Keys Final

1
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abdu-
Nanai: aboli.- 1
Meaning: 1 cattle, herd 2 household, property 3 cloth,
fabric Oroch: abuli- 1
Evenki: abdu 1, 2 Udighe: abuli- 1
Even: abdu. 2, 3 Solon: abu.l- 1
Negidal: abdu.n 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *abusi
Spoken Manchu: adun 'herd, flock' (2319) Meaning: 1 husband of elder sister 2 husband of father's or
mother's younger sister 3 brother-in-law, son-in-law
Literary Manchu: adu 3
Evenki: awus 1
Jurchen: ad-hu (551) 3
Even: a:wu.s 1, 2
Orok: abdu. 2
Negidal: awu.s 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abgu-
Ulcha: au.si. 3
Meaning: 1 to pull out, take from 2 (refl.) to appear
Nanai: aosi. 3
Even: abgi.n- 2
Oroch: aus/a" 3
Negidal: abgu.- 1
Udighe: auhi 3
Ulcha: aGbu.mbu.- 1, aGbu.n- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *acû-
Orok: aGbu.n-
Meaning: 1 to slander, slander 2 to answer
Nanai: aGbi.-mboGo- 1, aGbi.acî.- 2
Literary Manchu: acûx/a-da-, acûx/an 1
Oroch: a:bu- 1
Nanai: acô:go- 2 (IJ.)
Udighe: agbu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ada-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *abu-
Meaning: 1 twins 2 to unite, attach 3 close, neighbour
Meaning: 1 to lack, be insufficient 2 to become exhausted,
lean 3 to be tired 4 to bleed Negidal: adaxu. 1
Evenki: abul- 1, abu- 4 Literary Manchu: ada- 2, adaki 3
Even: abͬ.l- 1 Ulcha: adau. 1
Negidal: abu.l- 1 Orok: ada:w 1
Literary Manchu: absa- 2, abuliqabi 3 Nanai: ada- 2, ado: 1

Ulcha: abu.li.- 1
Oroch: adawu 1
Orok: abu.li.- 1
2
Keys of Han
Udighe: adaù 1 (QRST. 204) Udighe: aja 1, ai-sigi- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aga Solon: ai, aja 1
Meaning: rain Han-Tungus-prototype: *ajara-
Spoken Manchu: aha: (2015) Meaning: 1 to take off fat (while melting) 2 spoon for
taking fat off
Literary Manchu: aGa
Ulcha: ajara- 1, ajaraqu. 2
Jurchen: ah-ga (8)
Nanai: ajarax|o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *agula:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ak- / *kaka
Meaning: meadow, plain
Meaning: 1 man 2 elder brother
Evenki: awla:n, ag|la:n
Evenki: aka:, akin 2
Even: awlͬn
Even: aqa, aqͬ.n 2
Negidal: awlan
Negidal: aga / axa 2
Ulcha: awda(n)
Spoken Manchu: hah@ 1 (829)
Orok: awla(n)
Literary Manchu: xaxa 1, axun 2
Nanai: aoda?
Jurchen: xaxa-aj (298) 1, axun (axun-un) (286) 2
Oroch: auda, aula
Ulcha: aGa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aja, *aju-
Orok: aGa / aqa 2
Meaning: 1 good 2 handsome, beautiful 3 to save, help
Nanai: a: 2
Evenki: aja 1, aj(u:)- 3
Oroch: aka, akin 2
Even: aj 1, aj(i.)- 3
Udighe: aga` 2 (QRST. 203)
Negidal: aja 1
Solon: axa:, axin 2
Literary Manchu: aj-lun|Ga 2, aj-sila- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *aKa
Jurchen: aju-bulu (419) 3
Meaning: loon, diver
Ulcha: aja 1
Negidal: axani:.
Orok: aja 1, aju.- 3
Literary Manchu: aqa n/exe
Nanai: ai, aja: 1
Ulcha: an/i
Oroch: aja 1, ai-cî- 3
Nanai: a:n/i
3
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *al- Oroch: alu.- 1, alaw- 2
Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to poach (in dirt) 3 bay, shore inlet Udighe: alau- 2
Evenki: aldi- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *alba-
Orok: ala:q 1 Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 lazy
Nanai: alian 3 (IJ.) Evenki: alba- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala- Even: albͬ.- 1
Meaning: 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 mountain 3 mountain Negidal: alba- 1

pass 4 ravine
Orok: alba- 1
Evenki: ala- 1, alaki:t, alan 3
Nanai: albaqto 2
Even: alͬ.n- 1, alͬ.n 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alda-n
Negidal: alan- 1, alaxi:.t 3
Meaning: distance between
Spoken Manchu: alin 2 (2067)
Literary Manchu: andan, alda-
Literary Manchu: alin 2
Jurchen: an-dan-do (816) 'to follow'
Jurchen: ali-in (39) 2
Ulcha: alda(n)
Nanai: ala 3 (Bik.)
Orok: alda(n)
Udighe: ala 4
Nanai: alda?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala-
Oroch: agda(n)
Meaning: 1 to tell 2 (caus.) to teach, explain 3 to offer as
sacrifice 4 to be responsible 5 royal decree Udighe: agda(n)
Evenki: alawu:- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *alga
Negidal: ala-cî.- 3 Meaning: net
Spoken Manchu: al@- 'to tell, to inform' (1346) Evenki: alga
Literary Manchu: ala- 1 Literary Manchu: alGan
Jurchen: alawa-gi (576) 5 Ulcha: arGa
Ulcha: alau.- 2, 4 Nanai: alGa
Orok: alau.- 2 Oroch: agga
Nanai: alo:-si.- 2 Solon: alga

4
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *al(i)- Evenki: alug| 1
Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over Negidal: aloj 1
Evenki: al- 1 Ulcha: a:lu. 1
Even: al- 1 Orok: allu. 1
Negidal: al- 1 Oroch: a:la": ~ a:li 2
Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404) Han-Tungus-prototype: *am-
Literary Manchu: ali- 1 Meaning: 1 quick, quickly 2 to be in time, to catch up 3 to

reach, touch
Jurchen: ali- (242) 2
Evenki: ama, ama-ka:n 1, amin-, ami-lta"n-
Ulcha: alu:.- 2
Even: a:mrͬ.q 1, a:mͬ.ltͬ.n- 2
Orok: ali.- 1
Spoken Manchu: am@c^@- 2
Nanai: ali.- 1
Literary Manchu: am-bu-, am-câ- 3
Oroch: alo:- 2
Nanai: am-qa-cî.- 3 Bik.
Udighe: ali- 1, alu- 2
Solon: amari: 1
Solon: ali- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *amba-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ali-, *alak-
Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 very
Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to endure 3 to regret 4 to envy
Spoken Manchu: am@ 'big, large' (2398)
Evenki: ali- 1
Literary Manchu: amba 1
Even: ale?l- 1
Jurchen: amban (amban-an) (668) 1, amban-lar (724) 2
Negidal: ali.- 1, alaxi.- 4
Ulcha: amba(n) 1, 3
Literary Manchu: al/a- 3
Orok: ambaramz^|i. 3
Ulcha: ali.- 2
Nanai: amba(n) 1
Nanai: ali.- 2, alaqi. 4
Oroch: amba 3
Oroch: ali- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *amn|a, *amta-
Solon: al/e:?-, ali:- 1
Meaning: 1 mouth 2 to taste
Han-Tungus-prototype: *alu-
Evenki: amn|a 1, amta- 2
Meaning: 1 currants 2 a k. of berry (Tp)Rͧno
5
Keys of Han
Even: amn|ͬ 1, amtͬ- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *andi
Negidal: amn|a 1, amta- 2
Meaning: scoter, a k. of duck
Spoken Manchu: an|@ 1 (27), an|a 1
Evenki: anni, andi, ende
Literary Manchu: an|ga 1
Negidal: ani.
Jurchen: am-n|a (494) 1
Nanai: a:ni, a:n|gi (IJ.) 'diver'
Ulcha: an|ma 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ani:-
Orok: amn|a / an|ma 1
Meaning: to present a gift
Nanai: amGa 1
Evenki: ani:-
Oroch: amma 1
Even: ani.-
Udighe: an|ma 1
Ulcha: ajban ( < *ani-pan) 'gift'
Solon: amma, angai 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an/n|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ana-
Meaning: year
Meaning: very
Evenki: ann|ani:
Nanai: anam
Even: ann|ͬ.n
Oroch: ana, ani:, anu
Negidal: an/n|ani:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *anda
Spoken Manchu: ani (2723)
Meaning: friend
Literary Manchu: an/a
Evenki: anda
Jurchen: ania (79)
Negidal: anda
Ulcha: an/a(n)
Literary Manchu: anda
Orok: anan/i.
Jurchen: al-da-xaj (330) cf. *alda (1-31), an-dan-do (816)
'to follow' Nanai: ajn|an/a, ajn|ani.
Ulcha: anda Oroch: ann|an/i
Orok: anda Udighe: an|a(n)
Nanai: anda Solon: an/e:?, an|a
Oroch: anda Han-Tungus-prototype: *antaga
Udighe: anda Meaning: slope of a mountain

6
Keys of Han
Evenki: antag|a Nanai: an|z^|i.ni. 1, an|Gaz^|a? 2
Even: antͬ.g| Oroch: an|nain/i 1, an|az^|a 2
Negidal: antag|a Udighe: an|naxi 1, an|az^|a 2
Literary Manchu: antu Solon: an|az^|i? 2
Nanai: antaz^|i.a Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Udighe: anta Meaning: 1 wild game 2 mountain ram 3 to graze (of deer)
4 enclosure for deer
Han-Tungus-prototype: *anz^|a
Evenki: an|a 1, anan| (dial.) 2, an|a- 3, an|an 4
Meaning: plough
Even: anͬ.n| 2, an|- 3
Literary Manchu: anz^|a
Negidal: an|a- 3
Ulcha: anz^|a
Orok: a:n|a- 3
Nanai: anz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|(g)a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Meaning: net (for catching fish under ice)
Meaning: 1 dig 2 crack, hole 3 open
Negidal: an|a
Evenki: an|a- 1, an|a-/ a:n|a:- 3, an|a 2
Ulcha: an|Ga
Even: an|- 1, a:n|a- 3
Orok: an|Ga
Negidal: an|a- 1, 3, an|a 2
Nanai: an|ga
Ulcha: an|Gala 2
Oroch: an|ga
Orok: a:n|Ga- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-
Meaning: grandfather; uncle (elder brother of father,
Meaning: 1 foreigner 2 orphan mother)
Evenki: an|naki: 1, an|az^|aka:n 2 Negidal: apa
Even: an|ͬ.z^|a 2 Nanai: papa (Naikh.), fafa (Bik.) (redupl.)
Negidal: an|naxi:. 1, an|az^|axa:n 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa-
Literary Manchu: anaqu (z^|uj) 2 Meaning: 1 to attack 2 to fight
Ulcha: an|az^|a, an|an/i. 2 Spoken Manchu: af@- 1 (789)
Orok: an|ada 2 Literary Manchu: afa- 1

7
Keys of Han
Evenki: aran
Nanai: apa- 1
Even: arͬ.n
Solon: apaldi- 2
Spoken Manchu: ar@q@n (2952)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *apka
Literary Manchu: arqan
Meaning: sky
Solon: ara?
Spoken Manchu: abka, apka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *arka-n
Literary Manchu: abqa
Meaning: back
Jurchen: a-pu-ha
Evenki: arkan
Nanai: apqa (Kur.-Urm.), afqa (Bik.)
Even: arqͬ.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ar-
Negidal: ajkan
Meaning: 1 to make, work, construct 2 to come to one's
senses 3 to cause fear (Rf an evil ghost), to appear in one's Orok: atta(n)
imagination 4 shape, form 5 evil spirit
Oroch: akka(n)
Evenki: arit- 3, aru:- 2, arinka 5
Udighe: aka(n)
Even: ar-, ari.- 3, ar- 2, ari.n|qͬ. 5
Solon: arka?
Negidal: aji. 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *arpa
Spoken Manchu: ar@v@n, ar@vun 'appearance, form'
(2342) Meaning: barley; oats
Literary Manchu: ara- 1, arbun 4, ari 5 Literary Manchu: arfa
Nanai: ari. 5 Han-Tungus-prototype: *asi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara- Meaning: 1 wife of elder brother 2 woman 3 wife
Meaning: 1 open space 2 open ritual court Evenki: asi: 2
Evenki: arag|an 1 Even: asi. 2
Even: arͬ.g|ͬ.n 1 Negidal: asi: 2
Ulcha: aracû. 2 Spoken Manchu: as^@, as@ 3 (908)
Oroch: ara:cû 2 Literary Manchu: asâ 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara- Ulcha: asi. 3
Meaning: scarcely Orok: asi. 2

8
Keys of Han
Nanai: as/a 2 Nanai: ao- 1, 2
Oroch: asa 2 Oroch: a:- 1
Udighe: ahanta 2 Solon: a:-s^/in- 1
Solon: as^/e:, as^/i: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:bu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *axiri- Me a ning: a k. of duck (ͥ-Toͤ RSJop)ͱ

p
Meaning: to sweep, rake up snow Even: a:wu.ldu.qa
Ulcha: ax|i.ri.- Orok: awu.n|Ga
Orok: ax|i.ri.- Oroch: aun|a
Nanai: ax|i.ri.- Udighe: aun|ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *az^|i-n Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:ga-
Meaning: a k. of salmon Meaning: 1 arrow point, notch 2 whetstone
Evenki: az^|in Evenki: a:g|en 2
Negidal: az^|i.n Even: a:g|ͬn 2
Literary Manchu: az^|in Negidal: ag|at 1, ag|an 2
Ulcha: az^|i.(n) Literary Manchu: atan 1
Orok: az^|i.(n) Nanai: an|a? 2
Nanai: az^|i.? Oroch: a:ta 1, awa 2
Oroch: az^|i.(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:j-
Udighe: az^|i(n) Meaning: 1 swift 2 to run quickly 3 to step (on sand,

snow)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(b)-
Even: aji.n| 1
Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to lie 3 to entertain
Literary Manchu: aja- 2
Evenki: a:- 1
Orok: aja-mu.nz^|i. 1
Even: awu.n- 3
Nanai: a:i- 3 (IJ. 30)
Negidal: a:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li-
Ulcha: au.- ~ aw- 1, 2
Meaning: to get tired
Orok: a:(wu.)- 1, 2
Negidal: a:li:.-
9
Keys of Han
Ulcha: a:l(i.)- Literary Manchu: omo 1
Orok: a:li.- Jurchen: omo (45) 1
Nanai: a:li.- Nanai: amoa? 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:li- Oroch: amu 1
Meaning: 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal Udighe: amuli 'name of a river' (QRST. 207)
(after a long hunt)
Solon: amu.z^|i 1, amur 2
Negidal: a:li.-w- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:(n)-
Udighe: ali- 2, alip- 'to become spoiled (of meat)' (QRST. 205,
206) Meaning: not
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:m- Evenki: a:cîn
Meaning: 1 to sleep 2 to be sleepy Even: a:n, a:c^
Evenki: a:me- 2 Negidal: a:cîn
Even: a:mol- 2 Spoken Manchu: aqu (3017)
Negidal: a:ma- 2 Literary Manchu: aqu
Spoken Manchu: am@h@- 1 (528) Jurchen: a-c?wi (705)
Literary Manchu: amga- / amxa- 1 Ulcha: ana
Ulcha: amasi.- 2 Orok: ana
Orok: a:ma- 2 Nanai: ana:
Nanai: a:malo-, a:masi.- 2 Oroch: ana
Oroch: a:ma-si- 2 Udighe: ancî
Udighe: amahi 2 Solon: as^/i?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:mu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n/i-
Meaning: 1 lake 2 river Meaning: 1 to enjoy 2 feast
Evenki: a:mut 1 Even: a:n/i.- 1
Even: amar, a:ma:r 2 Nanai: an/a: 2 (IJ.)
Negidal: amu.t 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:n|(gi)-
Spoken Manchu: om@ 1 (2082) Meaning: right

10
Keys of Han
Evenki: bagda-ma, -rin 1, bag|urin 2
Evenki: ann|u:, a:n/n|u:
Even: ba:wu.n, ba:i. 2
Even: a:ngͬ.g|
Negidal: bagdaji:n 1
Negidal: an/n|i.-da:
Solon: bagdarin, bogdarin 1
Ulcha: anz^|i.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-
Orok: a:n/z^|e:
Meaning: rock, cliff
Nanai: a:n|gi.a
Evenki: bajtu
Oroch: a:n/z^|a"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baj-li
Udighe: ajan|az^|a
Meaning: favour, mercy
Solon: angida
Literary Manchu: bajli
Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:z^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-
Meaning: 1 first child 2 small child 3 the most
Meaning: 1 separate 2 to break, divide bread
Even: a:z^|i.n 1
Evenki: bakla 1
Spoken Manchu: az^|ig@ 2 (2403)
Even: be:kͬl 1
Literary Manchu: az^|i-ge 2, az^|i 1
Nanai: baqta- 2 (dial.)
Nanai: az^|i:. 3, az^|i.-go- 'S•ͤͮR~ p'‚Jͨn•‚S
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baK-
Udighe: az^|iga 'girl'
Meaning: 1 muscles of thigh 2 knucklebone (of a horse);
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba- fetlock
Meaning: 1 to propose for marriage 2 proposed for Literary Manchu: baqalaz^|i 2

marriage since childhood
Nanai: bagdixi?. 1
Evenki: ba- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baKa-
Literary Manchu: ba-cîxi 2
Meaning: to find, obtain
Han-Tungus-prototype: *badara
Evenki: baka-
Meaning: dun-bird
Even: baq-
Evenki: badara
Negidal: baxa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bag-
Spoken Manchu: bah@- (1562)
Meaning: 1 white 2 clear (of sky, weather)
Literary Manchu: bax|a-
11
Keys of Han
Jurchen: baxa-biar 'obtain' (366) Orok: balz^|i.-
Ulcha: ba:- Nanai: balz^|i.-
Orok: ba:- Oroch: ba:gdi-
Nanai: ba:- Udighe: bagdi-
Oroch: ba:- Solon: baldi-
Udighe: ba`- (QRST. 210) Han-Tungus-prototype: *bali-
Solon: baxa- Meaning: sable (one year old)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baksa Evenki: balini
Meaning: prop, central pole Han-Tungus-prototype: *ban|-sala-
Evenki: baksa Meaning: to kick
Ulcha: baqsa Literary Manchu: basîla-
Nanai: baqsa Ulcha: basala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bala- Orok: basala-
Meaning: ancient, earlier Nanai: ban|sala-
Ulcha: balana Oroch: ban|sala-
Orok: balana Udighe: ban|câla-
Nanai: balana Han-Tungus-prototype: *bara-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baldi- Meaning: 1 many 2 to increase 3 capacious
Meaning: to bear, be born Evenki: bara-ma 1, bara-l- 2
Evenki: baldi- Even: baran 3
Even: baldͬ.- Negidal: baja 1
Negidal: baldi.- Literary Manchu: baran 1
Spoken Manchu: banz^|i-, banz^|@- (694, 2146) Orok: bara 1
Literary Manchu: banz^|i- Solon: bara: 1
Jurchen: boldi-xaj (388) Han-Tungus-prototype: *bargi-
Ulcha: baldi.- Meaning: 1 opposite 2 enemy, inimical

12
Keys of Han
Evenki: bargi: 1, bargu:k 2 Negidal: batu.xi.n
Even: bargͬ.g| 1, bargͬ.q 2 Ulcha: batu.xu.n
Negidal: bajgi.- 1, bajgu.n 2 Nanai: bartoxi.?
Literary Manchu: baz^|i-la 1, baqcîn 1, 2 Oroch: ba:tuxa":
Jurchen: bai-z^|u-mij di:- 'to be inimical' (797) Udighe: batixi
Ulcha: baz^|i. 1, baz^|u.(n) 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-n
Orok: baz^|z^|e:? 1 Meaning: frozen soil
Nanai: bajGi. 1, bajGo:(n) 2 Evenki: batun
Oroch: baggi- 1, baz^|ug|i 2 Even: batͬ.n
Udighe: baga" 1, bagia 2 Literary Manchu: batun
Solon: bargi:- Ulcha: ba:tu.(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *baru-n Nanai: bato?
Meaning: 1 thick 2 round, full Han-Tungus-prototype: *baz^|i-
Even: baru.-n 1 Meaning: early
Literary Manchu: barun 2 Evenki: baz^|i-kir
Nanai: baro? (Kur-Urm.) 2 Even: baz^|
Oroch: bau(n) 1 Negidal: baz^|i.g|
Udighe: bau 1 Oroch: ba:z^|ika
Han-Tungus-prototype: *basa- Udighe: baz^|i
Meaning: payment Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:da
Literary Manchu: basa, base Meaning: 1 face 2 shape, form, colour
Han-Tungus-prototype: *basâ- Evenki: ba:de 1
Meaning: to drive, urge Even: ba:d 1, 2
Literary Manchu: basâ- Nanai: ba:do 'opposite to', ba:do-ba:do 'face to face'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *batu-kin Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:gba
Meaning: rope (made of bark) Meaning: 1 stake, bar, spear 2 to delve with a stake, spear
13
Keys of Han
3 to hit (with a stake, stick) Nanai: ba:ra:cî.-
Even: bag|ͬ.q- 3 Oroch: ba:racî-
Negidal: ba:bga 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:rga-
Literary Manchu: bo- 2, bon 1 Meaning: to clothe, put on
Ulcha: baGba 1 Ulcha: bargaz^|i.-
Orok: ba:bGa ~ ba:Gba 1 Orok: baGdu.xi.-
Nanai: baGba 1 Nanai: ba:raz^|i.Go-, ba:roli.-
Udighe: bagba- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:Ka- / *ba:Ku- Meaning: in the direction of (postpos.)
Meaning: to slide Literary Manchu: baru
Evenki: ba:kero:- Ulcha: ba:- / be:-
Even: baqͬ.rki.n- Orok: ba:ru.-
Negidal: baxu.ki.n- Nanai: ba:ro-
Ulcha: bau.rsu.- Oroch: bai-ti
Orok: bau.r- Han-Tungus-prototype: *be
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ku-n/a Meaning: bait
Meaning: 1 seal 2 young bear Evenki: be
Evenki: ba:keje 2; baxana 'he-goat'(‡•ͣͮp• p)‰•ͤRn Even: be:
Negidal: baqaja: 2 Negidal: beg|ewun
Ulcha: baqada 1 Literary Manchu: be
Orok: ba:wu 1 Ulcha: bei
Oroch: bakana 'oͭSͥ•J pT‚ͨͣ 'J‚S•ͭ Orok: be:-ni

Œ
Udighe: baqana 'one-year-old bear or dog' Nanai: be:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ba:ra-cî- Oroch: be-ppe, be-meike
Meaning: to rejoice Udighe: be-kpe
Ulcha: ba:racî.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *bedu- / *budu-

14
Keys of Han
Meaning: small table
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beje
Negidal: bet
Meaning: person, man
Ulcha: beduli
Evenki: beje
Orok: bedu
Even: bej
Nanai: bedur, budduru
Negidal: beje
Han-Tungus-prototype: *begdi / *bugdi
Nanai: beje 'person'
Meaning: 1 leg 2 foot
Solon: bei, beje
Evenki: begdi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beju:-
Even: bo":dͬl 1
Meaning: an ungulate animal
Negidal: begdi 1
Evenki: beju:n
Spoken Manchu: bet@x@, bet@k@ 1, 2 (137, 2285)
Even: buju:n
Literary Manchu: betxe 2
Negidal: beju:n
Jurchen: bodi-xe (505) 2
Ulcha: buju(n)
Ulcha: begdi 1
Orok: buju(n)
Orok: begz^|i 1
Nanai: beju?
Nanai: begd'i 2
Oroch: beju(n)
Oroch: begdi 1
Udighe: bui, buji
Udighe: begdi 1
Solon: beju:-ni: beje 'hunter'
Solon: beldi:r 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beKe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bege
Meaning: goby
Meaning: 1 ferment (made of animal liver or brain) 2
medicine Oroch: bexe
Evenki: beg|e 1, 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bekte-
Even: beg| 2 Meaning: a short time
Negidal: beg|e 2 Negidal: bekte
Nanai: be: 'rotten food' (IJ.) Ulcha: bekte
Oroch: be:-de- 'to treat (with medicine)' Nanai: bekte:?

15
Keys of Han
Oroch: bekte Meaning: 1 hysterics 2 silly
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bele- Evenki: belin 1
Meaning: to help Negidal: belin 1
Evenki: bele- Literary Manchu: beli 2
Even: bel- Nanai: belcî? 2
Negidal: bele- Han-Tungus-prototype: *belu / bul-
Ulcha: bele-cî- Meaning: 1 flat, slippery ice surface 2 to become

gelatinous, jelly-like
Orok: bel/e-
Evenki: belu 1, buldi-le:- 2
Nanai: bele-cî-
Even: buldid- 2
Oroch: bele-cî-
Negidal: bel, bulz^|i- 2
Udighe: bele-si-
Ulcha: belu, bolu 1, bulde- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *belge
Orok: belu 1
Meaning: lap
Nanai: belu, bulu 1, bulz^|i- 2
Evenki: belge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bener
Even: be:lgͬ
Meaning: younger relative-in-law
Negidal: belge
Evenki: bener
Ulcha: belz^|e
Even: benͬr
Orok: bel/de
Negidal: bene
Nanai: belge
Ulcha: bener, beneli
Udighe: bege
Nanai: bener
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli
Oroch: bene
Meaning: 1 pale 2 to whiten
Udighe: bene
Evenki: beli 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ben|-ge-
Negidal: belki- 2
Meaning: to sully
Oroch: be:li 1
Negidal: ben|ge-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *beli(n)
16
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bere Evenki: be:?g|a
Meaning: to ease, peaceful Even: ba":g|
Evenki: bere Negidal: be:?g|a
Literary Manchu: bez^|ig/e- Spoken Manchu: bia: (2035)
Orok: bere-mi Literary Manchu: bija
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bez^|un Jurchen: bi(a)ha (4)
Meaning: 1 ten deer 2 multitude Ulcha: be:?
Even: bez^|en 1 Orok: be:?
Literary Manchu: buz^|u baz^|a 2 Nanai: ba":, bi.a
Nanai: bez^|u 'thick (of a tree)' (IJ.) (?) Oroch: ba":
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi- Udighe: bea"
Meaning: to be Solon: be:?g|a, b/eg|a
Evenki: bi- Han-Tungus-prototype: *bia, -gun
Even: bi- Meaning: 1 place (in a dwelling) 2 rookery, sealery 3 earth

4 estate 5 servants
Negidal: bi:-
Evenki: be:? 1
Spoken Manchu: bi- (3016)
Even: ba": 2
Literary Manchu: bi-
Spoken Manchu: b/oh@n, b/ohun 3 (2112)
Jurchen: bie-i (704), bie-fume (614)
Literary Manchu: boix|on, boiGon 3, 4
Ulcha: bi-
Jurchen: boj-hu (276) 5, bon|-xon| 3
Orok: bi-
Orok: be:? 1
Nanai: bi-
Udighe: bea" 1
Oroch: bi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bial-
Udighe: bi-
Meaning: 1 to harm, damage 2 to be in a difficult position,
Solon: bi- obstructed
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaga Evenki: be:?l- 2
Meaning: moon Even: belen|e- 1

17
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: bele- 1 Literary Manchu: bila-
Ulcha: bajli.- 'to wound' Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilcâ-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bialebki Meaning: to mix (flour), to glue
Meaning: 1 knee cap 2 knee Literary Manchu: bilcâ-
Nanai: bi.lo:ki. (IJ. 66) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bile-n
Udighe: ba"luga (-ug|a), bo"log|o (-ug|o) 1 (QRST. 211) Meaning: 1 wrist 2 lapel on mittens
Solon: bolo:xi 2 Evenki: bile(n) 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biaru Even: bilen 1
Meaning: sheep Negidal: bile 2
Evenki: be:?ru Orok: bile 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi(a)sere- Udighe: bule 1 (QRST. 215), bilepti, bulepti 'bracelet' (QRST. 212)
Meaning: 1 decking 2 shelf under ceiling 3 bed 4 pedestal Han-Tungus-prototype: *bilga
Literary Manchu: besergen 3, 4 Meaning: throat
Ulcha: bisere(n) 1 Evenki: bilga
Nanai: besere, bisere 2 Even: bi.lgͬ.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biga Negidal: bi.lga
Meaning: field, steppe Spoken Manchu: bil@ha: (62)
Spoken Manchu: bihan (2079) Literary Manchu: bilx|a
Literary Manchu: biGan, bixan Ulcha: bi.lz^|a
Udighe: biga, big|a (QRST. 212) Orok: bi.lda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bil- Nanai: bi.lGa
Meaning: completely, wholely Oroch: bigga
Literary Manchu: bilcî, bulz^|i Udighe: bigan|a (QRST. 212)
Nanai: bilde-bilde Han-Tungus-prototype: *bi; *bue, *mu"-n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bila- Meaning: 1 I 2 we
Meaning: to agree upon time Evenki: bi 1; bu, mit 2

18
Keys of Han
Even: bi 1; bu, mut 2 fence 5 frame
Negidal: bi 1; bu, bitta / butta 2 Evenki: biri- 1, biriptir 2, 3
Spoken Manchu: bi: 1 (2869); bo: 2 (2871), mes@ 2 Even: birken 2, 3

(2872)
Negidal: bije:g|e: 2
Literary Manchu: bi 1; be, muse 2
Literary Manchu: biregen, bireken 4, beren 5
Jurchen: mi-n (853) 1
Nanai: bere? 5 (possibly < Man.)
Ulcha: bi 1; bu:, bue 2
Oroch: bipti 3
Orok: bi 1; bu 2
Udighe: bi:pti 2
Nanai: mi, dial. bi 1; bu:, bue 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *birin
Oroch: bi 1; bu, biti 2
Meaning: female of a predator
Udighe: bi 1; bu, minti 2
Evenki: birin
Solon: bi 1; bu:, miti 2
Even: bi.ran
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bira
Negidal: bi.ji.n
Meaning: 1 river 2 spring
Literary Manchu: birin ~ barin
Evenki: bira 1, biraja 1,2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bir[u]-kan
Even: bi.ra 1, bi.raqcân 2
Meaning: 1 precipice 2 mountain
Negidal: bi.ja 1, 2, bi.jaxa:n 2
Literary Manchu: b/oran 1
Spoken Manchu: bira: 1 (2087)
Solon: biraxan 2
Literary Manchu: bira 1, biraGa, birGan, birx|a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boda-
Jurchen: bira (40) 1
Meaning: to follow smb., accompany
Ulcha: bi.ra 2
Evenki: bodo-
Nanai: bi.ra:? 2
Even: bod-
Oroch: biaka 2
Negidal: bodo-
Udighe: ba":`sa 1 (QRST. 212)
Ulcha: bodo-
Solon: bira 1, 2
Orok: bodo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *biri-
Nanai: bodo-
Meaning: 1 to lay planks 2 planking 3 tent, construction 4
19
Keys of Han
Udighe: bodo-
Meaning: breast bone
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bodu-ruka
Evenki: bokoli:
Meaning: curly, fleecy
Even: bokoli.wu.n
Even: bodu.ru.qa
Literary Manchu: boqsôn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog-
Orok: bokko { ~ boqqo} 'belly'
Meaning: 1 cuff, wristband 2 shoulder
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bokan-
Evenki: bog|jan 1
Meaning: to catch up with, take revenge on
Even: bu.jan 1
Evenki: bokon-
Udighe: bogdolo 2
Even: boqͬ.n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bog(i)- / *begi-
Negidal: boxon-
Meaning: 1 to freeze 2 cold 3 frazil
Nanai: boqon|Gi.-
Evenki: beg|i:- 1, beg|in, bog|in 2 bog|oro 3
Oroch: bo:-, bokko-
Even: bei-, beg|i- 1, bo"g|e 3
Udighe: bo`n-o- (QRST. 213)
Negidal: beji:- 1
Solon: boxon-
Literary Manchu: beje- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKa-ri, *boKa-kta
Jurchen: bei 2 (95)
Meaning: 1 pea 2 cone 3 nut 4 tree fungus
Ulcha: beji- 1
Evenki: bokoto, bokokto 2, 3
Nanai: beji- 1
Even: bokot 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bogi:-
Negidal: boxoto 2, 3
Meaning: to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage
Literary Manchu: box|ori 1, bax/a 2
Evenki: bog|i:-; bo:-ka:n ( < *bog|o-ka:n) 'slave'
Ulcha: bo:qto 3
Negidal: bog|i.n-
Orok: bo:qto 2, 3
Literary Manchu: bojx|olo- 'to escape (from a trap), get off
the hook' Nanai: bo:qto 3
Ulcha: bojal- Oroch: bokto 3
Nanai: bojaGo- Udighe: bo`to 2, 4 (QRST. 213)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boka- Solon: boxro: 1

20
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *boKi- Meaning: cuff
Meaning: chain Negidal: bolan
Negidal: boxopu.n Orok: bolo
Ulcha: bojpu.(n) Nanai: bo:lo
Nanai: bojoto? Han-Tungus-prototype: *boldu-
Udighe: baxula Meaning: pulse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol- Orok: boldu.ni
Meaning: 1 clear 2 meagre Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolga-
Negidal: boltu.-boltu. 1 Meaning: 1 to be afraid 2 to worry 3 to be shy, confused
Spoken Manchu: bol@h@n, bol@hun 'clean, pure' (2550) Evenki: bolgo-
Literary Manchu: bolGo 1, 2 Negidal: bolgo- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bol- Orok: bolGo-
Meaning: 1 autumn 2 air 3 to blow (of wind, snow) Nanai: bo:lda-z^|i.-
Evenki: bolo 1, bolgo 2, boli:- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bolgi-kta
Even: bolͬ.ni. 1 Meaning: dwarf cedar
Negidal: bolo 1 Evenki: bolgig, bolgikta
Spoken Manchu: bolori 'autumn, fall' (2728) Even: bolgi.g|, bolgi.t
Literary Manchu: bolori 1 Negidal: bolgi.kta
Jurchen: bolo (75) Ulcha: bolz^|i.qta
Ulcha: bolo 1 Orok: bog|i., bog|i.ta
Orok: bolo 1 Nanai: bolGoqto (Kur-Urm.)
Nanai: bolo 1 Oroch: boggikta
Oroch: bolo 1 Udighe: bogbo" (QRST. 213)
Udighe: boloni 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *boloka
Solon: bolo 1 Meaning: spiraea
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bola-n Evenki: boloko

21
Keys of Han
Orok: boc^cô
Negidal: boloxokto
Nanai: bojqo
Ulcha: boloi.qta
Oroch: boqqo
Nanai: boloqto
Udighe: boko
Oroch: bolokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosa-kta
Udighe: bolokto (QRST. 213)
Meaning: kidney
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bon/a
Evenki: bosokto
Meaning: a big monkey
Even: bostͬ.
Spoken Manchu: moni 'monkey' (2212); boni 'year of the
monkey' (2724) Negidal: boxokto
Literary Manchu: bon/o, mon/o Spoken Manchu: bos^@qu, bos@qu 'kidneys' (92)
Jurchen: bo-non| (151) Literary Manchu: bosx|o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bori:- Ulcha: bosoqto
Meaning: to divide Orok: bosoqto
Evenki: bori:- Nanai: bosoqto
Even: bori.- Udighe: bo:kto
Negidal: boji.- Solon: bosokto
Ulcha: bori.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *bosoga
Orok: bori.- Meaning: North slope of a mountain
Nanai: bori.- Evenki: bosog|o
Oroch: boi- Even: bosag|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *borkan Negidal: bosog|i.da, bosoji.
Meaning: color, beauty Solon: bosog 'forest'
Even: borkan Han-Tungus-prototype: *bota:-
Spoken Manchu: boc^@, bocû (2417) Meaning: 1 to tie (with a knot) 2 to be bound, tied
Literary Manchu: bocô Evenki: boto:- 1
Jurchen: bo(i_)cô-gaj (628) Even: beteb- 2

22
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:k- Nanai: buduri-
Meaning: 1 to stop, hinder 2 to tie up Han-Tungus-prototype: *bug-
Evenki: bo:k- 1 Meaning: hill, mound
Even: boq- 1 Evenki: bug|a, bug|an
Negidal: bok- 1, 2 Even: bu.g|u.n, bug|jen/e, bug|ͬndͬ
Literary Manchu: boxi- 2 Ulcha: bo(n)
Ulcha: boqi.- 2 Nanai: buen, bugdure
Nanai: boqi.- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *buga
Oroch: boki- 2 Meaning: place
Udighe : boì- ͣn‡pͤͱͮ (ͩp‚—Rn‚,o ˜•n‚RͤJ, pJR‚•ŒT nͮ‚T)˜• (QRST. 213) Evenki: bug|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bo:Kan Even: ba:
Meaning: thigh Negidal: boa ~ bog|a
Evenki: bo:kan Spoken Manchu: ba: (2562)
Even: bo:qͬ.n Literary Manchu: ba
Literary Manchu: buxi Jurchen: buha-i (71)
Udighe: bo:` (QRST. 213) Ulcha: bu.a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bucî:- Orok: bo:
Meaning: 1 to dry on fire 2 to become dry 3 unripe, coarse Nanai: boa
Evenki: bucî:- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugar
Even: bu.cî.- 1 Meaning: burnt forest, wood
Negidal: bocî.- 1, bocû.xi.n 3 Evenki: bug|ar
Ulcha: bucî.- 2, bucûle bi 3 Even: bo:rin
Nanai: bocô- 2, bocô? 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugdi
Oroch: buksa- 2, bucû 3 Meaning: 1 variegated 2 pimple, rash (*bugdeke, *bug(d)-

su-ke) 3 to form (of pimples, rash)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buduri-
Evenki: bugdi 1, bugdeke, buksuke: 2
Meaning: to hurry
Even: bu:.di. 1, bu.du.li. 2
23
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: busxe-ne- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *buK-
Orok: bu.gz^|i. 1 Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to doubt, guess, contemplate
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-câ Literary Manchu: bux/e- 2
Meaning: idol Nanai: bogbi.- 1
Ulcha: bo:cô Han-Tungus-prototype: *bukse
Nanai: bugz^|e?, bukcê? Meaning: 1 cartilage, gristle 2 Adam`s apple
Oroch: bo:cô Evenki: bukse 1, bukec^ '›npR— œͭ'S
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bugu-tuna Even: bu:s 1
Meaning: 1 mosquito 2 gad-fly Negidal: buxse 1
Evenki: bu.gu.tu.na 1 Spoken Manchu: box@; box@e: 2 (64)
Literary Manchu: bekto 2 Literary Manchu: buge, buxe 1; buge mon|Gon 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buje- Ulcha: bukse 1
Meaning: 1 to wish, desire, love 2 to thank Orok: buske 1; '›R—np œ'ͭS
Literary Manchu: buje- 1 Nanai: bukse 1
Jurchen: buj-je-mij (385) 1, bij-il-sia-maj 2 (815) Oroch: bukse 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *buk- Udighe: buxe 1
Meaning: hump, to bend Han-Tungus-prototype: *buKu-
Evenki: buke- Meaning: 1 birch cradle 2 birch bark put into cradle 3
suitcase
Even: bo"kcên-
Evenki: bukun 2
Negidal: boxon
Even: buk 1
Literary Manchu: boqto, buqtu, buqda-
Literary Manchu: buqtulin 3
Ulcha: boqo(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-
Orok: boqqo
Meaning: 1 to smear 2 to caress, stroke
Nanai: buku?
Evenki: bulku- 1, bul- 2
Udighe: boxo
Even: bel-, bo"l- 2
Solon: buktur
24
Keys of Han
Negidal: bolki.- 1, bul- 2 Spoken Manchu: b@la: (2160)
Literary Manchu: bilu- 2 Literary Manchu: bula
Ulcha: bu.lcî.- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule
Orok: bolda- 1, bu.li.- 2 Meaning: staff, shaft
Nanai: buli- 2 Ulcha: buli(n)
Oroch: bu:li-cî- 2 Orok: bu:lig|e(n)
Solon: bulgu- 2 Nanai: bule?
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul- Oroch: bule
Meaning: 1 to form, spring up (of an ulcer, lump, Udighe: bulà

swelling) 2 to be, become convex, pop out (of eyes) 3
sinew, cartilage Han-Tungus-prototype: *bule-n
Evenki: bulbente- 1, bulle 3 Meaning: enemy
Even: boldu.ra 2, bu:lrͬ 3 Evenki: bule:n
Negidal: bule 3 Even: bulͬn
Literary Manchu: bulz^|a- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulin
Orok: bu.lda:-, bolz^|i.na 2 Meaning: wick
Nanai: bolz^|a- 2, bulte 3 Negidal: bulin
Ulcha: buli(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bul-
Nanai: buli?
Meaning: 1 snuff 2 swamp, marsh 3 become dull,
colourless Han-Tungus-prototype: *buli:-
Evenki: bule: 2, bu:l- 3 Meaning: to be sad
Even: bule 2 Evenki: buli:-
Ulcha: bu.la(n) 1 Even: bu.l-
Oroch: bule 2 Ulcha: bu.ldaz^|i.-
Udighe: bula(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *bulu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bula Meaning: bastard
Meaning: thorn Evenki: bulumz^|u

25
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu(r)- Oroch: burexi 1
Meaning: to die Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgakta (/*gurgakta)
Evenki: bu- Meaning: beard, moustache
Even: bu-ni 'deceased' Evenki: gurgakta
Negidal: bu- Even: gu.rgͬt
Spoken Manchu: bec^@- (744) Negidal: gojgakta
Literary Manchu: bucê- Ulcha: bu.z^|aqta
Jurchen: bu-cê-xie (389) Orok: Gu.daqta
Ulcha: bu(l)- Nanai: boGaqta / boz^|aqta
Orok: bu(l)- Oroch: baz^|akta
Nanai: bude-, bu(r)- Udighe: guakta
Oroch: bu-de-, bu-kki- Solon: gu.ggakta, gu.rgakta
Udighe: bu-de-, bu-kki- Han-Tungus-prototype: *burgu-
Solon: bu- Meaning: fat, thick
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bur- Evenki: burgu
Meaning: to crush, demolish Even: bergͬ
Evenki: burgi:- Negidal: bojgo
Even: borgͬ.- Ulcha: boz^|o(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bure-ki Orok: boddo(n)
Meaning: 1 dust 2 fresh snow Nanai: bujgu
Evenki: burki 2 Oroch: boggo
Even: bu.rqu. 2 Udighe: bogo
Literary Manchu: buraki 1 Solon: burgu
Jurchen: buren|-ki (59) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *buri:-
Ulcha: burexi 1 Meaning: 1 to let slip 2 to disappear 3 to let go
Nanai: burexi? 1 Evenki: buri:- 1

26
Keys of Han
Even: beri- 1
Ulcha: bu:wu
Literary Manchu: burubu- 2
Orok: bu:-
Jurchen: buru-wi-xie (840) 1
Nanai: bu:-
Oroch: bui- 1
Oroch: bu:-
Solon: buri:- 3
Udighe: bu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bute-, *butekte-
Solon: bu:-
Meaning: to break, crush
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:-
Evenki: bute:kte-; butukte 'piece'
Meaning: to shade (light)
Even: bu:.t-
Evenki: bu:-
Negidal: bokta-l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:Ka
Ulcha: bu.qta-
Meaning: island
Nanai: boqta-
Evenki: bu:ka, bukacâ:n
Oroch: buktaga-
Even: bu.qcân
Udighe: bukta-
Negidal: boxacân
Han-Tungus-prototype: *butu-
Literary Manchu: buqsa
Meaning: 1 a hoof disease, to suffer from hoof disease 2
pimple, pustule, to pustulate Ulcha: ba:câ(n)
Evenki: butu-, butun 1, buture- 2 Orok: boata
Even: butuke Nanai: boacâ?
Literary Manchu: buturi 2 Oroch: boacâ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:- Udighe: bugasa
Meaning: to give Han-Tungus-prototype: *bu:ni-
Evenki: bu:- Meaning: to howl
Even: bo":- Evenki: bu:ni:-
Negidal: bu:- Even: bu:ni-
Spoken Manchu: bu- (1398) Negidal: bu:ni:-
Literary Manchu: bu- Ulcha: bun/i-ku 'trumpet'

27
Keys of Han
Orok: bu:ni- Meaning: army
Nanai: bu:ni-ku 'trumpet' Negidal: câwxa
Udighe: buni- Spoken Manchu: cûah@ 'soldier'(1141)
Solon: bu:ni:- Literary Manchu: cô:x|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *b[u"]lku"- Jurchen: câw-xa (269)
Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 to splash, swash Ulcha: câu.x|a
Evenki: bilki- 1, bulkiw- 2 Orok: câu.x|a
Literary Manchu: bulx|u- 2 Nanai: câox|a
Nanai: bi.lx|o- 1, bolqo- ~ bulx|o- 2 Oroch: câu.xa
Udighe: bea"ku- 1 Udighe: câwaha, câuha
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câb- Solon: côg|a
Meaning: 1 to be noisy 2 noise 3 to resound Han-Tungus-prototype: *câcâraku
Evenki: cîwi-, dial. câwir- 1 Meaning: a k. of locust
Negidal: câwgi.- 1 Literary Manchu: câcâraqu
Ulcha: câ:o 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *câ(i)z^|a-n
Orok: câji.qotcî.- 1 Meaning: 1 breast (fem.) 2 udder
Nanai: câwali.- 3, câo: 2 Evenki: z^|adan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câba- Even: z^|ez^|in(/-a-) 2
Meaning: 1 to grip (with claws) 2 claw 3 to pinch Negidal: z^|ojan 1
Evenki: câwari:- 1 Literary Manchu: cêz^|en 1
Negidal: câwa- 1 Orok: dada-qta 1, 2
Ulcha: câwa-qta 2 Nanai: z^|az^|aqta 1, 2 (IJ.)
Orok: câwa-qta 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *câk-
Nanai: câwa-qta 2, (Bik.) cawacî- 1 Meaning: 1 full 2 strongly
Udighe: câban 2 Literary Manchu: câq seme 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câbu-ka Orok: câk bi 1

28
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câK- Orok: câg|la 3
Meaning: to wrap up, collect Nanai: câ:li.- 1, 2
Evenki: câk- Oroch: câli 3
Even: câq- Han-Tungus-prototype: *câlbaka ( ~ s^-)
Negidal: câk- Meaning: half moon, crescent
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câKar Evenki: câlbaka
Meaning: temple; eyelid Han-Tungus-prototype: *câlban
Evenki: câkar Meaning: birch, birch bark
Even: câqarba Evenki: câlban
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câKi- Even: câ:lban
Meaning: 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path ( < 'make Negidal: câ:lban
a partition'?)
Nanai: câlba?
Evenki: câki- 2
Oroch: câ:(b)ba
Literary Manchu: câxin 1
Udighe : câ fa ktà i 'œ‚S‡Jo'ͱ‚
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câKu- ( ~ s^-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câmduk-
Meaning: a k. of midge
Meaning: 1 mouse 2 tarbagan
Evenki: câkimukta
Evenki: câmukcâ:n 1
Negidal: côxomto
Even: câ:mͬ.q 2, câ:mͬ.qcân 1
Ulcha: cô:qta
Oroch: cûnduki 1
Nanai: cô:qta
Udighe: cûndihe 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câl-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câmu-li-
Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to cut, engrave 3 bed in cross-bow
4 arrow head Meaning: to eat smth. alone, be not willing to share
Evenki: câli: 4 Negidal: câmuli.-
Negidal: cô:li.- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cân|it
Literary Manchu: côli- 2 Meaning: 1 robber 2 enemy, clan enmity
Ulcha: câ:lu.- 1, 2, câg|li., câi.lqa 3 Evenki: cân|it 1

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Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 place under the knee 2 calf of leg 3 back part
Orok: tan|i.cî. 2 of heel 4 cubit, armpit
Nanai: cân|gicî- 'to wait for a convenient time for Evenki: câkan, câ:ke 1, câkcâ 2
retaliation' (IJ.)
Negidal: câxa: 3
Oroch: cân|iti 2
Nanai: câx|a? 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câpa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câ:-
Meaning: 1 fish roe, caviar 2 white clay
Meaning: that, further (not very far)
Evenki: câpa 1, câpida, câwiz^|a 2
Evenki: câ:-
Negidal: câpa 1
Even: câ:-
Nanai: câpa 1
Negidal: câ:-
Oroch: câpa 1
Literary Manchu: câ-
Udighe: câfa 1
Ulcha: câ-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câpka
Orok: cô:-
Meaning: fish spear
Nanai: câ-
Evenki: câpka
Oroch: câ:-
Negidal: câpka
Udighe: câ-
Ulcha: câqpa
Solon: sa:-
Orok: câpqa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câ:gdi ( ~ *s^-)
Nanai: câqpa:?
Meaning: index finger
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câra-ku
Evenki: câ:gdi
Meaning: barefooted
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câ:K-
Ulcha: câraqu.
Meaning: fir-tree
Nanai: câraqo?
Evenki: câ:kre
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêbu-(gan)
Meaning: to tear
Meaning: 1 lever 2 forked branch 3 brace, clinch
Evenki: câri-
Evenki: cêwe 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *câxan
Literary Manchu: côban 1
30
Keys of Han
Nanai: cêbe 3 (IJ.) Evenki: cêpe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêcê Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêre- ( ~ *s^-)
Meaning: patch, rag Meaning: to bake (close to fire)
Evenki: cêcê Evenki: cêre-
Even: cêcê Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêri:
Negidal: cêcê Meaning: excrescence on birch bark
Literary Manchu: cêcê 'silk fabric' Evenki: cêri:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêcê-re- Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîabikta
Meaning: to press, squeeze in arms Meaning: shell
Literary Manchu: cêcêre- Evenki: cê:?wyka (Il.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêgene- Negidal: cô:kta
Meaning: crayfish Ulcha: côi.qta
Negidal: cêg|enex Orok: toi.qta
Ulcha: cê:ni Nanai: côi.qta
Orok: teinei Oroch: côjikta
Nanai: cê:ni: Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîabu-
Oroch: cên|ei Meaning: 1 thigh, hip 2 buttock
Udighe: cêndeuxie Ulcha: cîwu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêKe Nanai: cê?oki. 2
Meaning: 1 upper short clothes 2 velvet Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîaga
Literary Manchu: cêke 1, cêkemu 2 Meaning: 1 frozen snow 2 to become frozen (of snow)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêKe- ( ~ s^-) Evenki: cê:g|a 1
Meaning: upper part of throat Even: câqaj 1
Evenki: cêken, cêkekte Literary Manchu: câq-z^|a- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cêpe Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîal-
Meaning: ulcer, pustule Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 to choke 3 exhausted 4 to

31
Keys of Han
stumble (while going down the hill) Meaning: to cut, hack, chop off
Evenki: cêlgek 3, cêle:- 4 Evenki: cîka:-
Even: cêlgͬk- 'break (limb)' Even: cî.qi.-
Literary Manchu: cîli- 2 Negidal: cî.xa-
Ulcha: cî:.la- 1 Literary Manchu: cîkiri 'shavings'
Nanai: cî:.la- 1 Orok: cîke 'support for cutting, hacking smth.'
Oroch: cî:la- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîK(i)-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîb- Meaning: to sprout
Meaning: to wriggle, roll Evenki: cîki-ltu-
Evenki: cîwar- Literary Manchu: cîq-z^|ala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîbuke Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîKi
Meaning: 1 awl 2 through(out) Meaning: pivot
Evenki: cîwuke 1 Evenki: cîki
Nanai: cî.oqo 1 Even: cî:.q
Oroch: cîok-cîok 2 Negidal: cî.x
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîcû Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîKi-
Meaning: 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot) Meaning: 1 edge, border 2 to go along the shore, come out
on the shore 3 stamped snow
Literary Manchu: côcô 1
Evenki: cîki (Tomm.)
Ulcha: cî.cû. 1,2
Literary Manchu: cîkin 1, cîki-ra- 2
Orok: tu.tu. 1
Nanai: cîku-le- 2 (Kur-Urm.)
Nanai: cî.cî.qo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîkpa-
Udighe: cîc^ko 1
Meaning: 1 wet 2 to become wet, soak
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîK-
Negidal: cî.p- 2
Meaning: grown-up
Ulcha: cî.qpa 1
Literary Manchu: cîqsin
Orok: cî.qpa ~ cî.pqa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîka:-
Nanai: câqpa 1
32
Keys of Han
Oroch: cîppa 1 Udighe: cikci (QRST. 310)
Udighe: cîpa 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîldi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîku- Meaning: 1 to spread, open wide 2 become wider (of

footwear)
Meaning: 1 bead 2 ornament (made of carp's bones)
Evenki: cîldi- 1
Evenki: cîkti 1
Even: cî.ldu.m- 2
Negidal: cî.kti. 1
Nanai: cîldin- '•nͤͮS•œ (R ~‚)'
nR (IJ.)
Ulcha: cîkukte 2 pͭ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîlki ( ~ s^-)
Nanai: cîku-kte (Sch.) 2, cî:cî 1 (Naikh.)
Meaning: 1 muscle, biceps 2 front leg of a bear
Oroch: cîxite 1, cûkcîkti 'beads'
Evenki: cîlki: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cî(K)u- ( ~ -e-)
Even: cî.lqa 1
Meaning: fire steel
Negidal: cî.lki:. 2
Ulcha: cîu(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *c^[i]m-
Orok: cû
Meaning: 1 to grip with claws 2 to pick one's teeth 3 to
Nanai: cîu? pinch
Udighe: cui (arch.) (QRST. 311) Evenki: cômdokolo:- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîl- Negidal: cîmn|et- 2 (ž•ͥͣ•Jͨ 1982)
Meaning: 1 growth, bushes 2 a k. of tree with red bark Literary Manchu: câmna- 1
Even: cî.ldu.qa 1 Nanai: cîmi- '•ͮR~˜pͤ •R~ œͣ‚ •'JR› (IJ.)
Literary Manchu: côlx|o mo: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîme
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîlcû- Meaning: 1 a k. of salmon 2 burbot
Meaning: swelling, gland Literary Manchu: cîma, cîme 1
Evenki: cîlcûn Ulcha: cî.mada 'name of a fish', (Sch.) cê?mada 2
Spoken Manchu: cîlicîn 'wen' (151) Oroch: cûme 1
Literary Manchu: cîlcîn Udighe: cuma 'ͤp•‚oJͧR• '—Rͣͮ (QRST. 312)

Œͣ
Ulcha: cûlcû-kte Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîp-
Nanai: cîlcû-kte Meaning: 1 to press (with fingers) 2 to squeeze, press 3 to

33
Keys of Han
stuff, stick 4 to clutch 5 to pick with a finger (food
remnants) 6 to lick Evenki: cîpi-
Evenki: cî:pcî:- 3, cîpka- 2, cî:w- 6 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîp[u]-
Even: cî.pcû.- 3, cû:.- 6 Meaning: narrow
Negidal: cîpixet- 1, cî.pi.xi.la- 2, cî.pcî.- 3, cî.w- 6 Evenki: cîpikte, cîpileme
Literary Manchu: cîbu- 3 Even: cû.pu.ti.
Ulcha: cîpecî- 5 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîre-
Orok: cî.po- 5 Meaning: to scrape off
Nanai: cî.p 'tightly', sefele- (Bik.) 4 Evenki: cîr-cî:-
Oroch: cîpcî- 3, cîpopu(n) 'index finger' Nanai: cî:re '(to cut smth.) across'
Udighe: cîpcî- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîpa- Meaning: to stink
Meaning: 1 edge of sledge brake-stick 2 sharp Evenki: cîri-
Evenki: cî.pan 1 Nanai: cî.ri.ftala- (Bik.)
Negidal: cî.p-cî.p 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîxa
Nanai: cîp '(to stick into, pierce) deeply' (IJ.) Meaning: 1 will, wish, agreement 2 to agree, to wish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîpi- Spoken Manchu: cîhal@- 'to be fond of, like to' (1890)
Meaning: 1 a small bird 2 swallow Literary Manchu: cîx|a 1, cîx|ala- 2
Evenki: cîpi-câ: 1 Ulcha: ti.x|ala- 2
Even: cî:.bͬ.lͬ.n 1 Nanai: cî.x|ala- 2
Negidal: cî.pti.ja 1 Oroch: cîxala- 2
Spoken Manchu: cîvaq@n 2 (2240) Udighe: câ:la-, câhala- 2
Literary Manchu: cîbin 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîxe-
Nanai: cî.pi.aqo 2 Meaning: 1 straw; bast 2 stub, broom remains
Udighe: cîwjau 'sparrow' Literary Manchu: cîke-ku 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cîpi- (~s^-,-u"-) Nanai: cîxin 2 (IJ.)
Meaning: to sweep; to scrape Han-Tungus-prototype: *cî:- ( ~ *sî:-)

34
Keys of Han
Nanai: côqcôjgan 'squatting' (IJ.)
Meaning: to scrape off, skin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *côlka
Evenki: cî:-
Meaning: grey, white (of hair)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cî:me
Evenki: côlko
Meaning: 1 top (of tree, mountain) 2 crown, sinciput
Negidal: côlko
Evenki: cî:me 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *côn|ki:-
Even: cêm 1
Meaning: 1 to peck 2 pecking, beak
Nanai: cîmcîke:? 2 (IJ.)
Evenki: côn|ki:- 1, côn|ki: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cî:me- (~s^-,-u":-)
Even: côn|qͬ.- 1, côn|qͬ.n 2
Meaning: a k. of insect
Negidal: côn|ki.- 1, côn|ki:. 2
Evenki: cî:mecî:ldu:n
Literary Manchu: côn|gi-, côn|ki- 1
Udighe: cimgi (QRST. 310)
Nanai: côn|ki.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cî:me- (~s^-,-u":-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *côp-
Meaning: 1 knee-cap, fat under the knee-cap 2 ankle,
huckle-bone Meaning: a k. of overcoat
Evenki: cî:mecîn 1 Even: côbaqa
Even: cîmne:k 2 Solon: cîbkez^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *côbi:- ( ~ s^-) Han-Tungus-prototype: *côpe-
Meaning: 1 foam 2 saliva 3 to sprinkle Meaning: 1 locust 2 larva (of insects)
Evenki: côwi:-ksa 1,2 Evenki: cêpeder 1
Even: côg|li. 1 Ulcha: côbi. 2
Negidal: côxsa 1, 2 Nanai: côbi. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *côK[i]- Han-Tungus-prototype: *cô:k(i)-
Meaning: 1 to incline, bow 2 to squat Meaning: 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig,
delve
Evenki: côko- 2
Evenki: cô:k- 4
Negidal: côxi.ti.n- 'ͣ‚SJͥͤn œoRT'—ͥ
ͮͣ Even: cûq- 4
Literary Manchu: cûqu- 1
Negidal: côk- 1
35
Keys of Han
Negidal: côwixa:n 3
Literary Manchu: côki- 2
Udighe: câuk-cûk (expr.) 3
Ulcha: côqi.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cûKe-re:-
Nanai: côqi.- 3
Meaning: to move warily; to jump cautiously
Udighe: cugu 'adze' (QRST. 311)
Evenki: cûkere:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cô:li:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daga-
Meaning: 1 to gossip, prattle, babble 2 tongue
Meaning: hip, hip bone, shoulder bone
Evenki: cô:li:- 1, cô:li: 2
Evenki: dag|an/a
Negidal: cô:li:.- 1
Negidal: dag|an/a
Nanai: côlcî- (IJ.) 1
Literary Manchu: dabsi 'shoulder'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cô:r-
Orok: da:na
Meaning: 1 pike 2 young fish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da(ga)-
Literary Manchu: cûrx|u 2
Meaning: 1 sharp 2 to cut
Solon: so:raldi: 1
Spoken Manchu: dacûn 1 (1735)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cûb-ri:-
Literary Manchu: da-cûn 1
Meaning: green, blue, yellow
Jurchen: da-cû-gi 1 (801)
Evenki: cû:ri-n,-rin
Ulcha: da:-qaru. 1
Even: cû:.ru.n/a
Nanai: da:-ri.- 2
Negidal: côji:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu- ( ~ -b-)
Solon: su:.ri?, cûg|urin
Meaning: 1 content 2 to pour
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cûga-
Spoken Manchu: dol@-, dolu- 2 (598)
Meaning: to fix, attach
Literary Manchu: do:-la- 2
Udighe: cûga-
Ulcha: dawu., dau. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *cûguk- ( ~ -b-)
Orok: daw, dau. 1
Meaning: 1 snuff 2 to burn (with fire) 3 to hiss (of glowing
coals in contact with water) Han-Tungus-prototype: *dagu-r
Evenki: cûke, dial. cûwuki: 1, cûwka:n- 2 Meaning: 1 friend 2 Daghur 3 allied kin
36
Keys of Han
Evenki: dog|or, dag|or 1 Literary Manchu: dol-cîn 2
Even: dog|o: 1 Ulcha: dala(n) 1
Literary Manchu: dax|ur 2 Nanai: dala 1
Nanai: dox|a 1, 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dala-
Solon: dag|u:.r 2 Meaning: 1 to lap, swill 2 to feed (animals)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daja- Evenki: dala- 1
Meaning: to lean Even: dal- 1
Literary Manchu: daja- Negidal: dala- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakan- Ulcha: dala-n- 2
Meaning: 1 to cover 2 coverlet, mat Nanai: dalo- 2
Ulcha: daqan- 1, daqancâ(n) 2 Oroch: dalau- 2
Orok: daqan- 1, daqapta 2 Udighe: dala- 1
Nanai: daqa- 1, daqacâ 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalba
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dak-sa- Meaning: 1 side 2 near
Meaning: to stick to Even: dalbъ 2
Ulcha: daqsa- Spoken Manchu: dal@f@, dal@v@ (2570)
Orok: daqsa- Literary Manchu: dalba 1
Nanai: daqsa- Jurchen: dalba-la (605) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dakV Han-Tungus-prototype: *dalga-
Meaning: sheat-fish Meaning: to roast
Negidal: da:xi. Evenki: dalga-
Nanai: doaqa Even: dalgat-/c^-
Solon: da:xi Negidal: dalga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal- Ulcha: z^|alGa-
Meaning: 1 overflow, inundation 2 small wave, jet Orok: dalda-
Negidal: dalan 1 Nanai: dalGa-

37
Keys of Han
Solon: dalga- 'to burn' Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal(i)- Meaning: tight, bound tight, stuffed tightly
Meaning: to close Evenki: dan|ama
Evenki: dal(i)- Literary Manchu: dan 'trap, snare'
Spoken Manchu: dali- 'to defend' (794) Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan|-
Literary Manchu: dali- Meaning: to blame, rebuke
Ulcha: da:li.- Negidal: dan|z^|axan-
Nanai: da:li.a- Literary Manchu: dan|si-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dali- Ulcha: dan|su.-
Meaning: 1 help 2 due to Nanai: dan|si.-
Ulcha: dali.(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dap-
Nanai: dali.ndo 2 Meaning: to flatten, press
Udighe: dalindini 2 Evenki: dapcâ-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dal-{} Orok: dapa:w-
Meaning: tasty, sweet Han-Tungus-prototype: *dar-
Evenki: dalli, daldi Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 snow crust 3 water flowing over ice
Even: dalrъ.{; dalgъs 'gluttonous, voratious'} Evenki: dar 1, darkin 2, 3
Negidal: dali.gdi:. Nanai: darx|ol 3
Literary Manchu: {dalxi 'relish, predilection'} Han-Tungus-prototype: *daragan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dam- Meaning: 1 quitch 2 reed, cane
Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 to act as an aggressor Literary Manchu: darGan 2
Nanai: dambi.câ- 2 Nanai: dara: 1
Udighe: da:mpihi- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *darama
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dan/a-la- Meaning: waist, back
Meaning: to joke, mock Evenki: darama
Ulcha: dan/ala- Even: darъm

38
Keys of Han
Negidal: dajama
Oroch: dasi-
Spoken Manchu: dar@m@ (95)
Udighe: dahi- (dai-) (Корм. 226)
Literary Manchu: dara, darama
Han-Tungus-prototype: *daxa-
Ulcha: darama
Meaning: to follow, obey
Orok: darama
Negidal: daxaw-
Nanai: darama
Spoken Manchu: dah@- (1181)
Oroch: da:ma
Literary Manchu: dax|a-
Udighe: da:ma
Jurchen: tai-xa (360)
Solon: darama
Ulcha: dax|au.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *darga
Orok: dax|u.ri.-
Meaning: 1 tumour, growth (of neck glands) 2 throat,
larynx Nanai: dax|a-
Evenki: darga: 1 Oroch: dax|u-
Even: dargъ. 2 Udighe: dahala- (-li-) 'to agree' (Корм. 226)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasa- Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:
Meaning: to govern, regulate Meaning: 1 in-law 2 elder in-law 3 elder brother of father;
grandfather
Spoken Manchu: das@- (1039)
Evenki: da: 2
Literary Manchu: dasa-
Even: da: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dasi-
Negidal: da:n|ta 1
Meaning: to cover
Literary Manchu: dancân 1
Evenki: das-
Nanai: da:-mi.n 3
Even: das-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:b-
Negidal: das-
Meaning: to cross (a river)
Literary Manchu: dasi-
Evenki: da:w-, da:g|-
Ulcha: dasi.-
Even: daw-
Orok: dasi.-
Negidal: daw-
Nanai: dasi.-
39
Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: dau- (1219) Even: di:.- 2
Literary Manchu: do:- Negidal: di:.- 2
Ulcha: dau.- Ulcha: da:i. 1
Orok: da:u.- Orok: da:i 1
Nanai: da:(w)- Nanai: da:i. 1
Oroch: dau- Udighe: di:-n|ki 2
Udighe: dau- Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:-, *dara-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:(b)- Meaning: 1 to follow, chase, track 2 row, in a row
Meaning: to be infected Evenki: da:- 1, daran 2
Evenki: da:(w)- Even: dac^- 1, dara:n 2
Even: da:w- Negidal: da:- 1, dajan 2
Negidal: da:- Literary Manchu: dara- 1, doran 2
Ulcha: da:- Ulcha: dacî.- 1, dari.n 2
Orok: da:- Orok: da:- 1, daram 2
Nanai: da:- Nanai: da:cî.- 1, dari. 2
Udighe: da:- Udighe: da": 2 (Корм. 226)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:bu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:l-bu-
Meaning: 1 to obey 2 to sacrifice 3 to envy Meaning: to glue, stick to
Even: dabdan|- 3 Evenki: dalbu-
Spoken Manchu: diovi- (766) 2 Even: da:lbu-
Literary Manchu: dobo- 2 ( > Nan. do:bo-) Negidal: da:lbu.-
Ulcha: da:bu.- 1 Literary Manchu: dalu-
Orok: da:bu.- 1 Ulcha: darpu.-
Nanai: da:bo- 1 Nanai: da:lpo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:ji Udighe: dagbu-
Meaning: 1 big 2 size of Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:li

40
Keys of Han
Meaning: mat made of birch-bark Meaning: 1 to stretch 2 fathom
Negidal: da:li. Evenki: da:r 2
Ulcha: da:li. Even: da:r 2
Nanai: da:li. Negidal: da: 2
Oroch: da:li Literary Manchu: da 2, dara- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:mu Ulcha: da:(l) 2
Meaning: 1 only, merely 2 perhaps, rather Orok: da:(ra) 2
Evenki: da:mukte 2 Nanai: da:(r) 2
Spoken Manchu: dam@ 1 (2970) Oroch: da: 2
Literary Manchu: damu 1 Udighe: da: 2
Nanai: damu. 1 (may be < Manchu) Han-Tungus-prototype: *de(b)-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|sa Meaning: 1 song 2 to shamanize 3 tune
Meaning: 1 plank 2 saddle shelf 3 leather sole Evenki: dewej 1, dew-z^|eki- 2
Evenki: da:nne 2 Literary Manchu: dejen|gu 3
Even: da:n|rъ. 1 Oroch: da":-san|go 'chorus in shamanizing'
Literary Manchu: dan|nax|an 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *debe-
Ulcha: dan|na 1 Meaning: 1 paste, fool 2 to paint 3 paint
Orok: danda 2 Evenki: dewe- 2
Nanai: dan|n/a: 1 Even: dewe- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:n|u- Negidal: dewekse 3
Meaning: a k. of seal Literary Manchu: debse 1
Negidal: da:n|a: Ulcha: dewekse 3
Ulcha: dau.n|Gar(i.) Orok: dewe:- 2
Orok: do:n|o, dau.nz^|ari. Oroch: dewukse, dewekse 3
Oroch: daun|gai Han-Tungus-prototype: *debere-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *da:r- Meaning: young (of birds)

