…lqlk6s M Ps lrgf/L…

cldtf wfVjf ækl/olQ ;4Dd sf]ljbÆ

k|sfzs
kljqaxfb'/ jh|frfo{
czf]s/Tg jh|frfo{
xL/fb]jL jh|frfo{
jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno
ufMaxfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn
kmf]g g+= %###@^
…lqlk6s M Ps lrgf/L…

cldtf wfVjf ækl/olQ ;4Dd sf]ljbÆ

k|sfzs
kljqaxfb'/ jh|frfo{
czf]s/Tg jh|frfo{
xL/fb]jL jh|frfo{
jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno
ufMaxfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn
kmf]g g+= %###@^
k|sfzs
kljqaxfb'/ jh|frfo{
czf]s/Tg jh|frfo{
xL/fb]jL jh|frfo{
jL/–k"0f{ k':ts ;+u|xfno
ufMaxfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn
kmf]g g+= %###@^

a'4 ;+jt\ M @%$#

g]kfn ;+jt\ M !!@)
ljqmd ;+jt\ M @)%^
O{:jL ;+jt\ M @)))

wDdbfg

sDKo"6/ ;]l6Ë M wd{/Tg zfSo

Gofvfrf]s, t+rfsf], on .
kmf]g g+= %#$^*@
 gdf]t:; eujtf] c/xtf] ;Ddf;Da'4:;

