Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6: Prerequisite Reading Assignment: CH2
Signal
Measured
Clk here Switch
Threshold
Agenda
The Transmission Line Concept
Transmission line equivalent circuits and
relevant equations
Reflection diagram & equation
Loading
Termination methods and comparison
Propagation delay
Simple return path ( circuit theory, network
theory come later)
Consumer
Home
PCB substrate
Cross section view taken here
Stripline
W
Via
Micro
FR4 Dielectric
Copper Trace
Cross Section of Above PCB
-
Strip
Signal (microstrip)
Ground/Power
T Copper Plane Signal (stripline)
Signal (stripline)
Ground/Power
Signal (microstrip)
W
Transmission Lines Class 6
7
V = f ( z, t )
I1
I = f ( z, t )
V1 V2
-
+
(a) (b)
-
- + -
Transmission Lines + - 6
Class
(c) (d)
9
Physics
Physicsof oftransmission
transmissionline
line structures
structures
Basic
Basic transmission
transmission line
lineequivalent
equivalentcircuit
circuit
?Equations
?Equations for
fortransmission
transmission line
line propagation
propagation
Electric field
Propagation velocity is the speed with which signals are transmitted through
the transmission line in its surrounding medium.
V
Z0 =
I
c
v=
εr
Transmission Lines Class 6
12
E
V V +∆V V V +∆ V
H
I I +∆I I I +∆ I
- - - -
Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the transmission lines
These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation for TEM
mode waves, which is the simplest mode, and assumed for most simulators(except for microstrip
lines which assume “quasi-TEM”, which is an approximated equivalent for transient response
calculations).
Electric field is established by a potential difference between two conductors.
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain capacitor.
Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain inductor.
lR0 lL0
lG0 lC0
Ideal T Line
Ideal (lossless) Characteristics of Transmission
Line
Ideal TL assumes: lL0
Uniform line
Perfect (lossless) conductor (R0→0) lC0
Perfect (lossless) dielectric (G0→0)
We only consider T0, Z0 , C0, and L0.
A transmission line can be represented by a
cascaded network (subsections) of these
equivalent models.
The smaller the subsection the more accurate the model
The delay for each subsection should be no
larger than 1/10th the signal rise time.
vs.
Lumped or Tline Models
In theory, all circuits that deliver transient power from
one point to another are transmission lines, but if the
signal frequency(s) is low compared to the size of the
circuit (small), a reasonable approximation can be
used to simplify the circuit for calculation of the circuit
transient (time vs. voltage or time vs. current)
response.
Td < .1 Tx
Td < .4 Tx
Transmission Lines Class 6
Other “Rules of Thumb”
17
Whether it is a
bump or a
mountain depends
on the ratio of its
When do we need size (tline) to the
to use size of the vehicle
transmission line (signal
analysis wavelength)
techniques vs.
lumped circuit Similarly, whether or
analysis? not a line is to be
considered as a
transmission line
depends on the ratio
of length of the line
(delay) to the
wavelength of the
applied frequency or
Wavelength/edge rate Tline the rise/fall edge of
the signal
Propagation equation
γ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC ) = α + jβ
α is the attenuation (loss) factor
β is the phase (velocity) factor
( R + j ωL )
Z0 =
(G + jωC )
In class problem: Derive the high frequency, lossless approximation for Z0
Don’t
Don’t forget
forget these
theserelationships
relationshipsand
andwhat
what they
theymean!
mean!
Assumptions TC
TEM conditions
ε TD
Uniform dielectric (ε ) between
conductors
TC<< TD; WC>> TD
T-line characteristics are ε * PlateArea Base
WC
function of: C=
Material electric and magnetic
properties
d equation
WC F WC pF
Dielectric Thickness (TD) C0 ε⋅ ⋅ 8.85⋅ε r ⋅ ⋅
Width of conductor (WC) TD m TD m
Trade-off TD F T D µH
TD ; C0 , L0 , Z0 L0 µ⋅ ⋅ 0.4 ⋅π ⋅µ r ⋅ ⋅
WC ; C0 , L0 , Z0 WC m WC m
TD µr
Z0 377⋅ ⋅ ⋅Ω
WC εr
εr + 1 εr − 1 TC
εe = + + F − 0.217( εr − 1)
2 12TD WCTD
2 1+
WC
2 You can’t
WC
0.02 (εr −1)1 −
WC
T
for
TD
<1
beat a field
F= D
0 for
WC
>1 solver
TD
60 4(TD1 + TD1)
Z 0 sym ≈ ln
εr 0. 67π ( 0.8WC + T C )
Valid when WC/(TD1 +TD2 ) < 0.35 and TC/(TD1 +TD2 ) < 0.25
You can’t
Offset (unbalanced) Stripline Case TD1 > TD2 beat a field
solver
Z 0 sym(2 A, WC , TC , εr ) ⋅ Z 0 sym(2 B, WC , TC , εr )
Z 0offset ≈ 2
Z 0 sym(2 A,WC , TC , εr ) + Z 0 sym(2 B,WC , TC , εr )
Refection coefficient
Signal on a transmission line can be analyzed by
keeping track of and adding reflections and
transmissions from the “bumps” (discontinuities)
Refection coefficient
Amount of signal reflected from the “bump”
Frequency domain ρ =sign(S11)*|S11|
If at load or source the reflection may be called gamma (Γ L
or Γ s)
Time domain ρ is only defined a location
The “bump”
Time domain analysis is causal.
Frequency domain is for all time.
