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CASIO !x-4500P

Section 1 Configuration and Operation

Section 2 Manual Calculations

Section 3 Integration Calculation

Section 4 Program Calculation

PROGRAM LIBRARY

=The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.

-No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the manufacturer.

-The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for claims from third parties for loss or damages arising through the use of this calculator or manual.

-The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for any loss or damages arising from loss of data and/or formulas incurred while using this calculator or manual.

Introduction

Thank you for purchasing the Casio fx-4500P.

This unit is an advanced programmable scientific calculator which features a 2-tier display capable of displaying both formulas and results at the same time. The upper display features a 12-character dot matrix display capable of alphabetic and numeric display. The fx-4500P also features a large-volume program memory, and is capable of performing integration calculations. A built-in formula memory is handy when performing repeat calculations, and manual calculations can be easily performed by foilowing written formulas.

Before using this unit, be sure to read these instructions thoroughly. When you're finished reading these instructions, be sure to keep this manual where you can refe'r to it often.

This manual is composed of four sections:

1. Configuration and Operation

2. Manual Calculations

3. Integration Calculation

4. Program Calculation

Section 1 should be read first to become tamillar with the nomenclature, handling'and cautions concerning this unit.

Section 2, 3 and 4 can then be read in order to master these types of computations through samples and explanations.

-3-

Section 1 Configuration and Operation

Key markings 8

Modes ~ 9

Manual calculation modes , 9

Display 11

Two-tier display 11

Display symbols 12

Exponential display _ 12

Special display functions 13

Handling Precautions 14

Power and Battery Replacement 15

Replacing batteries 15

To replace the memory backup battery 15

To replace the main battery 16

Auto Power-OFF function 17

Nomenclature and Functions 18

Before beginning calculations 27

'. Calculation priority sequence _ 27

Number of stacks _ 28

Number of input/output digits and calculation digits _ , 28

Overflow and errors 29

Number of input characters 30

Corrections 30

Section 2 Manual Calculations

Basic calculations 34

Arithmetic operations 34

Parenthesis calculations 35

Percentage calculations 36

Specifying the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits

and the exponent display 37

Memory 39

(1) Variable memory 39

Array-type memories 41

Deleting memory _ 43

(2) Independent memories , 44

Special functions 46

Answer function 46

Omitting the multiplication sign (x) 46

Continuous calculation function 47

-4-

Replay function 48

Error position display function 49

Multistatement function 50

Scientific function calculations ~ 52

Trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions : 52

Logarithmic and exponential functions 53

Performing hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions ; 54

Coordinate transformation 55

Permutation and combination 56

Other functions (v, X2, x", xl, v . Ran #) : : 57

Fractions - 58

Engineering symbol calculations 59 .

Binary octal decimal hexadecimal calculations 60

, :I , .

Binary and octal block display _ 61.

Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions _ 63

Negative expressions 64

Basic arithmetic operations using binary, octal, decimal and

hexadecimal values - 65

Logical operations : , 66

Statistical calculations ., 67

Standard deviation , 67

Regression calculation , 70

Formula memory function 77

Purpose of. the formula memory function 77

Section 3 Integration Calculation

Input of function f(x) and integration calculation 84

Examples of operation 85

Notes on integration calculation 88

Section 4 Program Calculation

What is a program? 90

~:~~~;i:~n~r~~i~ .. ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~: ~~:~ :::::::::: .: ::::: ::: .: ~:: ::::: :::::::::: ::: :::::::::: .: ::::: ::: ~~

Registering filenames 91

~:~~~2~:;;;~~~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~

Program correction, addition and deletion 95

Inserting lines 95

Inserting a line at the beginning : 95

-5-

~-

Editing programs ; 95

Program deletion 100

Program searchs 101

Filename sequential search 101

Sequential search of program lines 103

Direct search , 104

Scrolling right and left in filenames and program lines 106

Program execution 107

Execution through filename search 107

Execution by pressing 1!ill!!J~ 108

Aborting execution 109

Program debugging (correcting errors) 109

Convenient program commands 109

Jump commands 109

Subroutines 114

Pause command : 117

Variable input command '" 118

Fixm 118

Remaining program capacity 120

Determining the number of remaining steps 120

Using the unit as a data bank 121

PROGRAM LIBRARY

1. Prime factor analysis 126

2. Greatest common measure 128

3. a +-)0 Y transformation 130

4. Minimum loss matching 132

5. Cantilever under concentrated load 134

6. Normal distribution 136

7. Numerical solution of an equation (Newton's law) 138

. 8. Quadratic equation 140

9. Complex numbers 144

Error messages at-a-glance 154

Input ranges of functions 155

SpeCifications : 158

-6-

Section 1

Configuration' and. Operation

Key markings Modes· O'isplay

Handling Precautions Power and Battery Replacement Nomenclature and Functions Before beginning calculations ....

I Section 1 »») configU~tion and Operation

Before using this unit for the first time, be sure to press the ALL RESET button on the back of the unit.

-Flow of Operations (Be sure to read this!)

In contrast to standard electronic calculators, the keys on "scientific" calculators often perform more than one function: The following explains how to use these keys, so it's a good idea to read this section carefully before using your calculator for the first time.

• 1 Key markings

The fx-4S00P uses any given key to perform a number of different functions. For example, the key shown below is used to perform the following 5 functions: CD: ( -), 0: v: @: =, @: A, '@: IA.

T =

1< »)

fA A

The function of this key differs depending on the operational mode the calculator is set to (see page 9), however if it is pressed directly, it performs the ( - ) function. If you press the @!!l key and then press this key, it carries out the second function 'V. If you press the I£ill) key and then press the IE key, it acts as the §) key. And if you press it after pressing the ~ key, you can input the radical "A". Finally, you can use the IB key while in theBASE-N (see page 60) "HEX" mode to input the hexadecimal" IAn. You'll notice that the key shows marks for each of these functions, which are color coded for easy identification.

Referring back to the IBJ key, the function marked in orange is carried out after pressing the ~ key. After pressing the I£ill) key, the IBJ key operates the function marked in light green. After pressing the ~ key, the function marked in red is carried out, and in the BASE-N mode, the IBJ key operates the function marked in green.

,

Next, let's look at the ill key. Note that the "EX2" mark is in blue brackets. The fx-4500P

~U'J s

functions marked in these blue brackets are used for standard deviation (SO mode) and

regression (LR mode) calculations.

Functions marked in ORANGE - Accessed by first pressing !!ill) key. Functions marked in LIGHT GREEN - Accessed by first pressing I£ill) key. Functions marked in REO - Accessed by first pressing I!mOO key.

Functions marked in GREEN - Accessed in BASE-N mode.

Functions marked by BLUE brackets - Accessed in SD mode or LR mode.

~8~

• [Modes

When using the fx-4500P, it is necessary to select the proper mode to suit your calculation requirements. This can be done by using the ~ key in combination with the number keys. (Reier to plate below the display window.)

• Manual calculation modes

• Calculation modes ~(]]: COMP mode

General calculations, including function calculations .

@illJCD: BASE-N mode

Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversion and calculations, as well as logical oper- .

atlons,

~[]]: LA mode

Regression calculation. ("LR" symbol appears in display window when this mode is

selected.)

~W: SO mode

Standard deviation calculation. ("SO" symbol appears in display window when this mode

is selected.)

• Modes (]] - @] are totally independent, and cannot be used together.

~8: Eng mode

Engineering symbol calculation. ("Eng" symbol appears in display window when this mode

is selected.) (Refer to page 59.)