…lqlk6s M Ps lrgf/L…
eujfg\\ a'4n] ax'hg lxt / ;'vsf] nflu a'4Tj k|fKt
ug'{ePb]lv dxfkl/lgjf{0f gx'~h]n $% jif{;Dd lbg'ePsf]
pkb]zx¿sf] ;+u|x kfln lqlk6sdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;4d{
lr/:yfoL ug{sf] lgldQ plxn]sf a'4sfnLg cfrfo{x¿ b]lv
clxn];Ddsf cfrfo{x¿n] wd{ jf0fLsf] ;'Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;xL
¿kn] :jefljs, df}lns cy{ sfod x'g] u/L cljlR5Gg ¿kdf
;'/lIft ub}{ cfPsf] a'4jrgsf] ;+u|x g} lqlk6s xf] . lqlk6s
u|Gyx¿df d"n Pj+ k|dfl0fs a'4jrgx¿ ;'/lIft 5g\ . a'4jrg
;'Qlk6s ljgolk6s / clewDdlk6s tLg efudf ljeflht
ul/Psf]n] g} …lqlk6sÚ elgPsf] xf] . lk6s eg]sf] 6f]s/L -8fnf]_
of wd{ ;flxTo xf] . a'4zf;gdf kl/olQ, kl6klQ / kl6j]w tLg
efudWo] lqlk6s eg]sf] kl/olQ zf;g xf] . kl/olQ eg]sf]
a'4jrg lqlk6ssf] -cWoog cWofkg tyf_ ;}4flGts kIf xf]
eGg] kl6klQ eg]sf] Jofjxfl/s tyf k|of]ufTds kIf xf] . clg
k|l6j]w eg]sf] z'4wd{sf] cEof;af6 k|fKt x'g] dfu{, kmn /
lgjf{0f xf] . kl/olQ zf;g /x]g eGg] kl6klQ zf;g /xGb}g .
To:t} kl6klQ zf;g /x]g eg] kl6j]w zf;g /xGb}g .
To;sf/0f a'4zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/zLnf ePsf] kl/olQ
cyf{t\ a'4jrg z'4 ¿kdf ;'/lIft /fVgsf] nflu clxn;Dd
hDdf 5j6f ;+ufog eO;s]sf 5g\ . o;;DaGwL s]xL pNn]v
ug{' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldM — eujfg\ a'4 dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'ePsf]
nut} tLg dlxgfkl5 $*# O{;f k"j{ duwsf /fhf chftzq'
-$(!–$%( O=k'=_ sf] ;+/If0fdf leIf' dxfsfZok dxf:ylj/sf]
g]t[Tjdf kfFr;o cx{t\ leIf'x¿sf] ;dfuddf /fhu[xsf] ;Ktkl0f{
u'kmfdf & dlxgf nufP/ ;Dk"0f{ a'4jrg–wd{ / ljgosf] ;+u|x
k|yd ;+ufogdf ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|yd ;+ufogsf] Ps;o jif{kl5 j}zfnLdf /fhf
sfnfzf]ssf] ;+/If0fdf /]jt dxf:ylj/sf] g]t[Tjdf &)) hgf
cx{t\ leIf'x¿sf] ;dfud eO ljgo ljk/Lt p7]sf ljjfb
;dfwfg ug{sf] lglDt cf7 dlxgf nufP/ bf];|f] ;+ufog ;DkGg
ul/of] .
To;kl5 ;d|f6 czf]ssf] kfnfdf cyf{t\ eujfg\ a'4sf]
lgjf{0f ePsf] @#^ jif{kl5 O{;f k"j{ @$*–& df df}ulNnk'Q
lt:; dxf:ylj/sf] g]t[Tjdf Ps xhf/ leIf'x¿sf] ;dfudf gf}
dlxgf nufP/ t];|f] ;+ufog ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+ufogdf
ldYofdtsf] v08g u/L z'4 wd{sf] :j¿k ;+u|x ePsf]
syfjTy'nfO{ clewDdlk6s cGtu{t /flvof] . To;a]nf ;Dddf
!* j6f lgsfodf ljeQm ePsf] dt leGgtfnfO{ lg/fs/0f u/L
;dLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} eujfg\ a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf] $%$ jif{
x'Fbf cyf{t\ @( O{;f k"j{ n+sfåLksf /fhf j§ufldgLsf] zf;g
sfndf kfFr;o hgf cx{t\ leIf'x¿sf] ;dfuddf rt'y{ ;+ufog
ePsf] lyof] . o;eGbf cl3 ;j{k|yd lqlk6s tfnkqdf lnlka4
ul/Psf] lyof] . u'?–lzio k/Dk/fcg';f/ lqlk6s s07:y u/L
/Iff ug]{ ub{Yof] . >Ln+sfdf b'le{If x'Fbf leIffGgsf] cefjn] ubf{
cfrfo{x¿n] afn'jfsf] y}nL k]6df /fv]/ ef]s d]6fO{ lziox¿nfO{
cfj[lt u/fO{ lqlk6s /Iff u/]sf] b]v]/ bL3{sfn;Dd ;+/If0f
(2)
ug{sf] lgldQ lqlk6s lnlka4 ul/of] . of] ;+ufog k'l:tsf/f]kg
;+uLlt gfdn] k|l;4 eof] .
To;kl5 a'=;+= @$!% cyf{t\ O:jL ;g\ !*&! df
adf{sf] d08n] zx/df /fhf ld+8f]ld+sf] ;+/If0fdf @$))
:ylj/x¿ e]nf eO{ e2Gt hfu/ dxf:ylj/sf] ;efkltTjdf
k~rd ;+ufog ;DkGg eof] . ;f]xL a]nf lqlk6s lznfkqdf
c+lst ul/of] . o;}n] pQm ;+ufognfO{ lznfIf/f/f]kg ;+uLlt
elgof] .
a'4 ;Dat\ @%)) df cyf{t\ ;g\ !(%^ df adf{sf]
/+u"gl:yt sDefPsf] dxfkfif0f u'kmfdf /]jt dxf:ylj/sf]
;efkltTjdf @%)) leIf'x¿sf] ;dfuddf 5Ýd ;+ufog ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;+ufogdf g]lQKks/0f, ktsf]kb]; / ldlnGb–
k|ZgnfO{ lqlk6sdf ;dfj]z ul/of] . o;} ;+ufognfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ gfnfGbf ljZjljBfnoåf/f b]jgfu/L lnlkdf k"/} lqlk6s
u|Gy k|sflzt ul/of] . o; cl3;Dd a'4wd{ cWoog ug{
>Ln+sf, jdf{, yfO{n}08 cflb d'n'sdf uO{ ToxfFsf] lnlk / efiff
l;Sg' k/]sf] lyof] .
k/Gt' kfln lqlk6s u|Gy g]kfndf klg klxn] lyof] eGg]
s'/f cf]:s/ le= x]g'j/sf] 'The Oldest Pali Manuscript
(four folios of the Vinaya Pitaka from the National
Achives, Kathmandu) eGg] k':ts ;g\ !((! df klZrdL
b]zaf6 k|sflzt ePkl5 :ki6 eof] .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o clen]vfnodf ylGs/fv]sf]
kf08'lnlksf] y'Dsfaf6 ljgolk6ssf] rf/ kfgf kf08'lnlk
e]6fOPsf] lyof] h'g clxn];Dd e]l6Psf] kfln kf08'lnlkdWo]
;aeGbf k'/fgf] xf] . of] af}l4s hutsf] nflu cfZro{ /
lbnr:kLk"0f{ s'/f eof] .
(3)
 g]kfndf klxnb]lv kfln lqlk6s eP tfklg jLrdf
ue{leq ;dflwi7 ePsf] lyof] eg] kl5 g]kfndf :ylj/jfbsf]
k'g{:yfkgf kl5 kfln ;flxTo k}mln+b} cfof] . :j= wdf{lbTo
wdf{rfo{åf/f ;Dkflbt a'4wd{ / g]kfn efiff klqsfdf kfln
efiffdf wDdrSskAatg;'Qsf] k|sfzg eof] / a'4 ;+at\ @$*@
df ;+3dxfgfos k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/åf/f g]kfn efiffdf cy{
;lxtsf] kfln kl/Q;'Q k|sfzg ul/of] . o;} qmddf cfrfo{
leIf' cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/åf/f lqlk6ssf] cfwf/df a'4sfnLg
u|Gydfnf g]kfnLdf k|sflzt eof] . o:t} g]kfndf ;j{k|yd
b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{åf/f lqlk6ssf] d"n u|Gy bL3lgsfo,
dlHemdlgsfo, ;+o'Qlgsfo, Oltj'Qs / ldlnGb–k|Zgsf g]kfn
efiff cg'jfbx¿ k|sfzg eof] . To:t} ;'Qlk6ssf afsL
u|Gyx¿sf] cg'jfb c? ljåfgx¿sf] ;d"xaf6 x'Fb}5 h'g ;g\
@))) ;Dddf k"/f x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfn} dfq kfln lqlk6s ;'/lIft yg{ yfO{n}08sf]
a'4d08k ljxf/df ;Dk"0f{ lqlk6s ;]tf] dfa{ndf s'Fb]/ !(((
hgj/L !*, df ;+3/fhf / yfO{ o'j/fhsf ;d'l:yltdf eJo
;df/f]xsf aLr k|lti7fkg ul/of] . o;/L lqlk6s z'4 / :jR5
¿kdf clxn];Dd eOcfPsf] xfdLx¿sf] nflu ;f}efUosf] s'/f]
xf] .
lqlk6s ljefhg M— lqlk6snfO{ ;'Q, ljgo / clewDddf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 —

(4)
 lqlk6s
;'Qlk6s ljgolk6s clewDdlk6s
!= bL3lgsfoΡ != kf/flhsfkfln != wDd;Ël0fkfln
@= dlHemdlgsfoΡ @= kflrlQokfln @= ljeËkfln
#= ;+o'QlgsfoΡ #= dxfjUukfln #= wft'syfkfln
$= cª\u'Q/lgsfo $= r'NnjUukfln $= k'Uunk~`lQ
%= v'2slgsfo∆ %= kl/jf/kfln %= syfjTy'kfln
1) v'2skf7 ^= odskfln
2) wDdkb &= kÝfgkfln
3) pbfg
4) Oltj'QsΡ
5) ;'Qlgkft
6) ljdfgjTy'
7) k]tjTy'
8) y]/ufyf
9) y]/Lufyf
10) hfts
11) lg2];
s= dxflg2];
v= r'Nnlg2];
12) kl6;lDebfdUu
13) ckbfg
14) a'4j+;
15) rl/oflk6s