We use similar terms – be careful
Reflection diagrams – more later
ρ Reflecte
d
Reflection Coeficient Transmission Coeffiecent
Zt − Z0
ρ
Zt − Z0 τ (1 + ρ) "" → "" τ 1+
Zt + Z0
Zt + Z0
2⋅ Zt
τ
Zt + Z0
B: Short Circuit
Zs −
Zo ρ = 0 Zo = −1
Vs 0 + Zo
C: Open Circuit
Zs ∞ −Zo
Zo ρ= =1
Vs ∞ + Zo
Basic
Basic pulse
pulselaunching
launchingonto
ontotransmission
transmissionlines
lines
Calculation
Calculation of
of near
nearand
andfar
far end
endwaveforms
waveformsfor
for
classic
classic load
load conditions
conditions
Why
Why do
do we
we care
care for?
for?
Next
Next page….
page….
Transmission Lines Class 6
31
These
These are
are the
the steps
steps for
for solving
solving
all
all t-line
t-line problems.
problems.
Transmission Lines Class 6
Determining Launch Voltage
32
TD
Rs A B
Vs
Zo
0 Vs Rt
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
Z0 Rt
Vi = VS Vf = VS
Z 0 + RS Rt + RS
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
(signal is reflected)
t=2TD,
V=Vi − +Zo
Rt+ρB(Vi) ρ A( ρ B)(Vi ) t=TD, V=Vi +ρ B(Vi )
= ρ Β (Vincident )
ρ Β =
Vreflected
Rt + Zo VB = Vincident + Vreflected
Step 2: Determine VB in the circuit at time t = TD
The transient behavior of transmission line delays the
arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD.
VB at time 0 < t < TD is at quiescent voltage (0 in this case)
Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t-line
VB = Vincident + Vreflected at time t = TD
Transmission Lines Class 6
34
Rs A B
Vs
Zo
0 Vs ρ A ρ B Rt
TD
(initial voltage)
t=0, V=Vi
(signal is reflected)
t=2TD,
V=Vi + ρ B (Vi) +ρ A( ρ B )(Vi ) t=TD, V=Vi +ρ B (Vi )
ρ Rs − Zo Vreflected = ρ Α (Vincident )
Α =
Rs + Zo VA = Vlaunch + Vincident + Vreflected
delay = T, RS= Z0 . VS V1
l
V2 RL
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
38
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
39
Waveshape:
Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt
I1
IA
I2 RS I1 I2
0.75IA Z0 ,Τ 0
Current (A)
l
0.5IA VS V1 V2 Open
0.25IA
0.5VA
0.25VA Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
40
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
41
Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
Waveshapes for Problem 1b
42
I1
IA
I2 RS I1 I2
0.75IA Z0 ,Τ 0
Current (A)
l
0.5IA VS V1 V2 RL
0.25IA
0 Τ 2Τ 3Τ 4Τ Ti me (ns)
Note that a
I1
VA properly
I2
0.75V
terminated wave
A
settle out at 0.5
Voltage(V)
0.5VA
SolutionV
0.25V
A Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6
Transmission line step response
43
Introduction
Introductionto
tolattice
latticediagram
diagram analysis
analysis
Calculation
Calculationof
of near
near and
andfar
far end
end waveforms
waveformsfor
for
classic
classicload
load impedances
impedances
Solving
Solvingmultiple
multiplereflection
reflectionproblems
problems
Complex
Complexsignal
signal reflections
reflectionsat
atdifferent
different types
typesof
of
transmission
transmissionlineline“discontinuities”
“discontinuities”will
will be
be analyzed
analyzed
in
in this
thischapter.
chapter. Lattice
Latticediagrams
diagramswill
will be
beintroduced
introduced
as
as aasolution
solution tool.
tool.
ρ ρ
source load
V(source) V(load)
0 Vlaunch
0
Time Vlaunch N ps
Vlaunch ρ load
Vlaunch ρ 2
load ρ source
0
2500 ps 0 2 50 500 750 1000 1250
Tim e , ps
Zo 50
Vinitial = Vs = (2) = 1.3333
ρ source = −0 . 3333 ρ load = 1 +
Zs Zo +
25 50
Time V(source) V(load)
Zs −Zo 25 −50
0 ρsource = = = −0.33333
1.33v + +
Zs Zo 25 50
0v
Zl −Zo ∞ −50
500 ps 1.33v ρload = = =1
1.33v +
Zl Zo ∞ + 50
3
1500 ps 2.22v
-0.443v 2.5
2
Volts
1.77v 1.5
2000 ps
0.148v 1 Source
0.5 Load
2500 ps 1.92 0
0.148v 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
Time, ps
2.07
X X
Rs
Zo1 Zo2 Rt
Vs
TD TD A= a A' = b + e
T3 T2 B = a+c+d B' = b + e + g + i
ρ1 ρ 2 ρ3 ρ4 C = A+ c+ d + f + h C' = b + e + g + i + k + l
a a = vi
Z o1
vi = Vs
TD A c b Rs + Z o1 b = aT2
2TD Rs − Z o1 c = aρ 2
d e ρ1 =
Rs + Z o1
3TD B g
A’ d = cρ 1
f
Z o 2 − Z o1
4TD
ρ2 = e = bρ 4
h i Z o 2 + Z o1
B’ f = dρ 2 + eT3
5TD C j k Z − Zo2
ρ 3 = o1 g = eρ 3 + dT2
Z o1 + Z o 2
l
Rt − Z o 2 h = fρ 1
C’ ρ4 =
Rt + Z o 2 i = gρ 4
T2 = 1 + ρ 2 j = hρ 2 + iT3
T3 = 1 + ρ 3 k = iρ 3 + hT2
Transmission Lines Class 6
49