BMCA 4643

SISTEM KUASA KENDERAAN

(ENJIN DAN TRANSMISI)
CHAPTER 4:
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
 Learning Objective
The objectives of this unit are to :
i. Present the reason for a gearbox
ii. Introduce the different types of gear train
iii. Demonstrate the need for transmission design
and matching
iv. Indicate the terminology and the methods for
transmission design
REVIEW OF TYPICAL VEHICLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

• The job of the transmission is to change the speed ratio

between the engine and the wheels of an automobile.
• The transmission uses a range of gears from low to
high to make more effective use of the engine's torque
as driving conditions change.
• The gears can be engaged manually or automatically.
The typical vehicle transmission system can be
categorized into three types namely
– manual transmission
– automatic transmission
– continuously variable transmission (CVT).
 Manual Transmission System
• A manual transmission also
known as manual gear box.

• It is a type of transmission used

in motor vehicle application.

• This transmission allow the

driver select any forward or
reverse gear at any time by
operate a pedal and gear shift.
Figure 4.1: Mercedes-Benz
Actros Manual Transmission
• This operation is for regulating
torque transfer from ICE to the
transmission.
 Manual Transmission System (Cont..)
• Power from ICE transfers its
power in the form of torque and
angular speed to the wheels - to
produce motion.

• The object of the gearbox is to

enable the engine’s turning effect
and its rotational speed output to
be adjusted by choosing a range of
under-and overdrive gear ratios so
Figure 4.1: Mercedes-Benz that the vehicle responds to the
Actros Manual Transmission
driver’s requirements within the
limits of the various road
conditions.
 Automatic Transmission System
• An automatic transmission is
a transmission that can change
gear ratios automatically as the
vehicle moves.

• For automatic transmission,

the driver only needs to operate
a gear-shift once (forward and
reverse) and do not need to
Figure 4.2: Automatic Transmission System
control a clutch.
 Automatic Transmission System
(Cont…)
Figure 4.2: Automatic Transmission System
•The fuel consumption of an
automatic transmission embodying
a torque converter is inherently
higher than that of equivalent
manually controlled transmission.
• This is attributable to factors such
as friction losses in the multi-plate
clutches and brakes used to
change gear ratios, losses in their
hydraulic control systems,
converter losses, and friction
losses in the gears and preloaded
rolling element bearings.
 Gear Train
• Simple Gear Train
– If two or more gearwheels meshed in series,
either in the same plane or in different plane, the
gear wheels are said to form a gear train

(a)

(b)

Figure 4.3: (a) Simple Gear Train (b) Single Stage Gear Train
 Gear Train (Cont…)
• The gear ratio of a gear train may be defined
as the input speed, or it may be derived by
using the formula
 Example 1 (2 gears)
In a given gearbox, the primary-shaft second
gearwheel has 18 teeth and the secondary
output-shaft gearwheel has 36 teeth.

Calculate the gear ratio.

Solution (Example 1)
 Gear Train (Cont…)
• If two or more pairs of gearwheels are joined in series and the
driven gearwheel of one gear train is connected by a common
shaft to the driver of the next gear train, these gears are said
to form a compound gear train.
 Example 2
(2 or more pairs of gears)
In a gearbox, the first-stage constant-mesh
gearwheels have 16 teeth on the primary
shaft and 30 teeth on the layshaft. The third-
gear output main-shaft wheel has 18 teeth,
and the meshing lay-shaft wheel has 27 teeth.

Calculate the third-gear ratio:

Solution (Example 2)
Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT)

Figure 5.4: Continuously Variable Transmission

 CVT
• Continously Variable Transmission (CVT) is based simply on the principle
of the belt running between two V-shaped pulleys.

• The CVT is a flexibility transmission that allows the driving shaft to

maintain a constant angular velocity over a range of ouput velocities.

• The advantages of CVT are as follow:

– Provide engine torque in optimum condition (roads/drive shaft
torque).
– No shift clonk.
– Transmission ratio can be adjusted continuously.
– Improved fuel efficiency.
– Better acceleration.
– Eliminates gear hunting especially when going up a hill.
VEHICLE ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION
CHARACTERISTIC
• An automobile can be divided into 4 major
systems or basic components:-
– The engine (which serves as a source of power).
– The power train, or drive train, (which transmits
the engine’s power to the car’s wheel).
– The chassis (which support the vehicle body)
– The car’s body
• This chapter only covers on the vehicle engine
and transmission system.
 Engine Characteristics
• Although the engine is a major system, its
should be considered a component of the
drive train.
• An engine develops a rotary motion or torque
that, when multiplied by transmission gears, it
will move the car under a variety conditions.
• The engine produces power by burning a
mixture of fuel and air in its combustion
chamber.
 Engine Characteristics (Cont..)
• Combustion causes a high pressure in the
cylinders, which forces the pistons downward.
• Connecting rods transfer the downward
movement of the pistons to the crankshaft,
which rotates by the force on the pistons.
 Transmission Characteristics
• The transmission is mounted to the rear of the
engine.
• It is design to allow the car to move forward
and in reverse.
• It also has a neutral position. In this position,
the engine can run without applying power to
the drive wheels.
 Transmission Characteristics (Cont..)