Ρ
cg'jfbs b'08axfb'/åf/f g]kfn efiffdf k|sflzt u|Gyx¿ .
∆
Dofgdf/ -adf{_ df ePsf] 5}7f}+ ;+ufogdf -!_ g]lQ, -@_ k]6sf]kb]z / -#_
ldlnGb–k|Zg — oL tLg u|Gyx¿nfO{ v'2slgsfocGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
(5)
 kl/roM
;'Qlk6s
lqlk6sdf ;+u[xLt a'4jrgnfO{ a'4sfndf wd{ / ljgo
elgGYof] . eujfg\ a'4n] h'g ;'Q / clewDdsf] pkb]z
lbg'ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ wd{ elgG5 eg] ljgo;DaGwL pkb]znfO{
ljgo elgG5 . o;/L ;'Q, ljgo / clewDd lk6sdWo] eujfg\
a'4n] ;j{;fwf/0fn] a'‰g] u/L Jojxfl/s ¿kn] b]zgf ug'{ ePsf]
pkb]z ;'Qlk6sdf ;+u[xLt 5 . ;'Qlk6scGtu{t kfFrj6f
lgsfox¿ dflysf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf 5g\ .
!= bL3lgsfo
;'Qlk6ssf] klxnf] lgsfo bL3lgsfodf rf}tL;j6f
nfdfnfdf ;"qx¿ ;+u[xLt 5g\ . oL ;"qx¿ tLg ju{df ljeflht
5 . tL x'g\ -!_ zLn:sGw–ju{ — h;df !# j6f ;"q -@_
dxfju{ — h;df !) j6f ;"q / -#_ kflys–ju{ — !! j6f
;"qx¿ 5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu zLn:sGw–ju{sf] klxnf] ;"q
a|Xdhfn–;'Qdf a'4sfnLg ^@ k|sf/sf ljleGg b[li6hfn tyf
wd{hfnaf/] lj:t[t ljj/0f 5 . dxf;Lxgfb–;'Q / pb'Dal/s–
;'Qn] ldYof tk:ofnfO{ bzf{Psf] 5 . s"6bGt–;'Qn] o1df
kz'jln lbg'sf] lg/y{stf bzf{pF5 eg] s]j§–;'Qn] rdTsf/
k|bz{gsf] lgM;f/tf b]vfpF5 . To:t} hflno–;'Q / kf]Ýkfb–;'Qdf
cfTdjfbsf] ;dLIff ul/gfsf] ;fy} lgjf{0f dfu{sf nflu lg;f/
ePsf] s'/f] pNn]v 5 . dflg;sf] >]i6tf cfr/0fdf lge{/ /xg]
tYo Pj+ hGdhft hfltjfbsf] cfnf]rgfnfO{ cDaÝ–;'Q,
;f]0fb08–;'Qn] 5n{Ë kf/]sf 5g\ .
(6)
 dxf–ju{sf] dxfkbfg–;'Qdf zfSod'lg a'4eGbf cl3sf
kfFrhgf a'4x¿sf] j0f{g 5g\ eg] dxflgbfg–;'Qdf
k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} csf]{ ;"q
dxfkl/lgAaf0f–;'Qdf a'4sf] clGtd ofqfaf/] ;hLj, ;/; /
s?0f j0f{g 5 . o;} u/L ;ltkÝfg–;'Qdf rf/ k|sf/sf
;ltkÝfg Wofg ;DaGwL pkb]zx¿ 5g\ . kfofl;/fh~`–;'Qdf
k/nf]slbUbz{g;DaGwL j0f{g 5 .
kflys–ju{sf] nSv0f–;'Qdf #@ k|sf/sf aQL;
dxfk'?if nIf0f ;DaGwL j0f{g kfOG5 . l;+ufn–;'Qdf u[xLljgo–
;DaGwL pkb]zx¿ ;+u[xLt 5g\ .
bL3lgsfo a'4sfnLg e"uf]n / Oltxf;, ;dfh /
;+:sf/, wd{ / bz{gsf] ;+Zn]if0ffTds / ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog
ug{, zLn, ;dflw k|1f cjaf]w ug{, lgjf{0f ;fIffTsf/ ug{sf]
lgldQ cd"No u|Gy/Tg xf] .
@= dlHemdlgsfo
dlHemdlgsfo bL3lgsfoeGbf 5f]6f] / v'2slgsfoeGbf
nfdf] cyf{t\ dWod vfnsf !%@ ;"qx¿sf] ;+u|x xf] . tL ;"qx¿
d"n k00ff;s, dlHemd k00ff;s / pkl/k00ff;s u/L tLg
v08 !% ju{df ljeflht 5g\ .
dlHemdlgsfodf eujfg\ a'4sf] hGd, dxflelgiqmd0f,
tk:of, a'4Tj k|flKt, wd{rqm k|jt{gsf d"n k|dfl0fs ;|f]tx¿
5g\ . o;df ‰jf§ a'‰g ufx|f] cgfTdjfb / cgfzlQmjfb,
lrQdn gfz ug]{ ;+j/sf pkb]z, wd{sf] c+z bfofb lng] ctL{,
zLnkfngaf6 cfk"m ktg gePdfq c?nfO{ pTyfg ug{ ;Sg]
oyfy{tf, rf/ :d[ltk|:yfgsf] k|Toj]If0fsf] dxTj, c;TojfbL
>d0fTj 3f]lK6Psf] l/tf] kfgLsf] efF8f]h:tf] l:ylt, e"t /
(7)
eljioeGbf dxTjk"0f{ l:ylt jt{dfg xf] eGg] pkb]zx¿ 5g\ .
;fy} o;df cfo{;To, ci6fËdfu{, Wofg / lgjf{0f ljifosf] :ki6
JofVof e]l6G5 .
ljåfg\x¿sf] egfO{cg';f/ Ò ;f/f lqlk6s / af}4
;flxTo gi6 eP/ uP klg s]jn dlHemdlgsfo Pp6fnfO{
arfpg ;s]df klg oL u|Gysf] ;xfotfaf6 a'4sf] JolQmTj,
jxfFsf] bz{g / cGo lzIffsf] tTjnfO{ a'‰g ufx|f] x'Fb}g .
#= ;+o'Qlgsfo
;+o'Qlgsfo lqlk6ssf] t];|f] dxTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] .
o;df nfdf], dWod / 5f]6f] ;a} k|sf/sf ;"qx¿ ;+u[xLt ePsf]
x'gfn] o;nfO{ …;+o'QlgsfoÚ elgPsf] xf] . k/Dk/fcg';f/ o;df
&&^@ ;"qx¿ 5g\ h;nfO{ %^ ;+o'Qdf ;+u[xLt ul/Psf] 5 .
;+o'Qlgsfo kfFr efudf juL{s/0f ul/Pcg';f/ ;ufyf–ju{,
lgbfg–ju{, vGw–ju{, ;nfotg–ju{ / dxf–ju{ u/L kfFr
v08df ljeflht 5g\ . ;ufyf–ju{sf ;"qx¿ ufyfsf ¿kdf
5g\ . lgbfg–ju{df k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] j0f{g, vGw–ju{df
k~r:sGwsf] JofVof, ;nfotg–ju{df cfotgsf ljj]rgf /
dxf–ju{df wd{;DaGwL ljleGg tTj / Wofg efjgf ;DaGwL
;"qx¿ 5g\ .
;+o'Qlgsfodf a'4sf] dxfdfgjLo ljz]iftf tyf
tyfutsf] k|1f / dxfs?0ffsf] ljlzi6tf cfKnfljt 5g\ .
;fl/k'q dxf:ylj/sf] kl/lgjf{0f cj:yfdf eujfg\ a'4sf]
;+j]hg–zAb clg cQbLk, cQ;/0f pkb]z k|;+u pNn]vgLo 5 .
a'4n] atfpg'ePsf cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{, k|tLTo;d'Tkfb /
ljkZogflb pkb]zx¿ cg]s pkdf zAb / z}nLdf JoQm
ul//fv]sf 5g\ . o;df wd{;]gfklt leIf' ;fl/k'qsf] PsfGt
;f}dg:o Wofgdf OlGb|o ;+od, leIf' dxfdf}b\uNofogsf]
(8)
cfo{df}g, leIf' dxfsfZoksf] ;Gt'i6j[lQ, leIf' cg'?4sf] of]u
cg'e"lt, leIf' j+uLzsf] sfdjf;gfsf] b'Zkl/0ffd ko{j]If0ff,
c+wjgdf ¿k j]bgflbsf clgTo, b'Mv / cgfTdsf] ;fIffTsf/
ug{ x'g] /fx'nsf] cx{Tjsf] k'0o k|;+u, To:t} uf}tdL, pTknj0ff{ /
jlh/flb >fljsfx¿sf] a'4zf;gdf k|j]zb]lv df/–ljhosf sLlt{
syf cflb 5g\ .
$= c+u'Q/lgsfo
c+u'Q/lgsfo ;'Qlk6ssf] rf}yf] dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy xf] .
o;df k/Dk/fut ¿kdf (%%& ;"qx¿ 5g\ / o;nfO{ !^(
ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;"qx¿df j0f{g ul/Psf] ljifo
;+Vof qmdcg';f/ PsSsb]lv lnP/ Psfbzs lgkft;Dd 5g\ .
o;/L qmd;+Vof cË0f]Q/ ¿kdf /flvPsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{
c+u'Q/lgsfo elgPsf] xf] .
Pslgkftsf] Pp6f ;"qdf pbfx/0fsf] nflu — æleIf'
xf] Û d}n] To:tf] s'g} ¿k b]v]sf] 5}g h;n] k'?ifsf] lrQnfO{
jzdf /fVb5 — Tof] xf] :qLsf] ¿k . leIf' xf] Û :qLsf ¿kn]
k'?ifsf] lrQnfO{ jzdf /fVb5 .Æ Ò To:t} k'?ifsf] ¿kn] :qLsf]
lrQnfO{ jzdf /fVb5 . To:t} lts lgkftdf tLg db — of}jg
db, cf/f]Uo db, hLjg db . rt's lgkftdf rt'cfo{;To, rf/
;fdfGo kmnh:tf] ;+Vofdf rf/rf/ ePsf pkb]z ;+u[xLt 5g\ .
To:t} cÝs lgkftdf cfo{ci6f+lus dfu{, cf7 cf/0o j:t', cf7
clee" cfotg, cf7 ljdf]Ifh:t]f ;+Vofdf cf7cf7 k|sf/sf
cf7cf7 c+u ePsf a'4sf pkb]zx¿ ;+u[xLt 5g\ . To:t}
Psfb;s lgkftdf lgjf{0f nfesf] P3f/ pkfoh:tf c+u /
;+Vofdf P3f/P3f/ tTj ePsf pkb]zx¿ ;+slnt 5g\ .
c+u'Q/lgsfosf] lts lgkftdf cfPsf] sfnfd;"qdf
eujfg\ a'4n] lbg'ePsf] af}l4s :jtGqtf pkb]zx¿ 5g\ .
(9)
h;df :jtGq lrGtg dfgl;s k/fwLgtfaf6 5'6sf/f x'g] dfu{
b]vfOPsf] 5 .
æsfnfd xf] Û ltdLx¿n] s'g} s'/f s]jn k/Dk/fb]lv,
;'Gb}, rNb}, kfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eGb}df To;nfO{ gdfg, xfd|f]
wd{u|Gy cg's"n 5 eGb}df klg gdfg, ts{;Ddt 5 eGb}df klg
gdfg, Gofo -zf:q_ l;t ldN5 eGb}df klg gdfg, s'/f] /fd|f] 5
eGb}df klg gdfg, xfd|f] dt cg's"n 5 eGb}df klg gdfg
cyjf pkb]zs JolQmsf JolQmTj cfsif{s 5 eGb}df klg
gdfg, g t pkb]zs JolQm xfd|f k"Ho u'? >d0f x'g\ eGb}df g}
dfGg' k5{ . Ò Æ
%= v'2slgsfo
v'2slgsfo ;'Qlk6ssf kfFrf}+ lgsfo xf] . o;df
kGw|j6f ;–;fgf u|Gyx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ — v'2skf7, wDdkb,
pbfg Oltj'Qs, ;'Qlgkft, ljdfgjTy' k]tjTy', y]/ufyf
y]/Lufyf, hfts, lg2]z, kl6;lDebfdUu, ckbfg, a'4j+z /
rl/oflk6s .
!= v'2skf7 — v'2skf7df lt;/0f b;l;Svfkb
ålt+;fsf/, s'df/k~x, d+un;'Q, /Tg;'Q, lt/f]s'q§;'Q,
lglws08;'Q, d]Q;'Q u/L gf}j6f ;"qx¿ 5g\ .
@= wDdkb — ljZjdf of] cToGt nf]slk|o Pj+ ;jf{lws
efiffdf cg"lbt u|Gy xf] . wDdkbdf @^ ju{ / rf/;o t}O;j6f
ufyfx¿ 5g\ . wDdkb lqlk6ssf] ;'Qlk6scGtu{t v'2s
lgsfodf kg]{ !% j6f ;fgf u|Gyx¿dWo] Pp6f ;fgf] u|Gy eP
klg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . wDdkbsf] k|To]s ufyf ;/n Pj+
dd{:kzL{ 5 . o;df eujfg\ a'4n] a'4Tj k|flKtsf] ;dob]lv

