SMS (SAINS KIMIA)

AHLI KUMPULAN :

NURUL SHAFIKAH MUHAMMAD -

UK19685
SITI FASIHAH RAMELI - UK21478
NOR ELLA SYAKILLA MAT ARIS - UK21597
NUR NAJIHAH MARZUKI - UK21708
NURUL HIDAYAH ABD RAHIM - UK21709
 KIM 3701
KIMIA ALAM
SEKITAR

MARINE SEDIMENT
HYDROGENOUS VS
BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT
 SEDIMENT
 unconsolidated organic
and inorganic particles
that accumulate on the
ocean floor
originate from numerous
sources
weathering and
erosion of the
continents
volcanic eruptions
biological activity
chemical processes
within the oceanic
crust and seawater
impacts of extra-
terrestrial objects
 
HOW TO CLASSIFIED MARINE
SEDIMENTS?
Marine sediments can be classified by its grain size and its
composition.
Size classification divides sediment by grain size into
gravel, sand and clay.
- Mud is a mixture of silt and clay.
composition of sediment can be measured in terms of:
- parent rock lithology
- mineral composition
- chemical make-up.
Classification of marine sediments based on its constituents.
LITHOGENOUS COSMOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS SEDIMENTS

TYPES OF SEDIMENTS

BIOGENOUS HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENTS SEDIMENTS
 HYDROGENOUS BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENT VS SEDIMENTS

formed from the

insoluble remains of past
life forms and parts such
formed by precipitation
as bones and teeth.
of minerals from the
ocean’s water or can be
made from the
formed as a new mineral
microscopic shells that
as a result of chemical
are deposited by tiny
reactions between the
plants, animals, and
water of the ocean and
plankton that live on the
sediments that already
water’s surface and
exist on the ocean floor.
eventually make their
way down to the ocean
floor.
BIOGENOUS SEDIMENTS
 BIOGENOUS SEDIMENT
Consists of 3 major groups based on
chemical composition:

Calcareous sediment Phosphatic sediment

Siliceous sediment
Come from
Come from plants
bones, teeth and
called
Come from plats scales of fishes and
coccolithophores
called diatoms and other marine
(phytoplankton) and
animals called vetebrates.
animals
(zooplankton) called radiolarians.
foraminifera and
pteropods.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER
 HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
hydro means ‘water’ ; generare
means ‘to produce’.
Origin :
•Forms when dissolved materials
come out of solution
(precipitate).
•Precipitation is caused by a
change in conditions including:
-Changes in temperature
-Changes in pressure
-Addition of chemically active
fluids
Mode of transport :
•Not transported, precipitates in
place
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
bio means ‘life’ ; generare
means ‘to produce’.
Origin :
• Forms when organisms that
produce hard parts die.
•Material rains down on the
ocean floor and accumulates as:
*Macroscopic shells, bones, teeth
*Microscopic tests (shells)
-If comprised of at least 30% test
material, called biogenous ooze
Mode of transport :
•Settles from top of water column
 HYDROGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
General occurrence :
•In deep ocean basins where input
of other sediments is minimal
Usual constituents:
•Highly variable; major examples
are manganese nodules,
phosphorite nodules, and
evaporites
Relative abundance:
• < 1%
Sources :
• precipitation of dissolved
minerals from water, often by
bacteria
BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS
General occurrence :
•Intermediate depths at all latitudes
where lithogenous sediments are
not important (e.g., flanks of
oceanic ridges); upwelling regions
Usual constituents:
•Calcium carbonate (coccoliths and
foraminifera) and silica (diatoms
and radiolaria)
Relative abundance:
• ~50%
Sources :
• organic ; accumulation of hard
parts(bones,teeth,etc) of some
marine organism.
 HYDROGENOUS BIOGENOUS
SEDIMENTS SEDIMENTS

Composition : Composition :
•Manganese nodules •Silica (SiO2) including opal
•Phosphates (SiO2 · nH2O)
•Carbonates *Diatoms (algae)
•Metal sulfides *Radiolarians (protozoan)
•Evaporite salts •Calcium carbonate or calcite
(CaCO3)
*Coccolithophores (algae)
*Foraminifers (protozoan)
Distribution :
Distribution:
• present with other, more
• dominant on deep ocean floor
dominants sediments.
(siliceous ooze below 5km)
Example :
Example :
• manganese nodules and
• calcareous ooze and siliceous
phosphorite deposits.
ooze.
Total sediment thickness of the ocean floor, with the thinnest
deposits in dark blue and the thickest in red.
General patterns of sediments on the ocean floor
 Calcareous ooze
general term for layers of muddy,
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bearing
soft rock sediment on the seafloor.
 
Only a small proportion  is
precipitated inorganically. 

 distinguished by its main

biogenic component into
foraminiferal ooze,
coccolithophore ooze, or pteropod
ooze, respectively. 

However, coccolithophorids and

planktic foraminifera form the
largest part of the pelagic
calcareous ooze with less
contribution due to pteropods,
calcareous dinoflagellates, and
lithothamnium.
 siliceous oozes
(primarily diatom
oozes) cover ~15% of
the ocean floor

distribution
mirrors regions of
high productivity

common at high
latitudes, and
zones of
upwelling

radiolarian
oozes more
common in
equatorial regions
 Manganese
nodules

surficial deposits of
manganese, iron, copper,
cobalt, and nickel

accumulate only in areas of

low sedimentation rate (e.g.,
the Pacific)

develop extremely slowly

(1 to 10 mm/million years)
 SUMMARY
Layers of sediments cover most places of the ocean floor. The
sediments comprises particles from land, from biological activity in the
ocean, from chemical processes within water,, and even from space.

The blanket of marine sediments is thickest at the continental margins

and thinnest over the active oceanic ridges.

Sediments may be classified by particle size, source, location or color.

Biogeneous sediments are compose of the remains of once-living

organism.

Hydrogenous sediments are precipitated directly from sea water.

The position and nature of sediments provide important clues to

earth’s recent history and valuable resources can sometimes be
recovered from them.
 REFERENCES
Ernst, W. G., and J. G. Morin, eds. The Environment of the Deep Sea.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice –Hall.

Morse, J.W., and F. T. Mackenzie. Geochemistry of Sedementary

Carbonates. Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier, 1990.

www.tulane.edu/~bianchi/Courses/Oceanography

www.experiencefestival,com/biogenoussediments
 TERIMA
KASIH

SELAMAT
BERPUASA~
QUESTION???