jhYk; me;epjp xJf;fL
P k; NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy vd;gJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd;
fUj;jhFk;.
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSf;fhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa ghupa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; gy jw;NghJ

eilngWtJld; mj;jpl;lq;fs; murpd; kw;Wk; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; ,ize;J
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf njupa tUfpd;wJ> jpiuNrupapdhy; epjp xJf;fpLk; NghJ gFjp gFjpahf
epjp toq;Ftjd; %yk; gy gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; nghJthd
fUj;jhFk;.
gf;fk; 115
• khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fis Nru;jj

; y;.
khfhz rig fl;likg;gpDs; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

khfhz rig rl;lj;jpw;F mika MSeUf;FupajhFk;. midj;J epakdq;fspYk; mjpfhuj;ij
mtu; ngWtNjhL mikr;ru;fsplk; KOikahd Gupe;Jzu;T kw;Wk; tuNtw;G ,Ug;gjhf
fhzf;$bajhf ,y;iy. mikr;ruitapdhy; xU cj;jpNahfj;jiu ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;> Nritia
,ilepWj;Jjy;> my;yJ ,lkhw;wk; nra;jy;> rk;gs mjpfupgi; g epWj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffspy;
cgNjr FOthf nraw;gLk; vd;W vjpug; hu;jj
; hYk; mJ elf;fhky; MSeUf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F
Kaw;rpj;jy; mt;tsT J}uk; rpwe;j nrayd;W.
tpNrlkhf mikr;ruit MSeUf;F cs;s mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf rupahd ftdk; nrYj;jhjgbahy;

gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. MSeu; mur Kfhikj;Jt Nritapd; eilKiwf;F mika kw;Wk;
gpujhd %d;W ,dq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; Nritapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
vr;re;ju;gg
; j;jpYk; nraw;gLthu;. murpay; epakdq;fis toq;fp jkJ Mjuthsu;fSf;F ,ilapy;
gpurpj;jkhtJ mikr;ru;fspd; vjpu;ghu;gg; hFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; khfhz rig mur Nrit eilKiwf;F
mg;ghy; nraw;gLtjw;F vtUf;Fk; re;ju;gg ; j;ij ngw;Wf; ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjw;F MSeu; jahuhf
,y;iy.
• kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khfhz rigfSf;fpilapy; cs;s njhlu;G.
MSeu; murpw;Fk; khfhz rigf;Fkpilapy; nraw;ghLfis rupahd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;jhYk; mikr;ruitf;F kw;Wk; murpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G rpw;rpy fhuzq;fspdhy;
gOjile;Js;sJ. cs;@uhl;rp Nju;jy; rPu;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;ij Vida khfhz rigfs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk; fpof;F khfhz rig mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjJ fUj;J Ntw;Wikf;F cupaJ
murhq;fj;jpdhy; vLf;Fk; jPuk
; hdq;fis khfhz rig Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij fhzf;$bajhf ,y;iy.
• khfhz rigfSf;fhf Neub ntspehl;L epjp cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
mNefkhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntspehl;L epjp cjtpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpwF
; upa mikr;ruit my;yJ jpiuNrup jiyaplL
; s;sJ. mJ Nghd;w fye;Jiuahly;fs;
ele;Jk; NghJ murhq;fj;Jld; Kiwahd njhlu;ig NgZtjw;F vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; Kaw;rp
vLf;Fk;.
• MSeu; kw;Wk; khfhz rigf;fpilapyhd ,d;iwa njhlu;G.
MSeu; khfhz rig rl;lj;jpw;F mika kpfr; rupahd mNjNghd;