( 10 )
dxfkl/lgjf{0fko{Gt ;do ;dodf JoQm ug'{ePsf pkb]zx¿
ufyfsf] ¿kdf 5g\ .
#= pbfg — eujfg\ a'4n] ;do ;dodf JoQm ug'{ePsf
k|Llt jfSo, pb\uf/;DaGwL pkb]zx¿sf] ;+u|x g} pbfg xf] .
o;df cf7 ju{ 5g\ / k|To]s ju{df k|foM bzj6f ;"qx¿ 5g\ .
$= Oltj'Qs — Oltj'Qssf] zflAbs cy{ xf] …o;/L
eGg'ePsf] 5Ú Oltj'Qsdf rf/ lgkftx¿ 5g\ h'g
c+u'Q/lgsfodf h:t} ;+VofTds qmdcg';f/ ;"qx¿ ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu klxnf] kl/R5]bdf 5 — æPp6f
wd{ -;Tojfrf_ nfO{ 5f]8]/ e"m6f] af]Ng]n] / k/nf]ssf] ljZjf;
gug]{n] of] nf]sdf ug{ g;Sg] s'g} kfk 5}g .Æ
%= ;'Qlgkft — ;'Qlgkft efiff, 5Gbsf] b[li6af6
;jf{lws k|frLg z}nLdf a'4hLjgLsf k|;+ux¿ kfOg] u|Gy xf] .
czf]ssf] clen]vdf ePsf k|;+ux¿ oL u|Gyaf6 pb\3[t u/]sf]
tYoaf6 o;sf] dxTj slt 5 eGg] s'/f 5n{Ë x'G5 .
;'Qlgkftdf kfFr ju{ / &@ j6f ;"qx¿ 5g\ .
^= ljdfgjTy' — ljdfgjTy' ;ft ju{ / krkGgj6f
ljdfgsyf 5g\ . ljz]iftM o;df bfg, zLn cflb kfng u/L
d[To' kZrft\ :ju{ult k|fKt ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] pNn]v 5 .
&= k]tjTy' — k]tjTy' rf/ ju{df %) j6f k|]tx¿sf]
syf 5g\ . h;df b'is[Tosf] kmnn] k|]t ePsf / To;af6 d'Qm
x'g] pkfox¿ ;d]t b]vfOPsf 5g\ .
*= y]/ufyf — o;df cx{t\ leIf'x¿åf/f :j:k"mlt{t
cg'ejx¿ JoQm ul/Psf ufyfx¿sf] ;+u|x 5 . o;df @!