'The calculation mode last selected is retained in memory when the fx-4500P's power is switched OFF.

• Angular measurement modes ~@]: Deg mode

Specifies measurement in "degrees". (" I!l" symbol appears in display window when

this mode is selected.)

~rn: Rad mode

Specifies measurement in "radians". (" m " symbol appears in display window when this

mode is selected.)

~([]: Gra mode

Specifies measurement in "grads". (" 00 " symbol appears in display window when this

mode is selected.)

'With the exception of the BASE-N mode, modes @) - ([) can be used in combination with the manual calculation modes.

~9~

• Display modes ~(L): Fix mode

. Specifies number of decimal places. ("Fix" symbol appears in display window when this mode is setected.j.

~(!]: Sci mode

Specifies number of significant digits. ("Sci" symbol appears in display window when

this mode is selected.) .

~®: Norm mode

Cancels "Fix" and "Sci" specifications.

This operation also changes the range of the exponent display (see page 12).

·With the exception of the BASE-N mode, modes m ~ CID can be used in combination with the manual calculation modes.

The mode last selected is retained in memory when the fx·4500P's power is switched OFF.

• Program calculation mode ~~: WRT mode

Specified when writing or correcting programs (files). ("WRT" symbol appears in display window when this mode is selected.) Press again to cancel WRT mode.

~(§): Defm mode

Press to expand number of memories. ("Defm" appears in display window when this mode is selected.) After specifying this mode, input a value and press the @l key to specify the number of useable memories (see page 41.)

'Example , ~ §9 10 @l - Number of memories expanded by 10.

Mode Hierarchy Diagram

-10-

• Abbreviations

COMP Compute Dec Decimal number
LR Linear regression Hex Hexadecimal number
SD Standard deviation Bin Binary number
Eng Engineering Oct Octal number 'To return to standard operation (initialized state) press ~ ® (COMP mode) - ~ [±) (Deg mode) - @I [[) (Norm mode)

.1 Display

• Two-tier display

This unit features a two-tier display. The upper tier is a dot display which features an . input buffer, for display of up to 12 characters. The lower display is capable of displaying 10 digits for a mantissa, as well as 2 digits for an exponent. When formulas are input, they are displayed on the upper display, and then results are shown on the lower display when the ~ is pressed to execute the calculation. This allows both the formula and the result to be displayed simultaneously.

In addition, when filenames are displayed, the file name is shown on the upper display, with the file number shown on the lower display. When programs are displayed, the program data is displayed on the upper display, with the program line number shown on the lower display.

I Example I 2 x 3-6

I Example I Filename

I Example I Program

IT

6_ [!]T

Formula

Result of calculailon

PROGRAM

9 I

File number Filename

Fila number . Program line number Program data

-11-

• Display symbols

The display window features symbols which ligh! to indicate the present operational status of the fx-4500P.

lID: [I): 00: [!): hyp:

WRT: 1illI: ~: 6Em:

LR:

SD: [!]: ill: 00:

Fix:

SCi:

Eng: ..... :

••••• • •• :11 •• ;1"..... I...... ..... .",. ...•. . ... .-. ...... ...... ........ .. ....

1::11 :~::~ ::::: ::::: ::::: ::::: - ::::: ===:= :Inl Ifl:: ::::: :rr:: n::: IU:: 11.::: ::::: U::: "III - ur:; ==:== ===== 1==== :lIn I::::

.... ::::: I:::: ::::: ::::: ::::. rlln In:: ==:== =1==: 1111: :::U ===== ..

nt» "" """ " ,",,-pp - (I.O.(IJ).(I.O.D.O.('.(Ie uu

®®!Ml@ hyp WRT lIiill@WmJ LRSD mliJ~ Fix Sci Eng

Indicates lliil key has been pressed. Indicates @ill) key has been pressed. Indicates §'iI key has been pressed. Indicates ~ key has been pressed. Indicates I.iiill key has been pressed. Indicates calculator in the WRT mode.

Indicates filename or program (file contents) is displayed. Indicates program is being edited in WRT mode. Indicates intermediate result is displayed.

Indicates LR mode has been specified.

Indicates SD mode has been specified.

Indicates angular measurement in units of "Degrees". Indicates angular measurement in units of "Radians". Indicates angular measurement in units of "Grads".

Indicates specification of number of decimal places is being executed. Indicates specification of number of significant digits is being executed. Indicates Eng mode has been specified.

Indicates number of characters exceeds limitation of screen. Non-displayed characters can be viewed by "scrolling" right or left, as indicated by arrow(s).

.Exponential display

During normal calculation, this unit is capable of displaying up to 10 digits. However if calculation results exceed this limit, they are automatically displayed in exponential format. You can choose from two different types of exponential display formats:

(A) 10-2(0.01» I x 1,1 x I ~ 1010: Norm 1 mode

(8) 10-9(0.000000001» I x I, I x I ;;; 1Q10 : Norm 2 mode

-l2-

Selection of these modes can be carried out by pressing ~CID, when no specification has been made for the number of decimal places or significant digits.

The present status is not displayed, so it is necessary to perform the. following procedure to specify either display format:

1~200~

---1-1 L _1_J_2_0_0 __ __;~=- •• _-_o3--,1 ~"m", A)

--> 111280 O.O~5 1 (Format B

The examples given in this manual shows calculation results in exponential display format "A".

How to view the calculation results in exponential format.

1.2E11

V" 1

l_j U Mantissa Exponent

.. 1.2 x 1011 .. 120,000,000,000

1.2E-3

1.2-03

l_j U Mantissa Exponent

.. 1.2x 10-3 ... 0.0012

.Special display functions .

For fractional, hexadecimal and other special calculations, results are shown on the displayas follows:

eFractions

456.J12.J23

456 ... 12 ... 23. [Indicates 456~~1 I!l

L___j L_j L_j

Int&ger Numerator Dancminator

-l3-

-Hexedectmat numbers

ABCDEF12

AbCdEF12 H [Indicates ABCDEF1216 (= -141256727810)]

• Sexagesimal numbers

12.58244 121:1341:156.78

[Indicates 12°34'56.78"]

L_j L_J L____j

De-BreeS MinLltGS SoCOnds

.1 Handling Precautions

-This unit is composed of precision electronic components, and should never be disassembled. Do not drop it or otherwise subject it to sudden impacts, or sudden changes in temperature. Be especially careful to avoid storing the unit or leaving it in areas exposed to high temperature, humidity or large amounts of dust. When exposed to low temperatures, the unit will require more time to display answers and may even fail to operate. The display will return to normal once normal temperature is attained.

-The display will appear blank while the unit is performing calculations. At this time most keys will be inoperative. Because of this, keys should normally be used while confirming proper operation by checking the display.

=Battertes should be replaced every 2 years, even if the unit is not used for extended periods. Never leave dead batteries in the battery compartment. They can leak and damage the unit.

=Avoid using volatile liquids such as thinner or benzine to clean the unit. Wipe it with a soft, dry cloth or a cloth that has been dipped in a neutral detergent solution and wrung out.

=Note that the manufacturer assumes no responsibility for any loss or claims by third parties which may arise from use of this product.

-Note that the manufacturer assumes no responsibility for any damage incurred as a result of data loss caused by malfunction, repairs or battery replacement. The user should prepare physical records of important data to protect against such data losses.

- [f this unit should malfunction, be sure to contact your nearest Casio dealer or service center, explaining the problem in detail.

-l4-

.1 Power and Battery Replacement

Power is supplied to this unit by one CR2iJ25 lithium battery, which is used for normal operations, as well as one CR1216 lithium battery used for memory backup.