W rpwe;j Nritia Mw;wptUfpd;whu;. khfhz rigf;Fs;s mjpfhuq;fs; mikr;ruitf;F cupa
xd;whff; fUjp nraw;gLtjdhy; tPzhd Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wpAs;sJ.
• midj;J ,dq;fSf;fpilNa rftho;T kw;Wk; khfhz mgptpUj;jp
midj;J mikr;Rf;fSk; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis jpl;lkpLk;NghJ gpujhd %d;W ,dq;fSk;

gadilAk; tpjj;jpy; jpl;lkpLfpd;whu;.
• khfhz rig mikr;Rf;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; cl;gl cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rig

cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
gf;fk; 116
fpof;F khfhz rigapy; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; ,d;wp ,y;yhky; nraw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; cupa
eltbf;iffis cj;jpNahfj;ju;fNs NghjpasT eilKiwg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. khfhz rig nraw;ghL
njhlu;ghf Kiwahd kw;Wk; rupahd Gupe;Jzu;T ,y;yhky; rpy cWg;gpdu;fspy; nraw;ghLfspdhy;
gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. tpNrlkhf MSeupd; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;
nraw;ghLfs; eilngwhik gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLtjw;F gpujhd fhuzkhFk;.
• khfhz rig tplaq;fSf;Fupa epajpr; rl;lq;fis jahupj;jy;
epajpr; rl;lq;fis jahupj;jy; kpf tpiuthf nra;a Ntz;ba tplakhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;NghJ ,uz;L epajpr; rl;lq;fNs epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; epjp epajpr; rl;lk;

2. fpof;F khfhz tPjpg; Nghf;Ftuj;J> kf;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J mjpfhu rig epajpr; rl;lk;.
khfhz rigfSf;F epajpr; rl;lq;fis jahupg;gjw;F cupa jFjpAilatu;fs; ,d;ik ghupa

gpur;rpidahFk;. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fs; rl;lq;fis tpiuthf jahupg;gjw;F
kpFe;j Mu;tj;Jld; cs;sdu;.
• khfhz rig kw;Wk; NtW epWtdq;fs; / mikg;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; ,Uf;Fk; njhlu;G.
khfhz rig mike;jjd; gpd;du; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;lTld; rptpy; r%f
mikg;Gf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G XusT gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,Jtiuapy; khfhz
rig eltbf;iffspy; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Kiwahd
nray;Kiwfs; ,y;iy.
• khfhz rigapDs; epjp xJf;fPL kw;Wk; tuT nryT
MSeu; khfhz rigapDs; epjp xJf;fpLk; nraw;ghl;bd; gq;Fgw;whikNahL mJ mikr;ruit

cl;gl khfhz rigapd; nrayhFk;. tuT nrytpd; ,Wjpapy; xg;Gjy; toq;Fjy; MSeupd;
nrayhFk;. mNjNghd;W epjp ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; rupahf ,Uf;fpd;wjh
vd tpdTtJ MSeupd; flikahFk;. mJ njhlu;ghf Nfl;lNghJ khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;
MSeupd; jiyaPL njhlu;ghf mt;tsT njspTld; nraw;gLtjhff; fhzKbtjpy;iy.
3. Kjyikr;ru; cl;gl mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; rigj; jtprhsupd; fUj;Jf;fs;
• mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; cl;gl khfhz rig eltbf;iffSf;Fupa epjp xJf;fL

