Mega Book About Delphi

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Delphi stránky

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Delphi stránky

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1. Úvod do prostredia Delphi6

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz01.html (2 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:38:52]


1. Úvod do prostredia Delphi6

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz01.html (3 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:38:52]


1. Úvod do prostredia Delphi6

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz01.html (10 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:38:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz01.html (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:38:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (7 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (8 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


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YDU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (9 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory

Ɣ]D]QDNRPDOHER]QDNRYêPUHĢD]FRP
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (10 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (11 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory

HOVHLI ]
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (12 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory

YDU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (13 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


4. Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz04.html (14 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:05]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (3 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (4 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (5 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (6 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (8 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (9 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


8. Dvojrozmerné polia, obrázky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (10 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


8. Dvojrozmerné polia, obrázky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (11 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


8. Dvojrozmerné polia, obrázky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


8. Dvojrozmerné polia, obrázky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz08.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:39:22]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (1 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

L RUG XWR L 


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (2 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

0HPR/LQHV$GG D>VXFF G @ 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (3 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (4 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (5 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


9. Vymenovaný typ, typ množina

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (6 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (9 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz09.html (12 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:39:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (1 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (2 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (3 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (4 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (5 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (8 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (9 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (10 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (11 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (12 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (13 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (14 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:30]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (15 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:31]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (16 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:31]


10. Skener, bitmapy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (17 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:31]


10. Skener, bitmapy

7,PDJH 

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz10.html (18 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:39:31]


11. Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (1 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (2 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (3 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

SURFHGXUHVSLU VUHDO 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (4 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

SURFHGXUHY\SLV QLQWHJHU 
EHJLQ
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HOVHEHJLQ
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (5 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (6 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

HQG
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (7 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

1'Ò

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (8 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:34]


11. Rekurzia

HQG

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (9 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:35]


11. Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (10 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:35]


11. Rekurzia

SRPRFRXGLUHNWtY\IRUZDUG

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz11.html (11 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:39:35]


11. Rekurzia

LIQ WKHQNGRSUHGX V
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz13.html (5 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:43]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz13.html (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:43]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz15.html (4 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:39:50]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz15.html (6 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:39:50]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz15.html (7 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:39:50]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz15.html (8 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:39:50]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:52]


16. Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:52]


16. Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:52]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz16.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:39:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (1 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (2 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (3 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (4 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (5 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (7 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (8 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (9 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


17. Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz17.html (10 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:39:55]


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24. Test ku skúške z minulého roku

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz24.html (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


25. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


25. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pz25.html (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:40:20]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/skuska.htm [1.12.2002 23:40:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/index.html (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:40:24]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/index.html (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:40:24]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/index.html (3 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:40:24]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (1 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (3 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (4 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (5 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (6 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (7 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (8 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


3. prednáška: Podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (9 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (10 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (11 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (12 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (13 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d03/index.html (14 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:40:36]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

YDUWW7H[W)LOH
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


4. prednáška: Textové súbory

]DStãH

  
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d04/index.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:39]


5. prednáška: Parametre procedúr a funkcie



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


5. prednáška: Parametre procedúr a funkcie

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


5. prednáška: Parametre procedúr a funkcie

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


5. prednáška: Parametre procedúr a funkcie

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


5. prednáška: Parametre procedúr a funkcie

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d05/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:40:42]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (12 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (13 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (14 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (15 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (16 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

XQWLORN
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (17 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


9. prednáška: Vymenovaný typ, typ množina, skener

1'Ò

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d09/index.html (18 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:40:58]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:00]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

ãSLUiOD
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:00]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

Y\SLV  
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Ɣ

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

SURFHGXUHVWURP QLQWHJHU 
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Ɣ

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1'Ò

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

YDU
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SURFHGXUHSGUDN QLQWHJHUVUHDO IRUZDUG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

DOHERY]iMRPQêPYQRUHQtP
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Ɣ.ULYNXP{åHPHNUHVOLĢOHQMHGQRXSURFHG~URXNWRUiPiRMHGHQSDUDPHWHUYLDFDWRþLMHĐDYi

DOHERSUDYi

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

YDU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d10/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:01]


10. prednáška: Rekurzia

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11. prednáška: Práca s myšou a s niektorými komponentmi

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11. prednáška: Práca s myšou a s niektorými komponentmi

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d15/index.html (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:41:19]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d15/index.html (9 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:41:19]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (1 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (2 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

EHJLQ
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (3 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

HQG
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (4 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (5 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (6 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (7 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (8 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (9 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (10 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


16. prednáška: Použitie zásobníka, rad

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d16/index.html (12 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:22]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


17. prednáška: Polymorfizmus

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d17/index.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:41:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d19/index.html (8 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:31]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d19/index.html (9 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:31]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d19/index.html (10 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d19/index.html (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:41:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d20/index.html (1 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:41:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d20/index.html (2 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:41:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d20/index.html (3 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:41:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d20/index.html (4 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:41:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d20/index.html (5 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:41:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d21/index.html (2 z 16) [1.12.2002 23:41:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d21/index.html (3 z 16) [1.12.2002 23:41:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d21/index.html (4 z 16) [1.12.2002 23:41:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/d21/index.html (5 z 16) [1.12.2002 23:41:39]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p01.htm (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:13]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p01.htm (3 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:13]


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2. termín skúšky

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2. termín skúšky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p03.htm (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:17]


3. termín skúšky

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3. termín skúšky

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4. termín skúšky



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4. termín skúšky

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5. termín skúšky



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5. termín skúšky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p08.htm (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:27]


8. termín skúšky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p08.htm (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:27]


8. termín skúšky

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p08.htm (3 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:42:27]


2. opravný termín z programovania



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p09.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:31]


2. opravný termín z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Skuska/p09.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:31]


programovanie v Delphi - priebeh semestra

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Pravidla.htm (1 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:42:45]


programovanie v Delphi - priebeh semestra

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Pravidla.htm (2 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:42:45]


programovanie v Delphi - priebeh semestra

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 P{åHWHVDWHãLĢQDWRåHYRY\ããtFKURþQtNRFKVDVWUHWQHWHVWêPLWRMD]\NPLYU{]Q\FK
LQêFKSUHGPHWRFK


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Pravidla.htm (3 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:42:45]


programovanie v Delphi - priebeh semestra

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/Pravidla.htm (4 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:42:45]


Test pre fanatikov


7HVW]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHIDQDWLNRY VHSW

=DStãWHWULHGX7%RGNWRUiGHILQXMHIDUHEQ~ERGNXYQHMDNHMJUDILFNHMSORFKH7ULHGDREVDKXMH
VWDYRYpSUHPHQQp[D\V~UDGQLFHSRORK\ERGX GYHFHOpþtVOD DVWDYRY~SUHPHQQ~IYNWRUHMVD
SDPlWiIDUEDERGN\ W\SX7&RORU 1DStãWHNRQãWUXNWRU&LWDMVMHGQêPSDUDPHWURPW\SXWH[WRYê
V~ERU 7H[W)LOHMHXåRWYRUHQêQDþtWDQLHDQDVWDYHQêMHQD]DþLDWNXSUtVOXãQpKRULDGND NWRUê
QDþtWDVWDYRYpSUHPHQQp]MHGQpKRULDGNDV~ERUXV~ERUREVDKXMHYNDåGRPULDGNXDVSRĖFHOp
þtVODRGGHOHQp]QDNRP

 SUYpGYHV~V~UDGQLFHWUHWLHþtVORMHIDUEDćDOãLHþtVODYULDGNXEXGHWH
LJQRURYDĢ 3UHGSRNODGDMWHåHV~ERUMHNRUHNWQêĆDOHMQDStãWHGHãWUXNWRU'HVWUR\DYLUWXiOQX
PHWyGX.UHVOLVMHGQêPSDUDPHWURPW\SX7&DQYDVNWRUiQDNUHVOtGRGDQpKR&DQYDVXQDGDQp
V~UDGQLFHIDUHEQ~ERGNX


=DGHILQXMWHWULHGX78WYDUNWRUiREVDKXMHG\QDPLFNpSROHLQãWDQFLtWULHG\7%RG VWDYRYi
SUHPHQQiS 1DStãWHNRQãWUXNWRU&UHDWH LQLFLDOL]XMHSDNRSUi]GQHSROH GHãWUXNWRU'HVWUR\
XYRĐQtYãHWN\REMHNW\YSROL DPHWyG\3ULGDM.UHVOLD6SDMDM0HWyGD3ULGDMVMHGQêP
SDUDPHWURPW\SX7%RGSULGiQDNRQLHFSRĐDS]DGDQêERGDOHOHQDNWHQWRQLHMHSUtOLãEOt]NR
GRWHUD]SRVOHGQpPXERGXYSROL3UtOLãEOt]NR]QDPHQiåHWHQWRERGPiY]GLDOHQRVĢRG
SUHGFKiG]DM~FHKRPHQãLX3UtOLãEOt]N\ERGQH]DUDGtGRSRĐDDOHKRXYRĐQt SRXåLWtP
GHãWUXNWRUD 0HWyGD.UHVOLY\NUHVOtYãHWN\ERGN\YSROLPHWyGD6SDMDMLFKWDNWLHåY\NUHVOtD
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PDM~SDUDPHWHUW\SX7&DQYDV


=DGHILQXMWHWULHGX7%RGNWRUiMHSRWRPNRPWULHG\7%RG7iWREXGHPDĢGRGHILQRYDQ~QRY~
VWDYRY~SUHPHQQ~YHOYNWRUHMVDXFKRYiYDYHĐNRVĢERGN\ FHOpþtVOR 7HMWRWULHGHSUHGHILQXMWH
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&LWDM]WH[WRYpKRV~ERUXP{åHQDþtWDĢDMãWYUWpþtVORY\MDGUXM~FHYHĐNRVĢDNYSUtVOXãQRP
ULDGNXãWYUWpþtVORFKêEDQDVWDYtVDYHĐNRVĢ=DEH]SHþWHDE\DMWULHGD78WYDUVSUiYQH
SUDFRYDODQLHOHQVREMHNWDPL7%RGDOHDMVREMHNWDPL7%RGWMDE\SROHPRKORREVDKRYDĢ
REMHNW\MHGQHMDMGUXKHMWULHG\







http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/fantest.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:47]


Test pre fanatikov

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/fantest.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:47]


Informácie pre fanatikov

SR]ULWHVLPLQXORURþQêWHVWSUHIDQDWLNRY
]iXMHPFRYLDRWHVWQH]DEXGQLWHVD]DStVDĢGRKiUNXSUHGPLHVWQRVĢRX
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7HVW]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHIDQDWLNRY VHSW

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WH[WRYêPV~ERURP NWRUê]R]DGDQpKRWH[WRYpKRV~ERUX]PRPHQWiOQHKRULDGNXQDþtWD~GDMHGR
SRORåLHNREMHNWX.DåGêULDGRNV~ERUXREVDKXMHWLHWRLQIRUPiFLH

❍PHQRXNRQþHQp]QDNRP


❍URNQDURGHQLDXNRQþHQê


❍PD[LPiOQHSUYNRY~SRVWXSQRVĢFHOêFKþtVHOQDY]iMRPRGGHOHQêFKPHG]HURXNWRUiMH

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5LDGRNP{åHY\]HUDĢQDSUWDNWR-DQNR+UDãNR±
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1DStãWHIXQNFLX3RURYQDMVGYRPDSDUDPHWUDPLW\SX76NDXWNWRUiYUiWLMHGQX]KRGQ{W
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=DGHILQXMWHWULHGX72GGLHONWRUiREVDKXMHSUYNRYpMHGQRUR]PHUQpSROHLQãWDQFLtWULHG\
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REMHNW76NDXW Y7XUER3DVFDOHVPHUQtNQDĖKR D]DUDGtKRGRSRĐDWDNDE\SUYN\YSROLEROL
VWiOHXWULHGHQpY]RVWXSQHSRGĐDPHQD1DSRURYQiYDQLHGYRFKREMHNWRYSRXåLWHIXQNFLX
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SUHStVDĢQRYêPREVDKRP VWDUêREMHNWWUHEDXYRĐQLĢSUtVOXãQêPGHãWUXNWRURP 

3UHWULHGX72GGLHOQDStãWHPHWyGXIXQNFLX+ODGDMVMHGQêPSDUDPHWURP]QDNRYêP
UHĢD]FRPNWRUiYRVYRMRPSROLLQãWDQFLt76NDXWQiMGHREMHNWVKĐDGDQêPPHQRPDYUiWLMHKR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/fantest99.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:48]


Informácie pre fanatikov

LQGH[YWRPWRSROL$NWDNêSUYRNQHQiMGHYUiWL+ĐDGDQLHUHDOL]XMWHELQiUQ\PY\KĐDGiYDQtP
SROHMHXWULHGHQp SRPRFRXUHNXU]LHWMQHSRXåLWHF\NOXV

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/fantest99.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:42:48]


Témy projektov



7pP\SURMHNWRY QRY

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Ŷ'HOSKLãWDQGDUG
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ŶG{UD]QDQDIRUPiWRYDQLHSURJUDPX

ŶPD[ERGRY]DPLQLPiOQXYHU]LXSRGĐD]DGDQLD

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]YROtQLHNWRUê]RV\PERORY DSRORåtKRQDKRUQpĐDYp
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SUHKUiYD

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (1 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

+H[
+UXKUDM~KUiþLQDKUDFHMSORFKHNWRUiPiSRGREX[
ãHVĢXKRĐQtNRYêFKSROtþRN.DåGê]KUiþRYPiVYRMXIDUEXDMHKR
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SULþRPNULåRYDQLHFLHVWU{]QHMIDUE\QLHMHSRYROHQp9\KUiYDKUiþ
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%ULGJHLW
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&HVWD
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (2 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

0RVW
+UXKUDM~KUiþLQDãWYRUFRYHMKUDFHMSORFKH[.DåGêPi
ILJ~URNIDUHEQHRGOtãHQêFKRGV~SHURYêFK3RþLDWRþQ~SRORKX]DGiYD
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REPHG]LĢDMþDVRYR 


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (3 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

8OXOR
+UXKUDM~KUiþLQDĐXERYRĐQHYHĐNHMãWYRUFRYHMKUDFHMSORFKH+UiþL
VDVWULHGDM~SULNODGHQtVYRMLFKStVPHQQDĐXERYRĐQpSROtþNDSORFK\
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[+UiþLVWULHGDYRY\]QDþXM~YåG\MHGQXVWUDQXĐXERYRĐQpKR
ãWYRUþHND.WRY\]QDþtSRVOHGQ~VWUDQXãWYRUþHNDQDNUHVOtGRQHKR
VYRMX]QDþNXDLGHHãWHUD]9\KUiYDKUiþNWRUêPiQDKUDFRPSROL
]D]QDþHQêFKYLDF]QDþLHN


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (4 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

7URMXKROQtþN\
+UXKUDM~KUiþLQDWURMXKROQtNRYHMKUDFHMSORFKHVR]iNODGĖRX
PLQLPiOQHERGLHN+UiþLVDVWULHGDM~YVSiMDQtYåG\ERGLHN.WR
VYRMRXþLDURXX]DYULHMHGQRWNRYêWURMXKROQtN]DNUHVOtGRQHKRVYRMX
]QDþNXDSRNUDþXMHYKUH9\KUiYDWHQNWRY\WYRUtYLDFWURMXKROQtNRY


1D]DUpQ
+UXKUDM~KUiþLQDãWYRUFRYHMKUDFHMSORFKHYHĐNRVWLPLQLPiOQH
[+UiþLVDVWULHGDM~YRY\]QDþRYDQtMHGQHMDOHERYLDFVWUiQ
MHGQRWOLYêFKãWYRUþHNRYWDNåHGRSORFK\]DNUHVOLDURYQ~þLDUX
ĐXERYRĐQHMGĎåN\ýLDUDQHVPLHSUHFKiG]DĢFH]þLDU\NWRUpEROL
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (5 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (6 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (7 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


Témy projektov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.zs/projekty/index.html (8 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:42:53]


1. príklady

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


1. príklady

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


1. príklady

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


1. príklady

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


1. príklady

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz01.html (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:43:34]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/cv/cz02.html (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:43:35]


2. príklady

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28. Použitie spájaných zoznamov

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29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (1 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (2 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (3 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (4 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (5 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (6 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (7 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


29. Binárne stromy

http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl29.html (12 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:44:19]


30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (2 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (3 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (4 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (5 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (6 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (7 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl30.html (8 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:44:25]


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30. Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl31.html (2 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:44:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl31.html (3 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:44:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl31.html (4 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:44:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl36.html (11 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:44:51]


36. Informácie ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl36.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:44:51]


36. Informácie ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl36.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:44:51]


37. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl37.html (1 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:44:54]


37. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl37.html (2 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:44:54]


37. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl37.html (3 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:44:54]


37. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl37.html (4 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:44:54]


37. Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/pl37.html (5 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:44:54]


Programovanie v Delphi - letný semester



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/index.html (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:44:57]


Programovanie v Delphi - letný semester

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/index.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:44:57]


1. prednáška: Binárne súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d01/index.html (1 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:45:00]


1. prednáška: Binárne súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d01/index.html (2 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:45:00]


1. prednáška: Binárne súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d01/index.html (3 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:45:00]


1. prednáška: Binárne súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d03/index.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:05]


3. prednáška: Používanie spájaných zoznamov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d03/index.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:05]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:08]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:08]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:08]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:08]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:08]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:09]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:09]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:09]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:09]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d04/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:09]


4. prednáška: Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (6 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (9 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (10 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (11 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


5. prednáška: Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


5. prednáška: Použitie binárnych stromov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d05/index.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:45:12]


6. prednáška: Triedenia



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (1 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (2 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (3 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (4 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (6 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (7 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (8 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (9 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (10 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


6. prednáška: Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (11 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (12 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (13 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (14 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (15 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (16 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (17 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d06/index.html (18 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:45:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d07/index.html (5 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:45:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d07/index.html (11 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:45:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d07/index.html (12 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:45:21]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


10. prednáška: Backtracking na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/d10/index.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:45:29]


11. prednáška: Informácie ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/fanatici.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:46:18]


Informácie pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/fanatici.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:46:18]


Informácie pre fanatikov



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/projekty.htm (1 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


Informácie pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/projekty.htm (2 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


Informácie pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/projekty.htm (3 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


Informácie pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/projekty.htm (4 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