If both of these batteries are removed at the same time, programs and data will be lost,

so avoid replacing them at the same time. .

*If both batteries have been removed from the unit for some reason, replace them and press the "All Reset" button after turning the power ON .

• Replacing batteries . .

If batteries become weak, the "Low Battery" indicator appears on the ?iSplay:

_Low battery

If you continue to use the unit after this display appears, power will turn OFF autornatlcally and operation will become impossible even if you press the ail ON key. If this occurs, replace the CR2025 battery as soon as possible. Do not leave dead batteries in

the unit. Doing so may result in damage or lost memory contents. .

.To replace the memory backup battery

The battery used for memory backup should be replaced every two years. CDPress the @ill key. Then remove the two

screws on the back of the unit and remove the back cover.

@Removethescrew holding the battery pressure plate (screw "B") and then remove the battery pressure plate.

@Remove the old battery from the unit. (This can be done easily by turning the unit so that the 'battery compartment is facing downwards, and then lightly tapping the unit)

@Wipe the surfaces of the new battery with a soft, dry cloth and load them into the unit, making sure that the positive (£l side is facing upwards.

@Fasten the battery pressure plate in place using the screw.

@Replace the back cover and press the @ill key. Memory contents are protected by the main battery in this case.

-l5-

All Reset button

Screw "8"

QO I
q .~
J .Auto Power~OFF function

To preserve battery life, this unit will turn OFF automatically if it is not used for approximately 6 minutes. To restore power, press the fD key. Note that memory contents are protected even when power goes OFF.

.To replace the main battery CDPress the ®I key. Then remove the two screws on the back of the unit and remove the back cover.

@Removethescrewholdingthe battery pres-

sure plate (screw' 'A") and then remove the battery pressure plate.

@Remove the old main battery from the unit. (This can be done easily by turning the unit so that the battery compartment is facing downwards, and then lightly tapping the unit.)

@Wipe the surfaces of the new battery with a soft, dry cloth and load them into the unit, making sure that the positive ® side is fac-

ing upwards.

@Fasten the battery pressure plate in place using the screw. Then press the @ID key.

@Replace the back cover. Memory contents are protected by the memory backup battery

in this case.

Avoid changing both batteries at the same time as doing so may result in memory contents being lost,

All Resel button

Screw "A"

l

Precautions:

Incorrectly using batteries can cause them to burst or leak, possibly damaging the interior of the unit. Note the following precautions:

-Se sure that the positive ® and negative 8 poles of the battery are facing in the proper direction.

-Never leave a dead battery in the battery compartment.

-Remove the battery if you do not plan to use the unit for long periods.

-Replace the battery at least once every 2 years, no matter how much the unit is used

during that period.

-Never try to recharqe the battery supplied with the unit.

-Do not expose batteries to direct heat, let them become shorted, or try to take them apart.

Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.

-17-

-16-

_" -

.1 Nomenclature and Functions

I.

~ Mode key

Press when setting the status of the unit or when specifying the unit of angular measurement. Refer to page 9 for details on modes.

Function command

Numeric keys Other command

Exponent key

window

ilJ.LOCK

~ Alphabet key

Press to input alphabetic characters or special characters. Pressing @iID displays "[!)" and allows the input of only one character. After the character is input, the unit returns to the status it was in before the ~ key was originally pressed. Pressing rnmm followed by [!lffi!) will lock the unit in this mode and allow consecutive input of alphabetic characters

until ~ is pressed again. .

keys

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
I!!l 0 0 0 III rn
(K) [[] @) (]] (g) III
0 0 @] on IT] QJ
!Kl OJ 1M] 0 0
lliJ (Q] [EJ @] [[]
[]] [IJ [[l Q[l ~
operation keys 00 ITl {~J @@ 0 Find T· fun,!j

@] - 00 ,8 Numeric keys

LX.J x L~J M St{ICK1.x~./"I'

-When numeric values or calculation commands are input, they appear on the dt"splay window from the left. The G key is used to indicate the decimal point.

=Dependlnq on the selected mode, the @![!l and ~ keys can be used in combination with the number keys to specify the following functions:

M G T
m m [ID
p m ~ COMP mode (~@) } .
@) m 00
f P n LR mode (~I]]) Used in combination with ~ key.
ITJ m m SO mode (~rn)
Rnd R ... r'I~
[QJ [!] @!!m: Shift key

Press when using the function commands and functions marked in orange on the key panel. An "1]]" will appear on the display to indicate that ~ has been pressed. Pressing ~ again will cause the urn" to disappear from the display and the unit to return to the status it was in before @!ill was originally pressed.

~: Second shift key

Press when using the function commands and functions marked in light green on the key panel. An "!I)" will appear on the display to indicate that~ has been pressed. Pressing ~ again will cause the "0" to disappear from the display and the unit to return to the status it was in before ~ was originally pressed.

-18-

-19-

CD lID lID
,LjiJ Ly(1NJ ,,...,
[!] [ID ([J
,.,..., ,.,., ,...,.J
ill [Z] m
~Z;IC~J ,,,,,, en'
[[J 8
LX'J L,1:er,J
CD m m
[!] m lID
ill [Z] I]J
~:t..:'J 'bJ 'nJ
[[J 8
LX.J LZ£hJ LR mode (~~)

Used in combination with ~ key.

SO mode (~(]])

-When the @lID key is pressed in the COMP mode, LR mode or SO mode, the following functions are specified:

I!illlll [!ID Internal rounding

This key operation rounds the internal value (value stored in the Y register) to 10 digits. Note that this also rounds the result that is produced by the Ans function. In the FIX and SCI modes, this key operation changes the internal value to the form specified for value display.

!lE!IiJ ffi·····u Random number generation

Generates random numbers between 0.000 and 0.999.

For information on other functions, see "Engineering symbol calculations" on page 59.

-The following functions can be specified by pressing ~ in the LR mode or SO mode

(only some functions are available).

~Cf! x (Mean of x)

I!illlcp, I:x2 (Sum of squares of x)

~~ I:x (Sum of x)

~ ~ n (Number of data)

~~ _._ 1..:y2 (Sum of squares of y)

~~ I:y (Sum of y)

~ce? I:xy (Sum of products of x and y)

I!illlCfl y (Mean of y)

~ SiP yo» (Standard deviation of y)

I!illl ~ yo»: t (Sample standard deviation of y)

~ 9.? XUn (Standard deviation of xl

These functions are used in standard deviation and regression calculations. For details, see sections on "Standard deviation" (page 67) and "Regression calculation" (page 70).

-20-

"

,@lExponent/Pi/Standarddeviationcalculationkey

.t:O'o-IJZ

.When using exponents, the @I key is pressed after the mantissa is input. For example,

to input 2.56 x 1034, press 2.56 @I34. When inputting exponents into a program, the @I key is pressed after the value is input.

-When pressed following the ~ key, the value of pi (;r) is input. .

-When pressed following ~ key in LR mode or SO mode, the sample standard devia-

tion of x is calculated.

~~ ••••••••••• X(Jn-1 (Sample standard deviation of x) is calculated.

Poll "ocl ,p, -c- Arithmetic operation/Coordinate transtormation/ ,Pv .!il Lg L~_'_ Permutation and combination/Logical operation keys

-When carrying out addition, subtraction multiplication and division, enter the calcula-

tion as it is written, from left to right.

-0 and a keys can be used to indicate signs.

