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V Matter consists of atoms

V An atom is the smallest unit of

matter that cannot be broken
down by chemical means

V Atoms consists of three kinds of

particles: Electrons,Protons, and
Neutrons.
V mhe region around the nucleus that electrons may
occupy at any time is called the electron cloud.

V Electrons are negatively charged

V Protons are positively charged and neutrons have

no charge, so the nucleus has a positive charge.

V Atoms typically have one electron for each proton,

so they have no electrical charge.
V An element is a pure
substance made of only
one kind of atom.

V mhere are more than 100

known elements.

V Elements differ in the

number of protons their
atoms contain
V A force that joins an atom is called a
chemical bond.

V A compound is a substance made of joined

atoms of two or more different elements.

V Every compound is represented by a

chemical formula

V mhe formula for sodium chloride, NaCl,

shows that there is one sodium atom for
every chlorine atom in the compound
V Covalent bonds form when two or more
atoms share electrons to form a molecule.

V A molecule, such as water, is a group of

atoms held together by covalent bonds.
V mhe electrons in a water molecule are shared
by oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

V mhe water molecule therefore has partially

positive and negative ends or poles.

V mhe partially positive end of one water

molecule is attracted the partially negative
end of another water molecule.

V mhis attraction between two molecules is an

example of a hydrogen bond Ȃ a weak
chemical attraction between polar molecules.
V ˜ometime atoms or molecules
gain or lose electrons.

V An ion is an atom or molecule

that has gained or lost one or
more electrons.

V An atom that has lost electrons

has a positive charge, an atom
that has gained electrons has a
negative charge.