Test pre fanatikov


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/fantest.html (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


Test pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi.ls/fantest.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:46:20]


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3. Prednáška - podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d03/index.html (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:34]


3. Prednáška - podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d03/index.html (7 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:34]


3. Prednáška - podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d03/index.html (8 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:34]


3. Prednáška - podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d03/index.html (9 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:34]


3. Prednáška - podmienky a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d03/index.html (10 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:34]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

YDUW7H[W)LOH
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Textové súbory

]DStãH(
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(PDLOEODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN_+RPH3DJH$QGUHM%ODKR_1DSRVOHG\XSUDYHQp_ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d04/index.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:46:37]


Funkcie a parametre



)XQNFLHD
RNW
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3DUDPHWUHSURFHG~U

=DþQHPHWDNRXWR~ORKRXQDStãHPHSURJUDPYNWRURPVDEXG~NRU\WQDþN\VWiOHSRK\ERYDĢSRVYRMLFK
NUXKRFK6~þDVQHVQLPLVDWUHWLDNRU\WQDþNDEXGHVWiOHVQDåLĢE\ĢSUHVQHYVWUHGHPHG]LQLPL DNRNHE\
ERODYVWUHGHJXPHQHMQLWHNWRUiMHSULSHYQHQiQDWêFKWRGYRFKNRU\WQDþNiFK 9\WYRUtPHVLSRPRFQ~
SURFHG~UXSRFLWDMBVWUHGNWRUi]GYRFKNRU\WQDþLHNNDNY\SRþtWDV~UDGQLFHVWUHGX [\ SUHWUHWLX
NRU\WQDþNX

SURFHGXUH72NQR:0VWDUW YDUPVJWPHVVDJH 
YDUNNNNRU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (1 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:39]


Funkcie a parametre

QDNRU\WQDþN\NNDMQDSUHPHQQp[D\7LHWRSUHPHQQpV~SUHĖXJOREiOQH QLHV~WRMHMORNiOQH
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SURFHGXUH72NQR:0VWDUW YDUPVJWPHVVDJH 

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (2 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:39]


Funkcie a parametre

ƔVHNUHWiUNDOHQþtWDĢ
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SRXåLOLYRODQLHKRGQRWRX

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (3 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:39]


Funkcie a parametre

SURFHGXUH72NQR:0VWDUW YDUPVJWPHVVDJH 

SURFHGXUHSRFLWDMBVWUHG NNNRUYDU[[\\UHDO 
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NUXåQLFL9ãLPQLWHVLåHSURFHG~UXSRFLWDMBVWUHGVPHY\WLDKOLSUHG:0VWDUWWDNåHVDVWDODJOREiOQRX
SURFHGXUHSRFLWDMBVWUHG NNNRUYDU[[\\UHDO 
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SURFHGXUH72NQR:0VWDUW YDUPVJWPHVVDJH 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (4 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:39]


Funkcie a parametre

HQG
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SURFHGXUHPLQ DELQWHJHUYDUPLQWHJHU 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (5 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:39]


Funkcie a parametre

IXQFWLRQFLIUD ]FKDU LQWHJHU


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (6 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

IXQFWLRQ]QDN YDUWWH[W FKDU


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (7 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (8 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (9 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

YDUW7H[W)LOH
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (10 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

HOVHLI ]
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DQG ]
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EHJLQUHDG WS NYODYR S HQG
HOVHLI ]
S
DQG ]
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YDUW7H[W)LOH
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SURFHGXUHSRO\ QGXLQWHJHU 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (11 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

&ORVH)LOH W 
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NRU\WQDþNDLQWHUSUHWXMHV~ERU]SUHGFKiG]DM~FHKRSUtNODGX

XVHV.RU8QLW
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HQG
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d05/index.html (12 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:46:40]


Funkcie a parametre

YDULLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
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N .RU&UHDWH  [ N[VXU\ N\VXU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (3 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (4 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (5 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (6 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (7 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (8 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d08/index.html (9 z 9) [1.12.2002 23:46:48]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (1 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:52]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (2 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:52]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (3 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:52]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (4 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (5 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (6 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (7 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (8 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


Vymenovaný typ, množiny, scanner

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (9 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (10 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (11 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (12 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (13 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (14 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


Vymenovaný typ, množiny, scanner

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (15 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (16 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (17 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d09/index.html (18 z 18) [1.12.2002 23:46:53]


Rekurzia



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d10/index.html (1 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:55]


Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d10/index.html (2 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:55]


Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d10/index.html (3 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:55]


Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d10/index.html (4 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:55]


Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d10/index.html (5 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:46:55]


Rekurzia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d16/index.html (1 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:10]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d16/index.html (4 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:10]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d17/index.html (1 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:47:13]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d17/index.html (3 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:47:14]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d18/index.html (2 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:15]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d18/index.html (3 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:15]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d22/index.html (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:47:24]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d22/index.html (3 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:47:24]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (1 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (2 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (3 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (4 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (5 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (6 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


Test ku skúške

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/index.html (7 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:47:26]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/c08/index.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:47:55]


Skúška



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (1 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (2 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (3 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (4 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (5 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (6 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/index.html (7 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:48:02]


Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P01.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:04]


Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P01.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:04]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P02.htm [1.12.2002 23:48:05]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P03.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:06]


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Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P06.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:45]


Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P06.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:45]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P12.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/skuska/P13.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:48:59]


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'RSUHGX GUHDO WDNDE\NRU\WQDþNDYåG\SUHãODQDPLHVWRY]GLDOHQRVWLGY]GLDOHQRVĢG NRHI

3RPRFRXLQãWDQFLt,QDB.RUDQDStãWHSURJUDPYNWRURPEXGHMHGQDNRU\WQDþNDNUHVOLĢSRGĐDNXU]RUD
P\ãLDLQiNRU\WQDþNDEXGHWHQWRREUi]RNYHGĐDNUHVOLĢ]YlþãHQê ]PHQãHQê 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/c09/index.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:49:04]


Cvicenia z Programovania/10



&YLþHQLD]3URJUDPRYDQLD 
WULHGD9HOD.RU


1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêXPRåQtVDGLĢVWURP\SRPRFRXP\ãLDNRU\WQDþLHN

QDMSUY]DGHILQXMWHRGYRGHQ~WULHGXRG.RUNWRUiEXGHYHGLHĢQDNUHVOLĢELQiUQ\VWURP EXGHVD
❍

NUHVOLĢDYQiUDĢGRUHNXU]LHNêPMHGĎåNDVWUiQYlþãLDDNRGĎåNDKUDQ\VWURPXVDYUHNXU]LL
VWiOH]PHQãXMHQDSRORYLFX 
❍UDVWVWURPXVDEXGHURELĢWDNåHVDQDMSUYS{YRGQêSUHNUHVOtELHORXIDUERXDQDWRPLVWRPPLHVWH

VDQDNUHVOt]YlþãHQêQRYê PHWyGDNUHVOL 
❍DNWXiOQDYHĐNRVĢVWURPXMHYVWDYRYHMSUHPHQQHM' QDSRþLDWNXMHDVWiOHVD]YlþãXMH

NUiW 
❍NOLNQXWtPP\ãLVDQDSUtVOXãQRPPLHVWHQDURGtQRYiVWURPRYiNRU\WQDþNDNWRUiEXGH

SRVWXSQHY\NUHVĐRYDĢVWiOHYlþãtDYlþãtVWURPMHMSRþLDWRþQpQDWRþHQLHQHFKMHQiKRGQpþtVOR
RGGR
❍SULĢDKDQtP\ãLVR]DWODþHQêPWODþLGORPVDSRVWXSQHEXG~JHQHURYDĢQRYpDQRYpNRU\WQDþN\

NWRUpKQHć]DþQ~UiVĢ SULþRPNDåGićDOãLDVDQDURGtOHQDNVDP\ãSRVXQXODDVSRĖ
Y]GLDOHQRVĢRGSUHGFKiG]DM~FHM
❍NRU\WQDþNDNWRUiXåY\NUHVOLODVWURPYHĐNRVWLGG NRQãWDQWDSURJUDPXQDSU VD]UXãt]R

]R]QDPX9HOD.RU
6N~VWHV7LPHURPLEH]QHKR

,QWHUSUHWiFLDWH[WRYpKRV~ERUX


9WH[WRYRPV~ERUHNUHVOLW[WMHSRStVDQêQHMDNêREUi]RNNWRUêEXGHWUHEDQDNUHVOLĢQLHNRĐNêPL
NRU\WQDþNDPL.DåGêULDGRNSRSLVXMHQHMDN~þDVĢREUi]NXSUHMHGQXNRU\WQDþNXDPiQDVOHGRYQ~
ãWUXNW~UX YãHWN\þtVODYV~ERUHV~FHOp 

❍]DþtQDWURPLþtVODPL[\DXNWRUpSUHW~WRNRU\WQDþNXGHILQXM~SRþLDWRþQ~SRORKXDVPHU
QDWRþHQLDYURYLQH
❍]DWêPQDVOHGXMHSRVWXSQRVĢþtVHONWRUiSRSLVXMHSRVWXSQRVĢYRODQtPHWyGGRSUHGXDYSUDYR

EXG~YRODQpVWULHGDYR±QDMSUYGRSUHGXDSRWRPYSUDYR 
❍WiWRSRVWXSQRVĢP{åHE\ĢSiUQHMDMQHSiUQHMGĎåN\

❍WDNWRV~SRStVDQpYãHWN\ULDGN\±NDåGêSUHMHGQXNRU\WQDþNX

1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêQDMSUY]DGHILQXMHWULHGXPRMD.RU SRWRPRN.RU NWRUiEXGHREVDKRYDĢVWDYRY~


SUHPHQQ~SUYNRYpFHORþtVHOQpSROHSUHSRVWXSQRVĢDQHMDNpVWDYRYpSUHPHQQpSUHGĎåNXDLQGH[

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/c10/index.html (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:49:07]


Cvicenia z Programovania/10

GRWHMWRSRVWXSQRVWLĆDOHM]DGHILQXMHWHPHWyGXURENWRUiDNVDGi]UHDOL]XMHMHGHQNURNSRVWXSQRVWL
WMMHGQXGYRMLFXGRSUHGXDYSUDYR

3URJUDPQDMSUYQDþtWDGDQêV~ERUY\WYRUtSUtVOXãQêSRþHWNRU\WQDþLHNQDGHILQRYDQêFKSR]tFLiFK
XNiåHLFKWYDU 3ULVWODþHQtĐDYpKRWODþLGODP\ãLY\NRQiMHGHQNURNSUHNDåG~H[LVWXM~FXNRU\WQDþNX
$NQLHNWRUiNRU\WQDþNDXåY\NRQDODYãHWN\VYRMHSUtND]\]DQLNQH]UXãtVD

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/c10/index.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:49:07]


7âTMFELZPQSBWOFK[ÈQPǁUPWFKQÓTPNLZ

9êVOHGN\RSUDYQHM]iSRþWRYHM
StVRPN\
%HO\XV0DW~ã ]DSRþtWDQp
%LVNXSLþ-iQ ]DSRþtWDQp
%ULQ]D%RULV ]DSRþtWDQp
&LEXOND7RPiã ]DSRþtWDQp
&Vt]L/DGLVODY QH]DSRþtWDQp
'XGD7RPiã QH]DSRþtWDQp
'YRĜiNRYi-DQD ]DSRþtWDQp
)LOR0DUWLQ ]DSRþtWDQp
)UOLþND3HWHU SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
*HRUJLRX0DUWLQ QH]DSRþtWDQp
*XEiã0DUWLQ SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
+iPRUQtN-R]HI QH]DSRþtWDQp
+HUãNRYi-DQD QH]DSRþtWDQp
-DQNRyYi$GULHQD QH]DSRþtWDQp
.XNDQ0DUWLQ SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
0DþHN3DWULN SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
2FKDED7RPiã QH]DSRþtWDQp
2QGUiãNRYi0iULD SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
2QGUHMþtN9ODGLPtU QH]DSRþtWDQp
2UYRã3DYRO QH]DSRþtWDQp
3DMWiã5yEHUW QH]DSRþtWDQp
3iORV*XVWiY SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
3DUiN-R]HI ]DSRþtWDQp
3HNDU0LORã ]DSRþtWDQp
3RODQ0LFKDO ]DSRþtWDQp
5LJy=VROW SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
6NDOQê$GDP ]DSRþtWDQp
âLPNR'DQLHO ]DSRþtWDQp
âLPXQLþ7LPRWHM QH]DSRþtWDQp

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[O[BQPDFUIUNM [
<>
7âTMFELZPQSBWOFK[ÈQPǁUPWFKQÓTPNLZ

âRXQâWHIDQ QH]DSRþtWDQp
9DUJD0DUHN QH]DSRþtWDQp
=YROHQVNi=GHQND ]DSRþtWDQp

SRGPLHQHþQê]iSRþHW
FYLþLDFLXUþtNULWpULiSULRGRY]GiYDQt]iSRþWRYpKRSURMHNWX

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[O[BQPDFUIUNM [
<>
Výsledky testu ku skúške

9êVOHGN\WHVWXNXVN~ãNH
0HQR            6~þHW
%DM]tN7LERU ,           
%DOJDYi(YD ,           
%DOWRYi$OH[DQGUD ,           
%DUWHOW5LFKDUG ,           
%HODV%UDQLVODY ,           
%HYLODTXD3HWHU ,           
%ODKR/DGLVODY ,           
%Oi]VRYLWV*iERU ,           
%XMĖiN7RPiã ,           
ýDQHFNê0LFKDO ,           
ýtå)LOLS ,           
&Vt]L/DGLVODY ,           
'RELãâWHIDQ ,           
'RUãLF0DUHN ,           
'YRĜiNRYi-DQD ,           
']DPNR7RPiã ,           
)LOR0DUWLQ ,           
)LOR5RQDOG ,           
.DUDV0DUWLQ ,           
)RUQHU9ODGLPtU ,           
)UDWULþ0LFKDO ,           
)UOLþND3HWHU ,           
)XUGtN0DUWLQ ,           
*DUGRĖ6WDQLVODY ,           
*HRUJLRX0DUWLQ ,           
*XEiã0DUWLQ ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

+DOLFNê3HWHU ,           


+DPDMďXGRYtW ,           
+DPDU'XãDQ ,           
+HUãNRYi-DQD ,           
+LWND0LFKDO ,           
+|JHU7RPiã ,           
+RORWĖiN2QGUHM ,           
+RPROD0DUWLQ ,           
+URPLDN0DULiQ ,           
+URQVNê0DUWLQ ,           
-DQþRãHN0LFKDO ,           
-RPEtN2QGUHM ,           
.DGOLF0LFKDO ,           
.LiWV/DGLVODY ,           
.PHĢ-iQ ,           
.RþDQ0DUWLQ ,           
.RþLã$GULiQ ,           
.RãĢiO0DUFHO ,           
.RULQHN3DYRO ,           
.R]HM3HWHU ,           
.UiWN\0DULDQ ,           
.UXSD0DUWLQ ,           
.XEtN0DWHM ,           
.XNDQ0DUWLQ ,           
/DFKRYi-DQD ,           
/DQJ0DUWLQ ,           
0DUFLQþiN0DULiQ ,           
0DWHMRYLþ7RPiã ,           
0DWLDãRYVNê0DURã ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

0LFKDOLþND-iQ ,           


0LQDURYLHFK-iQ ,           
0RORWD7RPiã ,           
0RUiYHN0DULDQ ,           
1DOHYDMNR7RPiã ,           
2UYRã3DYRO ,           
3DMWiã5yEHUW ,           
3iORV*XVWiY ,           
3DSS-iQ ,           
3DUiN-R]HI ,           
3HNDU0LORã ,           
3HUQHFNê0DUWLQ ,           
3HWUiãHN7RPiã ,           
3HWUtN7RPiã ,           
3LOLã,YDQ ,           
3RODQ0LFKDO ,           
5RWK9ODGLPtU ,           
5XPSOHU3HWHU ,           
6iQ\0LURVODY ,           
6HPDQ2QGUHM ,           
6NDOQê$GDP ,           
6OH]LDN0DUWLQ ,           
6PDåiN%RULV ,           
6]DNV]RQ1RUEHUW ,           
âDUNDQRYi0iULD ,           
âLãPLã0DULiQ ,           
âLPNR'DQLHO ,           
âLPODãWtN0DUWLQ ,           
âLPRQtN5RVWLVODY ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

âLUiĖ0DUWLQ ,           


âPLG0DUWLQ ,           
âRWW%UDQLVODY ,           
âWHIþHN0DUWLQ ,           
âWHIND3HWHU ,           
âWLEUDQê3HWHU ,           
âXEURYi=ODWLFD ,           
7UQRYHF0DUWLQ ,           
7XUDQ$QGUHM ,           
9DãNR-XUDM ,           
:LHGHUPDQQ9ODGLPtU ,           
=DJ\L1RUEHUW ,           
=DFKDU9RMWHFK ,           
=YROHQVNi=GHQND ,           
%RåLN7RPiã LE           
ýHUYHQDN7DWMDQD LE           
-DQNyRYi$GULHQD LE           
-XUtN9ODGLPtU LE           
.Rþt0LFKDO LE           
0DþHN3DWULN LE           
2QGUHMþtN9ODGLPtU LE           
3RPLFKDO3DWULN LE           
6WHMVNDO0DUWLQ LE           
âRXQâWHIDQ LE           
âWUED-DURVODY LE           
%LVNXSLþ-iQ X),           
2FKDED7RPiã X),           
%HO\XV0DW~ã X0,           
%ULQ]D%RULV X0,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

+ODYiþ0LFKDO X0,           


+UQþLDULN0LFKDO X0,           
&KUREiN-~OLXV X0,           
.DããiN3HWHU X0,           
.DODV%UDQLVODY X0,           
.DUDNRYi$OH[DQGUD X0,           
0DOiU0DUWLQ X0,           
0DWHMtþHNďXERã X0,           
0DWUND6DPXHO X0,           
0pV]iURV$QGUHM X0,           
0LFKDOtN0DUHN X0,           
1HPãiN-iQ X0,           
1RYRWQê3HWHU X0,           
3HWUiã$QGUHM X0,           
3RORKRYi9LHUD X0,           
5LJy=VROW X0,           
6]HNXOD5yEHUW X0,           
9DUJD0DUHN X0,           
=iKUDGQi'DULQD X0,           
äHQþXFK3DYRO X0,           
7DNDþ$OHNVDQGUD L           
2QGUiãNRYi0iULD X0)           
&LEXOND7RPiã X0,           
âWXJHO3DYRO X0,           
6LWWD7RPiã X0,           
3ULHPHU            
0D[LPDOLVWD            