( 11 )
lgkftdf ljeQm @$^ hgf y]/x¿sf] !@*# ufyfx¿ ;+u[lxt
5g\ .
(= y]/Lufyf — o;df cx{t\ y]/Lx¿åf/f cf–cfk"måf/f
cx{Tjsf] k|flKtkZrft\ cf–cfˆgf s'/f cg'ej cflb JoQm u/]sf
ufyfx¿sf] ;+sng kfOG5 . o;df !^ lgkftdf ljeflht &#
hgf y]/Lx¿sf] %@& j6f ufyfx¿ 5g\ .
!)= hfts — hftsdf eujfg\ a'4sf] k"j{hGd;DaGwL
%$& syfx¿ pknAw ePklg lqlk6sdf s]jn ufyfx¿ dfq
;+u[xLt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!!= lg2]; — lg2];sf] cy{ xf] JofVof . lg2];df
;'Qlgkftsf] vUulj;f0f–;'Q / k/fo0fjUusf] af/] JofVofg
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!@= kl6;lDebfdUu — o;df tLg ju{ 5g\ / k|To]s
ju{df !) kl/R5]b 5g\ . k|lt;lDebf 1fg k|e]bsf] cy{df k|o'Qm
5 . of] kl6;lDebfdUu cy{, wd{, lg?lQm / k|ltefg oL rf/
k|lt;lDebfx¿df bIftf k|fKt ug{sf nflu tyf ;+;f/sf ;f/f
b'Mvaf6 d'lQmdfu{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu cWoog ug'{kg]{ u|Gy xf] .
!#= ckbfg — ckbfg zAbsf] cy{ xf] hLjg–rl/q .
a'4fkbfg, kRr]sa'4fkbfg, y]/fkbfg / y]/Lckbfg u/L rf/
efudf ljeflht &^!( ufyfx¿ o;df ;+u[xLt 5g\ .
!$= a'4j+; — a'4sf k/Dk/fut Oltxf; ePsf]
a'4j+zdf b'Oj6f kl/R5]bx¿ 5g\ — a'4 ksL0f{s sf08 / wft'–
efhgLo syf . a'4 k|sL0f{s sf08df ctLt a'4x¿ bLk+s/
a'4b]lv sfZok a'4;Dd hDdf @$ hgf a'4x¿sf af/] j0f{g
e]l6G5 eg] wft'efhgLo syfdf s'zLgu/df eujfg\ a'4sf]