_~ key combinations for the various modes are as follows:

COMP mode, SO mode or LR mode

"p,

EI

Po1(

D

@IT) ~ _ Coordinate transformation; press to transform polar coordinate into rectangular coordinate.

~.:1. Coordinate transformation; press to transform rectangular coordinate into polar coordinate.

~ E3 _ Permutation; press when making permutation calculations.

~ a Combination; press when making combination calculations.

BASE-N mode £t PIlI

l.;;!.mU Lxru:uJ

D CII

LOr.,l LxO.l'J

@IT)~ _ or; press when calculating "or" of logical operation.

@IT) ~ xor; press when calculating "xor" of logical operation.

~~ _ .. and; press when calculating "and" of logical operation.

~ ~ xnor; press when calculating "xnor" of logical operation.

• For division, the" I" (slash) key is used.

%

~ Execute/Percent key

-Press to obtain the result of a calculation. Pressed after data input for a program calcu-

lation or to advance to the next execution after a result is obtained.

-Press following @ill key for percentage calculations. Note thetoercentase calculations

cannot be carried out in BASE-N mode.

-21-

CAPA

~ Answer/CAPA/Space key

SPACE

• Press ~ followed by ~ to recall the last calculation result.

-Hold down following @ill key to display number of remaining steps in program.

-Press following @!!!I key to input a space.

INS

IQW Delete/fnsert key

·Press@lto delete character .where cursor is flashing. Deletes character to lett of cursor when cursor is to the right of the last input character.

·Press following @ill key to display the insert cursor (= =). Entering a valuewhile the insert cursor is displayed inserts the value in the position immediately preceding the insert cursor location.

Mol

L~ON All clear/Memory clear/Statistical data clearlPower On key

• Press to clear all input characters or formulas. Also, press to clear Error Check mes-

sage on display .

• Pressing @ill followed by aa clears all data in unit's memory.

• Pressing ~ followed byaa clears contents of statistical calculation memory.

• Press when power is OFF to turn power ON.

GOIO Lbl

~TE[I Cursor/ReplayJJump command keys

REPLAY

-Press to move the cursor to the lett or right on the display to correct formulas or numeric values.

Pressing IE moves the cursor to the left, while pressing @J moves it to the right. Pressing either key and holding it down will cause continuous movement of the cursor in the respective direction.

=Once a formula or numeric value is input and @J is pressed, these keys become replay keys. Pressing ~ displays the formula or numeric value from the end, and pressinq ~ displays it from the beginning. Pressing @) again will re-execute (see page 48). -These keys are also used to input "Jump" commands which alter program execution.

Pressing ~ followed by IE enters the "Goto" command. Pressing @fl followed by @J enters the "Lbl" (Label) command. For details, refer to page 1 09.

IQffI Power OFF key

Press to turn the unit's power OFF. Note that mode setting and memory contents are protected even when power is turned OFF.

®rn File key

Press to recall registered files. For details, refer to page 96.

IN

@!JFormula memory key

Used when making calculations using registered formulas. For details, refer to page 77.

-22~

P-,og :

[ill§ Formula memoryJProgram/Multistatement key

. -Press I!illI to execute formulas in formula memory. For details, refer to page 77. =Press lilliITI followed by I!illI and ~ to execute programs. For dstalls, refer to page 10a.. =Press ~ followed by @ill] to separate formulas or commands in programmed calculations or consecutive calculations. The result of such combinations is known as a "multistatement". For details, refer to page 50.

~ File line scroll up/Integration/Display key

• Press while file contents are displayed to scroll up to the previous file Jlne.

• Press IOOil followed by IQI when making integrations. For details, rater to page 84. =Press ~ followed by (Q] to display results of program calculations and consecutive cal-

culations.

........ File line scroll down/Absolute value/Pause command/

[Q)

SEARCH Search key

-Press while file contents are displayed to scroll down to the next file line. .Press ~ followed by @ when making absolute value calculations .

• Press ~ followed by @ to input" Pause" command. For details, refer to page 117 . =Press to search contents of file using "Search" function. For details, refe~ to page. 105.

- ..

~ Engineering/Judge commandJNot key

Not :1"

-Each press of this key shifts the decimal of the displayed value three decimal places to the right or left. This in effect results in conversion of the value from one metric unit to another, such as 10-3 milliseconds, 10-6 microseconds, 10-12 picoseconds, or 103 kilohertz, 106 megahertz, 109 gigahertz.

I Example I 12.3456@) 1 st time ~ is entered 2nd time @9 is entered 3rd time I@ is entered 4th time I@ is entered

12.3456@)

1 st time @!iTII~ is entered 2nd time lilliITI~ is entered 3rd time 1ii!iEil~ is entered 4th time @ill@@ is entered

12.3456
12.3456 00
12345.6 -03
12345600. -06
12345600. -06
12.3456
0.0123456 03
0.000012345 06
0.000000012 09
0.000000012 09 (No change)

(No change)

-When pressed after pressing ~ key, "judge" symbol u",)", used in executing Jump command, is input. For details,refer to page 112.

-When pressed in BASE-N mode, this key executes "Not" function used in logical operation.

-23-

;...__-

die ~

~ Fractions/Judge commandlNegative key

Nog

-Used when inputting fractions and mixed numbers.

I Example I To input 23. press 231!illl~45: To input 2~. press 2~3~4:

45. 4 ..

• By pressing @!!ill@ in succession, the displayed value will be converted to the improper fraction.

-When pressed after pressing M key, "judge" symbol "~", used in executing Jump command, is input. For details, refer to page 112.

- Press in the BASE·N mode prior to entering a value to obtain the negative of that value.

The negative number is the two's complement of the value entered.

X' II.

[0 Square root/Square/Judge command/Decimal value key

DlllcLdJ

·Press prior to entering a numeric value to obtain the square root of that value. -Enter a value, and press this key following @!TIl to obtain the square of the value.

-When pressed after pressing ~ key, the "judge"symbol "t:.. ", used in executing JUmp

command, is input. For details, refer to page 112.

=Prese in the BASE·N mode to specify the decimal calculation mode.

-When pressed following @!!ill in the BASE·N mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as a decimal value.

'[§r Common logarithm/Exponent of 10IVariabie fix command/ H.xLhJ Hexadecimal key

·Press prior to entering a value to obtain the common logarithm of that value. ·When pressed following the @!!ill key, the subsequently entered value becomes an ex.

ponent of 10.

-When pressed following the ~ key, "Fixm" is entered. For details, refer to page 118.

-Press in the BASE·N mode to specify the hexadecimal calculation mode.

-When pressed following @!!ill in the BASE·N mode, the subsequently entered value is

specified as a hexadecimal value.

'" (

[j1lJ Natural logarithm/Exponential/Variable input command/Binary key

BI"I.bJ[

=Press prior to entering a value to obtain the natural logarithm of that value.

-When pressed following the ~ key, the subsequently entered value becomes an ex. ponent of "e",

·When pressed following the ~ key, the" I " symbol used in executing the variable input command is input. For details, refer to page 118.

·Press in the BASE·N mode to specify the binary calculation mode.

·When pressed following the ~ key in the BASE·N mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as a binary value.

-24-

'r )

~ Power/RootlVariable input command/Octal key

O'tLc-Jl

.Enter x, press this key and then enter y (any number) to calculate x to the power of y. =To calculate the xth root of y, press after pressing ~.

.When pressed following the lfillI key, the" I " symbol used in executing the variable

input command is input. For details, refer to page 118. .

-Prsss in the BASE·N mode to specify the octal calculation mode.