UR]ORåHQLHERGRY

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGYLDF  

(PDLOEODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN_+RPH3DJH$QGUHM%ODKR_1DSRVOHG\XSUDYHQp_ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/d23/test.htm (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:12]


.*BCPEZ[SP[DWJǁJFL

0,D
0HQR            =iSRþĢiN =iSRþHW 6SROX
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%ULQ]D
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&LEXOND
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+UQþLDULN
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.DããiN
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/DXULQF
3HWHU              
6LWWD
7RPiã              

/DVW8SGDWHGRQ
(PDLONXELQFRYD#IPSKXQLEDVN

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[NJBIUN<>
$WJǁFOJB[QSPHSBNPWBOJB.*C

&YLþHQLD]SURJUDPRYDQLD0,E


7XEXGHERGRYDFLDWDEXĐND

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[NJCIUN<>
$WJǁFOJB[QSPHSBNPWBOJB.*B

&YLþHQLD]SURJUDPRYDQLD0,D


7XEXGHERGRYDFLDWDEXĐND

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[NJBIUN<>
'BOBUJDJWSPǁOÓLV



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❍SRþtWDþRYiKUDDOHERVLPXOiFLD

❍LQWHUQHWKWPO

❍PXOWLPpGLD JUDILFNpD]YXNRYpHGLWRU\SUHKUiYDþHDSRG

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ƔRGRY]GDQêSURMHNWMHSRGPLHQNRXQD]tVNDQLH]iSRþWX

Ɣ ]DSURMHNWMHPRåQp]tVNDĢDåERGRYNWRUpVDSRþtWDM~NXVN~ãNHERG\V~QDMPl]D
❍]ORåLWRVĢSUREOpPXDNYDOLWXULHãHQLD

❍GL]DMQDSRKRGOLHSULRYOiGDQt

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EODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN

IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWEFMQIJ[GBOLFDIUN<>
Test z programovania pre fanatikov


7HVW]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHIDQDWLNRY VHSW



=DGHILQXMWHWULHGX76NDXWYNWRUHMMHXORåHQpPHQR ]QDNRYêUHĢD]HF URN LQWHJHU SRFHW


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❍PHQRXNRQþHQp]QDNRP


❍URNQDURGHQLDXNRQþHQê


❍PD[LPiOQHSUYNRY~SRVWXSQRVĢFHOêFKþtVHOQDY]iMRPRGGHOHQêFKPHG]HURXNWRUiMH

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5LDGRNP{åHY\]HUDĢQDSUWDNWR-DQNR+UDãNR±
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1DStãWHIXQNFLX3RURYQDMVGYRPDSDUDPHWUDPLW\SX76NDXWNWRUiYUiWLMHGQX]KRGQ{W
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LQãWDQFLt

=DGHILQXMWHWULHGX72GGLHONWRUiREVDKXMHSUYNRYpMHGQRUR]PHUQpSROHLQãWDQFLtWULHG\
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REMHNW76NDXW Y7XUER3DVFDOHVPHUQtNQDĖKR D]DUDGtKRGRSRĐDWDNDE\SUYN\YSROLEROL
VWiOHXWULHGHQpY]RVWXSQHSRGĐDPHQD1DSRURYQiYDQLHGYRFKREMHNWRYSRXåLWHIXQNFLX
3RURYQDM ]GUXKpKRSUtNODGX $NVDYSROLQDFKiG]DREMHNWVURYQDNêPPHQRPWDNKRWUHED
SUHStVDĢQRYêPREVDKRP VWDUêREMHNWWUHEDXYRĐQLĢSUtVOXãQêPGHãWUXNWRURP 

3UHWULHGX72GGLHOQDStãWHPHWyGXIXQNFLX+ODGDMVMHGQêPSDUDPHWURP]QDNRYêP
UHĢD]FRPNWRUiYRVYRMRPSROLLQãWDQFLt76NDXWQiMGHREMHNWVKĐDGDQêPPHQRPDYUiWLMHKR
LQGH[YWRPWRSROL$NWDNêSUYRNQHQiMGHYUiWL+ĐDGDQLHUHDOL]XMWHELQiUQ\PY\KĐDGiYDQtP
SROHMHXWULHGHQp SRPRFRXUHNXU]LHWMQHSRXåLWHF\NOXV

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/fantest.htm [1.12.2002 23:49:29]


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/fantab.html

9êVOHGN\WHVWXSUHIDQDWLNRY
0HQR .U~åRN SUtNODG SUtNODG SUtNODG SUtNODG 6SROX )DQDWLN
%DM]tN7LERU ,      iQR
%HODV%UDQLVODY ,      
%HYLODTXD3HWHU ,      
%ODKR/DGLVODY ,      iQR
%XMĖiN7RPiã ,      iQR
ýDQHFNê0LFKDO ,      iQR
ýHFK)UDQWLãHN ,      iQR
ýtå)LOLS ,      
'RELãâWHIDQ ,      iQR
'RMþDQ$QGUHM ,      
)LOR5RQDOG ,      iQR
)RUQHU9ODGLPtU ,      
)UDWULþ0LFKDO ,      
+DOLFNê3HWHU ,      iQR
+DPDU'XãDQ ,      
+LWND0LFKDO ,      iQR
+URQVNê0DUWLQ ,      iQR
-DQþRãHN0LFKDO ,      
-RPEtN2QGUHM ,      
.DGOLF0LFKDO ,      iQR
.LWNR5RPDQ ,      
.RþDQ0DUWLQ ,      
.Rþt0LFKDO ,      
.RþLã$GULiQ ,      
.RK~W0DWHM ,      iQR
.R]HM3HWHU ,      iQR
.XEtN0DWHM ,      iQR
/DQJ0DUWLQ ,      
0DUFLQþiN0DULiQ ,      
0DWLDãRYVNê0DURã ,      
0LFKDOLþND-iQ ,      iQR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/fantab.html (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:49:32]


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/fantab.html

0LQDURYLHFK-iQ ,      iQR


0RORWD7RPiã ,      
1DOHYDMNR7RPiã ,      
3HUQHFNê0DUWLQ ,      iQR
3HWUiãHN7RPiã ,      
3HWUtN7RPiã ,      
3LOLã,YDQ ,      
5RWK9ODGLPtU ,      
6iQ\0LURVODY ,      
6OH]LDN0DUWLQ ,      iQR
âLPRQtN5RVWLVODY ,      
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9z/fantab.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:49:32]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


Dynamické premenné

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d01/index.html (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:49:37]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (1 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

W\SH
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (2 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (3 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (4 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (5 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (6 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (7 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (8 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (9 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (10 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (11 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Binárne stromy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d06/index.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:49:50]


Použitie binárnych stromov



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d07/index.html (1 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:49:54]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d07/index.html (2 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:49:54]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d07/index.html (12 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:49:54]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d07/index.html (14 z 14) [1.12.2002 23:49:54]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (3 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (4 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (5 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (6 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (7 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (8 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d08/index.html (9 z 15) [1.12.2002 23:49:58]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (1 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (2 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (3 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (4 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (5 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (6 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (7 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (8 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (9 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (10 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

HQG
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (11 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (12 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


prednáška

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d11/index.html (13 z 13) [1.12.2002 23:50:06]


Bactracking na grafoch



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YUFKRO\VDQDNUHVOLDPDOêPNU~åNRPVþtVHOQêPRKRGQRWHQtPDYVWUHGHKUiQVDEXGH]DSLVRYDĢþtVHOQpRKRGQRWHQLH
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%DFNWUDFNLQJVDEXGHSRVWXSQHVQDåLĢRKRGQRFRYDĢYãHWN\KUDQ\WDNDE\ERODVSOQHQiSRGPLHQND~ORK\=UHMPHVD
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$NSURJUDPQiMGHULHãHQLHWDNY\StãHRWRPVSUiYX$NSURJUDPQHQiMGHåLDGQHULHãHQLHWLHåRWRPY\StãHVSUiYX

*UDILFN~SORFKXP{åHWHUHDOL]RYDĢNRPSRQHQWRP7,PDJHYHĐNRVWLPLQLPiOQH[2NUHP7,PDJHSRXåLWHWODþLGOR
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

FRQVWQLHMHVSRM YROQH PD[ 

W\SH
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SURFHGXUHVWDUW
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

I5HDG \VL]HRI \ 
UHSHDW
I5HDG MMVL]HRI MM 
LIMM!WKHQ
EHJLQ
J>S@V>MM@ YROQHJ>MM@V>S@ YROQH
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SURFHGXUHXORKDURE LMLQWHJHU EDFNWUDFNLQJ


SURFHGXUHSLV LMNLQWHJHU 
EHJLQ
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

EHJLQ
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QDFKiG]DM~U{]QHVNULQHSROLFHVWURMHDLQpSUHNiåN\NWRUpYåG\]DEHUDM~QHMDN~REGĎåQLNRY~REODVĢY]iNODGQHMVLHWL
KDO\3RGQLNN~SLOþLVWLDFHKRURERWDNWRUêPiREFKiG]DĢKDOXDSULWRPþLVWLĢQHREVDGHQpþDVWLKDO\.HćåHURERWMH
FLWOLYêQDYOKN~GOiåNXNWRU~SRVHEH]DQHFKiYDSULþLVWHQtYSRGQLNXVDUR]KRGOLåHNêPVDWiWR]iYDGDQHRGVWUiQL
SRN~VLDVDSUHURERWDQDYUKQ~ĢWDN~WUDVXDE\Y\þLVWLOPD[LPiOQ\SULHVWRUDSULWRPGYDNUiWQHYVW~SLOQDWHQLVWêãWYRUHF

+DODDMREVDGHQpSULHVWRU\V~SRStVDQpYV~ERUHKDODGDW P{åHWHSUHGSRNODGDĢåHMH]DGDQêNRUHNWQHV~ERUVSUDFXMWH
SRPRFRX76WUHDP 3UYpGYDEDMW\REVDKXM~YHĐNRVĢKDO\SRþHWULDGNRYDVWĎSFRYãWYRUFRYHMVLHWH QLHV~YlþãLHDNR
 =DWêPQDVOHGXM~YHW\ DåGRNRQFDV~ERUX NWRUpSRSLVXM~SUHNiåN\YGYRFKEDMWRFKV~UDGQLFDĐDYpKRKRUQpKR
ãWYRUFDSUHNiåN\ ULDGRNVWĎSHF DYćDOãtFKGYRFKEDMWRFKYHĐNRVĢSUHNiåN\ SRþHWULDGNRYDVWĎSFRY 
9iãSURJUDPQDMSUYQDþtWDDY\NUHVOtKDOXQDREUD]RYNXWDNåHVDQDNUHVOtãWYRUFRYiVLHĢ YHĐNRVĢMHGQRWNRYpKRãWYRUFD
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SR]tFLXQHMDNRIDUHEQHY\]QDþWH

7UDVXSUHURERWDKĐDGDMWHPHWyGRXSUHKĐDGiYDQLDVQiYUDWRP EDFNWUDFNLQJ SULþRPSULHEHKDOJRULWPX]Qi]RUĖXMWHQD


REUD]RYNHERGNDPLYVWUHGHãWYRUFRY3RVNRQþHQtDOJRULWPXUHVSSRSUHUXãHQtKĐDGDQLDWODþLGROP6723SURJUDP
Y\NUHVOtQiMGHQ~PD[LPiOQXWUDVXþHUYHQêPLþLDUDPLNWRUpVSiMDM~VWUHG\ãWYRUFRYQiMGHQHMWUDV\7MWODþLGOR6723
SRþDVEHKXEDFNWUDFNLQJXQH]UXãtEHKSURJUDPXDOHOHQKĐDGDQLHPD[LPiOQHMWUDV\DWHGDPRPHQWiOQHPD[LPiOQXWUDVX
EXGHSRYDåRYDĢ]DULHãHQLH
/DE\ULQWYSURJUDPHUHSUH]HQWXMWHSRPRFRXQHRULHQWRYDQpKRJUDIXYNWRURPNDåGêãWYRUHFMHMHGHQYUFKROJUDIX'YD

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

YUFKRO\V~VSRMHQpKUDQRXDNSUtVOXãQpSROtþNDVXVHGLD1HMDNRVL]DHYLGXMWHREVDGHQpYUFKRO\NWRUpEXG~REFKiG]DQp
DOJRULWPRPKĐDGDQLD*UDIUHSUH]HQWXMWHQDSUSRĐRP]R]QDPRYVXVHGRYNGHSROHP{åHE\ĢDMGYRMUR]PHUQpD]R]QDP
VXVHGRYP{åHE\ĢUHDOL]RYDQêãWYRUSUYNRYêPSRĐRP NDåGêYUFKROPiPD[LPiOQHVXVHGRY 
2NUHPWODþLGOD6723P{åHWHSRXåLĢDMWODþLGOR67$57NWRUpVSXVWtULHãHQLH~ORK\ QDNUHVOtVDODE\ULQWDþDNiVDQD
NOLNQXWLH 
9MHNRQãWDQWDSURJUDPXQDSUFRQVW9 

þDVĢULHãHQLD

W\SH
XORKD FODVV
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HVFERROHDQFLERORVWODFHQH6723
FDNDM0\VERROHDQ

JU7&DQYDV
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SURFHGXUHNUHVOL
SURFHGXUHEDFN [\LQWHJHU 
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SURFHGXUHSULGDM LMLLMMLQWHJHU 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

HQG

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EHJLQ
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

SURFHGXUHXORKDEDFN [\LQWHJHU EDFNWUDFNLQJ


YDUNLQWHJHU
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NRPSOHWQpULHãHQLHY'HOSKLREVDKXMHU{]QH~GDMRYpV~ERU\QDWHVWRYDQLH

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VPHRGYRFKJUDIRFK]LVWLOLþLV~WRU{]QHJUDI\DOHERV~VLQDY]iMRPSRGREQp L]RPRUIQp 1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUê
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7MSURJUDPVDSRN~VLQiMVĢWDNpSULUDGHQLHPHG]LYUFKROPLWêFKWRJUDIRYåH]RGSRYHGDM~FHYUFKRO\PDM~URYQDNêFK
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3URJUDPQDMSUYQDþtWDGYDV~ERU\ LFKPHQiEXG~GHILQRYDQpYNRQãWDQWiFKSURJUDPXVXERUDVXERU Y\NUHVOtLFKQD


RED]RYNXDVSXVWtDOJRULWPXVEDFNWUDFNLQJ3ULHEHKDOJRULWPX]Qi]RUĖXMWHQDREUD]RYNHPRPHQWiOQHSULUDGHQpYUFKRO\
VSRMWHQDY]iMRP~VHþNDPLQHMDNHMIDUE\3RVNRQþHQtDOJRULWPXSURJUDPY\StãHVSUiYXEXć*UDI\V~L]RPRUIQpDOHER
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

%LQiUQHV~ERU\JUDI[GDWV~VSUHPHQOLYRXGĎåNRXYLHWDPDM~QDVOHGRYQ~ãWUXNW~UX

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SDPlWLWDNDE\VDYiPVQLPLGREUHSUDFRYDOR
9V~ERUHQHPXVLDE\ĢYãHWN\KUDQ\XYHGHQpYRERFKVPHURFKDQDNRĐNRPiE\ĢJUDIQHRULHQWRYDQê]DEH]SHþWH
VSUiYQXUHSUH]HQWiFLX0{åHWHSUHGSRNODGDĢåHV~ERU\V~NRUHNWQp6SUDFXMWHLFKSRPRFRX76WUHDP

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

SE\WH
VVDUUD\>E\WH@RIE\WH
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SURFHGXUHXORKDEDFN LLQWHJHU LYUFKROXY*KODGDPHM


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

S 
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (10 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Bactracking na grafoch

(PDLOEODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN_+RPH3DJH$QGUHM%ODKR_1DSRVOHG\XSUDYHQp_ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/d12/index.html (11 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:50:09]


Cvicenia z Programovania 1i*, 1MI* LS 1999/00



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SUYRNKDOG\VDSUHVXQLHQDMHKRPLHVWR GRNRUHĖD DSROHVDPLQLPiOQ\PL]PHQDPLVWDQHRSlĢ
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SURFHGXUH
JUDIGRVLUN\ YLQWHJHU 
YDULLQWHJHU
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/ZadanieTestu.htm (1 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:27]


Test ku skúške

WKHQ
TDSSHQG L 
HQG
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HQG

0HWyGXGRVLUN\VPH]DYRODOLVSRþLDWRþQêPYUFKRORP$'RStãWHGRJUDIXRVWDWQp]QDN\WDNDE\
VDYUFKRO\Y\StVDOLYSRUDGt

$'(*,&%)+

YQ~WRUQHYGiWRYHMãWUXNW~UHV~YUFKRO\YSRUDGt]ĐDYDGRSUDYD]KRUDQDGRO

ýtVODVDSRVWXSQHSULGiYDOLGRSUi]GQHKRELQiUQHKRY\KĐDGiYDFLHKRVWURPXWDNåHKĎEND
VWURPXERODQDNRQLHFDRNUHPNRUHĖDDOLVWRYPDONDåGêYUFKROSUiYHMHGQpKRV\QD1DYUKQLWH
SRUDGLHþtVHOYDNRPVDSULGiYDOLGRVWURPX

.RĐNROLVWRYPiOH[LNRJUDILFNêVWURPGRNWRUpKRVPHYORåLOLYãHWN\VORYiGĎåN\PD[LPiOQH
DM ]ORåHQpOHQ]StVPHQ^DEF`SULþRPREVDKXM~URYQDNêSRþHWStVPHQDDME"

