Induction Motors

Introduction and
equivalent circuit
 Induction Motors
• Squirrel Cage

• Wound Rotor
stator of an induction machine Coils in the stator

A wound rotor with slip rings slip rings

1.The stator of the 3 - phase induction machine consists of
normal distributed AC windings.

2. Balanced three phase voltages impressed on the stator,

cause balanced three phase currents to flow in the stator.

3. These stator currents cause a rotating flux pattern (the

pattern is a flux distribution which is sinusoidal with respect
to the space angle) in the air gap.

4. The rotating flux pattern causes three phase induced

e.m.f.s in rotor windings (again normal ac windings). These
windings, if shorted, carry three phase-balanced currents.

Torque is produced as a result of interaction of the currents

and the air gap flux.
Single phase Equivalent Circuit of a
three phase Induction motor

Induction machine with the rotor open

steady speed attained by the rotor m

synchronous speed  ms

Equivalent circuit : rotor at its own frequency

Approximate Equivalent Circuit
  ms   m
Slip, s
 ms

4f
 ms 
p
f = supply frequency of stator voltage
p = number of stator poles
  m   ms (1  s )
V
I 
'
r
 Rr' 
 Rs 
s 

  j X s  X r' 

'2 '
3I R
Power transferred to rotor ( air-gap power)
Pg  r r

s
'2
Rotor copper loss Pcu  3I R r
'
r

Electrical Power converted to mechanical

power
1 s  '2
Pm  Pg  Pcu  3I R   r
'
r
 s 
 1 s 
'2
Pm Pm  3I R  '

Torque developed by motor T r
 s 
r
m

Pm '2 ' 1 s  1 '2 ' 1 s  1

T  3I r Rr    3I r Rr  
m  s  m  s   ms (1  s )

3 '2  Rr' 
T I r  
 ms  s 

Substituting for current  ' 

 R 
V2 r
3  s  Pg
T 
 ms   ' 2
  R  Rr   X  X '
  2  ms

 s s   s r 
 
Developed torque is a function of slip only. Differentiating Torque w.r.to slip
and equating to 0 gives slip for maximum torque

Rr'
sm  
R  Xs  X
2
s r 
' 2

maximum torque is given by

 
3  V2 
Tmax 
2 ms  R  R 2  X  X '
 s s s r   2 


This is also known as breakdown torque

Normally torque is expressed as ratio of maximum torque and as
a function of maximum slip

 Rs 
21  ' s m 
T  Rr 

Tmax s sm Rs
 2 '
sm s Rr s m
  Rs 
This is simplified by ignoring the term  ' s m 
 Rr 
which is very small compared to 1

T 2

Tmax s sm

sm s