41
Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: dev@r@x@n 'puppy, young' (2179) Udighe: dieli- 1
Literary Manchu: deberen Solon: degeli:- 1, degi: 2
Ulcha: deuru(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-
Orok: dewre(n) Meaning: 1 to tie with a rope 2 hanger (for drying fish) 3
ski rope
Nanai: deurue
Orok: de:g- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *debu(ki:)
Nanai: degbimu 2
Meaning: 1 pelvis 2 lower part of back 3 side
Udighe: degumu 2, degseg|i 3
Evenki: duwuki:, dewuki: 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *degunn|e:-kte
Even: dewki 1, 2
Meaning: mushroom
Negidal: do:xi:, dewexi: 1, 2
Evenki: deg|inn|e:kte
Literary Manchu: du, du: 1
Even: dewunn|it
Ulcha: dewe 1
Negidal: dewun/n|ekte
Orok: dewe 1, 2
Orok: dewn|ekte
Nanai: dewe 1
Oroch: deun|ekte
Udighe: deuxi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-z^|e-gi-
Solon: debexi, dewexi 3
Meaning: to burn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deg-
Evenki: z^|egdi:-
Meaning: 1 to fly (v.) 2 bird
Even: z^|egde 'burned place'
Evenki: deg- 1, degi 2
Negidal: z^|egdi:-
Even: deg|- 1, deg|i 2
Spoken Manchu: dez^|i-, diz^|i- (483)
Negidal: deg|- 1, deg|i: 2
Literary Manchu: dejz^|i-
Spoken Manchu: dei-, dii- 'to fly' (2300)
Jurchen: z^|eh-din-ku (686)
Literary Manchu: deje- 1, dei 2
Ulcha: z^|egdecîwu
Ulcha: degde- 1
Orok: degde-
Nanai: degde- 1
Nanai: z|egdi-
Oroch: deili- 1
Oroch: z^|egdi-
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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *del-
Udighe: z^|egdi-
Meaning: 1 to split, divide 2 be divided
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deke-
Evenki: delki- 1
Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 rope made from it 3 bush 4
tree Even: delkъ- 1, deldъk- 1
Negidal: dekke 1, dexen 2 Spoken Manchu: dend@- 1 {(2622, 1200, 1713)}
Jurchen: do-g|o (115) 4 Literary Manchu: dende- 1, delxe- 2
Ulcha: deke(n) 2, deksu(n) 3 Jurchen: del-xe (390) 2, deN-de- (739) 'to understand'
Orok: deksu(n) 3 Nanai: delki- 1
Nanai: de: 3 Udighe: deki- 1 (Корм. 229), dekte- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *deken Han-Tungus-prototype: *dele-
Meaning: last pair of dogs in the team Meaning: 1 wild 2 dumb
Ulcha: deke(n) Evenki: del(e)mi: 1
Nanai: deke Even: delmi 1, (?) di:l- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dekte- Negidal: delemi 1
Meaning: 1 feather 2 wing Han-Tungus-prototype: *delke:(n)
Evenki: dektenne 1, 2 Meaning: wooden platform for storing
Even: detle 1, 2 Evenki: delke:n
Negidal: detele 1 Negidal: delke:-xen
Spoken Manchu: det@x@ 1 (2294) Ulcha: de-su
Literary Manchu: detxe 1, 2 Orok: delke(n)
Ulcha: dektekte 1 Nanai: deke
Orok: dektekte 1 Oroch: deke(n)
Nanai: degdece 1 Udighe: deke(n)
Oroch: dektese 1, 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *delku-
Udighe: dektehe 1, 2 Meaning: сватать
Solon: dettele 1, 2 Nanai: delxu-

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpe- Negidal: depe-depe o:ji:. 1
Meaning: to split Orok: deberu:li 1
Evenki: delpe-rge-, delpe-m- Nanai: debz^|ini 2
Even: depcêrge- Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep(-si)- / *dapsi-
Negidal: detpejkin- Meaning: to flap (wings), wave
Solon: delpe- Evenki: dawsi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delpi-n Even: dawsъ.-
Meaning: wide, roomy Negidal: dawsi.-
Literary Manchu: delfin Literary Manchu: debsi-, debdere-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *del(u)- Ulcha: depsi-
Meaning: 1 to become faint, dissolve 2 lose consciousness Orok: dapsi.-
Even: de:l- 1 Nanai: depsi-
Nanai: delu- 2 Oroch: depse-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *delu"-n Udighe: defi-
Meaning: mane Han-Tungus-prototype: *derbe-
Evenki: delin Meaning: 1 wet, damp 2 to dampen
Spoken Manchu: del@n, dulun (2281) Evenki: derbe-kin 1, derbe:w- 2
Literary Manchu: delun Even: do"rbut- 2
Nanai: derbini (?) Negidal: dejbew- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dem- Literary Manchu: derbe-xin, derbu-xun 1, derbe- 2
Meaning: trick, roguery Ulcha: delbi- 2 (tr.)
Literary Manchu: demun Orok: delbitcî- 2 (tr.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dep- Nanai: derbi-ktu 1, derbe- 2
Meaning: 1 fluffy, furry 2 squirrel's nest 3 rot, soft Oroch: debbi- 2 (tr.)
Evenki: debdirin 1; depe, depe-me 3 Udighe: degbi- 2 (tr.) (Корм. 229)
Even: debuli 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *derde-

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Keys of Han
Meaning: tag (of boots); rowlock, thole Nanai: dederi 3
Literary Manchu: derde-xun Oroch: de: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *der(gi)- Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:du-
Meaning: 1 to shiver, tremble 2 to sway Meaning: to care, like, love
Evenki: dergi-, derin|- 1 Negidal: de:delu-
Literary Manchu: dergisê- 2 Ulcha: de:du(n)
Ulcha: derz^|i- 1, de:remnecî- 1 Nanai: de:du
Nanai: dergi- 1 Oroch: deduli-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *detu Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:n|gu
Meaning: swamp, mossy meadow Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow
Evenki: det Ulcha: de:n|gure 1
Even: det Orok: de:n|gure 1
Negidal: det Nanai: de:n|gure 1
Literary Manchu: detu 'steppe' Oroch: den|gu 2
Ulcha: detu Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:re
Orok: detu Meaning: 1 surface 2 face
Nanai: detu Evenki: de:r, dere 1, 2
Oroch: detu Even: dere 2
Udighe: deti (Корм. 230) Negidal: deg|el 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *de:- Spoken Manchu: der@ 2 (52)
Meaning: 1 to lie 2 bed 3 decking Literary Manchu: dere 2
Spoken Manchu: dudu- 1 (522) Jurchen: der-hel (491) 2
Literary Manchu: dedu- 1 Ulcha: dere(g|) 2
Jurchen: dedu-rie (355) 'to lie, to sleep' Orok: dere(l) 2
Ulcha: deduxu 3 Nanai: dereg|, derel 2
Orok: deduxi 3 Oroch: de: 2

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Keys of Han
Udighe: de:gdi 2
Evenki: dilbikte 3
Solon: derel 2
Negidal: z^|ilbu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *diktu ( ~ z^|-)
Literary Manchu: z^|ilbi- 1, z^|ilbi(n) 2; delbin 2
Meaning: firm, tough
Ulcha: deli-ku 4
Negidal: diktu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilga-n
Literary Manchu: z^|uktu
Meaning: voice
Ulcha: diktu
Evenki: dilgan
Orok: z^|iktu
Even: di.lgъ.n
Nanai: z^|iktu
Negidal: di.lga-n
Oroch: diktu
Spoken Manchu: z^|il@han (42)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilacâ:
Literary Manchu: z^|ilGan
Meaning: sun
Ulcha: di.lz^|a(n)
Evenki: dilacâ:
Orok: z^|i.lda(n)
Negidal: dilacâ
Nanai: z^|i.lGa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilba
Oroch: digga(n)
Meaning: diaphragm; breast
Udighe: digana- 'speak'
Evenki: dilba
Solon: dilga
Even: di.lbъ.; delbe 'пах'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilgu
Negidal: di.lba
Meaning: tree juice
Ulcha: di.lba 'women's breast cover'
Evenki: dilgu
Orok: z^|i.li.a 'nipple'
Even: di.lgъ.s
Nanai: z^|i.lba 'women's breast cover'
Negidal: di.lgu.ksa
Udighe: digba 'stomach cavity' (Корм. 227)
Ulcha: z^|e:µlcû.ma
Solon: dilva
Orok: z^|i.lu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilbi-
Nanai: z^|i.lko
Meaning: 1 to make facing 2 hem, hemming 3 skin (for a
coat) 4 raincoat, umbrella Oroch: duguksa
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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dili Meaning: 1 thick 2 plentiful (of food) 3 gullet
Meaning: 1 head 2 horn foundation Evenki: diram 1, dirga 3
Evenki: dil, del 1 Even: di.rъ.m 1
Even: di.l 1 Negidal: di.jam 1
Negidal: di.l 1 Spoken Manchu: z^|iram@ 1 (2413)
Literary Manchu: z^|ili 2 Literary Manchu: z^|iramin 1, z^|irax|un 'firm, stout'
Ulcha: di.li. 1 Ulcha: di.rami. 1, di.rgan 2
Orok: z^|i.li. 1 Orok: z^|i.rami. 1
Nanai: z^|i.li. 1 Nanai: z^|i.rami. 1, z^|i.rga 2
Oroch: dili 1 Oroch: dijami 1
Udighe: dili 1 Udighe: dea"mi 1, diga- 'to eat, feed'
Solon: de.li, dil(i) 1 Solon: dirami 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dilu-ke: Han-Tungus-prototype: *diri-
Meaning: fly Meaning: to sink
Evenki: dilke:n Ulcha: diri-
Even: diliken Nanai: z^|irie-
Negidal: dirke:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *disu-
Spoken Manchu: dur@we:, duruwu: (2256) Meaning: to guard, preserve
Literary Manchu: derxuwe Evenki: disut-
Orok: z^|il/okto Even: disut-
Nanai: z^|iluekte Negidal: disut-
Solon: dilxe:·, diluke:· Nanai: z^|i:sun-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *din|e- Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:
Meaning: to press; to win Meaning: pitch, tar
Udighe: din|e- Oroch: di:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dir- Udighe: di:

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:be-kte Negidal: dodoxon
Meaning: 1 dwarf birch tree 2 black birch Orok: dodo, du.du.
Evenki: di:wekte 1 Oroch: dodo:, dodoko
Even: diwug| 1, diwukeg| 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-
Negidal: diwegde 1 Meaning: forehead (of an animal)
Ulcha: diwegde 2 Evenki: doktonno
Orok: duwete 2 Literary Manchu: doqz^|ix/an
Nanai: diwegde 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dokta-n
Oroch: duokte 2 Meaning: socks, stockings
Udighe: duekte 2 (Корм. 229) Evenki: dokton
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:du" ( ~ z^|-) Even: do:tъ.n
Meaning: mountain ridge Negidal: dokton
Evenki: z^|i:di, dial. didi Ulcha: doqto(n)
Even: gidan (Okh.) (? = /didan/) Orok: doqto(n)
Literary Manchu: z^|idun Nanai: doqto(n)
Ulcha: z^|i.du. Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolba
Orok: z^|i.du.(n) Meaning: night
Oroch: z^|idi Evenki: dolboni:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *di:Ke:- Even: dolbъ.
Meaning: to hide Negidal: dolbon
Evenki: di:ke:- Spoken Manchu: d/ov@r@ 'night, evening' (2661)
Even: dikъn- Literary Manchu: dobori
Negidal: dixe:-n- Jurchen: dol-wo (78)
Udighe: dige- Ulcha: dolbo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *doda-ka(n) Orok: dolboni
Meaning: a vessel made of birch bark Nanai: dolbo

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Keys of Han
Oroch: dobbo Han-Tungus-prototype: *d[o]rike-
Udighe: dogbo Meaning: 1 lynx 2 a k. of bear 3 wild boar
Solon: dolbo Even: deriken 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dolbi Negidal: dejexe 1
Meaning: fox Literary Manchu: dorGori 3
Spoken Manchu: d/ovi (2207) Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:
Literary Manchu: dobi Meaning: inside
Jurchen: dolbi (153) , do-bi (151) Evenki: do:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ka Even: do:
Meaning: saddle (for children or horses) Negidal: do:(n)
Evenki: don|qa Spoken Manchu: do-, d/o- (2586-2589)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *don|ota Literary Manchu: do
Meaning: 1 cold, frost 2 to ice up, freeze Jurchen: do-lo (600)
Evenki: don|oto 1 Ulcha: do:
Negidal: don|oto- 2 Orok: do:
Ulcha: doqomdu.- 1 Nanai: do:
Orok: doGdo 'hoard of frozen fish' Oroch: do:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dora-n Udighe: do: (Корм. 227)
Meaning: law Solon: do:-
Spoken Manchu: dor@n 'official rank'(1047) Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:l-
Literary Manchu: doron Meaning: 1 to bend 2 to contort
Jurchen: doro-un (255) Evenki: do:ldi:- 1
Ulcha: doro(n) Orok: dolti.dda- 2
Orok: doro(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:la:
Nanai: doro Meaning: clear, open sky
Oroch: doro(n) Evenki: do:lo:

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Keys of Han
Even: delъd Spoken Manchu: duwe, duwu 'tip, point, end' (2604)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *do:ldi:- Literary Manchu: dube
Meaning: to hear Ulcha: duwe
Evenki: do:ldi:- Orok: duwe
Even: do:ldi:- Nanai: due
Negidal: do:ldi- Udighe: due
Spoken Manchu: d/onz^|i- (182) Han-Tungus-prototype: *dudu-
Literary Manchu: donz^|i- Meaning: to growl, howl
Jurchen: doldi-sun (351), doldi-u (354) Evenki: duduke-
Ulcha: do:ldi.wu Even: dudъlcî-
Orok: dolz|i- Negidal: dudu-
Nanai: do:ld'i.- Orok: dudz^|i-
Oroch: do:gdi:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-
Udighe: dogdi- Meaning: 1 hit, beat 2 batter 3 thresh
Solon: do:ldi- Evenki: dug|- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dub- Even: du.g|- 2, dug|- 1
Meaning: to get accustomed Negidal: du.w- ~ du.g|- 2, dukte- 1
Evenki: du:- Literary Manchu: du- ~ du:- 1,3
Even: du:.- Jurchen: du-n|u-mij (464) 1
Literary Manchu: dubi- Ulcha: du:.-cî.- 2
Jurchen: tu-bi-ba tei-bew 'fixed habits' (784) Orok: du:- 1, du:.cî.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dube: Nanai: du:- 1, do:cî.- 2
Meaning: end Oroch: du:- 1, 2
Evenki: duwe: Udighe: du:- 2, dukte- 1
Even: duwet Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug-da-
Negidal: duwe Meaning: to get hold of smth.

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Keys of Han
Negidal: dag|a- Even: du.lbu.r 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dug[i]- Literary Manchu: dulba 1
Meaning: 1 channel, island 2 straight road Orok: du.l-du.l 1
Evenki: dug|in, dug|u 1 Nanai: dulbi 2
Literary Manchu: doqo 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulgi-kta
Udighe: duala 'old channel' Meaning: alder
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duja Evenki: dulgik
Meaning: noise; to shout, cry Even: do"ktъ
Even: du:.ja, du:.ja- Oroch: duggimtu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dukcâ: Udighe: dugumpe (Корм. 228), dug|umne
Meaning: a k. of fish Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulu-
Evenki: dukcâ: Meaning: quiet, peaceful, easy
Even: du.qcâ Evenki: dulu-mku:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu- Even: du.lъ.m
Meaning: to strand, plait Han-Tungus-prototype: *dunse
Negidal: dukte- Meaning: 1 earth 2 land 3 wood, taiga
Ulcha: du:- Evenki: dunne, dunde 1
Nanai: du:- Even: do":mn|e, do:nde 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duKu:- Ulcha: duente 3
Meaning: to write Nanai: duente 3
Evenki: duku:- Udighe: du"ho" 2
Even: du.q- Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|-
Negidal: duki- Meaning: coeval
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dulbu- Literary Manchu: dun|Gami
Meaning: 1 stupid, dumb 2 deaf Han-Tungus-prototype: *dun|k-
Evenki: dulbu-n 1 Meaning: 1 dark, sullen 2 to bow the head 3 to knit the
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Keys of Han
brows 4 to bow the head and slumber 5 to become silent,
calm 6 quiet, peaceful Udighe: du"i
Evenki: dun|kin- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-
Even: dun|kun- 2, 3 Meaning: to become worn out, old
Literary Manchu: dun|gi, dun|ki 1 Literary Manchu: duru-
Ulcha: dun|gu 6 Han-Tungus-prototype: *duru-n
Orok: du.n|Gali.- 4 Meaning: 1 form, outlook 2 pattern, design 3 picture
Nanai: dun|girien- 5 (Он.), dun|gu 6 Evenki: durun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur- Negidal: dujun / dujin 1
Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze, flame 2 to set fire Spoken Manchu: durun 1 (2341)
Even: dur- 1 Literary Manchu: durun 1, duru-Gan 3
Literary Manchu: dobu- 2 Ulcha: duru(n) 1
Ulcha: durz^|egdeli- 1 Orok: duru(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *dur- Nanai: duru 1 (Он.)
Meaning: 1 a k. of bracelet 2 stirrup 3 saddle (for children) Oroch: du:(n) 1
Evenki: dure:ki 2 Udighe: du:(n) 1
Orok: du:re:ke 3 Solon: duru 1
Nanai: durz^|i 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *duri Meaning: to warm (of sun)
Meaning: cradle made of birch bark Evenki: du:l-
Even: do"r Even: du:.l-
Negidal: duj Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:la-
Spoken Manchu: d/uri: (516) Meaning: barren, farrow
Literary Manchu: duri Evenki: du:lag|i
Ulcha: duri Nanai: (?) dolboan `young, unripe' (of fruits, vegetables)
(Он.)
Nanai: duri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du:re:-
Oroch: duji
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Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to walk, wander (off) 2 to run 3 to leap, gallop Meaning: 1 top 2 mountain top 3 taiga region
Evenki: du:re:- 1, du:re:n|i-3 Evenki: di:- 1
Even: z^|u:re-nz^|id- 1 Even: di:- 1
Negidal: du:je:- 1 Spoken Manchu: den 'tall, high' (2399, 2615)
Spoken Manchu: z^|ura- 'to start, to set out, to leave'(1173) Literary Manchu: de-n, de-le 1
Literary Manchu: z^|ura- 1 Ulcha: duwu 3
Ulcha: duere- 1 Orok: duwwe:µ 3
Orok: du:run|u- 3 Nanai: duje 3
Nanai: duere- 1 Oroch: di-xi 3
Oroch: due-, duwe- 1 Udighe: di:- 3
Udighe: due- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du"gin Meaning: not
Meaning: four Evenki: e-
Evenki: dig|i: Even: e-
Even: dig|i Negidal: e-
Negidal: dig|i: Jurchen: ej-xe (476), esi(n)-in (710)
Spoken Manchu: duin (2738) Ulcha: e-
Literary Manchu: dujn Orok: e-
Jurchen: dujin (639) Nanai: e-
Ulcha: dui(n) Oroch: e-
Orok: z^|i:n Udighe: e-
Nanai: dui Solon: e-
Oroch: di: Han-Tungus-prototype: *e-
Udighe: di: Meaning: this
Solon: digi Evenki: er, eri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *du":- ( ~ *du"b-) Even: er

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Keys of Han
Negidal: ej
Evenki: uwi- 2
Spoken Manchu: er@ (2881)
Literary Manchu: ebi- 2
Literary Manchu: ere
Jurchen: oh-pih-leh 2
Jurchen: e(r)se (854)
Ulcha: ebiri- 4, ebe-su(n) 3
Ulcha: ej
Nanai: ebe-su 3
Orok: eri
Oroch: eburi 1
Nanai: ei
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebiri-
Oroch: ei
Meaning: to shuffle, hoard
Udighe: eji
Even: ewerge 'two-paddled oar'
Solon: er
Nanai: ebiri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke
Meaning: 1 weak 2 to yield, be submitted 3 foolish,
obstinate 4 lax, tarrying Meaning: grandmother, aunt, elder brother's wife
Evenki: ewe-z^|ekin 'едва-едва' Evenki: eweke:
Literary Manchu: ebe-ri, ebi-lun 1 Negidal: ewexe:
Ulcha: ebe-le 3 Ulcha: ewke
Orok: ebe-le 4 Orok: ewe(n)
Nanai: ebe-ri- 2 Nanai: euke
Oroch: ebe-le 1 Oroch: euke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebe- Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebke-
Meaning: carry (on oneself) Meaning: 1 heather 2 a k. of plant 3 hawthorn
Evenki: ewe- Evenki: ebkemkire: 1
Nanai: i.wari.- 'to unload' Negidal: epkexin 2
Oroch: ewugi- 'to bring', iwa-dala- 'to put a person on Ulcha: ewxexi 2
one's shoulder (in play)'
Orok: ewxexi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebi-
Nanai: opokta 3
Meaning: 1 enough 2 to be satiated 3 greedy 4 to eat
greedily Oroch: ewxexi 2
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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebu-re- Negidal: egdi 2
Meaning: 1 to meet 2 to wait Ulcha: egdi 2
Ulcha: eurecî- 1, 2 Orok: egz^|i 2
Nanai: e:ru:cê- 1, 2 Nanai: egz^|i 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ebV- Oroch: egdi 2
Meaning: 1 to surpass 2 hurriedly, quickly Udighe: egdi 2
Literary Manchu: ebuxu sabux|u 2 Solon: egdu:g| 1
Jurchen: ewu-ro (362) 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ege-
Orok: ebessun- 1 Meaning: 1 to encircle, surround, go round 2 ring
Nanai: ebe-saba 2 Evenki: eg|e-l- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ecê- Negidal: eg-di 2
Meaning: to feel constrained Ulcha: eje- 1
Ulcha: ecîse- Orok: eji- 1
Nanai: ecîsi- Han-Tungus-prototype: *eje:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *edi:- Meaning: 1 to ask, desire 2 demand (n.) 3 to envy
Meaning: husband Evenki: eje: 2, eje:t- 1
Evenki: edi: Even: ejet- 1,3
Even: edi Negidal: eje:t- 1
Negidal: edi: Nanai: e:juecî- 3
Ulcha: edi(n) Oroch: ejecî- 3
Orok: edi Han-Tungus-prototype: *eji-ken
Nanai: ez^|i Meaning: donkey
Oroch: edi Negidal: ejxe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *egdi Spoken Manchu: eixen (2218)
Meaning: 1 big 2 many Literary Manchu: ejxen
Even: eg|dъ 1 Jurchen: oh-hen

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Keys of Han
Ulcha: ejxe Evenki: ekse- 1
Nanai: ejxe Orok: ekse- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eke Han-Tungus-prototype: *ekte-
Meaning: 1 to decrease 2 bad, low 3 weak 4 evil Meaning: 1 to paw, hit with hooves (of a horse); to rough-
house 2 to faint
Spoken Manchu: eki- 1 (2864), ex@ 4 (2508)
Literary Manchu: ekte- 1
Literary Manchu: ek/e- 1, exe 4
Udighe: ektine- 2
Jurchen: exebe (341) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-, *eldu-
Ulcha: ekecî(n) 3
Meaning: to cover (a tent), tent cover
Orok: ekke: 3
Evenki: elbe-; ellun, eldun
Nanai: ekecî 3; exele (Kur-Urm.) 2
Even: e:lrimi, e:lde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eKe / *keKe
Negidal: elbe-
Meaning: 1 woman, wife 2 elder sister
Literary Manchu: elbe-
Evenki: eki:n 2
Ulcha: elbene 'sail'
Even: ekъn 2
Nanai: elbe 'roof'
Negidal: exe 1, exi:n 2
Oroch: ebbe-
Spoken Manchu: xex@ 1 (833, 924)
Udighe: egbe-
Literary Manchu: xexe 1
Solon: eldu:·
Jurchen: xexe-e (299) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elbe-s-
Ulcha: e:qte 1
Meaning: to swim, bathe
Orok: ekte 1
Evenki: elbes(ke:t)-
Nanai: ekte 1
Negidal: elbesi-
Oroch: eki 2
Spoken Manchu: ef@s^@-, ef@s@- (2301)
Udighe: exi(n) 1, 2
Literary Manchu: ebisê-
Solon: xexe 1
Orok: ulbesi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ek-se-
Nanai: elbusi-
Meaning: 1 to carry, take with smb. 2 to put, preserve
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Keys of Han
Oroch: ebbesi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elu
Udighe: egbesi-
Meaning: onion
Solon: elbes^/i:- 'to wade'
Spoken Manchu: ulu 'leek' (307)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ele-
Literary Manchu: elu
Meaning: 1 enough 2 to have enough, be satiated
Ulcha: elu
Evenki: eli:, ele 1, elekcê- 2
Orok: elu
Even: elъkъn 1
Nanai: elu
Negidal: ele 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme-
Literary Manchu: ele- 2
Meaning: to come, reach, arrive
Jurchen: 'o-le-he-hun| 'content, happy'
Evenki: eme-
Ulcha: ele 1, ele- 2
Even: em-
Orok: ele 1, ele- 2
Negidal: eme-
Nanai: ele: 1, ele- 2
Nanai: eme-
Oroch: ele 1, ele- 2
Oroch: emegi- 'to return'
Udighe: ele 1, ele- 'to complete'
Udighe: eme-
Solon: al/e-c/a/u, el/lec/a/u 'I am full, I have had enough'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eme:-n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *elke
Meaning: to leave
Meaning: peaceful, silent
Evenki: eme:n-, eme:-
Evenki: elke
Even: eme:n-
Negidal: elke
Negidal: eme:n-
Spoken Manchu: el@x@ 'leisurely'
Literary Manchu: elxe Oroch: imene-
Ulcha: erke Udighe: imen-
Orok: erke Solon: eme:n-
Nanai: elke Han-Tungus-prototype: *emuge
Oroch: ekke Meaning: collarbone
Udighe: eke Orok: emo-te

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Keys of Han
Meaning: mother, female
Nanai: emue-cên 'lower part of thorax' (Он.)
Evenki: en/in
Udighe: emuge
Even: en/in
Han-Tungus-prototype: *emu-l
Negidal: en/in
Meaning: 1 quiver ornated with horse's hair 2 hoop of
shaman's drum 3 belt 4 horse or deer pack 5 pack strap Literary Manchu: en/en
Evenki: o:mu 1, umul 3, o:mi 5, emin 4, emi-lge 4 Jurchen: enin (283)
Negidal: u:m 2 Ulcha: en/-
Ulcha: omali 3 Orok: enin
Orok: u.mu.l 3 Nanai: en/in
Nanai: omol 3 Oroch: ene, en/i
Oroch: umu 3, omog|o 3 Udighe: en/i(n)
Udighe: umu 3 Solon: ene:, eni
Solon: omul 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/uke:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *emV Meaning: a big kettle
Meaning: 1 mother-in-law 2 female 3 female deer, elk Negidal: en/i
Evenki: emugde, umigde 3 Ulcha: en/ue
Even: o"miri 3 Orok: enue, enug|e
Negidal: umigde 3 Nanai: en/ue
Spoken Manchu: em@x@ 1 Oroch: enein|ki 'birch box for dishes'
Literary Manchu: emile 2, emeke 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *enu:-
Nanai: emxe 1 Meaning: 1 illness, pain 2 to feel pain, be sick
Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/e- Evenki: enu: 1, enu:t- 2
Meaning: to sin Even: en 1, en- 2
Ulcha: en/e- Negidal: enux 1, enu:- 2
Orok: en(n)e- Literary Manchu: en seme 'groan'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *en/i- Ulcha: enu: 1, enu- 2

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Keys of Han
Orok: enu- 2, enu: 1 Nanai: eru 2
Nanai: enusi- 2, enu: 1 Solon: eru: 1
Oroch: enu- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *eri-
Udighe: ene 1 Meaning: 1 to breathe 2 breath 3 soul
Solon: enu:n- 2, enexu: 1 Evenki: eri:- 1, eri:n 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *epe Even: eri- 1, erin 2
Meaning: baked bread, cake Negidal: eji:- 1, ejgen 2, 3
Evenki: ewedi Spoken Manchu: er@x@n 'breath, life'
Spoken Manchu: ef@n 'Manchu bread' Literary Manchu: erge- 'to rest', ergen 2, 3
Literary Manchu: efen Jurchen: erin-he ( = erhen)
Ulcha: epe(n) Ulcha: ersi- 1, erge(n) 2
Nanai: epe Orok: er(i)- 1
Solon: ouo ~ ug|on ~ ewen/ Nanai: erisi- 1, erge 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *epu Oroch: egge 3
Meaning: 1 elder sister's husband 2 grandfather, elder Udighe: ege 2, 3, dial. eje 2
relative 3 bear 4 father's elder brother
Solon: erge: 'life'
Negidal: epo, epa 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru-ke-
Spoken Manchu: efu: 1 (905)
Meaning: upper coat
Literary Manchu: efu 1
Even: irkenmi
Orok: e:pi 2, epeke 2, 3
Ulcha: eru(n), erue(n)
Oroch: epere 2, 4
Oroch: erue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *er[e]-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *eru"-n
Meaning: 1 bad 2 torture, torment 3 to torture 4 to be
mistaken Meaning: time
Evenki: eru: 1, ere- 4 Even: eri
Literary Manchu: eru-n 1 Negidal: ejun
Ulcha: eru-le- 2 Spoken Manchu: erin (2648)

59
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: erin Solon: es^/i:
Jurchen: erin (89) Han-Tungus-prototype: *ete-
Ulcha: eru(n) Meaning: 1 to guard 2 to nurse
Orok: eru(n) / eri(n) Evenki: eteje:- 1, 2
Nanai: eri Even: etu- 1, etij- 2
Oroch: eru:(n) Negidal: etew- 1, etixi- 2
Udighe: e:li(n) Ulcha: eteu- 1, etexi- 2
Solon: eri:· Orok: etew- 1, etexi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi-kin Nanai: etu:- 1, etexi- 2
Meaning: unripe Oroch: etu-cî- 1
Evenki: esikin Udighe: eteu-si- 1
Even: esъkni Han-Tungus-prototype: *etu- / *ute-
Spoken Manchu: us@x@n, usuxun Meaning: 1 to quilt, tuft 2 seam 3 quilted coat, lap 4 mitten
lining 5 to put on, wear 6 upper clothes
Literary Manchu: esxun
Evenki: uteme 3, utepti:n 4
Jurchen: (h)osu-xun
Even: ut- 1, (All.) etik 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *esi:
Negidal: ute- 1
Meaning: now, just now, not long ago
Spoken Manchu: utu- 5 ; utuku 'clothing, clothes, garb'
Evenki: esi: Literary Manchu: etu- 5, etuku 6
Even: esi-me Jurchen: etu-xun 6
Negidal: esi: Ulcha: utecê 2, utesu 3
Literary Manchu: esi 'yes, certainly' Orok: utteuri 3
Ulcha: esi Nanai: ute- 1, utesu: 3
Orok: esi Han-Tungus-prototype: *ez^|e-
Nanai: esi Meaning: to understand, remember
Oroch: esi Spoken Manchu: ez^|@- 'to memorize'
Udighe: esi Literary Manchu: ez^|e-

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Keys of Han
Ulcha: ez^|e-
Literary Manchu: esuk/e- 4
Orok: ede-mu-
Ulcha: eksen- 1, 2
Nanai: ez^|e-
Nanai: eksecî- 2
Oroch: ez^|e-
Udighe: ehie- 'to take care of'
Udighe: egz^|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:de-
Meaning: to take
Meaning: 1 silly 2 defect, shortcoming
Evenki: ga-
Literary Manchu: eden 2
Even: ga-
Ulcha: ede(n) 1
Negidal: ga-
Nanai: e:de 1
Spoken Manchu: Gia- (1402, 1538)
Oroch: ede 1
Literary Manchu: Gaj-
Udighe: e:de 1
Jurchen: ga-gwa-i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:n|-
Ulcha: Ga-
Meaning: 1 to disappear, become invisible 2 to close eyes;
to miss (a sight) 3 to go down (of sun, moon, stars) 4 Orok: Ga-
shady, unlit place
Nanai: Ga-
Evenki: e:n|- 1
Oroch: ga-
Even: e:n|ut- 2
Udighe: ga-
Nanai: en|mie (Он.) 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gabu-ni-
Oroch: en|gi- 3
Meaning: hill, mound
Udighe: e:n|igi- 3
Ulcha: Gau.ni.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *e:ske-
Orok: Gawnax|i.
Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to wait, beware 3 to praise 4 to
curse Nanai: Gaon/a
Evenki: e:ksit- 2, eske:- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gagda
Even: e:ske- 3 Meaning: one of a pair
Negidal: eksit- 2 Evenki: gagda
Spoken Manchu: es@xin@-, isixin@- (1468) Even: ga:d

61
Keys of Han
Ulcha: Gajawcû.(n) 3, Gojsantu.- 5
Negidal: gagda
Orok: Gajaw 4
Literary Manchu: Gaqda, Gaqta
Nanai: Gajaocî.- 2, Gajaqoa 4, Gojsanto- 5
Nanai: GaGda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gali-
Oroch: gagda
Meaning: to contest
Udighe: gagda
Literary Manchu: Galgi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga(j)- / *gia-
Nanai: Gali.-
Meaning: 1 to pole (in a boat) 2 boat pole 3 oar
Oroch: gali-
Evenki: ga- 1, ga-wun 2, ge:µwun 3
Udighe: galoa-
Negidal: gawu.n 2, ge:µwu.l 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-
Literary Manchu: guwafu 2
Meaning: to hate
Ulcha: Goa- 1, Ge:µu.li. 3
Even: galu.t-
Orok: Go:-pu.(n) 2, Ge:µwu.l 3
Ulcha: Galu.-
Nanai: Go:a- 1, Gi.ol 3
Orok: Galu.-
Oroch: gau- 1, gau 2, giu 3
Nanai: Galo-
Udighe: gau, gou 2
Oroch: galu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaja-
Udighe: galu-
Meaning: 1 to have insomnia 2 to be possessed, demoniac
Han-Tungus-prototype: *galu-
Literary Manchu: Gajla- 2
Meaning: clear (of sky, weather)
Ulcha: Gajaz^|u.- 1
Literary Manchu: GalGa
Orok: Gajaddi.- 1
Ulcha: Galu.-Galu. bi
Nanai: Gajaz^|i.- 1
Orok: Ga:l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gaji-
Nanai: GalGa
Meaning: 1 to beckon 2 to show 3 index finger 4 small
finger 5 to indulge, be enthralled Han-Tungus-prototype: *gama
Evenki: gaji:w- 1 Meaning: children of sisters
Literary Manchu: Gajsilabu- 5 Ulcha: Gamasu.

62
Keys of Han
Orok: Gamasu.
Udighe: gakpa- 2
Nanai: Gamaso
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gasa
Oroch: gama, gamasu
Meaning: 1 crane 2 bird 3 swan 4 duck, water-bird 5 kite
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gara
Evenki: gasa 1
Meaning: bough, stick
Negidal: gasa 3
Evenki: gara
Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@ 2 (2172)
Even: gar
Literary Manchu: Gasx|a 2
Negidal: gaja
Ulcha: Gasa 4
Spoken Manchu: Gar@h@n 'branch'
Orok: Gasa 4, 2, Gasawaqqu 5
Literary Manchu: GarGa; Garin 'blade of a knife, edge of a
sword' Nanai: Gasa 4
Jurchen: gar Oroch: gasa 4
Ulcha: Gara Udighe: gaha" 2, 4
Orok: Gara Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-
Nanai: Gara Meaning: 1 to gather berries 2 place of gathering berries
Oroch: ga: Ulcha: Ga:taw 2
Udighe: ga: Orok: Gata- 1
Solon: gar, gara Nanai: Gatao 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *garpa Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata-
Meaning: 1 ray 2 to shine Meaning: 1 hoof (of deer) 2 fur
Evenki: garpa 1, garpa- 2 Literary Manchu: Gatx|uwa 2
Even: garpann|ъ. 1, garpu.- 2 Orok: Gataja 1
Negidal: gatpa 1, gatpa- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gata- / *kada-
Ulcha: Garpacî.- 2 Meaning: 1 strong, hard 2 daft, crafty 3 big, huge
Orok: Galpa 1, Galpa-, Garpa- 2 Evenki: gatakta 2
Nanai: Garpa- 2 Orok: qadara 3
Oroch: gappa- 2 Nanai: Gatoxo 1

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ga:r(u)a Even: gegin-
Meaning: 1 owl 2 swan Negidal: gewxe-
Evenki: ga:re 1,2 Ulcha: gewxe-de-
Even: ga:r 'a big mythical bird' Nanai: geuxe-de-
Negidal: gaja 1 Oroch: geuxende-
Literary Manchu: Garu 2 Udighe: ge-
Jurchen: gawr-un 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gek(u)-
Ulcha: Goara(n) 1 Meaning: to bow, bend
Oroch: garua 1 Negidal: gexete-
Udighe: ga: 1 Literary Manchu: gexu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gebu- Ulcha: gekel-gekel
Meaning: 1 empty 2 thin, lean Orok: gekkil-gekkil
Literary Manchu: gebsexun 2 Nanai: gekel
Ulcha: geu(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gel-
Orok: gewu(n) 1 Meaning: to get hardly on one's way
Nanai: geu 1 Evenki: gel-
Oroch: gewu(n) Orok: gilin-
Udighe: geu Han-Tungus-prototype: *gele:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gedi-muk Meaning: to ask, demand, search
Meaning: back of the head Evenki: gele:-
Evenki: gedimuk Even: gele:-
Even: gedъmъk Negidal: gele:-
Negidal: gedemuk Ulcha: gele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *geg- Orok: gele-
Meaning: to be angry Nanai: gele-
Evenki: gegin- Oroch: gele-

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Keys of Han
Udighe: gele- Oroch: gebbe-
Solon: gele:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbu":
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu Meaning: name
Meaning: all Evenki: gerbi:
Spoken Manchu: gum@ Even: gerbъ
Literary Manchu: gemu Negidal: gelbi
Jurchen: n|em-ur Spoken Manchu: gev@
Orok: gem Literary Manchu: gebu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gemu Jurchen: ger-bu
Meaning: a utensil for cleaning river bottom Ulcha: gelbu
Nanai: gemu 'a long cord with attached stones and hooks Orok: gelbu
for cleaning river bottom', gemude- (v.)
Nanai: gerb'i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gepe-
Oroch: gebbi
Meaning: 1 dim, obscure 2 to disappear 3 to begin (of
night) Udighe: gegbi
Evenki: gepe- 3 Solon: gerbi:
Even: gepeni 'black' (All.)

Han-Tungus-prototype: *gere-n
Ulcha: geptu(n) 1, geptun- 2
Meaning: 1 many 2 all
Nanai: gepejgen, geperie 1
Spoken Manchu: ger@n 1 (2851)
Udighe: gefu o:- 2
Literary Manchu: geren 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gerbe-
Ulcha: gere(n) 1
Meaning: to procure poles (for the tent)
Orok: gere(n) 1
Evenki: gerbe-
Nanai: gere(n) 2
Even: gerben-
Oroch: gere(n) 1, 2
Negidal: gejbe-
Udighe: gele 2
Orok: gelbe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gete-
Nanai: gerbe-
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Keys of Han
Meaning: to wake up, sober up Oroch: ga":sa 2
Spoken Manchu: get@- 'to wake up, to waken' (533) Han-Tungus-prototype: *giala-
Literary Manchu: gete- Meaning: 1 to separate 2 division, partition 3 room 4 to

stop
Nanai: gete-
Spoken Manchu: g/al@- 'distant, separated' (2576);
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:l- g/al@n 'room space, compartiment of a house' (448)
Meaning: 1 to disappear 2 to clear up (of sky) 3 to reflect Literary Manchu: g/ala- 1,4, g/alan 2
light, throw shadow on
Ulcha: Ge:µlaqo 3
Even: ge:l- 2
Nanai: Gi.ala- 1
Literary Manchu: gelmarcê-, gelmerz^|e- 3, gelf/en 'pale'
Udighe: ga"laù 3 (Корм. 221)
Ulcha: gel- 1
Solon: ge:µla:· 3
Orok: ge:l- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gian/am
Nanai: ge:l- 1
Meaning: dawn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ge:(n)n|e-
Evenki: ge:µwan
Meaning: 1 to stretch one's neck, raise one's head 2 to
bend one's head 3 horse's counter, bone on the nape Even: ga":wu.n
Even: ge:n|el- 1 Negidal: ge:µwan
Spoken Manchu: gen-da: 'nape, back of the nape' (61) Ulcha: Ge:µwa(n)
Literary Manchu: gen 3 Orok: Ge:µwa(n)
Nanai: gun|gule- 2 Nanai: Gi.wa
Udighe: gen|gem 1, gendugule- 2 Oroch: ga":awan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gia- Udighe: ge:µa"wa
Meaning: 1 to plane, notch 2 chips, shavings Han-Tungus-prototype: *g(i)an|na-
Negidal: ge:µsadan 2 Meaning: 1 to explain 2 to set (a riddle)
Literary Manchu: g/a- 1 (cf. also geje- to carve) Literary Manchu: g/an|na- 1
Ulcha: Ge:µ- 1 Ulcha: Gan|Ga- 2
Orok: Ge:µ- 1 Orok: Gan|Gan| Gajawo- 2
Nanai: Gi.a- 1 Oroch: gan|ga- 2

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Keys of Han
Udighe: gan|in|a 'riddle' (Корм. 220)
Evenki: giwcê:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giari- / *gira-
Negidal: giwcê:n
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to step
Literary Manchu: g/o
Evenki: gira-kta- 2
Ulcha: giu(n)
Even: gi.ran|-, gi.rqъ.- 2
Orok: giu
Negidal: gi.ja:n- 2
Nanai: giu
Literary Manchu: Garda- 'to run', g/ari- `to walk round,
walk away' Oroch: ga":ucâ, giucâ
Ulcha: Ge:µri.- 1, Gi.ran- 2 Udighe: giu, giuse
Orok: Gi.ran- Solon: gi:se:·
Nanai: Gi.ari- 1, Gi.ran- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gik-
Oroch: ga":ri- 1, gia- 2 Meaning: 1 to gallop 2 to send 3 to spy
Udighe: gea"-li- 1, gea"na- 2 Even: gi.qli.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giaxu"-n Literary Manchu: g/ax|ala-câ- 1
Meaning: 1 hawk 2 falcon Ulcha: Gi.lta- 2
Evenki: ge:µki 2 Nanai: Gi.qo- 1, Gi.aqta- 2
Even: ga":qъ.n 1,2 Oroch: gikta- 2
Negidal: ge:µxin 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil-
Spoken Manchu: g/ahun 1 (2241) Meaning: cold
Literary Manchu: g/ax|un 1 Evenki: gildi
Jurchen: giaxun (giaxun-un) (155) 2 Even: gi.lrъ.
Ulcha: Ge:µx|o 1 Negidal: gi.li.gdi.
Nanai: Gi.x|o 1 Ulcha: Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si.
Oroch: ga":ki 1 Orok: Gi.cû.li.
Udighe: ga"xi (Корм. 221), gea"xi Nanai: Gi.cî.si.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gibu- Oroch: gicî-si
Meaning: roe Udighe: gilihi

67
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil- Negidal: gilen|e:ti
Meaning: 1 ring 2 bracelet Ulcha: gilen/etu
Evenki: gildi: 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilta-
Negidal: gilz^|ixe:n 1 Meaning: 1 white 2 shine
Ulcha: gileptu(n) 2 Evenki: gilta-li 1
Solon: dil/aptun 2 Even: gi.lta:l- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil- Spoken Manchu: gil@t@r@-
Meaning: 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, Literary Manchu: gilta- 2
annoyed, indignant
Ulcha: gilte 2
Evenki: gilka- 1
Nanai: gilte- 2
Even: gi.lko- 1
Solon: giltari 1
Literary Manchu: gila-, gin|qa-, gin|Ga-, gilaz^|a-, gilacâ-
2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *giram-ksa
Ulcha: gil-, ge:µl- 1 Meaning: 1 bone 2 skeleton
Orok: gilcî- 1 Evenki: giramna 1
Nanai: Gi.lki:.- 1 Even: gi.rъ.mrъ. 2 (also "grave")
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gil- Negidal: gi.jamna 2
Meaning: reindeer (more than 5-years-old) Spoken Manchu: giran|@ 1 (167)
Evenki: gilge, gilduka Literary Manchu: giran|gi 1
Even: gilge, gi.lrъ.q Jurchen: gi(r)ba-an-gi (510) 1
Negidal: gi.ldu.ka Ulcha: Gi.ramsa 1
Udighe: gilon|gu"o" 'male roe' Orok: Giransa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gile- Nanai: Gi.rmaqsa 1
Meaning: to sprinkle with wine (sacr.) Oroch: giamsa 1
Literary Manchu: gile- Udighe: ga"maha, gea"maha 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gilen|e:- Solon: giranda 1
Meaning: a k. of duck Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri-

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Keys of Han
Even: girkъ-
Meaning: to cut out
Han-Tungus-prototype: *girki:
Evenki: gir-
Meaning: 1 mate 2 wife 3 placenta
Even: gi.r-
Evenki: girki: 1, 2, 3
Negidal: gi:-, gi.j-
Even: girkъ 1, 2, 3
Literary Manchu: giri-
Negidal: gi:xi: 1
Ulcha: Gi.ri.-
Nanai: girki 'idol, helping spirits'
Orok: Gi.ri.-
Solon: gikki 2
Nanai: Gi.ri.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gob-
Oroch: gi:-, giji-
Meaning: to hunt
Udighe: gi:-
Evenki: gog|-, gowz^|o-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *giri
Even: gobz^|a-
Meaning: 1 shore 2 line, row 3 riverbed
Negidal: gobz^|o-
Evenki: giri 1
Orok: Gobdo-
Even: gi.ri. 1
Oroch: gobz^|ono-
Negidal: gi.ji. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goda-
Spoken Manchu: girin 'hamlets scattered along a highway'
(1020) Meaning: straight, vertical
Literary Manchu: girin 2 Literary Manchu: Godox|on
Ulcha: gi.ri.(n) 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *goj / *gia
Orok: giri 1 Meaning: other
Nanai: gi.r 1 Evenki: ge:µ
Oroch: gi: 1 Even: ga":
Udighe: gi:-ma 1 Negidal: ge:µ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *girke- Spoken Manchu: Gua: (3023) 'other,another'
Meaning: to spread Literary Manchu: Guwa
Evenki: girke- Ulcha: Ge:µ-Gda 'single'; Goj

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Keys of Han
Orok: Ge:µ-da 'one, single'; Goi.
Oroch: go:li 2
Nanai: Gi.a-Gda 'single'; Goj
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gora
Udighe: gea"
Meaning: far
Solon: ge:·
Evenki: goro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola
Even: gor
Meaning: valley
Negidal: gojo
Literary Manchu: golo
Spoken Manchu: Gor@ (2613)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gola
Literary Manchu: Goro
Meaning: 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood
Jurchen: gor-o (701)
Evenki: golo 1
Ulcha: Goro
Even: gol 2
Orok: Goro
Negidal: golo 1
Nanai: Goro
Literary Manchu: Goldon, Golton 2
Oroch: go:
Ulcha: Golon|qo 2
Udighe: go:
Orok: Golo 1, 2
Solon: goro
Nanai: Golon|qo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gorgakta
Oroch: golo
Meaning: palate, uvula
Udighe: golo
Negidal: gorkakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goldi
Literary Manchu: Gun|qan 'Adam's apple' (?)
Meaning: 1 ring 2 loop (on handle of whip)
Orok: Goz^|aqta
Evenki: goldi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-
Literary Manchu: Gulz^|arx|an 2
Meaning: to go mad
Han-Tungus-prototype: *goli
Evenki: gori-
Meaning: 1 a hook (in a needle for weaving nets) 2 net for
large fish Nanai: Goria-
Evenki: goli 1 Udighe: gulea"la-
Nanai: Goli 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gori-

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Meaning: to move, stir Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:l-
Evenki: gori- Meaning: 1 rare (with intervals) 2 shallow
Even: gurgъldъ- (gurge 'work, engagement') Evenki: go:rba (Вас.) 2
Solon: gurgelbu:- (trans.) Nanai: Go:li. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gos- Han-Tungus-prototype: *go:r-
Meaning: to curse Meaning: 1 to exuviate, lose skin 2 a bird that has lost
feathers
Negidal: gosowla:-
Evenki: go:r- 1
Spoken Manchu: Gas@h@- (1915, 1916)
Even: go:r- 1
Literary Manchu: gasxu- 'to swear' (Захаров 305)
Negidal: goj- 1
Ulcha: Gosolo-
Literary Manchu: Goqz^|i 2
Orok: Gosi.-
Ulcha: Goli.- 1
Nanai: Goso:la-, n. Gosx|o(n)
Orok: Gori.- 1
Oroch: gosola-
Nanai: Go:ri.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gosî-
Udighe: guai- 1
Meaning: bitter, sour
Solon: gori- 1
Evenki: gocî
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub-
Even: got
Meaning: 1 to submerge 2 to sink, get stuck in smth.
Negidal: goti.gdi.
Even: go"be:- 1, gupturu- 2
Spoken Manchu: Gos@hun (430)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gub- ( ~ *geb-)
Literary Manchu: Gosi-x|on
Meaning: bud, flower button
Ulcha: Gotu.li.
Literary Manchu: gubsu
Orok: Gotti.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gudige
Nanai: Gocî.
Meaning: stomach
Oroch: gotisi
Evenki: gudig|e:
Udighe: guacîhi
Even: gudi
Solon: gos^/i:gdi
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Negidal: gudi Udighe: guja 3
Literary Manchu: guwez^|ixe Han-Tungus-prototype: *guk-
Udighe: gudie Meaning: 1 bent upwards (of head) 2 convex, hill 3 part of
harness (a piece of iron with a ring) 4 (plough) thills 5 ski
Solon: gudege straps
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gugda Evenki: gugarka 3
Meaning: high, tall Literary Manchu: gukdu 2, Goqcî 4
Evenki: gugda Ulcha: gu:ksi 5
Even: gu:.d Nanai: guku: 1
Negidal: gogda Han-Tungus-prototype: *gul-
Literary Manchu: Godo-x|on Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth
Ulcha: Gu.Gda Evenki: gul- 1
Orok: Gu.Gda Even: gu.l- 2
Nanai: GoGda Negidal: golo-wun 3
Oroch: gugda Literary Manchu: Golon tuwa 3; gulgin 'flame'
Udighe: gugda Ulcha: Gol-z^|o(n) 4
Solon: gu.gda Nanai: Gola- 2, Golz^|o 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guja:- Oroch: gogz^|o(n) 4
Meaning: 1 to butt 2 horn 3 fang 4 to play (of animals) Solon: gu.lz^|e:r 4
Evenki: guja:- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gula
Even: gu.j- 1 Meaning: 1 edge, cliff 2 eyelashes 3 beard, moustache
Negidal: goja 2 Evenki: gula 1
Literary Manchu: Guja- 4 Negidal: gulaxan 1
Ulcha: Gu.ja 3 Literary Manchu: Gulaqu 1
Orok: Gu.ja- 1 Oroch: gu:la 1, gulago" 2
Nanai: Goja 2 Udighe: gula 1, guluge 3
Oroch: guja 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulde-

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Meaning: to untie, unwrap Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|gu
Negidal: gulde- Meaning: 1 big fly 2 grasshopper, dragon-fly
Nanai: gulde- Ulcha: gun|guni 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guli:- Udighe: gun|gu 1
Meaning: to put animal bones on a special decking Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun|ur
Evenki: guli:- Meaning: garlic
Even: go"li- Evenki: gun|ur
Negidal: guli:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *gupuj-
Orok: guli- Meaning: to hit down berries by a special device
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu- Evenki: guja:-
Meaning: female deer, roe Even: guj-
Evenki: gulkacâ:n Ulcha: gupi-
Even: gulkъ Orok: gupi-
Orok: gulu Nanai: gupi-
Udighe: gulugese Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gulu-kun Meaning: 1 to look out, appear 2 to understand
Meaning: 1 whole 2 (whole) piece Even: go"pken- 1
Spoken Manchu: guluxun 'complete, pure' (2348, 2820) Negidal: gupket-/c^- 1
Literary Manchu: gulxun 1 Ulcha: gurpun- 1
Ulcha: gulxu(n) 2 Orok: golpon-, gorpon- 1
Nanai: gulxu 2 Nanai: gurpun- 1
Udighe: guluhu 2 Solon: guru- 2
Solon: gulgu 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gur-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gun- Meaning: 1 acacia 2 polar birch 3 willow
Meaning: to punish, avenge Evenki: guran 2
Evenki: guncâ- Literary Manchu: Goro 1

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Nanai: GorGolaz^|i 3 Literary Manchu: Gulmax|un 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurbi Jurchen: guRma-xaj (150)
Meaning: reed Nanai: Gormax|o 1
Literary Manchu: Gurbi(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *guru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure- Meaning: 1 reach (of river) 2 whirlpool
Meaning: free, spacious Evenki: guruka: 1, guru-ma 'straight (of a river reach)'
Negidal: gujexi: Orok: GorGi 2
Ulcha: gure Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusa
Orok: gurei Meaning: 1 pole (for tying nets) 2 banner
Nanai: guxe (irreg. < *gure-ke ?) Literary Manchu: Gusa 2
Oroch: gure-ni Ulcha: Gu.sa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gure:- Orok: Gu.sa 1
Meaning: 1 to unfasten 2 to tie (a band) 3 string, lace Nanai: Gosa 1
Evenki: gure:- 1, gurewu- 2, guren 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusi
Even: gurelge- 1, gu.rъ.n 3 Meaning: eagle
Literary Manchu: Guran 3 Evenki: gus
Ulcha: gure-li- 1 Even: gusete
Orok: gure-li- 1 Negidal: gusixa:n
Nanai: gure-li- 1, gori 2 Ulcha: gusi
Oroch: guz^|e 3 Orok: gusi
Udighe: gue- 2 Nanai: gusi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gurma- / *gurna- Oroch: gusi
Meaning: 1 hare 2 squirrel 3 ermine Han-Tungus-prototype: *gusin
Evenki: gurnun 2 Meaning: maternal uncle
Even: gurnata 3 Evenki: gusin
Spoken Manchu: Gul@mahun 'hare, rabbit' (2216) Even: go"ser

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Keys of Han
Ulcha: gusi(n)
Solon: guz^|e:n- 4
Orok: gusi(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu: ( ~ *gu":)
Nanai: gusi
Meaning: 1 poison 2 a poisonous plant
Oroch: gusin
Literary Manchu: gu orx|o 2
Udighe: goso`, guse` (Корм. 222)
Ulcha: gu: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gut-ke:-
Orok: gu: 1
Meaning: pike
Nanai: gu: 1
Evenki: gutke:n
Udighe: gu:
Even: go"tken
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:le
Nanai: gu:cê:·
Meaning: hut, dwelling-place
Oroch: gu:cê
Evenki: gu:le
Udighe: guese
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gutu-
Meaning: 1 to say 2 to think
Meaning: 1 to disgrace 2 to rough-house, rage
Evenki: gu:n- 1
Literary Manchu: Gutubu- 1
Even: go":n- 1
Ulcha: Goto- 2
Negidal: gu:n- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *guz^|ej
Spoken Manchu: Goni- 2 (1848)
Meaning: 1 beautiful 2 lovely 3 deserving pity 4 to love,
like Literary Manchu: Guni- 2
Evenki: guz^|ej 1 Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 1
Even: guz^|e:j 2, 3 Ulcha: wembuwu 1
Negidal: guz^|ej 1 Orok: un- 1
Ulcha: guz^|ukuli 1, guz^|ele 3 Nanai: un(de)- 1
Orok: guz^|ile 3 Oroch: gun- 1
Nanai: guz^|iele 3 Udighe: gun- 1
Oroch: guz^|eje 3 Solon: gun- 1
Udighe: guz^|ihi 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu:p-

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Keys of Han
Meaning: to extinguish, be extinguished Literary Manchu: Guwa-x/an 2
Ulcha: gu:pu-, go:kpi- (itr.), gu:ptu- (tr.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":l-
Orok: gu:ptu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.) Meaning: to smoke, fume
Nanai: gu:p-, gu:kpu- (itr.), gu:pu- (tr.) Even: gi:l- 'кипеть'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"b- Ulcha: gulup-
Meaning: to pound, strike Orok: gulitcî-
Evenki: giw- Nanai: gulu-
Even: gi:w- Han-Tungus-prototype: *i
Negidal: giw- Meaning: 3d p. deictic stem
Ulcha: guji- Spoken Manchu: i: 'he, she' (2877)
Nanai: guji- Literary Manchu: i; ineku 'the same'
Oroch: giwi- Jurchen: in
Udighe: giu- Solon: ini 'his'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu"lde- Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaga-
Meaning: to stretch Meaning: to crumble, fall down
Evenki: gilde- Evenki: e:µg|aw-
Even: gildъ- Negidal: e:µg|a-
Negidal: gilde- Literary Manchu: ja-qsa 'берег с осыпью'
Ulcha: gulde- Ulcha: ja:ga-
Orok: gulcî- Han-Tungus-prototype: *iag-z^|akta
Nanai: gulde- Meaning: fat (of a bear)
Oroch: gigdeli- 'to change clothes' Ulcha: jaGz^|aqta
Udighe: gigde- Han-Tungus-prototype: *iaKu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *gu":b- Meaning: 1 swamp, ditch 2 brook
Meaning: 1 to fume, smoke 2 furnace, stove Evenki: jaku 1, jakta 2
Evenki: gi:- 1, gi:wun 2 Spoken Manchu: joh@r@n, johurun 1 (2084)

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Keys of Han
Meaning: frazil
Literary Manchu: jo:x|on 1
Evenki: iwaksa
Nanai: jaqcî.ra 2
Even: i.wu.s
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iandaku
Negidal: i.waksa
Meaning: 1 racoon dog 2 badger 3 young of badger 4
wolverine Ulcha: i.waqsa
Evenki: jantaki: 4 Oroch: juaksa (Корм. 242)
Negidal: jandako 1 Udighe: juakka" (Корм. 242), iwaka"
Literary Manchu: jandacî 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibe:-
Ulcha: jandaqu. 1 Meaning: to come near
Nanai: jandaqo 1 Evenki: iwe:-
Oroch: jandaku 1, jadacî 2 Spoken Manchu: iven@- 'to move forward' (1188)
Udighe: jandasi 2 Literary Manchu: ibe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iapu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibi-
Meaning: to break, spoil, broken Meaning: to pick out seeds
Evenki: e:µp- (Sym.) Literary Manchu: ib/ax|a z^|afa-, ib/ax|ala-
Negidal: jewus Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibke:-n
Ulcha: jepu- Meaning: 1 scoop 2 small boat 3 box
Nanai: jepu- Evenki: iwke:n 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iarga Negidal: iwke:n 1
Meaning: leopard Literary Manchu: weiku 2
Spoken Manchu: jar@h@ (2220) Ulcha: uxe, ujge 1
Literary Manchu: jarGa / jarx|a, jerxe Orok: iwwe 1
Jurchen: jara (148) Nanai: juke(n), ujke 1, dial. uixu 2, ujeke 3
Nanai: jarga (Он.) Oroch: eukke, jeuke 1
Udighe: jaga" (Корм. 240) Udighe: ju:ge 1 (Корм. 242)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *iba-ksa Han-Tungus-prototype: *ib-le

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Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 yard 2 dwelling, building Ulcha: idu(n) 3
Literary Manchu: olen ~ ulen ~ u:len 2 Nanai: idu 3, idule- 2
Jurchen: ew-le (197) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ike:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ibu-kta ( ~ *igu-kta) Meaning: 1 to sing 2 to sing obscene songs, blackguard
Meaning: shells as ornaments Evenki: ike:- 1
Orok: joqto Even: ike:- 1
Solon: jogo:su.· Negidal: ixe:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *icê- Literary Manchu: jeke- 2
Meaning: to see Nanai: i:ke:- 1 (Он.)
Evenki: icê- Oroch: ike- 1
Even: it-/c^- Udighe: jexe- 1
Negidal: icê- Han-Tungus-prototype: *il-
Ulcha: icêwu Meaning: 1 figure, shape 2 body 3 example 4 exterior
Orok: ite- Evenki: ille 2
Nanai: is(k)e-/ice- Even: ilrъ 2, i.lrъ.n 1, ilun 3
Oroch: icê- Ulcha: i.lta(n) 4
Udighe: ise- Nanai: i.lta 4
Solon: iso":- 'to appear' Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *idege: (/*e-) Meaning: three
Meaning: thing Evenki: ilan
Evenki: ideg|e: Even: i.lъ.n
Nanai: ide:· 'reason' (Он.) Negidal: i.lan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *idu- Spoken Manchu: ilan (2737)
Meaning: 1 to command 2 to arrange in order 3 order Literary Manchu: ilan
Even: idu- 1 Jurchen: (j)ilan (638)
Literary Manchu: idu 3, idure- 2 Ulcha: i.la(n)

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Keys of Han
Orok: i.la(n) Even: i.l-
Nanai: i.la Negidal: i.li.t-
Oroch: ila(n) Spoken Manchu: ila- (537,1216), ili- (538)
Udighe: ila(n) Literary Manchu: ili-
Solon: ila Jurchen: ili-bun| (424)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilba, *ile- Ulcha: i.lsu.wu.
Meaning: 1 to smear 2 clay 3 to lick Orok: ili-
Evenki: ile- 3 Nanai: ilGo-
Negidal: ilede- 3 Oroch: ili-
Literary Manchu: ilba- 1, ilban 2, ile- 3 Udighe: ili-
Ulcha: ile- 3 Solon: il-
Orok: ile- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilkV-
Nanai: i.lba- 1, i.lba 2, ile- 3 Meaning: 1 to try 2 to hope
Oroch: ile- 3 Evenki: ilke- 1, ilkicê- 2
Udighe: ile- 3 Even: ielkъt- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ilbe- Negidal: ilki- 2
Meaning: to drive Han-Tungus-prototype: *ime-
Evenki: ilbe- Meaning: fresh, new
Even: ilbъ- Evenki: imekin
Negidal: ilbe- Negidal: imexin
Oroch: ibbe- Orok: imew
Udighe: igbe- Nanai: imeki
Solon: il/bere beije 'driver' Udighe: imexi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ili- Han-Tungus-prototype: *in-
Meaning: to stand Meaning: 1 to live 2 alive
Evenki: il- Evenki: in- 1

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Keys of Han
Even: i:n- 1 Jurchen: inen|i 'sun, day' (3)
Negidal: i:n- 1 Ulcha: inen|ni
Nanai: in|-ki 2 Orok: inen|gi
Oroch: ini 2 Nanai: ini
Udighe: inigi 2 Oroch: inen|i
Solon: inirge- 'to revive' Udighe: inen|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *in/e- Solon: ineg|i, inen|i
Meaning: to laugh Han-Tungus-prototype: *inn|i-
Evenki: in/e- Meaning: to weave a net, to tie knots
Even: in/- Evenki: inn|i-
Negidal: in/e- Even: inn|ъ-
Spoken Manchu: inz^|i-, inz^|@- (186) Negidal: in/n|i-
Literary Manchu: inz^|e- Ulcha: i:-
Jurchen: inz^|e- (461) Nanai: inru 'woven basket'
Ulcha: in/e-kte- Oroch: in|n|i-
Nanai: in/e-mu Udighe: in|i- (in|/i-) (Корм. 239), in/in|i-
Oroch: in/e-kte- Han-Tungus-prototype: *in|i-
Udighe: in/e- Meaning: to neigh
Solon: ne-kte- Evenki: in|il-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ine-n|i: Literary Manchu: ilcâ-, incâ-
Meaning: day Nanai: in|giri-
Evenki: inen|i: Solon: in|ele-
Even: inъn| Han-Tungus-prototype: *ire(n)te-
Negidal: inen|(i) Meaning: to be ashamed
Spoken Manchu: in@n|@ (2657) Spoken Manchu: ir@t@- 'to be bashful, to feel shy' (1969)
Literary Manchu: inen|gi Literary Manchu: jerte-

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Keys of Han
Nanai: irente- Nanai: ilxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *irg[u"] Oroch: ixi
Meaning: 1 brain 2 head Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru-n
Evenki: irge 1 Meaning: furrow
Even: irgъ 1 Literary Manchu: irun, jurun
Negidal: igge / ijge 1 Nanai: iru
Spoken Manchu: uz^|u 2 (1) Han-Tungus-prototype: *iru:-
Literary Manchu: uz^|u 2 Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to melt
Jurchen: (h)u(i)z^|ew (492) 2 Evenki: iru:- 1
Ulcha: iz^|e 1 Even: irъl- 2
Orok: i:de 1 Literary Manchu: iru- 1
Nanai: i:ge 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-
Oroch: igge 1 Meaning: to reach
Udighe: igi 1 Evenki: is-
Solon: igge, irge 1 Even: i.s-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ir-ke- Negidal: i.s-
Meaning: 1 to sing a song, versify 2 to cry, moan Spoken Manchu: isî- 'to be enough, suffice' (2798)
Evenki: irkihin- 2 Literary Manchu: isi-
Even: i:.rqъ- 2 Jurchen: isi-maj (380)
Spoken Manchu: ir@x@v@- (1339) 1 Ulcha: i.si.-
Literary Manchu: irgebu- 1 Orok: i.si.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *irki Nanai: i.si.-
Meaning: gums (of teeth) Oroch: isi-
Negidal: irxi Udighe: i:-gi-
Ulcha: irxi(n) Solon: is-
Orok: irki Han-Tungus-prototype: *is-

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Meaning: to pinch, pluck out Udighe: jogoso, joxo
Evenki: is- Han-Tungus-prototype: *iz^|a
Even: is- Meaning: cold (Northern or Western) wind
Negidal: i:s- Evenki: iz^|a
Literary Manchu: isi- Even: i.z^|a
Ulcha: isi:- Nanai: iz^|a (Он.)
Orok: isi- Oroch: iz^|a
Nanai: iso:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:-
Oroch: isi- Meaning: to enter
Han-Tungus-prototype: *itiknija Evenki: i:-
Meaning: 1 owl 2 crane Even: i:-
Evenki: itiknija 1 Negidal: i:-
Even: i.ti.qn/a 1 Spoken Manchu: ji-be-
Negidal: i.ti.n|na 1 Jurchen: i-re- (715)
Nanai: jate|:nia 2 Ulcha: i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ixere Orok: i:-
Meaning: candle, light Nanai: i:-
Negidal: ixere ( < STung.) Oroch: i:-
Ulcha: ixere Udighe: i:-
Orok: ixere Solon: i:-
Nanai: ixere Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:lbV
Oroch: ixere Meaning: 1 bait 2 uvula 3 plummet, sinker
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ix[e:]- Evenki: i:lbi: 1, 2
Meaning: settlement Literary Manchu: ilmax|a 2, ilmen 3
Evenki: ike:n Ulcha: ilbuxe 3
Nanai: i.x|o Nanai: ilbexe 3

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Oroch: ibbuxe 3 Literary Manchu: quwara- 2, quwaran 3
Udighe: ilbexe 3 Orok: qau.ra(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:nan Nanai: qawa 1
Meaning: 1 husband's younger brother 2 (younger) Oroch: kawa(n) 1

brother- / sister-in-law 3 sister's children 4 son-in-law 5
husband's younger sister Udighe: kawa 1
Evenki: i:nan 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabri-ki:
Even: i.nъ.n 2 Meaning: sledge pole
Negidal: i.na 3 Evenki: kawriki:
Spoken Manchu: ina: 'sister's son (nephew); son of fater's Negidal: kawri.xi:.
or moter's sister (cousin)' (920)
Ulcha: qau.ri.
Literary Manchu: ina 3
Orok: qawre:
Orok: i.na 4
Nanai: kaori:.
Nanai: i.na 5
Oroch: kauri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *i:rme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kabu-kta
Meaning: to ask
Meaning: 1 salmon fat 2 salmon stomach
Even: i:rmu-
Ulcha: qau.qta 1
Ulcha: iremesi-
Nanai: qau.qta 2
Orok: ireme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kacî-ka:n
Nanai: ireme- (Он.)
Meaning: puppy
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kab-
Evenki: kacîka:n
Meaning: 1 to break, destroy, press 2 to squeeze, knead
Even: qacî.qan
Even: qawъ.q-, qawъ.l- 1
Negidal: kacî.xa:n
Negidal: kawju.- 2
Orok: ke:cîke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaba-
Nanai: kejcê(ke)
Meaning: 1 tent (covered with bark) 2 to enclose, fence 3
fence, enclosure, camp Udighe: kasànz^|iga
Spoken Manchu: quar@n 'courtyard' (553) Solon: xasxa:·

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kacû(-ki) Meaning: courageous, diligent
Meaning: skin clothes Literary Manchu: qadaraqu
Literary Manchu: qacîki Ulcha: qa:da-
Ulcha: qacû.i. Orok: qadaraqu
Nanai: qacôi. Nanai: qadaraqo
Oroch: kacûn, kacûki Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaji-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadala / *kadara Meaning: 1 a big seal 2 wild goat 3 a variegated dog breed
Meaning: bridle Even: kajir 2
Spoken Manchu: had@l@, qad@l@ (1255) Orok: qai.g|ari. 1
Literary Manchu: x|adala Nanai: kiakta:n 3 (Он.)
Nanai: qadara, x|adara Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK-
Solon: xadal, kadala Meaning: 1 to rumple (skin) 2 instrument for rumpling

skin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kada(r)
Oroch: kaku 2
Meaning: rock
Udighe: kaì- 1 (Корм. 244)
Evenki: kadar, kadag|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaKi
Even: qada:r, qadaqu.
Meaning: 1 angry 2 hasty
Negidal: kada:
Evenki: kaki 1
Spoken Manchu: had@ 'mountain peak' (2069)
Literary Manchu: x|axi 2
Literary Manchu: x|ada
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakta-
Ulcha: qadali.
Meaning: yellow, pale
Orok: qada
Evenki: kaktalama, kaktarin
Nanai: qadar 'granite, marble' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kakti-
Oroch: kada
Meaning: to give out a smell of burning
Udighe: kada
Negidal: kakti.-
Solon: xada:r
Literary Manchu: x|aqsa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kadara-ku
Ulcha: qaqta-
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Orok: qaqtu.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalbu
Nanai: qaqtari. (adj.) Meaning: 1 girdle 2 band
Udighe: kakcîsi- Evenki: kalbu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaK(u) Even: qa:lbъ. 1
Meaning: dam Negidal: kalbu 1
Literary Manchu: qaqu Solon: xalban|xa 2
Jurchen: xe-ki (68) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalcû-kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal- Meaning: 1 water lily 2 sea weed
Meaning: 1 near 2 to come near Even: qajqi. 2
Spoken Manchu: hancî 1 (2611) Negidal: kalcû.kta 1
Literary Manchu: xancî 1; xalbu- 'to let into the house' Ulcha: qalz^|uqta 1, 2
Ulcha: qa:l- 2 Nanai: qalz^|oqta 1
Orok: qal- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali
Nanai: qal/cî. 1 Meaning: 1 crucian 2 white-fish
Oroch: kalikun- 'to let near' Evenki: kali 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kal- Udighe: kali 2
Meaning: 1 clan, family 2 to gather (deer) 3 together Han-Tungus-prototype: *kali-ki(n)
Evenki: kalbuldi:- 2, Il. ka:lbe 3 Meaning: scar, cicatrice
Literary Manchu: x|ala 1 Ulcha: qalx|i.(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kala-n Orok: qali.x|i.
Meaning: 1 kettle 2 bag Nanai: qalx|i.·
Evenki: kalan 1 Oroch: kalixi
Even: qala:-was 2 Udighe: kaleha"
Ulcha: qala(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalma-gda
Nanai: qala 1 Meaning: rich bride
Udighe: kala(n) 1 Negidal: kalmagda