1DVOHGXM~FDSURFHG~UDYSROLVPHUQtNRYQDUHiOQHþtVOD YãHWN\VPHUQtN\V~QD]DþLDWNXU{]QH 
XYRĐQtYãHWN\G\QDPLFNpSUHPHQQp RNUHPSUYpKRYêVN\WX NWRUpREVDKXM~URYQDNpKRGQRW\
GXSOLNiW\ DSUHVPHUQtNXMHLFKQDMHGQX]QLFKäLDĐYSURFHG~UHMHQLHNRĐNRFKêE2SUDYWHLFK
SURFHGXUHXURE YDUDDUUD\RIAUHDO 
YDULMLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL ORZ D WRKLJK D GR
EHJLQ
M LUHSHDWLQF M XQWLO M KLJK D DQG
D>L@ D>M@ 
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HQG
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=LVWLWHNRĐNRH[LVWXMHU{]Q\FKDOJHEUDLFNêFKVWURPRYNWRUpREVDKXM~SUiYHRSHUiWRU\ D
ãW\ULU{]QHRSHUDQG\^[\X]`

1DVOHGRYQêSURJUDPQDþtWDYDNyG\ þtVODRGGR DQHMDNpUHĢD]FHDHYLGXMHVLWRGRWDEXĐN\


WDNåHDNVDQHMDNêNyGY\VN\WQHYLDFNUiWWDNQRYêUHĢD]HFSULGiSUHGGRWHUDMãt'RSOĖWH

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/ZadanieTestu.htm (2 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:27]


Test ku skúške

FKêEDM~FHþDVWL VPHUQtNSXND]XMHQDSRVWXSQRVĢ]QDNRYSRORåNDGREVDKXMHPRPHQWiOQX
GĎåNX 
SURFHGXUHNRG\ YDUWWH[WILOH 
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VVWULQJ
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HQG
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'DQiSURFHG~UDVRUWMHKODYQRXSURFHG~URXTXLFNVRUWXSULþRPYROiSRPRFQ~SURFHG~UXUR]GHO
NWRUiDNRSLYRWDY\EHULHSUYRNVLQGH[RP ]N GLYDSRGĐDQHKRUR]GHOtSUYN\SRĐD
3UHGSRNODGDMWHåHUR]GHO]DFKRYiUHODWtYQHSRUDGLHSUYNRYYUR]GHOHQêFKGYRFKþDVWLDFK
SURFHGXUHVRUW ]NLQWHJHU 
YDUSLYRWLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
LI]NWKHQ
EHJLQ
ZULWH


UR]GHO ]NSLYRW 
VRUW ]SLYRW VRUW SLYRWN 
HQG
HQG
9\P\VOLWHVHGHPSUYNRYpSROHU{]Q\FKþtVHOSUHNWRUpVDY\StãHKYLH]GLþLHN

3UHYãHREHFQê]R]QDPPiPHGDQ~QDVOHGXM~FXIXQNFLX
W\SH
7$WRP LQWHJHU
Y]R]QDP FODVVHQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/ZadanieTestu.htm (3 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:27]


Test ku skúške

DWRP FODVV Y]R]QDP 


KRGQ7$WRP
HQG

]R]QDP FODVV Y]R]QDP 


V\QY]R]QDP
GDOVL]R]QDP
HQG

IXQFWLRQOLVS VY]R]QDP LQWHJHU


YDURS/LQWHJHU
EHJLQ
LIQXOO V WKHQ5HVXOW ]LVWtþLMHWRSUi]GQ\
]R]QDP
HOVHLIVLVDWRPWKHQ5HVXOW DWRP V KRGQ
HOVH
EHJLQ
RS OLVS ]R]QDP V V\Q PRG/ 
V ]R]QDP V GDOVL
ZKLOHV!QLOGR
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LIRS WKHQLQF /OLVS ]R]QDP V V\Q 
HOVHGHF /OLVS ]R]QDP V V\Q 
V ]R]QDP V GDOVL
HQG
5HVXOW /
HQG
HQG


D6ORYQHSRStãWHþRY\SRþtWDIXQNFLDOLVS
E1DYUKQLWHYVWXSQêYãHREHFQê]R]QDPNWRUêREVDKXMHOHQDWyP\Då NDåGpþtVORSUiYH
UD] WDNDE\YêVOHGNRPIXQNFLHERORþtVOR

=ELQiUQHKRY\KĐDGiYDFLHKRVWURPXYNWRURPEROLYãHWN\þtVODRGGREROY\KRGHQêYUFKROV
KRGQRWRX.HćVPHYUFKRO\WRKRWRVWURPXY\StVDOLDOJRULWPRPSRVWRUGHUGRVWDOLVPH
SRVWXSQRVĢ
D1DNUHVOLWHWHQWRELQiUQ\Y\KĐDGiYDFtVWURP
E1DNUHVOLWHDVSRĖGYDU{]QHELQiUQHY\KĐDGiYDFLHVWURP\]NWRUêFKSRY\KRGHQtYUFKRODV

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/ZadanieTestu.htm (4 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:27]


Test ku skúške

KRGQRWRXY]QLNROGDQêVWURP

3R]QQDY\KRGHQLHYUFKROD]%96VDSRXåLODOJRULWPXV]SUHGQiãN\

(PDLOEODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN_+RPH3DJH$QGUHM%ODKR_1DSRVOHG\XSUDYHQp_ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/ZadanieTestu.htm (5 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:27]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

9êVOHGN\WHVWXNXVN~ãNH
0HQR            6~þHW
%DM]tN7LERU ,           
%DOJDYi(YD ,           
%DOWRYi$OH[DQGUD ,           
%DUWHOW5LFKDUG ,           
%HODV%UDQLVODY ,           
%ODKR/DGLVODY ,           
%Oi]VRYLWV*iERU ,           
%XMĖiN7RPiã ,           
ýDQHFNê0LFKDO ,           
ýtå)LOLS ,           
'RELãâWHIDQ ,           
'RUãLF0DUHN ,           
'YRĜiNRYi-DQD ,           
']DPNR7RPiã ,           
)LOR0DUWLQ ,           
)LOR5RQDOG ,           
)RUQHU9ODGLPtU ,           
)UDWULþ0LFKDO ,           
)UOLþND3HWHU ,           
*DUGRĖ6WDQLVODY ,           
+DOLFNê3HWHU ,           
+DPDMďXGRYtW ,           
+DPDU'XãDQ ,           
+HUãNRYi-DQD ,           
+LWND0LFKDO ,           
+|JHU7RPiã ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/test.htm (1 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:31]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

+RORWĖiN2QGUHM ,           


+RPROD0DUWLQ ,           
+URPLDN0DULiQ ,           
+URQVNê0DUWLQ ,           
-DQþRãHN0LFKDO ,           
-RPEtN2QGUHM ,           
.DGOLF0LFKDO ,           
.DUDV0DUWLQ ,           
.LiWV/DGLVODY ,           
.PHĢ-iQ ,           
.RþDQ0DUWLQ ,           
.RþLã$GULiQ ,           
.RULQHN3DYRO ,           
.RãĢiO0DUFHO ,           
.R]HM3HWHU ,           
.UiWN\0DULDQ ,           
/DFKRYi-DQD ,           
/DQJ0DUWLQ ,           
0DUFLQþiN0DULiQ ,           
0LFKDOLþND-iQ ,           
0LQDURYLHFK-iQ ,           
0RUiYHN0DULDQ ,           
1DOHYDMNR7RPiã ,           
2þNDMiN0DUWLQ ,           
3iORV*XVWiY ,           
3DSS-iQ ,           
3DUiN-R]HI ,           
3HUQHFNê0DUWLQ ,           
3HWUiãHN7RPiã ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/test.htm (2 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:31]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

3HWUtN7RPiã ,           


3LOLã,YDQ ,           
3RODQ0LFKDO ,           
5RWK9ODGLPtU ,           
5XPSOHU3HWHU ,           
6iQ\0LURVODY ,           
6HPDQ2QGUHM ,           
6OH]LDN0DUWLQ ,           
6PDåiN%RULV ,           
6]DNV]RQ1RUEHUW ,           
âDUNDQRYi0iULD ,           
âLPNR'DQLHO ,           
âLPRQtN5RVWLVODY ,           
âLãPLã0DULiQ ,           
âPLG0DUWLQ ,           
âRWW%UDQLVODY ,           
âWHIþHN0DUWLQ ,           
âWHIND3HWHU ,           
âWLEUDQê3HWHU ,           
âXEURYi=ODWLFD ,           
7UQRYHF0DUWLQ ,           
7XUDQ$QGUHM ,           
9DãNR-XUDM ,           
:LHGHUPDQQ9ODGLPtU ,           
=DJ\L1RUEHUW ,           
=DFKDU9RMWHFK ,           
=YROHQVNi=GHQND ,           
ýHUYHQDN7DWMDQD ,           
3RPLFKDO3DWULN ,           

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/test.htm (3 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:31]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

%HO\XV0DW~ã X0,           


&LEXOND7RPiã X0,           
+ODYiþ0LFKDO X0,           
+UQþLDULN0LFKDO X0,           
&KUREiN-~OLXV X0,           
.DããiN3HWHU X0,           
.DODV%UDQLVODY X0,           
.DUDNRYi$OH[DQGUD X0,           
0DOiU0DUWLQ X0,           
0DWHMtþHNďXERã X0,           
0DWUND6DPXHO X0,           
0pV]iURV$QGUHM X0,           
0LFKDOtN0DUHN X0,           
1HPãiN-iQ X0,           
3HWUiã$QGUHM X0,           
3RORKRYi9LHUD X0,           
5LJy=VROW X0,           
6LWWD7RPiã X0,           
6]HNXOD5yEHUW X0,           
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7DNDþ$OHNVDQGUD L           
âNXOWpW\,YDQ 0           
3ULHPHU            
0D[LPDOLVWD            

UR]ORåHQLHERGRY
RGGR  
RGGR  

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/test.htm (4 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:31]


Výsledky testu ku skúške

RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGGR  
RGYLDF  

(PDLOEODKR#IPSKXQLEDVN_+RPH3DJH$QGUHM%ODKR_1DSRVOHG\XSUDYHQp_ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/test.htm (5 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:50:31]


Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), GR

3DUODPHQWRGKODVRYDOåHMHSRWUHEQpY\NRQDĢSRVODQHFNêSULHVNXPQDQLHNWRUêFKPLQLVWHUVWYiFKDLQêFK
ãWiWQ\FKLQãWLW~FLiFK3RGĐDSUHGSLVRYQDNDåG~LQãWLW~FLXPXVtSUtMVĢWURMLFDSRVODQFRYDQDNRĐNRVD
SULHVNXPY\NRQiQDUD]YRYãHWNêFK1LQãWLW~FLiFKYSDUODPHQWHXUþLOL 1SRVODQFRYNWRUtVD]~þDVWQLD
WRKRWRSULHVNXPX-H]QiPHåHQLHNWRUtSRVODQFLQHPDM~NXVHEHQDMOHSãtSUDFRYQêY]ĢDKDQHERORE\
SUHWRGREUHNHE\YMHGQHMWURMLFLEROLWDNtGYDMDNWRUtPDM~Y]iMRPQpNRQIOLNW\.DQFHOiULDSDUODPHQWX
]LVĢRYDODPHG]LSRVODQFDPLLFKY]ĢDK\WMRGNDåGpKRVLY\SêWDOD]R]QDPNROHJRYDNROHJêĖVNWRUêPL
V~RFKRWQtVSROXSUDFRYDĢYMHGQHMWURMLFL3ULWRPDNSRVODQHF$XYLHGROSRVODQFD%åHMHVQtPRFKRWQê
VSROXSUDFRYDĢDOHSRVODQHF%]DEXGROQDVYRMRP]R]QDPHXYLHVĢSRVODQFD$WDNSUHGSRNODGiPHåH
GYRMLFD$%MHYSRULDGNX1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêSRP{åHNDQFHOiULLSDUODPHQWXXUþLĢWURMLFHSUH
SDUODPHQWQêSULHVNXPWDNDE\YåLDGQHMWURMLFLQHY]QLNRONRQIOLNW

9V~ERUHWURMN\GDWV~YãHWN\LQIRUPiFLHQDWRDE\VPHPRKOLULHãLĢ~ORKX

ƔRNDåGRPSRVODQFRYLMHYV~ERUHMHGHQ~GDMRYêEORN
❍EORN]DþtQDPHQRPSRVODQFD

❍]DQtPV~V~UDGQLFHYJUDILFNHMSORFKHDE\VPHULHãHQLHPRKOL]DNUHVOLĢGRJUDIX

❍SRWRPQDVOHGXMH]R]QDPPLHQNROHJRYNWRUêMHXNRQþHQêSUi]GQ\PUHĢD]FRP

ƔPHQRNDåGpKRSRVODQFDMHYV~ERUHXORåHQpWDNåHQDMSUYMHYMHGQRPEDMWHGĎåNDUHĢD]FDD]D

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ƔV~UDGQLFH[D\V~YV~ERUHXORåHQpDNRãWYRUEDMWRYpFHOpþtVOD

6RV~ERURPSUDFXMWHSRPRFRXWULHG\76WUHDP0{åHWHSUHGSRNODGDĢåHV~ERUMHNRUHNWQêDSRVODQFRY
QLHMHYLDFDNR7LHåP{åHWHSUHGSRNODGDĢåHNDåGêSRVODQHFPiDVSRĖGYRFKNROHJRYVNWRUêPLMH
RFKRWQêVSROXSUDFRYDĢDNHćQDSUtNODGYVYRMRP]R]QDPHQHXYLHGROQLNRKR]UHMPHVDREMDYLODVSRĖQD
GYRFK]R]QDPRFKVYRMLFKNROHJRY

9]ĢDK\PHG]LSRVODQFDPLUHSUH]HQWXMWHQHRULHQWRYDQêPJUDIRPYNWRURPYUFKRO\R]QDþXM~SRVODQFRYD
KUDQ\R]QDþXM~RFKRWXVSROXSUDFRYDĢ YQ~WRUQHJUDIUHSUH]HQWXMWHSRĐRPPQRåtQ]DGHILQXMWHKRY
WULHGHJUDI 3URJUDPKQHćSRãWDUWHQDþtWDV~ERUY\WYRUt]QHKRJUDIDY\NUHVOtKRGRJUDILFNHMSORFK\
QDSUãHGêPLþLDUDPL YUFKRO\JUDIXQHPXVtWH]REUD]RYDĢNU~åNDPLDQLStVDĢNXQtPPHQiSRVODQFRY 
3RNOLNQXWtQDWODþLGORâ7$57VD]DþQHKĐDGDĢULHãHQLH~ORK\DSRþDVWRKRWRKĐDGDQLDVDWRWRWODþLGOR
]DEORNXMH (QDEOHGQDVWDYtQDIDOVH 

ÒORKXULHãWHPHWyGRXSUHKĐDGiYDQLDVQiYUDWRP EDFNWUDFNLQJ SULþRPSULHEHKDOJRULWPXSULHEHåQH


]REUD]XMWHQDJUDIHWDNåHNDåGi]DWLDĐQiMGHQiWURMLFD WURMXKROQtN VDIDUHEQHR]QDþt3ULQiYUDWH]
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WODþLGORâ7$57DþDNiQDMHKRRSlWRYQpNOLNQXWLHDE\VDKĐDGDORćDOãLHULHãHQLH$NXååLDGQHćDOãLH
ULHãHQLHQHH[LVWXMHSURJUDPGRĐDYpKRKRUQpKRURKXRWRPY\StãHVSUiYX

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P01.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:33]


Skúška z programovania







‹$% 6N~ãND/

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P01.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:33]


Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), SR

.ULPLQiOQHMSROtFLLVDSRGDULORYMHGQRPPHVWHRGKDOLĢVLHĢPDILHNWRUHMSUHGPHWRPSRGQLNDQLDEROR
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QDYãWHYRYDOLRFKUDĖRYDQpSRGQLN\äLDĐWLHWRLFKWUDV\EROL]DNyGRYDQpDSROtFLLVDQHGDUtSULUDGLĢ
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WDNDE\SRWRPWLHWRNyG\]RGSRYHGDOLGDQêPWUDViP

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9iãSURJUDPSRQDãWDUWRYDQtQDþtWDDY\NUHVOtJUDISULþRPYUFKRO\EXG~]DWLDĐSUi]GQHDKUDQ\EXG~
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P02.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:34]


Skúška z programovania



‹$% 6N~ãND/

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P02.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:34]


Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), 

9UiPFLDNFLHþLVWpUXN\VDYOiGDUR]KRGODGRNDåGpKRRNUHVXQDVDGLĢMHGQpKRDJHQWDNWRUêEXGHGEDĢ
QDþLVWRWX1DNRĐNRVDNRDOtFLDVNODGi]RãW\URFKVWUiQDE\ERODþRQDMYLDF]DEH]SHþHQiNRUHNWQRVĢ
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Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P07.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:45]


Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P07.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:45]


Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P08.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:46]


Skúška z programovania

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‹$% 6N~ãND/

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P08.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:46]


Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P09.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:49]


Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/skuska/P09.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:50:49]


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Test pre fanatikov z Programovania 1i, 1MI, 1FI


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/fantest.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:03]


Test pre fanatikov z Programovania 1i, 1MI, 1FI

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/fantest.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:03]


Výsledky testu pre fanatikov

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/delphi9l/fantab.htm [1.12.2002 23:51:05]


Prednášky z programovania v zimnom semestri



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/index.html (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:11]


Prednášky z programovania v zimnom semestri

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/index.html (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:11]


Prednášky z programovania v zimnom semestri



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:12]


Prednášky z programovania v zimnom semestri

F &RS\ULJKW$QGUHM%ODKR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:12]


Bodovanie programovania 14.1.1998

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/body.htm (1 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:51:17]


Bodovanie programovania 14.1.1998

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/body.htm (2 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:51:17]


Bodovanie programovania 14.1.1998

3HWUMiQRã-iQ L         S


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/body.htm (3 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:51:17]


Bodovanie programovania 14.1.1998

ĆXULã-iQ X0,         


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/body.htm (4 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:51:17]


Bodovanie programovania 14.1.1998

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/body.htm (5 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:51:17]


1. Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), GR


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska1.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:20]


1. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska1.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:20]


2. Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), SR


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska2.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:21]


2. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska2.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:21]


3. Skúška z programovania


6N~ãND]SURJUDPRYDQLDSUHL0,D), GR


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska3.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:22]


3. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska3.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:22]


4. Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska4.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:23]


4. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska4.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:23]


5. Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska5.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:25]


5. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska5.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:25]


6. Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska6.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:27]


6. Skúška z programovania

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/skuska6.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:51:27]


7. Skúška z programovania


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (1 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (2 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (3 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (4 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (5 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (7 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (8 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