P
fpof;F khfhz rigj; Nju;jy; fhyj;jpy; kw;Wk; mjw;F mikthd mbg;gil tplaq;fspd;
NghJ fpof; F khfhz mgptpUj; j papy; Kf; f pakhd fhuzpahf khfhz rigia
ntspf;nfhzu;e;jNghJk; ,d;iwa gpd;dzp Kw;W KOjhf khw;wkile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
tpNrlkhf rupahd fhyg;gFjpapy; epjp xJf;fPLfs; fpilf;fhikapy; ,Ue;J khfhz rigapd;
Njitf;Nfw;g fpilf;Fk; epjp xJf;fLP fspd; %yk; Nritfs; Nkw;nfhs;tJk; fbdkhd fhupakhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpw;rpy mikr;Rf;fspd; Clhf tpN\lkhf Njrj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gk; mikr;rpd;
Clhf mjpfkhd epjp xJf;fL P fs; gy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf fpilj;jhYk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhf
mika Ntz;baJ ahnjdpy; epjp xJf;fl P i
; l toq;Fk; nraw;ghL Kiwahfr; nraw;gLj;JtjhYk;
khfhz rig Muk;gpj;J kpff; FWfpa fhyk; Mjyhy; tUkhdj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;Sk; epiyahd
nrad;Kiwfs; ,Jtiu mKy;gLj;jhikahy; epjp Mizf;FOtpdhy; xJf;fg;gLk; epjp rupahd
fhyj;jpy; fpilg;gJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf mikfpd;wJ.
gf;fk; 117
• khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fis epakpj;jy;.
khfhz rig nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ khfhz rig Nritf;F cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; Copau;fis
epakpj;jy; njhlu;ghf MSeUf;F ,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gw;wp ve;j tpthjKk; ,y;iy. mtUf;Fs;s
mjpfhuk; njspthdjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $WtJ ahu;
vd;gjhFk;. NtW khfhz rigfspy; jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ mikr;Rf;fspd;
gw;whf;Fiwia rupahd fhyg;gFjpapy; epiwT nra;tNjhL midj;J jPuk ; hdq;fisAk; Kjyikr;ru;
vLj;jjd; gpd;du; MSeuhy; mDkjp toq;fg;gLk;. fhuzk; ahnjdpy; ,UtupdJk; Njit
khfhz rigia Kiwahf elj;jp nry;tjw;F eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;
fpof;F khfhz rigapd; rpy mikr;ru;fs; jw;NghJ jkJ mikr;rpd; Clhf xU epakdj;ijf;
$l toq;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; tpiuthf epakdq;fis toq;ff;$ba E}w;Wf;Fk; mjpfkhd
gw;whf;Fiwfs; fpof;F khfhz rigapNy ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jkJ eltbf;iffis
rupahd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; cupa gw;whf;Fiwfis ,dq;fz;L rupahd
epWtd rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;fika jkJ mikr;rpd; nrayhsupd; Clhf gw;whf;Fiwfis eptu;jj ; p
nra;tjw;F mikr;ru; xUtu; fl;lhakhf Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUg;gpDk; mjw;fhf Ntz;b
ePz;lfhykhf tpthjq;fis elj;JtJk; ,k; kdf;frg;gpw;F fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ. Rfhjhu
mikr;ir ikakhff; nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ mz;ikapy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpNy fJUnty
itj;jparhiyapy; fl;blq;fs; kw;Wk; itj;jpa cgfuzq;fs; mNj Nghd;W kpfTk; fbdkhd
tplaq;fspy; xd;whd epue;ju itj;jpau; xUtiu jq;f itg;gJ Nghd;w midj;J gpur;ridfSf;Fk;
jPu;T fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; mt;itj;jparhiyf;F Njitahd
njhopyhsu;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Rfhjhu mikr;rUf;F mDkjp ,y;yhikahFk;. ,e;j
itj;jparhiyapd; Nrit kf;fSf;F fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; mtu;fs; Neubahf kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisNa
Fiw $Wthu;fs;.
• kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; khfhz rigf;fpilapy; cs;s njhlu;G
fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; kf;fSf;F ahNjDk; ed;ik my;yJ mgptpUj;jp tplaq;fSf;Fupa