• There is an input to the transmission when the

vehicle is in neutral, there is no output from
transmission because the driving gears are not
engaged to the output shaft.
How Manual Transmission
Works?
How Manual Transmission Works?
• The transmission is connected to the engine
through the clutch.
• The input shaft of the transmission therefore
turns at the same rpm as the engine.
• A five-speed transmission applies one of five
different gear ratios to the input shaft to
produce a different rpm value at the output
shaft.
Typical 5-speed transmission ratio
How Manual Transmission Works?
(Cont..)
• The green shaft comes from the engine
through the clutch which are connected as a
single unit.

• (The clutch is a to connect and disconnect

the engine and the transmission).

•When you push in the clutch pedal, the engine

and the transmission are disconnected so the
engine can run even if the car is standing still.
When you release the clutch pedal, the engine
and the green shaft are directly connected to
one another. The green shaft and gear turn at
the same rpm as the engine.)
Neutral Condition
How Manual Transmission Works?
(Cont..)
• The green shaft and the red shaft are directly
connected through their meshed gears so that
if the green shaft is spinning, so is the red
shaft. In this way, the layshaft receives its
power directly from the engine whenever the
clutch is engaged.

•The yellow shaft is a splined shaft that

connects directly to the drive shaft through the
differential to the drive wheels of the car. If the
wheels are spinning, the yellow shaft is
spinning.

Neutral Condition
How Manual Transmission Works?
(Cont..)
• The blue gears ride on bearings, so they spin
on the yellow shaft. If the engine is off but the
car is coasting, the yellow shaft can turn inside
the blue gears while the blue gears and the
layshaft are motionless.

•The collar is connected, through the splines,

directly to the yellow shaft and spins with the
yellow shaft.

Neutral Condition
How Manual Transmission Works?
(Cont..)
When shifted into the first gear,
• The green shaft from the engine turns the
layshaft, which turns the blue gear on the right.

• This gear transmits its energy through the

collar to drive the yellow drive shaft.

• Meanwhile, the blue gear on the left is

turning, but it is freewheeling on its bearing so
it has no effect on the yellow shaft.

First Gear Condition

How Automatic Transmission
Works?
 How Automatic Transmission
Works? (Cont..)
• There are two big differences between an
automatic transmission and manual
transmission:
– There is no clutch pedal in an automatic
transmission car.
– There is no gear shift in an automatic transmission
car.
 How Automatic Transmission
Works? (Cont..)
• The key difference between a manual and an
automatic transmission is that the manual
transmission locks and unlocks different sets
of gears to the output shaft to achieve the
various gear ratios, while in an automatic
transmission, the same set of gears produces
all of the different gear ratios. The planetary
gear set is the device that makes this possible
in an automatic transmission.
 How Automatic Transmission
Works? (Cont..)
• Any planetary gear set has three main
components:
– The sun gear
– The planet gears and the planet gears'
carrier
– The ring gear
• Each of these three components can be
the input, the output or can be held
stationary. Choosing which piece plays
which role determines the gear ratio
Planetary Gear Set for the gearset. Let's take a look at a
single planetary gearset.
 How Automatic Transmission
Works? (Cont..)
Ring Gear • An example of the planetary gear sets
has a ring gear with 72 teeth and a sun
gear with 30 teeth. We can get lots of
different gear ratios out of this gear set.

• Use a formula above and insert the

number of teeth of ring and sun gear to
Sun Gear find the gear ratio.
Carrier Gear
 Example 1
Ring Gear: 72 teeth, Sun Gear: 30 teeth
Find the gear ratio if the output speed is slower than the input
speed (reduction)
Solution:
Gear ratio= 1 + R/S
= 1 + (72/30)
= 1 + 2.4
= 3.4
So, the gear ratio is 3.4:1
 Example 2
Ring Gear: 72 teeth, Sun Gear: 30 teeth
Find the gear ratio if the output speed is faster than the input
speed
Solution:
Gear ratio= 1 / (1 + S/R)
= 1 / (1 + 30/72)
= 1 / 1.42
= 0.71
So, the gear ratio is 0.71:1