( 12 )
dxfkl/lgjf{0fkl5 wft'ljefhg / k|lti7fg ePsf] af/]df lj:t[t
j0f{g lbOPsf] 5 .
!%= rl/oflk6s — o;df eujfg\n] a'4 x'g'eGbf cufl8
af]lw;qj 5Fbf bfg, zLn, g}iqmDo, clwi7fg, ;To, d}qL,
pk]Ifflb kf/ldtf k"0f{ ug{sf lgldQ cfˆgf hLjg ;d]t pT;u{
u/]sf ljj/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ .

ljgolk6s

ljgolk6s leIf', leIf'0fL ;+3sf lglb{i6 lgodsf] ;+u|x

xf] . P]ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0fn] o;df ;+3sf qmlds ljsf; ;DaGwL
P]ltxfl;s j[tfGtx¿ 5g\ . o;df ;+3 Joj:yf, ;+3sf] ljwfg,
pk;Dkbf ljlw, b]zgf ljifo, jiff{jfif, ef]hg, j:q, cf}iflw
;DaGwL lgod, ;+3 ;~rfng k|s[of cflbsf] ljj/0fx¿ 5g\ .
ljgonfO{ a'4zf;gsf] cfo' elgPsf] 5 .
ljgolk6s tLg efudf ljeflht 5 — != ;'Q ljeË,
@= vGws / #= kl/jf/ .
;'QljeËdf kf/flhsf / kflrlQo b'O{ efu 5g\ eg]
vGwsdf klg dxfjUu / r'NnjUu b'O{ efu 5g\ .
o;/L ljgolk6ssf kfFr c+ux¿ x'g\ — != kf/flhsf
@= kflrlto #= dxfjUu $= r'NnjUu / %= kl/jf/ .
kf/flhsf / kflrltodf leIf' ljeË / leIf'0fL ljeË
kfOG5g\ . o;sf] d"n ;f/ g} leIf'–k|fltdf]If / leIf'0fL–k|fltdf]If
( 13 )
x'g\ . leIf'–k|fltdf]Ifdf leIf'x¿åf/f kfng ug'{kg]{ @@& lgodx¿
5g\ eg] leIf'0fL–k|fltdf]Ifdf leIf'0fLx¿åf/f kfng ug'{ kg]{ #!!
j6f lgodx¿sf] lj:t[t j0f{g kfOG5 .
dxfjUudf eujfg\ a'4sf] hLjgL, Jo:t} k|j|Hof,
pkf];y, jiff{jf;, kjf/0ff;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ lzIffx¿ 5g\ .
dxfjUudf bzj6f vGwx¿ 5g\ .
r'NnjUudf ;+3e]b, bf]>f] ;+ufog ePsf] a]nfsf]
P]ltxfl;s j0f{g, ljgo lzIffkbsf] qmlds ljsf;;DaGwL j0f{g
5g\ . r'NnjUudf ;–;fgf lgod, ljwfgsf] s'/fx¿ cfpFb5g\ .
o;df !@ j6f vGwx¿ 5g\ .
kl/jf/df ;'Q ljeË / vGwdf cfPsf lzIffkb;DaGwL
k|Zgf]Q/x¿ 5g\ . o;df @! j6f kl/R5]bx¿ 5g\ .