eltbf;iffspd; NghJ khfhz rig vy;yhr; re;ju;gg ; q;fspYk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; RKfkhf
ele;Jnfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Fiwe;jJ 13tJ murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpw;F mika khfhz
rigf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs; $l nfhLf;fhky; ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjw;nfjpuhf khfhz
rigapNy xd;wpize;J vjpu;gG; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fe;jsha; gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfsthd epyq;fs;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;jpl;lk; xd;wpw;fhf Nfl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjw;F khz rig vjpu;g;G
njuptpj;jJ. mNj Nghd;W cs;@uhl;rp rig Nju;jy; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; njspthf rpWghd;ikapdUf;F
jPq;if Vw;gLj;jf;$ba xd;whFk;. mjw;F vjpu;g;G njuptpg;gnjd;gJ murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpu;g;G
njuptpg;gjy;y. ,Ug;gpDk; rkhe;ju mikr;Rf;fSld; nraw;gLk; nghOJ mikr;ruitapdhy;
kpfTk; ed;ik gaf;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; gy eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• khfhz rigfSf;F Neub epjpAjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
khfhz rigfspd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf Nehf;Fk; NghJ khfhz rigfSf;Fupa

mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;F ntspehl;L cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba re;ju;g;gk;
,Ug;gpd; mJ kpfTk; gaDilajhf mikAk;. cyf tq;fpAld; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; tPjp
mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ghupa mstpyhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf ePz;l kw;Wk; gaDila
fye;Jiuahly;fs; gy elj;jg;gl;lhYk; mit ,ilepWj;jg;gl;ld. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
ftdj;Jld; Neubahf epjpAjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf khfhz rigfSf;F re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fg;gLkhapd; mJ fpof;F khfhz kf;fs; ngWk; tug;gpurhjkhFk;.
gf;fk; 118
• MSeu; kw;Wk; khfhz rigf;fpilapy; cs;s njhlu;G
mikr;ruit cl;gl khfhz rigapd; KOikahd xj;Jiog;ig MSeUf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gjpy;

ve;j rpf;fYk; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; mJ Nghd;wnjhd;W eilngWtJ MSeu; mikr;ruit
tplaq;fspy; MNyhrid kw;Wk; Mrpu;tjpf;Fk; kl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpdhy; khj;jpuNk MFk;.
MNyhrid toq;Fk; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nky; nrd;W kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
kjpf;fhj re;ju;g;gq;fs; fle;j xU tUl fhykhf epfo;e;J tUfpd;wd. tuT nryT mwpf;if
rku;gg
; pf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; mJ kpfTk; jPtpukile;jJ. Kjyikr;rUf;F MNyhrfu; xUtu; epakpg;gJ
njhlu;ghd mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; jPuk ; hdj;jpy; MSeupd; nraw;ghL nghUj;jkw;wjhff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. Kjy; fl;lj;jpy; %d;W khjq;fSf;F khj;jpuk; epakdk; toq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;
mjd; gpwF ePbg;gjpy;iy vd;w jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
• ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rftho;T kw;Wk; khfhz mgptpUj;jp
khfhz rig mikr;ruit vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rftho;T njhlu;ghf

Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLk;. mgptpUj;jpapd; gyd;fis gpujhd %d;W ,dq;fSf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba
tpjj;jpy; jpl;lkpLtjw;F cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• khfhz rig mikr;ru; mtu;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; cl;gl cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz

rig cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
khfhz rig cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; mikr;ru;fSf;fpilapy; kpfTk; Gupe;Jzu;Tld;

eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,ilf;fpilNa rpW rpW fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;
Njhd;Wfpdw; d. Kiwahd mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
mikr;ru;fSld; kpFe;j njhlu;Gilatu;fshf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; MSeu; njhlu;rr ; pahf
cj;juTfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F kj;jpapy; epiyik rw;W rpf;fyhff;
fhzg;gLk; re;ju;gg
; q;fSk; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. Neubahf MSeupd; fPo; nraw;gLk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf
njhlu;eJ
; nraw;gLk; epyik ,e;j khfhz rigapy; Vw;gLkhdhy; xU tplaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. kf;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; khfhz rigapy; gq;Fgw;WtJ
Njitaw;w xd;W vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• khfhz rig tplaq;fSf;F cupa epajpr; rl;lq;fis jahupj;jy;
jw;NghJ ,uz;L epajpr; rl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lq;fs; jahupg;gjpy; ,Ue;J