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ƔDQDORJLFN\VUHODþQêPLDVSULUDGHQtPUHDO LQWHJHUDOHQLHLQWHJHU UHDO

ƔQHIXQJXMHDQLLQFGHF

ƔUHiOQHRSHUiFLHYHĐPLþDVWRPDM~FK\E\VS{VREHQpUHDOL]iFLRXYSRþtWDþL

ƔãWDQGDUGQpIXQNFLHQDSUVTUWVTUVLQFRVDEV

%RROHDQ

NRQãWDQW\SUHGHILQRYDQpLGHQWLILNiWRU\NRQãWDQW\WUXHIDOVH DNRSUHGWêPGHILQRYDQpQDãH
Ɣ

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (9 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


2. Prednáška: Cyklus WHILE a procedúry

NRQãWDQW\
ƔYSDPlWL E\WH

ƔRSHUiFLHDQGRUQRW

ƔYãHWN\UHOiFLH]SUHGFKiG]DM~FLFKW\SRYLFKYêVOHGNRPMHORJLFNiKRGQRWD

ƔSUHFHGHQFLHRSHUiWRURY

QRWXQiUQDRSHUiFLD
GLYPRGDQGPXOWLSOLNDWtYQHRSHUiFLH
RUDGLWtYQH
!! ! UHODþQp
❍SUtNODG\

LRUL!DNRE\L RUL 


UHOiFLH
Ɣ

)$/6(758()$/6( 758(758( 758(


ƔSULUDGHQLHQHH[LVWXMHNRQYHU]LD

ƔãWDQGDUGQpIXQNFLHRUGERROHDQ DOHER QDSUERROHDQ  )$/6(

ƔSUHGVXFF

XVHV.RU8QLW
YDUNNRU

SURFHGXUHSRO\ QLQWHJHUGXUHDO 
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQNGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

YDULLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  
IRUL WRGRSRO\ LL ^UHiOQHGHOHQLH`
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p03.htm (10 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:35]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

3UHPHQQpIRUPiOQHSDUDPHWUHWH[WRYê 
UHåLP QRY

3UtNODGQDFLNFDNRYpþLDU\


XVHV.RU8QLW
YDUNNRU

SURFHGXUHGRSUHGX GUHDO 
EHJLQ
NYSUDYR  
ZKLOHG! GR
EHJLQ
NGRSUHGX  
NYODYR  
NGRSUHGX  
NYSUDYR  
NGRSUHGX  
G G
HQG
NYODYR  
NGRSUHGX G 
HQG

SURFHGXUHSRO\ QLQWHJHUGXUHDO 
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

EHJLQ
NLQLW  
SRO\  
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (1 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

$MNRU\WQDþNDP{åHE\ĢSDUDPHWURP±SR]RUQHSUHVN~PDMWHVSUiYDQLHNRU\WQDþN\DNRIRUPiOQHKR
SDUDPHWUD P{åHEOEQ~ĢDNMHXNi]DQi 


XVHV.RU8QLW

SURFHGXUHSRO\ NNRUQLQWHJHUGXUHDO ^WRWRNMHLQpDNRJOREiOQHN`


EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQNGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

YDUNNRU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  
SRO\ N 
FDNDMNODYHV
SRO\ N 
NXND]
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG

=GiVDåHWRIXQJXMHDGRNRQFDE\WRIXQJRYDORDMSUHYLDFNRU\WQDþLHN3RćPHDOHULHãLĢWDN~WR~ORKX
QDNUHVOtPHSUDYLGHĐQêXKROQtNSULþRPNDåG~VXVHGQêFKGYRMLFXVWUiQQDNUHVOtPHLQRXIDUERXSHUD
1DNUHVOHQLHGYRMLFHVWUiQSRXåLMHPHQDãHQRYpSRO\


XVHV.RU8QLW

SURFHGXUHSRO\ NNRUQLQWHJHUGXUHDO 
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQNGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

YDULLQWHJHU
NNRU

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (2 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

EHJLQ
NLQLW  
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
N]PHQIS L 
SRO\ N 
HQG
NXND]^DE\VPHYLGHOLNGHNRU\WQDþNDVNRQþLOD`
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG

=GiVDåHWR]UD]XQHIXQJXMH7UHEDSRFKRSLĢþRVDVWDOR.DåGpYRODQLHSRO\Y\WYRUtORNiOQH
SUHPHQQpDSUHNRStUXMH SULUDGt GRQLFKKRGQRW\VNXWRþQêFKSDUDPHWURY7HGDQDFKYtĐXVDY\WYRUt
NySLDNRU\WQDþN\WiWRQDNUHVOtGYHþLDU\QHMDNRXIDUERXDULDGHQLHVDYUiWLGRKODYQpKRSURJUDPXNGH
VWiOHH[LVWXMHJOREiOQDNRU\WQDþNDNWRUiDOHVWiOHVWRMtQDVYRMRPS{YRGQRPPLHVWH

ýRWUHEDXURELĢDE\VDQHURELODNySLDNRU\WQDþN\GRORNiOQHMSUHPHQQHMDOHDE\SURFHG~UDSUDFRYDOD
SULDPRVRVNXWRþQêPSDUDPHWURP"

3DUDPHWUHU{]QHSUtVWXS\NLQIRUPiFLiPQDSUGLiU

ƔYODVWQtN]iSLVþtWDQLH
ƔVHNUHWiUNDSUtVWXSNGXSOLNiWXþtWDQLHPRGLILNiFLDNySLH

ƔVHNUHWiUNDOHQþtWDĢ

ƔRVWDWQtåLDGQ\SUtVWXS

7\S\SUtVWXSRYNLQIRUPiFLiP

Ɣ~SOQêþtWDQLH]iSLV
ƔOHQþtWDQLH

ƔOHQ]iSLV

Ɣ~SOQêSUtVWXSNGXSOLNiWX

ƔåLDGHQ

1HVN{UXYLGtPHãWDQGDUGQpSURFHG~U\QDYVWXSYêVWXS
QDSUSURFHG~UDUHDG [ SUtVWXSNLQSXWQDþtWDQLH
NSUHPHQQHM[QD]iSLV
ZULWH [ SUtVWXSNRXWSXWQD]iSLV
N[QDþtWDQLH

W\S\SDUDPHWURYY3DVFDOH

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (3 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

ƔSUtVWXSNGXSOLNiWXKRGQRWRYpSDUDPHWUHYRODQLHKRGQRWRX PDOLVPHGRWHUD]
Ɣ~SOQêSUtVWXSSUHPHQQpSDUDPHWUHYRODQLHDGUHVRX

9SUHGFKiG]DM~FRPSUtNODGHVPHYKODYQRPSURJUDPH^SRO\ N« `SRXåLOLYRODQLHKRGQRWRX

ƔY\SRþtWDM~VDKRGQRW\VNXWRþQêFKSDUDPHWURYVNWRUêPLMHSURFHG~UDYRODQi YWRPWRSUtSDGH
N
ƔRGRY]GiVDULDGHQLHSURFHG~UHSULþRPVDSUHĖXY\WYRULDORNiOQHSUHPHQQpNQGXDGRWêFKWRVD

SULUDGLDKRGQRW\NWRUpVDSULYRODQtY\SRþtWDOL

$VLE\VDQiPQDPLHVWHNRU\WQDþNRYpKRSDUDPHWUDNYLDFKRGLO~SOQêSUtVWXSWMSUHPHQQêSDUDPHWHU
YRODQLHDGUHVRX OHERSRWRPE\WiWRSUHFHG~UDSUDFRYDODSULDPRVS{YRGQRXJOREiOQRXSUHPHQQRXN
6\QWDNWLFN\VDWRY3DVFDOH]DStãHUH]HUYRYDQêPVORYRPYDUSUHGSUtVOXãQêPSDUDPHWURP

XVHV.RU8QLW

SURFHGXUHSRO\ YDUNNRUQLQWHJHUGXUHDO 
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQNGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

YDULLQWHJHU
NNRU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
N]PHQIS L 
SRO\ N 
HQG
NXND]
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG

)XQJXMHWRDMSUHYLDFNRU\WQDþLHN


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (4 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

XVHV.RU8QLW

SURFHGXUHSRO\ YDUNNRUQLQWHJHUGXUHDO 
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQ!GR
EHJLQNGRSUHGX G NYSUDYR X GHF Q HQG
HQG

YDULLQWHJHU
NNNRU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  
NLQLW  
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
SRO\ NL 
SRO\ NL 
FDNDMNODYHV
HQG
HQG

=DP\VOLPHVDQDFKYtĐXQDGPHQDPLNRU\WQDþLHNYRYQ~WULSURFHG~U\SRO\IRUPiOQ\SDUDPHWHUNMH
SRþDVEHKXSURFHG~U\EXćNRU\WQDþNRXNDOHERNWMWiWRNRU\WQDþND SRþDVEHKXSURFHG~U\ PiQD
FKYtĐXU{]QHPHQiUHVSSUHPHQQêSDUDPHWHU YDUSDUDPHWHU ]QDPHQiåHVNXWRþQêSDUDPHWHU PXVt
E\ĢSUHPHQQi GRVWDQHQDFKYtĐXDMQRYpPHQR±NRU\WQDþNDE\QDR]DMUHDJRYDODQDREHPHQD

ĆDOãtSUtNODGQHFKiPHGRQHNRQHþQDSDUDOHOQHREFKiG]DĢGYHNRU\WQDþN\GYDU{]QHNUXK\6~þDVQHV
QLPLVDWUHWLDNRU\WQDþNDEXGHVWiOHVQDåLĢE\ĢSUHVQHYVWUHGHPHG]LQLPL DNRNHE\ERODYVWUHGH
JXPHQHMQLWHNWRUiMHSULSHYQHQiQDWêFKWRGYRFKNRU\WQDþNiFK 9\WYRUtPHVLSRPRFQ~SURFHG~UX
SRFLWDMBVWUHGGRNWRUHMSRãOHPHDNRSDUDPHWUHSUYpGYHNRU\WQDþN\DWiWRY\SRþtWDV~UDGQLFHVWUHGX
[\ SUHWUHWLXNRU\WQDþNX$NEXG~[D\IRUPiOQHSDUDPHWUH]UHMPHWRPXVLDE\ĢSUHPHQQpSDUDPHWUH


SURFHGXUHSRFLWDMBVWUHG NNNRUYDU[\UHDO 
EHJLQ
[ N[VXUN[VXU 
\ N\VXUN\VXU 
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (5 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

KODYQêSURJUDPP{åHY\]HUDĢ


YDUNNNNRU
[\UHDO
EHJLQ
NLQLW  NXND]
NLQLW  NXND]
SRFLWDMBVWUHG NN[\ 
NLQLW [\ NXND]N]PHQIS  
ZKLOHWUXHGR
EHJLQ
NGRSUHGX  NGRSUHGX  
NYSUDYR  NYODYR  
SRFLWDMBVWUHG NN[\ 
N]PHQ[\ [\ 
HQG
HQG

$VLE\VPH]YOiGOLDMWDNpY\OHSãHQLHåHMHGQDNRU\WQDþNDFKRGtSRNUXKXDGUXKiSRãWYRUFLQDSU


YDUNNNNRU
[\UHDO
LLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  NXND]
NLQLW  NXND]
SRFLWDMBVWUHG NN[\ 
NLQLW [\ NXND]N]PHQIS  
ZKLOHWUXHGR
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGR^VN~VWHLQêSRþHWRSDNRYDQtQDSU`
EHJLQ
NGRSUHGX  NGRSUHGX  
NYODYR  
SRFLWDMBVWUHG NN[\ 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (6 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

N]PHQ[\ [\ 
HQG
NYSUDYR  ^VN~VWHLQpXKO\DSRG`
HQG
HQG

3UiFDEH]NRU\WQDþLHN±WH[WRYêUHåLP

$NQHSRXåLMHPHQD]DþLDWNXQDãLFKSURJUDPRYXVHV.RU8QLWSURJUDPEXGHEHåDĢYWH[WRYRPUHåLPH
]UHMPHSRWRPQHP{åHSRXåtYDĢDQLNRU\WQDþN\ WMP{åHPHGRWH[WRYHMREUD]RYN\ ULDGNRYSR
]QDNRY Y\SLVRYDĢU{]QHWH[W\REVDK\SUHPHQQêFKKRGQRW\YêUD]RYSUtSDGQHQDþLWiYDĢ]NOiYHVQLFH
U{]QH~GDMH QDSUUHiOQHþtVOD =iNODGQêPLSUtND]PL V~WRãSHFLiOQHãWDQGDUGQpSURFHG~U\ QD
Y\SLVRYDQLHQDREUD]RYNXUHVSQDþtWDYDQLHKRGQ{WGRSUHPHQQêFK]NOiYHVQLFHV~ZULWHDUHDG

:ULWH

6NXWRþQêPSDUDPHWURPãWDQGDUGQHMSURFHG~U\ZULWHP{åHE\ĢEXć]QDNRYêUHĢD]HF X]DYUHWêY
DSRVWURIRFK DOHERQHMDNêYêUD] DMVDPRWQiSUHPHQQiMHYêUD]QHVN{UXYLGtPHåHDM]QDNRYêUHĐD]HFMH
YêUD] 0\XåYLHPHåHIRUPiOQ\SDUDPHWHUMH]UHMPHRGRY]GiYDQêKRGQRWRXDQLHDGUHVRX

$NMHSDUDPHWHUþtVOR FHOpDOHERUHiOQH WDNWRWRVDDXWRPDWLFN\SUHYHGLH SURFHG~URXZULWH GR


SRVWXSQRVWL]QDNRY þtVOLF]QDPLHQNDDSRG DDåWRWRVDY\StãHQDREUD]RYNX

:ULWHYåG\Y\SLVXMHSRåDGRYDQ~KRGQRWX SRVWXSQRVĢ]QDNRY QDREUD]RYNXQDSR]tFLXNXU]RUD


EOLNDM~FLSRGþLDUNRYQtN SRY\StVDQtNXU]RUSRVXQLH]DWHQWRWH[WSULþRPDNWUHEDDXWRPDWLFN\
SUHVXQLHNXU]RUGRQRYpKRULDGNXDOHERUROXMHREUD]RYNX YêSLVGRVSRGQpKRULDGNX 

3UtNODG\

ZULWH
]QDNRY\UHWD]HF

ZULWH   
ZULWH VTUW  

$NWLHWRZULWHVSXVWtPH]DVHERXSUtVOXãQpKRGQRW\EXG~Y\StVDQpWHVQH]DVHERXWMQDSR]tFLLNXU]RUD
VDY\StãH

]QDNRY\UHWD]HF(

3URFHG~UDZULWHXPRåĖXMHSRVWXSQRVĢYLDFHUêFKYRODQt]DStVDĢ~VSRUQHMãLHDNRYLDFSDUDPHWURYQDSU

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (7 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

ZULWH
Y\SRFHW 
 
DWLH]
 

ĆDOHMH[LVWXMHYDULDQWSURFHG~U\ZULWHSRPRFRXNWRUpKRP{åHPHSUHVXQ~ĢNXU]RUQD]DþLDWRNQRYpKR
ULDGNX SUtSVDQDMSUYDXWRPDWLFN\]DUROXMH 

ZULWHOQ

$NMHZULWHOQYRODQêVQHMDNêPLSDUDPHWUDPLWDNWLHWRIXQJXM~DNRSUHZULWHD]DULDGNXMHVDDåSRLFK
Y\StVDQt

9êSLV]QDNRYêFKUHĢD]FRY

.RQãWDQW\]QDNRYpUHĢD]FHV~SRVWXSQRVWL]QDNRYX]DYUHWpYDSRVWURIRFK$NPiE\ĢDSRVWURIXYHGHQêY
]QDNRYRPUHĢD]FLPXVtE\Ģ]GYRMHQêQDSU

ZULWHOQ
7H[WV

DSRVWURIRP


$NSRWUHEXMHPHGR]QDNRYpKRUHĢD]FDSULGDĢ]QDNNWRUêVDQHGiVOXãQH]REUD]LĢP{åHPHSRXåLĢ]iSLV
SRPRFRX]QDNXþtVORUHSUH]HQWXMHMHGHQ]QDNV$6&,,NyGRPþtVORDSRWRPWDNêWR]QDNP{åHPH
SULOHSLĢNUHĢD]FX

ZULWHOQ
]QDNRY\

UHWD]HF

QRY\ULDGRN


âSHFLiOQDGYRMLFD]QDPHQiSUHFKRGQDQRYêULDGRNWHGDSUHVQHWRLVWpDNRZULWHOQ

3URFHG~UDZULWHXPRåĖXMHSRXåLĢDMIRUPiWRYDFLHSDUDPHWUH]DY\SLVRYDQêSDUDPHWHUXYHGLHPH

D
IRUPiW FHOpþtVOR NWRUpR]QDþXMHQDDN~ãtUNXVDGDQiKRGQRWDPiY\StVDĢDGRWHMWRãtUN\VDQHMDNR
]DURYQiDOHERLQDNXSUDYt3UH]QDNRYpUHĢD]FHSODWtQDVOHGRYQp

ƔDNIRUPiWFKêEDDOHERMHWRWRþtVORPHQãLHDNRGĎåNDUHĢD]FDWDNVDIRUPiWLJQRUXMHDY\StãHVD
FHOêUHĢD]HF
ƔDNMHIRUPiWYlþãLHþtVORDNRGĎåNDUHĢD]FDWDNVDUHĢD]HF]ĐDYDGRSOQtPHG]HUDPLWDNDE\PDO

ãtUNXSUHVQêIRUPiWQDSU
ZULWHOQ
DEF

GHI
 
Y\StãH
DEFGHI

1DNUHVOLPHVLREYRGSUDYRXKOpKRURYQRUDPHQQpKRWURMXKROQtNDVRVWUDQRX1KYLH]GLþLHN


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (8 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

