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  • What Is Diabetes?: Two Types: - Type 1 - Insulin Dependent - Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent

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    There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1, which is insulin dependent, and Type 2, which is non-insulin dependent. Obesity is defined as having excessive body fat and is caused by consuming more calories than are burned over time. It is measured by body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. Obese individuals have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, especially for women with waist sizes over 80 cm and men of Caucasian/African descent with waist sizes over 94 cm and Asian descent over 90 cm. Studies have shown obesity significantly increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes due to excess visceral fat secreting substances like free fatty acids and TNF that reduce insulin sensitivity.

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    There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1, which is insulin dependent, and Type 2, which is non-insulin dependent. Obesity is defined as having excessive body fat and is caused by consuming more calories than are burned over time. It is measured by body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. Obese individuals have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, especially for women with waist sizes over 80 cm and men of Caucasian/African descent with waist sizes over 94 cm and Asian descent over 90 cm. Studies have shown obesity significantly increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes due to excess visceral fat secreting substances like free fatty acids and TNF that reduce insulin sensitivity.

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    41 views10 pages

    What Is Diabetes?: Two Types: - Type 1 - Insulin Dependent - Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent

    Uploaded by

    komalram
    There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1, which is insulin dependent, and Type 2, which is non-insulin dependent. Obesity is defined as having excessive body fat and is caused by consuming more calories than are burned over time. It is measured by body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. Obese individuals have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, especially for women with waist sizes over 80 cm and men of Caucasian/African descent with waist sizes over 94 cm and Asian descent over 90 cm. Studies have shown obesity significantly increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes due to excess visceral fat secreting substances like free fatty acids and TNF that reduce insulin sensitivity.

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    of 10

    What is Diabetes?

    Two types:

    •Type 1 – Insulin dependent

    •Type 2 – Non-Insulin dependent (2)


    What is Obesity?

    • Carrying excessive body fat for your height


    and sex

    • Eating more calories than you burn off over a


    period of time (4)
    Obesity

    • BMI of 30 or greater (3)


    Diabetes and Obesity

    • Obese people more at risk of developing type


    2 diabetes

    • Women – waist size ≥ 80 cm at higher risk

    • Men : Caucasian and African origins - ≥ 94 cm


    and Asian origins - ≥ 90 cm (2)
    BMI and Diabetes

    • Wannamethee et al. (2005) conducted a


    prospective study of British men followed up
    for 20 yrs.

    • Sample size : 7176 men with no history of


    diabetes. Follow up achieved for 99% of
    cohort.
    • 449 cases of type 2 diabetes reported

    • The risk of developing type 2 diabetes was


    significantly increased with obesity (p<0.005)
    Why does obesity predispose to diabetes?

    • Link attributed to harmful effect of excess


    visceral fat

    • Secretes free fatty acids, leptin and TNF

    • Thought to cause reduction in insulin


    sensitivity. (1)
    • Uysal et al. (1997) conducted an experimental
    study on obese mice.

    • 2 groups of mice

     group 1 had null mutations in the genes encoding


    for TNFα and the two TNFα receptors
     group 2 had genes encoding for TNFα and the two
    TNFα receptors.
    • Found that the obese TNF-α -/- animals were
    spared from obesity-induced deficiencies in
    insulin-receptor signalling in fat and muscle
    tissues
    References:
    1. Cleator J. (2003) Obesity and Diabetes, Nursing Times, 99, 15, 54.
    2. http://www.diabetes.org.uk/Guide-to-diabetes/Introduction-to-
    diabetes/What_is_diabetes/
    3. http://healthhabits.wordpress.com/2009/04/13/future-trends-
    in-global-obesity/
    4. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/Pages/Introduction.aspx
    5. Uysal K.T., Wiesbrock S.M., Marino M.W. and Hotamisligil G.S.
    (1997) Protection from obesity induced insulin resistance in mice
    lacking TNF-a function. Nature. 389, 9 October, 610-614.
    6. Wannamethee S.G., Shaper A.G. and Walker M. (2005)
    Overweight and obesity and weight change in middle aged men:
    impact on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Epidemiol
    Community Health. 59, 134-139.

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