epiwNtw;wpfn
; fhs;Sk; tiu nra;af;$ba tplaq;fSf;Fupa kpFe;j mDgtk; cs;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;
my;yJ egu;fs; khfhz rigapy; ,y;yhkypUg;gJ gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplakhFk;. mNj Nghd;W
rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghL kpff; fbdkhd kw;Wk; ePzl
; fhyk; vLg;gJ kw;WnkhU
jilahFk;.
• khfhz rig kw;Wk; NtW epWtdq;fs; / mikg;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; epfOk; njhlu;G
Kiwahd kw;Wk; jpl;lkpl;L kf;fSila xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;W mgptpUj;jpf;Fupa eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F rpy fhyk; nry;Yk;. jw;NghJ khfhzj;jpy; midj;J mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fSld; fye;Jiuahlg;gLtJld; mtw;iw khfhzj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSf;F
gq;Fgw;wr; nra;tJ Kf;fpakhf nra;a Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. mjw;F Kd; khfhzj;jpd; mikr;ru;fs;>
khtl;l nrayhsu; fhupahyak; kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayfq;fSld; rupahd Gupe;Jzu;it
gf;fk; 119
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. fhuzk; ahnjdpy; nghJ mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; nghOJ rpy

epWtdq;fs; khfhz rigiaf; iftpl;L nraw;gLtij fhzf;$bajhf ,Ug;gjdhyhFk;.
• khfhz rigapDs; epjp xJf;Fjy; kw;Wk; tuT nryT
khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLk; epjp ,JtiuAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f

KbahjpUg;gJld; mjw;fhd fhuzk; ahnjdpy; murhq;fj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLk; epjp
,Jtiu ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fhikahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; rkhe;ju mikr;Rf;fspdhy; fpilf;Fk; epjpapD}lhf
gy mgptpUj;jp nraw;jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tpNrlkhf cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp
kpff; fbdkhf eilngWfpd;wJ. NtW trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; muR khfhz rigf;F kpf
mjpfkhd epjpia toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j midj;J tplaq;fisAk; ey;y Nehf;Fld; ghu;gg ; NjhL
gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; mikr;ruitapd; ,zf;fg;gghl;bw;Nfw;g RahjPd khfhz rig xd;whf
nraw;gLtjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. MSeuplk; tUlhe;j tuTnryT
mwpf;ifia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F vLf;fg;gLk; Kaw;r;rp kpff; fbdkhd xd;whff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW Njitaw;W fhyj;ij vLg;gJ kw;Wk; mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLg;gJ
khfhz rigapd; ed;ikf;F jPqF ; Vw;gLj;Jk; xd;W vd;gJ mikr;ruitapd; fUj;jhFk;.
gf;fk; 120
gpujpepjpj;Jt kf;fs; guk;gy;

ml;ltiz 1 - ghy; epiy
ghy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; khfhz rig
cWg;gpdu;fs;
ngz; ϰϴ ϭ
Mz; ϭϬϮ ϯϬ
nkhj;jk; ϭϱϬ ϯϭ
ml;ltiz 2 - ,dj;Jtk;
,dk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; khfhz rig
cWg;gpdu;fs;
rpq;fsk; ϯϴ ϴ
jkpo; ϳϭ ϭϭ
K];ypk; ϰϭ ϭϮ
.
ml;ltiz 3 - fy;tp epiy
fy;tp epiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; khfhz rig
cWg;gpdu;fs;
rhjhuz juk; tiu ϯ Ͳ
rhjhuz juk; ϭϮ Ϯ
cau; juk; tiu ϯϵ ϳ
cau; juk; Ϯϳ ϴ
njhopy; gapw;rp ͬ bg;Nshkh ϰϲ Ͳ
gl;lj;ij vjpu;ghu;g;gtu; ϱ Ͳ
gl;ljhup kw;Wk; mjw;F ϭϭ ϭϰ
mg;ghy;
ml;ltiz 4 – FOf;fye;Jiuahly;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa nkhop