.When pressed following the @!!ill key in the BASE·N mode, the subsequently entered value is specified as an octal value.

~ ;;;;;

[B] Negative/Cube root/Equal key

IA i>.

.Press prior to entering a numeric value to make that value negative.

I Example I -123" 8123

• Press following the 00 key to obtain the cube root of a subsequently entered numeric value.

• Press following the ~ key to enter the" =" sign.

... ,.

B Decimal +-l> SexagesimallNot equal key

16 B

.Press to enter sexagesimal value. (degree/minute/second or hour/minute/second)

I Example 178045'12"" 788458128

-When pressed following the @!ill key, a decimal based value can be displayed in deg rees/m in utes/secon ds.

-Press following the ~ key to input the "~" sign.

~ Hyperbolic/Relational operator key 0: c

-Pressinq ~ and then @], §) or I§) prior to entering a value produces the respective

hyperbolic function (sinh, cosh, tanh) for the value.

• Pressing ~, then ~ and then 1!§,I§l or ~ prior to entering a value produces the respective inverse hyperbolic function (stnh'. cosh~', tanhr ') for the value.

-Press following the lfillI key to enter the" 2:" sign.

.10·' S , ... , > 1,,-' < Trigonometric function/Inverse trigonometric functioni

[iliJ §I ~

Il D f e IF F Relational operator keys

-Press one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the respective trigonometric function for the value.

• Press 00 and then one of these keys prior to entering a value to obtain the respective inverse trigonometric function for the value.

• Press ~ and then one of these keys to input the "~", .. > " and" < " signs, respectively. oln the BASE-N mode, pressiBl- ~to enter A- H (10,0-15,0) of a hexadecimal number.

-25-

Int

1EID Store memory/Integer/Constant term key

LAJ

.• Press prior to inputting alphabet character when inputting calculation results to memory.

• Press @ key followed by @ill key prior to inputting number in order to obtain integer part of that number.

• Press following ~ key in LR mode to calculate constant term "A" in regression formula.

~~ Calculation of A (Constant term of regression formula)

F rae

IEllI Recall memory/Fraction / Regression coefficient key

LB'

-Press prior to inputting alphabet characters to display value input into memory.

-Press m key followed by [illJ key prior to inputting number in order to obtain fraction

part of that number.

·Press following ~ key in LR mode to calculate regression coefficient "B" in regression formula.

~~ Calculation of B (Regression coefficient of regression formula)

Parentheses/ Reciprocal! Factorial! Correlation coefficient/ Estimated value of x key

• Press the open parenthesis key and the closed parenthesis key at the position required

in a formula.

• Press @ followed by CD prior to entering a value to obtain the reciprocal of that value. ·Press m followed by OJ after entering a value to obtain the factorial of that value. -In the LA mode, press following the ~ key for coefficient of correlation calculation and

estimated value of x in linear regression calculation, respectively.

[gilli ~ Calculation of r (correlation coefficient)

~Lfl Calculation of x (estimate of value of x)

CD Comma/Semicolon/Estimated value of y key

'~J I

=Press to enter comma in statistical and other formulas. -Press following @ to enter semicolon.

·'n the LR mode, press following the ~ key for the estimated value of y in regression calculation.

M-

ffiEI Memory plus/Memory minus/Data input/Clearkey

t.CTJ lCLJJ

·Press to add displayed value to memory. Note that when formula is displayed, results

are first derived and then stored into memory.

=Prees following @ key to subtract displayed value from memory. ·In the LA and SD modes, press to input data.

·In theLA and SD modes, press following them key to clear data which has been input incorrectly.

-26-

.1 Before beginning calculations.... I.

• Calculation priority sequence

This unit employs true algebraic logic to calculate the parts of a formula in the following order:

(DCoordinate transformation/integration Pol (x, y), Aec (r, 8), Idx @Type A functions

These functions are those in which the value is entered and then the function key is pressed.

x2, x-I, xl, 0' ", Eng symbols

@ Power/root x", v@Fractions able

® Abbreviated multiplication format in front of 1[, memory or parenthesis 211', 41K 1, SA, 1rA, etc.

@Type B functions

These functions are those in which the function key is pressed and then the value is entered.

-F, y, log, In, eX, 10x, sin, cos, tan, sln", cos-t, tan-', sinh, cosh, tanh; slnh ", cosh', tanh-', (-), parenthesis, (following in BASE·N mode only) d, H, b, 0, Neg, Not

CDAbbreviated multiplication format in front of Type B functions 2'1'3, A log2, etc. ® Permutation, combination n Pr, nCr

@x, ....

@+, -

@and ]

@or, xor, xnor In BASE-N mode only.

'When functions with the same oriority are used in series, execution is performed from right to left for: eXln..ff25 -> eX[ln(..ff25)]

Otherwise, execution is from left to right.

'Everything contained within parentheses receives highest priority.

I Example I 2 + 3 x (log sin21r2 + 6.8) = 22.07101691 (in the "Rad" mode) @J

~

~

®

®

-27-

·Number of stacks

This unit features a memory known as a "stack" for the temporary storage of low priority numeric values and commands (functions, etc.). The numeric value stack has nine levels, while the command stack has 24. If a complex formula is employed that exceeds the stack space available, a stack error (Stk ERROR) message will appear on the display.

I Example I

Numeric stack value

Command stack

CD 2
® 3
® 4
@ 5
@ 4 m x
~ (
[3J (
@] +
[5] X
[§J (
[]J + 'Calculations are performed in the order of the highest calculation priority first. Once a calculation is executed, it is cleared from the stack.

.Number of input/output digits and calculation digits

The allowable input/output range (number of digits) of this unit is 10 digits for a mantissa, and 2 digits for an exponent. Calculations, however, are performed internally with a range of 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits tor an exponent.

I Example I 3 x 105-;-7= 3@)5pj17@1

3E5/7
42857.14286
I!l
3E517 - 42857
0.1428571
I!l Once a calculation is completed, the mantissa is rounded off to 10 digits and displayed. I Example I 3 x 1 05 ~ 7 =

3@)5pj17~ 3E5/7

42857.14286

I!l

-28-

1:142857~

42857.14286- ... 0.14286

III

• Overflow and errors

If the operational range of the unit is exceeded, or incorrect inputs are made, an error message will appear on the display and subsequent operation will be impossible. This is carried out by the error check function. The following operations .will result in errors: (1) The answer, whether intermediate or final, or any value in memory exceeds the value'

of ± 9.999999999 x 1099•

(2) An attempt is made to perform function calculations that exceed the input range. (See page 155.)

(3) Improper operation during statistical calculations. (Ex. Attempting to obtain x or xon without data input.)

(4) Illegal argument.

(Ex. Negative value specified for Defm)

(5) The capacity of the numeric value stack or the command stack is exceeded. (Ex. Entering 23 successive m's followed by 2D3134)

(6) Input errors are made. (Ex. 513133~)

(7) Even though memory has not been expanded, a memory such as Z [2] is used. (See page 42 for details on memory.)

(8) When Prog command (see page 114) causes SUbroutine nesting overflow.

(9) When no Lbl corresponds to Goto command (see page 111), or when no filename

corresponds to Prog command (see page 114).

When error messages appear, most keys will become inoperative. In this case, press the m key to return to normal operation. You can also press the IE key or@] key, causing the cursor to show the position of the error (see "Error position display function" on page 49).

The following error messages will be displayed for the operations noted above: (1)-(3) Ma ERROR

(4) Arg ERROR

(5) Stk ERROR

(6) Syn ERROR

(7) Mem ERROR

(8) Ne ERROR

(9) Go ERROR

Ne ERROR and Go ERROR messages mainly occur when using programs. (Refer to the Error Message Table on page 154.)