FRQVWQ 
YDULLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
ZULWH

 IRUL WRQGRZULWH

ZULWHOQ
IRUL QGRZQWRGRZULWHOQ



L 
ZULWHOQ

 
HQG

9êSLVFHOêFKþtVHO

&HOpþtVODEH]IRUPiWRYDFLHKRSDUDPHWUDVDY\SLVXM~QDPLQLPiOQ\SRþHW]QDNRYQDSU

ZULWHOQ    

Y\StãH



2SlĢDNMHIRUPiWRYpþtVORPHQãLHDNRSRþHWFLILHU DMV]QDPLHQNRP WDNVDLJQRUXMH$NMHYlþãLH


WDNVDþtVOR]ĐDYDGRSOQtFKêEDM~FLPLPHG]HUDPL ]DURYQiVDYSUDYR 
3UtNODG

YDULLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGR
ZULWHOQ LL L 
HQG

Y\StãHSHNQH]DURYQDQ~WDEXĐNX

9êSLVUHiOQ\FKþtVHO

5HiOQHþtVODP{åXPDĢMHGQRDOHERGYHIRUPiWRYDFLHþtVODSULþRPDNMHXYHGHQpDMGUXKpWDNWRWR
R]QDþXMHSRþHWY\SLVRYDQêFKGHVDWLQQêFKFLILHUDYWHG\WRWRþtVOR3DVFDOY\StãHEH]H[SRQHQFLiOQHMþDVWL
LQDNMHYåG\Y\StVDQpYVHPLORJDULWPLFNRPWYDUH 3UYpþtVORYåG\R]QDþXMHãtUNXY\SLVRYDQHMREODVWL
SULþRPRSlĢSODWtåHDNE\VDQH]PHVWLORWDNVDPLQLPiOQHUR]WLDKQH9\SLV\UHiOQ\FKþtVHOVLQDWUpQXMWH
VDPL


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p04.htm (9 z 11) [1.12.2002 23:51:37]


Premenné formálne parametre, textový režim

YDULLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGR
ZULWHOQ VLQ  LL

LVLQ  L 
HQG

9êSLVORJLFNêFKKRGQ{W

/RJLFNpKRGQRW\758(D)$/6(VDY\SLVXM~URYQDNRDNRUHĢD]FH
758(
D
)$/6(
DWHGDQHPi
]P\VHODE\IRUPiWRYDFLHþtVORERORPHQãLHDNRUHVS1DSU

ZULWHOQ  

  

5($'

âWDQGDUGQiSURFHG~UDUHDGVO~åLQDQDþtWDYDQLHQHMDNêFKKRGQ{W]DGDQêFKSRPRFRXNOiYHVQLFHGR
SUHPHQQêFKWMSULY\NRQiYDQtWHMWRSURFHG~U\VDYêSRþHWSR]DVWDYtDSRþtWDþRþDNiYDåHQDYVWXSH WM
NOiYHVPL ]DGiPHQHMDNêWH[WDWHQWRRGRãOHPH XNRQþtPH NOiYHVRP(QWHU!3RWRPSURFHG~UDUHDG
WHQWRYVWXSUR]DQDO\]XMHDDNY\KRYXMHSUDYLGOiPSUHYVWXS QDSURþDNiYDVDFHOpþtVORDQDYVWXSHMH
QDR]DMFHOpþtVOR WDNSUtVOXãQ~KRGQRWXSULUDGtGR]DGDQHMSUHPHQQHMLQDNSURJUDPVSDGQHVQHMDNRX
FK\ERYRXKOiãNRX9LGtPHåHIRUPiOQ\SDUDPHWHUSURFHG~U\UHDGPXVtE\ĢW\SXSUHPHQQêSDUDPHWHU
WMYDUSDUDPHWHUOHERSURFHG~UDEXGHPRGLILNRYDĢQHMDN~QDãXSUHPHQQ~

3RGREQHDNRSUHYêSLVQDREUD]RYNXH[LVWXMHDNêVLNXU]RU XND]RYDWHĐNDPVDEXGHY\SLVRYDĢ DM


SURFHG~UDUHDGPiVYRMWDMQêXND]RYDWHĐ PLHVWRYRYVWXSQRPULDGNXRGNWRUpKRþtWDYVWXSGR
SUHPHQQêFKDWHQWRXND]RYDWHĐVDDXWRPDWLFN\SRQDþtWDQtKRGQRW\SRV~YD$NSRåDGXMHQDþtWDĢćDOãLX
KRGQRWXDQDYVWXSHXåQLþQLHMH XND]RYDWHĐMHQDNRQFLYVWXSQpKRULDGNX WDN3DVFDORSlĢRþDNiYDåH
QLHþR]DGiPHDRGRãOHPHNOiYHVRP(QWHU! YiãSURJUDPYWHG\]DVWDQHDQLþQHVLJQDOL]XMHLEDþDNi« 

3RGREQHDNRSUHZULWHDMSUHUHDGH[LVWXMHãSHFLiOQ\YDULDQWUHDGOQNWRUê]QDPHQiåH]Y\ãRNYVWXSQpKR
ULDGNXVDLJQRUXMHDDNEXGHPHHãWHFKFLHĢQDþtWDĢQRYpKRGQRW\SRþtWDþEXGHþDNDĢQDYVWXS]
NOiYHVQLFH

=GRWHUD]]QiP\FKW\SRYYLH3DVFDOQDþtWDĢOHQGRþtVHOQêFKSUHPHQQêFK DQLNRU\WQDþNDDQLORJLFNêW\S
VDQDþtWDĢQHGDM~ 3ULþtWDQtþtVHOVDQDMSUYQDYVWXSHSUHVNRþLDYãHWN\PHG]HU\DRþDNiYDVDEXć
]QDPLHQNRDOHERQHMDNiFLIUD±RGWRKRWRPLHVWDVDVSUDFRYiYDþtVORDåSRNRQLHFULDGNXDOHERPHG]HUX
±ĐXERYRĐQêLQê]QDNMHFK\ED QDSUþLDUND 

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p12.htm (2 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p12.htm (3 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p12.htm (6 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p12.htm (7 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p12.htm (10 z 10) [1.12.2002 23:51:55]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (1 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (2 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (3 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (4 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (5 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (6 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p13.htm (7 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:51:56]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (7 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (8 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (9 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (10 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (11 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (12 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (13 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (14 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (15 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (16 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Vymenovaný typ, množina, rekurzia na nerekurziu, aritmetické výrazy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p15.htm (17 z 17) [1.12.2002 23:52:02]


Dynamické premenné

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (1 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (2 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (3 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

ZULWHOQ
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W\SHSROH DUUD\>@RILQWHJHU
3SROH ASROH
SROH DUUD\>@RISROH^RE\þDMQpUR]PHUQpSROH`
3SROH ASROH
SROHSSROH DUUD\>@RI3SROH
YDUDSROHSSROH
E3SROH
LMLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGRQHZ D>L@ 
IRUL WRGR
IRUM WRGR
D>L@A>M@ LM
QHZ E 
IRUL WRGR
IRUM WRGR
EA>L@>M@ LM

HQG



http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (4 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

W\SHVSROH DUUD\>@RIALQWHJHU^SROHVPHUQtNRYQDLQWHJHU`
3VSROH AVSROH
VSSROH DUUD\>@RI3VSROH
3VSSROH AVSSROH
YDUFVSSROH
G3VSSROH
LMLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGRQHZ F>L@ ^VL]HRI F  `
IRUL WRGR^VL]HRI F>L@ `
IRUM WRGR^VL]HRI F>L@A  `
EHJLQ
QHZ F>L@A>M@ F>L@A>M@A LM
HQG
QHZ G 
IRUL WRGRQHZ GA>L@ ^VL]HRI G VL]HRI GA  `
IRUL WRGR^VL]HRI GA>L@ `
IRUM WRGR^VL]HRI GA>L@A  `
EHJLQ
QHZ GA>L@A>M@ GA>L@A>M@A LM
HQG

HQG

=i]QDP\SROLDDVPHUQtN\

W\SHSROH DUUD\>@RILQWHJHU
3SROH ASROH
]D]Q UHFRUG
[SROH
\3SROH
]DUUD\>@RIALQWHJHU
HQG
3]D]Q A]D]Q
SROH3]D]Q DUUD\>@RI3]D]Q
3SROH3]D]Q ASROH3]D]Q
YDUD3]D]Q

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (5 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

ESROH3]D]Q
F3SROH3]D]Q
EHJLQ
QHZ D 
IRUL WRGRQHZ E>L@ 
QHZ F IRUL WRGRQHZ FA>L@ 
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
IRUM WRGRFA>L@A[>M@ LM
QHZ FA>L@A\ 
IRUM WRGRFA>L@A\A>M@ LM
IRUM WRGRQHZ FA>L@A]>M@ 
IRUM WRGRFA>L@A]>M@A LM
HQG

HQG

3RVWXSQpSUHþtWDQLHSUHPHQQHMFA>L@A\A>M@

F MHW\SX3SROH3]D]Q VPHUQtN


FA MHW\SXSROH3]D]Q DUUD\
FA>L@ MHW\SX3]D]Q VPHUQtN
FA>L@A MHW\SX]D]Q UHFRUG
FA>L@A\ MHW\SX3SROH VPHUQtN
FA>L@A\A MHW\SXSROH DUUD\
FA>L@A\A>M@ MHW\SXLQWHJHU

6PHUQtNQDVPHUQtN

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (6 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

W\SH3LQW ALQWHJHU
33LQW A3LQW
333LQW A33LQW
YDUL3LQW
M33LQW
.333LQW
EHJLQ
QHZ L LA 
QHZ M QHZ MA MAA 
QHZ N QHZ NA QHZ NAA NAAA 

HQG

3UtNODG-HGiOQ\OtVWRNQDYVWXSHYWH[WRYRPV~ERUHMHNyG  FHQDQi]RYWUHEDY\StVDĢ


XWULHGHQp


W\SH]D]Q UHFRUGVVWULQJFUHDOHQG^E\WRY !`


3]D]Q A]D]Q
YDUWDUUD\>@RI3]D]Q
LLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
IRUL WRGRW>L@ QLO^DOHERILOOFKDU WVL]HRI W  `
ZKLOHQRWHRIGR
EHJLQ
UHDG L 
LI L!  DQG L  WKHQ^QHGiVDLILLQ>@
WKHQ`
EHJLQ
LIW>L@ QLOWKHQQHZ W>L@ 
ZLWKW>L@AGRUHDGOQ FV ^YVWXSMHWURFKX]MHGQRGXãHQê
QHKUiPHVDV

`
HQG
HQG
IRUL WRGR
LIW>L@!QLOWKHQ
ZLWKW>L@AGR
ZULWHOQ LF

V 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (7 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické premenné

IRUL WRGR
LIW>L@!QLOWKHQGLVSRVH W>L@ 
^GLVSRVHYVNXWRþQRVWLQHWUHEDOHERSURJUDPNRQþtSDPlĢ KHDS VDDMWDNVWUDWt`
HQG

3R]QiPND

ILOOFKDUMHXåLWRþQêDOHQHEH]SHþQêSRGREQHDNRPRYH
Ɣ

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p16.htm (8 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:04]


Dynamické objekty

'\QDPLFNpREMHNW\ QRY


3ULSRPHĖPHVLVWDUãtSUtNODGVWULHGRXERGDMHMSRWRPNDPLNUXKDVWYRUHF


W\SHERG REMHFW
[\LQWHJHU
IE\WH
YLGERROHDQ
SURFHGXUHLQLW [[\\LQWHJHU 
SURFHGXUHXND]
SURFHGXUHVNU\
SURFHGXUHIDUED IIE\WH 
SURFHGXUHSRVXQ G[G\LQWHJHU 
HQG

SURFHGXUHERGLQLW [[\\LQWHJHU 
EHJLQ
[ [[\ \\I YLG IDOVH
HQG

SURFHGXUHERGXND]
EHJLQ
SXWSL[HO [\I YLG WUXH
HQG

SURFHGXUHERGVNU\
EHJLQ
SXWSL[HO [\ YLG IDOVH
HQG

SURFHGXUHERGIDUED IIE\WH 
EHJLQ
I IILIYLGWKHQXND]
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (1 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

SURFHGXUHERGSRVXQ G[G\LQWHJHU 
YDUEERROHDQ
EHJLQ
E YLGLIYLGWKHQVNU\
LQF [G[ LQF \G\ 
LIEWKHQXND]
HQG

W\SHNUXK REMHFW ERG 


ULQWHJHU
SURFHGXUHLQLW [[\\UULQWHJHU 
SURFHGXUHXND]
SURFHGXUHVNU\
SURFHGXUHIDUED IIE\WH 
SURFHGXUHSRVXQ G[G\LQWHJHU 
HQG

SURFHGXUHNUXKLQLW [[\\UULQWHJHU 
EHJLQ
LQKHULWHGLQLW [[\\ U UU
HQG

SURFHGXUHNUXKXND]
EHJLQ
VHWFRORU I FLUFOH [\U YLG WUXH
HQG

SURFHGXUHNUXKVNU\
EHJLQ
VHWFRORU  FLUFOH [\U YLG IDOVH
HQG

SURFHGXUHNUXKIDUED IIE\WH 
EHJLQ
I IILIYLGWKHQXND]
HQG

SURFHGXUHNUXKSRVXQ G[G\LQWHJHU 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (2 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

YDUEERROHDQ
EHJLQ
E YLGLIYLGWKHQVNU\
LQF [G[ LQF \G\ 
LIEWKHQXND]
HQG

W\SHVWYRUHF REMHFW ERG 


DLQWHJHU
SURFHGXUHLQLW [[\\DDLQWHJHU 
SURFHGXUHXND]
SURFHGXUHVNU\
SURFHGXUHIDUED IIE\WH 
SURFHGXUHSRVXQ G[G\LQWHJHU 
HQG


3UtNODGG\QDPLFNêFKREMHNWRY

W\SH3NUXK ANUXK^WDNiWRGHNODUiFLDP{åHE\ĢVN{UDNRMHGHILQRYDQêNUXK`

YDUNDUUD\>@RI3NUXK

EHJLQ
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
QHZ N>L@ 
N>L@ALQLW UDQGRP  UDQGRP  UDQGRP   
N>L@AXND]N>L@AIDUED L 
HQG
IRUM WRGR
ZLWKN>M@AGR
EHJLQ
IDUED  
IRUL WRGRSRVXQ  
IDUED M 
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (3 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty



6WDWLFNpPHWyG\

3UREOpP

ƔPHWyGDSRVXQMHYRYãHWNêFKWULHGDFKURYQDNiVN~VPHMXQHFKDĢLEDSUHWULHGXERGDYãDGHLQGH
Y\KRGLĢ SUtNODGYNWRURPWRQHIXQJXMH
ƔDNWHUD]]DYROiPHNUXKSRVXQ ]DYROiVDERGVNU\DQLHNUXKVNU\

ERGSRVXQ!ERGVNU\
A
_
NUXKSRVXQNUXKVNU\

9LUWXiOQHPHWyG\

ƔSRWUHERYDOLE\VPHDE\ERGSRVXQSRFKRSLOåHERO]DYRODQê]SRWRPNDDWHGDQHEXGHYRODĢ
VYRMERGVNU\DOHSRWRPNRYXPHWyGXVNU\
ERGSRVXQERGVNU\^YLUWXDO`
A?
_?
NUXKSRVXQ!NUXKVNU\^YLUWXDO`
Ɣ]UHMPHVDWRQHGiXURELĢSRþDVNRPSLOiFLHOHERERGSRVXQQHP{åHWXãLĢåHQLHNHG\Y

EXG~FQRVWLVLQLHNWRQLHNGHLQGHQDSURJUDPXMHYHĐDSRWRPNRYNWRUpEXG~YRODĢERGSRVXQ

3RO\PRUIL]PXV

PHWyGDVD]GLHODYU{]Q\FKVWXSĖRFKREMHNWRYHMKLHUDUFKLH!
Ɣ

QDSUDNU{]QHWULHG\]GHGLDVSRORþQ~PHWyGX QDSUPHWyGXSRVXQ DOH


GHWDLO\SUHU{]QHREMHNW\]RGSRYHGDM~LFK]YOiãWQRVWLDP QDSUPHWyGDVNU\

9þDVQiDQHVNRUiYl]ED

ƔNRPSLOiWRURNDPåLWpUR]KRGQXWLHSULVWDWLFNêFKPHWyGDFK
ƔRGORåHQpUR]KRGQXWLHSULYLUWXiOQ\FKPHWyGDFK

❍]DWLDĐQHYLHãNWRU~PHWyGX NWRUpKRREMHNWX NHćSUtGHþDVYRODQLDRSêWDMVDLQãWDQFLH

SUHPHQQHMW\SXREMHNW
ƔSULVWDWLFNêFKPHWyGDFKNRPSLOiWRUKĐDGi]RGSRYHGDM~FHPHQRYKLHUDUFKLLVPHURPNSUHGNRP

RGGDQQHM~URYQH NGHMHGHILQRYDQiPHWyGD

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (4 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

ƔSULYLUWXiOQ\FKPHWyGDFKQLHNRPSLOiWRUDOHSRþDVEHKXVDKĐDGi]RGSRYHGDM~FHPHQRY
KLHUDUFKLLVPHURPNSUHGNRPDOHRG~URYQHLQãWDQFLH
ƔYþDVQiYl]ED HDUO\ELQGLQJSULVWDWLFNêFK