rpq;fsk; ϵ ϭ ϲ
jkpo; ϰ ϭϳ ϳ
K];ypk; ϭϭ ϲ ϭϭ
nkhj;jk; Ϯϰ Ϯϰ Ϯϰ
gf;fk; 121
Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;s
cjtpNahu;
kQ;Rs f[ehaf;f
ie[y; Efnty
re;jpupfh fhbatrk;
mNrhf N`uj;
v];. fkyhNjtp
[Ptuj;dk; NfjP\];tud;
re;jpuNrfud; kzpkhwd;
epu;kyh Mupajhr
g;upahd; mkurpq;f
nfskjp uztPu
jpY}gh mJytd;r
rhku FUNf
ruj; fhy;yNf
vk;.vk;.Rf;up
v];. Njtuh[;
vk;. erhu;
vk;. ngsru;
B. NjtNerd;
Mu;. `upr;re;jpud;
vd;. fpU~;zuh[h
Nf. Rkd;uh[;
vd;. re;jpuNyfh
gf;fk; 122
/ngl;upr; epAkhd; kd;wk; (FNF)
/ngl;upr; epAkhd; kd;wk; (FNF) n[Hkdpapd; gd;ikj;Jtf; fl;likg;ghd murpay; jsq;fspy;

xU Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;. ,e;j kd;wj;jpd; gzp Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;GzHT
rk;ge;jkhd cs;ika tpOkpaq;fs;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;JtjhFk;. FNF mikg;G jdJ
fUj;jpl;lq;fspD}lhfr; rfy kf;fSk; Rje;jpukhfTk;> kdpj nfsutj;JlDk;> rkhjhdkhfTk;
thof;$ba XH cyfj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ. jhuhsthj murpay; fl;rpfs;> murpay;
rpe;j
; id mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Vida mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w gq;fhsHfSld; ,ize;J
FNF rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; xU re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd
[dehaf epWtdq;fs; ghpzkpg;gjw;F MjuT toq;Ffpd;wJ. ed;F ep&gpf;fg;gl;l jhuhsthj
vz;zf;fUf;fis Kd;Ndw;WtjD}lhf> FNF kf;fs; jkJ nrhe;j Rgpl;rj;Jf;fhfg; gzpahw;Wk;
tha;gG; fis mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.
FNF ,yq;ifAld; ehd;F jrhg;j fhyj;Jf;F Nkyhd cwTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapy;

,e;j kd;wj;jpd; gzp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;ljhFk;:
• rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpiaAk; nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;ijAk; Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

• Ntl;ghsHfs;> ,sk; murpay;thjpfs;> kw;Wk; vjpHfhyj; jiytHfSf;Fg; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;.
• ,yq;ifapy; murpay; jPtputhjj; jd;ikailjy; kw;Wk; JUtg;gLj;jg;gLjy; vd;gtw;iwj;
jLf;Fk;tifapy; kpjthj murpay; mikg;GfSf;F tYt+l;Ljy;.
FNF ,yq;ifapy; [dehafr; nray;Kiwia tYg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; murpayikg;G vz;zf;fUf;fs;