-29-

• Number of input characters

This unit features a 127-step area for calculation execution.

One function comprises one step. Each press of numeric or D, 1:1, £J and a keys comprise one step. Though such operations as Ii!iiill(g) (~ key) require two key operations, they actually comprise only one function, and, therefore, only one step. These steps can be confirmed using the cursor. With each press of the @3 or §B key, the cursor is moved one step.

Input characters are limited to 127 steps. Usually, the cursor is represented by a blinking u_,\ but once the 121st step is reached, the cursor changes to a blinking u."~ If the "." appears during a calculation, the calculation should be divided at some point and performed in two parts.

'When numeric values or calculation commands are input, they appear on t~e display from the left. Calculation results, however, are displayed from the right

• Corrections

To make corrections in a formula that is being input, use the IE and §B keys to move to the position of the error and press the correct keys.

I Example I To. change an input of 122 to 123:

122

123_

I Example I To change an input of cos60 to sinGO:

§][[]I]]

cos 60_

~os 60

sin §.0

'If, after making corrections, input of the formula is complete, the answer can be obtained by pressing ~. If, however, more is to be added to the formula, advance the cursor using the §B key to the end of the formula for input.

-30-

-If an unnecessary character has been included in a formula, use the §J and §B keys to move to the position of the error and press the @1 key. Each press of @1 will delete one command (one step).

I Example I To correct an input of 369 x x 2 to 369 x 2:

I 369xx2 I

. L-1_3_6_9_X_2_· __ _____JI

If a character has been omitted from a formula, use the @3 and ~ keys to move to the position where the character should haye been input, and press 00 followed by the @§] key. Each press of @!ill @ID will create a space for input of one command.

I Example I To correct an input of 2.362 to sin2.362:

2.362_ .

:2:.362

sin :2:.362

'When @!ffi1iHID are pressed, the space that is opened is displayed as " = =". The function or value assigned to the next key you press will be inserted in the = =. To exit from the insertion mode, move the cursors, press 1i!iiill[i]ID, or press @l.

Even after the @J key has been pressed to calculate a result, it is possible to use this procedure for correction. Press the (B key to move the cursor to the place where the correction is to be made.

-51-

1.__

Manual' Calculations

Section 2

Basic calculations' Memory .

Special 'functions Scientific function calculations Engineering symbol calculations Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal calculation.s Statistical calculations Formula memory function

I Section 2 »») Manual Calculations .1 Basic calculations

.Arithmetic operations

.Arithmetic operations are performed by pressing the keys in the same order as noted in the formula.

·For negative values, press IBJ before entering the value.

Example

Display (Lower)

Operation

23+4.5-53= -25.5

56 x ( -12).;. ( - 2.5) = 268.8

12369 x 7532 x 74103 = 6.903680613 x 1012 (6903680613000)

(4.5x 1075) x (- 2.3x 10 -79) = -1.035x 10-3

(- 0.001035)

(2+3) x 102""500

23D4.51:153~

56 £lIB 12P11iIBJ2.5~

12369£17532£1 74103~

4.5~75£11BJ2.3 f@1BI 79~

1Il2D3QJ£l1 ~2~

'The correct answer cannot be derived by entering [D2D3OJ1ffiI2.

Be sure to enter f3 1 between the CD and I;x;j in the above example.

(1 x105)77=14285.71429

(1 x10s)+7-14285 =0.7142857

1 ~5 P1Ii71:1 14285@1

'Internal calculations are calculated in 12 digits for a mantissa, and the result is displayed rounded off to 10 digits. Internally, however, the mantissa is calculated to 12 digits.

-25.5

268.8

6.903680613 12

-1.035-03

500.

14285.71429

0.7142857

-34-

.For mixed basic arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given priority over addition and subtraction.

Example

Display (Lower)

3+5x 6=33

7 x8-4 x5= 36

1 +2- 3x4+5+6= 6.6

Operation

3D5£16@1

7£1S1:14£15@l

1D21:13£14P11i5D6~

Example

• Parenthesis calculations

Operation

100 - (2 + 3) x 4 = 80

2+ 3x(4+ 5)=29

1 OOl:l1Il2H 3QJ£l4@!)

2H3£1(I)4D5~

'Closed parentheses occurring immediately before operation of the I!!!I key may be omitted, no matter how many are required.

~-~x~+~=~ I (I)71:12QJIIlSD5@1

'A multiplication sign EI occurring immediately before an open parenthesis can be omitted.

10-[2+ 7x(3+6»)= -55 I 10a1IJ2D71IJ3D6@1

'Henceforth, abbreviated style will not be used in this manual.

2x ~+4 (2 x3+4) + 5= 2 5x6+6xB 15x4+12x3 0.8125

(1.2 X 1019) - [(2.5 x 1020) x__LJ =4.5x 10,e

100

m2£13D4QJP1Ii5~

ITJ 5 £16 H 6 £18 QJP1Ii IIJ15£14D12£13QJ@l

1.2@)19I:1rn2.5~ 2o£l3a 1 OOQJ~

6

4x5 =0.3

"The above is the same as 6P!.ii14g51!!ID.

Display (Lower)

-55 ..

0.8125

4.5 18

-35-

33.

36.

6.6

80.

29.

65.

2.

0.3

Example

• Percentage calculations

Operation

Display (Lower)

• Percentage 26% of $15.00

·Premium

15% increase from $36.20

·Discount

4% discount from $47.50

o Ratio

75 is what % of 250?

oRate of change

141 is an increase of what % from 120?

240 is a decrease of what % from 300?

15t326~~

36.2£J15~~GI

41.63

45.6

75PJ.j250~[H)

30. (0/0)

141 =120lW!ITl[H)

17.5 (0/0)

240=300lW!ITl[H)

-20. (%)

-36-

3.9

.Specifying the number of decimal places, the number of significant digits and the exponent display

-To specify the number of decimal places (Fix), press ~ followed by [L), and then a value indicating the number of places (0 - 9). (The "Fix" indicator will appear on the· display.)

oTo specify the number of significant digits (Sci), press ~ followed by @, and then a value indicating the number of significant digits (0- 9 to set from 1 tq 10 digits with "0" indicating 10 digits). (The "Sci" indicator will appear on the display.)

=Presslnq the ~ key orl!E® followed by I§El will cause the exponent display for the number being displayed to change in multiples of 3.

-The specified number of decimal places or number of significant digits will not be can-' celled until another value or §§[]] is specified. (Specified values are not cancelled even if power is switched OFF or another mode (besides ~[]]) is specified.)

o@@[[] cancels Fix and Sci specifications, however the range of the exponent display can be set.

Each time ~[[] is input, operation switches between Norm1 and Norm2.

Norm 1 : All values less than 10-2 or greater than 109 are automatically expressed as exponents.

Norm 2 : All values less than 10-9 or greater than 109 are automatically expressed as exponents.

=Even if the number of decimal places and number of significant digits are specified, internal calculations are performed in 12 digits for a mantissa, and the displayed value is stored in 10 digits. To convert these to the specified number of decimal places and significant digits,. press @jrrJ followed by ~.

·This operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. To make this specification in the BASE~N mode, first press I§!I followed by []].

Example

100~6~

16.66666667 16.6667

Fix

Operation

Display (Lower)

100..,. 6 = 16.66666666 ...