ƔQHVNRUiYl]ED ODWHELQGLQJSULYLUWXiOQ\FK

9LUWXiOQHPHWyG\

ƔYGHNODUiFLLREMHNWXYLUWXDO
ƔDNMHYQHMDNHMWULHGHYLUWXiOQDPHWyGD !YãHWFLSRWRPNRYLDDNPDM~PHWyGXWRKRWRPHQD

PXVLDPDĢWLHåYLUWXDODVURYQDNRXKODYLþNRX QHVPLHVDSUHGHILQRYDĢ
ƔNDåGêREMHNWNWRUêPiYLUWXiOQXPHWyGXPXVtPDĢNRQãWUXNWRU

❍SRWUHEQpQD]DKiMHQLHDNFLH

❍PXVtE\ĢYRODQêVN{UDNRĐXERYRĐQiYLUWXiOQDPHWyGD P{åHG{MVĢN]DEORNRYDQLX

V\VWpPX
ƔNDåGêREMHNWREVDKXMH907 9LUWXDO0HWKRG7DEOH 

❍NRQãWUXNWRULQLFLDOL]XMHQDSRMHQLHQDW~WRWDEXĐNX EH]WHMWRLQLFLDOL]iFLHVDQHGiåLDGQD

YLUWXiOQDPHWyGD]DYRODĢ
❍NDåGiLQãWDQFLDREVDKXMHOHQVPHUQtNQDW~WR MHGLQ~SUHGDQ~WULHGX WDEXĐNX

.RQãWUXNWRU\DGHãWUXNWRU\

Ɣ P{åHE\ĢLFKDMYLDF 
❍FRQVWUXFWRULQLW^ĐXERYRĐQpPHQRP{åHPDĢDMSDUDPHWUH`

❍GHVWUXFWRUGRQHYLUWXDO^ĐXERYRĐQpPHQR`

ƔPRåQRSRXåLĢYQHZDGLVSRVHSUHVPHUQtN\QDREMHNW\

QHZ 3LQVWDQFLDLQLW  ^DOHER`


3LQVWDQ QHZ 3WULHGDLQLW  
ƔMHVNUiWHQê]iSLVSUH

QHZ 3LQVWDQFLD 3LQVWDQFLDALQLW  


ƔDM

GLVSRVH 3LQVWDQFLDGRQH 
ƔMHVNUiWHQê]iSLVSUH

3LQVWDQFLDAGRQHGLVSRVH 3LQVWDQFLD 
ƔKRYRUtPHåHNRQãWUXNWRUP{åHE\ĢSRXåLWêDMQDLQLFLDOL]RYDQLHSRORåLHNMHKRKODYQiIXQNFLD

MHLQLFLDOL]RYDĢ907

.RPSDWLELOLWDWULHG REMHNWRYêFKW\SRY

NRPSDWLELOLWDMHMHGQRVPHUQi !RGYRGHQêW\SGHGtNRPSDWLELOLWXVRVYRMLPLSUHGNDPL NRPSDWLELOLWDV


SUHGNDPLQLHSRWRPNDPL 

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (5 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

ƔPHG]LLQãWDQFLDPL
ƔPHG]LVPHUQtNPLQDLQãWDQFLH

ƔPHG]LIRUPiOQ\PLDVNXWRþQêPLSDUDPHWUDPL

3UtNODG\

EERGNNUXK
SE3ERGSN3NUXK

3RYROHQp

E N^SUHNRStUXMHOHQ]GHGHQpVWDYRYpSUHPHQQp SUHPHQQ~UQLH `


SE SN^QHNRStUXMHREVDKOHQDNRE\SUHW\SRYDOVPHUQtN`
^RSDþQHQLH`

DN

SURFHGXUH]PHQ YDUEEERG 
EHJLQEEIDUED  EESRVXQ  HQG

P{åHE\ĢYRODQp

]PHQ N  !IRUPSDUDPDPHWHUEEMHSRO\PRUIQêREMHNW U{]QRURGê

!SRWRPRNP{åHNGHNRĐYHNQDKUDGLĢSUHGND SUHGRNP{åH]DVWXSRYDĢSRWRPND 

3RO\PRUIQêREMHNW

ƔNHćGRSURFHG~U\SUtGHDNRSDUDPHWHUQHMDNêREMHNWP{åHWRE\ĢYODVWQHĐXERYRĐQêSRWRPRN
WRKRWRREMHNWX YRYãHREHFQRVWLVDQHGi]LVWLĢNWRUê
ƔXPRåĖXMHVSUDFRYDĢREMHNW\NWRUêFKW\SQLHMH]QiP\

ƔXPRåĖXMHY\XåLĢPHWyG\SUHGNRYVRãSHFLILFNêPL]PHQDPL~SUDYDPL

6S{VRE PHWyGD QiYUKXKLHUDUFKLHREMHNWRY

ƔY\W\SXMHPHVSRORþQpYODVWQRVWLDPHWyG\ !Ei]RYiWULHGD W\S


ƔUR]KRGQHPHNWRUpPHWyG\EXG~YLUWXDO

❍SUHEXG~FHKRSRXåtYDWHĐDXPRåQtPHUR]ãLURYDQLHPHWyG

❍P{åHPHY\URELĢDMSUi]GQHYLUWXiOQHPHWyG\SUHSHUVSHNWtYQHUR]ãLURYDQLH

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (6 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

UR]ãLURYDQLH UR]ãtULWHĐQRVĢ H[WHQVLELOLW\


Ɣ

❍XPRåĖXMHPHQLĢQLHNWRUpþDVWLEH]]GURMRYêFKWH[WRY

❍YćDNDYLUWXiOQ\PPHWyGDPPRåQRPHQLĢþLQQRVĢQLHNWRUêFKSURFHG~U

3UtNODGSROHREMHNWRYQDSUJHRP~WYDURY

W\SH3ERG AERG
ERG REMHFWSURFHGXUHXND]YLUWXDOHQG

3NUXK ANUXK
NUXK REMHFW ERG HQG

3VWYRUHF AVWYRUHF
VWYRUHF REMHFW ERG HQG

FRQVWQ 

W\SHSROH3ERG DUUD\>Q@RI3ERG

YDUSASROH3ERG

QHZ S 
IRUL WRQGR
FDVHUDQGRP  RI
QHZ SA>L@LQLW UDQGRP  UDQGRP  ^3%RG`
SA>L@ QHZ 3NUXKLQLW UDQGRP  UDQGRP  UDQGRP  

SA>L@ QHZ 3VWYRUHFLQLW UDQGRP  UDQGRP  UDQGRP  
HQG
IRUL WRQGRSA>L@AXND]
IRUM WRQGR
ZLWKSA>M@AGR
EHJLQ
IDUED  
IRUL WRGRSRVXQ  
IDUED  
HQG
IRUL WRGR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (7 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


Dynamické objekty

IRUM WRQGR
SA>M@ASRVXQ  


3R]QiPN\

ƔRSUYNRFKSRĐDSQHYLHPHDNpKRV~QDR]DMW\SX WXWRDQLQHYLHPH]LVWLĢ
ƔYLHPHåHEXćV~WRLQãWDQFLHWULHG\ERGDOHERMHKRSRWRPNRYLD

ƔNDåGêSUYRNViPVHEDYLHVSUiYQHXNi]DĢVNU\ĢD]DIDUELĢ

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/p17.htm (8 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:05]


%ZOBNJDLÏLPSZUOBǁLZ

'\QDPLFNpNRU\WQDþN\ GHF


'RUREtPHNRU\WQDþtXQLW.RU8QLW

ƔY\WYRUtPHNRQãWUXNWRUDMGHãWUXNWRU
ƔYãHWN\PHWyG\RNUHPLQLWP{åXE\ĢYLUWXiOQH

W\SH3.RU A.RU
.RU REMHFW
FRQVWUXFWRU,QLW [\XUHDO 
GHVWUXFWRU'RQHYLUWXDO
SURFHGXUH'RSUHGX GUHDO YLUWXDO
SURFHGXUH9SUDYR XUHDO YLUWXDO
SURFHGXUH9ODYR XUHDO YLUWXDO
SURFHGXUH=PHQ6PHU XUHDO YLUWXDO

HQG

6DPRWQpPHWyG\RVWiYDM~EH]]PHQ\OHQSULEXGROGHãWUXNWRU'RQHWHQWRVNU\MHNRU\WQDþNXSUtSDGQH]D
VHERXXSUDFH XYLGtPHQHVN{U 7LHåVLWUHEDXYHGRPLĢåHNRQãWUXNWRU,QLWLQLFLDOL]XMHQHMDNpVWDYRYp
SUHPHQQpDOHMHKRKODYQRXIXQNFLRXRGWHUD]MHLQLFLDOL]RYDĢWDMQêVPHUQtN907EH]NWRUpKRE\XåQLþ
QHIXQJRYDOR7LHåVLYãLPQLPH]DGHILQRYDQêDMVPHUQtN3.RUNWRUêQDPQHVN{UXPRåQtY\WYiUDĢ
SRO\PRUIQpG\QDPLFNpREMHNW\

3R]RUQHVLSR]ULPHNWRUpPHWyG\SRXåtYDM~ YRODM~ QLHNWRUpLQpDOHYLUWXiOQHPHWyG\

Ɣ'RSUHGXYROi=PHQ;<
Ɣ9ODYR9SUDYRYRODM~=PHQ6PHU

$NRE\VPHWRPRKOLY\XåLĢ"$NE\VPHY\URELOLSRWRPNDNWRUêPi]GHIRUPRYDQ~PHWyGX=PHQ;<
WDNåHQDR]DMVDQDVWDYtOHQ[RYiV~UDGQLFDD\RYiVDQHPHQtWDNWDNiWRNRU\WQDþNDVDYLHSRK\ERYDĢ
OHQQDSULDPNHURYQREHåQRXV[ UREtVDSURMHNFLD $NE\VPHWHUD]GYH DOHER NRU\WQDþN\QHFKDOL
URELĢWRLVWpDOHMHGQD]QLFKPiRSUDYHQp=PHQ;<WDNWiWRE\SURMHNWRYDODW~QRUPiOQXQDSUQD[RY~
RV


IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWQBTDBM[TQIUN [
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%ZOBNJDLÏLPSZUOBǁLZ

XVHV.RU8QLW

W\SH.RU REMHFW .RU 


SURFHGXUH=PHQ;< [\UHDO YLUWXDO
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SURFHGXUH.RU=PHQ;< [\UHDO 
EHJLQ
LQKHULWHG=PHQ;< [VXU\ 
HQG

W\SH.RU REMHFW .RU 


SURFHGXUH=PHQ;< [\UHDO YLUWXDO
HQG

SURFHGXUH.RU=PHQ;< [\UHDO 
EHJLQ
LQKHULWHG=PHQ;< [\VXU 
HQG

YDUN.RU
N.RU
N.RU
XLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
NLQLW  ^NXND]^`NSK^`
NLQLW  NXND]
NLQLW  NXND]
UHSHDW
NGRSUHGX  NGRSUHGX  NGRSUHGX  
X UDQGRP  
NYSUDYR X NYSUDYR X NYSUDYR X 
XQWLOIDOVH
HQG

3RGREQHE\VPHVDPRKOLSRKUDĢVWêPåHE\VDPHQLODPLHUNDDOHERURELORSRVXQXWLH


IUUQXXXEFMQIJJOQVUTLBSDIJWQBTDBM[TQIUN [
<>
%ZOBNJDLÏLPSZUOBǁLZ

SURFHGXUH.RU=PHQ;< [\UHDO 
EHJLQ
LQKHULWHG=PHQ;< [ \  
HQG

8NiåHPHVLYlþãtSURMHNWNWRUêEROQDSUYRPWHUPtQHQDVN~ãNHY MHGHQ]GYRFKSUtNODGRY 


1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêEXGHULHãLĢQDVOHGRYQ~~ORKXWH[WRYêV~ERUVXERUW[WREVDKXMHSRVWXSQRVĢ
SUtND]RYSUHNRU\WQDþNXNWRUiSRSLVXMHQHMDNêREUi]RN1DMSUY]DGHILQXMHWHWULHGX.RUSRWRPND
WULHG\.RUNWRUiEXGHREVDKRYDĢMHGLQ~PHWyGX

SURFHGXUHNUHVOL YDUIWH[W 

7iWRPHWyGDVDQDVWDYtQD]DþLDWRNV~ERUXINRU\WQDþNH]GYLKQHSHURD]LQWHUSUHWXMHSUtND]\Y
V~ERUH1DNRĐNRWDNWRNUHVOHQêREUi]RNP{åHE\ĢEXćSUtOLãYHĐNêDOHERPDOêDOHERP{åH
SUHVDKRYDĢRNUDMHJUDILFNHMREUD]RYN\EXGHKRWUHED]PHQãLĢDOHER]YlþãLĢUHVSSULLQLFLDOL]RYDQt
NRU\WQDþN\QH]DþDĢNUHVOLĢYERGH  DOH]YROLĢVLGRPRYVN~SR]tFLXYKRGQHMãLHDWRWDNDE\QD
ãtUNXDOHERYêãNXEROPD[LPiOQHPRåQHYHĐNê

1DULHãHQLHWHMWR~ORK\]DGHILQXMHWHHãWHGYHSRGWULHG\WULHG\.RUWULHGD.RUEXGHVO~åLĢQD
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/tabulka.txt (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:52:43]


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/tabulka.txt

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/tabulka.txt (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:52:43]


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.zs/tabulka.txt

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)DUNDV*DEULHO L         
*UHEHþt%UDQLVODY L         
+DãDQ0LORã L )        
+RPROD-XUDM L )        
+RUĖiN3HWHU L         
+XGHF3HWHU L         
,UPDQ9ODGLPtU L         
-DEORQRYVNê'iYLG L =        
-DããR0LURVODY L         GHND
-DXUD2QGUHM L         
.DODã0DW~ã L         

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/skuska.htm (1 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:52:51]


Skúška LS

.RĜHQHN-iQ L         


.RYiþLN-iQ L )        
.RYiþLN0DUWLQ L         
.RYiURYi0LODGD L         
.XEDOD0LODQ L         
.XEtQL3HWHU L         
.\VHOLFD0LFKDO L         
/HQþpã5yEHUW L )        
/RPDQ-~OLXV L         
/XþHQLþ0DWHM L         
/OH\/DGLVODY L         
0DUþRN-iQ L         
0DUWYRĖ%RULV L         
0H]HL0LFKDO L         
0LQWiO$QGUHM L         
0RãNR0DUWLQ L )        
1DYDUþLN0DW~ã L         
1LNã0DULDQ L         "
1RYRWQê5DVWLVODY L         
2þNDMiN0DUWLQ L         "
2QGUiãND3HWHU L         
2QGUHMRYLþ3DYHO L )        
2UDYHFâWHIDQ L         
3DLO7RPiã L         
3DXGLWã7RPiã L         
3DXHU5RPDQ L         
3DYOiVHN3DYHO L         
3iOII\2QGUHM L         
3HWUXã/DGLVODY L )        
3RORYNRYi3HWUD L =        
3RUWHã3HWHU L =        
3RWRN7RPiã L         
5DIDM3HWHU L         
6DER0DUWLQ L =        
6RODQLþ-DURVODY L         

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/skuska.htm (2 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:52:51]


Skúška LS

6WDULQVNê-XUDM L         


6]LQHN3HWHU L         
6]ORYiN$WWLOD L         
âWXUF-DNXE L         
âXSD3DYRO L         
7UL]QD-XUDM L =        "
7XåLQVNê9ODGLPtU L         
8UVtQ\-XUDM L =        
9DJDVNê0DUWLQ L )        "
9DUJD5RPDQ L         
9\ãQê0DUWLQ L )        
:DOO-iQ L         
äLDN3HWHU L         
6]DUND7RPiã LE         
%DUWHOW5LFKDUG X0,         
%HĖ3HWHU X0,         
&DJDUGD0LFKDO X0,         
&LEXOND7RPiã X0, =        
ýL]PD]LD0LFKDO X0,         
ĆXULã-iQ X0,         
)UDDVRYi-DQD X0,         
)XUGD5LFKDUG X0,         
+DQ]HO3HWHU X0,         
+XGHF0DUWLQ X0,         
+\EHQ-DURVODY X0, =        
.DG~F0LFKDO X0, =        
.DUDERYi0LORVODYD X0,         
.RKDQRYi,YHWD X0,         
0DUWLQHF0DUWLQ X0,         
0HGR-iQ X0,         
3OHYD%UDQLVODY X0, =        
5DGYDQVNê0DUHN X0,         
6LWWD7RPiã X0,         
6ODYtþNRYi0iULD X0,         GHND
âWXJHO3DYRO X0,         

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/skuska.htm (3 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:52:51]


Skúška LS

9UEĖiN,YDQ X0,         


9êERK0DULiQ X0,         
=DIND$QGUHM X),         

/DVW8SGDWHGRQ
%\$QGUHM%ODKR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/skuska.htm (4 z 4) [1.12.2002 23:52:51]


Lexikálna analýza



/H[LNiOQDDQDOê]D6FDQQHU IHE


3UDYLGOiSUHY\WYRUHQLH6FDQQHUD

XUþHQLHDNpU{]QHW\S\OH[pPEXGHPH]RV~ERUX]LVĢRYDĢ OH[pPDSDVFDORYVNpKRSURJUDPX
QDSULGHQWLILNiWRUþtVORUHĢD]HFNRPHQWiU

OH[ NRQLGFLVOR 

Y\WYRUHQLHSURFHG~U\]QDNNWRUiþtWDV~ERUDYUDFLD YJOREiOQHMSUHPHQQHM]

❍NHćMHNRQLHFV~ERUX
❍SULNRQFLULDGNXSULþRPVSUDFXMHNRQLHFULDGNX

❍LQDNSUHþtWD]QDN]RV~ERUX

SURFHGXUH]QDN^SURFHG~UDQDþtWDQLH]RV~ERUX`
EHJLQ
LIHRI I WKHQ] 
HOVHLIHROQ I WKHQEHJLQ] UHDGOQ I HQG
HOVHUHDG I] 
HQG

QLHNHG\VDQiPKRGtSRPRFQiSURHG~UDSLVNWRUi]DSLVXMHNHćWUHEDDNDPWUHED QDSUGR
V~ERUX QDSUVFDQQHUP{åHYLVWêFKVLWXiFLiFKY\WYiUDĢDMYêVWXS

SURFHGXUHSLV
EHJLQ
LI]!WKHQ
LI] WKHQZULWHOQ I 
HOVHZULWH I] 
HQG

Y\WYRUHQLHSURFHG~U\VFDQNWRUiVSUDFRYiYD]QDN\DVWDUiVDRWLHOH[pP\NWRUpFKFHPH]LVWLĢ
NDåGpYRODQLH]LVWtQDVOHGRYQ~OH[pPX

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (1 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

SURFHGXUHVFDQ
YDURNERROHDQ
EHJLQ
UHSHDW
RN IDOVH
FDVH]RI
EHJLQOH[ NRQRN WUXHHQG^XåMHNRQLHFV~ERUX`

^
^]DþtQDNRPHQWiUDNMHGREUêQiMGHPHNQHPXGUXK~]iWYRUNXDOHERSUtGHPHQD
NRQLHFV~ERUX`


^]DþtQDUHĢD]HF`

$

=

D

]
^]DþtQDLGHQWLILNiWRU`

HOVH
HQG^FDVH`
XQWLORN
HQG

RN]QDPHQiåHVPHQDãOLOH[pPXP{åHPHXNRQþLĢWRWRYRODQLH !YOH[MHW\S
OH[pP\YLQêFKSUHPHQQêFKMHćDOãLDLQIRUPiFLD QDSUUHĢD]HFLGHQWLILNiWRUD
SUHPHQQHM