rk;ge;jkhf> gq;FilikahsH mikg;ghfpa khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;Jld; (CPA)
,ize;J gzpahw;Wfpd;wJ. gy;NtW murpay; fl;rpfisr; NrHe;j kpjthjpfSld; neUf;fkhd
murpay; njhlHGfspD}lhf> murpay; nray; K iwapDs; jhuhsthjf; nfhs; i ffs;
mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
FNF [dehafk; kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;fhd epWtfj;Jld; (IDL) ,ize;J> fle;j rpy tUl
fhykhf ehL KOtjpYk; jhuhsthj ,isQH fshpfis (LYG) cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,f;fshpfs;
murpay; fy;tpia toq;FtNjhL> tsHe;j ,isQHfSk;> vjpHfhy murpay;thjpfSk; jk;ik
xU [dehaf topapy; xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Cf;f MHtj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mJ
jdJ gq;fhsuhfpa tpahghuj; njhopy; mgptpUj;jp Nritfs; kd;wj;Jld; (BDS) ,ize;J xU
[dehaf> Fbapay; murpay; fyhrhuj;Jf;F MjuT toq;Fk;tifapy;> ,isa jiyKiwapdH
r%fj;JlDk;> njhopy; re;ijfSlDk; xd;wpizf;fg;gLtJFwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
,yq;if tHj;jf kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; Nguitfspd; rk;Nksdk; vd;Dk; gq;fhspAld; ,ize;J
(FCCISL) SMED vd;Dk; fUj;jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;juj;
njhopy;Kaw;rpfspd; cw;gj;jpj;jfitAk;> Nghl;bj;jfitAk; Kd;Ndw;wp mtw;wpd; epiyjfit
cWjpnra;tjw;fhFk;.
gf;fk; 123
khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak; (CPA)
CPAapd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l mjd; gzpg;ghiz XH chpikfs; mbg;gilapyhd

rl;lfj;jpDs; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; Ml;rpKiw tplag;gug;Gfspy; nghJf; nfhs;ifapy; mgpg;gpuhak;
kw;Wk; jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYf;F rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig tYg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,jd;
gpufhuk; CPA apd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. r%fj;jpy; nghJf;nfhs;if kw;Wk; eilKiwahf;fk; rk;ge;jkhd rfy mk;rq;fspYk;

tpopg;GzHit tYg;gLj;JtjD}lhf Ml;rpKiwapy; nghJ tifg;nghWg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;G
toq;Fjy;.
2. nghWg;Gs;s> rpwe;j Ml;rpKiwia cWjpnra;Ak;tifapy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lthf;f kw;Wk;
epHthfj; Jiwfspy; nghJf;nfhs;if tFj;jy; kw;Wk; eilKiwahf;fr; nray;KiwfSf;F
cs;sL P fis toq;Fjy;.
3. murhq;fk;> ghuhSkd;wk;> kw;Wk; Vida rfy nfhs;if tFj;jy; mikg;GfSf;Fk;>
epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> [dehafk;> gd;ikj;Jtk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk;
r%f ePjpia tYg;gLj;jpg; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapyhd Mf;fg+Htkhd khw;Wf;nfhs;iffis
Kd;nkhopTnra;jy;.
4. ,yq;ifapYk;> njw;fhrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; epWtdq;fis tYg;gLj;jp> [dehaf
Ml;rpKiwf;fhd Mw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gk;tifapy; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPHTr; nray;Kiwf;Fg;
gq;fspg;G toq;Fjy;.
5. mgptpUj;jpapy; r%f kw;Wk; murpay; tpisTfs;kPJ ftdk;nrYj;Jjy;.
Nkw;$wpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis <l;bf;nfhs;Sk;tifapy;> gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg;

gpujpf;iQ g+z;Ls;sJ:
• Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Ma;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;> nghJf;nfhs;if rk;ge;jkhd Mtz

epiyankhd;iw Vw;gLj;JjYk;.
• fUj;juq;Ffs;> khehLfs;> ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; mr;R> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk;
cs;spl;ltifapy; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf Muha;rr; p kw;Wk; Ma;T vd;gtw;iwg;
gug;Gjy;.
• jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;NthhpilNa MjuTg; gpurhuk; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis
cUthf;Fjy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf Mf;fg+Htkhd khw;Wf; nfhs;iffs;Fwpj;j gug;Giu.
• epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; Vida nghJ epWtdq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf; fz;fhzpj;jy;.
• xNutpjkhd Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf;nfhz;l cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L
epWtdq;fSld; cwtpizg;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
gf;fk; 124

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