(Four decimal places specified.) ~[L)GJ I (Specification cancelled.) §ill([] (Five significant digits specified.) ~[[J([J

I (Specification cancelled.) ~([]

'Values are displayed rounded off to the place specified.

I .

1 -i- 1000=0.001 (W1ith Norm1 specified.) 1PJ.j1000~

= 1 X 1 0 ~ 3 (Norm2 specified) ~(]]

16.66666667 1.6667 01

ScI

16.66666667

1. ~03

0.001

-37-

200-;-7x 14=400

200m7E114@)

(Three decimal places specilied.) ~m[]]

I

(Calculation continues with 10 digits.) 200a71lli1

141lli1

If the same calculation is performed with the specified number of digits:

200a7[!ID

(Value stored internally cui off at specified decimal place.) rnmm~

123m x 456 = 5608Bm = 56.088km

78g x 0.96 = 74.88g =0.0748Skg

14@)

(Specification cancelled.) ~([J

123E1456@) ~

78E10.96~

400. 400.000

Fix

28.571

(Upper)

.. 8.57142857 x _

Fix

400.000

Fix

28.571

Fix

28.571

Fix

(Upper) 28.571 x _ Fix

399.994

Fix

399.994

56088. 56.088 03

74.88 0.07488 03

-38-

.1 Memory

Fix

This unit contains 26 standard memories. There are two basic types of memories, the < Variable> memories, which are accessed by using. the [gID and I@ keys in combination with the 26 letters of the alphabet, and the <Independent> memories, which are accessed by using the ~,~~, I@ and (0 keys. The variable memory and independent memory utilize the same memory area.

Contents of both of the variable and independent memories are protected even when the power is turned OFF.

(1) Variable memories

Up to 26 values can be retained in memory at the same time, and can be recalled when

desired.

I Example I Inputting 123 into memory "A":

rD123

123_

A=

123_

A=

123.

When formulas are input, the result of the formula's calculat on is retained in memory.

I Example I Inputting the result of 123 x 456 into memory "6":

rD123f3456

123 x 456_

B=

56088

-39-

56088 I·

If a variable expression is entered, the expression is first calculated according to the values stored in the variable memories used in the expression. The result is then stored in the variable memory specified for the result.

I Example I Inputting the results of A x B into memory "Coo:

rmJ~rnEl~oo I
@!J@J [
rmJ [
1illI@J I AxB

c=

6898824.

c=

6898824.

~Syn ERROR is generated when an attempt is made to input a substitution formula (such as C = A x 8) or multistatements (such as A x 8 : C x D), and the existing memory contents are retained.

When input is made in a format such as "S = log2", where the variable is equal to the formula, the results of the calculation are input into the specified memory.

I Example I Executing "5= log2":

I. 5-log 2~

5=log 2 0.301029995

-40-

5= 0.301029995

"In the SD mode, variable memories S,T and U are used as statistical memories. In the' LR mode, variable memories N, 0, P, S, T, and U are used as statistical memories. In addltlon, G, H, I, J, K, L, and X can be used as integral memories. These variable memories cannot be used simultaneously while making statistical or integral calculations.

.Array-type memories

Up to this point, all ofthe memories used have been referred to by single alphabetic charac-' ters such as A, 8, X, or Y.

With the array-type memory introduced here, a memory name (one alphabetic character from A through Z) is appended with a subscript such as [1] or [2]. "Brackets input by . ~[IiiJ,~~.

Standard memory A

B

C

o

Array memory A 10]

A[i]

A12]

A[3]

Proper use of the subscripts shortens programs and makes them easier to use.

• Memory expansion

Although there are 26 standard memories (A - Z), they can be expanded by changing program storage steps to memory. Memory expansion is performed by converting the 8 steps to one memory.

"See page 90 for information on the number of program steps.

Number of memories

Number of steps

Memory is expanded in units of one. A maximum of 137 memories can be added for a maximum total of_163. Expansion is performed by pressing ~ followed by~, a value representing the size of the expansion, and then @I.

I Example I To expand the number of memories by 30 to bring the total to 56:

Defm 30_

Pefm 30

30.

-41-

To check the current number of expanded memories, press ffi@followed by ~ and @ID.

Oefm

30.

To initialize the number of memories (to return the number to 26) enter a zero for the value in the memory expansion sequence outlined above.

Oefm 0

o.

'Though a maximum of 137 memories can be added, if a program has already been stored and the number of remaining steps is less than the desired expansion, an error (Mem ERROR) will be generated and expansion will be impossible.

'The expansion procedure (ffi@~ expansion value) can also be stored as a program.

• Using expanded memories

Expanded memories are used in the same manner as standard memories, and are referred to as variable Z[n] through variable A[n + 25], etc., as shown below:

Z[11""Y[2]""X[3]"" ""A[26] (Defm 1)

Z[2J=Y[3]=X[4]= = A [27] (Defm 2)

Z[n]=Y[n+1]=X[n+2]= ..... =A[n+25] (Defm n) * n is the number of expanded memories.

For example, when two memories are added:

Z[1]=Y[2]=X[3]= =A[26j

Z[2]=Y[3]=X[4]= =A!27j

These memories are used in the same way as array-type memories, with a subscript being appended to the name.

I Example I Inputting 123 in Z[2]:

~ill~!Il2~[IJ~ [§J123

-42-

Defm 2

2.

Z[21= 123_

Z[2] = 123

123,

Recall memory data.
m!I I I
~ill~[[]2~[IJ I Z[2L I
~ I Z[2] I
123, • Cautions when using array-type memories

When using array-type memories, a subscript is appended to an alphabetic character that represents a standard memory from A through Z.

Therefore, care must be taken to prevent overlap of memories .

'The following shows a case in which array-type memories overlap with standard format memories. This situation should always be avoided.

The relation is as follows:

ABC D E F G

A[DI All] A12] A[31 A(4J A[51 A[6] 8( a) Bll) BI 2 1 B( 3) S[ 4] B[ 5 ) c[a] Cll] C[21 C(3) C[4]

x Y Z

A[23] A(241 A[25] A(26) A[27]' 8[22] BI231 8[241 8[25] 8[26J C[21] C)22] CI231 C[24J C)251

G[O]

GI171 G[IB] G[191 GI201 GI211

X[ 0] XII) XI 2] X[ 3 I XI 4 I YIO] Y[I] Y12] Y[3] Z[ a] Z[ 1 ) Zl 2]

• Deleting memories

To delete all contents of variable memories (including expanded memories), press [jill) followed by @I@).

-43-

(2) Independent memories

Addition and subtraction (to and from sum) results can be stored directly in memory. Results can also be totalized in memory, making it easy to calculate sums.

I Example I Inputting 123 to independent memory:

E123

Recall memory data.

me

Add 25, subtract 12 25~12~§3

(Pressing 251:112@±1 provides same result.)

Recall memory data.

Pm!

123_

123

123.

I
M= I
123.
12
12. M=

136.

'To clear memory contents, press @]1§iOJ@.

'Addition/subtraction to or from sum in memory cannot be carried out with~, 00 and IE keys in SO mode and LR mode.

-44-

-Difference between fm][0'and ~, 1iffiTIl@3.

Both ImIDOO and ~, oo@3 can be used to input results into memory, however when the 1mID[0 operation is used, previous memory contents are cleared. When ~, oolE is used; value is added or subtracted to or from present sum in memory.

I Example I Inputting 456 into memory "M" using 1mID[0 procedure. Memory already contains value of 123:

Pm!123 [gilll]]

123. I

M=

456. I

M=

I Example I Inputting 456 into memory "M" using~. Memory already contains value of 123:

M=

123.