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Ulcha: qama-lu.- 1
Ulcha: qalmaz^|a
Orok: qama-li.- 1
Oroch: kamaz^|a
Nanai: qama-li- 1, qama 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kalta
Udighe: kama-, kamasi- kamali-
Meaning: 1 to split in halves, be splitted in halves 2 half 3
one of a pair Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamicû
Evenki: kalta- 1, kaltaka 2, 3 Meaning: box, bag (made of birch-bark)
Even: qaltъ.q-, qaltъ.l- 1, qaltъ.q 2 Evenki: kamit
Negidal: kalta- 1, kaltaxa 3 Ulcha: qamcû.
Ulcha: qaltali.- 1, qalta 2 Oroch: kamicî
Orok: qalta:- 1, qalta 2 Udighe: kamisi
Nanai: qalta:- 1, qalta: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamnu- / *kamdu-
Oroch: ka:kta- 1, kakta 2 Meaning: fish glue
Udighe: kakta` 2 (Корм. 244) Evenki: kamnun
Solon: xaltaxa 3 Even: kanmo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kam- Negidal: kamnun
Meaning: 1 to hem a garment with a white fur stripe 2 Literary Manchu: amdun
head kerchief 3 broad women's belt
Ulcha: qamdu(n)
Evenki: kamra:- 1
Orok: qamdu.(n)
Literary Manchu: qamtun 2
Nanai: qamdo
Ulcha: qambu.câ 3
Oroch: kamnu
Orok: qa:mi. 3
Udighe: kamnu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kama-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamp-
Meaning: 1 to oppress 2 to prohibit, be unable to help 3
(being at a) loss Meaning: 1 to fold, bend 2 to press
Evenki: kama- 1, kama-lit- 2 Evenki: kamni:- 2
Even: kamag| 3 Negidal: kampi.- 1, 2
Negidal: kama-li- 1 Literary Manchu: qamni- 2

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Ulcha: qampu.- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kap-
Nanai: qampi.- 1 Meaning: 1 together 2 to press, squeeze together 3 couple

4 gripe 5 trap
Udighe: qampi- 1
Evenki: kapkal- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kamur-
Negidal: kap 1, kapel 5
Meaning: together, gather
Spoken Manchu: havir@hun, h/avir@hun (2619) 'narrow,
Ulcha: qamu.r tight'
Orok: qamu.r Literary Manchu: qab(a) 3, x|afira- 2, x|afiraqu 4
Nanai: qamor Ulcha: qap 1, qapu.ra- 2, qapu.raqu. 4, qapali. 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanda Orok: qap 1, qapi.ra 4
Meaning: dewlap Nanai: qap 1, qapi.ra- 2, qapi.raqo 4, qapali. 5
Literary Manchu: qanda Oroch: kapali 1
Nanai: qando Udighe: ka"fi- 2 (Корм. 247), kabàu 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan-dari- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-
Meaning: to be fed up, tired of Meaning: 1 to kill 2 to fight
Evenki: kandari- Evenki: kare- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kanz^|a-? Orok: karamacî- 2
Meaning: horn Han-Tungus-prototype: *kar-
Nanai: Ganz|az|a Meaning: rod, thin branch
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kan|ar Evenki: kar, kari, kare
Meaning: helminth Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara-
Evenki: kan|ir Meaning: 1 to guard, protect 2 to watch
Even: qan|ъ.r Evenki: karama-, karma- 1, kara-m-na- 'to envy'
Negidal: kan|aj Even: qarg|u.s- 1 (Arm.), qarqi.- 'to wait'
Orok: qan|ai. 'a k. of fish (навага)' Spoken Manchu: qarm@- (797) 1
Nanai: ka:n|a (Он.) Literary Manchu: qarma- 1 (perhaps also x|arsâ-, ТМС 1,
380)
Oroch: kan|a 'salmon'
Ulcha: qarGa-cû.- 2
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Keys of Han
Orok: qarGa- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas-
Nanai: qarGa-cî.- 2 Meaning: through, straight through
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara- Negidal: kas
Meaning: 1 woodcock 2 hazel grouse 3 wild birds (ducks, Literary Manchu: qas 'quickly'
geese) 4 jackdaw 5 a k. of bird 6 rook 7 black heron 8
cormorant Ulcha: qas
Evenki: kara 1, karaki: 2 Orok: qas
Negidal: karaxi:. 3 Nanai: qas
Literary Manchu: qaraki 6, qaralz^|a 7, qarasu 8 Oroch: kas; kasa- 'to send'
Orok: qari. 4 Udighe: kahile:
Nanai: qarqaj 5 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kasaga-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kara ( ~ *x-) Meaning: 1 insistent, obstinate 2 to overcome
Meaning: a k. of weed Evenki: kasag|a- 2
Literary Manchu: x|ara Even: qasъ.g| 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *karmu- / *karbu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kasâka-
Meaning: 1 a k. of swallow 2 a k. of duck Meaning: 1 to tickle 2 to become scabby 3 scabs
Evenki: karbuki: 2 Evenki: kacâka- 1
Nanai: qarmor 1 Negidal: kacâxa- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *karsi Literary Manchu: qasana-, qasqana- 2, qasqa(n) 3
Meaning: marten Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata-
Literary Manchu: x|arsa Meaning: 1 to tie hard 2 band 3 friend
Nanai: qarsa Even: qataq 3
Udighe: kaha" (Корм. 246) Negidal: katag|a- 1, kati.xa 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kas- Literary Manchu: x|ata 2
Meaning: 1 to reproach 2 to look down on Ulcha: qatara- 1
Even: qas- 1 Orok: qatara- 1
Literary Manchu: qasana- 2 Nanai: qatara- 'to grasp one's hair'

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *kata- / *kete- Negidal: kan|gu., ko:n|ala:n, kon|odo:
Meaning: to knock (with hooves), sound of knocking Literary Manchu: x|on|Go(lo)n
Negidal: keter-keter Ulcha: qan|Gu.li.
Literary Manchu: kete-qata Orok: qon|Golo
Ulcha: ketes Nanai: qa:n|Go.
Orok: qatam, qatar, qatari Udighe: kan|gu (Корм. 245)
Nanai: keter-keter Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kaxa- Meaning: 1 to gnaw, bite (with front teeth) 2 to pierce

through 3 a big arrow
Meaning: to choke
Evenki: kewde- 2
Evenki: kaka-
Even: ke:wri- 1
Literary Manchu: x|aGa-
Literary Manchu: kejfule- 2, kejfu 3
Ulcha: qax|ambu.wu.si.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keber-
Orok: qaGu.mi.-
Meaning: plain, steppe, meadow
Nanai: qawali.-
Evenki: kewer, kewe-kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:m-
Even: ke:r-ke
Meaning: dried fish
Solon: xeber
Even: qa:m
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kebi-
Oroch: kambuti 'name of a small fish'
Meaning: to bow down, lie low
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:nta-
Literary Manchu: keb, keo (seme)
Meaning: to attain, reach (by hand)
Ulcha: kebile-
Ulcha: qanta-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keb-te
Nanai: qa:ndacî.-, (Он.) qa:ntacî.-
Meaning: 1 belt 2 to bulge (of belly)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ka:n|gu
Evenki: kebder- 2
Meaning: a k. of duck
Literary Manchu: xebtexe 1
Evenki: kan-dira:, dial. kon|or
Jurchen: xebu-de (227) 1
Even: qo:n|a:l
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *kecêri- Orok: keli(n) 1
Meaning: to turn, change sides Nanai: keli 1
Ulcha: kecêri-mbucî- Oroch: keli 1
Nanai: kecêri- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelte- ( < *kerelte-?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kelder Meaning: wolverine
Meaning: 1 variegated, spotted 2 mole Evenki: keltefki:
Even: keldъr 2 Even: ko"ltekken
Negidal: keldejin 1 Negidal: keltelke:n
Ulcha: kelderu(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kem-ki-
Orok: kelderu 1 Meaning: to bite (of a dog, goose)
Oroch: kegdi 1 Literary Manchu: kemki-
Udighe: kedei 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kemu-kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli- Meaning: 1 rowan (berry) 2 a k. of berry, shamrock
Meaning: 1 knife, blade 2 to cut, cut out Evenki: kempi 1 (Sakh.)
Evenki: keli 1 Oroch: ke:mukte 2
Even: ke:lre 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende
Orok: keli- 2 Meaning: shoulderblade
Nanai: keli- 2 Evenki: kendeke:
Udighe: keli- 2 Even: ke:ndъt
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keli Negidal: kendexe
Meaning: 1 relative-in-law 2 girl, sister Orok: kende
Evenki: keli(n) 1, kiliwli: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-
Even: keli 1 Meaning: 1 threshold 2 to hinder, obstruct
Negidal: keli 1, kelewli. 2 Negidal: kende 1
Literary Manchu: keli 1 Ulcha: kenderxi(n) 1, kenz^|i- 2
Ulcha: keli(n) 1 Nanai: kenderxi 1, ke:nz^|i- 2

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Oroch: kenderku, kenderxi 1, ke:ndi- 2
Udighe: ken|te 2
Udighe: kondopti 1 (Корм. 250)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kende-
Meaning: 1 jaw 2 gills 3 boards (on boat's front)
Meaning: a k. of tree
Evenki: kewe 1
Nanai: kendele(n), kendele:(n) (Он.) 'thuja'
Even: kewe: 1
Oroch: ke:nde:le: 'name of a tree'
Ulcha: kepi(n) 2, 3
Udighe: kendele 'red tree' (Корм. 254)
Orok: kepi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken/e- / *kun/e-
Nanai: kepi 2, 3
Meaning: 1 shin 2 stockings
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepel-
Evenki: ken/ete, kun/etu 2
Meaning: belly, stomach
Even: ke:n/ecê 2, ko":ncên 1
Even: kъbъl, ke:bъl
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-
Spoken Manchu: kev@l@, xev@l@ 'stomach, belly;
Meaning: 1 emptiness 2 to empty 3 hole, ice-hole 4 bosom' (87)
emptied
Literary Manchu: xefeli, xefali
Evenki: ken|ku-te:k 1, ken|re 3, ken|gur 4
Jurchen: xefuli (508)
Even: ko":n|ki:- 2, ke:n|gule 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kepu- ~ *kopu-
Udighe: ken|ku 1 (Корм. 254)
Meaning: to float on the surface
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|i-
Evenki: kepke-met-
Meaning: to bite, gnaw
Even: kewu-met-; kebdun|cî- 'to swim (of sea animals)'
Evenki: ken|i-
Negidal: kopon- ~ kepen-; kebgexit- 'to produce bubbles
Negidal: ke:n|i- (of fish)'
Nanai: ken|ne- Ulcha: kopto-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ken|-tire Orok: kuptu-du-
Meaning: 1 breast, chest 2 side (of body) Nanai: qopto-l, kepte (adv.)
Evenki: ken|tire 1 Oroch: kopcô 'fish-hook'
Even: ke:ntъre 1 Udighe: kopcôl-
Nanai: ken|tere 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kere-, *kerbe-

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Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 kill 2 to fine 3 to slander 4 to revenge Literary Manchu: kesemburu 3
Evenki: kerbe- 1, keremi:- 3, keremz^|u bi- 4 Jurchen: ke-si-ge-bulu (368) 5
Literary Manchu: keru-le- 2, keru-n 'fine' Ulcha: keseucû- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kerge- (*kergi-) Nanai: kesu:-li- 2
Meaning: 1 circle, ring 2 to bind into bunches 3 to reel 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kete, *ke:ter
bunch
Meaning: 1 big 2 many 3 elder 4 almost
Negidal: kejgeli 1
Evenki: ke:ter 1, kete 2
Literary Manchu: xergi-, xercî- 3
Even: ke:ter 1
Ulcha: kergi 4, kergin- 2
Negidal: ke:tej 1
Orok: kejgeli 1
Ulcha: ketele 4
Nanai: kergi 4
Orok: ketette 4
Oroch: kez^|e- 3
Nanai: ke:te 3, kete:le 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *keri-muk
Oroch: ke:te 1, kete 4
Meaning: intestine, part of stomach
Udighe: kete 'more' , ketige 4
Evenki: kerimek
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ketem
Even: kori.mki.
Meaning: barren (of a female deer)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese
Evenki: ketem
Meaning: word, order
Even: ketъm
Spoken Manchu: xes@ 'edict' (1351)
Negidal: ketem
Literary Manchu: xese
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kexere
Orok: kese
Meaning: hard palate
Udighe: kehie
Ulcha: kekere, kexere, xexere
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kese:-
Nanai: xexere
Meaning: 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to
torture, lacerate 5 sad Oroch: kexe
Evenki: kese:- 1 Udighe: ke (Корм. 253)
Negidal: keseg|i:- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:j-

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Meaning: 1 to go astray 2 to become wild (of a reindeer) Ulcha: qe:µwara
Evenki: ke:j- 1 Orok: qe:µwu
Even: ke:jun- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-
Negidal: kej- 2 Meaning: pale
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:lu-me Evenki: ke:µwama
Meaning: servant Even: ke:µmaku.
Evenki: ke:lu:me Negidal: ke:µm-di., ke:µr
Even: ke:lme Ulcha: qe:µm-z^|i.
Orok: kele Orok: qemo-tto-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:nde Nanai: qi.a-gz^|a, qi.a-m
Meaning: harnessed deer Oroch: ka":m
Even: ke:nde Udighe: kea"l-kea"l
Literary Manchu: x/ancî-la- 'to gather in herds (of deer in Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaba-
summer)'
Meaning: 1 bladder of kaluga fish used for storing oil 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ke:n/e- bobber
Meaning: 1 be superstitious 2 to praise, flatter 3 to speak, Evenki: kewilde 2

tell 4 to curse, rebuke 5 to doubt, suspect
Even: qoъ.ldъ. 2
Evenki: ke:n/e- 2
Ulcha: qe:µu.ri. 1
Even: ke:n/ew- 1
Orok: qewri. 1
Negidal: ke:n/e- 2
Nanai: qi.awari.a 1
Literary Manchu: xendu- 3, kenexunz^|e- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiabu-
Jurchen: xen-du-ru (467) 3
Meaning: bottom of boat
Orok: ken- 3, kene- 2
Ulcha: kewu(n)
Udighe: keni- 4
Nanai: kio
Solon: xe:ni:- 2
Oroch: ka":u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiab-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiad-
Meaning: sea gull
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Meaning: mountain pass Nanai: qa":f (Bik.) 1
Evenki: kedris Udighe: kea"mikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiade-le- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiamk-
Meaning: to lace, befringe Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 a k. of water insect 3 worm
Evenki: ke:µd/ele:- Evenki: ke:µmka:n 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiakp- / *kiapk- Even: qa":mqъ.r 2
Meaning: 1 crayfish 2 tick Negidal: ki.mkaj 3
Orok: qeqpari. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaru
Oroch: ka":pi 2 Meaning: gauge, mould (for net meshes)
Udighe: ka"fi 2 (Корм. 247), kea"fi 2 Ulcha: qi.ru.l
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiaK-ta / -ikta Nanai: qi.rol
Meaning: 1 skin 2 shell Oroch: ka":ro
Evenki: ke:µkikta 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata
Literary Manchu: qaiqari 2 Meaning: 1 salmon 2 dead fish (after releasing roe) 3 to
weaken
Ulcha: qi.aqta 2
Evenki: ke:µta 1
Nanai: qa":x|ta 2
Even: qa":ta 1
Oroch: kiakta 2
Negidal: ke:µta 1
Udighe: ka"kta (/ka"xta) (Корм. 246)
Literary Manchu: k/ata 1, k/atu- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *k[ia]m-
Ulcha: ke:µta 2
Meaning: diver
Orok: qe:µta 2
Even: ka":miln|a / kiamiln|a
Nanai: qa":ta- 3
Orok: qojomo 'a k. of duck'
Oroch: kiata 2, kiata- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiama / *kiapa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiata-kun
Meaning: 1 temple 2 face
Meaning: 1 finger-nail 2 bar, billet
Evenki: ke:µwa 2
Spoken Manchu: k/at@hun 1 (76)
Orok: qe:µmi 1
Literary Manchu: xitaxun 1
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Keys of Han
Even: qi.q- 1 (Новикова 1980, 183)
Nanai: qataxi. 2
Negidal: kik- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kib-câ-
Nanai: kikia- 2 (Он.), kikpe:- 3 (Он.)
Meaning: prudence, moderation
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilde-
Literary Manchu: xibcâ-n
Meaning: lime tree
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kibe:
Evenki: kilden
Meaning: birch bark
Ulcha: kilde(n)
Evenki: kiwe, kiwe:, ki:we
Nanai: kilde
Even: ki:we
Oroch: kigde
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kidu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kilu-
Meaning: 1 to respect 2 to think, remember
Meaning: 1 grey goose 2 heron 3 gull 4 swan
Spoken Manchu: kidu- 'to have affection for' (1870)
Evenki: kuluk 3
Literary Manchu: kidu- 2
Even: kil/arqa 'name of a bird', ku.lar 3
Nanai: kidu- 1
Literary Manchu: kilax|un 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kijo-kta
Ulcha: qi:.lala 1
Meaning: brier
Nanai: kulikte 4
Even: ke:kto 'unripe berry'
Udighe: kilai 3 (Корм. 248)
Literary Manchu: k/o:k/o:n 'name of an edible plant'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kim-
Ulcha: qojoqto
Meaning: 1 to prepare, arrange 2 to check, investigate, to
Orok: qi.joqto concentrate on
Nanai: qi.oqto Even: qi.m- 1
Oroch: kijokto Spoken Manchu: kim@cî- (1852) 2
Udighe: ko"kto, kiokto (Корм. 251) Literary Manchu: kimcî- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kik- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kipe
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to cut oneself (by rubbing at a rope) 3 Meaning: a k. of wild millet
to become torn (of a rope, chain)
Literary Manchu: xife
Evenki: kik- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kire-
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Meaning: a k. of eagle, falcon
Meaning: 1 to mince 2 to be broken off, break off 3 to
gnaw Evenki: ki:ran
Evenki: kirge- 3 Literary Manchu: #ka"i

Udighe: ka"i
Even: qi.rGъ.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobi / kebi(n|e)
Ulcha: kirki-cû- 3, kiri 'front tooth'
Meaning: 1 hole, hollow 2 cavity
Orok: keren- 1, kiri:- 'скалить зубы'
Even: qobmil/a 1, ke:wn|e, kewun|e 2
Nanai: qi.arqi.ali.-, kerkieli- 3, kerme:- 2
Literary Manchu: qobi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kis-k-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kobil
Meaning: 1 to touch, stroke, sharpen (a knife) 2 tongs, vice
Meaning: mast
Evenki: kiski 2
Ulcha: qowu.l
Literary Manchu: xisx|a- 1
Nanai: qojol
Nanai: kiskie (Он.) 2
Oroch: ko:wi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kitiri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kob-ta
Meaning: a k. of fox
Meaning: esteem
Negidal: ki.ti.ji.
Literary Manchu: qobto
Orok: kitcîri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kocî-
Nanai: kicîri (Он.)
Meaning: 1 to chant, praise 2 to deceive, lie 3 to harm (of
Oroch: kiti an evil ghost), to interrupt
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kiz^|- Evenki: kocî-nz^|a- 1, kocût- 2
Meaning: to lose Literary Manchu: x|os^sô- 2
Nanai: ki.z^|o- Nanai: qocâ-li.- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:mu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kodori-
Meaning: 1 to be inimical 2 enmity Meaning: 1 to scoop 2 scoop (made of birch bark)
Literary Manchu: kimu-le- 1, kimun 2 Ulcha: qodu.rpu.(n) 2
Nanai: ki:mu-le:- 1, ki:mur 2 Nanai: qodori- 1 (Он.), qodori.qo, qodorpo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ki:ran Han-Tungus-prototype: *koja

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Meaning: secretion of a musk deer
Udighe: komugu (Корм. 249)
Ulcha: qoja
Han-Tungus-prototype: *komta-n
Nanai: qoja
Meaning: cover, box
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koKalta
Negidal: komtaxan
Meaning: mittens
Ulcha: qo:mta(n)
Evenki: kokollo
Nanai: qomta
Even: qu.qъ.tъ.n
Oroch: kumta(n)
Negidal: koxolo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kondi
Ulcha: qo:lto
Meaning: scoop, box
Nanai: qo:lto
Negidal: konz^|axan
Oroch: ko:kto
Ulcha: konz^|oko
Udighe: ko`lo (Корм. 250)
Orok: x|ondoqqo 'кисет'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kola
Nanai: kunz^|i, kunz^|ucê
Meaning: 1 cunning 2 deceit 3 to deceive 4 catching
thieves Oroch: ko:ndi
Evenki: kolo 1 Udighe: konz^|i
Spoken Manchu: hol@ 'lie, falsehood' (1308) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|-
Literary Manchu: x|olo 2, x|olto- 3, x|uz^|a-cî 4 Meaning: to tear out, uproot
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kolopo-kta Evenki: kon|dot-
Meaning: a k. of tree Even: qonn|aq-, qonn|al-
Oroch: kolobokto, kopolokto 'ritual fir-tree' Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|da-
Udighe: kofolokto 'a k. of tree' Meaning: 1 crosswise 2 to break, snap, be broken 3 half
(of an object)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *komba-
Evenki: kon|dor 1, kon|dorgo- 2
Meaning: wrist, hand, spoke-bone
Even: qon|dъ.s 1, qon|dъ.q- 2
Negidal: komboxi:.
Oroch: kondo 3
Orok: qomu:.
Udighe: kandugu 3
Nanai: qombi.o
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|ga Ulcha: qori. 1,2
Meaning: deaf Orok: qori. 1
Negidal: kon|go Nanai: qori. 1
Ulcha: qon|Go Oroch: koi 1
Orok: qon|Go Udighe: koai- (Корм. 249), kua- 'to make a blockhouse'
Nanai: qon|Go Han-Tungus-prototype: *korim- / *kirim-
Oroch: kon|go Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash 3 inner side of eyelid
Solon: xon|go: Evenki: korimi- 1, kirimki:n 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kon|na- Even: qorъ.m- 1, kirimki 2
Meaning: black Negidal: ki:mki: 2
Evenki: kon|no-mo,-rin Orok: qolpi.qta 3
Even: qo:n|ъ.- Solon: xurmult(e) 2
Negidal: kon|noji:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-, *kormaki
Solon: xon|nori Meaning: 1 sheath 2 dish made of birch bark
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kora- Evenki: kor 2
Meaning: to drive away Literary Manchu: x|omx|on 1
Even: koro- Ulcha: qo:mai. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori Orok: qolmoj 1
Meaning: a mythical bird (mediator) Nanai: qormi:. 1
Orok: qori. Oroch: kommoi 1
Nanai: qori. Udighe: komigi 1
Oroch: ko:ri Han-Tungus-prototype: *kor-pi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kori Meaning: to be, make in time
Meaning: 1 frame, blockhouse 2 cage 3 shed Negidal: kotpi.-
Negidal: koj 1 Ulcha: qorpi.-
Literary Manchu: x|orin 2,3 Orok: qu.lpi.-

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Nanai: qorpi.- Evenki: kocîkta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *koru Literary Manchu: x|usix|a 1
Meaning: pike Jurchen: xu-cu 1 (129), xu-cur 2 (106)
Even: ko":rike, kurike 'a k. of fish (род мальмы)' Ulcha: qacî.aqta 1
Negidal: kojcâ:n Nanai: qocôa 1
Literary Manchu: xoro Oroch: kocôkto 'a k. of bush'
Ulcha: qoru. Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosa Meaning: 1 concave, cavity 2 to bend upwards
Meaning: 1 stone ring 2 ring, pectoral Evenki: koto-kon 1
Ulcha: qoso(n) 2 Even: qotan/a 1
Orok: qoso 1 Literary Manchu: x|otoro- 2
Oroch: koso 1 Ulcha: qotom- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosi- Nanai: qotajga 2
Meaning: 1 to enclose 2 enclosure 3 to graze Han-Tungus-prototype: *kota
Even: ko"s- 1, ko"stin| 2, ko"scî- 3 Meaning: 1 knife 2 knife on a shaft
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosâ Evenki: koto 2
Meaning: river bend, cape, angle Even: qotqa:n 1
Evenki: kocô Negidal: koto 1
Even: qoc^ Nanai: qoto 1
Negidal: kocô Solon: koto 1
Literary Manchu: x|osô Han-Tungus-prototype: *koto-ran-
Ulcha: x|ocû. Meaning: to singe, burn
Oroch: kocî:mdi 'curved' Evenki: kotoron-mi: (Вас.)
Udighe: koso(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:mba
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kosî-kta Meaning: scoop, ladle
Meaning: 1 nut 2 peach Evenki: ko:mba

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Even: ko":men|e
Nanai: qota 2
Negidal: kombo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kub- / *keb-
Ulcha: qombo
Meaning: 1 friendly, lovingly 2 bride
Orok: qombo
Evenki: kuwer 2
Nanai: qombo
Literary Manchu: keb, keo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:n|a:-
Nanai: kewe:li 1
Meaning: 1 ringing sound (expr.) 2 bell
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuba-
Evenki: ko:n|a:kte 2
Meaning: to plane, scrape
Even: qo:n|at 2
Evenki: kuwa-
Negidal: kon|i.r, kon|u.r 1
Even: qu.wu.n 'scraper, drawing-knife'
Literary Manchu: qon|gir 1
Negidal: koa-, kowa-
Ulcha: qon|Goqto 2
Literary Manchu: quwa-fix/a-
Orok: qon|Goqto 2
Orok: qu.wai., qu.waqu. 'plough'
Nanai: qon|Go:qto 2
Nanai: qoatamsa 'chip, splinter'
Oroch: kon|okto 2
Oroch: koa-, kua-, kuwa-
Solon: xon|a:ttu:. 2
Udighe: kua-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuberi
Meaning: 1 to delve, carve out, pick out 2 to wound
accidentally Meaning: fur hood; collar
Literary Manchu: qori- 1 Literary Manchu: x|uberi
Nanai: ko:rxi- 2 (Он.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kucî- ( ~ -s^-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ko:ta Meaning: 1 to come 2 to wander
Meaning: 1 debt 2 miserly, greedy Evenki: kucî- 1, kicûr- ( < *kucîr- ?) 2
Evenki: ko:ta 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kucî ( ~ -s^-)
Even: qo:t 1 Meaning: 1 sausage (made of bear's intestine fat) 2 large

intestine
Ulcha: qota 2
Evenki: kucî 1
Orok: qu.ta 2
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Nanai: qocî. 2
Literary Manchu: x|ojx|o 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kucî-n
Jurchen: xojxolo
Meaning: 1 well 2 dimples
Orok: kujumu
Spoken Manchu: qocîn 1 (547)
Oroch: kuja
Literary Manchu: x|ucîn 1
Solon: xuju:xe:· 2
Jurchen: xuci 1(56)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju-kta
Nanai: qocî. 2; x|ocî 1 ( < Man.)
Meaning: 1 nut 2 blue-berry
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude
Even: kujkit 2
Meaning: 1 stern 2 steering oar
Nanai: qojaqta 1
Literary Manchu: xude 1, 2
Oroch: kuikta 1
Nanai: kude 2
Udighe: kuikta 1
Udighe: kude 'носовая переборка бата (большой
долбленой лодки)' (Корм. 252) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kukcû
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kude: Meaning: 1 sleeping-bag 2 clothes with quilted sleeves
Meaning: 1 shore, land 2 to land Evenki: kukcû 1, 2
Evenki: kude: 1 Even: qu.cû. 1, 2
Literary Manchu: kude- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuje Meaning: 1 to perish 2 dying
Meaning: whirlwind, snow storm Evenki: kukelcê: 2
Negidal: kuje Even: ko"ke- 1
Oroch: kue, kuwe Spoken Manchu: guku- 'to fall, to be destroyed' (1063)
Udighe: kue Literary Manchu: guku- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuju- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuk-pun
Meaning: 1 goose 2 young of birds 3 duck Meaning: rubbish, dirt
Evenki: kujuki: 1 Literary Manchu: xukun
Even: kujuken 2 Ulcha: kukpu(n)
Negidal: kujuxe:n 3 Nanai: kukpu

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu Udighe: kula(n)
Meaning: blue Solon: kulan
Evenki: kuku, kuku-sîn Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulbuka
Literary Manchu: kuku Meaning: hub
Oroch: kuagz^|a Evenki: kulbuka: (dial.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuKu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli-, *kuli-ti-
Meaning: 1 to mince (meat) 2 minced meat 3 fat, inner fat Meaning: 1 to fence, shut off 2 threshold 3 partition,
screen 4 lobby
Evenki: kukure:- 1, kukure: 2
Evenki: kultir 2
Even: kuk- 1
Even: qu:.li.- 1
Oroch: kukene 3
Negidal: kultik 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kul-
Jurchen: xu-li 4 (205)
Meaning: 1 to be frightened 2 stupid 3 stiff, silent, sullen
Oroch: kukti- 1
Evenki: kululi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuli:-n
Even: qu.ldam- 2, qu.lu.n/a 3
Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake
Negidal: kolo-kolo 3
Evenki: kulika:n 1, kuli:n 2
Literary Manchu: quli- 1
Even: qu.li.n 'mosquito'
Ulcha: qol-qol 3
Negidal: kolixa:n 1
Nanai: qol-qol 3
Ulcha: qu.la(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kula-n
Orok: qola 1
Meaning: pipe, chimney
Nanai: qola 1
Negidal: kolan
Oroch: kula": 1, 2
Spoken Manchu: hulan (475)
Udighe: kuliga 1, 2
Literary Manchu: x|ulan
Solon: xol/exa:· 1, xol/e:· 2
Ulcha: qu.la(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku(l)ma-
Nanai: qola
Meaning: maral, Siberian stag
Oroch: kula(n)
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Evenki: kumaka, kumaran Evenki: kumu- 1, kumle:- 2
Negidal: komaxa Even: kumle- 1, kemnu- 2
Nanai: qomaqa Negidal: kumul- 1, komno:- 2
Oroch: kumaka Ulcha: kumul- 1
Solon: xu.mxa: Orok: kumele- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kulmaki Nanai: kumuligu- 1
Meaning: vessel for spoons, knives etc. made of birch bark Oroch: kumul- 1
Negidal: kulumux Solon: xumeli:- 2
Ulcha: kolomo, kulumu Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Orok: xulmew, xulmeu Meaning: evil spirit
Nanai: kurmi:, xurmu Nanai: kumtu (Bik.); qo:mio (Он.) 'helping spirit, human-
shaped figurine of a god'
Oroch: kolomon, kulumun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kum-
Meaning: seal
Meaning: 1 edge 2 hollow, cavity 3 precipice
Evenki: kuma
Evenki: kumdika 1, kumn|a 2
Even: qu.ma
Even: kumtutti 3
Negidal: koma
Literary Manchu: kumdu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuma-la:n
Meaning: a small carpet (made of skins)
Meaning: eyelid
Evenki: kumala:n
Even: ko":mdemke
Even: qu:.mnan
Negidal: kembukte
Negidal: komalan
Ulcha: kumte, kumbikte
Orok: qu.mala(n)
Nanai: kumukte
Oroch: kumala
Udighe: kempukte, kemukte (Корм. 254)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumga
Meaning: a k. of grass
Meaning: 1 to cover oneself, cover up 2 to embrace
Even: qoma:mma 'name of a plant with edible root'
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Orok: qu.mg|a 'a k. of grass plant' Orok: ku:n/ikte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumke Oroch: ko:n/i(ka(n)) 2
Meaning: louse Udighe: koan/a` 2 (Корм. 249)
Evenki: kumke; kumike:n 'insect' Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|-
Even: kumke; kumnilen 'name of a beetle' Meaning: 1 to beat (of heart) 2 heart 3 aorta, vein
Negidal: kumke Even: kun|- 1, kun|kis 2, kewun|e (Ol.) 3
Literary Manchu: xelmeku, xelmexen 'spider' Literary Manchu: kuxen 3
Nanai: kun|ke (dial.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|a:
Oroch: kume Meaning: 1 childhood 2 child 3 new-born child
Udighe: kumuge Evenki: kun|a:, kun|a 1, kun|a:ka:n 2
Solon: xun|ke:; xumi:xe 'ant' Even: qu.n|a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumpe(ke) Negidal: kon|axa:n 2
Meaning: breast ornaments Nanai: qon|ar bi: 3
Negidal: kumpken Solon: kuaxan/ 2
Ulcha: kumpe(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|du-
Oroch: kumpe Meaning: 1 rump 2 cunnus
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kumu-n Evenki: kunn|uki:, kun|duki 1
Meaning: music Even: qon/n/a 2
Spoken Manchu: kumun (1382) Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun|ge
Literary Manchu: kumun Meaning: clothes
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kun/i:-kta Evenki: kun|gu
Meaning: 1 larva of a gad-fly 2 butterfly Even: ko"n|geke
Evenki: kuji:kta, dial. kun/ukta 1 Negidal: ken|ge
Even: ko"jit 1 Nanai: kun|gu
Negidal: kujikte 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kup-
Ulcha: koacî 2 Meaning: 1 to cover 2 cloth 3 sheath, boxing 4 sack 5 knee

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covers 6 hat 7 cover (n.) 8 wadded coat Orok: kupukte 2
Evenki: kuptu-, kupu- 1, kupu 7, kupo: 5, kupe 2 Nanai: kupukte 2
Even: kupke 4, kubi 5, qu.ptu. 6, ko"bz^|e 2 Udighe: kufula, kufule 2
Negidal: kuptin- 1, kopti.n 7 Solon: xokkoz^|i 2
Literary Manchu: xubtu 8 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-
Ulcha: kup 1 (expr. adv.) Meaning: 1 churn-staff 2 to wrinkle, shrink 3 to roll, rotate
4 to wrap round, tie round
Orok: qu.ptu.- 1, qo:pomi. 2
Evenki: kura:- 4
Nanai: kopto": 3
Even: korolda:wna 1, qori.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe-
Literary Manchu: x|orgi-, x|urgi- 3
Meaning: 1 to swell up 2 hill, mound 3 convex
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kur-
Evenki: kepe- 1, kupike, kuwudek 2
Meaning: 1 humming-top 2 screw 3 spool
Negidal: kupe- 1
Evenki: kur, kuriwuk 2
Ulcha: kubdu 2
Even: ku:ruken 1
Nanai: kubdu: 2, kupul-kupul 3
Nanai: kurke 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupe(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kure-
Meaning: threads
Meaning: storm, whirlwind
Negidal: xupen
Evenki: kur-ge-ku:n
Ulcha: xupe(n)
Even: qu.rgi., kur
Orok: kupe(n)
Ulcha: ku:re(n)
Nanai: kupe
Nanai: ku:re (Он.)
Oroch: xupe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurgi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kupu-
Meaning: to burn, catch fire
Meaning: 1 all 2 whole
Evenki: kurgi-; {dial. koro:-, korowka:n- 'to burn down'}
Evenki: ku:kte 1
Negidal: kurgi-sin-
Negidal: kepukte 1
Literary Manchu: x|ur-sê-
Ulcha: kupte 2
Ulcha: kurz^|i-
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Meaning: hate, uneasiness
Solon: xudz^|i-
Literary Manchu: kusû-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusi-
Meaning: cone, nut
Meaning: noise
Literary Manchu: x|uri 'fir cone'
Evenki: kusi:li:n
Jurchen: xuri (127) 'fir cone'
Even: qu.sъ.lъ.n
Nanai: kori-cî 'water nut', kore-kta 'pine cone'
Literary Manchu: quwas (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuri-
Nanai: x|osor-x|osor; (Он.) kusi- 'to drive away by
Meaning: 1 to freeze (of ice on window) 2 snow drift shouting'
Evenki: kurer- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusu":-
Even: kurilke 2 Meaning: 1 to fight 2 fight 3 strength, power
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurke Evenki: kusi:- 1, kusi:n 2
Meaning: vessel made of birch bark Even: kusi- 1, kusin 2
Evenki: kurken 'биток для сбора ягод' Negidal: kusi:- 1, kusun 3
Ulcha: kurke Spoken Manchu: husun 3 (171)
Orok: kurke Literary Manchu: xusun 3
Nanai: kurke Jurchen: xiu-sun (513) 3
Oroch: kukke Ulcha: kusu(n) 3
Udighe: kuku (Корм. 252) Orok: kusu(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kurumV Nanai: kusu 3
Meaning: a k. of upper clothes Udighe: kuhi 3
Evenki: kurmu, dial. kumma 'fur stockings; women's Solon: xusus^/i 'strong, powerful'
upper garment'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusî-pun ( ~ -c^-)
Even: kumme:s 'hat, cap'
Meaning: pole, lever
Literary Manchu: kurume
Ulcha: kuspu(n)
Nanai: kurme
Nanai: kucîpu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kus-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kusû
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Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 dandruff, soot Orok: qoz^|i. 1
Evenki: kucû 1 Nanai: kuz^|u- 2
Even: kuc^ 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|ur-
Negidal: kutin 1 [ = kucîn] Meaning: to cover, bury (with soil)
Literary Manchu: x|osori, x|usuri 2 Negidal: kuz^|uj-
Nanai: kucî (Он.) 'uneven surface of birch-bark' Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuta Meaning: rowlock
Meaning: bog, marsh Evenki: ku:kta
Evenki: kuta Even: kukte
Even: kuta Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku:ku (/*xu:ku)
Negidal: kota Meaning: swan
Jurchen: xoto-o-n 'pond' (34) Evenki: u:k-si
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu- Even: u:.-si.
Meaning: 1 to drag 2 mountaineering 3 to raise, lift Negidal: xu:k-si
Even: ko"tъg|, ko"tъn|e 2 Ulcha: kuku
Literary Manchu: xete- 3 Orok: kuku / kukku
Nanai: kutu- 1 Nanai: kuku
Oroch: kotolo 'sleigh' Oroch: ku:ku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kutu-ri Udighe: ku:xi
Meaning: luck, fortune Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me
Literary Manchu: x|uturi Meaning: 1 shore, sand beach 2 hill, elevation 3 wild pig's
lair
Jurchen: xu-tur
Even: kimewun 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *kuz^|u- / *kuz^|i-
Nanai: kumcîen 2 (Он.), (Bik.) kum'i 3 (Сем)
Meaning: 1 neck 2 to bow one's head
Oroch: ki:ma 1
Negidal: kuz^|it-/c^- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"me ( ~ -i-)
Literary Manchu: xuz^|u- 2
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Meaning: 1 flea 2 gnat, mosquito
Udighe: ke:xi (Корм. 248), kiexi
Evenki: kima:je 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *KVlm-
Even: kime 1
Meaning: shadow
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n-
Spoken Manchu: xel@m@n (2047)
Meaning: 1 relative, kinsman 2 name of a Manchu clan 3
name of the Evens in Yakutia Literary Manchu: xelme
Even: qi.n|galaq 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab- / *leb-
Literary Manchu: x|uncîxin 1, xuncûn 2 Meaning: 1 antler 2 rags 3 to wear out, be worn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"n|ile Evenki: lawa: 1, lewgi:- 3
Meaning: skis Even: ne:wun 1, nebdъ- 'to tear out, wear out'
Evenki: kin|le: Ulcha: lebeke, lebeli 'old cotton cloth'
Even: ki.n|na Nanai: leber 2
Negidal: kin|ne Han-Tungus-prototype: *lab-du
Ulcha: kun|gilte Meaning: many, plenty
Orok: kun|gilte Spoken Manchu: lav@du, lav@d@ (2852)
Nanai: kun|gilte Literary Manchu: labdu
Oroch: kin|ile Nanai: labdo
Udighe: kin|gile Han-Tungus-prototype: *labga:n-, *lipa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ku"rekte Meaning: 1 to glue, stick 2 to smear, poach in mud
Meaning: woodpecker Evenki: labga:n-, lamba- 1, lipa- 2
Evenki: kirekte Even: labgan-, nabgan- 1
Negidal: kijekte Negidal: labga:n- 1
Literary Manchu: kurexu Literary Manchu: lifa- 2
Ulcha: kurekte Ulcha: li.pa- 2
Orok: kurekte Orok: lamba- 1
Nanai: kurekte Nanai: li.pa- 2
Oroch: kijoki Udighe: lagbamu- 1

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Evenki: nakti-mu-, negdi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *labi-kta / *lebu-kte
Negidal: nakti. 2
Meaning: 1 a k. of moss (cudbear) 2 lichen, moss 3 root of
edible plant Udighe: lakti- 1
Evenki: lawikta 1, lewukte 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakun
Even: na:wtъ. 1 Meaning: 1 hen 2 wild duck
Negidal: lawu.kta 1 Negidal: naxu.n 1
Ulcha: lepcû(n) 3 Literary Manchu: luxu 2
Orok: lawi.qta 1, lewikte 2 Ulcha: naku.(n) 1
Oroch: laukta 1 Orok: naqqu.(n) 1
Udighe: labuga 1, leukte 2 Oroch: naku 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laka Udighe: naù (Корм. 266) 1
Meaning: name of a fish, goby Han-Tungus-prototype: *la-kV, *la-n|
Evenki: laka Meaning: near
Negidal: laxana Ulcha: lan|
Literary Manchu: laqacân nisix|a, laqcâ nimax|a Orok: laqqa, lan|
Ulcha: laqa Nanai: lan|
Orok: la:qqa 'herring' Oroch: laki, lan|
Nanai: la:qa Udighe: l/an|
Oroch: laka Han-Tungus-prototype: *lala
Udighe: la`sa: (Корм. 256) Meaning: 1 gruel 2 (fish) slime
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laKa- Evenki: nilli, n/allig|, n/allikta 2
Meaning: 1 elm 2 a k. of oak Negidal: lala 1
Evenki: lakamawun 1 Spoken Manchu: lala 1 (357)
Literary Manchu: lax|ari 2 Literary Manchu: lala 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lakti- / *legdi- Ulcha: lala 1
Meaning: 1 to be burnt (of food) 2 soot Orok: lala 1

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Nanai: lala 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lap-
Oroch: lala 1 Meaning: 1 to insert, press between branches 2 poles with

bifurcation 3 vertical, sticking out 4 branch inserted
Udighe: lala 1 between two branches (a road sign)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lali- Evenki: lapki-, lapku- 1, lapki, lapku 4
Meaning: be hungry, weak, exasperated Even: na:pqъ.- 1
Negidal: lal- Ulcha: lapam 'зацепившись'
Literary Manchu: lala- Orok: lapa(n) 2
Orok: lallu.- Nanai: lapa 3
Nanai: lali.- Oroch: lapam 3
Oroch: lali- Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapi-
Udighe: lali- Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 shoulder ornaments on

women's dress
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lam(b)a
Negidal: lapi.kta 1
Meaning: 1 saddlebag 2 bag 3 to saddle 4 saddle
Nanai: lapiqta 2 (Он.)
Evenki: lamba 1 (dial. nama), lamba- 3, ne:me, nama 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lapta-
Even: nam- 3
Meaning: 1 flat, level 2 fish fins
Negidal: nama- 3, na:me 4
Evenki: napta- / lapta- 1; la:pcâ: 2
Orok: nama-, namba- 3, ne:me 4
Even: napcâ, n/apcâ 2
Udighe: lamba 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *largi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lan|ga
Meaning: 1 diligent, pleasant 2 disorder, commotion
Meaning: cloggy, slimy substance; clammy
Evenki: largi: 2
Even: nan|ga
Spoken Manchu: l/arixin 'troublesome, complicated'
Negidal: lan|gas (2003)
Orok: lan|Gaq Literary Manchu: largin 2
Nanai: lan|aq Ulcha: larGi. 1, 2
Oroch: lan|ga- Nanai: largi.a 2
Udighe: lan|ga-lan|ga Han-Tungus-prototype: *lasa-

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Meaning: 1 drooping branches 2 young larch, birch Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:lbi-kta / *lelu-kte
Evenki: n/ahamna, dial. n/asâmda 2 Meaning: moss, lichen
Literary Manchu: lasari 1 Evenki: la:lbikta, lelukte, n/albakta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laxu- Negidal: le:lixe
Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) 3 Ulcha: lelikte

harpoon rudder 4 harpoon point
Oroch: na:pka, nabuxa
Evenki: laku-câ 'loop'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:mu
Spoken Manchu: l/aki- 'to hang, to dangle' (1646)
Meaning: 1 sea 2 wave
Literary Manchu: lak/a- 1, lak/aqu 2
Evenki: la:mu 1
Ulcha: lax|u. 3
Even: na:m, la:m 1
Orok: la:x|u. 4
Negidal: la:m 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *laz^|u
Literary Manchu: namu 1
Meaning: heavy, clumsy
Ulcha: namu. 1
Literary Manchu: laz^|u
Orok: namu. 1, lamu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:K-
Nanai: namu., lamu. 1
Meaning: 1 difficulty, distress 2 unsuccessful (in hunting)
3 disorder Oroch: na:mu 1
Evenki: la:keptin 1 Udighe: namu 1
Literary Manchu: laqu, laxu 2, laxin 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:pV-ki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:k- Meaning: tiers, straps (for skis)
Meaning: a k. of plant (with flowers and edible root) Ulcha: la:xi.
Orok: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый' Orok: la:pu.
Nanai: la:qa 'рогоз широколистый' Nanai: la:pi.
Oroch: nakki 'назв. растения (травянистого, с Oroch: lappi

длинными узкими листьями и синими цветами, со
съедобным корнем)' Han-Tungus-prototype: *la:ta
Udighe: nakki 'назв. растения (прибрежной морской Meaning: 1 storm 2 wave

полосы, со съедобным корнем, напоминающим по
вкусу брюкву)' Orok: la:ta 1
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Nanai: la:ta 2
Ulcha: jaja- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebe:(n)-
Orok: ja:ja- 1
Meaning: 1 swamp, marsh 2 to poach (in a swamp)
Nanai: jaja- 1
Evenki: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2
Oroch: jaja- 1
Even: liwin 1
Udighe: jea"- 1
Negidal: lewe: 1, lewe:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKe-
Literary Manchu: leben|gi 1
Meaning: 1 to be busy with smth. 2 to intend 3 to demand
Ulcha: liwe- 2
Evenki: n/eke- 1, 2
Orok: lemu(ne) 1, lemu-, liwe- 2
Even: n/ek- 1, 2
Nanai: liwe- 2
Negidal: n/exe- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lebge-
Literary Manchu: lexe- 3
Meaning: to eat greedily
Nanai: leksir- 'to come true (of a premonition)' (?)
Negidal: lebge-
Oroch: n/e:- 1
Ulcha: legbe-
Udighe: n/exe- 1, 2
Nanai: legbecî-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leKu (/ *laKu)
Udighe: legbe-
Meaning: 1 warm cotton trousers 2 deerskin footwear 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leg(l)ek- slippers
Meaning: a k. of duck Evenki: leke-mi:, loko-mi: 2
Evenki: leg|egdi, liglaki:, ilagli Negidal: loxomi:. 2
Even: i.lъ.g|li.qa, dial. niglij 'goose' Literary Manchu: laqu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *leje- / *n/iaja- ( < *liaja-) Ulcha: le:mi 3
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to sing (without rules and Orok: lemi-le- 'to wear shoes'
rhythm)
Nanai: le:mi 3
Evenki: jaja- 1
Udighe: lexeme 3
Even: n/a:ja- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu-
Negidal: jaja- 1
Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to ride, trot
Literary Manchu: leje- 2
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Evenki: luluncê-, lelu:n-, nelu:n-, nelihu- 1
Meaning: to bow, incline
Even: melu-met-, melun|cî- 1 (with a peculiar
dissimilation) Evenki: nen|i:-, nen|e-
Literary Manchu: n/olxu- 2 Even: nen|-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lelu(ke) Negidal: nen|in|-
Meaning: 1 apron, corsage 2 gore, gusset Orok: len|ge-
Evenki: nel 1 Nanai: len|ge- 'to pray'
Even: nel 1 Udighe: nen|i 'a bent tree'
Negidal: leleke 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gur
Literary Manchu: leli 2 Meaning: 1 wolf 2 cat
Ulcha: lelue 1 Evenki: n/eg|u:r 1
Orok: nolu ~ nelu 1 Literary Manchu: ninuri 2
Nanai: lelu: 1 Ulcha: jen|gul 1
Oroch: leli 1 Nanai: jen|gur 1
Udighe: leli 1 Oroch: n/in|gu 1, lin|gapu 'wolverine'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemuk Udighe: n/en|u 1
Meaning: fat (under the skin of animals) Han-Tungus-prototype: *lep- / *lupu-
Evenki: lemuk Meaning: 1 to raise hands 2 to jump out 3 to move out 4 to

pull out
Even: nemъk
Evenki: lupu:- 3, luptu- 4
Negidal: lemux
Negidal: lepujiken- 2
Ulcha: nemu
Literary Manchu: lebkide- 1
Orok: nemu
Ulcha: lupurum 4
Udighe: leme 'in pieces (of fat)' (Корм. 257)
Nanai: lopto- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lemu:k-
Udighe: lopto- 4
Meaning: weak-charactered
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lepu-
Evenki: lemu:k
Meaning: 1 feather 2 down 3 bear 4 peltry
Han-Tungus-prototype: *len|gi:-
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Keys of Han
Evenki: lepure: 1 Oroch: n/i:-
Even: nebuli 'fluffy' Udighe: n|i:gi-, ne:µ-ntile-
Negidal: lupulte 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *liam-
Spoken Manchu: lef@ 3 (2203) Meaning: 1 bow 2 to shoot
Literary Manchu: lefu 3 Evenki: ne:mki: 1, (Sym. arch.) le:µman 'loop of a bow
string'
Jurchen: lefu (145) 3
Even: na":m 'bow-string', nemkъn 'shooting'
Ulcha: nepulte 4
Negidal: nemku- 1
Orok: nepulte 4
Orok: lajmatcî. 'strap for tying together parts of harpoon'
Nanai: n/epulte 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *liamba-
Oroch: nepukte 4
Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish
Udighe: lofosò 2
Evenki: le:µmba 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:gi:-
Spoken Manchu: nim@ha: 2 (331, 2174)
Meaning: 1 to scold 2 to pacify, persuade
Literary Manchu: nimaxa 2
Evenki: le:g|i:- 1
Jurchen: limwa-xa (163) 2
Even: ne:ji- 1
Ulcha: n/i.mu. 1
Negidal: le:g|i:- 1
Orok: loi.ma 'trout'
Nanai: le:i- 2
Nanai: i.max|a 2, n/i.mo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *le:j- (*li:-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ligi-
Meaning: to open
Meaning: to snore
Evenki: ni:-
Evenki: lig|iri:-
Negidal: ni:-
Even: ni:.g|ri.-
Spoken Manchu: li- (557, 1687)
Negidal: li.g|i:-
Literary Manchu: nej-
Orok: li:.-
Ulcha: n/i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *l[i]l-
Orok: n/i:-
Meaning: to ask
Nanai: n/i-xeli-
Evenki: lelol- (Тит.)
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *lip-cê Solon: loko-, loxo- 1
Meaning: spleen Han-Tungus-prototype: *lokta-
Orok: lipcê Meaning: to pass through, break through
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lipe- Negidal: loktol-
Meaning: dark red Ulcha: luktu-lu-
Evenki: lipereme Orok: lokto-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *l/og- Nanai: luktu-
Meaning: 1 green 2 dark Oroch: lokto(n)-
Evenki: lugdume 2 Udighe: lotogo-
Even: nug|de, n/eg|cên/e, n/evcên/e 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-
Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, nin|@n/an 1 (2421) Meaning: butterfly
Literary Manchu: n/owan|g/an 1 Udighe: lon|to
Jurchen: nion|-gian (616) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-sa
Ulcha: n/ogz^|o(n) 1 Meaning: 1 lynx 2 male sable 3 sable
Orok: n/o:gdo 1 Evenki: nonno 1
Nanai: non|g/a":(n) 1 Even: nu.n|u.cân (dimin.) 'small mouse'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *loka- Literary Manchu: lun|gu, lun|ga 2 (Захаров 858)
Meaning: 1 to hang 2 hanger, cross-beam (for hanging) Oroch: noso 3
Evenki: loko- 1, loko-ptin 2; lokso, lekse 'knee' Udighe: nu"ho_ 3
Even: noq- 1, noqъ.m 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lon|-si-
Negidal: loxo- 1, loxo-wun 2 Meaning: to chatter, nag
Ulcha: lo:-, lo:qo- 1, lo:pu. 2 Literary Manchu: lon|si-, loqsi-
Orok: lo:-, loqqo- 1, lo:no 2 Nanai: lon|si.-
Nanai: lo:- 1, lo:câqo 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lopi(gi)
Oroch: lo:- 1, lo:kon/i, lo:n/i 2 Meaning: squirrel nest
Udighe: lo`- 1 (Корм. 256) Evenki: lopi (dial. loki:)

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Negidal: lo:bi. Ulcha: loGdo, lugdi, loko
Ulcha: logbu. Orok: lugz^|i, lukku
Nanai: lo:bi. Nanai: loGdi., lugz^|i
Udighe: loi Oroch: loko, luku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lor- Udighe: logbo-logbo, luktu
Meaning: 1 female musk deer 2 deer (3 y. old) Han-Tungus-prototype: *lug-
Evenki: n/aro:s, n/oro:s, n/ere:s 1 Meaning: 1 to whip up, mix 2 gruel-like, watery
Literary Manchu: lor-bodo 2 (?) Evenki: lugdu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *loxa Nanai: lujr-lujr bi: 2
Meaning: sword, sabre Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-
Evenki: likucîu:n, lukucîur Meaning: 1 to sew in (ornaments) 2 to prick
Negidal: loxon Evenki: luktu- 1
Spoken Manchu: loh@ (607, 812) Literary Manchu: nuqa- 2
Literary Manchu: lox|o Han-Tungus-prototype: *luK-
Jurchen: lo-xo Meaning: to take off (clothes)
Ulcha: lox|o(n) Evenki: luk-, lukti-
Nanai: lox|o Even: nu.q-
Oroch: loxo(n) Negidal: lok-
Udighe: lo: Udighe: lukta-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lo:gdi, *luku(tu) Solon: loko-
Meaning: thick, dense Han-Tungus-prototype: *luke- / *lukte (*lekte)
Evenki: lo:gdi, luku Meaning: 1 wild boar 2 1-year-old boar
Even: no:g|, nu.qti. Literary Manchu: nuxen 2
Negidal: logdi., loxo Ulcha: nekte 1
Spoken Manchu: luk@ (2078) Orok: n/ekte 1
Literary Manchu: loqdi, luqdu, luku Nanai: nekte (dial. likete) 1

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Oroch: nekte 1 Udighe: lon|o
Udighe: nakta, nekte 1, nugese 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|ur
Solon: nukse:· 2 Meaning: evening, dusk
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luksi Evenki: lun|ur
Meaning: traces, central belt in a yoke-team Han-Tungus-prototype: *lup-
Evenki: luksîpka Meaning: 1 to prick 2 to pierce, pass through
Negidal: nusku, nuksi Evenki: lupa- 1, lupu:- 2
Ulcha: nusku Even: nu.bas an- 1
Orok: nusku Negidal: lepu- 2
Nanai: luksur Ulcha: loqpa- 1
Oroch: nuksu Orok: lu.qqa- 1
Udighe: nuki Nanai: lopqa-, loqpa- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luktin- Han-Tungus-prototype: *lurgi-
Meaning: to run some distance Meaning: to burn
Evenki: luktin- Evenki: lurgi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *luKV Negidal: lujgi:-
Meaning: 1 lynx 2 blue fox 3 young lynx Literary Manchu: lur lur (descr.)
Evenki: luku 1 (диал.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:
Literary Manchu: luka 2 Meaning: 1 resin, gum 2 to fill holes, crevices with resin
Oroch: loke 1 Evenki: lu: 1, lu:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *lun|u Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu:n/e
Meaning: drill Meaning: wet snow
Negidal: lon|o Evenki: lu:n/e
Ulcha: lu:n|u Negidal: lun/e
Nanai: lun|u Han-Tungus-prototype: *lu"mn|e-
Oroch: lon|o, lun|u Meaning: to swallow

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Evenki: nimn|e- Udighe: mada- (Корм. 258)
Even: n/imn|ъ- Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja-
Negidal: nimn|e- Meaning: to fail, be unsuccessful, be spoiled
Spoken Manchu: nun|@m@, nun|um@ (402) Evenki: maja-
Literary Manchu: nun|gi-, nun|ge- Even: maj-
Ulcha: lun|be- Negidal: maja-
Orok: numGe- Literary Manchu: maja- 'disappear'
Nanai: lun|be-,lumge- Orok: maja-
Oroch: n/imme- Nanai: maj- (Он.), man/a-
Udighe: nin|me-, n/in|me- Oroch: maj-maki- 'to lack, be absent'
Solon: nin|e- Udighe: maja-, majasi- (Корм. 258)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma[b]sî- Han-Tungus-prototype: *maja:
Meaning: 1 bread worm 2 scorpion 3 leech Meaning: 1 food rests 2 food store
Literary Manchu: mobsexe 1 Evenki: maja: 1
Nanai: macî. 3 Even: ma:ja 2
Udighe: masin|ku 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *maji-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *macû- Meaning: protecting spirit
Meaning: 1 to lose weight, grow thin 2 fast Evenki: majin
Spoken Manchu: mac^@- (699, 700) Even: maji.s
Literary Manchu: macû- 1, macîxi 2 Negidal: maji.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mada- Nanai: majin
Meaning: to swell, become larger Han-Tungus-prototype: *maka-
Spoken Manchu: mad@- (712) Meaning: 1 to become dizzy, muzzy 2 to be afraid 3 to

hate
Literary Manchu: mada-
Literary Manchu: maqa- 1
Ulcha: ma:da-
Orok: maqqa 3
Nanai: mada-
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Keys of Han
Nanai: ma:qa:- `to gaze at' (Он.) only, exclusively 3 abstemious, sparing
Udighe: maka 2 Evenki: mali:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *makti- Negidal: mali.xan 2
Meaning: 1 to wind (ropes) 2 to wrap up (cloth) 3 to bend, Literary Manchu: malx|un 3

wrap
Han-Tungus-prototype: *malta-
Negidal: makcî.-nda- 1
Meaning: to dig (soil with a hoof)
Literary Manchu: macî- 2
Evenki: malta-
Ulcha: maqti.-la- 1, moqpu.li.- 3
Literary Manchu: matala-
Orok: mu.qpu.ri- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *maltu-
Nanai: max|cî.-ra- 1
Meaning: to bend
Oroch: makcî-nda- 1
Evenki: maltu-
Udighe: maktigi 'a device for winding ropes'
Even: maltъ.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala
Negidal: malti.-
Meaning: club, pestle
Orok: ma:lti.ma 'folding knife'
Literary Manchu: mala
Solon: malta-
Udighe: mul/eu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *malu
Solon: mala
Meaning: honourable space within the house (front corner)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala-
Evenki: malu
Meaning: wild cat; steppe hare
Even: mal
Literary Manchu: malaxi
Negidal: malu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mala
Ulcha: malu.
Meaning: sesame oil, plant oil
Orok: malu.
Literary Manchu: malan|Gu
Nanai: malu.
Ulcha: mala (simseni)
Udighe: mali, malu
Nanai: malengu (imekseni)
Solon: malu:.g|u:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mali-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana-
Meaning: 1 to be devoid of smth., to hunt without result 2
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Keys of Han
Meaning: louse Evenki: mandaksa
Even: manacâ:n Negidal: mandaksa
Orok: man|u.lu.tcê- 'to bite (of fleas, bedbugs)' Han-Tungus-prototype: *man-du:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *man/a Meaning: to try, strive
Meaning: paw (of an animal) Evenki: mandu:w-
Evenki: mana, man/a Even: manru-
Even: ma:na Orok: mandu.-
Negidal: man/a Han-Tungus-prototype: *mani
Ulcha: man/a, mai:. Meaning: crowd, flock, herd
Nanai: ma:ja Evenki: man
Oroch: ma:n/aka Negidal: man
Udighe: mana Ulcha: mandu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mana- Orok: mandi.
Meaning: to be spent, exhausted, worn out Nanai: mandu.
Evenki: mana- Oroch: man/i
Even: man- Udighe: mani
Negidal: mana- Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|a
Spoken Manchu: man@- (276) Meaning: go-between, matchmaker
Literary Manchu: mana- Evenki: man|a
Jurchen: man-na-lar (839) Even: man|naz^|
Ulcha: mana- Negidal: man|ga-n
Orok: mana- Ulcha: man|Ga
Nanai: mana- Orok: man|Ga
Oroch: mana- Oroch: man|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *manda-ksa Udighe: man|a
Meaning: elk Han-Tungus-prototype: *man|ga

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Meaning: strong, hard Oroch: mari- 1
Evenki: man|a Udighe: malea- 1
Even: man| Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-
Negidal: man|ga Meaning: 1 to bend, curl 2 to turn, return
Literary Manchu: man|Ga, men|ge Evenki: mariw- 1
Jurchen: man|-ga (702) Even: marlu.- 1
Ulcha: man|Ga Spoken Manchu: mari- (1178) 2
Orok: man|Ga Literary Manchu: mari- 2
Nanai: man|Ga Han-Tungus-prototype: *masi
Oroch: man|ga, man|asi Meaning: hard, strong, strongly
Udighe: man|ga, man|ahi Negidal: masi.
Solon: mande:µ, mandi: 'very, heavily' Literary Manchu: masi-la- 'become stronger'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar- Ulcha: masi.
Meaning: moor, marsh Orok: masi.
Evenki: mar, mari-kta Nanai: masi.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mar(b)u Oroch: masi.
Meaning: 1 heap 2 flock, herd Udighe: mahi
Evenki: murbu 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:l-
Literary Manchu: maru 2 Meaning: 1 to die (of epidemic) 2 to destroy 3 bad omen 4
to catch an epidemic disease
Ulcha: maru.(n) 2
Negidal: malga 3
Nanai: ma:ro 2
Literary Manchu: majla- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mari-
Ulcha: mal- 1, 2
Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 to refuse, resist 3 be stubborn
Orok: mal- 2
Literary Manchu: mara- 2
Nanai: ma:l- 1
Ulcha: mori.qu. 3
Udighe: magi- 2, maga- 1 (Корм. 258)
Nanai: mari.a- 1,3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ma:n/gu / *man/ma
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Negidal: megdin
Meaning: 1 Salmo Lenoc 2 trout 3 crucian 4 whitebaits
Literary Manchu: mudun
Evenki: ma:jgu 1, majma / manma 2
Ulcha: megdi(n)
Even: mo"nke 2
Orok: megz^|i(n)
Negidal: manma 2
Nanai: megz^|i (dial. mudu 'meadow', possibly < Manchu)
Literary Manchu: marma nisix|a 2; mon|gosûn 3; mun|ku
4 Oroch: megdi(n)
Nanai: menekse 'назв. рыбы' Udighe: mogz|o` (Корм. 260)
Udighe: mojoù, mejeu 1 (Корм. 261) Han-Tungus-prototype: *mej-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *-me Meaning: to shake, sway
Meaning: a prohibitive particle Evenki: mej-
Spoken Manchu: em@ 'don't' (3005) Even: me:ji-
Literary Manchu: ume Udighe: mejmeli- 'to descend on skis, sleigh' (Корм. 264)
Jurchen: ume (472) Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK-
Nanai: em Meaning: to be beaten
Oroch: em Literary Manchu: mekere-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mebu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *meKile
Meaning: to shamanize, dance Meaning: fat under bird's skin
Ulcha: mewu- Negidal: mexile
Orok: mewu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *meK(u)-
Nanai: meu- Meaning: 1 to pull out (meat from kettle) 2 to borrow 3 to

put aside 4 wooden dish
Oroch: mewu-
Evenki: meku- 3, mukcîka:t- 2
Udighe: meu- (Корм. 264)
Even: me:k- 1, me:kehek 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *megdi: / *mugdi:
Ulcha: mukse 4
Meaning: steep bank
Nanai: muksu 4
Evenki: megdi:n
Oroch: moko 4
Even: meg|din
Udighe: moxo 4
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Literary Manchu: melme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melbi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu
Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar
Meaning: plaice
Evenki: melbike 2
Oroch: me:lu
Negidal: melbixen 2
Udighe: melu
Literary Manchu: melbi- 1, melbiku 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *melu- ~ *mulu-
Ulcha: melbi- 1, melbike(n) 2
Meaning: 1 (to become) blunt 2 teethless
Orok: melbi 2
Even: mele- 2
Nanai: melbi- 1, melbie 2
Negidal: melu-melu 1, melmetu 2
Oroch: mebbu(ku) 2
Literary Manchu: mentexe 2
Udighe: megbu, mebu 2
Ulcha: muluptu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meli-
Orok: melli-melli 1
Meaning: 1 neck joint 2 back part of neck 3 sinciput 4 fish
skeleton 5 skeleton Nanai: mulup- 1
Even: melimki 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *meme
Negidal: i:xej-melin 5 Meaning: 1 breast (female), udder 2 foster-mother
Ulcha: mugz^|e 3 Literary Manchu: meme 2
Orok: melimu 2 Nanai: meme (dial.) 1
Nanai: mulgikte 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|-
Oroch: muggikta 5 Meaning: 1 to hurry 2 to run around (of a dog) 3 to run (of
cattle)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]li-kte
Evenki: meniw-, men|iw- 1
Meaning: rowan
Even: men-, menu- 1, munn|ъn- 2
Evenki: molikta
Literary Manchu: mun|re-, mun|gire- 3
Ulcha: milekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|- / *mun|-
Orok: milekte
Meaning: 1 mist, darkness 2 cool, sombre
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mel-me-
Ulcha: men|-men| 1, mun|ti 2
Meaning: to congeal (of blood)
Nanai: men|te:· 1
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|de- Udighe: mesukte
Meaning: whole Han-Tungus-prototype: *mete-
Negidal: men|den Meaning: to warn, let know
Literary Manchu: men|de 'глухое окно' Evenki: metew-
Ulcha: men|de(n) Even: metu-
Orok: men|de(n) Negidal: metew-
Nanai: mende Orok: metteu-
Oroch: men|de Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *men|gu- Meaning: self, oneself
Meaning: a k. of plant Evenki: me:n
Oroch: men|gulike (Аврорин-Лебедева 206) Even: me:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *meri:- Negidal: me:n
Meaning: variegated Spoken Manchu: meimeni 'every one, each one,

individual' (2880)
Evenki: meri:-kte, meri:-me
Literary Manchu: meni meni
Even: ma"rgi.-ta
Ulcha: men, mene
Literary Manchu: mersen 'spot'
Orok: me:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[e]rVn|V
Nanai: mene
Meaning: 1 rowan 2 cloudberry
Oroch: me:n
Evenki: moron|o 2
Udighe: mene
Nanai: mi:re:n|kule (Он. 263) 1
Solon: me:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mes(k)u-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *me:ne-
Meaning: grape
Meaning: 1 to settle down 2 settled down 3 to stay
Literary Manchu: mucû
Evenki: me:ne:- 1, me:ne: 2
Jurchen: me-cû (130)
Even: mene 2
Orok: muskeri 'name of a tree'
Negidal: menez^|e- 3
Nanai: muksulte
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Orok: menez^|i- 3 Meaning: heart
Udighe: menz^|e- 3 Evenki: me:µwan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[ia]g- Negidal: me:µwan
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 to be noisy, produce noise Spoken Manchu: n/am@n (86)
Evenki: migdi- 2 Literary Manchu: n/aman
Oroch: magui- 1 Ulcha: me:µwa(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mia(l)- Orok: me:µwa(n)
Meaning: 1 to glitter (of eyes) 2 to blind (eyes) 3 Nanai: m'a":wa(n)

glittering, bright 4 blinded, blind
Oroch: ma":wa(n)
Evenki: millu:n- (Вас. 252) 1, me:µlke:se: 4
Udighe: mea"wa(n-)
Nanai: mi.ari. 3
Solon: m/e:g|a, mi:g|a
Oroch: mia-n- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *miata
Udighe: mili- 2
Meaning: skin from animal's head
Han-Tungus-prototype: *miali-
Evenki: me:µta
Meaning: 1 to measure 2 a measure of weight 3 a measure
for powder Even: ma":t
Literary Manchu: m/ali- 1, m/alin 2 Negidal: me:µta
Jurchen: mia-lian|-ha 2 (524) Ulcha: me:µta
Nanai: mialaqo 3 (Он.) Orok: me:µta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian- Nanai: mi.ata
Meaning: to be confused, wonder Oroch: miata
Evenki: me:mbe- Udighe: ma"ta (Корм. 260)
Even: ma":n- Solon: m/e:µta 'face'
Ulcha: me:µn- Han-Tungus-prototype: *miaxu-
Nanai: mi.an- Meaning: to bow, kneel
Oroch: ma":n- Negidal: mixeret-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mian/am Spoken Manchu: jaqur@-, jaquru- (1447)