YKODYQRPSURJUDPHRWYRUHQLHV~ERUXLQLFLDOL]iFLDDKODYQêF\NOXV

]QDNVFDQ
ZKLOHOH[!NRQGR
EHJLQ
^VSUDFRYDQLHWêFKOH[pPNWRUpSRWUHEXMHPH`
VFDQ
HQG

3UtNODG

'DQêMHWH[WRYêV~ERUWHVWSDVNWRUêREVDKXMHQHMDNêSDVFDORYVNêSURJUDP1DStãWH
SURJUDPNWRUêQDþtWDGYDUHĢD]FHUDUY\WYRUtV~ERUWHVWSDVNWRUêMHNySLRXV~ERUX
WHVWSDVSULþRPYãHWN\YêVN\W\LGHQWLILNiWRUDUV~QDKUDGHQpLGHQWLILNiWRURPU'iYDMWH
VLSR]RUQDNRPHQWiUH VWDþLDMHGQRGXFKp^` D]QDNRYpUHĢD]FHYNWRUêFKVDYêVN\W\U
QHQDKUiG]DM~U DNKĐDGiPHLWDN]UHMPHQHY\KRYXM~LILLL

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (2 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

YDU]FKDU
IJWH[W
OH[ NRQLHFLGHQW 
UUUVWULQJ

SURFHGXUH]QDN
EHJLQ
LIHRI I WKHQ] 
HOVHLIHROQ I WKHQEHJLQ] UHDGOQ I HQG
HOVHUHDG I] 
HQG

SURFHGXUHSLV
EHJLQ
LI]!WKHQ
LI] WKHQZULWHOQ J 
HOVHZULWH J] 
HQG

SURFHGXUHVFDQ^SUHGSRNOiGDPHåHQLHV~UHiOQHþtVOD`
YDURNERROHDQ
EHJLQ
UHSHDW
RN IDOVH
FDVH]RI
EHJLQOH[ NRQLHFRN WUXHHQG

^
EHJLQ
UHSHDWSLV]QDNXQWLO]LQ>
`
@
SLV]QDN
HQG


EHJLQ
UHSHDWSLV]QDNXQWLO]LQ>

@
SLV]QDN
HQG

$

=

D

]

B

EHJLQ
U



http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (3 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

ZKLOH]LQ>
$

=

D

]





B
@GR
EHJLQ
U U]]QDN
HQG
OH[ LGHQWRN WUXH
HQG
HOVHSLV]QDN
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XQWLORN
HQG

EHJLQ
DVVLJQ I
WHVWSDV
UHVHW I 
DVVLJQ J
WHVWSDV
UHZULWH J 
ZULWHOQ
=DGDMGYDLGHQWLILNDWRU\

ZULWH
SUY\
UHDGOQ U 
ZULWH
GUXK\
UHDGOQ U 
]QDNVFDQ
ZKLOHOH[!NRQLHFGR
EHJLQ
LIU UWKHQZULWH JU 
HOVHZULWH JU 
VFDQ
HQG
FORVH I FORVH J 
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1'Ò

Ɣ8SUDYWHWDNDE\Y\KĐDGiYDQLHUHĢD]FRYQH]iYLVHORRGPDOêFKYHĐNêFKStVPHQ
Ɣ8SUDYWHSURJUDPWDNåHQDþtWDQLHNRĐNRLGHQWLILNiWRURYNWRUpWUHEDQDKUDGLĢDNQLPSUtVOXãQê

SRþHWLGHQWLILNiWRURYNWRUêPLLFKWUHEDQDKUDGLĢ

3UtNODG

1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêþtWDWH[WRYêV~ERUSURJUDPSDVYNWRURPVDQDFKiG]DQHMDNê
SDVFDORYVNêSURJUDPDY\WYRUtV~ERUSURJUDPSDVNWRUêEXGHPD[LPiOQH]KXVWHQêQD
]DGDQ~ãtUNXULDGNXWMYNDåGRPULDGNXEXGHPD[LPiOQ\SRþHW]QDNRYNWRUpVDVHP
]PHVWLDDYV~ERUHEXGHPLQLPiOQ\SRþHWPHG]LHUWDNDE\SURJUDPHãWHRVWDOIXQNþQê

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (4 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

.RPHQWiUH]SURJUDPXY\QHFKDMWH

FRQVWPD[VLU 
YDUIJWH[W
]FKDU
OH[ NRQLHFFLVORUHWD]HFLGHQWLQH 
VVWULQJ^KRGQRWDUHĢD]FDLGHQWLILNiWRUDDLQpKR]R
VFDQQHUD`
KRGQRWDORQJLQW^KRGQRWDþtVOD`
LVLULQWHJHU^VLUGRWHUDMãLDãtUNDULDGNX`
EEERROHDQ^þLYNODGDĢPHG]HU\PHG]LOH[pP\`
VVVWULQJ

SURFHGXUH]QDN
EHJLQ
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HOVHLIHROQ I WKHQEHJLQUHDGOQ I ]

HQG
HOVHUHDG I] 
HQG

SURFHGXUHVFDQ
YDURNERROHDQ
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UHSHDW
RN WUXH
FDVHXSFDVH ] RI
OH[ NRQLHF


EHJLQ]QDNRN IDOVHHQG

^
EHJLQ
ZKLOHQRW ]LQ>
`
@ GR]QDN
]QDNRN IDOVH
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EHJLQ
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ZKLOH]LQ>



@GR
EHJLQ
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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (5 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

]QDN
HQG
HQG

$

=

B

EHJLQ
V

OH[ LGHQW
ZKLOHXSFDVH ] LQ>
$

=

B




@GR
EHJLQV V]]QDNHQG
HQG


EHJLQ
S V

]QDNOH[ UHWD]HF
ZKLOH ]! DQG S GR
LI]

WKHQ
LIS WKHQEHJLQS V V

]QDNHQG
HOVHEHJLQLQF S ]QDNHQG
HOVHLIS WKHQEHJLQV V]]QDNHQG
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HQG


EHJLQ
]QDN
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WKHQ
EHJLQ
RN IDOVH
UHSHDW
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LI]

WKHQ
EHJLQ
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GR]QDN
RN ]


HQG
XQWLO ]  RURN
RN IDOVH]QDN
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HQG
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EHJLQ
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LI]

WKHQEHJLQ]QDNV

HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (6 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

HOVHV


HQG


EHJLQ
]QDNOH[ LQH
LI]

WKHQEHJLQ]QDNV

HQG
HOVHV


HQG



!



EHJLQ
OH[ LQHV ]]QDN
LI V

DQG ]LQ>
!


@ WKHQ
EHJLQV V]]QDNHQG
HOVHLI V
!
DQG ]

WKHQ
EHJLQV V]]QDNHQG
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XQWLORN
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EHJLQ
DVVLJQ I
SURJUDPSDV
UHVHW I 
DVVLJQ J
SURJUDPSDV
UHZULWH J 
VLU E IDOVH
]QDNVFDQ
ZKLOHOH[!NRQLHFGR
EHJLQ
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FDVHOH[RI
FLVORVWU KRGQRWDV 
UHWD]HF
EHJLQ
VV


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LIV>L@

WKHQVV VV


HOVHVV VVV>L@
V

VV


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (7 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Lexikálna analýza

HQG
LIEDQGEWKHQV

V
E E
LI VLU! DQG VLUOHQJWK V !PD[VLU WKHQ
EHJLQZULWHOQ J VLU HQG
LI VLU  DQG V>@

WKHQGHOHWH V 
ZULWH JV LQF VLUOHQJWK V 
VFDQ
HQG
FORVH J 
HQG

1'8

ƔGRUREWHVFDQQHUDMSUHUHiOQHþtVODãHVWQiVWNRYpNRQãWDQW\

D]QDNRYpNRQãWDQW\V


ƔLGHQWLILNiWRU\SUHPHQQêFK QLHUH]HUYRYDQêFKVORYSDVFDOX QDKUDćWHLGHQWLILNiWRUPLNWRUp

REVDKXM~OHQ]QDN\2D4 StVPHQR2QXODD4 QDSU222222222222


222DSRG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p01.htm (8 z 8) [1.12.2002 23:52:54]


Typové binárne súbory



7\SRYpELQiUQHV~ERU\ IHE


%LQiUQ\V~ERU
SRVWXSQRVĢYLHWGHILQRYDQpKR URYQDNpKR W\SXQLHþRDNRSROHSUYNRYURYQDNpKRW\SX
Ɣ

LQGH[RYDQpKRRGSRþHWBYLHWBV~ERUX

W\SHLGHQWLILNiWRU ILOHRILGHQWLILNiWRUBW\SX^W\SYHW\`

ƔDVVLJQUHVHWUHZULWHFORVHURYQDNpDNRSUHWH[WV~ERU\
ƔUHDGZULWHPDM~WURFKXLQpSUDYLGOiQDSUSUH

YDUIVXERU

UHDG ISUHPHQQiBW\SXBYHWDBV~ERUX 
ZULWH ISUHPHQQiBW\SXBYHWDBV~ERUX 

ƔHRI I DNRSUHWH[W
ƔILOHVL]H I SRþHWYLHWV~ERUX

ƔILOHSRV I þtVORPRPHQWiOQHVSUDFRYiYDQHMYHW\ SR]tFLDXND]RYDWHĐD

ƔVHHN IþtVOR   þtVOR ILOHVL]H I  QDVWDYHQLHDNWXiOQHMYHW\

þtWDQLH]DNRQFRPV~ERUX QDSUSUHVHHN IILOHVL]H I  !FK\ED SURJUDP


VSDGQH
ƔWUXQFDWH I PRPHQWiOQHQDVWDYHQiYHWDDYãHWN\YHW\]DĖRXVD]RV~ERUX]UXãLD WM

YãHWN\YHW\RGILOHSRV I
UHZULWH I VHHN I WUXQFDWH I

3UtNODG\

YDUIILOHRILQWHJHU^GYRMEDMW\`
JILOHRIFKDU^EDMW\`

3UtNODG

1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUêY\WYRUtELQiUQ\V~ERUFHOêFKþtVHOGRQHKR]DStãHþtVOD
Y\StãHWHQWRV~ERUQDREUD]RYNXGRStãHQDMHKRNRQLHFþtVODVNUiWLV~ERUWDNåH
EXGHREVDKRYDĢOHQþtVOD

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p02.htm (1 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:52:56]


Typové binárne súbory

YDUIILOHRILQWHJHU
LMLQWHJHU

EHJLQ
DVVLJQ I
FLVODGDW
UHZULWH I 
IRUL WRGRZULWH IL ^E\WH`
^FORVH I QHWUHEDDNQDVOHGXMHUHVHW`
UHVHW I ^þtWDQLHRG]DþLDWNX`
IRUL WRGR
EHJLQ
UHDG IM ZULWHOQ M ^VHNYHQþQpþtWDQLH`
HQG
^VOXãQHMãLHSRNRQLHFV~ERUX`
UHVHW I 
ZKLOHQRWHRI I GR
EHJLQ
UHDG IM ZULWHOQ M 
HQG
^QHVPLHVDSRXåLĢUHDGOQDQLZULWHOQQHH[LVWXMH]QDþNDNRQFDULDGNX`
^YêSLVV~ERUXRG]DGX`
IRUL ILOHVL]H I GRZQWRGR
EHJLQ
VHHN IL UHDG IM ZULWHOQ M ^SULDPHþtWDQLH`
HQG
^SULGDMYHWXQDNRQLHFV~ERUX`
VHHN IILOHVL]H I 
^KRFLVDDNRSRVOHGQêURELOUHVHWQHYDGtWRDGRV~ERUXVDGiDM]DSLVRYDĢ
UHVHWDUHZULWHVDQDY]iMRPQHEORNXM~ !NDåGêRWYRUHQêV~ERUMH
DXWRPDWLFN\DMQDþtWDQLHDMQD]iSLV`
IRUL WRGRZULWH IL 
^VNUDFRYDQLHV~ERUX`
VHHN I WUXQFDWH I ^V~ERUPiWHUD]YHW\`
HQG

3UtNODG

1DStãWHþDVĢSURJUDPXNWRUiY\KRGt]RV~ERUXYHWXVþtVORPL YHW\þtVOXMHPHRG DWR

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p02.htm (2 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:52:56]


Typové binárne súbory

WDNåHLWXYHWXQDKUDGtSRVOHGQRX

VHHN IILOHVL]H I  UHDG IM ^QDþtWDQLHSRVOHGQHM`


VHHN IL ZULWH IM ^]iSLVDNRLWHM`
VHHN IILOHVL]H I  WUXQFDWH I ^Y\KRGHQLHSRVOHGQHM`

3UtNODG

1DStãWHSURJUDPNWRUê]WH[WRYpKRV~ERUXY\WYRUtELQiUQ\V~ERU9WH[WRYRPV~ERUHVD
QDFKiG]DM~LQIRUPiFLHRNQLKiFK.DåGiNQLKDPiYMHGQRPULDGNXLQIRUPiFLHRDXWRURYL
Qi]YHY\GDYDWHĐVWYHURNXY\GDQLDDFHQHRGGHOHQp0{åHWHSUHGSRNODGDĢåHV~ERU
MH]DGDQêNRUHNWQH

W\SHUHW VWULQJ>@
YHWD UHFRUG
DXWRUQD]RYY\GDYUHW^E\WH`
URNLQWHJHU^E\WH`
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YDUIILOHRIYHWD
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VVWULQJ
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IXQFWLRQVSUDFXM VVWULQJYDULLQWHJHU UHW


YDUMLQWHJHU
EHJLQ
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ZKLOH M OHQJWK V DQG V>M@!

GRLQF M 
VSUDFXM FRS\ VLML 
L M
HQG

SURFHGXUHVSUDFXM VVWULQJYDUYYHWD 
YDULNLQWHJHUVVUHW
EHJLQ
ZLWKYGR
EHJLQ

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p02.htm (3 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:52:56]


Typové binárne súbory

L 
DXWRU VSUDFXM VL 
QD]RY VSUDFXM VL 
Y\GDY VSUDFXM VL 
VV VSUDFXM VL YDO VVURNN 
VV VSUDFXM VL YDO VVFHQDN 
HQG
HQG

EHJLQ^KODYQêSURJUDP`
DVVLJQ I
NQLK\GDW
UHZULWH I 
DVVLJQ W
NQLK\W[W
UHVHW W 
ZKLOHQRWHRI W GR
EHJLQ
UHDGOQ WV VSUDFXM VY 
ZLWKYGR
ZULWHOQ DXWRU

QD]RY

Y\GDY

URN

FHQD 
ZULWH IY 
HQG
FORVH I FORVH W 
HQG

3UtNODG

3RNUDþXMPHYSURJUDPHWêPåHQiPXPRåQtY\StVDĢV~ERU]UXãLĢQHMDN~NQLKXSRGĐD
DXWRUDSULGDĢNQLKX

^GHNODUiFLH]PLQXOpKRSUtNODGX`

SURFHGXUHY\SLV
EHJLQ
UHVHW I 
ZKLOHQRWHRI I GR
EHJLQ
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ZLWKYGR
ZULWHOQ DXWRU

QD]RY

Y\GDY

URN

FHQD 
HQG

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p02.htm (4 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:52:56]


Typové binárne súbory

HQG

SURFHGXUH]UXV
YDUDQUHW
LLQWHJHU
QDVLHOERROHDQ
YYHWD
EHJLQ
ZULWH
DXWRU
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ZULWH
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UHDGOQ Q 
UHVHW I QDVLHO IDOVH
ZKLOHQRWHRI I DQGQRWQDVLHOGR
EHJLQ
UHDG IY 
QDVLHO YDXWRU D DQG YQD]RY Q 
HQG
LIQDVLHOWKHQ^]UXãYHWXNWRUiMHSUHGYHWRXQDNWRUHMVDQDFKiG]Dã`
EHJLQ
L ILOHSRV I 
VHHN IILOHVL]H I  UHDG IY 
VHHN IL ZULWH IY 
VHHN IILOHVL]H I  WUXQFDWH I 
HQG
HOVHZULWHOQ
9VXERUHQLHMHWDNDNQLKD

HQG

SURFHGXUHSULGDM
YDUVVWULQJ
YYHWD
EHJLQ
ZULWHOQ
=DGDMXGDMHRQRYHMNQLKHGRMHGQHKRULDGNX

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DXWRUQD]RYY\GDYDWHOVWYRURNFHQD RGGHOHQH

UHDGOQ V 
VSUDFXM VY ^]PLQXOpKRSURJUDPXLEDåHQDþtWDPH]NOiYHVQLFH`
VHHN IILOHVL]H I ZULWH IY 
HQG

EHJLQ^KODYQêSURJUDP`

http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p02.htm (5 z 7) [1.12.2002 23:52:56]


Typové binárne súbory

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (7 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (8 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (9 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (10 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (11 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Triedenia

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p08.htm (12 z 12) [1.12.2002 23:53:10]


Grafy



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p09.htm (1 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:53:12]


Grafy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p09.htm (2 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:53:12]


Grafy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p09.htm (3 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:53:12]


Grafy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p09.htm (4 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:53:12]


Grafy

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p09.htm (5 z 5) [1.12.2002 23:53:12]


1SFIǚBEÈWBOJFTOÈWSBUPN CBDLUSBDLJOH



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p11.htm (1 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:53:15]


Ukážky backtrackingu na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p11.htm (2 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:53:15]


Ukážky backtrackingu na grafoch

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/p11.htm (3 z 3) [1.12.2002 23:53:15]


Test ku skúške



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test98.htm (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:17]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (1 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (2 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (3 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (4 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (5 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/test99.htm (6 z 6) [1.12.2002 23:53:18]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/tabulka.txt (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:53:22]


http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/tabulka.txt

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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/tabulka.txt (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:53:22]


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Skúška - 2. termín



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/sk02.htm [1.12.2002 23:53:24]


Skúška - 3. termín



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/sk03.htm [1.12.2002 23:53:24]


Skúška - 4. termín



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/sk04.htm [1.12.2002 23:53:26]


Skúška - 5. termín



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/sk05.htm [1.12.2002 23:53:27]


Skúška - 6. termín



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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/sk06.htm [1.12.2002 23:53:27]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/fantest.htm (1 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:53:28]


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http://www.delphi.input.sk/archiv/pascal.ls/fantest.htm (2 z 2) [1.12.2002 23:53:28]


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