clewDd lk6s

clewd{lk6s lqlk6ssf] t];|f] lk6s xf] . clewd{

eujfg\ a'4n] b]zgf ug'{ePsf bfz{lgs pkb]zx¿sf] ;+u|x xf] .
clewd{ ;'Qlk6seGbf klg uDeL/ / ljlzi6 u|Gy xf] .
clewd{df eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]zx¿sf] juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f
tflTjs Pj+ dgf]j}1flgs tj/n] ul/Psf JofVofx¿ 5g\ .
clewd{ lk6sdf ;ft k|s/0fx¿ 5g\ — != wDd;Ë0fL @= ljeË,
#= wft'syf $= k'Uunk~`lt %= syfjTy' ^= ods / &= kÝfg .
!= wDd;·0fL — of] clewd{lk6ssf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy
xf] . o;df ;d:t wd{nfO{ s'zn, cs'zn / cJofs[t # efudf
( 14 )
ljefhg u/L dgf]j}1flgs 9Ën] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;Dk"0f{
wd{nfO{ !@@ dfltsfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o; u|Gydf
lrQsf08, ¿ksf08, lgSv]ksf08 / cTy'4f/sf08 u/L $
efudf ljeflht 5g\ .
@= lje· — of] zAbsf] cy{ xf] — cnUu cnUu
5'6\ofP/ ljefhg ug'{ . o;df !* j6f ljeËx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\
— vGw, cfotg, wft', ;Rr, OlGb|o, k~rofsf/, ;ltkÝfg,
;Ddkwfg, Ol4kft, af]HemË, dUu, emfg, cKkd~`f, l;Svfkb,
kl6;lDebf, `f0f, v'2s / wDdxbo .
#= wft'syf — o;df vGw, cfotg, wft' cflb !* j6f
ljeËnfO{ kfFr dfltsfdf ljefhg u/L ;Dkof]u, ljKkof]u,
;+u|x–c;+u|xsf] u/L ;"Id JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
$= k'Uunk~`lt — o;df ;+;f/df ePsf JolQmx¿sf]
cg]s k|sf/n] juL{s/0f kfOG5 . o;df Psljw k'b\un
k|1lKtb]lv bzljw k'b\un k|1lKtsf] ;+u|xsf] JofVofg 5 .
%= syfjTy' — o;df t[tLo ;+ufog ePsf] a]nfdf
;d|f6\ cz]fssf u'? df}UunLlt:; dxf:ylj/åf/f JofVofg
ul/Psf pkb]zx¿sf] ;+u|x 5g\ . o;df czf]ssfnLg ;do;Dd
!* j6f ;Dk|bfodf ljeQm af}4 ;Dk|bfosf] dtleGgtfnfO{
lg/fs/0f u/L ljeHhjfbLsf] ¿kdf lgl0f{t ;dLs/0f lbOPsf]
5 . o; u|Gydf %)) j6f cfˆgf dt / %)) j6f k/dtsf
u/L hDdf !))) ;"qx¿ ;+slnt 5g\ .
^= ods — odssf] cy{ o'un xf] . odsnfO{
clewd{sf] zAbsf]if klg elgG5 . o;df k|Zgf]Q/sf] ¿kdf
wd{nfO{ k|:t't ul//fv]sf] 5 .

( 15 )
 &= kÝfg — of] kÝfg clewd{ lk6ssf] u|Gyx¿dWo]
uDeL/ Pj+ ljzfn u|Gy xf] . o;df k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] JofVofg
ePe}m @$ j6f k|Toosf] lj:t[t JofVofg klg kfOG5 . @$ j6f
k|Toox¿ x'g\ — x]t'kRro, cf/Dd0fkRro, clwklt kRro,
cgGt/kRro, ;dGt/kRro, ;xhftkRro, c~`d~`kRro,
lg:;okRro, pklg:;okRro, k'/]hftkRro, kR5fhftkRro,
cf;]jgkRro, sDdkRro, ljkfskRro, cfxf/kRro,
OlGb|okRro, emfgkRro, dUukRro, ;Dko'QkRro,
ljKko'QkRro clTykRro, glTykRro, ljutkRro,
cljutkRro .
oL & j6f u|Gyx¿df oBlk cg]s uDeL/ bfz{lgs
tTjx¿sf] ljj]rgf ul//fv]sf] eP tfklg ;+lIfKtdf lrQ,
r]tl;s, ¿k / lgjf{0f oL $ j6f k/dfy{ wd{x¿ g} d'Vo x'g\ .