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Literary Manchu: n/aqura- Negidal: mi:xi-
Jurchen: mia-ku-ru- (466) Spoken Manchu: mucî-, m/ucî- (1236, 2302)
Ulcha: m/exoron- Literary Manchu: micû-, miz^|i-
Orok: me:µx|oran- Ulcha: micû-
Nanai: mi.x|oran-, mi.aqora- Orok: mitu-
Oroch: ma"xurava- Nanai: miku-
Udighe: ma"ula- Oroch: mikki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *micî- Udighe: miki-
Meaning: to move, move back Solon: milki-
Evenki: micî- Han-Tungus-prototype: *milte-
Even: mi.t-/c^- Meaning: full, whole
Nanai: mi.cî.- Even: miltъrъ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mija- Orok: milte-milte
Meaning: to go astray, be mislead Han-Tungus-prototype: *min|ni:- ( ~ -u"-)
Evenki: mija- Meaning: to nag (of joints, heart)
Even: mie- Evenki: min|ni:-
Negidal: mi:(j)- Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[i]rV
Ulcha: mi- Meaning: 1 arrow 2 cross-bow
Orok: mi:- Even: mi:r 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mila- Nanai: morali. 2
Meaning: wide open, broad Han-Tungus-prototype: *mita-
Literary Manchu: mila, mila-x|un Meaning: 1 to bend over 2 to go back
Han-Tungus-prototype: *milku"- / *mirku"- Literary Manchu: mita- 1
Meaning: to creep Jurchen: mi-ta-buje- 2 (539)
Evenki: mirki-, dial. milki- Han-Tungus-prototype: *moda-
Even: mirkъ- Meaning: 1 bend 2 rim, hoop

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Evenki: mo:dan, mo:dar 1
Meaning: cypress
Literary Manchu: mudan 1
Literary Manchu: molori
Ulcha: modo-cô(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon/-ga-n, *mon/-pen
Nanai: moda 1
Meaning: neck
Oroch: muda(n) 'turn', muda(n|)gi- 'to return'
Evenki: mon|on, men|un; men|er 'counter, scruff'
Udighe: mudan|a 1
Negidal: mon|on
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moja- (-n/-?)
Spoken Manchu: mun|an 'throat' (63), mifin (60)
Meaning: name of a tree similar to quince
Literary Manchu: mon|gon, meifen
Literary Manchu: mojoro, mujari
Jurchen: mei-fen (509) 'neck, throat'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moK-
Ulcha: mon|go(n)
Meaning: to scatter, throw out, sow
Orok: mon|o(n)
Negidal: moklakunda-
Nanai: mon|o(n)
Spoken Manchu: maq@t@-, mah@t@- (1549)
Oroch: mon|o(n)
Literary Manchu: maqta-
Udighe: mu"o" (< *mon/-gi?); mon|oli 'necklace; collar'
Nanai: moGlola-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *monn|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *moKo(lV)-
Meaning: 1 to squeeze, rumple 2 mallet
Meaning: 1 bat 2 chipmunk
Evenki: moni-, mon|i- 1
Evenki: mokolocî: 1
Even: monn|ъ.- 1
Even: mokotoj 2
Negidal: mon|ni.- / monn|i.- 1, mon|i. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *m[o]l-
Spoken Manchu: m/onz^|i- 'to massage, to rub' (1571)
Meaning: 1 to cut (into pieces etc.) 2 into small pieces
(adv.) 3 wood cuttings 4 to break into pieces Literary Manchu: monz^|i- 1
Evenki: meleg|e-, me:lepte-, molopto- 1 Ulcha: monz^|i.cî.- 1
Even: melles 2 Orok: monz^|i.- 1, mo:ni.cû.(n) 2
Ulcha: molz^|i. 3 Nanai: mon|gi.cî.- 1, men|ki 'spoon, ladle'
Nanai: molz^|i.- 4 Oroch: mon|icî- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *molari Udighe: mun|gi 2 (Корм. 263)

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|la Oroch: mo:
Meaning: 1 measure of length (distance between the Udighe: mo:

thumb and the index finger) 2 finger
Solon: mo:
Ulcha: mowgolo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:gdi
Orok: momgu., mon|bo 1,2
Meaning: instrument for obtaining fire
Oroch: mon|lo 1
Evenki: mo:gdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mon|-nV- (*mon-n|V-)
Even: mo:dgi.
Meaning: 1 stupid 2 inconvenient
Negidal: mo:gdi.
Evenki: mon|non 1
Nanai: moduli
Ulcha: moni. 2
Oroch: mo:di
Nanai: moni.a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:k-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *motoka
Meaning: 1 a k. of white-fish 2 a k. of small fish 3 crucian
Meaning: vulva
Evenki: mo:kcâka: 1, meke: 3
Evenki: motoko
Orok: mokkiri 2
Spoken Manchu: mot@qun 'genitalia of a nubile girl'
(122), mot@r@ 'child`s vulva' (123) Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:man/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo: Meaning: 1 large intestine 2 sausage (filled with fat)
Meaning: tree Evenki: mo:man/a
Evenki: mo: Even: mo:mi.na
Even: mo: Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:n/(i)ka-
Negidal: mo: Meaning: 1 deer (1 year old) 2 young boar 3 young pig
Spoken Manchu: mo: (2129) Evenki: mo:jka, mo:jkacâ:n, mo:jika:n 1
Literary Manchu: moo Spoken Manchu: mihan 3 (2197)
Jurchen: mo (117) Literary Manchu: mixan, mixacân 3
Ulcha: mo: Nanai: mojxa 2
Orok: mo: Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:[nz^|]ika
Nanai: mo: Meaning: bear eating ants

128
Keys of Han
Ulcha: mu.câ 1, mu.cû.-z^|i.- 2
Evenki: mo:dika:
Orok: mu.c^câ 1, mu.ttu.- 2
Negidal: monoqo
Nanai: mocâ 1, mocôgo- 2
Literary Manchu: moz^|ix/an, mocînz^|i
Solon: moso:- 2
Ulcha: monoko(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mucî-kta
Nanai: monoqo 'Tibetan bear' (Он.)
Meaning: 1 needles (branches) of a conifer 2 bamboo bast
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:r-
Evenki: mucûkte 1, mucû- 'to be green (of a larch)'
Meaning: 1 sedge 2 horse-tail (weed)
Even: mu.cî.t 1 (also 'young green sprouts')
Evenki: mo:rda 1, morin|a: 2
Literary Manchu: mucîx|a 2
Nanai: mo:ri 'ивняк' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muda-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mo:sa
Meaning: end, limit, finish
Meaning: 1 grinder, grinding stone 2 to grind 3 to thresh 4
thresher Evenki: mudan
Literary Manchu: mose-la- 2, mose-la-qu 1 Even: mu.dъ.n
Ulcha: moso-lo-qu 1 Negidal: modan
Nanai: mo:so (Bik., Он.) 1; mo:so-la- 3, mo:solaqo 4 Ulcha: mu.da(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mub-(up)- Nanai: moda
Meaning: to become blunt Udighe: muda(n)
Even: mu:.b-/p- Solon: muda
Negidal: mo:p- Han-Tungus-prototype: *muduri
Literary Manchu: mufujen Meaning: dragon
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muc^- Spoken Manchu: muduri (2276)
Meaning: 1 edge, limit, end 2 to turn back, return Literary Manchu: muduri
Evenki: mucû:- 2 Jurchen: mudu-ur (135)
Even: mu.cû.- 2 Ulcha: muduli
Negidal: mocô- 2 Nanai: muduri
Jurchen: muta-bun (378) 2 Oroch: muduri

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Keys of Han
Udighe: mudile (Корм. 262) Meaning: to treat badly, oppress
Solon: mudur Evenki: muje:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugde-ke Even: mo":je-
Meaning: stump Han-Tungus-prototype: *muK-
Evenki: mugdeke:n Meaning: 1 cover, case 2 covered tent 3 ring, neck ring of
sable tails 4 globular
Even: mug|dъkъn
Evenki: muka:k 2, muku 1, mukcê 4
Negidal: mugdixe:n
Literary Manchu: muxi 3
Literary Manchu: mukdexen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa
Ulcha: mugdu(n)
Meaning: skin from deer's neck
Orok: mu:gde(n)
Evenki: muka
Nanai: mugdu, mugdeke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKa
Oroch: mugde(n)
Meaning: fur clothes
Udighe: mugdaà (Корм. 262)
Evenki: muka:, mukcûke:
Solon: mugdexe
Even: mu.qa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mugdi-
Udighe: moksuho" 'shirt'
Meaning: to coil, make turns
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mukcâ
Evenki: mugdi-
Meaning: mallet
Negidal: mugdeli 'round and round'
Negidal: mu.kocân
Nanai: megz^|en-
Spoken Manchu: muq@sân, muq@san 'club, stave' (679)
Udighe: mugz^|ili-
Literary Manchu: muqsân
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muja-
Ulcha: mu.kcâ
Meaning: whole
Nanai: moksa- 'to hit with a mallet'
Literary Manchu: mujax|un
Oroch: mucân|ki
Nanai: moi:.·
Udighe: mu:si- 'to hit with a fist, mallet' (Корм. 263)
Udighe: mujeì (Корм. 262)
Solon: mu.xs^/a:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muje:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muktu-
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Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 short-tailed mouse 2 mole Evenki: mula:n-
Negidal: muktuj 1 Even: mu.la:n-
Literary Manchu: muqdun, muqtun 1, 2 Negidal: mola:n-
Orok: muktuli 1, 2 Ulcha: munalsi.-
Nanai: muktur 2 Orok: mu.na:li.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muKu- Nanai: moni.alsi.-
Meaning: to fill mouth with liquid Oroch: mun/alisi-
Evenki: muku- Udighe: mun/ali-
Even: mu.q- Solon: mu.la:n-
Negidal: moxon- ~ mokun- Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul-(di-)
Literary Manchu: muku- Meaning: to be unable
Udighe: mukun- Evenki: mulli-
Solon: moxo- Even: mu.lrъ- 'to doubt'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul- Negidal: moli.-
Meaning: 1 deer 2 young of elk, small deer 3 deer herd Han-Tungus-prototype: *mulu
Evenki: mulka:n 1; dial. melele, Nep. me:µlan 2; multa 3 Meaning: 1 ridge of roof 2 bench
Even: mu.lqan 1 Negidal: mulu 1
Negidal: molka:n 1 Spoken Manchu: mul@, mulu 'ridge, ridgepole' (462)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul- Literary Manchu: mulu 1, mulan 2
Meaning: 1 to swallow 2 jaw Jurchen: mul-an (239) 2
Literary Manchu: mul/a- 1, mul/an 2 Nanai: mulu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mul- Han-Tungus-prototype: *mume- / *meme-
Meaning: 1 to fall ill 2 weak, tired Meaning: 1 bear 2 white hare
Evenki: mul- (Вас.), multe 2 Evenki: momboki: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mula- Even: mo"mo", me:meke, me:mecê 1
Meaning: to pity Literary Manchu: mamuke, mamutun 2

131
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|si
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun-di-
Meaning: 1 red (as blood) 2 clot of blood
Meaning: to look, observe
Evenki: munn|i 1
Evenki: munni-li-, mundi-; munde:- 'to comprehend'
Even: munsъ 2
Even: menri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|u-, *mun|bu-
Solon: mundi-
Meaning: 1 oval, round 2 blunt, rounded
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mundu-ka:n
Evenki: mumo: 2, mumbu-me 1, mombo- 'roll'
Meaning: hare
Even: mun|uti 1
Evenki: munduka:n
Literary Manchu: mumuri 2
Even: mu.nru.qan
Nanai: mun|gel-mun|gel bi: 1
Negidal: monoxa:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mune-
Meaning: 1 spiritual power, luck 2 thought, mind,
Meaning: 1 skin, fur (from deer's feet) 2 to pad skis with determination, resolution 3 love, affection 4 to think
skin, fur 3 fur clothes
Evenki: murac^ 1
Evenki: munekse 1
Spoken Manchu: muz^|in 2 (1998); muru 'pattern, outline'
Even: munъs 1, muni- 2, munek 3 (2343)
Ulcha: munekse 1 Literary Manchu: muz^|in 2, muz^|ilen 2, 3; muru 'shape,

form'
Orok: muneske 1, munesi- 2
Jurchen: miuz|µil[e]n-be (506) 'heart'
Nanai: munekse 1
Ulcha: muru(n) 2, murucî- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muni:-
Orok: muru(n) 2, murutcî- 4
Meaning: 1 to rot (trans.), spoil 2 to rot
Nanai: muru 2, murucî- 4
Evenki: muni:- 1, munu- 2
Oroch: muicî- 4
Even: mun- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mur-dul-
Solon: mune- 2
Meaning: 1 to slaughter (a deer) 2 to peel (bark)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mun|i
Evenki: murdul- 1, murdune- 2
Meaning: tendon
Han-Tungus-prototype: *murgi
Evenki: mun|i
Meaning: barley
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Literary Manchu: muz^|i Even: murke- 2, mu.rla:- 3
Jurchen: mir-g|e-i 'product of agriculture' (825) Literary Manchu: muri(nz^|a)- 'be stubborn'
Ulcha: muz^|i Ulcha: muru:- 1
Nanai: muz^|i Han-Tungus-prototype: *murV-
Solon: mu.rgil 'ярица, яровое поле' Meaning: 1 to walk round, return 2 round
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muri Evenki: muru- 1, murume 2
Meaning: eagle Even: merъk- 1, mere:ti 2
Evenki: muri Negidal: mejel 2
Negidal: mu:ju Literary Manchu: murg/en 2
Udighe: mui, muji Ulcha: muru-muru 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *murin Orok: morolime 2
Meaning: horse Nanai: murg/i 2
Evenki: murin Udighe: mogolùo" 'around'
Even: mu.rъ.n Han-Tungus-prototype: *musi
Negidal: moji.n Meaning: 1 roasted flour 2 drink made of roasted flour 3

jelly (made of fish skin)
Spoken Manchu: morin (2182)
Negidal: mosi.n 3
Literary Manchu: morin
Literary Manchu: musi 1, 2
Jurchen: mu-rin
Jurchen: mu-cin (538) 1
Ulcha: mu.ri.(n)
Ulcha: mosi.(n) 3
Orok: mu.ri.(n)
Nanai: musu:· 'frozen (of meat, fish)' (Он.)
Nanai: mori.·
Oroch: mosi.(n) 3
Oroch: muri(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *musim-
Udighe: mui
Meaning: to smile, sneer
Solon: mori
Even: musъm-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muru-
Negidal: musi-musi
Meaning: 1 to press 2 to oppress 3 to touch
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Literary Manchu: m/osiri-la- Negidal: muke- 1
Orok: musimu- Nanai: moxan mon/i 'elder' (Bik.) ("stinking tree", cf.
Mong. o"mgij xovol) (Сем 143)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *musun
Oroch: moki 2
Meaning: spirit, ghost
Udighe: muakta- 1
Evenki: musun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa-
Even: mu.san
Meaning: 1 stomach disease 2 to be ill, sick
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute-
Evenki: muka:n 1
Meaning: 1 to fulfil 2 to overpower
Ulcha: mo:ko 'идол от желудочной болезни' ( < *muka-
Literary Manchu: mute- 2 ka)
Jurchen: mu-te-bulu (740) 1 Orok: muxule- 2
Ulcha: mute- 2 Nanai: muxu 1
Orok: mute- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxa- / *muxe-
Nanai: mute- 2 Meaning: 1 man 2 male
Oroch: mute- 2 Negidal: muxeti 2
Udighe: mute- 2 Literary Manchu: mux|an 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mute- Nanai: mox|a(n) 1, 2
Meaning: can, be able Oroch: mueti 2
Spoken Manchu: mut@-, mutu- 'to be capable' (3020) Udighe: mugeti, mueti 2
Literary Manchu: mute- Han-Tungus-prototype: *muxu-
Ulcha: mute- Meaning: 1 to lose powers, be exhausted 2 to die 3

distress, loss
Orok: mute-
Evenki: mekcêre:-, mukcêre:- 2
Nanai: mute- (Он.)
Even: mu.qъ.j 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mux-
Literary Manchu: mox|o- 1
Meaning: 1 to fart 2 bad smell
Ulcha: mox|o- 1
Evenki: muke:- 1, muke:n 2
Nanai: mox|o- 1
Even: muke:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:
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Meaning: water Oroch: mi-
Evenki: mu: Udighe: mine-
Even: mo": Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":ku":
Negidal: mu: Meaning: snake
Spoken Manchu: muke:, muku: (347) Negidal: mi:xi
Literary Manchu: muke Spoken Manchu: meix@ (2271)
Jurchen: mo (51) Literary Manchu: meixe
Ulcha: mu: Jurchen: muj-xe (165)
Orok: mu: Ulcha: mui
Nanai: muke Orok: mui / mujg|i
Oroch: mu: Nanai: mujki
Udighe: mu-de 'inundation' Oroch: mi:ki
Solon: mu: Udighe: miki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu:sa Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":re
Meaning: pools in a swamp Meaning: shoulder
Evenki: mu:su / mu:sa Evenki: mi:re
Han-Tungus-prototype: *mu":- (*mu:j-) Even: mi:r
Meaning: to cut Negidal: mi:je
Evenki: mi:- Spoken Manchu: mirin (65)
Even: mi:-ne- Literary Manchu: meiren
Negidal: mi:- Ulcha: n|ujre
Spoken Manchu: miti- 'to lop off' (1731) Orok: mujre
Literary Manchu: mej-le-, mej-te- Nanai: mejre
Ulcha: n|ui- Oroch: mije
Orok: mi:- Solon: mi:ri, mi:re
Nanai: mui- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ab[l]z^|a-

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Meaning: young, boy, child Even: nada"t- 2
Ulcha: n/awz^|a(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *naju"
Orok: naoz^|oqqa(n) Meaning: pole, shaft of fish-fork
Nanai: naonz^|oa Evenki: naj, naji
Udighe: n/aùla (Корм. 269) Even: naj
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/acû- Ulcha: nai.
Meaning: 1 to faint 2 to go back the same way Orok: nau., nawi.
Even: n/atlan- 2 Nanai: nai.
Negidal: n/acû.la- 1 Oroch: nai
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nada-n Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/aKa
Meaning: seven Meaning: 1 well, feeling well 2 peace, quietude
Evenki: nadan Evenki: n/aka 1
Even: nadъn Even: n/aq 1
Negidal: nadan Literary Manchu: neku(la)- 'to be glad'; niqton 'peace,

quietude'
Spoken Manchu: nad@n (2741)
Oroch: n/aka 1
Literary Manchu: nadan
Han-Tungus-prototype: *naKita
Jurchen: nadan (642)
Meaning: bear skin
Ulcha: nada(n)
Evenki: nakita
Orok: nada(n)
Even: naqъ.t
Nanai: nada
Negidal: naxata
Oroch: nada(n)
Orok: natta
Udighe: nada(n)
Udighe: na`ta (Корм. 265)
Solon: nada
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/al-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nadi-
Meaning: 1 groove on upper lip 2 gums of teeth
Meaning: 1 to suspect, doubt, deny 2 to consider
Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, n/a-si, n/a-sâ 2
Evenki: nadi- 1, 2
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/alba-
Negidal: n/ami:.
Meaning: 1 young grass 2 meat of a young animal 3
spawning 4 young of birds Orok: nami.
Evenki: n/albakta 1, nilben 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/a-
Even: n/alaq 3 Meaning: to ride
Negidal: n/alamn|i. 4 Evenki: n/amn/a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nalba Even: n/amn/i.-
Meaning: fish trap Negidal: n/amn/a-
Evenki: nalba Literary Manchu: n/amn/a-
Ulcha: nalbi.x|a(n) Ulcha: n/amn/a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nam Orok: n/amn/a-
Meaning: convenient, skilled Nanai: n/amn/a-
Negidal: nam Solon: nanna-
Ulcha: nam Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amn/i-kta
Orok: nam-nam Meaning: 1 a k. of willow 2 mulberry tree
Nanai: nam Evenki: n/amn/i:kta 1
Oroch: nam Even: imukeg|, imn|eke:w, inme:kte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ama: Negidal: n/amni.kta 1
Meaning: hundred Spoken Manchu: nimal@n 2 (2163)
Evenki: n/ama: Literary Manchu: nimadan 'a k. of tree'; nimala(n) 2
Even: n/ama Jurchen: hin-ma-lar (108) 2
Negidal: n/ama Udighe: n/auta 1
Solon: nama:z^|i Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/amulsa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ami:- Meaning: swamp moss
Meaning: female deer Evenki: n/amulla
Evenki: n/ami: Even: n/amъ.lrъ.
Even: n/ami. Negidal: n/amula

137
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: nantux|un
Literary Manchu: n/amala
Ulcha: jan|sa
Ulcha: n/amu.lta
Orok: nan|i.sa
Orok: namu.l/ta
Nanai: jan|sa, n/an|sa
Nanai: n/amolta
Oroch: n/an|sa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a(n)n|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|a
Meaning: bullfinch
Meaning: quiet, slow, easy
Even: n/an|arki
Even: n/a:n|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nansa
Negidal: n/a:n|akka:n
Meaning: 1 skin (of man) 2 skin (of animals)
Ulcha: n/an-z^|a
Evenki: nanna 2
Orok: nandi.
Even: nanrъ 2
Solon: nandaxa:nz^|
Negidal: nana 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|n/a
Literary Manchu: notx|o, nontox|o 'shell'
Meaning: clear sky
Ulcha: nanta 1
Evenki: n/an|n/a
Orok: nata 2
Even: n/ani.n
Nanai: nanta 2
Negidal: n/an|n/a
Oroch: nasa 2
Literary Manchu: n/an|n/a
Udighe: neha" 1, 2
Orok: na:n|na
Solon: nanda 1, 2
Oroch: n/an|n/a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|-
Udighe: n/an|n/a
Meaning: dirt, be smeared with dirt
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/an|u-
Evenki: n/an|n/a
Meaning: cone, nut, fruit stone
Even: n/an|sъ
Evenki: n/an|ta
Negidal: n/aksalka:n, n/an|salka:n
Even: n/an|tъ.
Spoken Manchu: nantuhun 'foul-minded, evil-smelling'
(2552) Literary Manchu: n/an/un 'palm nut'
138
Keys of Han
Orok: nan|u.- 'to crack nuts' Nanai: na:
Oroch: n/an/ikta Oroch: na:
Udighe: n/an|ta Udighe: na:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ar-gu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:-
Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 young willow Meaning: 1 to rot 2 pus
Literary Manchu: n/arxu-n 1 Evenki: n/a- 1, n/a:kse 2
Nanai: n/argi. 2 Even: n/a:w- 1, n/a:s 2
Oroch: n/argi 2 Negidal: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/argu- Literary Manchu: n/a- 1, n/aki 2
Meaning: young elk Ulcha: n/a:- 1, n/a":qsa 2
Evenki: n/argucâ:n Orok: n/a:- 1
Even: n/arcâ:n Nanai: n/a:- 1, n/a:qsa 2
Negidal: n/atcâ:n Oroch: n/a:- 1, n/a:ksa 2
Literary Manchu: n/arx|ucâ Udighe: n/a:- 1, n/an|a" 2
Oroch: nagucâ Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nasa- Meaning: 1 late 2 to tarry
Meaning: to regret, grieve Evenki: n/a:da 1, n/a:du.- 2
Literary Manchu: nasa- Literary Manchu: n/ada 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *na: Nanai: n/a:doala- 2
Meaning: earth Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:lban
Negidal: na: Meaning: tin
Spoken Manchu: na: (2066) Evenki: n/a:lba:n
Literary Manchu: na Even: n/a:lba:n
Jurchen: na (37) Negidal: n/alban
Ulcha: na: Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:ma / *ma:na (*ma:n|a)
Orok: na: Meaning: testicle

139
Keys of Han
Evenki: na:ma
Ulcha: neu 2
Even: man|a
Orok: new, neu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/a:n
Nanai: neil 2 (plur.)
Meaning: again, once more
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ecû-
Evenki: n/a:n
Meaning: 1 to tease, annoy 2 to hit
Even: n/a:n
Evenki: n/ecû- 2
Negidal: n/a:n
Literary Manchu: necî- 1
Nanai: n/a:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ecû-
Oroch: n/a
Meaning: 1 to scrape off, to tan (skin) 2 to fade, exuviate
Udighe: n/a
Evenki: n/ecû:- 1, n/ecêlle- 2
Solon: na:·
Even: n/icûh, n/ecûh 'scraped skin, suede', n/ecê:lre- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *na:n|sa
Orok: netu- 1
Meaning: debt
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/egde
Even: na:n
Meaning: 1 breast vertebra 2 curve on horse's back in the
Negidal: na:n|na region of the neck and shoulder blades
Spoken Manchu: nas@hun 'opportunity, chance' (2652) Evenki: n/egde, n/agda 1
Literary Manchu: nasx|un 'favourable occasion' Even: n/it, n/et 1
Ulcha: nan|da Negidal: n/agda 1
Orok: nan|da Literary Manchu: nikde 2
Nanai: nan|da Han-Tungus-prototype: *negdi
Oroch: nan|na Meaning: a female deer
Udighe: nan|da Evenki: negdi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nebi Han-Tungus-prototype: *neje-
Meaning: 1 new, fresh 2 younger (brother, sister) 3 wife's Meaning: 1 even 2 similar
brother's wife
Evenki: n/e-rke 2 (dial.)
Even: neji 1, no": 2
Ulcha: neje(n) 1
Literary Manchu: neje 3, necê 3
140
Keys of Han
Nanai: neje 1 Nanai: nuku- 1
Oroch: neige, nein|e 1 Udighe: nexu-, neu-g|i- 1
Udighe: neige 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nej(l)V- Meaning: younger relative (sister / brother)
Meaning: small louse, nit Evenki: neku:
Evenki: nej-ke Negidal: nexu(n)
Ulcha: n/ile-kte Literary Manchu: nex|u 'slave girl'
Orok: neli-g|e Ulcha: neku(n)
Nanai: n/ile-ke Orok: noko(no:)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eK- ~ *niK- Nanai: neku
Meaning: to rot, become sour (of food) Oroch: neku
Literary Manchu: n/ekde- Udighe: nea"-diga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nekte Solon: nexu
Meaning: 1 tilth, tillage 2 lowland 3 low Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbi
Evenki: nekte 1, 2, 3 Meaning: fringe
Even: n/a"tkun 3 Evenki: nelbi
Negidal: nekte 2, 3 Even: nebъlen
Ulcha: nekte 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelbige
Orok: ne:kte:-gi 2, ne:kte 3 Meaning: bat
Nanai: nekte 2, 3 Evenki: nelbig|e:
Oroch: nekte 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelge
Udighe: nektele 2 Meaning: 1 snag 2 block 3 saddle
Solon: nekte 3 Evenki: nelge 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neku- Even: nelgъ 1, 2
Meaning: 1 to bring 2 gift Orok: ne:lge 3
Even: ne:kъr 2 Oroch: negge 1, 2

141
Keys of Han
Udighe: nege 1 Evenki: nemku:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelki Even: nemkun
Meaning: spring Negidal: nemku:n
Evenki: nelki Spoken Manchu: nin|k@n, nin|kin (2414)
Even: nelkъ Literary Manchu: nekel'en
Negidal: nelki: Jurchen: nen-ke-xun (623)
Orok: nelcîri Ulcha: nemi
Oroch: nekki Orok: nemdu:ke
Udighe: neki Nanai: nemi
Solon: nelxi Oroch: nemi, nemne
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nelme- Udighe: nemnese` (Корм. 268)
Meaning: upper garment, coat Solon: nemeku, nenneku
Evenki: nelmeke:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *nenme- ( ~ l-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *neme- / *nama- Meaning: tarbagan
Meaning: to patch Evenki: nenmekcîn
Evenki: neme-, nama- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|de- / *n/un|de-
Even: neme:t- Meaning: 1 cold 2 clear, frosty (weather)
Negidal: nemes- Evenki: n/en|dele: 2
Literary Manchu: nemki- Ulcha: nu.n|du.li. 1
Ulcha: namui (n.) Orok: nun|duli 1
Orok: nembesse-, nambotcî.- Nanai: non|z^|i.-si. 1
Nanai: namu (n.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/en|n/e
Oroch: namasi- Meaning: spring
Udighe: neme- Evenki: n/en|n/e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nem(i)- Even: neg|n/i
Meaning: thin Negidal: n/en|n/e

142
Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: n/an|@n/ari (2726)
Meaning: larch
Literary Manchu: n/en|n/eri
Even: n/ermi
Jurchen: nie(n|)nen (73)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- / *nar-
Ulcha: n/en|n/e
Meaning: 1 lean 2 thin 3 weak
Orok: n/en|n/e: / nen|ne
Evenki: n/urku:n 1, 2
Nanai: n/en|n/e
Spoken Manchu: nar@hun 'fine, thin, exact'(2408)
Oroch: n/en|n/e
Literary Manchu: n/ere 2, 3, nar-x|un 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nen|u-
Jurchen: nar-gi 'narrow' (670)
Meaning: 1 sweetheart 2 younger (brother, sister)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- (?*niar-)
Even: nen|n/e 1
Meaning: to unwrap, untie
Negidal: nen|uj (L.-Amg.) 2
Literary Manchu: nerki-
Spoken Manchu: nun 'younger sister; husband's younger
sister; younger woman' (904,914) Han-Tungus-prototype: *nere-
Literary Manchu: non 2 Meaning: to flap (wings)
Jurchen: nexun (nexun-un) 'younger sister' (291) Evenki: nere-nn|e-
Oroch: nen|u 2 Even: nerъk-
Udighe: nen|u 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/erke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nep-te- Meaning: 1 earth 2 hearth
Meaning: 1 to spread out, make even 2 even, flat Evenki: jerke, dial. n/erke 1
Evenki: nepte- 1, nepteme 2 Even: n/erke 2
Negidal: nepte-nepte 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/eru / *n/iru
Ulcha: nepte-nepte 2 Meaning: 1 gland 2 spleen
Orok: nette- 1 Evenki: n/erun (dial. n/aru, n/iru) 1, 2
Nanai: nepte-nepte 2 Even: n/irun/ 1
Oroch: nepten|ge 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/es-
Udighe: neptele 2 Meaning: 1 luck 2 lucky (shooter)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ner- ( ~ n/-) Even: n/es 1

143
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: nosiki 2 Nanai: n/esen|gi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nese- Oroch: n/esen|i 2
Meaning: to straighten, make level, flat Udighe: nihen|e- 1, n/e:n|i 2
Even: nese:n-, nehe:n- Solon: ne:s^/i 2
Negidal: neski:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:(b)- ~ *n/u:(b)-
Ulcha: nese- Meaning: to go out
Orok: nese 'ground surface' Evenki: ju:-
Nanai: nesi- Even: n/o":-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ne:- Negidal: ju:- / n/u:-
Meaning: to put Ulcha: n/ie- / n/e:-
Evenki: ne:- Orok: ne:-
Even: ne:- Nanai: n/ie- / n/e:-
Negidal: ne:- Oroch: n/u:-
Ulcha: ne:- Udighe: n/u:-
Nanai: ne:- Solon: ju:-
Oroch: ne:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iabe-
Udighe: ne-de- Meaning: to strew, pour
Solon: ne:- Even: n/u:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/e:- Ulcha: jeweri-
Meaning: 1 to sweat 2 sweat Orok: jeweri-
Evenki: n/e:- 1, n/e:kse 2 Nanai: jeweri-
Even: n/e:s 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *niala-
Negidal: n/e:sen| 2 Meaning: 1 overflowed place 2 shallow
Literary Manchu: nej 2 Even: n/alaku. 2
Ulcha: jesen|gi 2 Nanai: ni.ala / n/ala 1
Orok: ne:sen|gi 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ali-

144
Keys of Han
Ulcha: n/ewcâ-
Meaning: 1 raw 2 meat
Orok: e:µqu.ta-
Evenki: n/alikin 1
Nanai: i:.n|qocâ-
Even: n/alъqcâ 1
Oroch: in|kicâ-
Negidal: n/ali.-xi.n 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ara-, *n/iarma-
Spoken Manchu: jali 2 (302)
Meaning: 1 skin (not smoked) 2 a k. of cloth 3 upper layer
Literary Manchu: jali 2 of meat
Jurchen: ja-li (511) 2 Evenki: n/arahin 1, n/armaka:n 2
Ulcha: n/a:lu.(n) 1 Negidal: n/anmakan 3
Orok: na:lu./n/a:lu. 1 Orok: nalma(n) 2
Nanai: n/alki.· 1 Nanai: ni.arma, n/arma 2
Udighe: n/alig|i 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/(i)ari
Solon: jali ( < Man.) Meaning: 1 man 2 person 3 young man
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iam- Evenki: nirawi: 3
Meaning: 1 old trace 2 to trace (an animal) Even: n/ari. 1, 3
Evenki: n/e:µmiri: 1 Negidal: n/e:µjawi:. 3
Udighe: n/a:ma- 2 Spoken Manchu: nan@ 'person, human being' (827)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *niama Literary Manchu: n/alma 1, 2
Meaning: 1 lowland 2 low 3 overfall 4 shallow place, Jurchen: neRma (295) 1, 2

isthmus
Ulcha: n/i: 1
Evenki: namn|a 1, nemke:n 2, n/ami 3
Orok: nari 1
Literary Manchu: n/amasân 4
Nanai: nai. 1, 2, dial. ni.r/a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iani-
Oroch: n/a":, n/i: 1
Meaning: to make straight; to steer (a boat)
Udighe: ni: 1
Evenki: e:µni-
Solon: niro: 1
Even: a":n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ia-sa
Negidal: e:µni.-
Meaning: eye
145
Keys of Han
Udighe: niekte 4
Evenki: e:µsa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iblu"-
Even: a":sъ.l
Meaning: to paint, smear
Negidal: e:µsa
Negidal: n/i.ja-, n/i:.li.-
Spoken Manchu: jas@ (10)
Literary Manchu: ju-
Literary Manchu: jasa
Ulcha: n/ili-
Jurchen: n|ia-ci (496)
Orok: n/ilitcî-
Ulcha: i.sal(i.)
Nanai: n/iule-
Orok: isal
Udighe: jeule-
Nanai: nasal, dial. n/isal(a), i.sal, n|asar
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nibu(p)-
Oroch: isa
Meaning: to smoke
Udighe: jeha"
Evenki: nuw-
Solon: i:sal
Negidal: nu:p-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nia:ru
Ulcha: n/iup-ti-
Meaning: 1 lake 2 swamp
Orok: nu:-cî-
Evenki: n/a:rut 1
Nanai: n/up-cî-
Even: n/aru.qag| 2
Oroch: n/u-cî-
Literary Manchu: n/ari 2
Udighe: n/usesi-
Nanai: ni.aro 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[i]Ki-
Udighe: n/au 2
Meaning: 1 to gnaw, crunch 2 to swallow 3 to destroy,
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ibe:-kte demolish
Meaning: 1 bush growing near the water 2 dwarf birch tree Evenki: n/eki- 1
3 horse-tail 4 fern
Literary Manchu: niqcâ- 3
Evenki: niwe:kte 1, 2, dial. niwekte 3
Nanai: n/ikike- 2 (Kur.-Urm.)
Even: n/i:weke:w 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nikimna
Negidal: n/i:wekte 2
Meaning: 1 neck 2 nape of neck
Orok: n/i:wekte 2
Evenki: nikimna 1
146
Keys of Han
sickness 5 to weaken, be exhausted, sick 6 to be sorry, sad
Even: n/i.qъ.n 2
Evenki: n/umu 4
Negidal: ni.xma 1, 2
Even: n/u.mъ.r 1, n/u.m- 5
Ulcha: n/i.qi.(n) 1, 2
Negidal: n/omu.- 5
Orok: ni.qi.mn/a 'neck of deer'
Spoken Manchu: nim@- 5 (713)
Solon: nixama, nixima 1
Literary Manchu: nime- 5
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ikri-kta
Ulcha: n/imeremdi, n/umeremz^|i 2, n/umursi- 6
Meaning: 1 thicket 2 a k. of larch
Nanai: n/i.mori.z^|i., n/omori. 3
Evenki: nikrika:g| 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(b)a
Even: naqri.t 2
Meaning: 1 light boat 2 board for tanning skins
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nili-
Even: ni.mba 2
Meaning: to scrape off, polish
Literary Manchu: nimasâqu 1
Evenki: nili-
Solon: nemo 3
Literary Manchu: nila- / nile-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ime-
Ulcha: n/i:li-
Meaning: to visit, be a guest
Nanai: n/i:la-
Evenki: n/ime-
Udighe: nila- (Корм. 266)
Even: n/imeg|-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im-
Negidal: n/imej-
Meaning: to close (eyes)
Ulcha: n/ime-ri-
Evenki: nimn|i-
Orok: n/ime:-ri-
Even: n/imru-
Nanai: nime-ri-
Negidal: n/imni-
Oroch: n/ime-ri-
Ulcha: n/i.marGu.-
Udighe: n/ime-li-
Orok: n/immi-
Solon: nimau-
Oroch: n/imsi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim-n|a:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/im- / *n/um-
Meaning: 1 to shamanize 2 fairy-tale
Meaning: 1 shame 2 shameless 3 awkward 4 weakness,
147
Keys of Han
Evenki: nimn|a:n- 1, nimn|a:ka:n 2
Literary Manchu: nen|ge-bu- 1
Even: n/i.mqan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nir- ( ~ n/-)
Negidal: n/amka- 1
Meaning: 1 a k. of poplar 2 brushwood
Ulcha: n/i.n|man- 1, n/i.n|ma(n) 2
Even: n/ira:wi 1, n/i.rgu.qi. 2
Orok: ni.n|man- 1, ni.n|ma 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirge- ( ~ -u"-)
Nanai: ni.n|ma:· 2
Meaning: 1 buckwheat 2 selfheal 3 young grass 4 a k. of
Oroch: n/ima 2 swamp plant 5 burdock
Udighe: nima`n|ku 2 (Корм. 266) Evenki: nirge:kte 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nim(u)kse Even: n/ierge:t 4
Meaning: 1 stomach (of animals) 2 intestine fat Negidal: nidge:kte 5
Evenki: nimne 1 Solon: nirge: 1
Even: nimne 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *niri-
Negidal: nimtumu 'smell of fat' Meaning: spine, spine vertebra
Spoken Manchu: nim@n|@ 'grease, fat; vegetable oil' Evenki: niri

(340)
Even: n/i.ri.
Literary Manchu: nimen|gi 2
Negidal: ni.ji.kta
Orok: numis/e 1
Ulcha: n/i.ri.qta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|i:-
Orok: n/i.ri.kta
Meaning: to curse, damn
Nanai: n/i.ri.qta
Evenki: nin|i:-
Oroch: n/i:kta
Even: n/in|i-
Udighe: n/i:kta
Negidal: nin|i-
Solon: ne:rde
Orok: nin|icî-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nirku-
Solon: nin|i:l (n.)
Meaning: short hair (of deer)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nin|u-
Evenki: nirku
Meaning: 1 to prop, support 2 support, prop
Literary Manchu: nirGa, nirx|an
Even: ni:nut-, ni:nen- 1, ni:nun 2
148
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru- Literary Manchu: nisix|a 'small fish'
Meaning: to draw, write Han-Tungus-prototype: *nita-
Negidal: niju- Meaning: 1 weak, faded 2 to weaken, diminish
Spoken Manchu: juru- (1391) Literary Manchu: nitan 1, nitara- 2
Literary Manchu: niru- Jurchen: ni-ta-ba (463) 1
Ulcha: n/uru- Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:ka-
Orok: n/iru- Meaning: 1 relative 2 servant, slave 3 Chinese 4 ordinary

man, people
Nanai: n/iru-
Evenki: n/i:ki: (Nerch.) 1
Oroch: n/iru-
Negidal: ni.kan 3, (arch.) 2
Solon: nirug|an 'drawing'
Literary Manchu: niqan 3, 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/iru- / *n/eri-
Ulcha: n/iqa(n) 2, 3 (arch.)
Meaning: grayling (fish)
Orok: n/aqqa(n) 2
Evenki: niru, nerig|e:
Nanai: n/i.qa 3
Even: nergat, no"rig|e
Oroch: n/in|ka 3, (arch.) 2
Negidal: n/eju
Udighe: nin|ka 3, (arch.) 2
Oroch: n/u:-câ
Solon: nixa 3
Udighe: n/uu-sa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:Ku":
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nis-
Meaning: 1 duck 2 bird
Meaning: 1 heavy, dense 2 clumsy, unwieldy
Evenki: ni:ki:, -cê:n 1
Even: nu.sqa, nu.su.n|a 2
Even: n/ieki, ni:ki
Literary Manchu: nisâ 1
Spoken Manchu: i:x@ 1 (2201)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nisi-
Literary Manchu: n/exe 1
Meaning: small
Jurchen: mie-xe (591) 1
Evenki: nisimku:n
Orok: ne:cê: / n/e:cê 2
Even: ni.sa 'small beads'
Nanai: n/ice(n) 2
Negidal: ni.si.mku:.n
Udighe: n/ug|ez^|ig|e 'duckling'
149
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora-
Solon: ni:xi: 1
Meaning: to pile, stack
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ni:me-kte
Literary Manchu: nora-
Meaning: skin on young horns
Nanai: norxon
Evenki: ni:mekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:b- (/ *n/a:b-)
Even: n/iemъt
Meaning: 1 before, in front 2 to go forward 3 the one in
Negidal: mi:mekte front, leading
Udighe: n/imakta Evenki: n/o:- 2, n/o:g|u:, n/o:w 3, n/a:w-de 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/oli- Even: n/o:g|, n/o:w 3
Meaning: 1 green moss, green mould 2 bluish 3 bruise 4 Negidal: n/o:g|u:, n/o:wu:. 3
greenish
Ulcha: jo-ro-, n/o-ro- 2
Literary Manchu: n/olmon 1
Orok: nawra- 2, n/owu. 3
Ulcha: n/olz^|okto 3
Nanai: mi.o-ri.a- 2
Orok: no:lto / n/o:lto 3
Oroch: n/au-ka" 1, n/o:-ki 3
Nanai: n/ola: 2
Udighe: n/o:g|i- 2, n/au-xe, n/ou-xe 3
Oroch: noligi 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:ba
Udighe: n/olig|i, n/olo 2, 4
Meaning: 1 joke, entertainment 2 to joke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *non|- ~ *non-
Spoken Manchu: jov@ 'joke, jest' (1299)
Meaning: 1 to begin 2 to be the first 3 at first
Literary Manchu: jo:bo 1, n/obo-, n/obu- 2
Evenki: nono- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:[be]-kte
Even: non- 2
Meaning: 1 storm cloud 2 heavy rain 3 spindrift cloud 4
Negidal: nonon 3 hail
Literary Manchu: nene- 2 Evenki: n/o:kta 1, 2, dial. n/e:kte, n/okta 3
Oroch: non|on 3 Even: n/onto 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nora- Negidal: n/ekte 3
Meaning: dwelling place Han-Tungus-prototype: *no:di
Literary Manchu: noro(-n) Meaning: beautiful, handsome

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Evenki: no:di Even: ni:.l- 1
Even: nod Negidal: n/olaxi:.n, n/elakin 2
Negidal: noditi Literary Manchu: niltu- 1, n/olmon|ge 2
Ulcha: n/o:du.- Ulcha: n/uli- 1, n/elao 2
Orok: no:di. Orok: nu:.lli.- 1, ni.lawu. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:g- Nanai: n/i.laqo 2
Meaning: relative, sister's son Oroch: n/ulaki 2
Even: n/o":g|e Udighe: n/uli-, n/ulu- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/o:n|n/a Han-Tungus-prototype: *nul-
Meaning: 1 faeces, contents of intestines 2 liquid glue Meaning: to kindle
Evenki: n/o:n/a 1 Evenki: nul-
Even: n/o:n/a, n/o:n|n/a 1 Even: nu.lu.-
Udighe: n/on|o 2 Negidal: nu.l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uK- Ulcha: n/ulcûku 'poker'
Meaning: 1 birch juice 2 larch gum Nanai: n/ulku- 'to stir coals'
Evenki: n/uksen 1, n/ukse 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *nume
Udighe: n/uktu- 'to wet, soak' Meaning: habit
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nuK- Even: nume
Meaning: 1 to loose way (of deer) 2 a lonely deer 3 to Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ume-/ *n/ama /*n/em-
move to another location 4 to lead the way 5 to stumble,
make a wrong move Meaning: 1 warm 2 soft 3 quiet 4 weak, loose
Evenki: nuken 2, nukiw- 4, 5 Evenki: n/ama, -pcû 1, n/emu-me 2, n/umu- 3
Even: no"k- 1 Even: n/am 1, n/umъn 3
Nanai: nukte- 3 (Он.) Negidal: nam, n/amagdi. 1, n/amu, nemu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u]l- Literary Manchu: neme-ri 2
Meaning: 1 to exuviate, fade 2 naked Ulcha: n/ama 1
Evenki: nil- / n/il-, n/i:larga- 1 Orok: namauli 1

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Keys of Han
Nanai: n/a":ma, n/ama 1, nemu 2, nimeku 'weakness' leg)
Oroch: n/ama 1 Evenki: n/un|i: 1
Udighe: n/amahi 1 Oroch: n/un|n/a 2
Solon: namagdi 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|n/aki:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un/V Meaning: goose
Meaning: a k. of plant Evenki: n/un|n/aki:
Evenki: n/un/aldiwu:n 'назв. растения ("льняное Even: nu:.n|qi. 'баклан', ne:n|en

волокно")'
Negidal: n/on|nixi:n, n/on|n/axi:
Literary Manchu: nono "ситник, водяной лук"
Spoken Manchu: n/un|@n/ah@ (2248)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|-
Literary Manchu: n/on|n/ax|a
Meaning: 1 to direct, give directions 2 direction,
instruction 3 instructor, director, master 4 council, advice Jurchen: niun|-nia-xa (646)
Evenki: nun|ni:-, n/un|ni:- 1, nun|ni:g|e:, n/un|ni:g|e: 2, Ulcha: n/u.n|n/a

n/un|e 3
Orok: nu.n|na
Even: n/u:n- 1, n/u:nъn 2, n/un|un 3, n/un|se-g|ъn 4
Nanai: n/on|n/a
Negidal: nun|ni- 1, n/un|u 4
Oroch: n/un|n/a
Orok: nun|e, n/un|e 3
Udighe: n/un|n/aì
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|-
Solon: nu.nnaxi
Meaning: 1 main part, stem, stalk 2 main riverbed
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u-n|u-n
Evenki: nun|i:n, nun|ni: 1, 2
Meaning: six
Even: nu:.n 2
Evenki: n/un|un
Udighe: nun|ni 2
Even: n/un|ъn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nun|ari
Negidal: n/un|un
Meaning: wool, down
Spoken Manchu: nin|un, n/un|un (2740)
Spoken Manchu: nun|an (144, 2283)
Literary Manchu: nin|gun
Literary Manchu: nun|Gari
Jurchen: niun|-z^|u (641)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/un|i:
Ulcha: n/un|gu(n)
Meaning: 1 thigh 2 muscles (of arms and legs), calf (of
152
Keys of Han
Orok: nun|gu(n) Solon: norg|a, nuruga
Nanai: n/un|gu Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/uru (~-i)
Oroch: n/un|u(n) Meaning: arrow
Udighe: n/un|u(n) Evenki: n/ur
Solon: n/un|u Even: n/u.r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nur- Negidal: n/oj
Meaning: to do smth. ceaselessly, constantly Spoken Manchu: n/ur@, jur@ (820)
Evenki: nur-nur 'slightly' Literary Manchu: niru
Literary Manchu: nur-x|u- Jurchen: niru (237)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nure Solon: niru, nu.r(u.)
Meaning: wine Han-Tungus-prototype: *nutiku
Literary Manchu: nure Meaning: pestle
Jurchen: niu-re (520) Ulcha: nutiku
Solon: nure: Nanai: nu:cîku, nutku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/ur(g)a- Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:l(u")-
Meaning: 1 cheerful, vigorous 2 to dance (and sing) Meaning: to shave (skin)
Evenki: n/urari:ka:n 1 Evenki: n/u:l-, n/u:li-
Even: no"rgъ- 2 Even: n/u:l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *nurga Negidal: n/ul-
Meaning: fist Oroch: n/ulu-
Evenki: dial. nu.rka Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:re-
Negidal: nojga, nelga Meaning: to become hot (of metal)
Spoken Manchu: nuz^|an (79) Evenki: n/u:re-
Literary Manchu: nuz^|an Even: n/o":r-
Ulcha: n/u.Gz^|a Negidal: n/uje-
Oroch: nugga Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:ri-kte

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Keys of Han
Meaning: hair
Even: n/i.rgi. 2
Evenki: n/u:rikte
Literary Manchu: n/ere- 1
Even: n/u:rit
Udighe: n/u-xana- ( < *n/ur-) 1
Negidal: n/ijukte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|alma-
Ulcha: nukte
Meaning: mosquito
Orok: nu:rikte, n/i:rukte
Evenki: n|anmakta
Nanai: nukte
Negidal: n|anmakta
Oroch: n/u:kte
Spoken Manchu: Gal@m@n (2259)
Udighe: n/u:kte
Literary Manchu: Galman
Solon: nu:rikte, nu:rte
Ulcha: Galmaqta, Garmaqta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u:te
Orok: nalmaqta, n|almaqta
Meaning: resin, pitch, gum
Nanai: Garmaqta
Evenki: n/u:te
Oroch: gamakta
Even: n/u:t
Udighe: n|amakta
Negidal: nu:te
Solon: namakta
Ulcha: nu:te
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:la
Orok: n/u:te
Meaning: hand
Nanai: nu:te
Evenki: n|a:le
Oroch: n/ute
Even: n|a:l
Udighe: n/ute
Negidal: n|a:la, n|ala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/u"n|-
Spoken Manchu: Gal@ (68)
Meaning: 1 to make notches 2 to scrape off, adze (with an
axe) Literary Manchu: gala
Even: n/in|- 1 Jurchen: n|a-la (504)
Literary Manchu: n/on|Gaz^|a-, n/on|Gala- 2 Ulcha: n|a:la
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n/[u"]r- Orok: n|a:la
Meaning: 1 to swim (of animals) 2 shallow place Nanai: n|a:la, n|ala, nala
154
Keys of Han
Oroch: n|a:la, n|ala Nanai: ene-
Udighe: n|ala Oroch: n|ene-
Solon: na:la, na:li Udighe: n|ene-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|a:ni- Solon: nene-
Meaning: to fetch, go to take smth. or smb. Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:le-
Ulcha: n|an-z^|u.- Meaning: to be scared, frightened
Nanai: n|a:ni.- Evenki: n|e:le-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|em- Even: n|e:l-
Meaning: to crush, break through Negidal: n|e:le-
Even: n|emtъk-, n|emtъl- Spoken Manchu: gel@- (1886)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|en- Literary Manchu: gele-
Meaning: to attack, fight Ulcha: n|ele-
Evenki: n|en-cî-, n/en|- Orok: n|e:le-
Even: n/en- Nanai: n|ele-
Literary Manchu: ne-cî- Oroch: n|e:le-
Udighe: n|eneusi- Udighe: n|ele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ene- Solon: ne:le-
Meaning: to go, walk Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|e:r(i)-
Evenki: n|ene- Meaning: light
Even: n|en- Evenki: n|e:ri:
Negidal: n|ene- / gene- Even: n|e:ri
Spoken Manchu: gen@- (1171) Negidal: n|e:jin
Literary Manchu: genu- 'to go together' Spoken Manchu: gu:xun 'bright' (2050)
Jurchen: n|e-ne-xie (713) Literary Manchu: gexun
Ulcha: n|ene- Jurchen: n|e-xun (736)
Orok: n|ene- Ulcha: n|egz^|e(n)

155
Keys of Han
Orok: n|egde- Orok: naqsa
Nanai: n|egz^|e Nanai: n|oqso (dial.)
Oroch: n|egz^|e Oroch: n|ikso
Udighe: n|egz^|e, n|ei Udighe: n|u"ho"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia- Solon: ne:µncâ
Meaning: lower, closer to the shore Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ia:n|-ta
Evenki: n|e:µ-g|u: Meaning: fir-tree
Even: n|e:µ-la Evenki: n|a:n|te
Negidal: ne:µwu. / n|e:µwu. Even: n|a:n|tъ.
Literary Manchu: wa-la Negidal: n|a:n|ta
Ulcha: waji. Literary Manchu: wantax|a
Orok: n|oi. Ulcha: wan|ta
Nanai: waj-la, n|oj-la Orok: wan|ta / wan|i.ta
Oroch: n|a":a-la Nanai: wan|ta, dial. n|an|ta
Udighe: n|ea"-la Udighe: n|an|ta
Solon: ne:x 'shore' Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|inda-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iabi Meaning: dog
Meaning: 1 deceased person 2 invisible person 3 to bury Evenki: n|inakin, ginakin
Evenki: n|e:µwi 1 Even: n|i.n
Even: n|ebi 2 Negidal: n|inaxin/ninaxin
Ulcha: n/ewu- 3 Spoken Manchu: jon@hun|, in@hun| (2177)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|iaksa, *n|iaksi-n Literary Manchu: indaxun
Meaning: nose Jurchen: n|inda-xiun (147)
Even: n/e:µs, n|e:µs Ulcha: i.n|da
Negidal: n/asin 'bear's nose' Orok: n|inda
Ulcha: waqsa Nanai: i.nda

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Meaning: hill, high shore
Oroch: inaki
Evenki: n|e:ke, n|o:ke, n|e:ku
Udighe: inaì (Корм. 238)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:li-
Solon: ninaxi
Meaning: long
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:-
Evenki: n|o:nim, n|o:nigdi
Meaning: 1 to smell 2 smell
Even: n|onъ.m
Evenki: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2
Negidal: n|onom
Even: n|o:- 1, n|o: 2
Spoken Manchu: Gol@min (2409, 2602, 2844)
Negidal: n|o:- 1
Literary Manchu: golmin
Spoken Manchu: wa: 'smell, odor, scent'(2456)
Jurchen: n|olmi-gi (690)
Literary Manchu: wa 2
Ulcha: walmi.
Ulcha: wa:qoli. 'ferret'
Orok: n|onimi
Orok: n|o:kki.- 1
Nanai: n|oni.mi., woni.mi., oni.mi.
Nanai: wan|qoli. 'ferret'
Oroch: n|on/imi, n|on/mi
Oroch: n|o:kki- 1, n|o:kula": 'ferret'
Udighe: wanimi, wan/imi
Udighe: n|oisi- 1
Solon: ninomi, gono/m
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:r-câ-
Meaning: 1 sable 2 male (of dog, wolf, fox) 3 wolf 4
racoon Meaning: to contest, to wrestle
Evenki: n/e:ke: 1 Evenki: n|o:rcâ-
Even: n|o":ke 2 Negidal: mo:jcân-
Spoken Manchu: jux@, juxu 3 (2204) Ulcha: wa:câ-
Literary Manchu: n/oxe 3, nuxere 'puppy' Orok: wo:to- / n|o:to-; n|u(r)- 'to overcome'
Nanai: naoto 4 ( < *n|oke-tu) Nanai: wa:câ-
Oroch: n|o"ksjo" 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ubi
Udighe: nautu 4 Meaning: 1 saddlegirth 2 rowlock (as a two-pronged fork)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|o:Ke ~ *n|e:Ku Evenki: n|uwi 1

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Keys of Han
Orok: n|ojo 2
Evenki: n|usa:mne
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u(j)a-
Even: n|usemne
Meaning: to sleep
Negidal: musemne
Evenki: n/a-so:-, nin/a-
Orok: we:se:µpse
Literary Manchu: nu-nz^|i-bu- 'to make sleepy'
Nanai: muesemse
Oroch: n|ua-
Oroch: n|usemse
Udighe: n|uha-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ule-
Meaning: 1 to win, overcome 2 to be able
Meaning: red, reddish, pink
Orok: n|u:- 1
Even: n|ule-n/e
Udighe: n/oni- 2 (?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|unn|e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u:jelse
Meaning: straight
Meaning: 1 hair under the neck 2 tie, scarf
Evenki: n|un|ne
Evenki: muja:lle, mu:je:lle 1
Even: n|u:n
Even: n|o"jelrъ ~ mo"jelrъ 1, n|o":jeke 2
Negidal: n|un/n|e
Orok: n|i:welte 1
Jurchen: n|un-du (661)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u"sî- (*n|ujsî-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|un|i / *n|on|i(-ka)
Meaning: small
Meaning: 1 place of hunting wild deer 2 place of good
fishing or hunting Evenki: nitku:n (dial.)
Evenki: n|un|i 1 Negidal: n/itku:n
Nanai: wa:n|qo 2 (Он.) Literary Manchu: isuxun 'tiny'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|ur Jurchen: osu-wan (669)
Meaning: male (of small carnivores) Ulcha: n/u:cî
Evenki: n|ur Orok: nu:cî
Nanai: mur Nanai: nu:cî
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|use:- Oroch: n|i:cî
Meaning: ski straps Udighe: n|ic^à

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Keys of Han
Solon: nisxu, nisu:xu:· Literary Manchu: obg/a 'a k. of wooden hook serving as a
bait for eagles'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":
Oroch: obo:, obog|o
Meaning: who
Udighe: obo` (Корм. 273)
Evenki: n|i:, ni:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ocî(ka)
Even: n/i:, n|i:
Meaning: 1 groin 2 fish fin (on the back or on belly) 3
Negidal: ni:, n|i: fork, bifurcation
Spoken Manchu: we: (2895) Even: ocâqa 1, oc^ 3
Literary Manchu: we Negidal: ocâxa 2
Ulcha: n|ui, ui Literary Manchu: ucîqa 2
Orok: n|ui Han-Tungus-prototype: *oga
Nanai: ui Meaning: thigh, hip
Oroch: n/i: Evenki: og|o
Udighe: ni: Even: o:g|
Solon: ni:xe Negidal: og|o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *n|u":n|te Ulcha: o:
Meaning: root Orok: o:
Evenki: n|i:n|te, ni:n|te Nanai: o:
Even: n|e:µn|tъ Oroch: o:
Negidal: n|in|te Udighe: o:
Ulcha: n|uiqte Solon: og|o
Orok: muikte Han-Tungus-prototype: *oja
Nanai: muikte Meaning: badger
Oroch: n|in|te Ulcha: ojo
Udighe: n|in|te Nanai: ojo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oboka Oroch: ojo
Meaning: hook Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji-

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Meaning: relation, spouse Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKa-
Negidal: oji.n Meaning: 1 armful 2 handful
Orok: oji.sal bi Negidal: oxodo 1
Solon: ujo":- 'to marry' Spoken Manchu: oh@l@- 'to cup both hands' (1554)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji- Literary Manchu: ox|ol/o: 2
Meaning: 1 to become mad, old, forget 2 to be in a poor Nanai: ox|oj 2 (Kur.-Urm.)

state
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKor-
Spoken Manchu: oj@r@qu 'no good' (3036)
Meaning: to nauseate
Literary Manchu: oj-bo- 1, oj-tobu- 2
Literary Manchu: ox|orsâ- 1
Ulcha: oj-ba- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksa-
Solon: oi-mar 1
Meaning: 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change one's
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oji(ki) mind 3 to resent, be offended
Meaning: thigh coverings, trousers Evenki: okso- 1
Ulcha: oji. Even: og|sa- 2
Nanai: oji.·, dial. oji'.ki. Nanai: oqsa- (Он.) 3
Udighe: waìpti, waìkti (Корм. 217) Han-Tungus-prototype: *oksari
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oK- Meaning: owl
Meaning: 1 to heap up (firewood) 2 to economize, spare Negidal: oksag|i., oksaji.
Orok: okpou.tcî.- 1 Ulcha: u.qsara(n)
Nanai: okcî- 2 (Он. 308) Orok: u.qsara
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ok- Nanai: oqsara
Meaning: 1 arrow with wooden head 2 fish fin 3 fishing Oroch: uksara
hook
Han-Tungus-prototype: *okta
Evenki: oki-kta 2
Meaning: medicine, powder
Literary Manchu: oki jo:ro 1
Negidal: okto
Orok: o:qo 3
Spoken Manchu: oq@t@ 'medicine, drug' (723)
Udighe: o` 'fish gear' (Корм. 273)
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Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: oqto Jurchen: ol-g|u-hun (673) 'weak'
Ulcha: oqto Ulcha: olo-
Orok: oqto Orok: olo-
Nanai: oqto Nanai: olo-, olg|amsaq 'fainted'
Oroch: okto Oroch: olo-
Udighe: okto Solon: olo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oKurga Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola-
Meaning: loop, snare Meaning: to ford, wade
Evenki: okurga, ukurga Evenki: olo-
Literary Manchu: x|urGa, x|urqa Even: ola:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ol- Negidal: olo:-
Meaning: 1 hook (for hanging kettle) 2 to hang over fire Literary Manchu: olo-
Evenki: oldon 1, ollon- 2 Ulcha: oni.-
Even: olra:wu.n 1, olra:n- 2 Orok: onno-
Negidal: olo:n 1 Nanai: ono-
Ulcha: o:rpu.n 1 Oroch: olo-
Orok: olz^|i.g|a 1 Udighe: olo-
Nanai: olpi. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola:-cî
Oroch: ogz^|ig|a 1 Meaning: short boots
Udighe: olohu 1 Evenki: olo:t, olo:cîk
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ola- Even: ola:cî.q
Meaning: to be afraid, startled Negidal: olot
Evenki: olo-; olbon- 'to be bored' Ulcha: olz^|u.ma
Even: ol-; olba:n- 'to be bored' Orok: ollo:cî.
Negidal: olo-ldo- Oroch: olo:cî
Literary Manchu: oli-x|a- Solon: alo/ci, olo/ci

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *olbi-n- Meaning: 1 to lay eggs 2 offspring, descendant, grandchild
Meaning: 1 to drag, carry 2 to change, turn into Evenki: umu:- 1, omolgi: 2
Even: o:lbъ.n- 2 Even: omolgo 2
Ulcha: olbi.n- 1 Negidal: omolgi:. 2
Orok: olbi.n- 1 Spoken Manchu: om@l@ (887) 2
Nanai: olbi.n- 1 Literary Manchu: omolo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omga Jurchen: omo-lo (285) 2
Meaning: upper part of hip; behind Oroch: omola": 'daughter-in-law'
Ulcha: ombo / on|bo Udighe: omolo 2
Orok: omGo Solon: omoli: 2
Nanai: on|bo Han-Tungus-prototype: *omV-
Oroch: ombo Meaning: hearth
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omn|a- Nanai: oma
Meaning: to forget Oroch: umuxi
Evenki: omn|o- Han-Tungus-prototype: *on/a-
Even: omn|ъ.- Meaning: 1 to draw 2 drawing, ornament 3 spot
Negidal: omn|o- Evenki: on/o- 1, on/o: 2
Spoken Manchu: on|@-, on|u- (1867) Even: on/a:- 1, on/a:n 2
Literary Manchu: on|Go- Orok: ono 3
Ulcha: on|bo- Udighe: on/o- 1, on/o 2
Orok: omGo-/on|bo- Han-Tungus-prototype: *onda-
Nanai: on|bo- Meaning: 1 to rise (of water) 2 water
Oroch: ommo- Even: o":n(ed)- 1, o:ndi 2 (dial.)
Udighe: on|mo- Nanai: onda-z^|i- 'плавать около сети, но не попадать в

нее (о рыбе, которая часто так ведет себя перед
Solon: ommo- повышением или понижением уровня воды)' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *omu- / *umu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|da

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Meaning: 1 wolverine 2 seal Han-Tungus-prototype: *or-
Literary Manchu: on|niqa 1 Meaning: 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound
4 to rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an
Ulcha: on|do 1 aurochs) 8 to call
Orok: onnori. 2 Evenki: ore:µ- 5, 6, 7
Nanai: on|do 1 Literary Manchu: or 1, ori- 4, ura- 3
Udighe: on|do 1 Nanai: oral 2, ori.qo 7
Han-Tungus-prototype: *on|ka Solon: or/e:µ-
Meaning: pasture, grass food Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora-
Evenki: on|ko Meaning: 1 small, young 2 bear-cub 3 female of bear
Even: on|qъ. Evenki: oron|a:t 3
Negidal: on|ko Even: oi.s, oji.s (dial.) 2
Literary Manchu: on|qo Negidal: ojokon 2
Ulcha: on|qo Literary Manchu: orcûn, orx|ocô 1
Orok: oqqo Orok: oko 2 (voc.)
Nanai: on|qo- Nanai: oro:qa 1
Oroch: on|ko- 'to graze' Oroch: orko ~ oroko(n-) 2
Udighe: on|kosi- 'to graze' Han-Tungus-prototype: *oran
Han-Tungus-prototype: *op- Meaning: reindeer
Meaning: to hide, conceal Evenki: oron
Evenki: op- Even: orъ.n
Nanai: up 'having submerged' (Он.) Negidal: ojon
Han-Tungus-prototype: *opora Literary Manchu: oron
Meaning: nose Ulcha: oro(n)
Spoken Manchu: of@r@ (24) Nanai: oro
Literary Manchu: oforo Oroch: oro
Nanai: oporo Udighe: oro

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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ora:-kta Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:-
Meaning: grass (dry), hay Meaning: 1 to make; become 2 new
Evenki: orokto, oro:kto Evenki: o:makta 2, o:- 1
Even: ora:t Even: o:- 1
Negidal: ojokto Negidal: o:- 1
Spoken Manchu: or@h@ 'grass' (2130) Spoken Manchu: o- 1 (3018)
Literary Manchu: orx|o Literary Manchu: o- 1
Jurchen: or-g|o (116) Jurchen: o-fia (829) 1
Ulcha: orx|oqta Ulcha: o- 1
Orok: oroqto Orok: o- 1
Nanai: oroqta Nanai: o- 1
Oroch: o:kto Udighe: o-, o:- 1
Udighe: o:kto Solon: o:- 1
Solon: oro:kto Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oru-n Meaning: currant
Meaning: daughter-in-law (son's wife) Evenki: o:kta
Spoken Manchu: orun (927) Negidal: o:kta
Literary Manchu: urun Literary Manchu: ukuxu, -xe 'name of a berry'
Nanai: oro:· Oroch: oktokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *oxa- Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:mi:
Meaning: 1 coire 2 testicles 3 women's genitals Meaning: soul
Evenki: oko- 1 Evenki: o:mi:
Spoken Manchu: uhal@ 2 (117) Negidal: omi.
Literary Manchu: ux|ala 2 Nanai: omia '
Nanai: uxara (dial.) 2 Udighe: omo" 'soul of a new-born child'
Udighe: ua 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n-

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Meaning: 1 angle, corner 2 to bend 3 bay 4 cross-roads Nanai: o:si.-
Evenki: o:nn|a:n 1 Oroch: osu-
Even: oni.t- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *paba ( ~ -p-)
Negidal: onn|i.- 2 Meaning: 1 work 2 skilful, diligent 3 to work
Literary Manchu: on|Golo 4 Evenki: hawa: 1, hawal- 3
Ulcha: onz^|o 3 Even: hawa 1, hawad- 3
Orok: oni. 1, ondo 3 Negidal: xawadi.jin 2, xawa:dakta- 1
Nanai: ondo 3 Literary Manchu: fafuri 2
Oroch: o:n|o 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pabri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:n- Meaning: 1 to swim 2 to bathe
Meaning: (to fall) on one's back Negidal: xajwi- 1
Evenki: o:n|ka:n- Ulcha: pawru.wu. 1
Even: o:n|qi. Orok: pau.ri.- 2
Negidal: o:n|ka-pki:. Nanai: fao.r'i- 1
Spoken Manchu: onc^@h@n, oncûhun (525) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pac^-
Literary Manchu: oncôx|on Meaning: crack, split, interval
Ulcha: o:ndi. Even: hacî.q
Orok: o:ndon Han-Tungus-prototype: *pad-
Nanai: o:nz^|i. Meaning: 1 to spread out (animal's skin) 2 name of a game

