Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ob 06
Ob 06
4. Differentiate motivators
from hygiene factors.
5. List the characteristics
that high achievers
prefer in a job.
6. Summarize the types of
goals that increase
performance.
Defining Motivation
Key
KeyElements
Elements
1.1. Intensity:
Intensity:how
howhard
hardaaperson
persontries
tries
2.2. Direction:
Direction:toward
towardbeneficial
beneficialgoal
goal
3.3. Persistence:
Persistence:how
howlong
longaaperson
persontries
tries
Going “Beyond the Fringe” in Benefits: Especially Creative Reward
Practices
Company Reward
SAS Company???
Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)
Need Hierarchy Theory
Higher-order
needs
Self-
actualization
needs
Esteem needs
Social needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs
Lower-order
needs
Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)
Factors characterizing events
on the job that led to extreme
job dissatisfaction
Comparison of
Satisfiers and
Dissatisfiers
Overview of Expectancy Theory
Valence of
Expectancy X Instrumentality X reward
MOTIVATION
Abilities Role perceptions
and traits and opportunities
JOB
PERFORMANCE
Equity Theory: A Summary and Example
INEQUITABLE RELATIONSHIP
Andy is Bill is
overpaid underpaid
compared to Bill compared to Andy
Bill’s outcomes
Andy’s outcomes ($25,000/year)
($30,000/year) Bill’s inputs
Andy’s inputs (40 hours/week)
(40 hour/week)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Seven
Before goal After Goal Years Later
Four-Week Periods
ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)
Concepts:
Concepts:
More
Morethan
thanone
oneneed
needcan
can
bebeoperative
operativeatatthe
thesame
same
Core time.
time.
CoreNeeds
Needs
Existence: IfIfaahigher-level
higher-levelneed
need
Existence:provision
provisionof of cannot
basic
basicmaterial
material cannot be fulfilled,the
be fulfilled, the
requirements. desire
desiretotosatisfy
satisfyaalower-
lower-
requirements. level need increases.
level need increases.
Relatedness:
Relatedness:desire
desirefor
for
relationships.
relationships.
Growth:
Growth:desire
desirefor
for
personal
personaldevelopment.
development.
David McClelland’s Theory of Needs
nPow
nAch nAff
Matching Achievers and Jobs
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Reinforcement Theory
Concepts:
Concepts:
Behavior
Behaviorisisenvironmentally
environmentallycaused.
caused.
Behavior
Behaviorcan
canbebemodified
modified(reinforced)
(reinforced)by
by
providing
providing(controlling)
(controlling)consequences.
consequences.
Reinforced
Reinforcedbehavior
behaviortends
tendstotobe
berepeated.
repeated.
Flow and Intrinsic Motivation Theory
Ken Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic Motivation
Referent
Referent
Comparisons:
Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-inside
Self-outside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Other-outside
Equity Theory (cont’d)
EXHIBIT 6-7
Equity Theory (cont’d)
Choices
Choicesfor
fordealing
dealingwith
withinequity:
inequity:
1.1. Change
Changeinputs
inputs(slack
(slackoff)
off)
2.2. Change
Changeoutcomes
outcomes(increase
(increaseoutput)
output)
3.3. Distort/change
Distort/changeperceptions
perceptionsof
ofself
self
4.4. Distort/change
Distort/changeperceptions
perceptionsofofothers
others
5.5. Choose
Chooseaadifferent
differentreferent
referentperson
person
6.6. Leave
Leavethe
thefield
field(quit
(quitthe
thejob)
job)
Equity Theory (cont’d)
Propositions
Propositionsrelating
relatingto
toinequitable
inequitablepay:
pay:
1.1. Overrewarded
Overrewardedemployees
employeesproduce
producemore
more
than
thanequitably
equitablyrewarded
rewardedemployees.
employees.
2.2. Overrewarded
Overrewardedemployees
employeesproduce
produceless,
less,but
but
do
dohigher
higherquality
qualitypiece
piecework.
work.
3.3. Underrewarded
Underrewardedhourly
hourlyemployees
employeesproduce
produce
lower
lowerquality
qualitywork.
work.
4.4. Underrewarded
Underrewardedemployees
employeesproduce
producelarger
larger
quantities
quantitiesof
oflower-quality
lower-qualitypiece
piecework
workthan
than
equitably
equitablyrewarded
rewardedemployees
employees
Equity Theory (cont’d)
Expectancy Theory
EXHIBIT 6-8
Performance Dimensions
EXHIBIT 6-9
Integrating
Contemporary
Theories of
Motivation
EXHIBIT