lqlk6s u|Gy k|sfzg

kfln ltlk6s ljleGg lnlkdf h:t} — l;+xnL, d|d

-ad]{nL_, yfO{, sDjf]hL, /f]dg tyf b]jgfu/L cflbdf pknAw
5g\ . b]jgfu/L lnlkdf lqlk6s k|sfzg ;aeGbf klxn] ef/tsf]
gfnGbfaf6 ul/Psf] lyof] . >Ln+sf, adf{, yfO{n}08, sDaf]l8of,
a]nfot, ef/tdf cf–cfˆgf] efiffdf lqlk6ssf] cg'jfb
eO;s]sf 5g\ . kfln 6]S; ;f];fO6Ln] !)) jif{ klxNo}
lqlk6ssf] c+u|]hL cg'jfb ljZjdf k|rf/ ul/ ;s]sf] 5 .
gfnGbf dxfljxf/af6 k|sflzt kfln lqlk6ssf
k':tsx¿ o; k|sf/sf 5g\ — bL3lgsfo # efudf,
( 16 )
dlHemdlgsfo # efudf, ;+o'Qlgsfo $ efudf, c+u'Q/lgsfo
$ efudf, v'2slgsfo ( efudf, ljgolk6s % efudf,
clewDd lk6s !# efudf u/L hDdf $! j6f u|Gyx¿ 5 . xfn}
ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof; Outk'/Laf6 adf{df ePsf] 5Ýd
;+ufogsf] cfwf/df kfln lqlk6s, cÝsyf, 6Lsf cg'6Lsf
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf ;Dkflbt sl/j !$) j6f u|Gyx¿df k|sfzg
x'Fb} u/]sf] sfo{ k|z+;gLo 5 . olx ;+:yfåf/f ;f/f ltlk6s
sDKo'6/fOh ul/Psf] CD-ROM df b]jgf/L, /f]dg, adL{ cflb
lnlkdf k|sfzg ePkl5 lqlk6s ;f/f ;"rgf kfpg ;lhnf] x'g]
ePsf] 5 . ;fy} yfOn}08sf] dxfd's'6 ljZj ljBfnoaf6 a'=;+=
@%@% df k|sflzt lqlk6snfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a'=;+= @%#!–#@ df
sDKo"6/fO{h ul/Psf] Bud Sir (Buddhist Scripture
Information Retreval) lgsfn]af6 lqlk6s;DaGwL ;"rgf
t'?Gtft'?Gt} kfpg emg} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
lqlk6s u|GydWo] ;'Qlk6ssf u|Gyx¿ g]kfndf klg
k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . bL3lgsfo, dlHemdlgsfo,
;+o'Qlgsfo, v'2slgsfo cGtu{tsf] Oltj'Qs / lqlk6s]t/ u|Gy
ldlnGb–k|Zgsf] cg'jfb / k|sfzg >L b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{af6
g]kfn efiffdf ePsf 5g\ . cfh jxfFaf6} g]kfnL efiffdf klg
bL3lgsfo cg'jfb / k|sfzg x'Fb}5 . of] xfd|f] nflu v'zLsf] s'/f]
xf] . o;/L jxfFaf6 Ps rf}yfOeGbf a9L lqlk6sx¿sf u|Gyx¿
cg'jfb ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lqlk6ssf] k|yd u|Gy
…bL3lgsfoÚ a'4sf] hGde"lddf lg:sg' g]kfns} Oltxf;df
…bL3lgsfoÚ h:tf c+u|]hL cg'jfb ePsf] em08} Ps ;o
jif{kl5 klxnf]kN6 aNn cfh g]kfnLdf lg:sg' l9Nn} eP klg
ckf/ k'0osf] sfdsf] yfngL cg'jfbsaf6 ePsf]df g]kfnL
dfqsf] nflu uf}/jsf] s'/f dfGg' kb{5 . cfjZostf a¿ o;}sf]
5 ls o:tf u|Gyx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ g]kfnLdf lgsfNg' tkfO{, xfdL
( 17 )
;a}af6 cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ;Sbf] ;xof]u x'g' k5{ . ;Sg]n] hlt
;Sof] plt o:tf] wfld{s u|Gy lsg]/, lgMz'Ns ljt/0f u/]/,
k|rf/–k|;f/ u/]/ cyjf :jo+ cfˆg} tk{maf6 k|sfzg u/]/ o:tf]
kljq sfo{df ;xefuL aGg]df o:tf] k'0o sfo{ cjZo k|z+;gLo
x'g] g} 5 .
c+u'Q/lgsfo g]kfn efiffdf >L wd{/Tg zfSoaf6
cg'jfb eO;s]sf] 5 — h'g k|sfzgsf] k|tLIffdf /x]sf] 5 .
pgLaf6} cg'jfb ePsf] v'2slgsfo cGtu{tsf] v'2skf7, pbfg,
;'Qlgkft, rl/oflk6ssf] g]kfn efiffdf k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5
/ pbfgsf] g]kfnL efiffdf klg k|sfzg eO;s]sf] 5 .
wDdkb cfrfo{ cd[tfgGb dxf:ylj/af6 g]kfn efiff /
g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb / k|sfzg plxNo} ePsf lyP eg] tfdfË
/ yf? efiffdf klg xfn} k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ .
y]/ufyf — leIf' af]lw;]gaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf b'O{ efudf
cg"lbt / k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 .
y]/Lufyf — cgfufl/sf rGb|zLnfaf6 g]kfn efiffdf
cg"lbt / k|sflzt ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 .
hfts — cfrfo{ cd[tfgGbHo"af6 rf/ efudf hfts
cÝsyf;lxt g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb plxNo} k|sfzg ul/Psf
lyP eg] hftssf] k"/f cg'jfb ePsf] 5}g\ .
a'4j+; — >L e'jgnfn k|wfgaf6 cg'jfb eO;s]sf] t/
k|sfzgsf] k|tLIffdf /x]sf] 5 .
ljdfg jTy', k]tjTy', lg2];, kl6;lDebfdUu, ckbfgsf]
cg'jfb g]kfn efiffdf x'Fb}5 .

( 18 )
 ca s]xL ;dokl5 ;'Qlk6scGtu{tsf ;Dk"0f{ u|Gyx¿
l5§} g} g]kfn efiffdf cWoog ug{ kfOg] ePsf] 5 . of] sd
v'zLsf] s'/f] xf]Og . a'4sf] hGde"lddf a'4sf] pkb]zaf6
e/dUb'/ nfe p7fpg xfdL g]kfnL k5fl8 kg{' ePg . ctM xfdL
;a} ldnL lqlk6ssf] cWoog, cWofkg ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{
sfo{df cl3 a9\g ;sf}+ egL sfdgf;lxt …lqlk6s M Ps
lrgf/LÚ oxL+ 6'FUofpF5' .

lr/+ltÝt' ;4Ddf] ..

( 19 )
 a'4wd{ cWoog cWofkgsf ;fwgx¿
lqlk6s u|Gysf cg'ejL cg'jfbs >L b'08axfb'/
ah|frfo{sf cys kl/>dsf] kmn:j¿k bL3lgsfo g]kfnLdf
k|sflzt x'g ca s]jn b'O{ dlxgf hlt nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . :d/0fLo 5, >L jh|frfo{åf/f g]kfn efiffdf bL3lgsfo,
dlHemdlgsfo, ;+o'Qlgsfo / v'2slgsfosf Oltj'Qs tyf
lqlk6ss]t/ u|Gy ldlnGb–k|Zg cflb u|Gyx¿sf] k|sfzgn] ubf{
a'4wd{ cWoog ug{ rfxg]x¿sf] nflu ljk'n ;fwg pknAw
ePsf] 5 .
a'4wd{sf] d"n Pj+ k|fdfl0fs u|Gy eGg' g} lqlk6s u|Gy
x'g\ . lqlk6ssf] tLg lk6s — ;'Qlk6s, ljgolk6s /
clewDdlk6sdf ;'Qlk6s klxnf] eP h:t} bL3lgsfo g}
;'Qlk6ssf] klxnf] lgsfo u|Gy x'g\ .

wd{sLlt{ jif{ !&, c+s *

Ò o;} ;Gbe{df lqlk6ssf kfnL u|Gyx¿sf] g]kfn

efiff / g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ klg x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5 . Ò
;DkfbsLo÷uf]/vfkq d+l;/ &, @)%^

Ò To:t} lqlk6ssf] dlHemdlgsfo / bL3lgsfosf]

kflnaf6 g]kfnL tyf g]kfn efiffdf b'08axfb'/ jh|frfo{n]
efiffGt/ ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 . Ò
— s]bf/ zfSo
ljrf/ / ljj]rgf÷uf]/vfkq d+l;/ !), @)%^