(spreading a rope between fingers) 3 to arrange (in a row)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *o:s-
Evenki: hadarga 2
Meaning: to retire, make the place vacant
Spoken Manchu: faid@n 'row' (1624)
Evenki: o:s-
Literary Manchu: fajda- 3, fajdan 'row'
Even: o:s-
Orok: pa:dda- 1
Negidal: o:s-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *padira-n
Ulcha: osi.-
Meaning: wall
Orok: o:ssi.-
Spoken Manchu: faz^|@r@h@n (463)
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Keys of Han
Even: ha:da-
Literary Manchu: faz^|iran
Ulcha: paGda-
Jurchen: fa-dar-an (64)
Nanai: pa:Gda-
Ulcha: padi.ra(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagdi(-ki:)
Nanai: paz^|ira
Meaning: sole, foot sole
Han-Tungus-prototype: *padu
Evenki: hagdiki:
Meaning: bag, pouch
Negidal: xakki.
Spoken Manchu: fad@ (248)
Orok: paGz^|e
Literary Manchu: fadu
Nanai: x|aGdi.ki. (dial.)
Ulcha: padu.(n)
Oroch: xagdi
Orok: padu.
Udighe: xagdig|i
Nanai: pado
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paja-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paga, -câ, -ki:
Meaning: 1 to glitter (of snow) 2 blinded by bright light
Meaning: 1 box, birch vessel, scoop 2 window, window
frame Evenki: hajakat- 1
Evenki: hag|a, hag|aki:, hag|acân Udighe: pajaktu 2
Negidal: xa-câw, xa-vu.n 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-
Spoken Manchu: fa: 2 (466) Meaning: 1 freezing weather (in spring or autumn) 2
Northern or Eastern wind 3 to blow (of spring wind) 4
Literary Manchu: fa 2 frost
Jurchen: fah-ha (209) 2 Evenki: haji: 1, 2, haji:- 3
Ulcha: pacâ(n) 1, pawa 2 Nanai: x|atqa (Kur-Urm.) 1
Orok: pawa 2 Oroch: xaika 4
Nanai: pa:câ 1, pa:wa 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *paji:-kta
Udighe: xasaà 1 (Корм. 305) Meaning: grass (dry)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pagda- Evenki: haji:kta
Meaning: to smear Even: hajtъ.
Evenki: hagda- Negidal: xajta

166
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fojo:
Evenki: halgan 1
Ulcha: pajqta
Even: halgъ.n 1
Orok: pai.qta
Negidal: xalgan 1
Nanai: pajaqta
Ulcha: palz^|a(n) 1
Udighe: xaikta
Orok: palz^|a(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paju:-
Nanai: palga 2
Meaning: to break, tear
Oroch: xaga 'paw'
Evenki: haju:p-
Udighe: xaga 'paw; bear's trace'
Even: ha:ju.-
Solon: alg|a 1
Negidal: xaji.-, xaju.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paln|a
Oroch: xa:ju-
Meaning: palm (of hand)
Udighe: xai-
Evenki: hann|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paKu:-
Even: hann|ъ.
Meaning: to close in, buckle, shut up
Negidal: xan/n|a
Evenki: haku:-
Spoken Manchu: fal@n|@ (71)
Even: haq-
Literary Manchu: falan|Gu
Negidal: xaxu.-
Ulcha: pan/a
Solon: axu.-
Orok: xan|n|a / xan|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pal- ( ~ -a:-)
Nanai: pajn|a
Meaning: 1 to have relations with 2 relationship,
friendship 3 quarrel, contest 4 to quarrel Oroch: xan|a, xan|n|a
Literary Manchu: fali- 1, falin 2 Udighe: xan/à
Ulcha: pa:li. 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *palu
Orok: pa:li. 3 Meaning: a k. of fish (similar to bream)
Oroch: palimacî- 4 Literary Manchu: falu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palga-n Han-Tungus-prototype: *paluka
Meaning: 1 foot 2 sole Meaning: hammer

167
Keys of Han
Evenki: halka Nanai: pan/a
Even: halqъ. Oroch: xan/a(n)
Negidal: xalka Udighe: xan/a(n)
Literary Manchu: folx|o Han-Tungus-prototype: *pani-
Ulcha: palawu.(n) Meaning: 1 to attire 2 attire
Orok: palo Evenki: hani-sin 2
Nanai: paloa Even: ha:ni. 2, ha:ni.- 2
Oroch: xalua, xaluwa Negidal: xa:ni.- 1
Udighe: xaluga Han-Tungus-prototype: *pann|u:-
Solon: alxa Meaning: 1 to ask 2 to investigate 3 to follow smb.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palV Evenki: hann|u:- 1, hann|i- / ha:n|i:- 3
Meaning: molar Spoken Manchu: f/onz^|i- 'to ask, to question, to ferret out'
(1288)
Ulcha: pali.
Literary Manchu: fonz^|i- 1, 2
Nanai: paloa
Jurchen: fanz^|u-mij (775) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *palVga
Ulcha: pan-si.- 1
Meaning: a group of houses
Orok: panu.-
Literary Manchu: falGa
Udighe: xauntasi- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pan/a-n
Solon: an|u:.- 1
Meaning: shadow
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pap-
Evenki: han/an
Meaning: 1 to yell (of a shaman) 2 to divine 3 shaman,
Even: hi.n/a:n sorcerer
Negidal: xan/an Evenki: haptaj 3
Spoken Manchu: fain|@ 'soul' (771) Negidal: xaptu.- 1
Literary Manchu: fajan|Ga 'soul, spirit' Literary Manchu: fada- 2
Ulcha: pan/a(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *para
Orok: pana(n) Meaning: 1 saddle arc 2 sleigh 3 thill

168
Keys of Han
Nanai: pajGa 1
Evenki: hara, dial. ha:ren 1
Udighe: xaga 1
Spoken Manchu: far@ 'shaft' (1252)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paru-
Literary Manchu: fara 2, 3
Meaning: to faint, feel giddy
Ulcha: para 2
Evenki: haru:-
Orok: pau.ra 'полозья'
Even: ha:ru.-
Nanai: para 2
Literary Manchu: fara-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *para(n)
Nanai: fari.nda-
Meaning: 1 place for the hut, floor 2 perch 3 lattice(d)
Udighe: xau-ne-
Evenki: haran 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-
Even: hara:n 1
Meaning: to hang
Negidal: haja:n 1
Literary Manchu: fasi-
Literary Manchu: fargi ~ farki 2, faran|ga 3
Orok: pasi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga
Nanai: pasi.-
Meaning: 1 brave 2 silly 3 scoundrel
Oroch: xasi-
Literary Manchu: f/ada 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasi-
Ulcha: parGa(n) 1
Meaning: 1 to hurry, scurry 2 commotion, hurry (n.)
Orok: parGa 'miserly; harmful'
Even: hasu.l- 1
Nanai: farGa 2
Spoken Manchu: facûhun 'disordered' (1065); facûhuru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *parga- ( ~ -rk-) 'to fall into disorder' (1066)
Meaning: excrement, to defecate Literary Manchu: facî-xin, facû-xun 2, facîx/asâ- 1
Spoken Manchu: faz^|@n (104, 497, 2327) Solon: pas^/igu:.· 2
Literary Manchu: faz^|an, faz^|a- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pasu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pargan Meaning: to press, pinch
Meaning: 1 ski bedding for the foot 2 a measure of length Evenki: hasu-
(one centimeter)
Even: as asъ.qlan (Ol.) 'handful'
Evenki: hargan 1, 2
Negidal: xas-
169
Keys of Han
Orok: pacî., pacî.kke 1,2
Ulcha: pasala-
Nanai: pacî:. 1, pac^qi. 2
Nanai: pasoala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *paxan
Solon: asu.-xu. 'handful'
Meaning: bream
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata, *pataka
Ulcha: pax|a(n)
Meaning: 1 feet pads 2 fetlock 3 sole 4 bottom 5 paw, hoof
6 sledge runner 7 butt (of tree) Nanai: pax|a
Evenki: hata 1,2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:
Even: hat 3,4, hati.qa 2 Meaning: part
Negidal: xata 1,2 Evenki: ha:, ha:-n
Spoken Manchu: fat@h@, fat@q@ 'hoof' (2289) Even: ha:ni.
Literary Manchu: fatan 3,4, fatx|a 5 Negidal: xa:
Ulcha: pata 6 Literary Manchu: fa-li
Orok: patta 7 Jurchen: far far (far-ar far-ar) 'separately' (781)
Nanai: pata 5 Ulcha: pa-si.; pa:ni. 'some, others'
Udighe: xedi 6 Orok: po:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pata-n Nanai: pa-si.; poani 'some, others'
Meaning: part of a weaving machine Oroch: xa
Literary Manchu: fatan Udighe: xa(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:b-
Meaning: winter boots Meaning: to add
Evenki: hati Evenki: ha:w-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pati(ke) Even: ha:w-
Meaning: 1 tail fin 2 fish tail Negidal: xa:w-
Negidal: xepki: 2 Ulcha: paji.-
Literary Manchu: fetxe 1, fetxeku 2 Orok: poi.-
Ulcha: pati. 2 Nanai: poai.-

170
Keys of Han
Solon: a:wi- Ulcha: pa:qta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:di Orok: paqtai. 3
Meaning: separate(ly) Nanai: pa:qta 2
Evenki: ha:di 'some, part of' Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:la-n
Even: ha:di.-n 'some, other' Meaning: 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor
Literary Manchu: faz^|u 'space between' Even: ha:linrъ. 1
Ulcha: pa:z^|i. Negidal: palan 2 ( < South.)
Orok: padi. Spoken Manchu: fal@n 2 (454)
Nanai: pa:z^|i. Literary Manchu: fala(n) 2
Solon: adi 'some' Ulcha: pala(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kin Orok: pa:lla(n) 2
Meaning: liver Nanai: pala 2
Evenki: ha:kin, hakin Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lan
Even: ha:qъ.n Meaning: bifurcation, fork
Negidal: xa:ki.n Evenki: ha:la:n
Spoken Manchu: fahun (91) Negidal: xalan
Literary Manchu: faxun Ulcha: xala(n)
Ulcha: pa: Nanai: pa:la
Orok: pa:g|a / pa:qa Oroch: xa:la(n)
Nanai: pa: Udighe: xala(n)
Oroch: pa:g|a, pa:qa Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:lz^|e-
Udighe: xaì (Корм. 304) Meaning: to be ashamed
Solon: a:xi Evenki: ha:lz^|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:kta Even: halz^|u.-
Meaning: 1 hill, mound 2 precipice 3 sand bank Negidal: xalz^|a-
Negidal: pakta 1 ( < South.) Literary Manchu: f/ancî-x/asâ-

171
Keys of Han
Orok: xalz^|e:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebi-
Nanai: x|alz^|a- Meaning: to squat
Oroch: xagz^|a- Evenki: hewic^-, hewe:-
Udighe: xagz^|a- Even: hewde:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:nta- / *pe:nte- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pecê-
Meaning: 1 rainworm 2 flea Meaning: to be tired
Evenki: ha:nteku 2 Evenki: hecê-
Nanai: pe:nte 1 Even: hec^-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:r- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pec^ke-
Meaning: to buy, sell Meaning: 1 to be surprised 2 strange, wonderful; base, vile
Even: ha:rat- Literary Manchu: fecêxun, fecûxun 2, fecîki (n.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pa:t(i)- Ulcha: peksi-, peske- 1
Meaning: 1 to strike, hit 2 clapper, beetle 3 to hew off Orok: peske- 1
Evenki: hatal- 3 (Sakh.) Nanai: pekse- 1
Negidal: pa:ti. 2 ( < South.) Oroch: peksi-, pekse- 1
Ulcha: pa:ti.-cî.-, pa:ti.-la- 1, pa:ti. 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede-
Orok: pa:t-cû.- 1 Meaning: 1 to ruddle, mark (deer, by cutting its ear) 2 dirty
Nanai: pa:cî.-cî.- 1, pacî. 2 Evenki: pedene:- 1 (Kamn.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pebgure (/*pu-) Even: hedenin 2
Meaning: ski stick, circle on ski stick Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede
Evenki: hewgure: Meaning: swift, energetic
Negidal: xebguje Negidal: xeden
Ulcha: pegbere(n) Nanai: pede
Orok: pebgire Oroch: xidus (adv.)
Nanai: fubguru (Bik.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pede:-
Oroch: xebbiru 'hook on walking stick' Meaning: to ford, cross over

172
Keys of Han
Evenki: hede:- Orok: pe:µmo-ni. 'top of boots'
Literary Manchu: fida-, fide- Oroch: xebbire
Solon: edelbu:- Solon: xocôro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegdi Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK-
Meaning: 1 big, large 2 important Meaning: 1 to throw 2 to scatter, strew
Evenki: hegdi 1 Literary Manchu: fax|a- 1
Literary Manchu: fuz^|un 2 Orok: pektikke- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(le)- ( / *po-) Han-Tungus-prototype: *peK- / *poK-
Meaning: young of elk, elk Meaning: 1 to trample, tread 2 to kick
Evenki: hogloka:n, heglen, hewlen Evenki: hek- 1, hokcî-, heki:-, hekcî- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pegu(-n|kte) ( ~ -b-) Even: hek- 1, he:ki- 2
Meaning: 1 wart 2 callosity Negidal: xeg|i-, xek- 1, xekile:- 2
Evenki: hewum 2, hen|te 1 Spoken Manchu: fuxu- (1610)
Even: hen|tъ 1 Literary Manchu: fexu- 1, f/o:qocô-, f/o:qoz^|o- 2
Negidal: xewu-kte 2, xen|te 1 Oroch: xeki- 1
Spoken Manchu: fux@, fuxu 'wart, knot' (150, 2136) Udighe: xen|de- 1
Literary Manchu: fuxu 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pekcû-
Ulcha: pukte 1 Meaning: acid, astringent
Orok: peukte 1 Literary Manchu: fekcûxun
Nanai: pu:kte 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *peKe ( < *puKe ?)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe(j)m- Meaning: nit
Meaning: boots Evenki: heke
Evenki: hemcûre: Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku-
Negidal: xemcîra Meaning: hot
Literary Manchu: foz^|i, fomo(cî) Evenki: heku
Jurchen: fom-cî (556) Even: ho"k

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Keys of Han
Negidal: xeku-gdi Even: ho"l- 1, heli:n|-(cî)- 2
Literary Manchu: f/ak/a-n 'heat', f/aqu- 'to warm, dry' Negidal: xul- 1, xenindu- 'in a hurry'
Ulcha: pukeuli 'hot', pe:µkki- 'to bake' ( > Ud. piki-le- id.) Literary Manchu: fel/e- 1
Orok: xekkuli, xekusi ( < Oroch.) Jurchen: ful-cwi (421) 1
Nanai: peku 'hot', pi.qi.- 'to warm, heat' Ulcha: pulikte- 1
Oroch: xeku, xekusi Orok: puli- 1, pelin- 2
Udighe: xekuhi Nanai: pul-si- 1, penin- 2
Solon: exu:gdi Oroch: xuli- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peku- Udighe: xuli(hi)- 1, xelin-e- 2
Meaning: to be embarrassed, troubled Solon: ul-
Evenki: hekir- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pem- / *pim-
Even: hekurun|cî- Meaning: 1 to wind, be twisted 2 loop on a thread, rope
Literary Manchu: fox|odo-, fox|oto-, fexere-; fuqz^|isâ- Even: hemъr- 1, hi.mqan 2
Jurchen: fe-xi-lar (373) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pemu-n
Ulcha: peken- Meaning: lip
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pel- Evenki: hemun
Meaning: 1 to insult, mock 2 not dare Even: hemъn
Evenki: hel- 2 Negidal: xemun
Spoken Manchu: fel@- 'to murder a superior person' (741) Spoken Manchu: fem@n 'lips' (28)
Literary Manchu: fele- 1 Literary Manchu: femen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pelbu Ulcha: pemu(n)
Meaning: antropomorphic pendant for women's hair Orok: pemu(n)
Evenki: helbu Nanai: pemu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peli- (/*puli-) Oroch: xemu(n)
Meaning: 1 to walk 2 to hurry Udighe: xemu(n)
Evenki: helde- (dial.) 1, helin-(cê)- 2 Solon: emme

174
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/e-kte Even: hen|ke 1
Meaning: name of an edible root Han-Tungus-prototype: *pep-
Evenki: hen/ekte Meaning: 1 locust 2 earth-worm
Even: hi:.ntъ 'лилия даурская, сарана' Literary Manchu: febsexe 1, febg/e 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen/-n|en Han-Tungus-prototype: *pepke-
Meaning: knee Meaning: grey
Evenki: henn|en Evenki: hepkeme
Even: henn|en Even: he:wke:n
Negidal: hen/n|en Han-Tungus-prototype: *per-
Ulcha: pen/e(n-) Meaning: 1 to esteem 2 to wait
Orok: pene, pen|e(n-) Evenki: hericê- 1, heru:- 2
Nanai: pein|e Even: her- 1, herut-/-c^- 2
Oroch: hen|n|e, hen|en Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere
Udighe: hen|e Meaning: bottom, floor
Solon: en|e Evenki: here
Han-Tungus-prototype: *penu:- / *punu:- Even: her
Meaning: to notice, guess Negidal: xeje
Evenki: henu:- Spoken Manchu: fer@ (2594)
Even: he:n- Literary Manchu: fere
Negidal: xenu- Ulcha: pere(g)
Ulcha: punu- Orok: pereg|, perel
Orok: xenun- Nanai: pereg, perel
Udighe: xo:no-, xuene- 'to be surprised' Oroch: xe:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pen|- Udighe: xe:
Meaning: 1 hole in ice or snow 2 to laugh, chuckle Solon: eri
Evenki: hen|ke 1, hen|ne- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pere:-

175
Keys of Han
Meaning: bumble-bee Oroch: xo:n|o(n)
Evenki: here:ptin (Вас.) Udighe: xue
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peri Solon: orogun, urg|un
Meaning: abrasion, chafe (on horse's back) Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru-
Literary Manchu: feri Meaning: to despair, be troubled
Han-Tungus-prototype: *perke- Evenki: heru:-
Meaning: to bind, tie round Even: heri-
Evenki: herke- Literary Manchu: furu 'angry'
Even: herkъ- Nanai: peurekpen-
Negidal: xejke- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pesin
Orok: pitu- 'man's girdle' Meaning: handle
Solon: ekke- Evenki: hesin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *perki-n / *purki-n Even: hesъn
Meaning: West Negidal: xesin
Jurchen: fu-ri-si (591) Spoken Manchu: fes^@n, fes@n (594)
Ulcha: perxi(n) Literary Manchu: fesin
Nanai: perxi Ulcha: pesi(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *peru- Orok: pesi(n)
Meaning: thumb Nanai: pesi
Evenki: hurug|ucê:n Oroch: xesi(n)
Even: ho"rъg|ъn Udighe: xehi
Negidal: xo"jen|en Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-
Literary Manchu: ferxe Meaning: 1 to pinch 2 to grab 3 to dig, pick 4 to pluck,

collect
Ulcha: poro(n)
Evenki: hetu-ke:t- 1
Orok: poro(n), pero(n)
Even: hetъkle- 1
Nanai: perxe
Spoken Manchu: fat@- 1, 4 (1165, 1575)
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Literary Manchu: fata- 1, fete- 3 Evenki: he:je:, heje 2
Ulcha: pataracî- 2 Even: he:je 3
Nanai: pata- (Он.) 4, fete- (Bik., Kur-Urm.) 3 Negidal: xe:je: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete- Spoken Manchu: fixe (5) 1
Meaning: 1 to run quickly, hurry 2 to jump (away, off) Literary Manchu: fexi 1
Evenki: heteke:n- 2 Ulcha: pe:je 2
Even: heteken- 1 Orok: pe:je 2
Negidal: xetexen- 2 Nanai: pe:je 2
Literary Manchu: finte- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:lbu-
Ulcha: peten- 2 Meaning: to be pregnant
Orok: potcô- 2 Evenki: he:lbu-
Nanai: pete:n- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:te:
Oroch: xete- 2 Meaning: 1 seal fat 2 seal skin 3 seal
Udighe: xetigen-e- 2 Evenki: he:te: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pete-n Even: he:te 1, he:tes 2
Meaning: fate Negidal: xe:te: 1, 3
Literary Manchu: feten Literary Manchu: fetxi 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pet-ke- Orok: pe:>te 3, pe:>teske 2
Meaning: to fall, drop Oroch: xe:te 3, xe:tekse 2
Even: hetkъn|cî- Udighe: xete 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:z^|e-
Meaning: to be unable, not dare Meaning: to dance, roundelay
Evenki: he:- Evenki: he:z^|e-
Even: he:- Even: he:z^|e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pe:jKe Negidal: xe:z^|en-
Meaning: 1 brain 2 forehead 3 top of the head Orok: xede (n.)

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *piabi Oroch: xa":kki- 3
Meaning: a k. of sparrow Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian-
Evenki: hiwi, Yerb. he:µwi 'клест, снегирь, дрозд Meaning: 1 appearance, face, colour 2 face side
ореховый'
Literary Manchu: f/an 1
Literary Manchu: f/abqu, f/afiqu 'воробей-конопляник'
Udighe: p/a"n/ia (Bik.) 2 ( < South.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaKa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piancî-
Meaning: 1 diligent, smart 2 disobedient, brave 3 to arouse
Meaning: to crush
Evenki: he:µka 1
Even: hencîk-
Even: hi.qa:r 2
Negidal: xin|cêl-
Nanai: pikpu- 3 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pian|kV
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pia-la-
Meaning: 1 shelf 2 lower tent cover
Meaning: 1 part of a cross-bow 2 name of a tree (used for
bows) Even: hie:µn|ku 2
Negidal: pe:µlaxa 1 Ulcha: pe:µn|Ga 1
Literary Manchu: filan 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[ia]ri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialaki: Meaning: 1 to split 2 split, crack
Meaning: partridge Evenki: hir-ke- 1, hiri-kte 2
Evenki: he:µlaki: Even: hir 2
Even: ha":li.ki. Literary Manchu: f/ere- 1, f/ere-n, fi-qtu 2
Negidal: xe:µlaxi:. Orok: pi:ri-kte 2
Literary Manchu: f/elen|ku Nanai: pi.ari., Bik. fi.ri.gda mo:ni. 'name of a tree for
making bows' ("трескун-дерево")
Ulcha: pe:µla
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piaru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pialki- (/-rk-)
Meaning: 1 worm (in meat) 2 moth 3 beetle
Meaning: 1 to flash (of lightning) 2 lightning 3 to thunder
Literary Manchu: f/aru 1
Evenki: he:µlki- 1, he:µlkin 2 (/-rk-)
Ulcha: piru(n) 2
Ulcha: pi.cû.- 1
Orok: parau. 3
Nanai: pojqana- 1
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Nanai: pi.ro, fi.aro 2
Even: huhen, ho"sen
Udighe: pa"u 3
Negidal: xig|e:-cê:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pias-
Ulcha: picû(n)
Meaning: stone
Orok: pe:µcândi
Evenki: hise
Nanai: pi:cûe
Ulcha: pe:µs 'крутой, утесистый'
Oroch: xiwocô
Han-Tungus-prototype: *picê-
Solon: ige:se:·
Meaning: to sprinkle, gush forth
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-
Even: hecê:pkin-
Meaning: 1 to warm, be warmed 2 to be sun-tanned (of
Nanai: pic^ke:- (Он. 331) skin)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pidu- ( ~ -u"-) Evenki: hig|it- 1
Meaning: to instigate, cause Even: hig|ъt- 1
Even: hidu- Negidal: xo:- 'пригорать'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pig- Literary Manchu: fo- 2
Meaning: 1 nettle, hemp 2 to peel fibre (from nettle) 3 to Han-Tungus-prototype: *pigi-n

spin threads
Meaning: 1 storm 2 wind
Evenki: hig|a- 3
Evenki: xigin 2
Negidal: xi:kte 1
Negidal: xig|in / xijin 1
Literary Manchu: f/e 1
Ulcha: piwsu(n) 1
Ulcha: pi:kte 1
Orok: sii 1
Orok: pi:kte 1
Nanai: piugi- 1 (v.)
Nanai: pi:kte 1
Udighe: si: 1
Oroch: xi:kte 1, xig-du- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pika
Udighe: sikte 1
Meaning: 1 rear, buttocks 2 naked, with naked buttocks
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pige ( ~ *piage)
Evenki: hikan/a 1
Meaning: kite
Negidal: xi.xan/a 1
Evenki: hig|en
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Spoken Manchu: f/aku 2 (207) Literary Manchu: fili-ta-x|un 2
Literary Manchu: f/aqu 2 Udighe: silen|e-gisi- 'to form (of thawed ground patches)'
Ulcha: pi.qa 2 (Суник 1985, 225) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile-
Nanai: piqa 2 (Он.) Meaning: to dry under the sun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKen Even: hilъt-
Meaning: breast bone Negidal: xilet-
Evenki: hiken Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilki-
Even: hiken Meaning: to rub, smear
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piKi- Evenki: hilki-
Meaning: to rub Orok: pikki-
Evenki: hiki- Nanai: pi.lqi.-
Even: hi.k- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilti-
Negidal: xixi- Meaning: a k. of wild duck
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pilakta Evenki: hiltiwir, hiltig|ir
Meaning: 1 a k. of hawk 2 a k. of woodpecker Han-Tungus-prototype: *pim-
Evenki: hilakta 1, 2 Meaning: sign
Ulcha: pi.laqta, pe:µlaqta 2 Evenki: him
Nanai: pi.laqta 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pimi-kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pil(b)- Meaning: red bilberry
Meaning: 1 slime 2 to eat raw fish, meat 3 ear pus Evenki: himikte
Evenki: hilbi 1, hilbika:- 2, dial. pila 3 Even: hie:mtъ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pile- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinn|a
Meaning: 1 thawed patch 2 open (ground) Meaning: scar
Evenki: hile, hileke: 1, -ke:n 2 Evenki: hinn|a
Even: hilen|e 1 Even: hi.nn|ъ.n
Negidal: xilexe 1 Negidal: xi.nn|an

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Literary Manchu: fix|a 'ulcer'
Meaning: steep (slope, bank)
Orok: pi.na
Evenki: hir-ki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi[n/r]a
Even: hiri-le 'rock, cliff'
Meaning: 1 thick needle 2 fish-hook
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pirki- ( ~ -u"-)
Evenki: hinna (dial. hinda, hindra) 2
Meaning: to obtain a callosity
Nanai: bi.nz^|a:
Evenki: hirki-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pinu-ki:
Even: i.rqъ.-
Meaning: hazel-hen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piruge:-
Evenki: hinuki:
Meaning: to pray
Even: hiniki
Evenki: hirug|e:-
Negidal: xi:nki:
Even: hirge-
Literary Manchu: f/oxa 'chicken'
Negidal: xi:g|e:-
Ulcha: pinu
Literary Manchu: firu-
Orok: pinu
Solon: iruge:-
Nanai: pimu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisa-
Oroch: ximmui, ximui
Meaning: to insert a wedge, to patch
Udighe: sumugi
Evenki: hisa:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pin|ta-
Negidal: xi.sa-
Meaning: to separate (from the herd, flock)
Ulcha: pi.sa-
Evenki: hin|tal-
Nanai: pi.sa-
Even: hi:.ntъ.l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piregden
Meaning: 1 seed, offspring; kin 2 millet
Meaning: a k. of plant
Even: hese-n 1 (Okh.)
Ulcha: piragda 'чубушник'
Literary Manchu: fise-n 1, fisi-ke 2
Nanai: piregde:n сирень крупная (Сем Ю.А.-Сем Л.И.
1988, 14) Ulcha: pikse 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *piri Nanai: pikse, Kur-Urm. fisxe 2

181
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fita
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pise-
Ulcha: pi.tam 'near, close'
Meaning: 1 to make a penthouse 2 penthouse 3 opposite
walls from roof to ceiling Orok: pi.tamz^|i; pit 'just, soon'
Literary Manchu: fise- 1, fiseku, fisen|ge 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pita-
Nanai: pisoa 3 (Он.) Meaning: 1 to worry 2 to suffer
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pis(k)- Evenki: hitacîl- 1
Meaning: 1 crack 2 to prick (with a fish-fork) 3 to split 4 Even: hi:.t- 2

to prick, incise 5 to tear 6 to be torn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pix-
Evenki: hismat- 4
Meaning: to winnow, clean, husk
Even: hi.sqa:n- 3
Ulcha: pixunde- ( > Oroch pa":xunde-)
Negidal: xi.skan 1, xi.smi.ki.t- 2
Nanai: fixunde- (Bik.)
Literary Manchu: pes seme 6 (borrowed < South. Tung. or
with expressive p-?) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:be:-
Orok: pesitcî- 5 Meaning: to whet, sharpen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pisu- / *pusu- Evenki: hi:we:-
Meaning: to sprinkle Even: hi:w-
Evenki: husu- Negidal: xi:wu-
Even: hus- Literary Manchu: fojfo-
Negidal: xusi- Ulcha: pi:we-
Spoken Manchu: fusu- (1658) Orok: pi:we:-
Literary Manchu: fisi-, fise-, fusu- Nanai: pi.a-
Ulcha: pisuri- Oroch: xi:we 'whetstone'
Orok: pisitcî-, possoli.- Udighe: sue 'whetstone'
Nanai: pisi-, fisi-, fuksu- Solon: i:we 'whetstone'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pit(a) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:l(a)-
Meaning: hard, tough Meaning: 1 strap(s) 2 to tug 3 belt 4 bridle
Evenki: pit ( < South.) Even: hi.lъ.pъ.n 1

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Negidal: xi:.la- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poK-
Literary Manchu: feleku 4
Meaning: 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break
Orok: pi.tu. ( < *pil-tu) 3
Evenki: hoko- 2
Udighe: silipti 1
Even: hokak- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pi:lu-
Orok: poqpu.- 1
Meaning: to soar; to drop (of leaves)
Nanai: poqpi.- 1
Literary Manchu: f/ele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poKa-
Nanai: pi:luen-
Meaning: 1 short 2 sacrum (anat.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poba
Evenki: hokopcô 2
Meaning: 1 ten (a bundle of ten squirrels) 2 collection,
gathering Spoken Manchu: f/oh@l@n, f/ohulun 1 (2412)
Orok: po:wo 1 Literary Manchu: foxolon 'short', faqari 'short-legged',

faqacâ 'short one'
Nanai: poa 2
Jurchen: fo-xo-lo (691) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pode-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta
Meaning: 1 willow 2 elm
Meaning: road
Evenki: hedepte 2
Evenki: xokto
Literary Manchu: fodo 1
Even: ho:t
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poga-
Negidal: xokto
Meaning: to choke, pant
Ulcha: poqto
Evenki: hog|o-
Orok: pokto
Negidal: xog|o-
Nanai: foqto
Literary Manchu: fo-do-
Oroch: xokto
Udighe: xo:-
Udighe: xokto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pogz^|V
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pokta
Meaning: 1 lower part of the back 2 tail
Meaning: cloth, gown
Evenki: hogz^|o: 1, 2
Evenki: hokto
Even: hogz^|i. 2
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Keys of Han
Negidal: xokto
Orok: peni-
Literary Manchu: foqto
Udighe: xen|iem
Ulcha: poqto
Solon: xon/e:su.·
Orok: x|oqto, poqto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|dV
Nanai: poqto
Meaning: 1 gudgeon 2 grayling
Oroch: pokto
Ulcha: pun|gu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *polo-kta
Nanai: pende: 2 (Он.)
Meaning: 1 old, worn out 2 last year's
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga
Evenki: holokto 1
Meaning: 1 musk deer 2 musk
Negidal: xolokto 2
Evenki: hon|go 2
Nanai: polo:qto 2 (Он.)
Even: hon|gacân 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pom-
Literary Manchu: fon/o 1
Meaning: 1 to leave a fresh trace 2 to crawl near 3 to
wander 4 scoop Ulcha: pon|Gol 2
Evenki: homolon- 2 Nanai: pon|Gol 2
Even: ho:m- 1, homi.n- 3, homъ.qa 4 Oroch: xon|golo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poma:- / *pume- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon|ga
Meaning: bear Meaning: bud, cone
Evenki: homo:ti:, humej Literary Manchu: bon|Gu, bon|qo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ponda Ulcha: pon|Gorpi.
Meaning: footwear made of fish skin Nanai: pon|go 'bush' (Он.)
Ulcha: pondo Han-Tungus-prototype: *por-
Orok: pondo Meaning: 1 to spin, turn round 2 to weave (nets)
Nanai: pondoqto Evenki: horol- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pon/i- / *pen/i- Even: herelkin- 'to turn into'
Meaning: wrinkle, to wrinkle Negidal: xoji.l- 1
Evenki: hon/i-, hun/i- Spoken Manchu: for@-, foru- 1 (270, 1776)

184
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: foro- 1 Literary Manchu: fesxule-
Ulcha: pori- 2 Orok: poskolo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *por- Nanai: puskule-
Meaning: to hit, strike Han-Tungus-prototype: *pota
Spoken Manchu: f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' (1582) Meaning: willow
Literary Manchu: fori- Orok: potoqto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pora-n Nanai: fotox|a
Meaning: 1 top (of head), top 2 tuft, forelock Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:g- / *peg-de-
Evenki: xoron 1 Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an awl 4
awl
Negidal: xojo(n) 1
Evenki: ho:g|- 1, hegde-li:- 2
Spoken Manchu: for@n, forun (2068)
Even: heg|dъk- 2
Literary Manchu: foron 2
Negidal: xegde-l- 2
Ulcha: poro(n) 1
Literary Manchu: {fe- 'to mow (grass)'}
Orok: poro(n) 1
Orok: pu:- 3
Nanai: poro 1
Nanai: xoi.- 1 (Kur-Urm.)
Oroch: xo:(n) 'space above'
Oroch: xoi.- 1, xu:-gu 4, xegde- 2
Udighe: xo:(n) 'above' (postp.)
Udighe: xegdeli- 2 (Корм. 307), xuai- 1
Solon: oro:· 'mountain pass'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:j-, *po:j-ki- ( > *pia:-ki:-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pos-
Meaning: 1 birch 2 larch 3 swamp, low forest
Meaning: 1 to burst, break out 2 through
Evenki: ho:j, dial. he:j 3, he:µ-ki: 2
Literary Manchu: fusxu- 1
Even: ha":-ki.ta 2
Ulcha: pos 2
Negidal: xe:µ-xi-ta, xe:µ-nakta 2
Orok: pos 2
Literary Manchu: f/a 1
Nanai: pos, fos 2
Ulcha: pe:µ 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *poske-
Orok: pe:µ 1
Meaning: to kick
185
Keys of Han
Nanai: pea 1 Evenki: ho:tiwu:n 1
Solon: oi 3 Even: hoti.cî.w- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:nn|a- / *pe:nn|a- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubi / *pebi
Meaning: 1 to crush, crushed 2 to chop Meaning: nest
Evenki: ho:n|na-, ho:n|ni:-, hon|- 2 Evenki: hug|i; hewe 'шалаш'
Even: ho:n-, o:nn|a- 2 Even: hewi
Negidal: xon|ni.- 2 Negidal: xu:g|i:
Ulcha: pen| 1 Spoken Manchu: fei (2299)
Orok: pen|, pem 1 Literary Manchu: feje
Nanai: pen|, pe:n| (adv.) 1 Udighe: xui
Oroch: xo:n|i- 2 Solon: ubi:, u:wi:
Udighe: xuan|ni- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pubu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:r-da- Meaning: 1 to saw 2 saw
Meaning: to make an imprinted drawing on birch bark Evenki: huwu- 1, hu:wun 2
Evenki: ho:rda- Even: hu:.-na-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:si- Negidal: xo-
Meaning: 1 spark 2 glowing or extinguished coal 3 ray Literary Manchu: fufu- 1, fufun 2
Evenki: ho:sin 1 Ulcha: pu:.- 1, pu.pu.(n) 2
Even: hosъ.n 1 Orok: pu.pu.-la-, pu:.pu.(n) 2
Negidal: xosi.ncâ: 2 Nanai: po:- 1, popo 2
Literary Manchu: foson 3 Oroch: xu: 2
Ulcha: posi. 1 Udighe: xu 2
Orok: posi.(n) 1 Solon: o:gi, u:.gi 2
Nanai: posi.· 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pucê- ( ~ -s^-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *po:ti- Meaning: 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through
Meaning: 1 sense 2 to pay attention Evenki: hucê-rge- 1

186
Keys of Han
Udighe: pusege- 1 ( < unattested Nan. or Ulch.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pug(i)ju-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pucî- Meaning: 1 tinder, tree excrescence 2 convex
Meaning: red willow Evenki: hujulgen 1
Ulcha: pucêkte Even: pogu.ra 2 ( < S.-Tung.)
Nanai: fucîle (Bik.) Negidal: pog|ju. 1 ( < S.-Tung.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pude- Literary Manchu: forz^|in 1
Meaning: 1 to follow along 2 expel an evil spirit Orok: pugju 1
Spoken Manchu: fed@- (1456) Nanai: porz^|i. 1
Literary Manchu: fude- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *puje
Jurchen: fude-mij (410) 1 Meaning: wound, sore
Ulcha: pude-cî- 2 Evenki: huje
Nanai: pude- 2 Even: huj
Han-Tungus-prototype: *p[u]g- Negidal: xuje
Meaning: 1 ornament 2 drawing Spoken Manchu: fei (708)
Evenki: hug|ak 2, hig|erente 1 Literary Manchu: feje
Orok: pu:ripten|i, pueripten|gi 1 Ulcha: puje
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pugi- / *puki- Orok: puje
Meaning: intestines, stomach Nanai: puje
Evenki: hug|i-te / huki-te Oroch: xije, sije
Even: huktъ Udighe: sie
Negidal: xuxi-n Han-Tungus-prototype: *puji-
Ulcha: puku(n) Meaning: to nauseate
Orok: puxi(n) Even: hu.ji.rqi.t-
Nanai: puxi Literary Manchu: fuja-
Oroch: xu:ki Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-
Udighe: xug|i Meaning: to boil

187
Keys of Han
Evenki: huju- Oroch: xi:tke, xiteke 2
Even: huj- Udighe: site 2
Negidal: xuj- Solon: ute 2
Spoken Manchu: fei- (348) Han-Tungus-prototype: *puK-
Literary Manchu: fuje- Meaning: completely, all
Ulcha: puju- Literary Manchu: fux|ali
Orok: puj- Han-Tungus-prototype: *puk- / *pok-
Nanai: puju- Meaning: 1 to swell, swollen 2 bubble, blister 3 cracks in

skin 4 rough (of skin)
Oroch: xuju-si-
Evenki: hokoripcû 4
Udighe: xui-hi-
Literary Manchu: fuqa 2
Solon: uji-
Ulcha: pukte- 1, poqo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puju-
Orok: pug|ju 1, puqa 2
Meaning: 1 plum 2 a k. of bush
Nanai: pukcê- 1, poqa 2, fo-rini (Bik.) 3
Negidal: xujumke 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puka
Literary Manchu: fojo:ro 1
Meaning: 1 henbane 2 fern 3 dry grass for fire
Jurchen: fojow (107) 1
Literary Manchu: fuqtala 2, fuxen 3
Nanai: puju 2
Ulcha: poqo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puj(u)-, *puj-kte
Nanai: poqaqa 1
Meaning: 1 small 2 child 3 junior
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukcû-
Evenki: hujuku:n 1, hute 2, huju-digi 3
Meaning: to attack
Even: hut 2
Evenki: hukcû-
Negidal: xute 2
Even: ho"c^-
Literary Manchu: f/an|Gu, fijan|u 3
Negidal: xokcô-
Ulcha: pikte 2, pu.jan|Gu. 3
Ulcha: xokcô-
Orok: putte 2
Orok: pokcê-
Nanai: pikte 2, poja(n|Go) 3
Nanai: xukcû-, fukcû-
188
Keys of Han
Oroch: xokcô- Spoken Manchu: fek@sî- (1232)
Udighe: xokcô- Literary Manchu: feksi- / fekcê-
Solon: ekcî- Ulcha: pukti-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukele:- Orok: pukcî-
Meaning: 1 lie 2 roll down 3 fall Nanai: pukcî-
Evenki: hukle:- 1, huke:l- 2 Oroch: xukti-
Even: hukle:- 1, hukъl- 2 Udighe: xukti-
Negidal: xug|le- 1 Solon: ukteli:-
Literary Manchu: fuxese- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *puKur / *puKun
Ulcha: pulu- 2, 3 Meaning: cow
Nanai: fukulgi- (dial.) 1, puelin- 2 Evenki: hukur
Oroch: xukeli- 3 Even: ho"ken, ho"ko"n
Solon: ugl/a- 1 Solon: uxur 'ox' (possibly < Mong.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puke:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-
Meaning: crop, craw Meaning: 1 corner (of mouth) 2 cheek 3 inner side of
cheek 4 gum 5 cheekbone 6 nose (of animal)
Evenki: huke:n
Evenki: hullir 6
Negidal: xu:xe:n
Even: hulrъ.n 3
Literary Manchu: fuqa 'navel of animals, musk bag'
Negidal: xoli.n 1
Ulcha: poko
Literary Manchu: fulz^|in 2
Nanai: poqo 'tear follicle' (Он.)
Ulcha: pu:.li. (Sch.) 5, pu.ltu.(n) 3
Udighe: xugun/a"
Orok: pu.lcî. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pukti-
Nanai: polpi.· 3 , (Bik.) felcê 4
Meaning: to run, gallop
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-
Evenki: hukti-
Meaning: 1 to grow, blossom 2 shoot, offspring 3 horse-
Even: ho":tu- tail (bot.) 4 panicle 5 wild grape
Negidal: xukti- Even: hul 3

189
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fulxu- 1, fulxun 2 Ulcha: pu.li.
Nanai: polan|qa 4 Orok: pu.lu.
Oroch: xolomu.ktA 5 Nanai: polo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul- Oroch: xulu
Meaning: 1 hump 2 swelling, convexity Udighe: xulu
Evenki: hulin 1, hulka 2 Solon: u.lu.
Even: hu.lъ.n 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Orok: pulu 2 Meaning: root
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula- Spoken Manchu: ful@x@, fuluxu (2145)
Meaning: red Literary Manchu: fulexe
Evenki: xula-ma,-rin Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Even: hu.lan/a: Meaning: to be left, surplus
Negidal: xolajin Evenki: hele-, hule-
Spoken Manchu: f@l@g/an, fulg/an (2419) Even: hul-
Literary Manchu: fulg/an Negidal: xule-
Jurchen: fula-gian (617) Literary Manchu: fulu
Nanai: folg/a":(n) Ulcha: pule-
Udighe: xulaligi Orok: pule-
Solon: u.la:· Nanai: pule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pula Oroch: xule-
Meaning: ash tree, asp tree, poplar Udighe: xule-
Evenki: hula Solon: ule-
Even: hu.l Han-Tungus-prototype: *pule-
Negidal: xol Meaning: 1 to open up 2 to burst, break through
Literary Manchu: fulx|a Evenki: hulen- 1, hulte- 2
Jurchen: fulto 'каштан' (121) Even: hultъl- 2

190
Keys of Han
Negidal: xulexet- 'рыться (в вещах)', xultejkin- 2 Evenki: hulepte:n
Literary Manchu: fonto-, funto- 2 Even: hulte:n
Nanai: poldoli.- 2 Negidal: xule:pte:n
Udighe: xulegde- 1 Spoken Manchu: filin|i (493)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulga- Literary Manchu: fulen|gi
Meaning: 1 to sacrifice 2 alms, charity 3 sacrifice Jurchen: fule-n|i (65)
Evenki: hulga- 1 Ulcha: puneqte
Literary Manchu: fulexu 2 Orok: punekte
Udighe: xula 3 Nanai: pun/ekte, (dial.) xulefte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul(i)gi- Oroch: xulepte
Meaning: to blow Udighe: xulepte(n)
Spoken Manchu: filixi- (2126) Solon: ulukte:·
Literary Manchu: fulg/e- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pul-sa
Nanai: fulgi- Meaning: blanket, sleeping bag
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pulmi-kte Evenki: hulla
Meaning: midge Even: hu.lrъ.
Evenki: hunmi:kte Negidal: xola
Even: humtъcên Ulcha: pu.lta
Negidal: xunmug|ekte Orok: pu.lta
Ulcha: pulte, pumikte Nanai: polta
Orok: pulikte, pumikte Oroch: xukta
Nanai: purmikte Udighe: xulaha
Oroch: pumikte Solon: ula
Udighe: xumukte Han-Tungus-prototype: *pume- ( ~ -u"-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puln/e- Meaning: to mix up
Meaning: ashes Literary Manchu: fumere-

191
Keys of Han
Nanai: ponz^|i.mi.
Jurchen: fume 'to bundle' (856)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/e-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pum-te
Meaning: hair
Meaning: part of body around the heart
Evenki: hen/ekte 'пыжик (мех молочного олененка)'
Evenki: humte
Spoken Manchu: fenix@ 'hair, fur'(2, 143, 2282), funig|e
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/-
Literary Manchu: fun/exe
Meaning: smell, to smell
Jurchen: fun-ir-xie (497)
Evenki: hun/n|ukte-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pune
Even: hi:nemsi
Meaning: 1 time, period 2 South
Negidal: xun
Spoken Manchu: fon 'occasion' (2649)
Spoken Manchu: fun|@s@n, fun|@sun 'smelling of an
animal, smelling of urine' (435, 2326) Literary Manchu: fon 1
Literary Manchu: fun, fun|san, fun|sûn Jurchen: fowan (fom-wan) do (81) 1, fAn-ti (592) 2
Ulcha: pu:(n) Ulcha: punele 2
Orok: pu:(n), pu:nig|e Nanai: fo (Kur-Urm.) 1 ( < Man.)
Nanai: pu:·, dial. fu Han-Tungus-prototype: *punn|e-
Oroch: xu:(n), xu:n/ Meaning: 1 to drive (deer) 2 running deer
Udighe: xu(n) Even: hunik 2
Solon: u:.· Ulcha: pun|ne- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun/- Orok: pun|ne- 1
Meaning: to smoke Nanai: pun|ne- 1
Ulcha: punz^|icî-, pun/ambu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-
Orok: pun- Meaning: mildew
Nanai: pon|qi.- Evenki: hun|na
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pundimi Negidal: xon|nan-
Meaning: midge Spoken Manchu: f@ntan (440)
Literary Manchu: funz^|ima Literary Manchu: funtan

192
Keys of Han
Ulcha: pu.n|da
Udighe: xon|to
Orok: pu.n|da
Solon: entu:
Nanai: pon|da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pupe:-
Oroch: xun|na
Meaning: to go away, become separated
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|-
Even: hupe:n-
Meaning: 1 to graze, brush against 2 to shake
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Evenki: hun|na- 1
Meaning: 1 young (boy, child) 2 children 3 family 4 breed
Even: hun|ri- 1, 2
Evenki: hur-ke:n 1, huru: 3, huril 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|k- / *pen|k-
Even: hur-ken 1, hurъl 2
Meaning: 1 to fade, exuviate 2 to fall off 3 pale, faded,
dark Negidal: xujil 2
Even: hen|kъl- 1,2 Literary Manchu: fur-sun 4
Literary Manchu: fundexun 3 Ulcha: purul 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|ku Orok: purig|e 1, puril 2
Meaning: kerchief (for wiping off) Nanai: puri 3, puril 2
Spoken Manchu: fun|ku 'handkerchief' (246) Oroch: xi: 2
Literary Manchu: fun|ku, fu- 'to wipe off' Solon: ukke:xe:·, urke:xe:· 1, uril 2
Ulcha: pon|qo Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Orok: pukku Meaning: 1 to drizzle 2 slush 3 to fall (of first snow) 4

wind (changing its direction)
Nanai: pun|ku
Even: horu.- 3, hu:.rqa 4
Solon: xunku, umku, un|ku
Literary Manchu: furana- 'запылиться'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pun|te
Orok: pure:- 1
Meaning: other, someone else's
Nanai: puruekme 2
Evenki: hun|tu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur-
Even: ho":ntъ
Meaning: 1 to dive 2 to incline (the head) 3 to bow, incline
Negidal: xo"n|to"
Evenki: hur- 1, 2, huricê- 3
Oroch: xonto, xon|to
193
Keys of Han
Negidal: xuji- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri-
Literary Manchu: fura-, furi- 1 Meaning: to wink
Ulcha: purin- 1 Evenki: hurim-
Orok: purotcî- 1 Even: hu.rъ.m-
Nanai: purin- 1 Negidal: xoji.m-
Udighe: xuilen- 1 Nanai: pori.a 'scowling'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pur- / *per- Han-Tungus-prototype: *puri- / *piri-
Meaning: 1 screw 2 to engrail 3 bore, drill 4 to gnaw (of Meaning: to dry (over fire)
mice, rats) 5 notch, scar
Evenki: hiriw-, huri-
Evenki: huriwu:k 1, huril- 2, herewul 3; purul- 3 ( <
*Nan.) Negidal: xi:-wun 'woven basket for drying fish or meat
over fire'
Literary Manchu: furdan 5
Literary Manchu: f/arin|g/a-
Nanai: furgi- 4
Oroch: xi 'shelf over fire for drying fish'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puraki:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *purka
Meaning: 1 wing 2 wing bone 3 feather arista
Meaning: lasso
Evenki: huraki: 1, 2, 3
Evenki: hurka
Even: hu.ri.qi. 2
Even: hu.rqъ.
Negidal: xo.jaxi:. 2
Negidal: xojka
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pure
Ulcha: pucâ
Meaning: thicket, forest
Orok: pu.ta
Evenki: hur, hure
Nanai: pojqa
Negidal: xuje:n
Oroch: xukka
Ulcha: pure(n)
Udighe: xuka
Orok: pure(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *purke:-
Nanai: pure
Meaning: 1 to be bored 2 to be angry
Oroch: xue(n)
Evenki: hurke:- 1
Udighe: xuencê- 'to go hunting'
Even: ho"rken- 1
194
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: fuk/e-, fucê- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi-
Oroch: xokkosi- Meaning: to shave, scrape off
Udighe: xokoho (adv.) Evenki: hus-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puru-, *purgu- Even: hu.s-
Meaning: to crush Negidal: xos-
Evenki: huru-, hurgu-, horo- Literary Manchu: fusi-
Even: hurun|-, hor-câ- Ulcha: pu.si.-
Spoken Manchu: furu- 'to chop, to cleave' (1730) Orok: pu.si.-
Literary Manchu: furu- Nanai: posi.-
Ulcha: pori- Oroch: xusi-
Nanai: purtu 'crumbs' Han-Tungus-prototype: *pusi(-kV)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pus- Meaning: 1 excrescence (on a tree) 2 to swell
Meaning: 1 to blow, blow out (fire) 2 to fan 3 fan Even: ho":skъn- 2
Evenki: hus- 1 Literary Manchu: fuqsuxu, fusku, fusxu 1
Literary Manchu: fusxe-, fisi(xi)- 2, fusxe-ku 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-
Jurchen: fu-sxe-n|u 3 (221) Meaning: to roast, grill
Nanai: fexse- 'to shake', fexsen|ku 'bellows' Spoken Manchu: ficîx/al@- 'to singe' (379)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse- Literary Manchu: fucî-x/ala-
Meaning: 1 trout 2 black amur (fish) 3 a k. of fish Han-Tungus-prototype: *put-
Even: he:sъmki 1 Meaning: 1 lap 2 thread, rope
Literary Manchu: fuseli 3 Spoken Manchu: f@ta: 2 (661)
Nanai: fusuli 2 Literary Manchu: futa 2 (Захаров 1079)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *puse Ulcha: putu(n) 1
Meaning: reason Nanai: putu 1
Evenki: hohut-, hosût- (dial.) 'to be smb.'s equal' Han-Tungus-prototype: *puta-
Even: huse Meaning: 1 to blaze 2 light of fireflies 3 firefly 4 dark red

195
Keys of Han
Evenki: huta-l- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *putumukte
Even: huta:-l- 1 Meaning: 1 honeysuckle, woodbind 2 strawberry
Negidal: xotol-xotol 1 Evenki: hutumukte 1, 2
Literary Manchu: fataqu 4 Even: hutъmtъ 1
Ulcha: pu.ta-lu.- 1, pu.ta-z^|a(n) 2 Negidal: hutumte 1
Orok: pu.tamu. 3 Udighe: xutumukte 1
Nanai: potal 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *puturka:
Oroch: xuta-ra":- 1 Meaning: 1 heartwood 2 spine
Udighe: xuta- 1 Evenki: hutuka:, dial. hurka 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *putaka:n Even: hu.tqa 2
Meaning: sack, bag Negidal: xojka:n 1, 2
Evenki: hutaka:n Udighe: xutiga 1
Even: hu.tqan Han-Tungus-prototype: *puz^|uri
Negidal: xotaka:n Meaning: root, beginning
Literary Manchu: fintax|a Literary Manchu: fuz^|uri
Ulcha: pu.ta(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-
Orok: pu.ta Meaning: 1 to stiffen 2 to fade
Nanai: po:tacâ Evenki: huwun- 2
Oroch: xuta(ka) Even: hu:- 1, hu:.b- 2
Udighe: xutaà (Корм. 307) Literary Manchu: fu- 1
Solon: u.txa Udighe: xuwe- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pute: Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:-
Meaning: 1 hole 2 to break through 3 nostril Meaning: to blow
Literary Manchu: feteri 3 Evenki: huw-
Orok: pute: 1, pute:- 2 Even: hu:-
Nanai: pute:- 2 (Он.) Negidal: xu:w-

196
Keys of Han
Negidal: xig|-
Ulcha: pu:-
Ulcha: puju-
Orok: pu:-
Orok: puji-
Nanai: pu:-
Nanai: puji-
Oroch: xu:-
Oroch: si:- (Khad.)
Solon: u:-gu:-
Udighe: si:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:>c^-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"jmur
Meaning: to spoil (of food)
Meaning: dragon, monster (resembling a constrictor,
Evenki: hu:cîlke-, hucîlku- crocodile or sheat-fish)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:g- Negidal: ximu
Meaning: 1 mad, crazy 2 to have a troubled, disquiet sleep Ulcha: pujmu(l)

3 angry bear (not sleeping during hibernation)
Orok: pomoi.
Evenki: hu:g|i: 1, hu:g| 3
Nanai: pujmur
Even: ho"kъcên 3
Oroch: ximu, si:mu
Negidal: xu:g|e:cê:n 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"KV-
Literary Manchu: fux|a-sâ- 2; foqz^|ix/an 'hot-tempered'
Meaning: sealine, rope (of horse hair)
Nanai: pue-se- 2
Even: hikъr
Oroch: xui-si- 2
Orok: pu:la
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu:ski-
Nanai: po:r
Meaning: counter, opposite
Oroch: xu:
Evenki: hu:ski:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"n/-
Even: huwuski
Meaning: 1 jerboa, flying squirrel, mole 2 weasel 3
Negidal: hoski:. hedgehog
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu"g- Evenki: hin/eki: 1
Meaning: to flay Negidal: xin/exi: 2
Evenki: hig|- Ulcha: puntulcê 3
Even: hig|- Nanai: puncîlke: 3 ( > Neg. puncûlke:n id.)

197
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *pu":si-ke-
Udighe: sabda-
Meaning: 1 tablet for writing 2 tablet for cutting tobacco
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabga
Even: hi:.sъ.q 2
Meaning: 1 bough, stick (for drying fish) 2 a k. of vice
Literary Manchu: fusixen 1
Nanai: sabGa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab-
Oroch: sabba 2
Meaning: 1 to present gifts 2 to get accustomed
Udighe: sagba 2 (Корм. 280)
Evenki: sawka- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sab(i)-
Even: hawqъ.- 2
Meaning: 1 sign, omen 2 to plan 3 to mark, make notches
Negidal: sawli.- 1
Literary Manchu: sabi 1
Spoken Manchu: sîoli-, sioli- (1438) 'to invite'
Jurchen: sabi-biar (861) 2
Literary Manchu: soli- 'to call guests; to propose a
position' Orok: sawi.- 3
Ulcha: sau.li.- 1 Nanai: sowo:câ 'веха'
Nanai: saoli.- 1 Oroch: sawi- 3
Oroch: sawli-, sauli- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-
Udighe: sauli- 1 Meaning: white-fish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabda- Evenki: sawcâ:n
Meaning: to trickle, ooze Negidal: sawcâ:n
Evenki: sawda- Ulcha: sawu.
Even: habdъ.- Nanai: sao
Negidal: sabda- Oroch: sau:
Spoken Manchu: sav@d@ (2022, 2021) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sabu-
Literary Manchu: sabda- Meaning: 1 to rustle, sound 2 noise, splash
Jurchen: sada-ra Evenki: sawuda- 1
Ulcha: sabda- Nanai: saoGi:· 2
Orok: sabda- Udighe: safuta- 1
Nanai: sabda- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-

198
Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to shout, cry 2 to sigh 3 to pity 4 noise, sound Evenki: sajan| (water above ice along the bank)
Evenki: sag|iso:- 1, sag|ina:- 2 Negidal: sai.-câu.
Even: sag- 2 (Arm.), hagor 4 (Sakk.) Ulcha: si.ja(n) 'sand'
Orok: saGdan- 3 Nanai: si.ja 'sand'
Oroch: sag|iki 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sag-da- Meaning: 1 dawn 2 to dawn 3 light 4 clear, bright
Meaning: 1 senior 2 old 3 old man Evenki: sajiru:l- 2, sajiru:lz^|ari: 1, (dial.) sâjama 3,
ha:jeme 4
Evenki: sagda-g|i: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saja
Even: hag|dъ.g| 1
Meaning: interval (between fingers)
Negidal: sagdi:. 2
Evenki: saja
Spoken Manchu: sah@d@ 2, 3 (848)
Even: haja:ldo 'fingers'
Literary Manchu: saqda 3
Ulcha: saja(n)
Ulcha: saGdi. 2
Orok: saja(n)
Orok: saGda 2
Nanai: saja
Nanai: saGz^|i. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-
Oroch: sagdi 1, 2
Meaning: to make notches
Udighe: sagdi 'big'
Negidal: saj-
Solon: sagdi:, saddi: 1, 3
Ulcha: sai.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sagi-
Nanai: sai.-
Meaning: 1 to be shy, timid 2 to worry about smth.
Udighe: sai-
Even: hag|ji.n|cî.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saji-z^|a (~-g-)
Negidal: sag|i:.ji.n- 1
Meaning: sieve
Nanai: sa:go- (Он.)
Ulcha: sajz^|a
Solon: sa:gildi- 1
Nanai: sajz^|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saj-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sajKa
Meaning: sandbank
199
Keys of Han
Meaning: shin-bone Spoken Manchu: sahelin, sahel/an 2 (2429)
Literary Manchu: sajx|a Literary Manchu: sax|al/an 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saK- Jurchen: saxa-lian (620) 1
Meaning: 1 icedrift 2 pile, stack 3 foot of a mountain, base Ulcha: sax|ari.(n) 1

of a pillar
Orok: sag|ari./sa:ri. 1
Negidal: saksi:. 1
Nanai: sax|ari.· 1, 2
Literary Manchu: saqsax|un 2, saqsan 1, 2; sax|a- 'to pile,
accumulate' (Lee 1958, 116) Oroch: sakai 1, 2
Ulcha: saqsi. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-pi
Nanai: saqsi., dial. (with unclear vocalism) so:qsi. 1 Meaning: axe
Oroch: saksi 1 Ulcha: saqpi.
Udighe: sakta(n) 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *saksa(ki)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKa Meaning: magpie
Meaning: hunt, hunting Evenki: saksa 'утка-саксан; кулик'
Literary Manchu: sax|a Negidal: saksa 'утка-саксан'
Jurchen: saxa-da-mij (481) Literary Manchu: saqsax|a, câqsax|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka- Ulcha: saqsi.
Meaning: to shake (of ground) Orok: saqsan
Nanai: saqa- Nanai: saqsi:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakan- Oroch: saqsan
Meaning: 1 pike 2 taimen Han-Tungus-prototype: *sak-si-
Evenki: sakanan 1 Meaning: juniper
Negidal: saxanan 2 Literary Manchu: saqsin
Ulcha: sakanu 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sakta-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saka-ri:n, -li:n Meaning: mat
Meaning: 1 black 2 dark Ulcha: saqta(n)
Evenki: sakari:n 1 Nanai: saqta

200
Keys of Han
Oroch: sakta(n) Spoken Manchu: s/arixi, s^/arixi 'crotch' (134)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku Literary Manchu: salz^|a 2, sarg/a 1, sala- 3
Meaning: 1 stale water, muddy water 2 to become turbid, Orok: salda(n) 1

make turbid (of water)
Nanai: salGa 1
Evenki: sâka- (Kamn.) 2
Oroch: sa:ga 1
Even: saq 1, saqab- 2 (Arm.)
Udighe: saga 1
Nanai: saqo / saqu. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saku-
Meaning: to esteem, appreciate
Meaning: a prop (for a kettle)
Literary Manchu: sali-; sali-n 'price'
Literary Manchu: saqura
Ulcha: salu.-
Nanai: saqora
Orok: sali.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *saKV
Nanai: sali.-
Meaning: 1 dried (of meat, fish) 2 salt
Oroch: sa:li-
Literary Manchu: saqa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sali- / *sel-
Udighe: saì 2 (Корм. 280)
Meaning: 1 to slight, disregard, neglect 2 to be angry
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sala-
Evenki: sel- 1
Meaning: to become loose
Even: hel- 1
Oroch: sala-
Negidal: sel- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sal-di-
Orok: sali- 2
Meaning: cool wind
Nanai: sali- 1 (Он.)
Evenki: saldin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *salk-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *salga-
Meaning: 1 pole, post 2 frame of a loom 3 paddle on a ski
Meaning: 1 interval between legs 2 cross-road 3 to stick
distribute
Evenki: salkamcâ 1
Evenki: salgan 1
Even: halqъ.mcâ 1
Even: ha:lgъ. 1
Literary Manchu: salx|u 2
Negidal: salga 1
Orok: salti.nqo 3
201
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sama:-n Solon: sampal
Meaning: shaman Han-Tungus-prototype: *san/a
Evenki: sama:n Meaning: bird dung
Even: hama:n Negidal: san/an
Negidal: sama:n Udighe: san/a
Spoken Manchu: sam@n (1090) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sanz^|ika
Literary Manchu: sama(n) Meaning: nose ring
Ulcha: sama:(n) Literary Manchu: sancîx|a
Orok: sama(n) Ulcha: sanz^|ax|a
Nanai: sama Nanai: sanz^|ax|a
Oroch: sama(n) Oroch: sanz^|ax|a, sanz^|ix|a
Udighe: sama(n) Udighe: sanz^|eha"
Solon: sama:· Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *samn|i:- Meaning: hole, crack
Meaning: fumigation, to fumigate Evenki: san|a:r
Evenki: samn|i:- Even: han|a:r
Even: hamn|i.- Negidal: san|a:
Negidal: samn|i:.- Spoken Manchu: san|@ 'cave' (2361)
Orok: samn|i. Literary Manchu: san|Ga
Nanai: samn|i.cî.- Ulcha: san|Gali.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sampa- Orok: san|Ga
Meaning: quick Nanai: san|Gar
Ulcha: sap, sapa-li. Oroch: san|a
Nanai: sampar Udighe: san|a
Oroch: sapa Solon: san|a:r
Udighe: san|mu Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|gu-

202
Keys of Han
Meaning: to enjoy other people's grief Meaning: 1 beard, moustache 2 pubic hair
Literary Manchu: san|gu- Literary Manchu: sabula 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|n/an Nanai: sapsoqta 1 (Kur-Urm.), safala 2
Meaning: smoke Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap-kun
Evenki: san|n/an Meaning: root
Even: ha:n/ Even: hopkon
Negidal: san|n/an Negidal: sapkun
Spoken Manchu: sîan|@n (491) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sapsV
Literary Manchu: sân|g/an Meaning: bank, shore
Jurchen: can|-gian (619) Ulcha: sapsi.
Ulcha: san|n/a(n) Nanai: sapsi.
Orok: san|na(n) Oroch: sapsa
Nanai: san|n/a(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-
Oroch: san|n/a(n) Meaning: to spread out
Udighe: san|n/a(n) Literary Manchu: sara-
Solon: san|a Han-Tungus-prototype: *sara-câ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *san|u-n,*san|u-ksa Meaning: a k. of plant (mountain barberry?)
Meaning: 1 cool 2 hoar-frost Literary Manchu: saracâ
Evenki: san|un 1, san|uksa 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-
Even: han|u.t- 'be covered with hoar-frost' Meaning: 1 perch 2 grayling 3 white-fish 4 herring
Negidal: san|un 1, saksa 2 Evenki: sargaka 1
Ulcha: saqsa, san|aqsa 2 Negidal: sajgati. 2
Orok: san|nu. 1, san|e 2 Literary Manchu: sarGa nimax|a 3
Nanai: sa:qsa 2 Ulcha: sarGadi. 2
Udighe: san|uha" 2 Orok: saru.kki 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sap- Oroch: sagati 2

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Literary Manchu: sarin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarga-
Nanai: sari.·
Meaning: 1 upper layer of dried fish together with the skin
2 armour Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpu-
Nanai: sargali (Он.) 1 Meaning: needle for weaving nets
Solon: sarxi 2 Negidal: sapki:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sargi- Literary Manchu: sarba, sarfu, surafu
Meaning: to splatter (of water, rain) Ulcha: sarpu.(n)
Evenki: sargi- Orok: salpi. ~ sarpi.
Even: hargъ.- 'to snort, pant' Nanai: sarpol
Nanai: sarGi.- (Naikh.) Oroch: saptu; sapsan|ki 'a k. of needle'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarimi:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sarpuki:
Meaning: 1 to wink 2 eyelash, eyebrow Meaning: chopsticks
Evenki: sarimi:- 1, sarimikta 2 Negidal: sapki:.
Even: harъm- 1, harъmtъ 2 Spoken Manchu: saf@q@ (570)
Negidal: saji.mta 2 Literary Manchu: sabka
Spoken Manchu: s/ulimin 2 (17) Jurchen: sabu(n)xa (257)
Literary Manchu: solmin 2 Ulcha: salbu.
Ulcha: sarumta 2 Orok: sabu:.
Orok: si.r(u.)mu.qta 2 Nanai: sarbi:.
Nanai: sarmaqta 2 Oroch: sappui
Oroch: sa:mikta 2 Udighe: safugu
Udighe: sa:mikta 2 Solon: sarpa, sarpo
Solon: sammikta, sarmilta, sarmitta 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *saru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sari-n Meaning: 1 a sit in boat made like a tent 2 fence
Meaning: feast Ulcha: sa:ru.(n) 1
Spoken Manchu: sarin, s^/arin, s/arin (960) Orok: sari.(n) 1, saru.qa 2

204
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *saz^|i:- Orok: sama-lki.
Meaning: to condemn Nanai: sa:mogda:· 'a talisman placed on the breast of the
deceased so that the shaman can recognize him when
Evenki: saz^|i:-câ- taking his soul to the other world' (Он.)
Solon: sa:z^|ila:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:r-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:- Meaning: 1 crumbly 2 small, split 3 to rarefy, to weed
Meaning: to know Even: sarkama 1
Evenki: sa:- Negidal: saj 2
Even: ha:- Literary Manchu: sark/a- 3
Negidal: sa:- Ulcha: sar (bi) 2
Spoken Manchu: sa- (1856) Orok: sa:r (bi:) 2
Literary Manchu: sa- Nanai: sa:r (bi:) 2
Jurchen: can|-xi (353) Oroch: sar 2
Ulcha: sa:wu. Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe-
Orok: sa:- Meaning: 1 ghost (shaman's aid) 2 idol 3 God
Nanai: sa:- Evenki: sewu 1
Oroch: sa:- Even: hewki 3
Udighe: sa:- Negidal: sewen
Solon: sa:- Ulcha: sewo(n) ~ sewe(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:cê- Orok: sewe
Meaning: to be careful Nanai: sewe
Evenki: sa:cê- Oroch: sewe:(n), seweru 1, seweki 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sa:ma Udighe: sewe(n) 1, sewexi 2
Meaning: sign Solon: sewu:· 1, 2
Evenki: sa:me Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebe
Even: ha:m Meaning: 1 inner fat (of animals) 2 to melt fat
Literary Manchu: samx|a Evenki: sewen 1, sewe- 2

205
Keys of Han
Even: hewje 'one of bear's names' Negidal: sek- 1, sekte 2
Orok: seg|ine 1 Literary Manchu: sekte- 1, sekz^|i 2
Oroch: sewe- 2 Ulcha: segdi- 1, segdi 2
Udighe: sewesi- 2 Orok: seji- 1, segz^|i(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebu- Nanai: segz^|i 2
Meaning: to scatter (e. g. hay for drying) Oroch: segdi 2
Literary Manchu: so-, so:- 'to scatter, sprinkle' Udighe: soktou(n) 2
Ulcha: seuseli- Han-Tungus-prototype: *segep(ke)
Nanai: seuseli- Meaning: sable
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sebz^|e- Evenki: seg|ep
Meaning: fun, to have fun Even: heg|ъp
Evenki: sebz^|en Negidal: seg|ep
Even: hebz^|e:k- Literary Manchu: seke
Negidal: sebz^|en- Jurchen: sep-ke (191)
Spoken Manchu: sev@z^|@n 'pleasure, enjoyment' Ulcha: se:pe

(1941), sev@z^|@n|@ 'enjoyable' (1942), sev@z^|@l@
'to enjoy' (1943) Orok: seppe
Literary Manchu: sebz^|en, sebz^|ele- Nanai: se:pe
Ulcha: sebz^|eni Solon: segen|i
Orok: sebz^|en Han-Tungus-prototype: *sekse-
Nanai: sebz^|eni Meaning: back of head
Oroch: sebz^|en- Literary Manchu: seksexe
Udighe: sebz^|en|ke, sebu 'interesting' Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seg- Meaning: 1 to wake up 2 to rejoice
Meaning: 1 to litter 2 litter, mat Evenki: sele- 1
Evenki: seg|i:- 1, sekte 2 Negidal: sele- 1
Even: heg|- 1, heg|tъ 2 Literary Manchu: sela- 2

