Chapter 1- Matter and Change

Chapter 2- Measurements and Calculations

I. Matter- anything that takes up space and has
mass.

A. Properties and Changes in Matter

1. Physical property- an characteristic

observed w/out changing the identity of
the substance (melting pt, color, temp…)

a. Physical change- a change in a substance

that does not involve a change in the identity
(cutting, melting, boiling…)
2. Chemical property- relates to a
substance’s ability to undergo changes
that transform it to a different substance.

a. Chemical change- a change in which one

or more substances are converted into
different substances.

Reactants  products

Na+ + Cl-  NaCl

yields
3. Extensive (Quantitative) Properties-
depend on the amount of matter.

a. Mass- the amount of matter an object contains.

b. Weight- the gravitational pull on an object.
c. Volume- the space something takes up.

4. Intensive (Qualitative) Properties- do not

depend on the amount of matter.

a. Density- the ratio of an objects

mass to its volume.
a. Melting/boiling point- the temp.
at which a substance melts/boils.
 II. Classification of Matter

Matter

Can it be separated?

Mixtures Pure Substances

Is the composition Can it be decomposed by

uniform? ordinary chemical means?

Homogenous Heterogeneous
Compounds Elements
Mixtures Mixtures (water, sugar) (oxygen, sodium)
(air, sugar in water) (granite, blood)
II. Classification of Matter

A. Mixtures- consist of a physical blend of two

or more substances of variable
composition.

1. Types of Mixtures

a. Homogenous- the same throughout

(milk, saline solution…)
b. Heterogenous- not the same throughout
(pizza, sand and water).
 B. Pure Substances- consist of a fixed
composition.

1. Elements- the simplest form of matter

(Periodic Table).

a. Chemical symbols- shorthand for the

element on periodic table.
 2. Compounds- substance that can be
separated into simpler substances only
by chemical reactions. Two or more
elements combined.
III. The Scientific Method- incorporates observations, hypotheses,
experiments, theories and laws.

A. Stages in the Scientific Method

1. Observing/collecting data
2. Formulating hypotheses
3. Testing hypotheses
4. Collecting data
5. Theorizing
B. Collecting data

1. Observations- the noting and recording

of facts.

2. Inference- an
interpretation of an
observation.
IV. Units of Measurement

A. SI system- a standard system of scientific

measurement.

1. The 7 Fundamental SI Units

2. Derived SI Units- produced by
multiplying or dividing SI units.

a. Volume- V = L x W x H
= cm x cm x cm
= cm3

1 cm3 = mL

b. Density- D = mass/ volume

= g/cm3
V. Using Scientific Measurements

A. Accuracy vs. Precision

1. Accuracy- how close a measurement

comes to the actual true value.

2. Precision- the reproducibility of the

measurement.
B. Percent Error- the accuracy of an average
experimental value compared to the
accepted value.

Percent Error = Value exp. – Value acc. x 100

Value acc.
VI. Developing Tools For Analysis

A. Making Tables and Graphs- graphs visually

show proportional relationships among
data.

1. Slope = y2 - y1
x2 - x 1

= y
x
= rise
run
B. Rules for Good Graphing
1. Give your graph a descriptive title.
2. Indent the axes from the edge of the
graph paper.
3. Label each axis and the units used.
4. Choose an appropriate scale.
5. Choose a convenient scale.
6. Locate points with a small circle around
them.
7. Draw a smooth curve or straight line to
represent the general tendency of the
data points.
VII. Significant Figures

A. Significant Figures- all the

digits in a measurement that can be
known accurately plus a last
digit that must be estimated.
1. Which digits are significant?
a. Every nonzero digit in a measurement.
b. Zeros appearing between nonzero digits.
c. Zeros at the end of a number and to the
right of a decimal point.
d. Zeros at the end of a measurement only if
the number contains a decimal point.
e. All digits in scientific notation.
f. Zeros appearing in front of all nonzero
digits are NOT significant.
VIII. Significant Figures in Measurement

A. No measurement is exact!
Consider
1. It isanimportant
example to of state
a measured density.
experimental
results with a number of significant
Suppose you measured
Mass measured the mass of a rock to be
digits towhich
2 SF’s give a reasonable
Vol. measured to
9.3 grams and it’s volume to be 3.4 2 SFscm .
3
impression of the accuracy of the
Density =
measurement. mass = 9.3 g = 2.44736 g/cm 3

volume 3.8 cm3

Not but
Maybe this doesn’t look as impressive science
it is a but fiction!
better answer

= 9.3 g = 2.4 g/cm3

3.8 cm3
B. Multiplying and dividing
1. The measurement with the fewest
significant figures determines the
number of significant figures in the
answer.

4.28 m x 9.2567 m = 3.96 m2

0.62 cm x 1.56 cm = 0.97 cm2
985.33 g / 65.2 mL = 15.1 g/mL
27.30 L2 / 2.73 L = 10.0 L or

1.00 x 101 L
C. Adding and subtracting
1. The measurement with the digit
having the lowest decimal value
determines the decimal value in the
answer.

12.1 g + 435.673 g = 447.8 g

62 m - 25.321m = 37 m
1.20 mL - .0021 mL = 1.20 mL
IX. Dimensional Analysis (Unit-Factor Method)
A. Dimensional Analysis- the converting of
unit into another without changing
the value of the original amount.
1. Conversion Factors - shows the
relationship between two measurements.
a. A ratio where the measurement on the
top is equal to the measurement on the
bottom.

100 cm = 1 & 1 m_ = 1
1m 100 cm
2. Steps in Dimensional Analysis
(1) Write down what is given
(2) Create an equality between what is
given and what you want to change to.
(3) Set up a conversion factor (the unit to
cancel goes on the bottom)
(4) Do math. Multiply tops, divide by
bottoms. Correct
for SFs!
How many cm in 6.4 inches?
6.4 inches 2.54 cm = 16.256 cm
1 inch
16.3 cm