206
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Ulcha: sene- 1
Udighe: sen|mi 1, 2
Nanai: sene- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *semesik
Oroch: sene- 1
Meaning: inner fat
Udighe: sele- 1
Evenki: semesik
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sele
Even: hemehъk
Meaning: iron
Negidal: semesix
Evenki: sele
Literary Manchu: semsu
Even: hel
Han-Tungus-prototype: *semke
Negidal: sele
Meaning: 1 callus 2 to get a callus, wear out 3 rough, rare
Spoken Manchu: sel@ (2116) (of cloth) 4 holey 5 skimmer
Literary Manchu: sele Evenki: semke 1, semke- 2
Jurchen: sele (574) Negidal: semerin|gu 5
Ulcha: sele Literary Manchu: semejen, semexun 3
Orok: sele Ulcha: semm bi 4
Nanai: sele Orok: sempeke 4
Oroch: sele Nanai: semm bi: 4
Udighe: sele Oroch: semteke 4
Solon: sele Udighe: sempe- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *selu-(mi)- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/e-
Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 arrow Meaning: raw, unripe
Evenki: selu, sele 2 Literary Manchu: seni-xun, sen/e-xun
Even: helike 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen/u-
Negidal: senmu 1, 2 Meaning: 1 front (of footwear) 2 footwear 3 heel
Literary Manchu: selmin, selm/en (also "cock in bird- Evenki: senteme 2, sun/uki: 1
trap")
Even: ho"nki 1
Nanai: sermi 1, 2
Negidal: sen/oc^hi 3
Oroch: semmi 1, 2
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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|gi Negidal: se:n/n|e 1
Meaning: relative by marriage Spoken Manchu: s@n|@l@ 'mane; comb, crest' (2280)
Negidal: sen|gi Literary Manchu: sen|gele 3,2
Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i-n| (328) Ulcha: sene / sen/e 1, senem bi 'bearded'
Ulcha: sen|gi Orok: sene 1
Orok: s/en|gi Nanai: sejn|e 1
Nanai: sen|gi (Он.) Oroch: sene 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|Kule Udighe: sen|e 1
Meaning: garlic Han-Tungus-prototype: *sep-
Spoken Manchu: sem@k@l@ 'scallion' (318) Meaning: to sway, shake (branches)
Literary Manchu: sen|gule, sen|kule, semkele Evenki: sepine-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ku"re: Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepe-
Meaning: a k. of bush, багульник Meaning: 1 handful 2 to pinch, take a handful 3 to clutch
Evenki: sen|kire: Spoken Manchu: sef@r@-, sev@r@- 'to grip, to grasp'

(1542); sev@r@k@ 'handful, fistful' (2830)
Even: hen|kъje
Literary Manchu: sefere 1, sefere- 2
Negidal: sen|kije:
Nanai: sefele- 3 (Bik.)
Literary Manchu: sen|kiri x/an 'назв. растения'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sepke-
Ulcha: sen|kure
Meaning: 1 to grab (with teeth) 2 to grab 3 to nibble (of
Orok: sekkure fish)
Nanai: se:n|kure Evenki: sepke- 2
Oroch: sen|ki Even: hepku- 2
Udighe: sen|kie Negidal: sepkele- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sen|ne Literary Manchu: seke- 3
Meaning: 1 gill 2 fringe 3 cock's comb Ulcha: sekpen- 1
Evenki: senn|en 1 Nanai: sekpen- 1
Even: hen|ne 1, hen|nen 2 Oroch: seppe- 3

208
Keys of Han
Udighe: sekpene- 3
Ulcha: seri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *septu / * semtu
Nanai: seri
Meaning: rust
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri(gi)
Evenki: semtu
Meaning: 1 buttocks 2 coccyx, waist vertebra
Negidal: semti
Evenki: sergi 2, sirgin (Uchur) 2
Literary Manchu: sebden
Even: heri 1
Ulcha: septu-cê
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seruk
Orok: septu
Meaning: 1 bag 2 dish made of birch bark
Nanai: septu-cê
Evenki: seruk 1
Oroch: semtu
Even: he:ruk 1,2
Udighe: semtu-
Negidal: se:jux 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sere:-
Orok: seruku 1
Meaning: 1 to embroider 2 threads (for embroidering) 3
embroidery Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesi-n
Evenki: sere:- 1, sere: 3 Meaning: herd (of deer, wild animals)
Even: here:- 3 Evenki: sesin
Literary Manchu: sereme 2 Even: hesъn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *serge- Negidal: sesin
Meaning: 1 gills 2 nose bone Literary Manchu: sesi-le-n|ge
Evenki: sergekte 1 Orok: sesi(n)
Nanai: sez^|ure 2 (Kur-Urm.) Nanai: sesi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sergu- ( ~ -z^|-) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sesu-
Meaning: wild garlic Meaning: to order, ask to do smth.
Literary Manchu: sez^|ulen Ulcha: sesu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *seri Orok: sesu-
Meaning: decking, covering Nanai: sesu-
Literary Manchu: sarx|u 'shelf' Han-Tungus-prototype: *sexu-

209
Keys of Han
Meaning: sensitive, responsive Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:m-
Ulcha: sexuli Meaning: to be lost
Nanai: sexur Evenki: se:m-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se: Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:me-
Meaning: year, age Meaning: 1 to get used 2 to accustom, habituate 3 to guess,

be suspicious
Spoken Manchu: se: (2725)
Evenki: se:me- 1
Literary Manchu: se
Even: he:mgi- 2
Jurchen: sejn|-n|er (82)
Literary Manchu: semki- 3
Ulcha: se:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:n
Nanai: se:
Meaning: needle hole
Oroch: se:
Evenki: se:n
Udighe: se
Even: he:(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:gV-
Negidal: se:n
Meaning: 1 blood 2 red
Literary Manchu: sen
Evenki: se:kse 1, (dial.) segz^|en 2
Ulcha: se(n)
Even: he:s 1
Orok: se
Negidal: se:kse 1
Nanai: se:·
Spoken Manchu: sîn|@ 1 (165)
Udighe: sie
Literary Manchu: sen|gi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *se:r
Jurchen: sei_n|-n|i (512) 1
Meaning: thin, rare
Ulcha: se:kse 1, segz^|e(n) 2
Literary Manchu: seri
Orok: sekse 1, se:gde(n) 2
Ulcha: ser bi
Nanai: se:kse 1, se:gz^|e 2
Nanai: se:r
Oroch: se:kse 1, segz^|e 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-
Udighe: sakea" 1
Meaning: 1 to chew 2 to bite
Solon: se:kcê 1
210
Keys of Han
Evenki: se:µ- 1 Meaning: willow
Even: ha":- Evenki: se:µkta
Negidal: se:µ- 1 Even: ha":t
Spoken Manchu: sîa- 2 (1533) Negidal: se:µkta
Literary Manchu: saj- 2 Literary Manchu: sajx|uwa
Ulcha: se:µ- 1 Oroch: sa"kta, siakta
Orok: se:µ- 1 Udighe: sakta
Nanai: s/a":- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaKu-
Oroch: sa":- 1 Meaning: loop, hinge
Udighe: sa- 1 Ulcha: s/aqu.(n), se:µx|u.(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaba- ( ~ -p-) Nanai: si.ox|or
Meaning: 1 rotten wood 2 to rot, coagulate Han-Tungus-prototype: *siali-
Evenki: se:µwaksa 1 Meaning: diligent, smart, quick
Even: ha":wu.s 1 Literary Manchu: silin
Literary Manchu: sûbure- 2 Nanai: sa":li.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaK- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian
Meaning: 1 to speak within oneself 2 to respond, call back Meaning: ear
Evenki: sikine- 1 (Nep.) Evenki: se:µn
Oroch: sijau- 2 Negidal: se:µn
Udighe: sieu- 2 Spoken Manchu: sân, san (25)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-kan Literary Manchu: sân
Meaning: pendants on ear-ring Jurchen: sian|-ha (497)
Negidal: sexan Ulcha: se:µ(n)
Orok: seg|a Orok: se:µ(n)
Nanai: si.qa(n) Nanai: si.a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siakta Oroch: sa":

211
Keys of Han
Solon: s^/e:· Literary Manchu: sâri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siantu Orok: se:µrro, si.ro 1
Meaning: fist Han-Tungus-prototype: *siasi-n
Literary Manchu: sinda-x/a- 'to clench fists' Meaning: noise, sound
Ulcha: se:µntu. Ulcha: se:µsi.(n)
Orok: se:µttu. Orok: se:µsi.(n)
Nanai: si.anto, si.antu. Nanai: si.asi
Oroch: sa":antu, sa"ntu Han-Tungus-prototype: *sib-
Udighe: santu Meaning: 1 to turn up (sleeves) 2 to spin, twist 3 to wrap
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sian|a- Evenki: sipku- 3
Meaning: 1 burbot 2 eel Even: hipku- 3
Evenki: se:µn|a:n 1 Literary Manchu: sibere- 2
Even: ha":n|ъ.n Ulcha: si.baru.- 1
Nanai: sa":n|asa, dial. sin|a, sa:na: 1 Orok: sipku- 3
Udighe: sea" 1, dial. san|asa 2 Nanai: si.bi.ri.- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sia-? Oroch: sibari- 1
Meaning: all Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-
Nanai: s/a":oxo (< Nivkh?) Meaning: 1 to smear (with clay) 2 bog, marsh 3 to poultice
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaran| Evenki: siwa- 1
Meaning: stake Even: hi.wtag| 2
Evenki: se:µran| Literary Manchu: sâbarGan gida- 3
Even: ha":rъn| Han-Tungus-prototype: *siba-
Negidal: se:µjan| Meaning: 1 to beat a wedge in 2 wedge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siaru:- Evenki: siwa- 1, siwaki: 2
Meaning: 1 lightning, rainbow 2 light Negidal: si.waxi:. 2
Evenki: se:µru:-n 1 Spoken Manchu: sîva: (683) 'wedge, peg, plug'

212
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: sib/a 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibige:
Ulcha: si.wal 2
Meaning: 1 wolf 2 bear
Orok: su.wal 2
Evenki: siwige: 1, 2
Nanai: si.war 2
Even: hewjo", hewje 2
Udighe: soaì 2 (Корм. 286)
Oroch: si:wi 'a mythical dog'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibe-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibsV
Meaning: to pull out, pick out, clean a pipe
Meaning: lentils
Negidal: sije-lge-
Literary Manchu: sisa
Literary Manchu: sibi-
Ulcha: siusi
Ulcha: sie-sie-
Nanai: siusi
Orok: si:we-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-
Nanai: sije-si-
Meaning: to whisper
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi-
Evenki: siwuta:-
Meaning: to thread
Even: hi.wu.lъ.n-
Evenki: sîwike:me, sûwike:me 'вышитый бисером'
(Sym.) Negidal: si.wu.ta:-
Negidal: si.wla- Literary Manchu: sû-sina-
Literary Manchu: sujfun 'awl' ( <*sibi-pun) Ulcha: si.wcû.-
Ulcha: si:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibu-
Orok: si:wi- Meaning: 1 nut tree 2 cone
Nanai: si:- Evenki: suwukicî: 1
Oroch: siwi- Nanai: siucîxi 2
Udighe: su:la 'stick for stringing fish (while drying)' Udighe: seutigi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sibi Han-Tungus-prototype: *sida-
Meaning: swallow Meaning: 1 young boy 2 young (of a bear, tiger)
Literary Manchu: sibirGan Literary Manchu: sidan 1
Jurchen: sih-biar-xun (183) Udighe: si:z^|à 2

213
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sidu- Solon: s^/igde
Meaning: to rub off, peel off Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Evenki: sidi- Meaning: 1 deep fog, mist 2 to cover (of fog, mist) 3
autumn
Even: si:.d-
Evenki: siglama:t- 2, sig|elese(ni:) 3
Negidal: sidu-
Literary Manchu: siGan 1
Literary Manchu: sidu-, sûdu-
Udighe: siga- 2
Ulcha: si.du.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig- / seg-
Nanai: si.do-
Meaning: wild deer
Oroch: si:di-
Evenki: segz^|en, dial. sekserge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Nanai: segz^|i 'herd of wild swine'
Meaning: 1 to peep, look out, spy 2 to appear
Udighe: sigisa 'годовалый изюбр'
Evenki: sig|in- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigde
Even: hie:- 2
Meaning: 1 spinal vertebra, sinew 2 file/ 3 mountain ridge
Negidal: sig|in- 1
Evenki: sigde 1, 2
Literary Manchu: sâ- 1
Negidal: sigde 3
Ulcha: si-len- 2
Ulcha: sigde 1
Orok: si.gbadda- 'to frown'
Orok: sigderi 'yukola'
Udighe: sikpesi-, si:si- 1
Nanai: sigde 1
Solon: s^/igi:- 1
Oroch: sigde 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sig-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigdi-pu
Meaning: interval
Meaning: metatarsus
Evenki: sigdile:
Orok: sigz^|ipu
Even: hidla
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigi-
Negidal: sigle
Meaning: ice-hole
Spoken Manchu: sîd@n (2575)
Evenki: sigi-le:n 'frazil'
Literary Manchu: si, sidu
214
Keys of Han
Even: hi.g|la:n
Evenki: sig|i:
Negidal: sig|in ~ sijin
Even: hi.g|i.
Ulcha: si(n)
Negidal: siwu:
Orok: si:(n)
Literary Manchu: sâ, sûwa
Nanai: si
Ulcha: se:µu
Oroch: se:µla 'snow crust'
Orok: si:.g|i.
Udighe: si:(n)
Nanai: si.o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu-
Oroch: siz^|ai
Meaning: 1 to become silent (stop breathing or talking) 2
to stop crying 3 to breathe loudly (of a dog) Udighe: siz^|aì, siz^|ampaì (Корм. 284)
Evenki: sig|una- 1, 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *siK-
Even: hi.g|- 2 Meaning: 1 penthouse 2 a bar (under threshhold, into

which the door heel is inserted)
Nanai: sin|cîen- 1
Literary Manchu: sixin 1, six/aqu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siKe-
Meaning: sun
Meaning: short
Evenki: sig|u:n
Literary Manchu: sixete
Negidal: sig|un
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sikse
Spoken Manchu: sûn, sun (2033)
Meaning: evening
Literary Manchu: sûn
Evenki: sikse
Ulcha: siu(n)
Even: hi:sъr
Orok: su(n)
Negidal: sikse
Nanai: siu(n)
Spoken Manchu: cîk@se:, cêk@se: (2712)
Oroch: seu(n)
Literary Manchu: sikse 'yesterday'
Udighe: su:(n)
Jurchen: sih-ser (84)
Solon: s^/igu
Ulcha: sikse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sigu":
Orok: ssêkssê
Meaning: thick growth
215
Keys of Han
Nanai: sikse
Orok: si.lopu.(n)
Oroch: sikse
Nanai: si.lpo
Udighe: sikie
Oroch: silo:(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sil-
Udighe: silou(n)
Meaning: 1 yoke belt 2 breakwater 3 dewlap 4 chock-boot
5 breast ornament Solon: s^/ila- 'to roast'
Evenki: sîliptin 'boot straps' (dial.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sile-
Negidal: siliptin 2 Meaning: dew
Literary Manchu: selxe 3, selxen 4 Evenki: sile-kse
Ulcha: selcê 5 Even: hi:li
Nanai: siliptun 1 (Он.) Negidal: sile-kse
Oroch: silipke 2; siliktauka 'interlacement of sledge straps' Literary Manchu: sile-n|gi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila Jurchen: sie-le-un (10), cf. siel-hi 'spring' (48) (2-431)
Meaning: scarcely Ulcha: silemse
Negidal: si.la Orok: s/ile-s/ke
Literary Manchu: sal/an Nanai: sile-mse
Ulcha: si.la Oroch: silen|se
Nanai: si.la Udighe: silihe
Oroch: si:la Solon: s^/iliks^/i
Udighe: si:la Han-Tungus-prototype: *silgu"-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sila(-bun) Meaning: to tremble, shake (from fever, cold etc.)
Meaning: spit Evenki: silgin-
Evenki: silawun Even: hilgъn-
Even: hi.lu.n Negidal: silgin-
Negidal: si.lawu.n Literary Manchu: sûrge-
Literary Manchu: sôlon Ulcha: silz^|un-
Ulcha: si.lopu.(n) Orok: sildun-

216
Keys of Han
Nanai: sirgun- Meaning: helminth, worm
Oroch: siggina- Negidal: silikte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silku"- Ulcha: silimbu, silekte
Meaning: to wash, clean Orok: siloqta
Evenki: silki- Nanai: silukte
Even: hilqъ- Oroch: silikte
Negidal: si.lki.- Udighe: silikte
Literary Manchu: silg/a- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Ulcha: silcû- Meaning: shadow, dark place
Orok: siltu- Evenki: simn|un
Nanai: si.lqo- Even: himn|ъn
Oroch: sikki- Negidal: simn|un
Udighe: siki- Literary Manchu: silmen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silu-kta Orok: simgu(n)
Meaning: intestine Nanai: sin|mu:·
Evenki: silu-kta Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Even: hi.ltъ. Meaning: 1 kingfisher 2 a k. of woodpecker 3 a k. of

titmouse 4 eagle-owl
Negidal: si.lta
Evenki: senneku:n, dial. sendeku:n 2
Orok: si.lu.-qta
Literary Manchu: simari, simatun 3
Oroch: sulukta
Ulcha: sindi 1
Udighe: sulukta
Orok: simiktu 4
Solon: s^/ilu.kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sim-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV
Meaning: to be silent, whisper
Meaning: 1 plate 2 k. of basket
Evenki: simu:la:-
Nanai: si.li.a 1, (Bik.) silfo 2
Even: hi.mu.n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *silV-
217
Keys of Han
Negidal: si.mu.-
Oroch: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3
Ulcha: sim-
Udighe: sunz^|uge-si- 2, sineha" 4
Orok: si.mu.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-
Nanai: simu-
Meaning: 1 pelvis, pelvis bone 2 swelling of deer's joints
Udighe: sim-sim
Evenki: sân|alran (Sym.) 1, sin|argaz^|aran 2
Solon: sin-gada/ 'silently'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|a-(ri-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *simki-
Meaning: yellow, yellowish
Meaning: to cough, cough
Evenki: sin|ama, sin|ari:n
Evenki: simki-
Even: hi.n|an/a
Even: hie:mkъ-
Negidal: si.n|aji.n
Negidal: simki-
Solon: s^/in|ari
Ulcha: sin|bi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|ke:
Orok: sipki-
Meaning: dark night
Nanai: sin|bi-, simki-
Evenki: sin|ke:
Oroch: simpi
Even: hin|ku
Udighe: simpi-
Negidal: sin|kelten
Solon: simki-
Orok: sikkew, sikkelte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sinn|i-
Udighe: sin|keu- 'to shine (of full moon)' (Корм. 286)
Meaning: 1 to be sorry 2 to offend, do wrong 3 to be poor,
distressed 4 mourning 5 sad Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|kuti-
Evenki: sin|ni- 1, sini- 3 Meaning: quiet, silent
Negidal: sin/n|in- 1, sin/n|ije- 2 Evenki: sin|ti
Literary Manchu: sin|gira- 2, sinaGan 4 Even: hi:.ku.ti.
Jurchen: sin-na-lar 5 (375) Nanai: sin|cîen- 'to become quiet, stop talking'
Ulcha: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|u-, sinewli- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|n/a-
Orok: sin|gere- 2, si:nedu- 3 Meaning: big knife (on a shaft)
Nanai: sin|gere- 2, sinez^|i- 3 Negidal: sin|n/a-pun

218
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: sibere- 1
Ulcha: si.nasu.
Orok: siperu- 1
Orok: si.nasu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-
Nanai: si.n|a-so
Meaning: 1 oval-shaped, conus-shaped 2 narrow
Oroch: sina-ku
Literary Manchu: sibsix|un 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sin|u-
Nanai: sikpi 2
Meaning: 1 gift 2 to present
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipa ( ~ -b-)
Ulcha: si:.n|na(n)- 2, si.n|naqu. 1
Meaning: garlic
Nanai: sin|le-, sun|le- (Bik.) 2, sun|le-ku (Naikh.) 1
Spoken Manchu: suanda: (317)
Udighe: sun|ula- 2
Literary Manchu: sifa macâ
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si; *su:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sipki-
Meaning: 1 thou 2 you (your, yours) (pl.)
Meaning: 1 to spy, peep 2 to slander
Evenki: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Evenki: sipkit- 1, sipku- 2
Even: hi: 1, hu: (hu-n) 2
Even: hi.pqъ.- 1
Negidal: si: 1, su: (su-n) 2
Negidal: si.pki.t- 1
Spoken Manchu: sî: (2873) 1, so:, son/ (2874) 2
Spoken Manchu: sîf@k/a- 'to study' (1853)
Literary Manchu: si 1, suwe (suweni) 2
Literary Manchu: sibki- 1
Ulcha: si 1, sue (sun) 2
Orok: sipkicî- 'hide'
Orok: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Oroch: sippicî- 1
Nanai: s/i 1, sue (sun) 2
Solon: s^/irkis^/i:- 'listen, hearken'
Oroch: si 1, su (su-n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-
Udighe: si 1, su: (su-n) 2
Meaning: 1 spring, well 2 to strain, press out 3 to milk
Solon: s^/i 1, su: (su-n) 2
Evenki: sir- 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sip-
Even: hi.r- 3
Meaning: 1 to knead, squeeze, press 2 to bend under a
heavy load Negidal: sij- 3
Evenki: sipcârga- 2 Spoken Manchu: sêri, seri 1 (2085)

219
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: sêri 1, siri- 2
Oroch: sija-
Ulcha: si.ri.- 2, 3
Udighe: sea"-
Orok: si.ri.- 2, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Nanai: sire (Bik.) 1, si.ri.- 2
Meaning: 1 louse 2 helminth 3 worm
Oroch: si:- 3
Evenki: sirikte 2
Udighe: sie 'bay with spring water'; si:- 2, 3
Negidal: sekki 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir-
Ulcha: si.lma 1
Meaning: to cut, cut out
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Evenki: sir-
Meaning: sinew, thread
Even: hir-
Evenki: sirekte
Negidal: sij-
Even: siren (Arm.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sir
Negidal: sijekte, sije:n
Meaning: sharp pain (in one's joint)
Spoken Manchu: sîr@xe: 'fiber' (269)
Ulcha: sir
Literary Manchu: sirge / sirxe, siren
Nanai: sir
Ulcha: siri, sirekte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sira-
Orok: sirekte
Meaning: to sew together, piece down
Nanai: sirikte (Kur-Urm.), si:re
Evenki: sira-
Oroch: sije, sijekte
Even: hirъ.q-
Udighe: sie, siekte
Negidal: si.ja-
Solon: s^/irikte, s^/iritte
Spoken Manchu: sîra- 'to connect, to tie together, to join'
(1699, 1763, 2959) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sire-
Literary Manchu: sira- Meaning: 1 elbow bone 2 shin bone
Jurchen: sir(a)-ru 'inherit' (425) Evenki: sire:k, sire:ke: 1
Ulcha: si.ra- Even: hirъmtъ 1
Orok: si.ra- Negidal: sijimte 1
Nanai: si.ra- Literary Manchu: sira 2

220
Keys of Han
Orok: simuse 'calf of leg' Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru
Nanai: sireme 1 Meaning: span between the big finger and index finger
Oroch: simikte 'shoulder bone' Literary Manchu: sûru
Udighe: simikta, simukta 1 Ulcha: siru(n)
Solon: s^/irmu: 1 Orok: sirobgi, sirogbi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirk- Nanai: siru
Meaning: 1 a small hillock 2 cape Oroch: sijo
Evenki: sirkun (Uchur) 2 Udighe: su"o"
Nanai: sirge 1 (Он.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sirpa-kta Meaning: to rotate, roll, glide
Meaning: horse's hair, bristle Evenki: sirun-
Negidal: si.tpakta Even: hirun-
Spoken Manchu: sîka: 'tail horse-hair, horsetail' (2292) Negidal: siwun-
Literary Manchu: siqa Literary Manchu: sûrde-
Ulcha: si.rpaqta Orok: siso-lo-
Nanai: si.rbaqta ~ si.rpaqta Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisa-
Oroch: sipakta, si.ppakta Meaning: to scrape, grub, rummage, pick out
Han-Tungus-prototype: *siru- Literary Manchu: sisâ-
Meaning: sand Ulcha: si.sa-
Evenki: sirugi: Han-Tungus-prototype: *sise-
Negidal: sijun Meaning: 1 to baste 2 list (of clothes)
Jurchen: sir-xe (67) Literary Manchu: sise- 1, sisexen 2
Ulcha: siru(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sisi
Nanai: siro(n) Meaning: nut
Oroch: sija Literary Manchu: sisi, sisiri
Solon: s^/irukta:· Jurchen: sisi (128)

221
Keys of Han
Even: hi:-w-
Nanai: si.si.qta
Negidal: si:-w-
Solon: s^/i:s^/ikta
Oroch: si:-wi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sita-
Solon: s^/i:-gu:-
Meaning: 1 be embarrassed, perplexed 2 to tarry
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:b-
Evenki: sita- 1
Meaning: to become hoarse
Literary Manchu: sîta- 2
Evenki: si:w-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *site-
Even: hiw-ken-
Meaning: 1 to soak (intr.) 2 slightly trickling (of woman's
milk) Negidal: sije-
Negidal: site- 1 Ulcha: si:-
Ulcha: site- 1 Orok: si:-
Nanai: sita 2 (Он.) Nanai: sije-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sitki: Udighe: si-
Meaning: wall, side (of tent) Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:be
Evenki: sitki: Meaning: horse-tail, swamped ground where it grows
Even: hitki Evenki: si:we:g|
Negidal: sitki: Even: hi:weg|
Solon: s^/i:ttu 'summer panelling (of tent)' Negidal: siwu-kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *six- Literary Manchu: sib/a / sibe
Meaning: 1 hollow vessel, whistle 2 to put into, insert Ulcha: siu-kte
Negidal: sikcû- 2 Nanai: siu-kte
Literary Manchu: siGan / six|an 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:, *si:l-se
Nanai: si.x|a(n) 1 Meaning: gall
Han-Tungus-prototype: *si:- ( ~ -u":-) Evenki: si:
Meaning: extinguish Negidal: silte
Evenki: si:- Spoken Manchu: sîlixi 'gall bladder' (93)

222
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: silxi Negidal: soxo-
Jurchen: si-li-xi (516) Ulcha: su:-su-
Ulcha: silte, si:lte Orok: so:-
Orok: si:lte Nanai: so:-lo-
Nanai: silte, silte: Oroch: soko-
Udighe: silihe Udighe: so`-lo- (Корм. 287)
Solon: s^/i:lde Han-Tungus-prototype: *sokta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog- Meaning: 1 yukola (part from fish's back) 2 fat, grease
Meaning: bullfinch Negidal: soktou 2
Udighe: sog|dug|u Oroch: soqto 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogda-nsa Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-
Meaning: back Meaning: pine tree
Evenki: sogdonno Even: holti.n
Udighe: sogdu"ho" Han-Tungus-prototype: *sol-gi
Solon: côgdono/ (Ивановский) Meaning: 1 vegetables 2 sprouts (from a root)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sogi- Spoken Manchu: s^/og@, s/ogi 'greens, leafy vegetables'

(303)
Meaning: pock-mark
Literary Manchu: sogi 1, solo 2
Literary Manchu: sog/a
Jurchen: sol-n|i (524) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sog-z^|e-
Ulcha: solz^|i. 1
Meaning: wild deer
Nanai: solgi. 1
Evenki: sogz^|on (Тит.)
Oroch: soggixa 1
Udighe: suz^|elihe 'изюбр'
Udighe: sogu"ho" 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soKa-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *solu"ki
Meaning: to scoop, ladle
Meaning: 1 kolinsky 2 ferret
Evenki: soko-
Evenki: solig|a: (dial.) 1
Even: hu.qu.-
Literary Manchu: silixi / soloxi 2
223
Keys of Han
Nanai: sol/u. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|ka ( ~ *sonn|V-ka)
Udighe: solu"o" 1 Meaning: trace
Solon: so:ligi 1 Spoken Manchu: son|q@, son|qu (2384)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soma Literary Manchu: son|qo
Meaning: tail fin, belly fin Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora
Udighe: somo Meaning: basket
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soni Spoken Manchu: sor@ (656)
Meaning: single, odd Literary Manchu: sôro
Literary Manchu: soni-x|on, son/o Ulcha: soro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|a- Nanai: soro
Meaning: to weep Han-Tungus-prototype: *sora-
Evenki: son|o- Meaning: 1 to be soaked, wet 2 to rinse, wash
Even: hon|- Negidal: soj- 1
Negidal: son|o- Literary Manchu: sura- 2
Spoken Manchu: son|@- (190) Nanai: soro- 1
Literary Manchu: son|Go- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sori
Ulcha: son|Go- Meaning: 1 fight, battle 2 victim 3 to shoot arrows into

each other
Orok: son|o-, son|Go-
Literary Manchu: sori- 3, sori 2
Nanai: son|Go-
Jurchen: sori (455) 1
Oroch: son|o-
Ulcha: sori. 1
Udighe: son|o-
Orok: sori.(n) /
Solon: son|o-
Nanai: sori.· 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *son|gi-
Oroch: so:ri
Meaning: 1 nose 2 tip of nose 3 nose ring
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soro-ptun
Literary Manchu: son|gix|a, son|gin, sun|gin 2, 3
Meaning: 1 breast bone ramification 2 stomach
Jurchen: son|gi (501) 1
224
Keys of Han
Evenki: soroptu:n 1 Even: ho: 1
Even: horъ.pъ.n 2 Negidal: so: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sosa- Oroch: so 'word added after addressing smn.'
Meaning: 1 diarrhoea 2 to have diarrhoea 3 birds' dung Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:ba
Literary Manchu: soso- 2 Meaning: bough, stick (for hanging kettle over fire)
Ulcha: soso 1 Negidal: so:wa
Orok: soso 1 Nanai: sogbin (Он.)
Nanai: soso 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:da
Oroch: soso 1 Meaning: 1 scoop-net 2 to scoop
Han-Tungus-prototype: *soti Literary Manchu: sôdo- 2, sôdoqu 1
Meaning: tail fin Nanai: so:do: 1
Ulcha: soti. Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:k-
Nanai: socî:. Meaning: 1 to err, be mistaken 2 to caper, rough-house
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:- Evenki: so:kto- 1
Meaning: yellow Even: ho:ta- 1
Spoken Manchu: sujan, suajan (2423) Orok: soqodo- 2
Literary Manchu: suwajan, sox|on Nanai: so:do- 2
Jurchen: so-gian (618) Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:Ka:n
Ulcha: so:gz^|o(n), som Meaning: 1 copulation 2 to copulate
Orok: sogdo, som Evenki: so:ka:n 1
Nanai: soja, so:Gz^|o, so:la:, so:m Udighe: soni- 2
Oroch: sogz^|o Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:m-
Udighe: soligi 'reddish' (of hair) Meaning: 1 to close 2 to hide
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so: Evenki: so:m- 1
Meaning: very, verily, significantly Even: ho:m- 1
Evenki: so: 1 Negidal: so:m- 1

225
Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: s^/omi-, s/omi- (1556)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube-
Literary Manchu: somi- 2
Meaning: 1 end, edge 2 top
Jurchen: so-mi-biar (819) 2
Evenki: suwere: 1, 2
Ulcha: somi.- 1
Even: hu:re 1, 2
Orok: somi.- 1
Negidal: suweje: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:na
Literary Manchu: subexe 1
Meaning: plait, crest
Ulcha: suwe 2
Literary Manchu: soncôx|o, sonoqdon, sonoqton
Orok: suwe 2
Nanai: so:no, so:nocô
Nanai: suwe, sue 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *so:n-n|a- / *so:n-da-
Oroch: su-n|e 1, 2
Meaning: young deer, deer calf
Udighe: sue 2
Evenki: so:nn|a:
Solon: sugur 1, 2
Even: ho:nn|ъ.câ:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sube
Negidal: so:nn|a-câ:n
Meaning: 1 a 1-year-old deer 2 a roe (with thin legs)
Orok: so:ndo(n)
Evenki: suju:ke:n 1, dial. sûwin|en 2
Oroch: son|ocô(n)
Orok: suwe, sue 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sub-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgi-
Meaning: 1 to tie, bind 2 string, rope 3 harness strap 4
mouthpiece Meaning: steam, smoke
Evenki: suptilgi 2 Evenki: subgin
Even: huhtin| 2, (Arm.) sovar 3 Even: hebgi
Negidal: sopti.n- 1 Negidal: subgin
Literary Manchu: subexe 2 Ulcha: subgi(n)
Ulcha: supsien- 1, su.ptan|Gi. 2, soi 4 Orok: subgi(n)
Orok: su:- 1 Nanai: subgi
Nanai: sopsi.n- 1, soptan|Gi. 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *subgu
Oroch: supti(n) 2, soi. 4 Meaning: 1 fish skin 2 skin, bark

226
Keys of Han
Evenki: subgu 1 Oroch: côcâ-, cûcâ-
Negidal: sobgu. 1 Udighe: susa-
Spoken Manchu: soq@ 2 (145, 2132, 2284) Solon: câcâ-
Literary Manchu: suku 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sudu
Jurchen: su-gu (514) 2 Meaning: bulging part of the shin
Ulcha: sugbu 1 Literary Manchu: sudu
Orok: subgu/sugbu 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Nanai: sobGo 1 Meaning: 1 spear, arrow 2 fish fork 3 a k. of knife
Oroch: subbu 1 Ulcha: sugbe 3
Udighe: sugbu 1 Nanai: sugbe 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *subi- Oroch: suggudi 1
Meaning: 1 false rib 2 rib gristles Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Evenki: suwin 1 Meaning: 1 to place properly 2 to put a child into the

cradle
Even: hi.wi.na 1
Evenki: sug|i- 1
Negidal: si.wi.na 1
Orok: su:.g|atcî.- 2
Literary Manchu: sibexe 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sug-
Udighe: suepti 1
Meaning: 1 breath 2 vapour 3 soul 4 sacrifice 5 hurricane,
Solon: suv/e:· o":tele: 'short rib' wind 6 to breathe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sucâ- Evenki: sug|i: 5, sug|ina- 6
Meaning: to flee Even: hu.ji. 5
Evenki: sucâ- Negidal: sugde 4, sog|i:. 5
Even: hu.c^- Spoken Manchu: suv@dun, suvudun 'air, vapor, steam'

(351)
Negidal: socâ-
Literary Manchu: suqdun 1,2,3, su 5
Spoken Manchu: suz^|i- (1231)
Ulcha: sugdu- 'to place a sacrifice before an idol', su:.i. 5
Literary Manchu: suz^|u-
Orok: sugditcî- 'to place food in front of a deceased',
Nanai: côcâ- su:.i. 5
227
Keys of Han
Nanai: sugdu(n) 2, so:i. 5 Evenki: sug|ule:n
Oroch: su:i 5 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugz^|a-nsa
Udighe: sogdo 2 Meaning: 1 salmon 2 fish
Solon: so:wi: 5 Evenki: sugz^|anna 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suga-kta Even: hu.z^|ъ.nrъ. 1
Meaning: wormwood Negidal: sogz^|ana 1
Negidal: sog|akta Ulcha: su.gdata 2
Literary Manchu: suku Orok: sundata 2
Ulcha: soaqta Nanai: soGdata 2
Orok: su.aqta Oroch: sugz^|asa 2
Nanai: so:aqta Udighe: sugz^|eha" 2
Oroch: suakta Solon: su.gz^|anda 'burbot'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su(g)da- Han-Tungus-prototype: *suje-
Meaning: temple; hair on the temples Meaning: 1 lye 2 liquid strained from wine ferment
Literary Manchu: sudan Literary Manchu: sujen
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugele- (/ *segule-) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sujKu-
Meaning: to search, search through Meaning: 1 to curse 2 to caper
Literary Manchu: suwele-, seole- Literary Manchu: sujxu- 2 ( > Nan. sujxu-, sojxo- id.)
Ulcha: sewlu- Nanai: soi.-, (Kur.-Urm.) soqola- 1
Nanai: seule- Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugen ( ~ -b-) Meaning: 1 dry cedar 2 branch 3 stalk (of lily etc.)
Meaning: 1 gull 2 heron Ulcha: suktu 2
Literary Manchu: suwan / suwen 1 Orok: suktu 1, soqto 2
Jurchen: su-wen (181) 2 Nanai: su:ktu 2, su:ksu 4 (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sugule:-n Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Meaning: meat prepared for boiling Meaning: pods or buds (of elm tree)
228
Keys of Han
Oroch: sulagi-
Literary Manchu: suqz^|i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulaki:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suK-
Meaning: fox
Meaning: 1 to break, crush 2 to harm, spoil 3 edge of ski
stick 4 arrow-head Evenki: sulaki:
Evenki: suku- 2, sukcâ- 1 Even: hu.la":
Even: hu.câk- 1 Negidal: solaxi:.
Orok: su:kpe, su:pke 3 Ulcha: su.li.
Nanai: sokpi-so 4 (Он.) Orok: su.li.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suka- Nanai: soli.
Meaning: 1 to hang, droop 2 aslant Oroch: sulaki
Literary Manchu: suk/a- 1 Udighe: sulaì (Корм. 289)
Orok: su.qatcî. 2 Solon: su.laki, su.laxi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suku- Han-Tungus-prototype: *suldu-
Meaning: to abut feet (in boat) Meaning: 1 to uproot 2 to tear
Ulcha: sucêpu(n) (n.) Evenki: sullu- (suldu-) 1
Nanai: sikupu (n.) Even: hu.lraq- 1
Oroch: sukule- Negidal: solol- 1
Udighe: suku- 'to kick' Nanai: sulde:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sula- Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli-
Meaning: to leave Meaning: to sharpen, sharp
Evenki: sula- / sula:- Evenki: sul-
Even: hu.la:- Even: ho"l-
Negidal: sola-pcâ- Negidal: sul-
Ulcha: solaoz^|u.- Literary Manchu: sûlixun
Orok: su.law- Ulcha: suli-
Nanai: solo:- Orok: suli-

229
Keys of Han
Nanai: suli- Evenki: sumet-
Oroch: sulu- Even: hum-
Udighe: sulu- Negidal: sume:t-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suli- Ulcha: sumecî-
Meaning: 1 hump 2 back 3 mane 4 nape Nanai: sumecî- (Он.)
Evenki: suli:n 1, 2 Oroch: sumecî- 'whisper'
Ulcha: suni 3 Udighe: sumemesi- 'whisper'
Orok: suli 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu-
Nanai: soli:, solg|on|to, sog|li:n 3 Meaning: sinew
Oroch: su:li 3 Evenki: sumu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu Even: hum
Meaning: 1 rogue 2 to mock Negidal: sumu
Ulcha: sulu 1, sulu-de- 2 Spoken Manchu: suvu 'tendon' (170)
Orok: su.lu.-da- 2 Literary Manchu: sube
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sulu:-n Ulcha: sumul
Meaning: flame Orok: sumu ~ xumu
Evenki: sulu:n Nanai: sumul
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum- Oroch: sumu(l)
Meaning: grass or berry names Udighe: sumul(i)
Evenki: sumun|i 'шикша (ягода-водяница' Solon: sumul
Literary Manchu: somina orxo 'a grass name' Han-Tungus-prototype: *sumu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sum- Meaning: wet snow, rain with snow
Meaning: name of a wormwood-like plant Evenki: sumu
Literary Manchu: sumpa Han-Tungus-prototype: *suna
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sume- Meaning: dog rope
Meaning: to hide, conceal Evenki: suna

230
Keys of Han
Even: hu:.n|kan Oroch: sun|ta
Literary Manchu: suna Udighe: sun|ta
Ulcha: su.na Solon: su:.nta
Orok: suna Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-
Nanai: sona Meaning: 1 to prick 2 prickly thorn, bush 3 to stick into
Oroch: su:na 'shaman's posterior belt' Evenki: sup- 1, supire: 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|el Negidal: sup- 1, supukta 2
Meaning: menstruation blood, dried blood Literary Manchu: sifi- 3
Evenki: hun|el (dial.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sup-
Even: hun|e:l, Arm. sun|ol Meaning: 1 to gather in a crowd 2 completely 3 all
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ni:- Evenki: sup- 1, suwu:l 3
Meaning: tussock (in a swamp) Negidal: sup 2
Evenki: sun|ni:ke:g|, sumni:ke:g| Ulcha: sup 2
Negidal: semkeg| Orok: sup 2
Ulcha: sun|pu(n) Nanai: sup 2
Orok: sun|cî Han-Tungus-prototype: *supti-
Nanai: sun|pu, sumku, sun|ku(n) Meaning: 1 to leave behind 2 to stay behind
Oroch: sompo Evenki: supti- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sun|ta Even: hu.ptu.- 2
Meaning: deep Han-Tungus-prototype: *sura (sora)
Evenki: sun|ta Meaning: 1 flea 2 to lay eggs in deer's nose 3 insect laying
eggs in deer's nose 4 bumble-bee 5 eggs of flies, insects 6
Even: hu:.ntъ pollen
Negidal: son|ta Evenki: soro- 2, soron|ki / seren|ki 3, soroptun / sereptin 4
Ulcha: su.n|ta Negidal: so:ja 1
Orok: su.qta Spoken Manchu: suran 1 (2254)
Nanai: son|ta Literary Manchu: suran 1, sorok/a 4, sere 5

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Ulcha: su.ra 1, sora 6 Udighe: suka
Orok: su.ra 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *surki
Nanai: sora 1, 6 Meaning: pregnant female animal
Oroch: su:a 1 Evenki: surki
Udighe: sua 1 (Корм. 288) Literary Manchu: sucî
Solon: sora 1 Orok: sucî
Han-Tungus-prototype: *surba-kta Nanai: surki
Meaning: pimple, ulcer, scab Udighe: suki (Корм. 288)
Evenki: surbakta Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru-
Even: hu.rbъ.t Meaning: to go away
Literary Manchu: surgi Evenki: suru-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sure Even: ho"r-
Meaning: wise Negidal: so"jiwuk 'dowry' ( = Evk. suru:wuk, Evn. ho"ruk)
Spoken Manchu: sur@ (1991) Han-Tungus-prototype: *suru
Literary Manchu: sure Meaning: cave, lair
Jurchen: su-re (753) Evenki: suru
Han-Tungus-prototype: *surka Even: ho"r
Meaning: fang Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse / *susu
Evenki: surka Meaning: 1 disorder, mess 2 abandoned village
Even: hu.rqъ. Negidal: susu 2
Negidal: sojka Literary Manchu: suse 1, susu 2
Literary Manchu: sucûn wejxe Ulcha: suse 1, susu 2
Ulcha: su.câ Orok: su 2
Orok: su.tta Nanai: suse 1, susu 2
Nanai: soi.qa Oroch: susu 2
Oroch: sokka Han-Tungus-prototype: *suse:-gde

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Meaning: a k. of plant (willow with yellow bark)
Meaning: 1 to stretch out 2 become lean 3 stretched (adv.)
Oroch: suse:gde 4 to faint, lie without consciousness
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sut- Evenki: su:n- 1
Meaning: 1 to scatter, throw about 2 to hit out, push out Even: hu.n- 1
Evenki: sutiga:- 2 Negidal: sun|-gumz^|i 3
Literary Manchu: sota- 1 Literary Manchu: sun|-gi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|aki: Ulcha: sun|-guz^|a- 4
Meaning: cat Orok: sun- 4
Evenki: suz^|aki: (Urm.) Nanai: sun|-gure 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *suz^|a-ku Oroch: sun|guremdi 3
Meaning: 1 stick, prop, support 2 ski stick Udighe: su:.n|i:- 1
Evenki: suz^|ax 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n
Negidal: su.z^|ax| 1 Meaning: clothes
Spoken Manchu: suz^|a- 'to support, to hold up' (1642) Evenki: su:n
Literary Manchu: suz^|aqu 1, suz^|a- 'to support' Negidal: su:n
Orok: su.z^|aqu. 1 Orok: so:(n) ~ su:(n)
Nanai: soz^|a 'a gun support', soz^|aqo 'a hanger made of Solon: su:·
three poles' (Он.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:r-
Udighe: suz^|u-fine- 'to stand on one's elbows and knees'
Meaning: 1 different kinds of grass 2 fragrant 3 stinking
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:-
Literary Manchu: surx|o, sursen, surseri 1, sur 2
Meaning: 1 to mark 2 sign
Ulcha: so:ri. 3
Evenki: su:- 1
Nanai: so:ri. 3
Even: hu.-g|a:r 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"ku"-
Literary Manchu: so 'omen'
Meaning: 1 turbid, muddy 2 swamp
Nanai: su: 'talisman' (Он.)
Evenki: siki 1
Oroch: su:- 1
Even: hi.qu. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su:n-
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Negidal: si.xi:. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r-
Nanai: suku 2
Meaning: 1 yellowish, greyish 2 reddish 3 white (horse)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke
Even: hi.ran|an 1
Meaning: beetle
Literary Manchu: suru morin 3
Nanai: sun|ke
Nanai: su:r- 2 (Он.)
Udighe: sin|ke
Udighe: si: 'yellow paint'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|ke:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sâsi-kan ( ~ -i-, -u"-)
Meaning: 1 luck (in hunting) 2 hunter's talisman 3 hunters'
protecting spirit Meaning: a k. of soup
Evenki: sin|ke:n 1 Literary Manchu: sâsix|a(n), sâsân, sase
Negidal: sin|ke:n 2,3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sâ:k-
Ulcha: sun|ke(n), su(n) ~ se:(n) 2 Meaning: 1 white 2 wall-eye
Orok: sukke(n) 2 Literary Manchu: sâx|un 1, 2
Nanai: su: ~ su 2 Ulcha: câ:gz^|a(n) 1, câqi. 2
Oroch: sin|ke(n) 3 Orok: tagda(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"n|u"- Nanai: câ:Gz^|a 1, câ:qi. 2
Meaning: 1 frost, hoar-frost, snow grains 2 cold Udighe: cagz|a 1 (Корм. 309)
Evenki: sin|i-kse 1 Solon: cîg|a/ 1
Even: hi:n|ъ-lgъn 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sâ:(n|)-
Literary Manchu: su(n|)- 'to be covered by frost' Meaning: white, become white
Jurchen: siun|-hun (91) 2 Spoken Manchu: s^/an|an (2426)
Nanai: sun|gu 1 Literary Manchu: sân|g/an, sâ-li-bu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *su"r- Jurchen: can|-gian (619)
Meaning: 1 to creak, screak 2 to shout, cry Ulcha: câ-m, câ-li.n-
Evenki: sirgi- 1 Nanai: câ:-m, câ:-la: bi
Spoken Manchu: sur@-, suru- 2 (192) Oroch: câ:-m
Literary Manchu: sure- 2 Udighe: câ-m bie, câ-li-gi

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *sâ:ta ( ~ c^-) Meaning: a young domestic animal
Meaning: burned coals, ashes Evenki: cîcûha (Barg.) 'domestic goat'
Evenki: câ:ta: Literary Manchu: sucûtu 'a 2-year-old foal'
Negidal: câ:ta Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîg-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sêrin Meaning: 1 to freeze, get cold 2 cold
Meaning: helmet visor Evenki: cîg- (dial.) 1
Literary Manchu: sêrin Spoken Manchu: sâhurun, sahurun 2 (2061)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[e]sê- Literary Manchu: sâxurun 2
Meaning: to scatter, spatter Jurchen: siun|hun 2
Evenki: cîcêwe:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîKe:-n
Negidal: sesexen- 'to flow, stream' Meaning: urine
Literary Manchu: sisa- Evenki: cîke:n
Nanai: cîcîke:le-; Bik. sese- Even: cîkъn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *s^[i]cû-ka:n Negidal: cîxe:n
Meaning: wagtail, small bird Spoken Manchu: sîk@ (108)
Evenki: cîcâka:n Literary Manchu: sike
Even: câsqu.n Ulcha: cîge(n) / cê:(n)
Negidal: cî.câxi.n Orok: cîe(n)
Spoken Manchu: cîcîke: (2239) Nanai: cîe
Literary Manchu: cêcîke Oroch: câ":-cî- 'urinate'
Jurchen: sihcîxie 'sparrow' (158) Udighe: cige (Корм. 310), cêa"-kta- 'urinate'
Ulcha: cî.cô(n) Solon: s^/ixe
Nanai: cî.cô:· Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîm- ( ~ c^-)
Oroch: cîcôku Meaning: 1 ligament 2 to enlace, enmesh
Udighe: cikcigi (Корм. 310) Evenki: cîmbo:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîcûkta Even: cî:mъt 1

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Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîme- Orok: cîrikte
Meaning: to soak; suck Nanai: cî:rikte
Even: cî.mъ.l- Oroch: cî:kte
Literary Manchu: sîme- Udighe: cikte (Корм. 310)
Ulcha: cîme- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôba- ( ~ -p-)
Nanai: cîme- Meaning: narrow
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sîmuc^ken Literary Manchu: sôfojo:n
Meaning: small finger Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôba- ( ~-p-)
Evenki: cîmcîke:n Meaning: 1 wrinkle 2 to wrinkle
Even: cîmcên Evenki: côworo:- 2
Negidal: cî:.mkan Literary Manchu: sûfa- 2, sûfan 1
Spoken Manchu: s^/umuxun 'finger' (73) Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôKa-
Literary Manchu: simxun, sûmxun Meaning: 1 one-eyed 2 be purblind, sandblind 3 to shut

eyes, blink
Ulcha: cômocôn
Evenki: côkoti:, côkoro 1
Nanai: cûmcûe
Even: côqan|i. 1
Oroch: cômoc^ko
Negidal: côktoxo 1
Udighe: cimcaà (Корм. 310)
Literary Manchu: sogi- ~ soxi- 2
Solon: cimitki/, cîme\rki/
Ulcha: cô:qto 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sî:ri-
Orok: toqto 1
Meaning: red copper, bronze
Nanai: cô:mian- 3
Evenki: cî:rikte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôm-
Even: cî:rit
Meaning: 1 deep 2 scoop 3 to pour water over oneself 4 to
Negidal: cî:jikte submerge, fall under ice
Literary Manchu: sirin Evenki: cômko 2
Jurchen: [ci]ri (573) Even: cûmku- 3
Ulcha: cî:rikte Spoken Manchu: sûmin, sumin 1 (2617)

236
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: sûmin 1 Literary Manchu: sûla 2
Jurchen: cu-mi-gi (695) 1 Ulcha: cô:lo(n) 1
Udighe: cômpo- 4 Nanai: cô:lo 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôn|- Udighe: côlo 1
Meaning: 1 hole, hollow, cave 2 pool, pond Han-Tungus-prototype: *sô:n|-
Even: cô:n|i.n 2 Meaning: 1 scoop, box, dishes 2 place for dishes
Negidal: côn|doxo 1 Evenki: cô:n| 1, cô:n|a:l 2
Literary Manchu: sônto, sûn|ku 1 Even: cô:n|a:l 2
Ulcha: cô:n|do: 1 Negidal: cô:n|al 2
Orok: ton|do 1 Literary Manchu: sân|sâx|a 1
Nanai: côn|do: 1 Ulcha: cûn|ne 1
Oroch: côn|do:, côn|doko 1 Orok: côn|ol 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôpa- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sô:ra
Meaning: 1 claws 2 to claw Meaning: pole, tent made of poles
Evenki: côwo-mo 1, côwi:la:- 2 Evenki: cô:rama
Negidal: côwo-ki: 1 Even: cô:ra
Spoken Manchu: sov@r@q@, sov@r@qu 'claw' (2288); Negidal: cô:rami.

sôv@r@-, sovuru- 'to grab' (1541)
Literary Manchu: sûruqu 'boat pole', sûru- 'to swim
Literary Manchu: sôforo 1, sôforo- 2 using poles'
Nanai: cofola- (Bik.) 'to compress' Nanai: cô:ro
Oroch: côpokto 1, côpoktolo- 2 Udighe: cô:lo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sôsâ- Han-Tungus-prototype: *sûgle-
Meaning: 1 to arrange hair in a bunch 2 bunch, knot of Meaning: 1 water bucket made of birch bark 2 woven
hair basket
Literary Manchu: sôsô- 1, sôsôx|on 2 Evenki: cûg|len 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sô:la Literary Manchu: sûlxu 2
Meaning: 1 soup 2 juice Han-Tungus-prototype: *sûK-

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Meaning: 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), Literary Manchu: sûgi(n) ~ sûxi(n)
butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends
Orok: su:kse ~ tu:kse
Literary Manchu: sûki- 3, sûkun 4
Oroch: cû:kse
Nanai: cûktuli- 2 (Он.)
Udighe: cû"o"n|ki
Oroch: cû:ku, tu:ku 1
Solon: su:rcê
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sûmi ( ~ c^-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sû:m-
Meaning: 1 foreland, shallow place 2 tussock
Meaning: 1 bag 2 sack
Evenki: cûmi 1, cûmdike:n, cûmmike: 2 (Вас. 529)
Evenki: cê:mpu, cêmtu, cêmpuli, cômpuli 2
Negidal: cû.mi.xa:n 1
Literary Manchu: sûma, sûman 1
Udighe: simb/o 2 (An.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sû"ru"- (/*sûru"-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sûpa- (~c^-)
Meaning: 1 to rip (with claws) 2 to whet; rip off (skin,
Meaning: to suck flesh) 3 knife for carving ornaments
Evenki: cûpku- 'suck out' Evenki: cûri- 1
Negidal: côpon- 'kiss', cû.pka- 'soak' Literary Manchu: sûru- 2
Oroch: côp(o)ko- 'kiss' Ulcha: cû:re(n) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sûsû Nanai: cû:rue 3
Meaning: 1 copper 2 dark red Solon: s^/iru.xa:· 3
Evenki: cûcîn 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *sû":ba
Even: cû.cû.rmi. 1 Meaning: 1 to spin, twist (threads) 2 thread 3 fringe
Spoken Manchu: sus@, sûs^@ (fian) 'violet, purple' Evenki: cî:wa- 1, cî:wa 2
(2425)
Even: sewa 2 (Arm.)
Literary Manchu: sûsû 2
Negidal: cî.wa- 1, cî.wa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sû:kse
Literary Manchu: sûwase 3
Meaning: juice
Oroch: cîwa 2
Evenki: cû:kse
Udighe: cûa 2
Even: cû:s
Han-Tungus-prototype: *sû":je
Negidal: cû:xse
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Meaning: 1 needle of a coniferous tree 2 a hair fallen out 3
to become intertwined (of hair, fur) 4 branch, firewood 5 a Oroch: taw-
needle made of horn 6 fetlock
Udighe: tai-
Evenki: cî:je 1, 2
Solon: tawiz^|a-
Even: cî:.ja- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabsa-
Negidal: cî.ja 2
Meaning: to caper
Literary Manchu: suja, sujax|a 4, sujx|on / sojx|on 5, sojlo
6 Evenki: tawha-, tapsa:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta- Even: tawsa-
Meaning: that Orok: tapsi.cî.-
Evenki: tar, tari Nanai: tapsani 'get away from me!' (Он.)
Even: tar Han-Tungus-prototype: *tabu-
Negidal: taj Meaning: fur footwear
Spoken Manchu: ter@ (2878) Evenki: tawur, taubun
Literary Manchu: tere Even: te:wun
Ulcha: ta:wu., ti. Nanai: toa-ma à k. of footwear made of fish skin' (Он.)
Orok: tari Han-Tungus-prototype: *taga-
Nanai: taja Meaning: to hitch, become entangled
Oroch: ti:, tei Evenki: tag|a-
Udighe: tei, teji Negidal: ta:-
Solon: taja:, tari Spoken Manchu: ta- (420, 1647)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tab- Literary Manchu: ta-
Meaning: to pick up, collect Ulcha: ta:-
Evenki: taw- Orok: ta:-
Even: taw- Nanai: ta:-
Negidal: taw- Oroch: ta:-
Ulcha: tawcû.- Udighe: ta-
Nanai: tao-san- Solon: ta:-wu:.-

239
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Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagda- Literary Manchu: taqta mo: 3
Meaning: 1 to be angry 2 to be amazed Udighe: taktig|a 2
Negidal: tagda- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKu-
Literary Manchu: taqda- 2 Meaning: to shamanize
Ulcha: taGda- 1 Negidal: takoc^-
Orok: taGda- 1 Nanai: tao-
Nanai: taGda- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *taku-
Oroch: tagda- 1 Meaning: to repair
Udighe: tagda- 1 Evenki: taku-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tagdi:- Even: taq-
Meaning: to pull out, tear out, uproot Ulcha: taqu.-
Evenki: tagdi:- Orok: ta:wcî.-
Even: ta:d- Nanai: taGo-
Negidal: tagdi.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKura-
Literary Manchu: tadu-, tadura- Meaning: 1 to use 2 to send on service
Ulcha: taGdi.- Spoken Manchu: taqur@-, taquru- (1615) 1
Nanai: tadora- Literary Manchu: taqura- 2
Udighe: tagdi- Jurchen: tah-xew-ra-xaj (401) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taKa- Udighe: tàula- 1
Meaning: 1 completely 2 until, for a while Han-Tungus-prototype: *taK(V)
Literary Manchu: taqa 2 Meaning: salt, bitter substance
Jurchen: ta-ka (434) 2 Even: taq
Solon: taxati 1 Negidal: daksun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *takti-ka:n Literary Manchu: taqan 'mustard'
Meaning: 1 cedar 2 yew 3 fir Oroch: daksu
Evenki: taktika:n 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *talgi:-g ( ~ -u":g)

240
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Meaning: brushwood, forest with brushwood Evenki: tam- 1
Evenki: talgi:g| Even: tam- 2
Even: ta:lgi.g| Negidal: tamancî.-

Nanai: tami.- 3
Negidal: talgi.x
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tamV-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *talpi
Meaning: shed, cover (for a hut)
Meaning: thigh, hip
Even: tamana
Ulcha: tarpi.
Nanai: tami.xi.
Orok: talpi., tali.pu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tann|a-
Nanai: talpi.
Meaning: to capture, plunder
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-
Even: tann|ъ.n-
Meaning: 1 to pay 2 price
Negidal: tann|an-
Evenki: tama- 1
Orok: ta:na-
Even: tam- 1
Udighe: tan|asi-
Negidal: tama- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|-
Ulcha: tama- 1
Meaning: to read, count
Orok: tama- 1
Evenki: tan|-
Nanai: tama 2
Even: tan|-
Oroch: tama- 1
Negidal: ta:n|-
Udighe: tama- 1
Oroch: tan|a":-, tan|i-
Solon: tama- 1
Udighe: tan|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tama-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|a
Meaning: to gather, collect
Meaning: bone (whitened from time)
Literary Manchu: tama-
Evenki: tan|a
Nanai: tama-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tami-
Meaning: hundred
Meaning: 1 to munch 2 to inhale 3 to swallow
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Keys of Han
Negidal: tan|gu.
Nanai: tap
Spoken Manchu: tan|@ (2781)
Solon: tawakki- 'to pierce'
Literary Manchu: tan|gu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-
Jurchen: tan-gu (663)
Meaning: to become dirty
Ulcha: tan|Gu.
Evenki: tapara:-
Orok: tan|Gu.
Oroch: tapti 'clay'
Nanai: tan|Go
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap-
Oroch: tan|gu
Meaning: to encourage, advise
Udighe: tan|gu
Spoken Manchu: tav@l@- 'to soothe, to console, to
Solon: tangu comfort' (1506)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|gura- Literary Manchu: tafula-
Meaning: 1 to bow (in front of gods while praying) 2 to Han-Tungus-prototype: *targa

tell fairy-tales
Meaning: 1 beaver 2 tiger's cub
Even: tan|ra:n- 2
Literary Manchu: tarGan 2
Literary Manchu: tanz^|ura- 1
Ulcha: tarGa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tan|u-
Nanai: tarGa 1
Meaning: 1 jackdaw 2 bird
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tarmi:
Literary Manchu: tan|Gux|a 1
Meaning: a k. of duck
Nanai: tan|Gu.x|a 1
Evenki: tarmi:
Udighe: tuni 2
Negidal: tajmi:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tap
Literary Manchu: tarmin n/exe
Meaning: through
Ulcha: tarmi.
Evenki: tapamnak
Nanai: tarmi.
Even: tabdi.c^
Oroch: tauma":
Negidal: tap
Udighe: tauma"
Ulcha: tap
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tasaka
Orok: tap
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Keys of Han
Meaning: tiger Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:ksa
Spoken Manchu: tas@h@ (2214) Meaning: clay
Literary Manchu: tasx|a Evenki: ta:ksa
Jurchen: tasxa (136) Even: ta:s
Solon: tasax Negidal: ta:ksa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tata- Ulcha: toaqsa
Meaning: to stop, make a camp Orok: to:qso
Literary Manchu: tata- Nanai: toaqsa
Jurchen: tata- (286) Udighe: takea"
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tatki- Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:lgi-
Meaning: to hit the target Meaning: 1 far from the shore, open sea 2 bay 3 quiet sea
surface 4 to become quiet (of wind, weather)
Nanai: tatki.-
Evenki: ta:lgu- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *taxi
Even: talargъ.n- 4, talgi.n 2, 3
Meaning: knee, knee cap
Literary Manchu: talGan 3
Literary Manchu: tak/a
Ulcha: talz^|i. 1
Ulcha: tax|i.
Orok: talda 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:kan
Nanai: talgi.a 1, talGa 2, tali.-tali. 3
Meaning: log, causeway
Oroch: tagga-la, tagga-si 1
Evenki: ta:ken
Udighe: taga" 1
Even: ta:qъ.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:n-
Negidal: ta:kan
Meaning: to stretch, pull
Literary Manchu: tux|an
Evenki: ta:n-
Orok: to:, to:g|o
Even: ta:n-
Nanai: ta:qa
Literary Manchu: tan|giqu 'device for stretching the bow
Oroch: ta:ka string'
Udighe: ta` (Корм. 292) Ulcha: tu.an-

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Orok: to:n-
Evenki: tewduke: 1
Nanai: toan-
Solon: tabxa 2
Oroch: ta:na-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb-
Udighe: tana-
Meaning: 1 to graze (of deer) 2 to protect
Solon: tan-
Evenki: tewej- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ta:xVr
Udighe: tegbese- 2
Meaning: 1 shell, shelled animals 2 crab-octopus 3 horned
beetle Han-Tungus-prototype: *tede:-
Evenki: ta:kre 3 Meaning: to relate, transmit
Literary Manchu: tax|ura 1 Evenki: tede:w-
Ulcha: tajra 1 Negidal: tedew-
Orok: ta:x|a 2 Literary Manchu: todo-lo 'omen, admonition'
Oroch: taira 1 Orok: tede- 'to notice'
Solon: ta:xir 1 Oroch: tedu- 'teach'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege-
Meaning: to put, place Meaning: to sit
Evenki: tew- Evenki: tege-
Even: tew- Even: tъg|-
Negidal: tew(u)- Negidal: teg|et-
Literary Manchu: tebu- Spoken Manchu: te- (505)
Ulcha: tew-cî- Literary Manchu: te-
Orok: tewe- / teu- Jurchen: teh-biar (423)
Nanai: teu- Ulcha: te:wu
Oroch: tewu-, teu- Orok: te:-
Udighe: teu- Nanai: te:si.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teb- Oroch: te:-
Meaning: 1 rags 2 tail on shaman's belt Udighe: te:-

244
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Solon: tege- Meaning: thick (of liquids)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tege:-r /-n Negidal: tekti
Meaning: 1 lower edge 2 edge Ulcha: tekti(n)
Evenki: teg|e:r (dial. teg|e:n) 1 Nanai: tekcî
Negidal: teg|en 1 Oroch: tekse
Literary Manchu: ten 2 Udighe: tekti
Ulcha: tene 'beginning' Han-Tungus-prototype: *tel-
Orok: te:(n) / teg|e(n) 1,2 Meaning: 1 to cock (a cross-bow) 2 to spread a carcass, to

skin 3 spreader
Nanai: te:· 2
Evenki: telbe- 1, telge- 2
Oroch: te: 1
Even: telgъ- 2
Udighe: te:(n) 1
Negidal: telge- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teje-
Ulcha: telz^|ecî- 2
Meaning: 1 to live 2 to be quiet, rest
Orok: telde- 2, telbe 3
Evenki: tiwa:n- 1
Nanai: telgecî- 2
Even: tiwnъ- 2
Oroch: tegge- 2
Negidal: tejewan- 1
Udighe: tegesi- 2
Literary Manchu: teje- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *telbe
Nanai: tein- 2
Meaning: dirt, dirty
Oroch: te:n|kucî- (caus.)
Negidal: telbe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teke-
Ulcha: telbeni
Meaning: to tear, burst
Orok: telbenuli
Evenki: teke:-
Udighe: telbeni
Even: tъkъk-, tъkъl-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *teme-
Ulcha: teke:-
Meaning: 1 big needle 2 axle 3 sledge stick 4 net 5 to hang
Nanai: teke:- the net
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tekti Evenki: temek 3

245
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Negidal: teme 1, temti 4 Oroch: ten|eje 2
Literary Manchu: temene ulme 1, temun 2, tomoo 1 Udighe: ten|e 2
Ulcha: temti 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tep-
Orok: temetcî 'черпалка' Meaning: 1 to hit (with a heavy object); to kill (a deer) 2 to
trample 3 to dance 4 to cut through 5 to shoot
Nanai: temcîku 4, temnegu- 5
Evenki: tepu:- 1, tepte- 2, tepti- 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *temi-
Even: tepsen|ni:- 2
Meaning: to grope
Negidal: tepekele- 5
Evenki: temi-
Nanai: tepete- 3
Even: temi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepe-
Negidal: temikte-
Meaning: 1 to catch fire, to burn 2 to burn through
Ulcha: temuru-
Spoken Manchu: tiav@- 1
Orok: temiri-
Literary Manchu: tefe- 2
Nanai: temiri-
Nanai: tepe- 1
Udighe: teme-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tepku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *temu-
Meaning: sheath, sack
Meaning: 1 in vain 2 barely, scarcely
Evenki: tepku
Evenki: tomoku:n 1
Even: tъpkun
Ulcha: tembu 2
Negidal: tepke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|-
Literary Manchu: tebku 'uterus'
Meaning: to flutter, shake, wave; throw; jump
Orok: tupo
Literary Manchu: ten|gelz^|e-, ten|ki-, ten|ne-
Oroch: tekpu, tepku
Jurchen: tin|-da-mai 'to release' (400)
Udighe: tekpu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ten|er- / *ton|or-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ter-
Meaning: 1 a k. of butterfly 2 spider
Meaning: falcon, hawk
Negidal: ton|orawki:. 1
Even: te:rn|a, tern|e:
Orok: te:nen|z^|i, tegenenz^|i 2
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Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terbe ( ~ *turbe)
Ulcha: texe
Meaning: name of an edible plant
Orok: tekke(n)
Evenki: terwe
Nanai: texe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge-
Oroch: teke(n)
Meaning: 1 deerskin, cloth made of deerskin 2 footwear
made of deerskin Udighe: te:ge
Evenki: tergekse 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-
Even: tergъs 1 Meaning: to set, place
Negidal: tergemi 2 Evenki: te:w-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terge- Even: te:w-
Meaning: 1 to think 2 to doubt Literary Manchu: teben {'prop'}
Evenki: terge- 1 Jurchen: tej-bew {'set up, supported'} (437)
Ulcha: terge- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:b-
Nanai: tergede- 2 Meaning: 1 to catch up with 2 to walk behind 3 to run in

leaps
Han-Tungus-prototype: *terin
Evenki: te:wul- 1
Meaning: back of axe
Even: tewut- 2
Evenki: terin
Udighe: tau-ma"na- 4
Even: terъn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:be-
Negidal: tejin
Meaning: 1 to catch 2 to embrace
Literary Manchu: teru ; anus'
Evenki: tewe- / te:we:- 1
Orok: terkile- 'hit with back of axe'
Even: tew- 1, tewel- 2
Nanai: teri(n)
Negidal: tewen- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *texe:n
Spoken Manchu: tiv@l@-, tevil@- (1494)
Meaning: root, foundation
Literary Manchu: tebel/e- 2
Evenki: teke:n, teke:r
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:l-
Even: teken
Meaning: to sober up, come to one's senses
Negidal: teken
247
Keys of Han
Evenki: te:l- Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:ri:
Even: tel- Meaning: 1 couple, pair 2 equal
Orok: te:li- Evenki: te:ri: 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:mu Even: te:ri 1
Meaning: 1 raft 2 boat Negidal: te:ji: 1
Evenki: te:mu 1 Nanai: terini 2
Even: tem 1 Oroch: te:ji: 1
Negidal: tem 1 Udighe: tie 1
Literary Manchu: temcîku 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tia- (*taj-)
Ulcha: temu(n) 1 Meaning: to swim, float
Orok: temu 1 Evenki: ti:- / cî:- `to slip, slide'
Nanai: temu 1, temcîe 2 Even: ta":-
Oroch: temmu 1, temtig|e 2 Negidal: te:µcû-
Udighe: temtige 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiaku
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:n|- Meaning: 1 hen 2 quail
Meaning: 1 plain, lowland 2 low bank 3 pool 4 wide lake Even: ta":qcâqa 2
Evenki: te:n 1, ten|ki: 1 Spoken Manchu: côqo: 'chicken' (2198)
Even: ten|kъ 'forest' Literary Manchu: côqo 1
Negidal: ten| 2 Jurchen: tixo (161) 1
Literary Manchu: ten|gin 4 Nanai: cî.qo 1
Orok: ten|esi 'mountain pass' Oroch: côko 1
Nanai: te:n|ki 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiam-
Oroch: ten|ki 3 Meaning: sledge bow
Han-Tungus-prototype: *te:rge:- Negidal: te:µmka:n
Meaning: pool, swamp Ulcha: te:µmbu.
Evenki: te:rge:n Orok: cî.mbo

248
Keys of Han
Nanai: cî.amboa Evenki: tin|er
Oroch: te:µmbua Ulcha: t/an|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiap Oroch: tipan|a
Meaning: extremely, completely Han-Tungus-prototype: *tige ( ~ -u"-)
Nanai: ti.ap Meaning: dish(es)
Oroch: tiap Evenki: tig|e
Udighe: tofu Negidal: tige
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiar- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiki-
Meaning: to melt (fat), roast Meaning: to fit, be placed into
Even: ta":r- Ulcha: tiki-
Negidal: te:µj- Nanai: cî.qi.-
Spoken Manchu: câr@- (382) Oroch: tiki-
Literary Manchu: câru- Udighe: tixi-
Orok: cî.ru.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKi ( ~ -u"-)
Nanai: cî.ro- Meaning: hair on skin
Oroch: tiru- Evenki: tikikta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tias- Even: ti:ken
Meaning: quite, completely Negidal: ti.kta
Negidal: te:µs Oroch: tikta
Ulcha: te:µs Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti-kte
Orok: tes Meaning: louse
Nanai: ti.as Spoken Manchu: cîxe: (2255)
Oroch: ta":s, tias Literary Manchu: cîxe
Udighe: tea"si Ulcha: tiqte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tibn|a Orok: tikte
Meaning: male deer, elk Nanai: cîkte

249
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiKu-n-, *tiKu-l- Spoken Manchu: cîva- 2 (2440)
Meaning: to be angry Literary Manchu: cîfa- 2
Evenki: tikul-, tikun- Ulcha: cî.ptan 2
Even: ti.qu.l- Orok: cî.pa 2
Solon: tegul- Nanai: cî.pcâ 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tilka- Oroch: tipa 2
Meaning: to splatter, overflow Udighe: tefakta 2
Evenki: tilka- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tire:-
Even: ti.lqъn- Meaning: to press, insert, make a support
Ulcha: cî.lcân- Evenki: tire:-
Nanai: cî.lqa- Even: tiruke-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tim- Negidal: tije:-
Meaning: 1 calm (of weather) 2 calm, silent 3 to speak Literary Manchu: cîr-ge-
silently, move lips 4 night silence (in the forest)
Ulcha: tire-
Evenki: temelken 4
Orok: cîre-
Even: ti.mъ.rъ.n 1, timne- (folkl. ti:nme-) 3
Nanai: cîre
Nanai: cî.mo-cî.mo 2
Oroch: tije-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *timre
Solon: tir(e)-
Meaning: 1 crumbs 2 flour made of dried meat
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirga ( ~ -u"-)
Evenki: timre
Meaning: midday
Even: ti:mrъ
Evenki: tirga
Negidal: timne
Even: ti.rgъ.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tip-
Negidal: ti.dga
Meaning: 1 to rise (of dust, smoke) 2 dirt, smear (with dirt,
clay) Oroch: tigga
Evenki: tipi:- 1, tipa- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tirgi:-
Negidal: ti.p- 2 Meaning: 1 to walk 2 (to ride) quickly 3 easily gliding

250
Keys of Han
Evenki: tirgi:- 1
Even: ti.sъ.sъ.n- 2
Literary Manchu: cîr (seme) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-
Nanai: cîrgiliecîgde (Он.)
Meaning: to become full (of moon)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-
Evenki: ti:-
Meaning: head pillow
Negidal: ti:.-
Evenki: tiru:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:-
Even: tiru
Meaning: to deprive, take away
Negidal: tiju:
Evenki: ti:-
Spoken Manchu: cûnuku (520)
Even: te:µ-
Literary Manchu: cîrku
Negidal: ti.-z^|ajama `thief'
Ulcha: tireptu(n)
Ulcha: ti:-
Orok: tireptu(n)
Nanai: cî:-
Nanai: cîren|ku
Udighe: ti:-
Oroch: tireptu(n)
Solon: ti:-n-
Udighe: tiu, tieu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ti:nu-
Solon: teru
Meaning: yesterday
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tiru-kse
Evenki: ti:newe
Meaning: fish roe
Even: ti:niw
Evenki: tirukse, tire:kse
Negidal: ti:nuwej
Even: ti:s
Orok: cîne / cîn/e:
Negidal: tise
Oroch: tinew
Literary Manchu: cêrguwe, cêrxuwe
Udighe: tinenen|i
Orok: tersu 'нерестилище'
Solon: ti:nug|, ti:nuge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tisu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *toga
Meaning: 1 to clear the way for a caravan; help a child
learn to walk 2 to drive deer Meaning: fire
Evenki: tisu:- 1 Evenki: tog|o

251
Keys of Han
Even: tog| Literary Manchu: toq seme 3
Negidal: tog|o Ulcha: tu.qtu.ri- 1
Spoken Manchu: tua: (476) Nanai: tokto- 2
Literary Manchu: tuwa Oroch: tokto- 1
Jurchen: towi (21) Udighe: tokto- 1
Ulcha: tawa Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola-
Orok: tawa Meaning: to kindle (a torch)
Nanai: tao Literary Manchu: tolo-
Oroch: to: Han-Tungus-prototype: *tola
Udighe: to: Meaning: frog eggs
Solon: togo Negidal: tolo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *togar Oroch: tolo
Meaning: big span Udighe: toli
Evenki: tog|or Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolga
Even: tog|ъ.r Meaning: sleigh (with dogs)
Negidal: tog|oj Evenki: tolgoki:; tolgodo:- 'to go in a sleigh'
Literary Manchu: to: Negidal: tolgoxi.·
Ulcha: tawali Nanai: tolki.
Nanai: tawar Han-Tungus-prototype: *tolki-n
Oroch: to: Meaning: dream
Udighe: to: Evenki: tolkin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tokta- Even: tolqъ.n
Meaning: 1 to hit, knock 2 to chop 3 sound of knocking Negidal: tolki.n
Evenki: tokto- 1,2 Spoken Manchu: t/olixin (529)
Even: towta- 1,2 Literary Manchu: tolgin / tolxin
Negidal: tokto- 2 Jurchen: tol-xin (356)

252
Keys of Han
Evenki: ton|o- 1
Ulcha: tolcî.(n)
Literary Manchu: tun|gi 'a k. of bow'
Orok: tolcî.(n)
Nanai: ton|ma 2
Nanai: tolki.·
Udighe: tun|z|a` 3 (Корм. 297)
Oroch: tokki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|al-
Udighe: to`si- 'to dream' (Корм. 296)
Meaning: 1 round 2 smth. round
Solon: tolkis^/i:- 'to dream'
Evenki: ton|ollo 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-
Even: ton|ъ.lrъ. 2
Meaning: 1 to spin 2 thread
Negidal: ton|gulikin 1
Evenki: tomko- 1
Orok: ton|Golto 'loop'
Even: tomko- 1
Nanai: ton|gokpi.a 1
Negidal: tomko- 2
Oroch: tun|epke 'ring'
Literary Manchu: ton|Go 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|da
Jurchen: to-n|o (250) 1
Meaning: straight, honest, true
Ulcha: ton|pi.- 1
Evenki: ton|no
Orok: toqpo- 1
Negidal: ton|no
Nanai: tompo- 1
Spoken Manchu: tond@ (2376, 2484)
Oroch: tompo- 1
Literary Manchu: tondo
Udighe: tompo- 1
Jurchen: ton|-do (407)
Solon: ton|xo- 1
Ulcha: ton|do
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tomka-n
Orok: ton|do
Meaning: boat made of planks
Nanai: ton|do
Evenki: tomkon
Oroch: ton|no(n)
Even: to":mkin 'oar'
Udighe: to:n|do
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ton|-
Solon: tondo:xo
Meaning: 1 to bend (a branch) 2 cradle's bow 3 cylindric
vessel Han-Tungus-prototype: *top(V)g-
253
Keys of Han
Meaning: knee
Even: to:ki.
Evenki: tuwnuke, tug|unuke 'ankle bone'
Negidal: to:ki:.
Spoken Manchu: t/ovix/a, t/ov@g/a: (136)
Literary Manchu: tox|o
Literary Manchu: tobg/a
Ulcha: to:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tora-ki: (~-u":)
Orok: to:
Meaning: boar
Nanai: to:
Evenki: toroki:
Oroch: to:ki
Negidal: toroki:.
Solon: to:xi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tox-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lg-
Meaning: 1 wheel, hoop 2 to go round, turn round 3
curved, bent Meaning: 1 deep place close to the bank 2 whirlpool 3
backwater
Evenki: tokor- 2, tokcîka- 3
Evenki: to:lga: 1, dial. to:lga:n 2
Negidal: toxoj- 2, tokcôka 3
Even: to:lgu 3
Literary Manchu: tox|oro 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:lga-
Orok: to:roli.- 'to grind'
Meaning: 1 to stop 2 to collide
Nanai: toxoriqo 'pulley' (Он.)
Evenki: to:lga- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *toxan
Orok: toldoqpi.n- 1, 2
Meaning: button, buckle
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:li
Negidal: toxon
Meaning: belt, strap for trousers
Literary Manchu: tox|on
Evenki: to:l
Ulcha: tox|o(n)
Literary Manchu: toli
Orok: toqo, tox|o(n)
Udighe: tolixe
Nanai: tox|o
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:l-po-
Udighe: toho
Meaning: sinciput, top of head
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:Ki:
Orok: tolpomu.
Meaning: elk
Nanai: to:rpoa
Evenki: to:ki:
254
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ma Even: tъwtъ 2
Meaning: a k. of plant similar to potato Negidal: tewu-kte 2
Oroch: to:ma Spoken Manchu: t/uf@xi, t/uv@xi: 1 (323)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:ri:- Literary Manchu: tubixe 1
Meaning: 1 wages, dowry 2 to hire Jurchen: tuwi-xe (525) 1
Evenki: to:ri: 1 Ulcha: tuikte 3
Even: tori. 1 Nanai: cûikte 3
Negidal: to:ji:. 1 Oroch: cîkte 3
Spoken Manchu: t/uri- 2 (968) Udighe: teukte 3
Literary Manchu: turi- 2, turigen, turixen `rent' Solon: tuwik 1
Ulcha: tori.(n), turi(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tubu- ( ~ -p-)
Orok: tori. 1 Meaning: 1 to step, trample 2 stirrup 3 track
Nanai: tori. 1 Evenki: tu:(w)- 1
Oroch: toji 1 Even: to":- 1
Udighe: toi 1 Negidal: tu.asan 3
Solon: turgunde:- 2 Literary Manchu: tufon, tufun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *to:sa- Jurchen: tuw-fu (231) 2
Meaning: white spot on animal's forehead Han-Tungus-prototype: *tucû- / *cûcû-
Evenki: to:sa-la:n, dial. to:ha-kta Meaning: 1 to scrape (skin) 2 scraper
Literary Manchu: tosi Evenki: cûcû-le:- 1, cûcû-n 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuba Even: cô"t-le- 1, cô"cû-n 2
Meaning: jackdaw, rook Negidal: côcô- 1, côcôn 2
Ulcha: towa, tu.wa Orok: tottolo- 1, totto-, tuttu- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tube- Nanai: tucû-le- 1, tucû 2
Meaning: 1 fruit 2 berry 3 blue-berry Oroch: côcô-lo- 1, côcô(n) 2
Evenki: tewukte 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tude-

255
Keys of Han
Meaning: to be constipated Han-Tungus-prototype: *tujba-
Evenki: tude- Meaning: adze, scraper
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuga- (~ -b-) Even: ti.baq
Meaning: 1 to see 2 to check 3 to beware Literary Manchu: tujbalaqu, tujpan
Even: tewun|cî- 3 Ulcha: tu.jba(n)
Spoken Manchu: ta:- 1 (173) Nanai: tojba
Literary Manchu: tuwa- 1 Oroch: ti:ba
Jurchen: tonz^|u-lar (804) 2 Udighe: ti:bo, tuibo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tugde- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuju-
Meaning: to reach Meaning: 1 to give 2 to give a feast
Ulcha: tugdi- Evenki: tuju- 2
Oroch: tugde- Even: to"j- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuge- Negidal: tojo- 2
Meaning: 1 cloud 2 winter Literary Manchu: tuwe-de-, teo-de- 'to resell, exchange'
Evenki: tu:ksu, tu:kse 1, tug|e 2 Jurchen: tuju-xe 1 (428)
Even: to"g|ecîn 1, tug|e-ni 2 Ulcha: tuju- 2
Negidal: tokso 1, tuwe, tug|e 2 Orok: tojo- 2
Spoken Manchu: tukusu (2009), t/uxi (2010) Nanai: tuju- 2
Literary Manchu: tugi 1, tuweri 2 Oroch: tojo- 2
Jurchen: tuje-n|i (6), tu-e-li 2 Udighe: tuju- 2
Ulcha: tewekse 1, tue 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuK-
Orok: teweske 1, tuwe 2 Meaning: 1 prop (in a tent) 2 bars, shelves (in a wooden
baking device)
Nanai: tukse 1, tue 2
Evenki: tukta 1
Oroch: tokso 1, tuwe, tue 2
Even: toqъ.ru.qan 1
Udighe: toko" 1, tue 2
Literary Manchu: tuqda 2
Solon: tukcû 1, tugu 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKala / -ra
256
Keys of Han
Even: tu:- 2
Meaning: wild onion, Lilienzwiebel
Literary Manchu: tuqsân 1
Evenki: tukala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuku- ~ *taku-
Even: to"kъr
Meaning: funnel (for pouring liquid)
Negidal: toxoj
Ulcha: tuqu.(n), taqu(n)
Literary Manchu: tuk/a(n) da
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Oroch: tokoi
Meaning: 1 to wade 2 to cross (a mountain ridge)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuki-
Evenki: tuldun- 2
Meaning: to fish
Orok: tolo- 1
Ulcha: tu:kicî- 'рыбачить ночью в узкой протоке
ставной сетью' Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Nanai: tukiecî- Meaning: 1 to promise 2 to contemplate 3 plan, intention
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuksa- Even: tuleg- 1, tulbajal- `look at smth. peacefully'
Meaning: 1 to run 2 hare Literary Manchu: tulbi- 2, tulbin 3
Evenki: tuksa- 1, tuksa-ki: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tul-
Even: tu:.s- 1 Meaning: 1 to tear out, lose (horns) 2 to tear out 3 large
torn ram skin
Negidal: toksa- 1, toksaki:. 2
Evenki: tulduli- 2
Literary Manchu: toqsaqa 'bastard'
Even: tu.ldъ.q- 1
Ulcha: toqsa 2
Literary Manchu: tulxu 3
Orok: tu.qsa- 1, tu.qsa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tule-
Nanai: toqsa 2
Meaning: to skewer; to set up
Oroch: tuksan 2
Evenki: tule-
Udighe: tukea"- 1, tuksa 2
Even: tul-
Solon: tu.kcâ:n- 'jump, leap', tu.tcâxi, tu.rcâxi 2
Negidal: tule-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuKu-
Ulcha: tule-
Meaning: 1 calf, young of deer 2 to bear
Orok: tule-
Evenki: tuku-cê:n 1
Nanai: tule-
257
Keys of Han
Oroch: tule- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumin
Udighe: tule- Meaning: spittle
Solon: tulu- Evenki: tumin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulge Even: tumnin
Meaning: wolf Negidal: tomon
Solon: tu:lge Udighe: tumin|i- 'to spit out'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuli:- Solon: tomi
Meaning: exterior, external side Han-Tungus-prototype: *tumn|u-
Evenki: tuli:-n Meaning: top of head
Even: to"l-de- Evenki: tun|ulke:n, temulke:n
Negidal: tulgi- Even: ten|elek, tun|elek
Spoken Manchu: tiuli- (2590, 3028) Spoken Manchu: tun|un
Literary Manchu: tul-gi- Nanai: tembilku
Jurchen: tuli-le (601) Oroch: tumaxa
Ulcha: tuli Udighe: temuge
Orok: tulie(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu-n/ga
Nanai: tulie Meaning: five
Solon: tulergi, tul-de:li: Evenki: tunn|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tulu ( ~ u") Even: tu.nn|ъ.n
Meaning: horse's breast Negidal: ton/n|a / tun|n/a
Literary Manchu: tulu Spoken Manchu: sunz^|a: (2739)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tum- Literary Manchu: sunz^|a
Meaning: 1 clever 2 to understand Jurchen: cunz^|a (640)
Evenki: tumnacî: 1 Ulcha: tu.n/z^|a
Negidal: tumku-n 1 Orok: tu.nda
Oroch: tumne- 2 Nanai: tojn|ga

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Oroch: tun|a Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-si-
Udighe: tun|a Meaning: 1 bear's head 2 bear's forehead 3 name of a

mythical predator (fox-like, devouring tigers and dragons)
Solon: ton|a
Evenki: tun|suku 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-
Negidal: texseke 2
Meaning: 1 lake 2 backwater
Literary Manchu: tun|situn 3
Evenki: tun|er 1, tun|uke 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tup-
Even: to"n|e:r 1
Meaning: 1 excrescence on a tree trunk 2 saddle bow
Negidal: to"n|e:r 1
Evenki: tupuka 1
Literary Manchu: tun|gu 'abyss, deep place'
Orok: tu.pqa 2
Udighe: ton|i, tun|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|-
Meaning: to spit, spittle
Meaning: 1 to warn 2 to know 3 to tell
Spoken Manchu: cîv@l@- (36, 408)
Evenki: tun|ni:- 1, tun|e- 2
Literary Manchu: cîfe-le-
Literary Manchu: ton|gi- 3
Ulcha: ti.pu.(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|de (~-r-)
Orok: tu.pi.n
Meaning: willow
Nanai: topi.n-
Ulcha: tun|de
Oroch: tupin-
Orok: tun|de
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tupi ( ~ -u"-)
Nanai: tun|de
Meaning: woven basket
Oroch: tun|de
Literary Manchu: tubi
Udighe: tun|de
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tun|ke
Meaning: 1 to be born, grow 2 to go out 3 herd of deer
Meaning: 1 cover of kettle 2 roof during coupling 4 bear family
Spoken Manchu: tuxe: 'pan lid, kettle lid' (586); tug|e 2 Evenki: turku- 2, turi: 3
Literary Manchu: tuxe 1 Even: to"ri 4
Nanai: tun|ke 1 Spoken Manchu: tiucî- 'emerge, appear' (1184)

259
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Literary Manchu: tucî- 1, 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *turgun
Jurchen: tuj-ti-mij (714) 2 Meaning: reason, cause
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tura:ki: Evenki: turgun
Meaning: crow, rook Spoken Manchu: turuxun (2915)
Evenki: tura:ki: Literary Manchu: turgun
Even: tu.rъ.qi. Jurchen: tu-ru-wen-
Negidal: tora:xi:. Ulcha: turgu(n)
Nanai: tora:ki. Nanai: turgu
Oroch: tuaxi, tuwaki Han-Tungus-prototype: *turi-
Udighe: tuaì Meaning: 1 gooseberry; black currants 2 peas, beans
Solon: tura:ki Evenki: turikta 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ture:- Literary Manchu: turi 2
Meaning: to curse; to speak Han-Tungus-prototype: *turki
Evenki: ture:- Meaning: sleigh, narta
Even: to":re- Evenki: turku
Negidal: tu:je:- Even: tu.rqi.
Solon: tu:re:- Ulcha: tu.cî.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turga- Orok: tu.tcî.
Meaning: prop, support Nanai: toki.
Evenki: turga Oroch: tukki
Even: to.r Udighe: tuxi
Negidal: tojga, tuju Han-Tungus-prototype: *tur-ku-
Ulcha: tu.z^|aku. Meaning: 1 to jump 2 to swoop (of a wind gust)
Nanai: tojGa Evenki: turku- 1
Oroch: tugia- 'to prop' Udighe: tuku- 2
Udighe: tuga Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku-

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Meaning: to get caught (in a trap, net) Solon: to"ro" 'door-post'
Evenki: turku- Han-Tungus-prototype: *turV
Negidal: tojki.- Meaning: 1 earth 2 lump of earth
Ulcha: tu.cû.- Evenki: tur 1(dial.)
Orok: tu.tu.- Even: to":r
Nanai: tojqo- Negidal: tu:j 1
Oroch: tokko-, tukku- Nanai: tur-qa 2
Solon: tu.kku.ta:· bi Han-Tungus-prototype: *tut[a]-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turku- / *turke- Meaning: to run
Meaning: be unable Evenki: tutu- 'crawl away'
Evenki: turku- Even: tut-
Even: turku- Negidal: tutu- 'crawl'
Negidal: tujku- Ulcha: tu.tu.-
Ulcha: teten- Orok: tu.ta-
Orok: teten- Nanai: tutu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *turu Oroch: tutu-
Meaning: pole, mast; sacred pole, place Udighe: tutu-
Evenki: turu Solon: tute-
Negidal: tojo Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-
Spoken Manchu: tura: 'post' (460) Meaning: to stay, remain
Literary Manchu: tura Spoken Manchu: tuta- 'to stay behind, to remain behind'
(1180)
Jurchen: tur-ra (208)
Literary Manchu: tuta-
Ulcha: tu.ra
Jurchen: duta-xun (720)
Orok: toro
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tuta-ril-
Nanai: toro, tora
Meaning: to get scabs
Oroch: tu:
261
Keys of Han
Evenki: tutaril- Solon: teru:· 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tute- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:te-
Meaning: sword, spear Meaning: a 4-year-old elk
Evenki: tuteke:n Evenki: tu:teke:n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tux- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"gde-le:-
Meaning: to take into arms Meaning: 1 to cross a bridge 2 bridge, log
Evenki: tuk- Evenki: tigdele:-, digde- 1, tigdele:n 2
Even: to.k- Even: tildraun 2
Ulcha: tu:wu-le- Orok: tugdule 2, tugdule- 1
Nanai: tuxi-si- Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"jn|e(-pun)
Udighe: tugele- Meaning: staff
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:kre Evenki: tijewun
Meaning: 1 clavicle 2 upper rib Even: tijun
Evenki: tu:kre 1 Negidal: tijewun
Even: to"kъr 1 Spoken Manchu: teifun (676) 'walking stick, staff'
Negidal: tuxse 2 Literary Manchu: tejfun
Udighe: tuhe 1 Ulcha: tinepu(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu:ri:- Orok: tein|geptu(n)
Meaning: 1 to hold, support 2 support (n.) Nanai: tunepu
Evenki: tu:ri:-n 1 Oroch: tijo:, tijeu(n)
Even: to"r- 1 Udighe: tiu, tieu(n)
Negidal: tuju 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"K-, *tu"gde
Ulcha: turu-wen- 1 Meaning: 1 rain 2 to fall, drop
Orok: toro-n|olo- 1 Evenki: tigde 1, tik- 2
Nanai: turi-n-,turu:- 1 Even: ti:d 1, tik- 2
Oroch: turi- 1 Negidal: tigde 1, tik- 2

262
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: tuxe- 2
Even: tipkir, tipken 1
Jurchen: tu-ho- 2
Negidal: tipke:n 1
Ulcha: tugde 1, tu:- 2
Ulcha: tukpe(n) 1
Orok: tugde / tugz^|e 1, tu:- 2
Orok: tupke(n)/-kpen 1
Nanai: tugde 1, tu:- 2
Nanai: tukpe 1
Oroch: tigde 1, ti:- 2
Oroch: tipa 2, tippe 1
Udighe: tigde
Udighe: tikpe(n) 1
Solon: tiki- 2, tegde- 'to rain'
Solon: tikke:su 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ksa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"re:-(kse)
Meaning: house cover made of birch bark
Meaning: boot-top
Evenki: tiksa
Evenki: tire:kse
Even: ti.s
Negidal: tijekse
Negidal: ti.ksa
Literary Manchu: ture
Literary Manchu: tuqsa
Ulcha: turekse
Ulcha: tu.i.qsa
Orok: tureske
Nanai: ti.sa (Kur-Urm.)
Nanai: turekse
Oroch: tuksa
Oroch: tijekse
Udighe: tukea", tuka"
Udighe: tiehe
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"la-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"ru"
Meaning: 1 to become exhausted 2 to stop growing,
weaken 3 to miss time, opportunity Meaning: straps
Evenki: tila- 1 Evenki: tiri:
Even: ti.l- 2 Even: ti.ri.
Literary Manchu: tuli- 3 Literary Manchu: turu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *tu"pa, *tu"p-ken Han-Tungus-prototype: *u-
Meaning: 1 nail, peg 2 (finger)nail Meaning: 1 this 2 that
Evenki: tipken 1 Spoken Manchu: eva: (2620, 2884) 1

263
Keys of Han
Negidal: odi.n 1
Literary Manchu: u-ba 1
Orok: u.di.ma 3
Udighe: u-ti 2
Oroch: udama 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ub(u)-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *udi:-
Meaning: 1 to panic 2 to quarrel
Meaning: 1 to ornament 2 ornament
Evenki: upcû- 2
Evenki: udi:- 1
Nanai: obosa- 1
Negidal: uditkan 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uc^-
Orok: uz^|i 2
Meaning: 1 case, fate 2 time, season
Han-Tungus-prototype: *udu-n
Even: u.cî.q 1
Meaning: rain (with wind)
Literary Manchu: ucûri 2
Evenki: udun
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ucê-
Even: u.dъn
Meaning: diarrhoea
Oroch: udu(n)
Evenki: ucên
Solon: u.du.·
Negidal: ucêl- (v.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-
Ulcha: ucê
Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to mount
Nanai: uce (Bik.)
Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|- 2
Udighe: use
Even: o"g|ъ- 1, u:- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ucîk(te)
Negidal: uvi- ~ ug|i- 1, okcâ-la:- 2
Meaning: 1 sheath 2 ornaments on sheath
Literary Manchu: ve-si- 1
Literary Manchu: ucîqa 1
Jurchen: wi-si (594) 1
Orok: ucîkte 2
Ulcha: uji- 1, u:.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uda-
Orok: ui, uwu 1, u:.- 2
Meaning: 1 pregnant 2 to bear calves 3 first-born child 4
birth pains 5 placenta Nanai: uwu-j 1, o:- 2
Evenki: udaja 4, udacâ:n 5 Oroch: ui-si 1, u:- 2
Even: odandra"- 2 Udighe: ui- 1, u:-na- 2

264
Keys of Han
Solon: ug|e-sxi: 1, ugu- 2 Meaning: 1 herd 2 pasture 3 yard 4 gate 5 garden
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug- Evenki: ujur 2 (Nep.), ug|uwa, uwuwa 1 (Olk., Tng.)
Meaning: 1 gall 2 to rot 3 rotten Even: ujire: 4
Evenki: ug|i: 1, ug|le:- 2 Orok: ujru 2
Even: ugo 1, u:l- 2 Udighe: uhi (Корм. 303), uji 5
Orok: u:g|ledixe 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ug-da- Meaning: few
Meaning: 1 dry larch 2 building made of dry larch 3 boat Evenki: ug|i:-kun
Evenki: ugdal 1, ugda:n 2, ugda-ksa 3 Negidal: og|i:.
Even: u.dan 2 Ulcha: oi.
Negidal: ogda 3, ogdan 2 Orok: oji
Ulcha: u.Gda 3 Nanai: oi.
Orok: u.Gda 3 Oroch: uji
Nanai: oGda 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *uji-
Oroch: ugda 3 Meaning: to bind, knot together
Udighe: ugda 3 Evenki: uj-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uge:(r)- / *ug-be(n) Even: uj-
Meaning: 1 wave 2 jet 3 river rift Negidal: uj-
Evenki: u:g|e 1, dial. uwe:, uwge- Ulcha: ui-
Negidal: uwe: 1, ubge-n 3 Orok: uj-
Literary Manchu: were-n 2 Nanai: ui-
Ulcha: ugbe(n) 3 Oroch: uji-, uju-
Nanai: we 1, ugbe 3 Udighe: uji-pti 'a k. of rope'
Oroch: uwe 1, 2 Solon: uji-
Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), ue 1, 2, ugbe(n) 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujKam
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ugi(r)- Meaning: 1 mountain ram 2 a k. of horned animal

265
Keys of Han
Evenki: ujam 1 Meaning: 1 unity, accord 2 kin; successors
Even: u.jama 1 Literary Manchu: uxe 1, uqsun 2
Negidal: ojamka 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *uki:
Literary Manchu: wejxen 2 Meaning: crib, fish-pot, fish basket
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uju- Evenki: uki:
Meaning: alive Even: u:kit
Spoken Manchu: veixun (695) Negidal: uxi:
Literary Manchu: wei-xun Literary Manchu: uku
Ulcha: uju(n) Nanai: uki
Orok: uju(n) Oroch: uki
Nanai: uju Udighe: uki
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ujV Han-Tungus-prototype: *uKu-
Meaning: to swim (of birds) Meaning: 1 female 2 daughter-in-law
Evenki: uju-,uju-kta- Evenki: uku-cê:n 1
Negidal: oji.-jan- Even: uki 1
Orok: onno:- Negidal: uxi 1
Nanai: on/oan-, ojana- Literary Manchu: uki 1, uxen 2
Udighe: wujan-, ujan- Ulcha: we-cê(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK- Orok: uwe-cê(n) 1
Meaning: 1 to get wet, wet 2 to wash Nanai: we-cê 1
Evenki: uksu- 1 Oroch: we:c^ke 1
Even: oqti.- 2 Udighe: guasa` 1 (Корм. 223)
Ulcha: uksi- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-
Nanai: uksi- 1 Meaning: to sew
Oroch: uksi- 1 Evenki: ulli:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uK- Negidal: uli-

266
Keys of Han
Spoken Manchu: ifi- (271) Negidal: olan 2
Literary Manchu: ufi-, ifi- Ulcha: ula(n) 2
Ulcha: urpi- Nanai: ola 2
Orok: ulpi- Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule-
Nanai: ulpi- Meaning: good
Oroch: ippi-, uppi- Literary Manchu: ulin 'goods'
Udighe: ulihi- Ulcha: ule(n)
Solon: uldi- Orok: ulin|ga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula- Nanai: ule:· (Он.)
Meaning: 1 to soak, wet 2 river Udighe: uligdiga` 'beautiful' (Корм. 301)
Evenki: ula- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:-
Even: u.l- 1 Meaning: to boil
Spoken Manchu: ula: 'large river' (2090) Evenki: ule:-
Literary Manchu: ulGa- 1, ula 2 Even: o"le:-
Jurchen: ula (49) 2 Negidal: ule:-
Orok: u.la- 1 Ulcha: ulu-si-
Nanai: u.lari.ko: (dial.) 'wet' Orok: ule:-
Udighe: ula- 1 Nanai: ulu-
Solon: u.lakku: Udighe: olokto-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula Solon: o"lo":-, ulo":-, elo":-
Meaning: 1 hemp 2 millet Han-Tungus-prototype: *ule:k
Literary Manchu: olo 1 Meaning: lie
Nanai: ula 2 Evenki: ule:k
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ula-n Even: o"le:k
Meaning: 1 frazil 2 glade, polynia Negidal: o"lo"x
Evenki: ula:n 1 Literary Manchu: uluken

267
Keys of Han
Oroch: oloki- (v.) Orok: orgi.(n)
Solon: o"lo":x, elo":x Nanai: olgi.a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgu-ki: Udighe: wage
Meaning: chipmunk Solon: ulge:·
Evenki: ulguki: Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-
Ulcha: ulz^|i Meaning: to feed
Nanai: ulgi Evenki: uli:-
Oroch: ugguka": Even: uli-
Udighe: ugz^|ixi Literary Manchu: ulebu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ulgumV (/*ulmugV) Nanai: uli-
Meaning: 1 pheasant 2 gull Udighe: ulikte 'sacrificial fat' (Корм. 301)
Evenki: umn|e:ti: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:-
Even: o":mn|e:ti 2 Meaning: 1 to row 2 oar
Negidal: o"mo"ti 2 Evenki: uli:- 1, uli:wun 2
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@m@, ol@hum@ 1 (2250) Even: u.li.n- 1, u.li.wu.n 2
Literary Manchu: ulx|uma 1 Negidal: oli.n- 1
Jurchen: ulhu-ma (188) 1 Nanai: ulbe(n) 2
Ulcha: olGoma 1 Udighe: ulimagda 'big delved boat
Nanai: olGomi. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *uli:n-(kta)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uligan Meaning: wild apple
Meaning: pig Evenki: uli:kta 'wild apple', ulukta 'bird-cherry'
Negidal: olgi.n Literary Manchu: uli 'pear; rowan'
Spoken Manchu: v@l@g/an (2195) Ulcha: unikte
Literary Manchu: ulg/an Nanai: un/ikte
Jurchen: ulhian (162) Udighe: ulin|kie
Ulcha: orgi.(n) Solon: uli:tte

268
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ul-(k)se Nanai: emu(n)
Meaning: meat Oroch: om
Evenki: ulle Udighe: omo
Even: ulъd Solon: emu
Negidal: ule Han-Tungus-prototype: *um(i)-
Ulcha: ulse Meaning: to drink
Orok: ulise Evenki: um-
Nanai: ulekse Negidal: om-
Oroch: ukte Spoken Manchu: iomi- (403)
Udighe: ulehe Literary Manchu: omi-
Solon: uldi, ulde Jurchen: umi-La (534)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uma-kta Ulcha: u.mu.wu.
Meaning: 1 brier 2 a sp. of berry 3 cornel Orok: umi-
Even: umtъ.cân 2 Nanai: omi-
Literary Manchu: umpu 3 Oroch: imi-
Ulcha: omaqta 1 Udighe: umi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ume- / emu- Solon: ime-, imi-, emu-
Meaning: one Han-Tungus-prototype: *umi:-
Evenki: umu:n Meaning: to gather
Even: o"mъn Evenki: umi:w-
Negidal: emen Even: u.mi.w-
Spoken Manchu: em@ (2734) Literary Manchu: im/a-
Literary Manchu: emu Ulcha: u.mu.cî.-
Jurchen: emu (636) Orok: u.mmu.-
Ulcha: u.m Nanai: omo:-
Orok: umu:ke Oroch: umu-

269
Keys of Han
Udighe: u:mu-
Orok: une 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu-
Nanai: undexe
Meaning: hole, nest
Oroch: un/i 3
Evenki: umde:-k, umuk
Udighe: waneha" 2
Even: umre:ke:n, u.mak
Solon: unexe:· 3
Negidal: omu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/i ( ~ u"-)
Ulcha: omon
Meaning: small river, brook
Orok: omo
Ulcha: u.n/i.
Nanai: omo
Orok: un/i 'river'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *umu:-kta
Nanai: on/i.
Meaning: egg
Oroch: un/i
Evenki: umu:kta
Udighe: un/i "An/uj river"
Even: u.mtъ.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un/n|u-
Negidal: omu.kta
Meaning: to smell
Spoken Manchu: um@han (332)
Evenki: unn|u-
Literary Manchu: umx|an, umGan
Even: unn|u-
Ulcha: omu.qta
Negidal: un/n|u-
Nanai: omaqta
Ulcha: un/e-
Oroch: umukta
Orok: unene-
Udighe: umukta
Nanai: ujne-
Solon: u.matta
Udighe: un|efe- (Корм. 303)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *unde(ken)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-
Meaning: 1 board 2 horizontal pole in the house 3 house
covering Meaning: 1 pit, hole 2 lair, den
Evenki: une, uneke:n 3 Evenki: un|ulu 1
Even: unen 'dwelling place', dial. unipkin 2 Negidal: on|olo 1
Literary Manchu: undexen 1 Literary Manchu: on|Gola, un|Gala 1, un 2

270
Keys of Han
Ulcha: on|Golo 1 Udighe: ufa
Nanai: on|Golo 1 Solon: u.g|o:·, uon 'bread'
Oroch: on|go 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa
Udighe: on|go 1 Meaning: adze
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|- Literary Manchu: efexun
Meaning: 1 to cry, weep 2 to sing Nanai: ofali, ufali
Evenki: un|a- 2, un|ki:- 1 Oroch: upa
Even: u.n|/a":-u.n|/a": 1 (onom.) Han-Tungus-prototype: *upsi
Nanai: un|gu- 'to say, tell' (Он.) Meaning: 1 shaman clothes 2 belt made of badger's skin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *un|-se, *un|nu- Negidal: upsi 1
Meaning: 1 palate 2 sinew in deer's neck 3 aorta, breast Ulcha: upsi 1

bone 4 Adam's apple, craw 5 region under the
shoulderblade Nanai: ufsi 2
Evenki: un|re:n 2, unn|un 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *upVkte
Even: o"nn|ъlъk, un|ne 3 Meaning: 1 lung(s) 2 down, light feather(s) 3 spleen 4

brisket (of a bear)
Negidal: u:n|ele 4
Even: o"bdъ 3
Orok: un|ele 5
Negidal: opkoli. 4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *upa
Spoken Manchu: ufuxu 1 (85)
Meaning: flour
Literary Manchu: ufuxu 1
Negidal: opa
Ulcha: upte 2
Spoken Manchu: ufa: (294)
Orok: upukte 2
Literary Manchu: ufa
Nanai: upulte 2, upke 3 (Kur-Urm.)
Jurchen: wu-fa (531)
Oroch: upukte 2
Ulcha: upa
Udighe: ofokto 2
Orok: upa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ur
Nanai: opa
Meaning: 1 male 2 elk (2 y. old) 3 1-year-old deer
Oroch: upa
271
Keys of Han
Evenki: ur 1, urikcâ:n 2
Evenki: ure:- 3
Negidal: ojcâ:n 2
Even: o"re- 3
Literary Manchu: urgesên 3
Negidal: uje:- 3
Nanai: ojcâ 2
Literary Manchu: uru 1, urgin 'sample, form'
Oroch: uricâ 2
Jurchen: uru-le-be (831) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ura- / *ur-ke
Solon: urubu- 'to learn (of soldiers)'
Meaning: 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk) top,
cream 3 door Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-
Evenki: urke 3 Meaning: 1 to be similar, resemble 2 similar
Even: urkъ 3 Evenki: ure:- 1
Negidal: ujke 3 Even: ure:c^ 2
Spoken Manchu: ucî: 3 (451) Orok: urexe 2
Literary Manchu: oro- 1, oroqu 2, ucê 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri
Ulcha: ucê 3 Meaning: 1 stomach, belly 2 breast collar 3 inner fat 4

maw 5 upper layer of yukola
Orok: ute 3
Evenki: ur, uri-gde 1; uri-ptun 2; orik 4
Nanai: ujke 3
Even: ur 1, orъqъn 3
Oroch: ukke 3
Negidal: uji-pun 2
Udighe: uke 3
Ulcha: uru-ptu(n) 2
Solon: ukke, urke 3
Orok: uritte 'fish belly'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure-
Nanai: ori.x|ta 5
Meaning: 1 to grow 2 sprout 3 bush
Solon: orxi 1
Evenki: uruktu 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uri:-
Literary Manchu: ursan 2
Meaning: to scoop, dig out
Jurchen: uru-xe 'ripe' (539)
Evenki: uri:-
Nanai: ure- 1, urekte 2
Even: uri-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ure:-
Negidal: oji.-
Meaning: 1 truth 2 to justify 3 to agree
272
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: wara- Nanai: uselte 2
Orok: uri- Han-Tungus-prototype: *us(a)
Nanai: ori.cî.-; ori. 'scoop' Meaning: 1 bad 2 to become sad 3 hate 4 guilt, crime 5 to
be sick 6 to be unable, not want
Udighe: ui-
Evenki: usa 1, use:- 5, use:-cê- 6
Solon: oru:-
Even: u.s 1,4, o"se- 5, 6
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru-
Negidal: osa 1
Meaning: to enjoy, be merry
Spoken Manchu: usa- 'to be sad, to grieve' (1933)
Evenki: uru:wsi:-
Literary Manchu: osx|a 1, usa- 2
Even: o"rus-
Jurchen: usu-g|a-buren (384) 3
Spoken Manchu: uruxun 'joy' (1929)
Ulcha: osisi- 6
Literary Manchu: ur-gun 'joy'
Nanai: osisi- 6
Jurchen: wur-hul-z^|e-rie (372)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *usi:-
Orok: uru-lz^|ini-
Meaning: 1 to bind 2 belt, rope, binding 3 to lace
Solon: urun-
Evenki: usi: 2, usi:- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *uru:-
Even: usi 2, us- 1
Meaning: 1 to gather, collect 2 crowd, gathering
Negidal: usi: 2
Evenki: uru:w- 1, uru:wu: 2
Literary Manchu: usê 2, usê- 3
Negidal: oju.w-
Ulcha: uesemse 2
Orok: uru-
Orok: ussi- 1
Solon: oru.-
Nanai: use 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *us-
Oroch: usi 2
Meaning: 1 herd, flock 2 game, wild animal
Udighe: uhi 2
Evenki: usun|a 1
Solon: us^/i: 2
Even: u.su. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *ute:-n
Ulcha: uselte 2
Meaning: house, dwelling
Orok: uselte 2
Evenki: uten
273
Keys of Han
Even: u:te:n Nanai: un-
Negidal: u:te:n Oroch: un/i-
Orok: utemi Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:re
Oroch: u:tecêken Meaning: 1 worm 2 snake
Udighe: utuli, utulu Evenki: u:re 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *util- Negidal: uje 1
Meaning: to understand Ulcha: were(n) 2
Even: u.tъ.l- Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), uje
Negidal: oti.l- Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:ri-
Literary Manchu: utulixequ 'unattentive' Meaning: recently, formerly
Ulcha: u.ti.li.- Evenki: u:r, u:ri
Orok: uttuli.- Even: o":r
Nanai: otoli.o- Negidal: uj
Han-Tungus-prototype: *utumuk Orok: o:ra-pcî
Meaning: back of head Oroch: uja-da
Evenki: utumuk Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"b-
Even: o"to"mo"ho"k Meaning: 1 to hate, abhor 2 to panic 3 to be ashamed
Orok: utumu Evenki: ibz^|a- 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *utu-n / -r Spoken Manchu: uv/a- 'to dislike' (1904)
Meaning: 1 swamp 2 tundra 3 low bushes Literary Manchu: ub/a-, ib/a- 1
Evenki: utun 1, 2 Nanai: obosa- 2
Orok: uterikte 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u:n/i- Meaning: 1 fistula, hollow nutshell 2 anus
Meaning: to shamanize Even: i.mni. 2
Negidal: u:n/i- Literary Manchu: ulu 1
Orok: u:nz^|in- Oroch: i:lmini 2

274
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"l(k)e- Oroch: ijekte 2
Meaning: 1 to measure 2 to understand 3 to transmit, relay, Udighe: jakta 2

teach
Solon: ire:kte, ire:tte 1
Evenki: ilke- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"se
Even: ilke:- 1
Meaning: 1 seed 2 to grow 3 field ready for ploughing
Negidal: ilke:t- 1
Evenki: isew- 2
Spoken Manchu: ulixi- 2 (1860)
Even: isu- 2
Literary Manchu: ulxi- 2, ula- 3
Negidal: isew- 2
Jurchen: uli- 3
Spoken Manchu: usu: 1 (330, 1158, 2143)
Nanai: ilkecî- 1 (Kur-Urm.)
Literary Manchu: use 1, usi-n 3
Oroch: ile:cî- 1
Jurchen: use 1, usi-in (50) 3
Udighe: ilewesi- 1
Ulcha: use 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"n-
Nanai: use 1
Meaning: 1 notch on an arrow 2 scar, mark (on face) 3
wrinkle (on face) Oroch: usi 1
Evenki: inn|u 3 Udighe: jehu- 2
Even: i.nn|atu. 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"t-
Literary Manchu: wen 1 Meaning: 1 to ferment bread 2 jam, cream
Nanai: u:· 1 (Он.) Evenki: itke- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *u"re:-kte Literary Manchu: uta 2
Meaning: 1 larch 2 rod, willow rod Han-Tungus-prototype: *u":(g)-
Evenki: ire:kte 1 Meaning: to knead, press
Even: ire:t 1 Evenki: i:-
Negidal: ije:kte 1 Even: i:-
Ulcha: urekte 2 Negidal: i:-
Orok: urekte 2 Literary Manchu: uje-
Nanai: urekte 2 Nanai: ui-

275
Keys of Han
Oroch: ibbe 'soft' Ulcha: x|a:wu.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *wa:- ( = *eba:-) Orok: x|aw-
Meaning: to kill Nanai: x|ao-
Evenki: wa:- Oroch: au-
Even: wa:-, ma:- Udighe: au-
Negidal: wa:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Spoken Manchu: va:- (739) Meaning: 1 to go mad 2 evil spirit 3 to grizzle 4 to be

angry, clamorous
Literary Manchu: wa-
Evenki: awu:l- 4
Jurchen: wa-du-lar (459)
Even: awu.r- 4
Ulcha: wa:wu.
Literary Manchu: abura- 4
Orok: wa:-
Ulcha: x|au.n, x|abdari. 2, x|au.n- 1
Nanai: wa:-
Orok: x|au.-s 'замертво'
Oroch: wa:-
Nanai: x|ao 'dizziness', x|oan- 3
Udighe: wa:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabda(-nsa)
Solon: wa:-
Meaning: leaf
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Evenki: abdanna
Meaning: 1 to buy 2 to complain, start a lawsuit
Even: ebdъnrъ
Literary Manchu: x|absâ- 2
Negidal: abdana
Ulcha: x|apsi.- 2
Spoken Manchu: af@h@ (2137)
Orok: x|aw- 1, x|apsi.- 2
Literary Manchu: abdaxa / afaxa
Nanai: x|apsi.- 2
Jurchen: ha-[bxa] (119)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xab-
Ulcha: x|abdata
Meaning: to rub, wipe off
Orok: xamdata
Evenki: aw-
Nanai: x|abdata (Nkh.), x|aftaca (Bik.)
Even: aw-
Oroch: abdasa
Negidal: aw-
276
Keys of Han
Udighe: abdeha" Orok: x|atcî.(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xabu-l- Nanai: x|acî.· 2
Meaning: to swell Han-Tungus-prototype: *xacû-kan
Evenki: awul- Meaning: kettle
Even: awu.l- Literary Manchu: x|acûx|an, x|ancûx|an
Negidal: awu.l- Ulcha: x|acôa(n)
Literary Manchu: ajbi- Orok: x|acû.g|a(n)
Ulcha: x|au.li.- Nanai: x|acôx|a
Orok: x|awli.- Oroch: xacûa(n)
Nanai: x|aolo- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadaga-
Udighe: auli- Meaning: to turn back, move back
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu-z^|an- Evenki: adag|a:-
Meaning: to gape, open mouth Even: adag|-
Negidal: awz^|an- Negidal: adag|a:n-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)abu"- Ulcha: x|adan-
Meaning: stem, stalk Nanai: x|ada:n-
Evenki: ag|i(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xadu"-
Even: ag| Meaning: to be worn out, become thin, fragile
Negidal: ag|i.(n) Evenki: adi:n|- 'to diminish'
Literary Manchu: af/a Even: ad-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xacîn Orok: xadu.-
Meaning: 1 kind, sort, variety 2 various Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aju:
Spoken Manchu: hacîn 1 (2558) Meaning: knucklebone
Literary Manchu: x|acîn 1 Evenki: aju:, aju:ka:n
Jurchen: ha-cê-jin 'thing' Solon: aju:.xa:·
Ulcha: x|acî.(n) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaK-

277
Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 to cut off 2 to tear off, separate
Meaning: doll
Negidal: aki.- / kaki.- 1
Ulcha: x|aqu.a(n)
Ulcha: x|aqpa-lu.- 2
Orok: x|oqo(n)
Orok: x|aqpa- 2
Nanai: aqoa
Nanai: x|a:Ga- 1, x|aqpa:- 2
Oroch: xakua
Udighe: akpinda- 1, kakpaligi- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-
Meaning: tug, belt
Meaning: to become rotten, bitter
Evenki: alag|
Literary Manchu: aqsâ-
Even: al
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aK-
Negidal: ala, alan
Meaning: 1 to menstruate 2 dirt 3 rust, mould 4 to rust,
mould Ulcha: x|ala
Evenki: akapcû- 1 Orok: x|ali.
Even: oqu., aqu:.sa 3, oqu:.-, aqu:.- 4 Nanai: x|ala
Solon: aku. 2 Oroch: ala
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)aKa(k)ta Udighe: ala
Meaning: cross-bow, bow Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ala
Even: akata, akota Meaning: tasty, sweet
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xakta- Evenki: ala
Meaning: 1 to castrate (a deer) 2 castrated deer Even: alъ.qe:µ
Evenki: akta- 1, aktaki: 2 Negidal: alagdi.
Even: a:t- 1, ata 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xala:-
Negidal: aktawcâ: 2 Meaning: to wait
Orok: x|aqta 2 Evenki: ala:-c^-
Nanai: x|aqta- 1, x|aqtaqto 2 Even: alac^-
Solon: attamal 'testiculi' Negidal: ala:c^-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaku-kan (/*k-) Spoken Manchu: iali- (1439, 3034)

278
Keys of Han
гари)'
Literary Manchu: al/a-
Literary Manchu: x|ali
Ulcha: xala-cî.-
Orok: x|a:lcî.
Orok: xala:-cî.-
Nanai: x|alo
Nanai: xala-cî-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-
Oroch: ala:-cî-
Meaning: snow (falling in flakes)
Udighe: ala-si-
Evenki: alunti
Solon: ala:s^/-
Negidal: altami.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)al-dan
Orok: x|alu.qta
Meaning: frazil (in spring, close to the shore)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xalu-kta
Negidal: aldan
Meaning: 1 membrane, dandruff 2 birch bark
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xaldi-
Evenki: alukta 1
Meaning: to hack, polish
Even: altъ 1
Evenki: aldi-
Negidal: alta 1
Even: aldъ.-
Literary Manchu: alx|uwa 1, alan 2
Negidal: aldi.-
Orok: x|alu.qta 1
Literary Manchu: anz^|i-
Nanai: x|aloqta 1
Ulcha: x|aldi.-
Oroch: alukta 1
Orok: x|alz^|i.-
Udighe: alu, alukta 1
Nanai: x|alz^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *[x]amu:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)algi-n
Meaning: 1 faeces, dung 2 to defecate 3 snuff, thief (in a
Meaning: otter (male) pipe)
Negidal: algi:. Evenki: amu:-n 1, amu:-n- 2
Literary Manchu: algin Even: amu. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xali:- Negidal: amu.n 1, amu.t- 2
Meaning: bog, swamp Spoken Manchu: ham@ (100) 1, ham@t@- (101) 2
Evenki: ali:kta 'тальник (на гольцах)', 'поросль (на Literary Manchu: x|amu 1, x|amu-ta- 2
279
Keys of Han
Ulcha: amu. 1, amcî.- 2 Orok: x|api.nawu.(n)
Orok: amu.(n) 1, amu.- 2 Oroch: xapinu
Nanai: amo 1, am-cî.- 2 Udighe: afunaù (Корм. 209)
Oroch: amu. 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)apka:-
Udighe: amu- 1, amukta- 2 Meaning: oak tree
Solon: amu.· 1 Negidal: apka:-kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)ikta Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap-ki-
Meaning: mint; name of a geranium-like plant Meaning: to strangle, throttle
Evenki: ani:, anikta Evenki: apki-
Negidal: ani:.kta 'willow-herb' Even: apqъ.-
Oroch: anikta Negidal: apku.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an(d)u- Orok: x|aqpi.-
Meaning: 1 to accuse 2 to tease Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapki-
Evenki: anu:- 1 Meaning: to block, partition
Negidal: anut- 2 Negidal: apki:.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)an|uli: Ulcha: x|aqpali.
Meaning: deer skin (with fading hair) Orok: x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe:
Evenki: an|uli: Nanai: x|aqpi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xap- Udighe: afikta
Meaning: fish bladder Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapsa
Evenki: kapata Meaning: 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat
Negidal: a:pi. Evenki: awsa 1, 2
Ulcha: x|a:pa Even: awsъ. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapina(bu) Negidal: awfsak 1
Meaning: wasp, bee Literary Manchu: absa 1, 3
Ulcha: x|apuna Orok: x|apsaw 2

280
Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 shallow place, shoal 2 shallow 3 ebb, ebb-tide
Nanai: xapsio (Он.) 1 4 to become shallow
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xapu- ~ *xopu- Evenki: arba 1,2
Meaning: foam Even: arbati. 1
Literary Manchu: x|ofon ~ x|afun Negidal: ajba- 4
Udighe: afuti Ulcha: x|alba 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ar- Nanai: x|arba 1,2
Meaning: 1 shoot, bud; fang 2 tooth of a saw 3 a flower Han-Tungus-prototype: *xargan

name
Meaning: chock (for processing fish skins)
Evenki: arga:-wa:kte 3 (?)
Nanai: x|az^|Ga (Kur-Urm.)
Spoken Manchu: ar@h@n (625) 2
Oroch: xaiga(n)
Literary Manchu: arGan 1,2, arsun 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xar-ku"-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)arabgi:
Meaning: 1 to bite 2 to sting
Meaning: larva of a gad-fly
Evenki: arki- 2
Evenki: arawgi:
Even: arqъ.- 2
Even: arъ.bgъ.n
Negidal: ajki.- 2
Negidal: aji.bgi.n
Ulcha: x|acô- 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xara-musa
Orok: x|a:tu.-la- 2
Meaning: thigh covers, stockings
Nanai: x|ajqo- 1, 2
Evenki: aramus
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu-
Even: arъ.mrъ.
Meaning: 1 to sweep 2 fan 3 broom
Negidal: ajmos
Evenki: arpul- 1, arpuki: 2
Orok: x|amu.sa
Even: arpaki. 2
Oroch: am(u)su
Negidal: atpu.- 1, atpu.xi.· 2
Udighe: amuhi
Literary Manchu: arfuqu 2
Solon: aramus^
Ulcha: x|arpu.- 1, x|arpu. 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarba
Orok: x|arpu.ri.- 1, x|arpu. 3
281
Keys of Han
Nanai: x|apoli.- 1, x|apol 3 Even: asi.qi.
Oroch: appu- 1, appu(i) 3 Negidal: asaxi:.
Udighe: akpu- 1, akpun|ku 2, 3 Spoken Manchu: as@h@ 'wing, fin' (2293)
Solon: arpuku 2 Literary Manchu: asx|a
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xarpu- / *xarpi- Ulcha: x|asali.
Meaning: 1 to rasp, plane 2 plane, knife Orok: x|asa
Negidal: atpu.gda 2 Nanai: x|asar
Orok: x|alpi.n- 1 Oroch: asi
Nanai: x|arpi.cî.- 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasi:-kta
Oroch: appili 2 Meaning: fir-tree
Udighe: afili 2 Evenki: asi:kta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa- Even: asta
Meaning: to pursue, drive Ulcha: x|asta
Evenki: asa- Orok: x|asi:qta
Even: asi.-saw- Nanai: x|asi.kta
Negidal: asa- Oroch: asikta
Literary Manchu: asax|a fasax|a 'in a hurry' Udighe: ahikta
Ulcha: x|asa- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)asu-
Orok: x|asa- Meaning: 1 to chop, cut off 2 to bite
Nanai: x|asa-si.- Evenki: asu- 2
Oroch: asa- Literary Manchu: asix/a- 1
Udighe: aha- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasu-
Solon: asa- Meaning: 1 net, trap 2 to fish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xasa-ki: Spoken Manchu: as@ 1 (664)
Meaning: wing Literary Manchu: asu 1
Evenki: asaki: Ulcha: x|ascû.- 2

282
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n-gi- Udighe: ewe 1
Meaning: other, other side Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebi:- / *kupi:- / *xupi:-
Even: a:n|i.li. Meaning: 1 to play 2 jolly, merry 3 to pity 4 to humiliate
Negidal: an|i.-li. Evenki: ewi:- 1, ewle:n- 3
Ulcha: x|an|Gi.-la Even: ewi- 1, ewe 2
Orok: x|an|ne: Negidal: ewi:- 1
Nanai: x|an|Gi.a Spoken Manchu: ifi- 1 (1357)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:n|ga-kura Literary Manchu: efi-, ef/e- 1
Meaning: 1 elder 2 red bilberry Ulcha: xupi- / kupi- 1
Ulcha: x|an|Gaqu.ra 1 Orok: xupi- 1
Orok: x|an|Gattu.ra 1 Nanai: xupi- / kupi- 1, xeule:n- 4
Nanai: x|a:n|Goa 1 Oroch: ewi:-
Oroch: an|an|ka": 1 Solon: ugi:-
Solon: an|ara:ldi 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebti-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xa:ri- Meaning: rib
Meaning: border, hem Evenki: ewtile:
Ulcha: x|a:ri.câ Even: ewutle
Nanai: x|a:ri-, x|a:ricâ Negidal: ewtile
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebe- Spoken Manchu: ef@cî (84)
Meaning: 1 bay 2 lake Literary Manchu: ebcî
Evenki: ewere:n 1 Ulcha: xeuntile, xeuptile
Negidal: ewejen 2 Orok: xewcîle
Ulcha: xewe(n) 2 Nanai: xeucîle
Orok: xewere(n) 1 Oroch: eutile, eutule
Nanai: xewe 1, 2 Udighe: euntile
Oroch: ewe 1 Solon: o":tele:

283
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xebu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xegu"n
Meaning: 1 side 2 across, traverse, to the side Meaning: nine
Evenki: ewunki: 2 Evenki: jeg|in
Even: ewunki 2, ewutle 1 Even: ujun
Negidal: ewunki 2 Negidal: ijeg|in
Jurchen: xe-bew 2 (603) Spoken Manchu: uin, ujun (2743)
Ulcha: xeundi 2 Literary Manchu: ujun
Orok: xeundei 2 Ulcha: xuju(n)
Nanai: xeunz^|i 2 Orok: xuju(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eburen Nanai: xuju
Meaning: corpse Oroch: xuju(n)
Literary Manchu: u:ren, oren, eoren Udighe: jeji
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xedu"-n Solon: jegi
Meaning: wind Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeje-
Evenki: edin Meaning: 1 to sink 2 to float, flow
Even: edъn Evenki: eje- 1
Negidal: edin Even: eje:n- 2
Spoken Manchu: udun (2052) Negidal: eje:-n- 2
Literary Manchu: edun Spoken Manchu: ei- 'to flow, to overflow' (1807)
Jurchen: hedu-un (5) Literary Manchu: eje- 2
Ulcha: xedu(n) Ulcha: xeje-n- 2
Orok: xedu(n) Orok: xeje-n- 2
Nanai: xedu(n) Nanai: xeje- 2
Oroch: edi(n) Oroch: eje- 2
Udighe: edi(n) Udighe: eje- 2
Solon: edi Solon: eji- 2

284
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xel- Ulcha: xen|gi 1
Meaning: 1 bat 2 flying squirrel 3 swallow Orok: x|en|geje 'armpit'
Evenki: elduki: 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elke:n
Even: elduki 2, 3 Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 domestic deer
Ulcha: xele 1 Evenki: elke:n 1
Orok: xelei 3 Even: ie:lken, elken 2
Nanai: xelegdexi, xeregdepi 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeln/i
Oroch: xelegduki 1 Meaning: mortar
Udighe: elugduge 1 Literary Manchu: xel/en
Solon: eligde:· 1 Ulcha: xen/i
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelde-gde ( -gz^|e) Nanai: xen/i ( > Neg. xen/i)
Meaning: a k. of fox Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)elu:-
Negidal: xeldegde ( < South. Tung.) Meaning: 1 to hatch 2 egg
Ulcha: xeldegz^|ie(n) Evenki: elu:- 1
Orok: xeldegde, xeldekte Even: oln|a 2
Nanai: xeldegz^|e Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemer
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eleke:-s Meaning: 1 sharp 2 easy going
Meaning: at first, in the beginning Evenki: emer
Evenki: eleke:s Even: emъr
Even: elъkъs Negidal: emejigdi
Negidal: elexes Ulcha: xomburu(n) 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xelgen/e Orok: xemberu 1,2
Meaning: 1 waist 2 interval Nanai: xemberu 2
Evenki: en|en/e: 1 Oroch: xemberu 2
Even: en|ъn/ 1, e:lgъ 2 Udighe: emei 1, 2
Negidal: en|en/e: 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemn|e

285
Keys of Han
Meaning: wide Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)enn|e-
Evenki: emn|e Meaning: young of deer, horse (one year old)
Even: emn|ъ Evenki: en|neke:n
Negidal: emn|e Even: e:nken
Ulcha: xem, xum 'all' Negidal: en|nexe:n
Orok: xemge Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en-te-
Oroch: emme Meaning: 1 to beware 2 attentively, slowly
Udighe: en|me Even: ente- 1, e:ntukuke:n 2
Solon: emme Literary Manchu: entexeme 'always, eternally'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xemu-gde Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/u"-
Meaning: 1 belly 2 intestines Meaning: light (not heavy)
Evenki: emugde 2 Evenki: en/i:-mku:n, en/um
Even: emdъ 2 Even: ejim
Negidal: emugde 1 Negidal: en/imkun
Ulcha: xemde 1 Literary Manchu: eni-xun
Orok: xemugde 2 Ulcha: xen/u
Nanai: xemde 1 Orok: xen/u-mi
Udighe: emugde 1 Nanai: xen/u
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen/e Oroch: xen/imi
Meaning: dull side of blade Udighe: enimese` (Корм. 314)
Ulcha: xen/e Solon: enikku:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ene-ku": Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|-
Meaning: sheath, scabbard Meaning: 1 free 2 to walk out into open space
Evenki: eneki: Evenki: en|i:- 2
Even: en/ki Ulcha: xen|gel(i) 1
Negidal: enexi: Nanai: xen|gel 1

286
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Udighe: en|ez^|i 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xepe/u-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|e:- Meaning: to break, destroy
Meaning: to peer, investigate Evenki: ew-
Even: en|e:li-, en|e:t- Spoken Manchu: efel@ (1660)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)en|ge Literary Manchu: efule-, efele-
Meaning: beak Nanai: xepu-li-
Literary Manchu: en|ge Han-Tungus-prototype: *xereki:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|(-gu-) Meaning: frog
Meaning: to be burnt Evenki: ereki:
Evenki: en|gure:- Even: eriki
Nanai: xe:n|gi- Negidal: ejexi:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xen|gu-kte Literary Manchu: erxe
Meaning: wild onion Ulcha: xere, xereke
Evenki: un|ukte, en|ukte Orok: xere
Even: en|ut Nanai: xere
Negidal: en|ukte Oroch: e:ki
Literary Manchu: un|ge, en|gule Udighe: e:xi
Ulcha: xez^|ikte Han-Tungus-prototype: *xerekte
Nanai: xez^|ukte Meaning: skin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xep- Evenki: erekte 'skin, bark'
Meaning: 1 to sprinkle 2 to get wet Even: ertъ
Evenki: epe-, epti- 1 Negidal: ejekte
Even: eb- 1,2, e:pte- 1 Ulcha: xerekte
Negidal: epti- 1 Orok: xerekte
Literary Manchu: ebe- 2 Nanai: xerekte
Orok: xepic^cî- 1 Oroch: e:kte

287
Keys of Han
Udighe: eju, ejeu 'shovel'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xere:-
Solon: eru:· 'shovel'
Meaning: 1 around 2 to walk around, turn around
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xesi-n
Evenki: ere:li: 1
Meaning: string in net edge
Even: erъl- 2
Spoken Manchu: xes^@n, xes@n 'brim; strap' (2606)
Negidal: eje:l- 2
Literary Manchu: xesên 'edge (of net etc.)'
Ulcha: xereli- 2
Ulcha: xesi(n)
Orok: xereli- 2, xere-li 1
Nanai: xesi
Nanai: xeri- 2
Oroch: xesi(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)erge
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xete-
Meaning: a k. of box
Meaning: 1 to overcome, win 2 to be stubborn, contend 3
Evenki: erge to fulfil, accomplish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri- Evenki: ete- 3
Meaning: 1 price 2 wake, ritual celebration (after death) 3 Even: et- 1

payment to a judge
Negidal: eticê- 2, ete- 3
Even: e:ri 1
Spoken Manchu: et@- 'to win' (803)
Nanai: xerge 2, xeru: (Он.) 3
Literary Manchu: ete- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xeri- / *xeru-
Jurchen: hete-xe (794) 1
Meaning: 1 to rake up 2 to sweep
Ulcha: xete- 1
Evenki: eru- 1
Orok: xete- 1
Even: er- 1
Nanai: xete- 1
Negidal: ej- 1
Oroch: ete- 1
Literary Manchu: eri- 2
Udighe: ete- 1
Ulcha: xeru- 1
Solon: ete- 1, 3
Orok: xeri- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)eti-
Nanai: xeti- 1 (*xer-cî-)
Meaning: 1 old man 2 father-in-law
Oroch: ei- 1
Evenki: eti-rke:n 1, etki: 2
288
Keys of Han
Even: eti-ke:n 1, etki 2 Evenki: e:ri:-
Negidal: eti-xen 1, etki: 2 Even: e:ri-
Solon: etikke:· 1 Negidal: e:ji:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)etu- Jurchen: xeRse-be 'language' (762)
Meaning: strong, hard Ulcha: xe:r-si-
Spoken Manchu: et@xun (2501) Nanai: xe:r-si-
Literary Manchu: etu-xun Solon: e:ri:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xetu"- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xia (*xai)
Meaning: to tear apart Meaning: 1 what 2 who
Evenki: eti- Evenki: e:µku:n 1, e:µ 2
Even: eted- Even: a":q 1
Ulcha: xetu-li- Negidal: e:µxun, e:µkun 1, 2; e:µwa 1
Orok: xetu:- Spoken Manchu: ai 1 (2896)
Nanai: xetu-li- Literary Manchu: ai / ja 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xez^|e- Ulcha: x|aj 1
Meaning: to rip, unrip Orok: xai 1
Evenki: ez^|e- Nanai: x|ai. 1
Even: ez^|- Solon: i: 1
Negidal: ez^|e- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iag-
Ulcha: xez^|e-li-, xez^|e-cê- Meaning: cold (sickness), influenza
Orok: xede-cî- Evenki: e:µg|
Nanai: xez^|e:- (intr.) (Он.) Even: a":g| 1
Oroch: ez^|e-ti- Negidal: e:µg|
Udighe: ez^|e-si- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xial-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xe:ri:- Meaning: 1 coal 2 black
Meaning: to shout, call Evenki: e:µlla 1

289
Keys of Han
Ulcha: si.waGda
Even: a":lrъ 1
Nanai: si.waGda
Negidal: e:µla 1
Oroch: iwagda
Spoken Manchu: jacîn| 2 (2427)
Udighe: jog|da
Literary Manchu: jacîn 2, jax|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xidar
Jurchen: hia-xa (66) 1
Meaning: bitter, acid, biting
Ulcha: se:µlta 1
Evenki: idari-pcû
Orok: se:µlta 1
Even: i.dъrsi.
Nanai: si.alta 1
Negidal: i.dasi
Oroch: (i)jakta 1
Literary Manchu: idarsâ- 'to feel chest pain'
Udighe: jalaha 1
Ulcha: si.darsi.
Solon: ilge, ilcî 1
Orok: si.da:ru.li.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiap-
Nanai: si.darsi.
Meaning: 1 deer calf 2 deer herd
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xigdi-
Evenki: e:µvka:n 1
Meaning: to comb
Even: a":vqan 1, a":vta 2
Evenki: igdi-
Negidal: e:µvka:n 1
Even: i.d-
Orok: se:µpo, se:µpu.g|a 1
Negidal: i.gdi.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iaru:-n
Literary Manchu: iz^|i-
Meaning: 1 shoulder bone 2 cubit, measure of length 3
ridge of deer's shoulder bone Jurchen: hir-di-xun 'comb' (549)
Evenki: e:µru:n 1, 2 Ulcha: sigdu-
Even: a"rъ.n 3 Orok: sigdi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiba-gda Nanai: sigz^|i-
Meaning: ash tree Oroch: igdi-
Negidal: i.wagda Solon: idda-
Literary Manchu: ibadan Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)igz^|a-

290
Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 yellow 2 grey
Negidal: i.la-
Evenki: igz^|a-ma, -rin 1
Literary Manchu: jila-
Even: i.g|z^|aqa 2
Oroch: ila-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil-
Udighe: ila-
Meaning: 1 loop for a billet on deer's neck (to keep him
from straying) 2 fur collar 3 halter, headstall Solon: ila-
Evenki: inman, inmar 3, ilte: 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ile ( ~ -u"-)
Even: i.nmъ.r 3 Meaning: person
Literary Manchu: ilten 2 Evenki: ile
Ulcha: sini 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ilga-
Orok: sinni 2, si.lma 3 Meaning: 1 diligent 2 brave 3 handsome 4 crafty 5 to

develop, become firm
Oroch: sili 2
Evenki: ilga-n 1,2,3,4
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xila-
Even: i.lgъ.rъ.lbъ.- 5
Meaning: to blossom, flower
Spoken Manchu: il@damun|@ 'good-looking, prim'
Evenki: ila-, ilag|a (2525)
Negidal: i.lag|a-, i.lag|a Literary Manchu: ildamu 3,4
Spoken Manchu: il@ha: (2139) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xil(i)-
Literary Manchu: ila-, ilx|a Meaning: to plait, braid
Jurchen: hil-g|a (118) Evenki: ilcâ-
Ulcha: si.la-, si.la Even: i.lcâ:-
Orok: si.la-, si.lla Negidal: i.lcâ-
Nanai: si.la-, si.laqta Ulcha: si.lu.-
Oroch: ilakta Orok: si.li.-
Udighe: ila- Nanai: si.li.-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ila- Oroch: ilicâ-
Meaning: to burn, kindle Han-Tungus-prototype: *xilkun
Evenki: ila- Meaning: summer salmon

291
Keys of Han
Evenki: ilkun Negidal: i.mana
Negidal: i.lku.n Spoken Manchu: niman|@ (2025)
Ulcha: si.lcî.n Literary Manchu: niman|gi
Nanai: si.lki.· Jurchen: hima-n|i (17)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xiln|u" Ulcha: si.mana, si.mata
Meaning: tongue Orok: si.mana, si.mata
Evenki: inn/i Nanai: si.mana, si.mata
Even: ienn|ъ Oroch: imasa
Negidal: in/n|i Udighe: imaha
Spoken Manchu: ilen|@, iln|i Solon: imanda
Literary Manchu: ilen|gu Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximn|e-kte
Jurchen: hilen|-n|u (499) Meaning: bird-cherry
Ulcha: sin/u Evenki: inn|e:kte
Orok: sinu Negidal: imn|emke:n
Nanai: s/irmu, sin|mu Literary Manchu: jen|ge
Oroch: in|i Ulcha: sin/ekte
Udighe: in|i Orok: sin|ekte
Solon: in|i Nanai: sin|e:kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)im- Oroch: imepe
Meaning: 1 gown 2 a k. of ritual hat Udighe: in|ofo
Literary Manchu: im/antu 2 Solon: in|ekte
Oroch: imz^|a 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *ximu:-n|kse
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xima-n|sa Meaning: fat
Meaning: snow Evenki: imu:kse
Evenki: imana Even: imrъn, imdъn
Even: i.mъ.nrъ. Negidal: imukse

292
Keys of Han
Evenki: in|a: 1, 2
Literary Manchu: imen|gi
Even: i.n|a 1, 2
Jurchen: ji-miun|-n|u (526)
Negidal: i.n|a: 2
Ulcha: simse
Spoken Manchu: n/un|/an, n/ohun 1 (2111)
Orok: simure
Literary Manchu: jon|gan 1
Nanai: s/imukse
Oroch: in|o 2
Oroch: imukse
Udighe: in|o 4
Udighe: imoho
Solon: in|a: 3
Solon: imukcê, imuc^cê
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin|u":-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xinda-?
Meaning: 1 cold 2 to freeze
Meaning: come
Evenki: in|inipcû 1
Orok: sinda-/xinda-
Even: in|ъn/si 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xin/-n|a-
Negidal: in|inigdi 1
Meaning: hair, fur
Ulcha: sin|gun- 2
Evenki: inn|akta
Orok: sin|gu:- 2
Even: i.nn|ъ.t
Nanai: si:n|gu- 2
Negidal: enn/akta
Oroch: in|en/i 1
Literary Manchu: in|Gax|a
Udighe: in|inihi 1
Ulcha: si.n/akta
Solon: inigigdi
Orok: si.naqta
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ipke-
Nanai: si.n|aqta
Meaning: to order, tell, lure
Oroch: in|aqta
Evenki: ipku-, ipke-
Udighe: in|akta
Even: ipkъn-
Solon: in|akta
Udighe: ikpele- (Корм. 237)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)in|a:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir-
Meaning: 1 sand (on a shallow place) 2 pebbles 3 small
stone 4 shallow place Meaning: dandruff
293
Keys of Han
Even: irit
Oroch: jo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xir-
Udighe: jue
Meaning: 1 wild deer 2 to rub horns 3 *'newborn animal' >
'new' Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirga-
Evenki: irki, ire: 1, irkeki:n (dial.) 3 Meaning: gad-fly
Even: ircê-, irkъ- 2 Evenki: irgakta
Negidal: ijun 1, iskekin 3 Even: i.rgъ.t
Spoken Manchu: icê: 'new' (2544) Negidal: i.jgakta
Literary Manchu: iren 1, icê 3 Spoken Manchu: iz^|a: (2262)
Jurchen: hi(i_)cê (85) 3 Literary Manchu: iz^|a
Ulcha: suru(n) 1, sicêu(n) 3 Ulcha: si.z^|aqta
Orok: sitcê- 2, sitcê- 3 Orok: si.z^|i.qta
Nanai: siru 1, s/iku(n) 3 Nanai: si.Gaqta
Oroch: iju 1, ikken 3 Udighe: iga
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ir- ~ (x)u"r- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ise-
Meaning: ancient, former Meaning: 1 to crush 2 to beat 3 to butt, quarrel
Even: ir-be:t Evenki: isê- (dial.) 1
Negidal: ij Negidal: isi-kte- 1
Solon: ire:kte Literary Manchu: isele- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xirege Oroch: isa":mecî- 'перетягивать (друг у друга, держась

за противоположные концы веревки, - игра)'
Meaning: file
Solon: is^/ilz^|i- 'to contest'
Evenki: ireg|e:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xisi-
Even: irge
Meaning: 1 larch 2 cypress
Negidal: i:g|e: ~ ijeg|e:
Evenki: ismama 1
Ulcha: siru
Even: i.sъ.g| 'forest'
Orok: si:ro
Negidal: i.s, i.sma 1
Nanai: siru
294
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: isi 1
Nanai: si:
Jurchen: hisi (105) 2
Oroch: i:
Ulcha: sisi 1
Udighe: i: (i_i)
Orok: si.si. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:Keri
Nanai: si.si. 1
Meaning: 1 spine, spine marrow 2 bone
Oroch: isi 1
Evenki: i:ke:ri 1
Udighe: ihi 1
Even: ikъri 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)it-
Negidal: i:xej 2
Meaning: 1 shallow place 2 ditch
Literary Manchu: ikursun 1
Literary Manchu: itan 1
Ulcha: sieri 1
Solon: i:tra: 2
Orok: se:ri 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ite
Oroch: ikei 1
Meaning: board (on bottom of the birch-boat)
Udighe: ixe 'кожа, пленка (темного цвета вдоль хребта
Evenki: ite рыбы); боковина рыбьей тушки с хребтом и хвостом'
(Корм. 240)
Negidal: i:te
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:(l)-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)iti
Meaning: to pass
Meaning: 1 custom, order 2 to organize, prepare 3
occasion Evenki: ilte(n)-
Evenki: iti(n) 1, itig|a:- 2 Even: ie-, iel-
Even: i.tqa 1, i.tu.-, i.tъ.g|- 2 Negidal: ilten-
Negidal: i.tqa 1 Ulcha: si:-
Oroch: i:ti 3 Orok: si:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:b- Nanai: si:-
Meaning: handle (of axe), shaft (of arrow) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xi:ru"-kte
Even: iw-den Meaning: ant
Ulcha: si: Evenki: i:rikte
Orok: si: Even: hi:rit

295
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobu-r / *xebu-r
Negidal: i:kte
Meaning: coffin
Spoken Manchu: jur@ imah@ (2268)
Spoken Manchu: hov@ (752)
Literary Manchu: jerxuwe
Literary Manchu: x|obo
Ulcha: sinono
Ulcha: xeuli
Orok: sirukte
Nanai: xeur, xewur
Nanai: silukte (contaminated with *silV- 'ant')
Udighe: xau
Oroch: i:kte
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xod-
Udighe: ikte
Meaning: to end, finish
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ob-
Evenki: od-
Meaning: 1 to become spoiled (of meat) 2 to get tired,
exhausted 3 to get poor Even: od-
Evenki: obdo- 1 Spoken Manchu: vaz^|@-, vaz^|i- (1759)
Even: obdъ.- 2 Literary Manchu: waz^|i-
Negidal: obolo- 3 Ulcha: x|odi.-
Literary Manchu: uba- 1, obdoqo jali 'spoiled, tasteless Orok: x|oz^|i.-

meat'
Nanai: x|oz^|i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xobani:
Oroch: odi-
Meaning: armpit
Udighe: wadi-
Evenki: og|oni:, owon/i:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odinsa
Even: og|ni., owni.
Meaning: 1 summer skin of deer 2 to fade (of skin)
Negidal: og|oni.
Evenki: odinna 1
Literary Manchu: obix/a jali 'meat from the region of
shoulderblades' Even: odъ.ndъ.- 2
Ulcha: x|awa(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)odu
Orok: x|awani. Meaning: wonder
Nanai: x|awani. Evenki: odu
Solon: owoni: Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)og- ~ *(x)ok-

296
Keys of Han
Meaning: to sing Nanai: x|olo- 2
Even: og|ъ.t- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)olbu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oKi- Meaning: soul of the dead; shadow
Meaning: place where skin is cut off from deer's shank Evenki: elbu, olbu-n
Evenki: oki:-kta Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-ksa
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol- / *xul- Meaning: 1 bark 2 board 3 coffin
Meaning: 1 dance, move in dancing 2 climb down, out Evenki: oldaksa, uldaksa 1, 2
(from a vehicle, boat) 3 bend (of a river) 4 to walk around,
turn round Even: oldu.s 3
Evenki: olo-nmu:- 1, uli-sin 3 Negidal: oldokso 3
Even: u.li.na 3 Ulcha: x|oldoqso 2
Negidal: oli.-si.n- 4 Orok: x|oldoqso 3
Ulcha: x|olon- 2, x|o:li.- 4 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolda-n
Orok: x|u.lon- 2, x|o:li.- 4 Meaning: 1 side 2 thigh
Nanai: xulun- 2, xo:li.- 4 Evenki: oldo:n 1, 2
Oroch: xolon-o- 2 ( < Orok.), uli- 4 Even: olda:n 1
Udighe: xoli- 4 ( < Nan.) Negidal: oldon 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola- Ulcha: x|oldo(n) 1
Meaning: oak Orok: x|oldo(n) 1
Nanai: xoron|kola Nanai: x|oldo 1
Oroch: olon|ki: Oroch: ogdo(n) 1
Udighe: olon|ko" Udighe: ogdo(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xola- Solon: oldo 1
Meaning: 1 dirt 2 to sully Han-Tungus-prototype: *xolga
Literary Manchu: x|ojla- 2 Meaning: 1 to dry 2 dry
Ulcha: xolo- 2 Evenki: olgo- 1, olgokin 2
Orok: x|oloqto 1 Even: olgъ.- 1, olgъ.qъ.n 2

297
Keys of Han
Negidal: olgo- 1, olgokin 2
Evenki: omi:-kin 1
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@-, ol@hu-1 (1814), ol@h@ 2
(1815) Even: omъ.t- 3
Literary Manchu: olGo- 1, olx|on 2 Negidal: omi.xi:.n 1
Ulcha: xolz^|o(n) 2 Literary Manchu: omi-n 1, 2
Orok: xoldoxo 2 Ulcha: x|omcî.- 3
Nanai: x|olGo- 1, x|olGoqto /u. 2 Nanai: x|omi. 1, 2
Oroch: oggipta 1 Udighe: omisi- 3
Udighe: ogo- 1, ogoù 2 (Корм. 274) Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)on-
Solon: olgo- 1 Meaning: 1 to search (for lost deer) 2 to wait 3 domestic

reindeer trained for searching wild deer
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xol-sa
Evenki: oni:- 1, ondo:gdo 3
Meaning: 1 fish 2 boiled fish
Even: o:nmъ.t- 2, onda:- 1, ondad 3
Evenki: ollo 1
Negidal: ondogdo 3
Even: olrъ. 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xondari
Negidal: olo 1
Meaning: wall mat
Ulcha: xolto(n) 2
Negidal: xondoj ( < South.), onara-wu 'полка вдоль нар'
Orok: xolto 2
Ulcha: x|ondori.
Nanai: xolto 2
Orok: x|ondori.
Oroch: okto 2
Nanai: x|ondori.
Udighe: oloho 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon/i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoma-
Meaning: sand, dirt
Meaning: tent, summer-house
Even: on/i.n|
Negidal: omo:xa:n
Orok: xon|oqto
Ulcha: x|omi.ra(n)
Oroch: on/okto
Nanai: x|omara
Udighe: on/okto
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xomi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xonta-kta
Meaning: 1 hunger, hungry 2 drought 3 to be hungry
298
Keys of Han
Meaning: hemp Literary Manchu: orin
Evenki: onokto Jurchen: horin (655)
Literary Manchu: x|unta Ulcha: x|ori.(n)
Ulcha: x|u.ntax|a Orok: x|ori.(n)
Nanai: x|ontaxa Nanai: x|ori.·
Oroch: onokto Oroch: oi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xon|a- Udighe: waji
Meaning: 1 nose 2 front part (of boat) 3 nose bridge Solon: ori
Evenki: on|okto 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oru-
Even: on|ъ.t 1 Meaning: to flame up
Negidal: on|okto 1 Evenki: orumna-
Spoken Manchu: xon|q@ 2 (1272) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xosi:-kta
Literary Manchu: x|on|qo 2 Meaning: 1 to scrape 2 claw, finger-nail
Ulcha: x|on|qo 2 Evenki: osi:- 1, osi:kta 2
Nanai: qon|toro 1, x|ondax|a 3, x|o:n|qo 2 Even: osi.- 1, ostъ. 2
Oroch: xon|ko 2 (possibly < Manchu) Negidal: osi:.- 1, o:tta 2
Solon: onokto 1 Spoken Manchu: was@q@l@m, was@qulu- 'to scratch, to

claw' (1574)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)or-
Literary Manchu: wasixa 2
Meaning: 1 red bilberry 2 black currant
Ulcha: x|osi.- 1, x|osta 2
Evenki: ora:n|l/a: 1
Orok: x|osi.- 1, x|osi.qta 2
Even: o:rba:t 2
Nanai: x|osaqala- 1, x|osaqta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xorin
Oroch: xosi- 1
Meaning: twenty
Udighe: wahi- (Корм. 218) 1, wai-li- 1, waikta, wahikta 2
Evenki: orin
Solon: os^/i:- 1, u.s^/i:kta 2
Negidal: oji.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ot-
Spoken Manchu: orin (2754)
Meaning: to shout, cry
299
Keys of Han
Udighe: wali
Evenki: otutka-
Solon: ol/e:, oli:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xoz^|a-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:ri-kta
Meaning: 1 edge, end 2 slanting, slant
Meaning: excrements (of deer)
Evenki: oz^|o 2
Evenki: o:rikta
Even: oz^|an- 2
Even: o:ri.t
Negidal: oz^|o- 2
Orok: xori.qta
Spoken Manchu: uz^|an 1 (2605)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:sa
Literary Manchu: uz^|an 1
Meaning: 1 skin from deer's feet 2 animal's paw
Orok: x|odo- 2
Evenki: o:sa 1
Nanai: x|oz^|i.a- 2
Even: o:sъ.l 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)oz^|u
Negidal: o:sa 1
Meaning: oestrum
Spoken Manchu: vas^@q@, vas@q@, vas^@qu, vas@qu
Even: oz^|u. 2 (2287)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)o:b- Literary Manchu: osôxo 2
Meaning: 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to Ulcha: x|osoli. 1

wash, wash off
Orok: x|oso 2
Evenki: o:vda- 1
Nanai: x|o:so: 2, x|o:sol 1
Spoken Manchu: ov@-, ovu- (1691) 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:si-kta
Literary Manchu: obo- 3, obon|gi 2
Meaning: star
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xo:li:
Evenki: o:si:kta
Meaning: raven, crow
Even: o:si.qat
Evenki: o:li:
Negidal: o:sikta
Even: oli.nz^|a
Spoken Manchu: usîha: (2037)
Negidal: o:li:.
Literary Manchu: usixa
Nanai: x|oli:.
Jurchen: hosi-xa (12)
Oroch: oli
Ulcha: xosta
300
Keys of Han
Orok: wasi.qta Nanai: xu:te 1
Nanai: xosaqta (диал.) Oroch: u:te 1
Oroch: xosakta Udighe: ute 1
Udighe: waikta, wahikta Solon: u:telde 1
Solon: o:s^/ikta Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ub-ga: Meaning: 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn
Meaning: burrow, hole Evenki: ucîn- 2
Evenki: ubga: Even: u.cân|kat- 1
Even: u.bgu.q, dial. o:wa Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ucâ-
Negidal: obga- 'пролезать под снегом (о птицах)' Meaning: to stumble
Literary Manchu: o 'armpit' Evenki: ucâwan-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xubgu Even: u.c^côn|cî.-
Meaning: vein, artery Negidal: ocâg|an-
Evenki: ug| Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuda
Even: ug| Meaning: 1 to buy, hire 2 to lend 3 trade 4 to trade, barter
Negidal: ubgu Evenki: udi- 2
Orok: x|obGoli. Spoken Manchu: uda- (1409)
Solon: o:g 'heart' Literary Manchu: uda- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xub(u)te Jurchen: xu-da-sia-maj (418) 4
Meaning: 1 touchwood 2 rotten, to rot Ulcha: x|u.da 3
Evenki: upte 2 Nanai: x|uda 3
Even: ut- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xude-ki:
Negidal: ukte 1, ukte- Meaning: board for cutting skins; a stick for sewing
Literary Manchu: ibte, ibete 1 Evenki: udeki:
Ulcha: xute 1 Even: udeki
Orok: xu:te 1 Negidal: udexi

301
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuK-
Ulcha: xude
Meaning: 1 to peel (bark, rind) 2 peels, rind
Orok: xude(n)
Evenki: uk- 1
Nanai: xude
Even: u.q- 1
Oroch: udeki
Negidal: okli:- 1
Udighe: udexi (Корм. 300)
Ulcha: x|oGdi.qta 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xugdi
Oroch: uki- 1
Meaning: 1 wide 2 capacious
Udighe: ukki- 1
Ulcha: xugdi 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uK-
Orok: xugz^|i 1
Meaning: 1 ice-hole, glade 2 river rift 3 river
Nanai: xugz^|i 1, 2
Evenki: uktel 1, uksi 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuge
Even: oqa:t 3
Meaning: 1 frame, poles round the hearth 2 board on edge
of bed 3 first lower log in house, threshold Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ukt-
Evenki: ug|e 3 Meaning: 1 weeping, grief 2 angry 3 to insult
Even: u: 1 Literary Manchu: uqtu 1, uqtun 2
Negidal: ug|e 2 Oroch: ukta- 3
Ulcha: xue 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uk-ti-
Orok: xue, xuwe 1 Meaning: to be hungry
Nanai: xue 2 Evenki: ukti-
Udighe: we:, ue (Корм. 219), we, ue 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuja Meaning: to wrap
Meaning: a k. of fish Evenki: ukuli:-
Orok: x|ojodo 'кунджа', x|ojo 'таймень' Even: uk-
Nanai: x|ojz^|a 'sheat-fish' Negidal: uxil-
Oroch: ojo 'кунджа' Literary Manchu: uxu-
Udighe: ojo 'кунджа' Jurchen: hu-xun-mij am-si-da-lar 'to contain' (764)

302
Keys of Han
Ulcha: xuku- Evenki: ulbu-
Orok: xukulitcî- Even: ulbъ-
Nanai: xuku- Negidal: ulbul- 'to move in a tandem'
Solon: uxuli:- Orok: ulbumz^|i 'in a tandem'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu- Nanai: xuelbi-
Meaning: hill Oroch: ubbuna-
Evenki: ukuri: Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuldu"
Literary Manchu: uquda, uqada Meaning: 1 warm 2 to heat 3 flame
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uKu- Evenki: uldi 3
Meaning: 1 weak 2 stupid Spoken Manchu: venz^|exun, venz^|@xun 'agreeably

warm' (2058)
Literary Manchu: uxu-ken 1, 2
Literary Manchu: wenz^|e- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuku-n / *kuku-n
Ulcha: xuldu 1, xuldu:- 2
Meaning: breast (fem.)
Orok: xuldu 1
Evenki: ukun
Nanai: xul'd'i 1
Even: o"kъn
Udighe: ugdi- 2
Negidal: o"xo"n / o"ko"n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule-
Spoken Manchu: oh@ 'armpit'(67)
Meaning: 1 canal, ditch, duct 2 whirlpool 3 pool
Literary Manchu: oxo, oGo 'armpit'
Even: u:l, ulgin 3
Ulcha: kue(n), kuku(n)
Literary Manchu: ule-n 1
Orok: qu:(n), qo:(n)
Orok: xulu-pti 2
Nanai: ku:(n)
Nanai: xuler 'pit in river bottom' (Он.)
Oroch: oko(n)
Oroch: u:le 1
Udighe: koso` (Корм. 251)
Udighe: u:le 1
Solon: uxu 'milk'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xule:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulbu"-
Meaning: to dig
Meaning: to bind, to arrange
Evenki: ule:-
303
Keys of Han
Even: ul- Negidal: ulki 2
Negidal: ule:- Literary Manchu: urki 2
Literary Manchu: uldefun 'wooden shovel' Orok: xulcî 2
Ulcha: xule- Oroch: ukki 2
Orok: xule- Udighe: uki 2
Nanai: xule- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuln|u-
Udighe: ule- Meaning: navel
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulgu- Evenki: un|ure:
Meaning: reed Even: inn|o", in|n|o"
Evenki: ulgukta Negidal: un|n/o-n
Negidal: ojgokto Spoken Manchu: ulun|u (94)
Spoken Manchu: ol@h@ (2157) Literary Manchu: ulen|gu
Literary Manchu: ulx|u Ulcha: xujmu
Ulcha: x|olGaqta Orok: xu:nu
Orok: xu.ldu.qta Nanai: xujmu
Nanai: x|olGoqta Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulu-ki:
Oroch: ugukta Meaning: squirrel
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uli-n Evenki: uluki:
Meaning: chest, chest bone, collar bone Even: o"liki
Evenki: ulin Negidal: o.lo.xi:
Even: o"lken Literary Manchu: ulxu
Literary Manchu: ulxun, ulku Ulcha: xolo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xulki- Orok: xolo / xulu
Meaning: 1 to mix, stir 2 support for feet in a boat Nanai: xulu
Evenki: ulki:- 1, ulki 2 Oroch: oloki
Even: u.lqu.- 1 Udighe: oloxi

304
Keys of Han
Solon: uluxi Udighe: uma(n) 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum- Solon: u:.ma:· 1
Meaning: 1 to soak 2 to besmear (face) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum(p)-
Evenki: umi:- 1 Meaning: 1 to soften 2 smth. rotten 3 softened birch bark 4

rotten birch
Even: umi- 1
Evenki: umdu- 1, ubgucê: 4
Literary Manchu: x|umara- 2
Negidal: umdus-umdus 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xum-
Nanai: x|omdo (Naikh.) 3
Meaning: lean, weak
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-
Evenki: umda:n
Meaning: upside down
Even: u.mnaku.
Evenki: umuski:
Ulcha: x|omdo(n), x|u.mdu.(n)
Even: umuski:
Orok: x|u.mana
Negidal: umne-pki:
Nanai: xumdu
Literary Manchu: umusixun
Oroch: umana
Ulcha: xumesi
Solon: u.mina:-
Orok: xumusei
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuma:-n,-kin, *xum-nu
Nanai: xumesi
Meaning: 1 marrow 2 metatarsus
Oroch: umse-
Evenki: uma:n, uma:kin 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xumu-
Even: u.mъ.n 1, u:.nmъ. 2
Meaning: to dig, bury
Negidal: oman 1, onmu. 2
Negidal: umu-
Spoken Manchu: um@han| (332) 1
Spoken Manchu: umu- 'to burry, to fill' (1747)
Literary Manchu: umGan, umx|an 1, umuxun 2
Literary Manchu: umbu-
Ulcha: xoma(n) / xu.ma(n) 1
Ulcha: xumu-
Orok: xu.ma(n) 1, xu:mnu: 2
Orok: xumu-
Nanai: xoma 1
Nanai: xumu-
Oroch: uma(n) 1, umnu 2
305
Keys of Han
Oroch: umu- Nanai: xun/i-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/a- Udighe: un/i- 'to become sick'
Meaning: 1 ladle 2 thimble 3 finger 4 wooden bucket Han-Tungus-prototype: *xunz^|i-
Evenki: un/aptun 2, un/aka:ptun 3 Meaning: 1 wooden quiver 2 a vessel made of birch bark
Even: u.n/an 2, u.n/iqъn 3 Evenki: unz^|ika:n 2
Negidal: onka:n 1, on/axa:n 3 Nanai: xonz^|i (Он.) 1
Spoken Manchu: xuni 'wooden pail' (580) Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)un|-
Literary Manchu: xun/o 4 Meaning: head (of kin, clan), chief
Ulcha: x|on/a(n) 1 Spoken Manchu: un|an (1012)
Orok: x|u.n/a 1 Literary Manchu: un|gu, un|Ga
Nanai: x|on/a 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|-da-
Oroch: un/a 1, un/aka(n) 3 Meaning: ice crust on snow
Udighe: un/a` 3, un/a`ptin 2 (Корм. 302) Evenki: un|nan
Solon: u.naxa:· 1, 3 Even: u:.nъ.n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)unda- Negidal: o:n|nan
Meaning: 1 sinew on the back 2 belt Literary Manchu: undan
Evenki: una: 1 Nanai: x|on|da
Even: a"inapin 'украшение на переднике' Udighe: un|na; on|o- 'to freeze'
Negidal: o:nan 1, on/apun 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|i:-kta
Literary Manchu: unda 1 Meaning: blood vessel
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun/i- Evenki: un|i:kta
Meaning: to envy, become sick of envy Even: u.n|tъ.
Evenki: uni- Negidal: on|ta:, on|ikta
Even: o"n/- Ulcha: x|on|Gi.qta
Negidal: un/i- Orok: x|u.mu.qta
Ulcha: xun/i- Nanai: x|on|gi.qta

306
Keys of Han
Udighe: umakta, umukta Negidal: opkal 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|ke- / *kun|ke- Ulcha: x|u.pala- 2
Meaning: to bow Orok: x|upala- 2
Evenki: un|ke:- Nanai: x|opala- 2
Negidal: ken|ket- Oroch: x|upala- 2
Spoken Manchu: xen|kil@-, xin|kili- 'to kowtow' (1446) Udighe: ufal, ufalahi 1
Literary Manchu: xen|gile- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup-
Jurchen: ken|-ke-le-mij (751) Meaning: film on fish eggs
Ulcha: ken|kele- Nanai: xuperemse
Nanai: ken|kele- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)upara-
Udighe: xen|ki- Meaning: to neglect, mistake
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xun|Vl- Spoken Manchu: ufar@- (1761)
Meaning: 1 worm 2 grub Literary Manchu: ufara-
Evenki: un|ul 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupu-n|ksa
Even: un|ъl 1, 2 Meaning: soot
Negidal: un|il 2 Evenki: uwuksa
Spoken Manchu: imah@, nimah@ 1 (2173) Orok: xumesike
Literary Manchu: um/axa / im/axa 1 Nanai: xufekse
Jurchen: wu-mia-xa (166) 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xupuru
Orok: xun|guli 2 Meaning: 1 rift (in river) 2 bridge
Nanai: xun|guli 2 Evenki: o:ran 1
Oroch: umuli 2 Jurchen: hufuru 2 (Doerfer MT 136)
Udighe: un|ulu 1 Nanai: xurfu 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xup- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur-
Meaning: 1 all 2 to gather Meaning: 1 bear 2 gopher 3 bear's flesh (as food) 4 young
tarbagan
Evenki: upkat 1, upu:re:- 2
Evenki: urike 2, urka- 3
307
Keys of Han
Even: u.rka- 3, urgeg|e 4 Orok: x|u.raqta 1
Negidal: ujguli 1 Nanai: x|oraqta 1
Ulcha: xuz^|uli 1 Udighe: wakta 1
Nanai: xujgulue 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura:-
Oroch: ugguli 1, urike 'fox-seal' Meaning: to save, be saved, recover
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xur- Evenki: ura:-
Meaning: 1 to copulate (of deer) 2 to be jealous Even: u.r-
Evenki: orgoli:- 2; uri:-n 'rival (in love)' Negidal: ojaji.-
Even: u.rli.- 2 Ulcha: x|ora-
Negidal: ojali.- 2 Orok: x|u.ra-
Ulcha: x|oralsi.- 2 Nanai: x|ora-
Orok: x|u.rali.- 2, x|ori.- 1 Oroch: uwa-, uja-
Nanai: x|oralsi.- 2 Udighe: wajagi- (Корм. 217), uja-
Oroch: xora" 'one of two wives' Solon: u.rgi:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xure:
Meaning: to dry (meat) Meaning: mountain
Evenki: urgan- 1 Evenki: ure
Literary Manchu: ucâ-lax|a jali 'dried meat' Even: urekcên
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ur- Negidal: uje:
Meaning: piebald (horse) Spoken Manchu: vexe: 'stone, rock'(2110)
Literary Manchu: urlu Literary Manchu: wexe 'stone'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xura-kta Jurchen: h(i)ur-xe (52) 'stone'
Meaning: 1 bark 2 outer skin Ulcha: xure(n)
Even: u.rtъ. 1 Orok: xure
Literary Manchu: urix|a 2 Nanai: xure(n)
Ulcha: xu.raqta 1 Oroch: uwe, ue

308
Keys of Han
Udighe: we: (Корм. 219), we, ue Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)uri:-
Solon: ure Meaning: station, dwelling place
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurge Evenki: uri:-ki:t
Meaning: heavy Even: o"rikit
Evenki: urge Solon: uri:le
Even: urgъ Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurk-
Negidal: ujgegdi Meaning: 1 soot 2 sulphur
Spoken Manchu: uz^|in (2848) Literary Manchu: xurku 2
Literary Manchu: uz^|en Ulcha: x|orx|i 1
Jurchen: hu(i_)z^|e (395) Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurke-
Ulcha: xuz^|euli Meaning: belly (of fish)
Orok: xude: Even: o"kenre
Nanai: xuige Negidal: ujkene
Oroch: ugge Ulcha: xucê(n)
Udighe: ugehi Nanai: xujke
Solon: uggerdi Oroch: ukkese
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuri- Udighe: ukihe
Meaning: grey Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurum-sa
Evenki: uri-m Meaning: 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes
Negidal: o:ji.n Evenki: urumn|a: 1
Ulcha: x|oj-pu.(n) Even: u.ru.mrъ. 1
Nanai: x|o:-gz^|o, (Он.) xo:rbor Negidal: ojomn|a 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurid- Ulcha: x|oromsa 1
Meaning: a vessel for berries Orok: x|oropsa 1
Evenki: uridi:k Nanai: x|oromsa 1, 2
Nanai: x|ordax|i Udighe: un|a" 1

309
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xurumu"- Udighe: wahakta (Корм. 218), wajakta
Meaning: short Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusi-kta
Evenki: urumku:n Meaning: 1 acorn 2 oak-tree 3 big nut
Even: urumkun Evenki: usikta 2
Negidal: ujumku:n Literary Manchu: usix|a 3
Ulcha: xurmi Nanai: x|osaqta 1
Orok: xurdumi Udighe: uhikta 1
Nanai: xurm'i. Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusu- / *xuse-
Oroch: u:mi Meaning: 1 cross-bow 2 weapon (for throwing) 3 snare
Udighe: umasa` (Корм. 302) Evenki: use: 2
Solon: uru:n|ku Even: us 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuru: Negidal: use 2
Meaning: 1 hoof 2 handful Literary Manchu: wesen 3
Evenki: uru:n 1, uru: 2 Ulcha: x|osoli. 2
Ulcha: x|u.ru. 2 Nanai: x|osoli. 1
Orok: x|u:.ru. 1, x|u.ru. 2 Oroch: usuli 2
Nanai: x|o:ro 1, x|oro 2 Udighe: wuhende- 'to throw (weapon)'
Oroch: u:-n|ki 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusî / *kusî
Udighe: u: 1, 2 Meaning: knife
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusa-kta Evenki: ucî
Meaning: milt, roe Literary Manchu: kusî
Evenki: uhakta (dial.) Ulcha: kucê(n)
Negidal: o:sakta Orok: kucê(n)
Literary Manchu: usata Udighe: kusige
Ulcha: x|osaqta Solon: usxe
Nanai: x|osaqta Han-Tungus-prototype: *xusî:- ( ~ -c^-)

310
Keys of Han
Meaning: to twist, roll, entangle Oroch: xutunsi-
Evenki: ucî:- Udighe: utunihi-
Even: u.c^- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utu, -ke
Negidal: oc^- Meaning: 1 knife on a shaft 2 a k. of arrow
Ulcha: x|ocî.a- Evenki: utu, utut 2, utke:n 1
Orok: x|u.tcî.- Even: o"tken 1
Nanai: x|ocî.- Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utur-
Udighe: usi- Meaning: to reel, turn round
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)ut- Evenki: utur-
Meaning: 1 old 2 earlier, before 3 old age Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|a
Evenki: utaka:n 3; utu 1, ute:le 2 Meaning: 1 trace, track 2 to trace, follow tracks
Even: ute 1, o":tel 2 Evenki: uz^|a 1, uz^|a- 2
Negidal: ute:le 2 Even: u.z^| 1, u.z^|- 2
Udighe: uteli 2 Negidal: oz^|a 1
Solon: utaci 'grandfather' Ulcha: xoz^|a- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)utinn|e Nanai: xoz^|a- 2
Meaning: wood fire Oroch: uz^|a- 2
Evenki: utinn|e Udighe: uz^|a- 2
Even: uto"n|n|o" Solon: u.z^|i 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xutu- Han-Tungus-prototype: *xuz^|u"k
Meaning: to itch Meaning: 1 urinary bladder 2 anus
Evenki: utuni- Evenki: uz^|ik 1
Even: u.tu.n/- Even: uz^|ik 1
Negidal: otoxon- Negidal: uz^|ix 1
Ulcha: x|otu.rsi.- Ulcha: xuz^|u 1
Nanai: x|otorsi.- Orok: xudu(g|u:) 1

311
Keys of Han
Nanai: xuz^|u 1 Nanai: xo:l-z^|i.-
Solon: uz^|ixi 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:n/e:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:(be) Meaning: 1 to bind (a pack, to a pack) 2 long wool (for

binding, felting) 3 silk string (for binding) 4 knot (on a
Meaning: membrane scraper thread)
Evenki: u: Evenki: u:n/e:- 1
Even: o:. Even: o":n/e- 1
Negidal: u: Literary Manchu: un/e-le 2, un/e-ri 3
Ulcha: xu:e Orok: xunikte 4
Nanai: xue Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u:rkan-
Udighe: u: Meaning: to lose consciousness, be knocked out
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:kte Evenki: u:rkan-
Meaning: nit Even: u:.rqъ.n-
Evenki: u:kte Negidal: ojkan-
Even: o":t Udighe: ukana-
Negidal: u:kte Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"j(k)e
Ulcha: xuktu Meaning: horn
Orok: xuktu Evenki: ije
Nanai: xuktu Even: i:j
Udighe: ukte Negidal: i:je
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu:l- Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32, 2279)
Meaning: to sound, resound Literary Manchu: weixe / uixe
Evenki: u:l-ta- Jurchen: huje-xe (602)
Even: u:.l-dъ.- Ulcha: xuje
Negidal: ol-bu.n- Orok: xuje
Ulcha: xol-di.- Nanai: xuje
Orok: xu.l-bu.n- Oroch: ije

312
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Solon: imme
Udighe: je:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"m-
Solon: i:je
Meaning: 1 strap, tie 2 to girdle
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"l-
Evenki: imenne 1
Meaning: 1 to lend 2 to change, exchange 3 to barter 4 to
supply 5 to borrow Even: imъnru 1
Evenki: ildu- 1 Negidal: imenne 1
Negidal: i.ldu.- 1 Literary Manchu: im/ele-, um/ele- 2
Spoken Manchu: hulas^@- 2 (1425) Solon: imende 1
Literary Manchu: x|ulasâ- 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"ni:-
Jurchen: xu-la-gi (833) 2 Meaning: to carry on the back
Nanai: x|olasi.- 2, (Bik. x|olsi.-) Evenki: ini:-
Oroch: igdu-macî- 4 Even: inu-
Udighe: idu- 5 Negidal: ini:w- 'навьючить'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"lme Literary Manchu: unu-
Meaning: needle Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"r-
Evenki: inme Meaning: to ripen
Even: inmъ Evenki: ir-
Negidal: inme Even: ir-
Spoken Manchu: unu: (266) Negidal: ij-
Literary Manchu: ulme Spoken Manchu: ur@-, uru- (391)
Jurchen: hiul-me (249) Literary Manchu: ure-
Ulcha: xulme(n) Ulcha: xuru-
Orok: xulme Orok: xuri-
Nanai: xurme Nanai: xuru-
Oroch: imme Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rbe
Udighe: in|me Meaning: spawn, to spawn

313
Keys of Han
Evenki: irbe
Literary Manchu: uncêxen
Ulcha: xulbi-
Ulcha: xuz^|u
Nanai: xurbe-
Orok: xudu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *(x)u"reme:- ( ~ -i-)
Nanai: xuigu
Meaning: to visit, come as a guest
Oroch: iggi
Evenki: ireme:-
Udighe: igi
Negidal: ijeme:-
Solon: iggi, irgi
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgi-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se
Meaning: 1 to raise, feed 2 food, food supply
Meaning: 1 hunter 2 man 3 male 4 to be anxious, worry
Evenki: irgi:- 1, irgise 2 about smth.
Even: irgъ- 1, issъ 2 Evenki: isegdin 1, isîganil- (V-L) 4
Negidal: iggi- 1,isse 2 Even: iseg|de 2
Spoken Manchu: uz^|i- 1 (2338) Negidal: isegdin 1
Literary Manchu: uz^|i- 1 Ulcha: xuse(gdi) 2
Ulcha: xujse 2 Orok: xusenne 2
Orok: xujse 2 Nanai: xuse 3
Nanai: xujgie- 1, xujgese 2 Solon: is^/ige:- 4
Oroch: iggi- 1, iggixe 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"se-
Udighe: igisi- 1 Meaning: to vomit
Solon: iggi-, irgi- 1 Evenki: ise-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu"rgu" Even: is-
Meaning: tail Negidal: ise-
Evenki: irgi Ulcha: xuse-
Even: irgъ Orok: xuse-
Negidal: i:g|i / idgi Nanai: xuse-
Spoken Manchu: uncîx@n, unc^/ux/un, iunc^/ux/un Oroch: ise-

(2291, 2607)
314
Keys of Han
Solon: is^/iri:- Ulcha: uncê(n)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":- (*xu"b-) Orok: u:ite
Meaning: to sound Nanai: xujcê
Evenki: i:- Oroch: i:cô(n)
Even: i:- Solon: i:ncê:·
Negidal: i:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ab-
Ulcha: ujsi- Meaning: 1 arrow for a cross-bow, bolt 2 anvil 3 hammer
Orok: uji- Even: z^|a:bdaw 3
Nanai: xuj-si- Ulcha: z^|abdu.(n) 1, z^|au.du. 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":kte Nanai: z^|abdu 1
Meaning: tooth Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abdar
Evenki: i:kte Meaning: a big snake
Even: i:t Evenki: z^|abdar
Negidal: i:kte Even: z^|abdъ.
Spoken Manchu: vi:x@ (32) Negidal: z^|abdan, z^|abdar
Literary Manchu: weixe Spoken Manchu: z^|av@z^|i 'python' (2272)
Jurchen: juj-xe (495) Literary Manchu: z^|abz^|an
Nanai: xukte(le) Ulcha: z^|abda(n)
Oroch: ikte Orok: dabda
Udighe: ikte Nanai: z^|abz^|a
Solon: i:tte Oroch: z^|abda
Han-Tungus-prototype: *xu":ncê:-n Udighe: z^|abda
Meaning: elbow Solon: z^|agda
Evenki: i:cê:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|abuka
Even: iecên Meaning: ear-flaps, headgear
Negidal: i:cê:n Ulcha: z^|awa

315
Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|au.a Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ala-n
Oroch: z^|awa, z^|auka Meaning: 1 joint 2 shoe straps 3 generation; world 4

plummet
Udighe: z^|auga
Evenki: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptun 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agari
Even: z^|alъ.n 1, z^|alъ.pki.r 2
Meaning: bear's head; bear (3 y. old)
Negidal: z^|alan 1, z^|alaptin 4
Evenki: z^|ag|ari
Spoken Manchu: z^|al@n 1 (75)
Negidal: z^|ag|askacâ:n
Literary Manchu: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Literary Manchu: z^|ajra 'медведица (самка медведя-
муравьеда)' Jurchen: z^|a-la-an (848) 3
Nanai: z^|a:ri. Ulcha: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Udighe: z^|a:i Orok: dala(n) 1, 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|agda Nanai: z^|ala 1, 3
Meaning: pine-tree Oroch: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Evenki: z^|agda Udighe: z^|ala(n) 1, 3
Even: z^|ag|dъ. Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-
Negidal: z^|agda Meaning: 1 spittle, saliva 2 to wet with spittle, take into
mouth
Spoken Manchu: z^|ah@d@, z^|ah@da: (2158)
Evenki: z^|aliksa 1, z^|alma- 2
Literary Manchu: z^|aqdan
Even: z^|alsъ. 1
Ulcha: z^|agda
Negidal: z^|alsa 1, z^|alma- 2
Nanai: z^|a:Gda
Ulcha: z^|i.lau.qsa 1
Solon: z^|agda
Orok: z^|elusqa 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|al-
Nanai: z^|i.loqsa 1
Meaning: 1 to overflow (of sea, river) 2 to be agitated,
wave (of sea) 3 spirit - master of the sea Oroch: dileske, duluksa 1
Evenki: z^|alki- 2 Udighe: z^|aleha" 1
Even: z^|a:l-, z^|a:lqab- 1 Solon: z^|alikcî 1
Negidal: z^|alalgun 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ali-kta

316
Keys of Han
Meaning: 1 hawthorn 2 willow Spoken Manchu: z^|am@r@ (2166)
Evenki: z^|alikta 1 Literary Manchu: z^|amu, z^|amuri
Negidal: z^|a:lta 1 Udighe: z^|amukta
Ulcha: z^|atala 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|an|(g)-
Orok: da:taqta 1 Meaning: 1 be in need, straitened 2 loan, as a loan
Nanai: z^|alaqta 2 Literary Manchu: z^|an|Gala- 1
Udighe: z^|alikta 1 Solon: z^|an-da, z^|an-cî 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alka Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apa-
Meaning: 1 fine snow 2 to fall (of fine snow) Meaning: to catch, take hold
Negidal: z^|alka- 1, z^|alka 2 Evenki: z^|awa-
Udighe: z^|aka- 2 Even: z^|aw-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|alu(-m) Negidal: z^|awa-
Meaning: full Spoken Manchu: z^|af@-, z^|av@- (1522, 1539)
Evenki: z^|alum Literary Manchu: z^|afa-
Even: z^|alu.- Jurchen: z^|afa-biar (364)
Negidal: z^|alum Ulcha: z^|apa-
Spoken Manchu: z^|alu: (2629) Orok: dapa-
Literary Manchu: z^|alu- Nanai: z^|apa-
Jurchen: z^|aw-lu-xa (726) Oroch: z^|awa-
Ulcha: z^|alu.(n) Udighe: z^|awa-
Orok: dalu.mz^|i. Solon: z^|awa-
Nanai: z|alo Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|apka
Oroch: z^|alu- Meaning: 1 shore 2 space, interval, crack 3 near
Solon: z^|alu.· Evenki: z^|apka 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|amu Even: z^|apqъ. 2
Meaning: brier Negidal: z^|apka 2

317
Keys of Han
Literary Manchu: z^|aqa- 'to make cracks, intervals' Solon: z^|akku.·
Ulcha: z^|aqpa 3 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-kta
Orok: daqpa / dapqa 2 Meaning: hawthorn
Nanai: z^|aqpa 2, 3 Ulcha: z^|araqta
Oroch: z^|appa 2, 3 Nanai: z^|ari.qta
Udighe: z^|akpa- 'to pile up' Oroch: z^|arakta
Solon: z^|akka 1, z^|ikka 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ari-n
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|aPku Meaning: for, for the sake of
Meaning: quiver Evenki: z^|arin
Literary Manchu: z^|abqu Literary Manchu: z^|alin
Ulcha: z^|apau.(n) Solon: z^|a:ri
Nanai: z^|afu. Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|axar(a)
Oroch: z^|apku Meaning: gravel, pebbles
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a-pkun Literary Manchu: z^|ax|ara, z^|ax|ari
Meaning: eight Nanai: z^|ax|ar
Evenki: z^|apkun Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|a-
Even: z^|apqъn Meaning: to carry on back
Negidal: z^|apku.n Spoken Manchu: z^|/az^|i- (1606)
Spoken Manchu: z^|aqun (2742) Literary Manchu: z^|az^|a-
Literary Manchu: z^|aqun Nanai: z^|az^|a-
Jurchen: z^|a(h)kun (643) Solon: z^|iz^|a:-
Ulcha: z^|aqpu(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i-
Orok: z^|aqpu.(n) Meaning: cheekbone
Nanai: z^|aqpo Literary Manchu: z^|az^|in
Oroch: z^|appu(n) Ulcha: z^|az^|i.qta
Udighe: z^|akpu(n) Nanai: z^|an|z^|i.x|ta

318
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|i- (~-ia-) Ulcha: z^|eje 1
Meaning: 1 to heap up 2 thicket Orok: deje 1
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|i- 1, z^|az^|ixi, z^|az^|uri 2 Nanai: z^|eje 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|az^|iki Oroch: z^|eje 1
Meaning: a k. of fish Udighe: z^|e: (Корм. 232), z^|ie 1
Negidal: z^|acî.n 'big pike' Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eki
Literary Manchu: z^|az^|igi, z^|az^|ixi 'судак' Meaning: always, constantly
Nanai: z^|az^|i.x|i.· 'верхогляд' Negidal: z^|ek
Oroch: z^|adigi 'name of a fish' Ulcha: z^|ek-z^|ek
Udighe: z^|oz^|ug|o 'sea goby' Nanai: z^|ek
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|a:m- Oroch: z^|e, z^|eki
Meaning: 1 argument, quarrel 2 to argue Udighe: z^|e 'at this time'
Literary Manchu: z^|aman 1, z^|amara- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-
Nanai: z^|a:mora 1, z^|a:mora- 2 Meaning: 1 to become quiet (of a sound), hidden 2 to miss
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ecê-n Evenki: z^|eliw- 2
Meaning: boundary; border Even: z^|e:l- 1
Spoken Manchu: z^|ec^@n (1033) Negidal: z^|eliw- 2
Literary Manchu: z^|ecên Nanai: z^|elu- 2
Jurchen: z^|ei_-cên (44) Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|el-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|eje Meaning: 1 name of a plant 2 juniper
Meaning: 1 sharp point, blade 2 sharp Evenki: z^|ulkire:, z^|ulke ( < *z^|elu-ke?) 2
Evenki: z^|eje 1 Literary Manchu: z^|elmin 1
Even: z^|ej 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele- / *z^|elu-
Negidal: z^|eje 1 Meaning: 1 lie, deceit 2 secret
Literary Manchu: z^|ejen 1 Evenki: z^|elum 2
Jurchen: z^|o-n-be (801) 2 Even: z^|elъm 2

319
Keys of Han
Negidal: z^|elum 2 Udighe: z^|empu (Корм. 236)
Literary Manchu: z^|ele 1, z^|endu 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e-p-
Ulcha: z^|ele(n) 1 Meaning: to eat
Orok: z^|ele(n) 1, z^|elum- Evenki: z^|ep-, z^|eb-
Nanai: z^|ele 1 Even: z^|eb-, z^|ep-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ele-ki: Negidal: z^|ep-
Meaning: ermine Spoken Manchu: z^|e- (392)
Evenki: z^|eleki: Literary Manchu: z^|e-
Even: z^|iliki Jurchen: z^|e-fu (535)
Negidal: z^|elexi: Ulcha: z^|epuwu
Literary Manchu: z^|elken Orok: deptu-
Ulcha: z^|ieli(n) Nanai: z^|eb-, z^|ep-
Orok: z^|el/ei Oroch: z^|epte-
Nanai: z^|eli Udighe: z^|o-, z^|e-, z^|epte-
Oroch: z^|eleki Solon: z^|eg-, z^|eb-
Udighe: z^|elexi Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|erin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|em- ( ~ -ia-) Meaning: edge
Meaning: orbed, spheric Literary Manchu: z^|erin
Evenki: z^|embeme Ulcha: z^|erin
Negidal: z^|en|ge- Nanai: z^|eri
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|emku Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ese:
Meaning: swamp, a k. of swamp plant Meaning: custom
Evenki: z^|emku Evenki: z^|ese:
Negidal: z^|en|ku Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:k- (*z^|iak-)
Orok: z^|empu Meaning: 1 fitting 2 to fit
Nanai: z^|en|ku Negidal: z^|e:k 1, z^|e:k- 2

320
Keys of Han
Ulcha: z^|e:k 1 Orok: darra-
Orok: z^|i:k, z^|e:k 1 Oroch: z^|a:-
Nanai: z^|e:k 1 Udighe: z^|ieu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:lge Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iaka
Meaning: crack, narrow passage Meaning: 1 coin, money 2 valuables, things
Evenki: z^|e:lge Evenki: z^|aka 2
Nanai: z^|elge Negidal: z^|axa 1, 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|e:ri- Spoken Manchu: z^|iha: (1412) 1
Meaning: to boast Literary Manchu: z^|ix|a 1, z^|aqa 2
Ulcha: z^|eru- Jurchen: z^|ie-xa (575) 1, z^|a-xa 2
Orok: de:ri:- Ulcha: z^|aqa 2
Nanai: z^|e:ri- Orok: z^|aqa, z^|aqqa 2
Oroch: z^|eri- Nanai: z^|aqa 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i- ( ~ *di-) Oroch: z^|aka 2
Meaning: to come Solon: z^|aka 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|i- (1172) Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ian-
Literary Manchu: z^|i- Meaning: 1 to burn, blaze 2 to extinguish 3 to heat 4 torch

5 glowing coals
Jurchen: di-xexe-gi (678), di-hul (712)
Evenki: z^|a:nn|e- 1
Ulcha: diwu
Literary Manchu: jan|Ga 4
Nanai: z^|i-
Orok: dandalli.- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|iab-
Nanai: jan|Gor/a- 3
Meaning: to respond, answer (a call, request)
Udighe: z^|an|a 5
Evenki: z^|a:w-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|(i)arami ( ~ d-)
Even: z^|a:w-
Meaning: otter
Spoken Manchu: z^|av@-, z^|avu- (1292)
Orok: darami.(n)
Literary Manchu: z^|abu-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ibge
321
Keys of Han
Evenki: z^|in|
Meaning: slow, sluggish; miserly
Negidal: z^|in|
Literary Manchu: z^|ibge
Literary Manchu: z^|in, z^|in|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ig-
Ulcha: z^|in|
Meaning: 1 running fast; race horse 2 to streak
Orok: z^|in|
Evenki: z^|ig|ar 1
Solon: z^|in|-ki 'real'
Even: z^|i.g- 2
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ija- / *z^|ije- ( ~ -g-)
Meaning: 1 to understand 2 attentive, conscious
Meaning: 1 millet 2 porridge
Evenki: z^|iktew- ( < *z^|in|-ktew-) 1
Negidal: z^|a:kta 1
Ulcha: dinile 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|e: bel@ 'millet (Setaria italica)' (286)
Nanai: z^|in|ire, z^|iksi- 2
Literary Manchu: z^|e 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-
Jurchen: che-(po-le)
Meaning: 1 to be pinched, stopped (as a saw in the wood)
Nanai: z^|iekte 1 2 to stick into, stop up 3 dense(ly)
Oroch: z^|iekte, z^|ekte 1 Evenki: z^|ipteme 3
Udighe: z^|akta 1 Even: z^|i.pqu.n 3
Solon: z^|akta 2 Negidal: z^|i.p 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ila- Literary Manchu: z^|ifubu- 1, z^|ife- 2
Meaning: swift (not freezing) river current, ice-hole Ulcha: z^|ip 3
Literary Manchu: z^|ilan, z^|ulan Orok: z^|ip 3
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ild- Nanai: z^|ip 3
Meaning: 1 to glance, be wide open (of eyes) 2 star 3 big- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ip-ku- ( ~ -u"-)
eyed
Meaning: to dusk
Evenki: z^|ildara:n-, z^|ildarga- 1, (Kamn.) z^|ildawki: 2
Even: z^|ipku-
Even: z^|i.ldaku. 3
Negidal: z^|ipku-, z^|ipkil-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|in|
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ipu-câ:n
Meaning: very, extremely, really
Meaning: fur coat (worn on bare body)
322
Keys of Han
Negidal: z^|i 'piece of meat'
Evenki: z^|ipucâ:n
Ulcha: z^|u:-
Spoken Manchu: z^|if@câ:, z^|iv@câ: 'fox fur coat'
(225) Nanai: z^|i.lax|a 'small piece'
Literary Manchu: z^|ibcâ(n) Oroch: z^|i:-
Solon: z^|ibc/a Udighe: z^|i:-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:b
Meaning: 1 dense, without intervals 2 close, near Meaning: house, dwelling
Literary Manchu: z^|ira 1 Evenki: z^|u:
Ulcha: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-) Even: z^|u:.
Nanai: z^|i.z^|a 2 ( < *z^|ir-g-) Negidal: z^|o:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ir- Literary Manchu: z^|eofi 'round hovel thatched with straw
or birch bark'
Meaning: a very big number
Ulcha: z^|u:.(g|)
Literary Manchu: z^|iri, z^|irun
Orok: du:.-qu.
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|irA
Nanai: z^|o:
Meaning: anvil
Oroch: z^|u(g)
Evenki: z^|ira
Udighe: z^|ugdi
Negidal: dije:-n
Solon: z^|u:g|
Literary Manchu: z^|erin
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|oba-
Ulcha: dere(n)
Meaning: to suffer, be poor
Nanai: z^|ire:·
Evenki: z^|owo- / z^|og|o-
Oroch: darasu, deresu
Even: z^|ow- / z^|og|-
Udighe: z^|ile, z^|i:le (Корм. 233)
Negidal: z^|obo-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|i:-
Spoken Manchu: z^|ov@-, z^|ovu- (1944)
Meaning: to cut off a slice, slice
Literary Manchu: z^|obo-
Evenki: z^|i:-
Jurchen: z^|o-bo-hun (844) 'grief, sorrow'
Even: z^|i-
Ulcha: z^|obo-
323
Keys of Han
Orok: z^|obbo- Orok: z^|olo
Nanai: z^|obo- Nanai: z^|olo
Oroch: z^|obo- Oroch: z^|olo
Udighe: z^|o:- Udighe: z^|olo
Solon: z^|owo-, z^|ogo- Solon: z^|olo
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obga Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ori-
Meaning: 1 harpoon 2 to cut, cut out Meaning: 1 to take aim 2 to show
Evenki: z^|ewge 1 Spoken Manchu: z^|/ori- 'to point to' (1341)
Negidal: z^|obgo 1 Literary Manchu: z^|ori- 1, 2
Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|o:- 2 Orok: z^|ori.- 1
Ulcha: z^|oGbo 1 Nanai: z^|ori.- 1
Orok: z^|obbo 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:
Nanai: z^|obGo 1 Meaning: gall
Oroch: z^|obbo 1 Evenki: z^|o:
Udighe: z^|obò; z^|ogbo 1 (Корм. 233) Even: z^|o:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|obi Negidal: z^|o:
Meaning: a k. of fish (salmo lenoc) Orok: z^|o:
Negidal: z^|ojo; z^|owlatka:n 'a small taimen' Nanai: z^|o:l
Nanai: z^|oi. Oroch: z^|o:
Udighe: z^|u"iso, dial. z^|aun|a Udighe: z^|o: (Корм. 233)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ola Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:m- (/ *z^|o:n-)
Meaning: stone Meaning: to remember
Evenki: z^|olo Evenki: z^|o:n-, z^|o:m-kit-
Even: z^|ol Even: z^|o:n-, z^|o:man-
Negidal: z^|olo Negidal: z^|on-
Ulcha: z^|olo Literary Manchu: z^|o-, z^|ono-

324
Keys of Han
Ulcha: z^|ombu.- Even: z^|o":r
Orok: do:ndu.- Negidal: z^|u:l
Nanai: z^|o:mbo- Spoken Manchu: z^|u: (2736)
Oroch: z^|o:mbu- Literary Manchu: z^|uwe
Udighe: z^|on|i- Jurchen: z^|uwe (637)
Solon: z^|o:n-, z^|o:mu:.- Ulcha: z^|uel(i)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|o:n|i- Orok: du:
Meaning: to resound, echo; to imitate Nanai: z^|u:, z^|uer
Even: z^|o:n|i.- Oroch: z^|u:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uba-n Udighe: z^|u:
Meaning: ten Solon: z^|u:r
Evenki: z^|a:n Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ubu ( ~ -g-)
Even: z^|a:n-nu. Meaning: for, for the sake of
Negidal: z^|a:n Evenki: z^|ug|u ~ z|uwu
Spoken Manchu: z^|uan (2744) Even: z^|uwu
Literary Manchu: z^|uwan Negidal: z^|uwu-du:
Jurchen: z^|uwa (645) Literary Manchu: z^|u-lefun
Ulcha: z^|u.wa(n) Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udakta / *z^|edukte
Orok: z^|o:n Meaning: 1 piece of meat (without bones) 2 tree

mushroom
Nanai: z^|oa
Evenki: z^|edukte, dial. dedukte 1
Oroch: z^|a:(n)
Orok: du.daqta / z^|u.z^|aqta 2
Udighe: z^|a:(n)
Oroch: dudakta 2
Solon: z^|a:·
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|udura
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ube-
Meaning: a pig (looking like a wild grey or white pig)
Meaning: two
Literary Manchu: z^|udura
Evenki: z^|u:r
325
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u-ga Negidal: z^|u:kte-
Meaning: in summer, summer Literary Manchu: z^|oqz^|a-
Evenki: z^|ug|a Nanai: z^|ugz^|ukule-
Even: z^|u.wu.ni. Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge-
Negidal: z^|oa Meaning: wasp, bee
Spoken Manchu: z^|/uari (2727) Evenki: z^|ug|uk(te), z^|uwuk(te), z^|uwun
Literary Manchu: z^|uwari Even: z^|ewъt
Jurchen: z^|uha (268) Negidal: z^|ewekte, z^|eg|ekte
Ulcha: z^|u.a Nanai: z^|ewe
Orok: du.wa Solon: z^|u:kte
Nanai: z^|oa Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uge:-
Oroch: z^|uwa Meaning: to exchange
Udighe: z^|ua Evenki: z^|ug|e:-lge-
Solon: z^|u.ga Even: z^|ug|e:n-met-/c^-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugde-n Negidal: z^|ug|e-t-
Meaning: alder Literary Manchu: z^|uwe-n 'debt'
Evenki: z^|ugden Jurchen: z^|ui_-mu-sun- 'to lend' (443)
Even: z^|o":de:keg|, z^|ogdakag| Ulcha: z^|ue-cî-
Negidal: z^|ugde:n Orok: due-li-
Literary Manchu: z^|uqden, z^|ekde 'a k. of tree' Nanai: z^|ue-cî-
Orok: z^|uegde Oroch: z^|uwe-cî-
Oroch: z^|ugde(n) Udighe: z^|ue-si-
Udighe: z^|ugde(n) Solon: z^|ugut-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugd[u]- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ugu:-
Meaning: to hit, push, kick Meaning: to carry, transport
Evenki: z^|ugdu:- Evenki: z^|ug|u:-

326
Keys of Han
Even: z^|ug|u- Spoken Manchu: z^|ukun 'on bad terms, bad' (2507)
Negidal: z^|ug|u- Literary Manchu: z^|uken 1, 2, z^|uki 'enough'
Spoken Manchu: z^|o:- (1239) Ulcha: z^|uke(n) 1
Literary Manchu: z^|uwe- Nanai: z^|uke:· 1
Orok: du:-ri- Oroch: z^|ukke, z^|uke 1
Oroch: z^|u-si- Udighe: z^|uke 1
Udighe: z^|u:- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ujar- Meaning: ice
Meaning: bitter, acid Evenki: z^|uke
Evenki: z^|e:µri-pcû Even: z^|o"k
Even: z^|u.i.r, z^|u.ji.r Negidal: z^|uxe
Negidal: z^|ojaji.-gdi. Spoken Manchu: z^|uxe:, z^|uxu: (2029)
Spoken Manchu: z^|/us^/uxun (431) Literary Manchu: z^|uxe
Literary Manchu: z^|u-sû-xun Jurchen: z^|u-xe (272)
Ulcha: z^|u.ju.r-si. Ulcha: z^|u:, z^|ue
Orok: du:.re Orok: duwe, duke
Nanai: z^|ojor-si. Nanai: z^|uke; z^|ogbor 'piece of ice on earth'
Oroch: z^|ui-si Oroch: z^|uke
Udighe: z^|u:hi 'sour' (Корм. 235) Udighe: z^|ugde (Корм. 235), z^|uge
Solon: z^|is^/il- 'to turn sour' Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uK- Meaning: 1 road 2 corner
Meaning: to stop Negidal: z^|oxon 2
Even: z^|o"kъr- Spoken Manchu: z^|oh@n 1 (1244)
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uke Literary Manchu: z^|uGun 1
Meaning: 1 hardly, barely 2 simple, usual Jurchen: z^|u-huj (57) 1
Evenki: z^|upke:ki: 'enough' Ulcha: z^|oqo(n) 2

327
Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|oqo 2 Orok: duli, dulde
Oroch: z^|oko(n) 2 Nanai: z^|ule
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uku-n Oroch: z^|ule:-du
Meaning: otter Udighe: z^|ule: (Корм. 235), z^|ulie
Evenki: z^|ukun Solon: z^|ulde:-du
Even: z^|o":kъn
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulV-
Negidal: z^|uxin
Meaning: 1 smooth 2 naked
Orok: do:kso
Evenki: z^|ula:-kin 2
Nanai: z^|uku(n)
Even: z^|u.laqqan 2
Oroch: z^|u:ku(n)
Solon: z^|ulu-bre:x 1, z^|u.la:xi 2
Udighe: z^|ugu
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ulz^|i-
Solon: z^|u:xu:·
Meaning: chain
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ul-
Negidal: z^|ulz^|ixe:n
Meaning: wedge
Ulcha: dulz^|i(n)
Evenki: z^|ulamaptin
Orok: dulz^|ig|e
Even: z^|ulъmtin|
Nanai: z^|ulz^|ie:
Ulcha: z^|ilemecê
Oroch: z^|ugga"(n), z^|ugz^|e(n) 'chain; rope for binding
Udighe: z^|olomopti (Корм. 234) animals'
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ule Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|un-
Meaning: front, front part Meaning: pulse, vein
Evenki: z^|ule: Literary Manchu: z^|un
Even: z^|ul Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|up(u)ku
Negidal: z^|ul-le: Meaning: hollow under neck
Literary Manchu: z^|ule-ri; z^|ulkun 'hollow under neck' Evenki: z^|upku
Jurchen: z^|ule (z^|ule-le) (598) Negidal: z^|ipkun
Ulcha: z^|uli Literary Manchu: z^|ofox|o 'wedge, gore, denticle'

328
Keys of Han
Nanai: z^|upku 'otter's breast' Solon: z^|uri:- 1
Udighe: z^|okpo 'breast bow' Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uti:
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|ur- Meaning: sweet
Meaning: to stand still Evenki: z^|uti:
Even: z^|u.r-u.l- Even: z^|ut
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urga- / *z^|urge- Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uz^|a-
Meaning: 1 ethic, moral 2 honest 3 brave 4 justice Meaning: 1 to quarrel 2 niggling, peddling
Even: z^|urri 3 Literary Manchu: z^|uz^|u-ra- 2
Spoken Manchu: z^|ur@han 4 (1041) Ulcha: z^|u.z^|a- 1
Literary Manchu: z^|urGan 4, z^|urGanGa 2 Nanai: z^|oz^|a- 1
Oroch: z^|ugge 1 Oroch: z^|uz^|a- 1
Solon: z^|u.rgana 1 Udighe: z^|uz^|a- 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|urku Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u"ksi- / *z^|u"kte
Meaning: 1 rapid, swift stream 2 fairway Meaning: 1 blue-berry 2 berry
Even: z^|u.rqu. 1 Evenki: z^|iksin|e: 1, z^|ikte 2
Negidal: z^|ojku. 2 Negidal: z^|ikte 1
Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|uru:-, *z^|ura-n Literary Manchu: duqsi 1
Meaning: 1 to draw 2 a scratch, line Ulcha: z^|uste 1
Evenki: z^|uru:- 1 Orok: dusikte 1
Negidal: z^|ojan 2 Nanai: z^|usikte 1
Spoken Manchu: z^|/uz^|/u-, z^|/uz^|/i- 1 (1315, 2380) Oroch: z^|ikte 1
Literary Manchu: z^|iz^|u- 1 Udighe: z^|ikte 1
Ulcha: z^|u.ra(n) 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *z^|u":(n)-
Nanai: z^|ora 2 Meaning: to grit teeth
Oroch: z^|urara 'striped' Evenki: z^|i:n-
Udighe: z^|u:nda- 1 Literary Manchu: z^|u(n)-

329
Keys of Han
Han-Tungus-prototype: {*mi(a)re:-}
Meaning: to marry
Evenki: mire:-
Even: mierъn-
Negidal: mije:n-
Ulcha: miren-
Orok: mi:ren-
Nanai: marin- (dial.)
Han-Tungus-prototype: {*sil-
Meaning: 1 to choose 2 to test 3 to promise, warn, report
Evenki: sinma- 1, silba- 3
Even: hi:.nmъ.- 1, hi.lbъ.- 3
Literary Manchu: simne- 2
Orok: si.lma- 1
Solon: s^/ilba:- 3

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1

Evenki: abdu 1, 2 Udighe: abuli- 1

Even: abdu. 2, 3 Solon: abu.l- 1

Negidal: abdu.n 1 Han-Tungus-prototype: *abusi

Evenki: abul- 1, abu- 4 Literary Manchu: ada- 2, adaki 3

Even: abͬ.l- 1 Ulcha: adau. 1

Negidal: abu.l- 1 Orok: ada:w 1

Literary Manchu: absa- 2, abuliqabi 3 Nanai: ada- 2, ado: 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *aga Solon: ai, aja 1

Meaning: rain Han-Tungus-prototype: *ajara-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *al- Oroch: alu.- 1, alaw- 2

Evenki: aldi- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *alba-

Orok: ala:q 1 Meaning: 1 to be unable 2 lazy

Nanai: alian 3 (IJ.) Evenki: alba- 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ala- Even: albͬ.- 1

Meaning: 1 to cross (a mountain) 2 mountain 3 mountain Negidal: alba- 1

Evenki: alawu:- 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *alga

Negidal: ala-c^i.- 3 Meaning: net

Spoken Manchu: al@- 'to tell, to inform' (1346) Evenki: alga

Literary Manchu: ala- 1 Literary Manchu: alGan

Jurchen: alawa-gi (576) 5 Ulcha: arGa

Ulcha: alau.- 2, 4 Nanai: alGa

Orok: alau.- 2 Oroch: agga

Nanai: alo:-si.- 2 Solon: alga

Han-Tungus-prototype: *al(i)- Evenki: alug| 1

Meaning: 1 take, receive 2 give, hand over Negidal: aloj 1

Evenki: al- 1 Ulcha: a:lu. 1

Even: al- 1 Orok: allu. 1

Negidal: al- 1 Oroch: a:la": ~ a:li 2

Spoken Manchu: iali- (1404) Han-Tungus-prototype: *am-

Literary Manchu: ali- 1 Meaning: 1 quick, quickly 2 to be in time, to catch up 3 to

Ulcha: anda Oroch: ann|an/i

Orok: anda Udighe: an|a(n)

Nanai: anda Solon: an/e:?, an|a

Oroch: anda Han-Tungus-prototype: *antaga

Udighe: anda Meaning: slope of a mountain

Evenki: antag|a Nanai: an|z^|i.ni. 1, an|Gaz^|a? 2

Even: antͬ.g| Oroch: an|nain/i 1, an|az^|a 2

Negidal: antag|a Udighe: an|naxi 1, an|az^|a 2

Literary Manchu: antu Solon: an|az^|i? 2

Nanai: antaz^|i.a Han-Tungus-prototype: *an|a-

Evenki: an|naki: 1, an|az^|aka:n 2 Negidal: apa

Even: an|ͬ.z^|a 2 Nanai: papa (Naikh.), fafa (Bik.) (redupl.)

Negidal: an|naxi:. 1, an|az^|axa:n 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *apa-

Literary Manchu: anaqu (z^|uj) 2 Meaning: 1 to attack 2 to fight

Ulcha: an|az^|a, an|an/i. 2 Spoken Manchu: af@- 1 (789)

Orok: an|ada 2 Literary Manchu: afa- 1

Literary Manchu: ara- 1, arbun 4, ari 5 Literary Manchu: arfa

Nanai: ari. 5 Han-Tungus-prototype: *asi:

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara- Meaning: 1 wife of elder brother 2 woman 3 wife

Meaning: 1 open space 2 open ritual court Evenki: asi: 2

Evenki: arag|an 1 Even: asi. 2

Even: arͬ.g|ͬ.n 1 Negidal: asi: 2

Ulcha: arac^u. 2 Spoken Manchu: as^@, as@ 3 (908)

Oroch: ara:c^u 2 Literary Manchu: as^a 1

Han-Tungus-prototype: *ara- Ulcha: asi. 3

Meaning: scarcely Orok: asi. 2

Oroch: asa 2 Oroch: a:- 1

Udighe: ahanta 2 Solon: a:-s^/in- 1

Solon: as^/e:, as^/i: 2 Han-Tungus-prototype: *a:bu-

Han-Tungus-prototype: *axiri- Me a ning: a k. of duck (ͥ-Toͤ RSJop)ͱ

Ulcha: ax|i.ri.- Orok: awu.n|Ga

Orok: ax|i.ri.- Oroch: aun|a

Han-Tungus-prototype: az^|i-n Han-Tungus-prototype: a:ga-

Han-Tungus-prototype: a:mu- Han-Tungus-prototype: a:n/i-