Pm! 456!!m

456

456.

M=

579.

-45-

·1 Special functions • Answer function

This unit has an answer function that stores the result of the most recent calculation. Once a numerievalue or numeric expression is entered and ~ is pressed, the result (the answer in the case of numeric formulas) is stored by this function.

To recall the stored value, press the ~ key. When I§J is pressed, "Ans" will appear on the display, and the value can be used in subsequent calculations.

• As the "Ans" function works just like any other memory, it will be referred to as "Ans memory" in subsequent sectlons of this manual.

I Example I 123 + 456 = 579 789- 579=210

123+456

579.

789-Ans_

789-Ans

210.

Numeric values with 12 digits for a mantissa and 2 digits for an exponent can be stored in the Ans memory. The Ans memory is not erased even if the power of the unit is turned OFF. Each time~, IRJ,~, 1iillJ~ and (ill) a (a=A-Z) is pressed, the value in the Ans memory is replaced with the new value produced by the calculation execution. When execution of a calculation results in an error, however, the Ans memory retains its current value.

• Contents of Ans memory are not altered when [@ a: (0: = A - Z) is used to recall contents of variable memory. Also, contents of Ans memory are not altered when variables are

input when the variable input prompt is displayed. .

.Omitting the multiplication sign (x)

When inputting a formula as it is written, from left to right, it is possible to omit the multiplication sign (x) in the following cases:

1) Before the following functions:

sin, cos, tan, sln", cos-t, tan 1, sinh, cosh, tanh slnh: cosh 1 tanh-1 log In 10"

3 ' t • ,t"

e=, y, Y, Pol (x, y), Rec (r, OJ

Ex. 2sin30, 1010g1.2, 2V3, 2Pol(5,12), etc.

-46-

2) Before fixed numbers, variables and memories:

Ex. 27r, 2AB, 3Ans, etc .

3) Before parentheses:

Ex. 3(5+6), (A+1)(B-1), etc.

.Continuous calculation function

Even if calculations are concluded with the @) key, the result obtained can be used for further calculations. In this case, calculations are performed with 10 digits for the mantissa which is displayed.

I Example I To calculate 7 3.14 continuing after 3 x 4 = 12:

3x4

12·1

(Continuing) PJri3.14

12./3.14_ I

~~.

12./3.14

3.821656051

I Example I To calculate 1 73 x 3 = :

1/3 x 3

1.

1/3 0.333333333

(Continuing) f33~

0.333333333 x _ 0.999999999

Calculations performed with 10 digits for mantissa.

This function can be used with Type A functions (X2, X-1, xl, see page 27), +, -, xr, V, and 0' ''.

I Example I Squaring the result of 7876 = 13:

rD78PJ16@j 78/6

13.

-47-

(Continuing) @IT!l~ 13.2_ IB~][BIB 1- 4.12 x 3.58±6. -I
@J 13.2 a7.1 1_ 12 x 3.58 - 7.L 1
169.
@J 4.12x3.58-7. -
7.6496 .Replay function

This function stores formulas that have been executed. After execution is complete, press. ing either the @] or §J key wiff display the formula executed.

Pressing EB wiff display the formula from the beginning, with the cursor located under the first character.

Pressing § wiff display the formula from the end, with the cursor located at the space following the last character. After this, using the @] and (B to move the cursor, the formula can be checked and numeric values or commands can be changed for subsequent execution.

!Example I

rD123f3456~

123 x 456 56088.

123 x 456

123 x 456 56088.

123 x 456_

I Example) 4.12x3.58+6.4=21.1496 4.12x3.58-7.1 =7.6496

rD4.12f33.58D6.4@]

4.12 x 3.58 + 6. _ 21.1496

1- 12 x 3.58 + 6.4 __

-48-

• As with the number of input characters (see page 30), the replay function can accept input of up to 127 steps.

"The replay function is not cleared even when m3 is pressed or when power is turned OFF, so contents can be recalled even after m3 is pressed.

I Example I

rD123f3456@J

123 x456 56088.

123 x 456_

"Replay function is cleared when mode or operation is switched.

• Error position display function

When an ERROR message appears during operation execution, the error can be cleared by pressing the m key and the values or formula can be re-entered from the beginning. However, by pressing the ~ orlB key, the ERROR message is canceffed and the cursor moves to the point where the error was generated.

I Example I 14 + 0 x 2.3 mistakenly input instead of 14 +1 0 x 2.3:

~--------~----~

m14~0f32.3@J Ma ERROR

§) (or IE)

Cursor lndicates where error is generated

-49-

~@IITl1iilID1 14/1:0:x 2.3 ~~ sin Ans_ I
IlImI I!l
~ 14/10 x 2.3 ~ sin Ans I
3.22 0.5
IlImI I!l When interrupt operation is completed, press ~ once again to execute.·

.Multistatement function

-The multistatement function (using colons to separate formulas or statements) available in program calculations can also be used for manual calculations.

-The multi statement function allows formulas to be separated by colons (~[IJ) to make consecutive, multiple statement calculations possible .

• When ~ is pressed to execute a formula input using the multistatement format, the formula is executed in order from the beginning .

• Inputting " ... " ((gillJCIJ) in place of the colon (~[IJ) will display the calculation result up to that point during execution.

I Example I 6.9 x 123 =848.7 123 -i- 3.2 = 38.4375

.11.- "" __ __;~;;:_. 6_. ---,I

E 123I![QHXI6.9£J~ [!)~I1J~IXIPJ13.2 ~

6.9xA

848.7

t

Appears on display when" ..oil" is used.

A/3.2

38.4375

*Even if " A " is not input at the end of a formula, the final result will be displayed. "Consecutive calculations containing multistatements cannot be performed. 123x456: x5

L-Invalid

-Calculations can be performed while an intermediate result is displayed during execution interrupted by " ... ".

I Example I

5 x 6 ... 7 x 8_

5x6

30.

IlImI I!l

-50- -51-

, ...__

.1 Scientific function calculations

• Trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions -Be sure to set the unit of angular measurement before performing trigonometric function and inverse trigonometric function calculations.

-The unit of angular measurement (degrees, radians, grads) is set by pressing ~ followed by a value from 0 to (§].

(900 = ; radians = 100 grads)

-once a unit of angular measurement is set, it remains in effect until a new unit is set.

Settings are not cleared when power is switched OFF.

-This operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE-N mode, make setting after pressing ~ followed by [[I.

Operation

Display (Lower)

Example

Ilm1!J W[) 0.5 @J t

Can be entered as .5

sin63"52'41"=0.897859M2 ~m--> "I!]"

1!iill63E152E141 E1@J

cos ( ~ rad) = 0.5

~[]) --> "1iJ"

§lCIJ 1!illITI1ID~ 3 (I] @J

tan( - 35gra)

= -0.612800788

z-sln 45° X cos 65° = 0.597672477

~0 --> "I!]"

2 EJ1!iill45EJ§l65@J

Lea: be omitted.

sin -10.5 = 300

(Determines x for sinx ~O.5)

cos-1 ~ =0.785398163 rad = _!_ rad

4

~[]) --> "1iJ"

llm1!J~mlD 2 ~ 2 (I] @J ~Ilm1!JIID@J

0.897859012

- 0.612800788

0.597672477

0.785398163 0.249999999

-52-

0.5

30.

tan -10. 741 = 36.538445770 = 36032' 18.4 N

~m --> "[!]" 1!illITI1iill0.741~

~~

*If the total number of digits for degrees/minutes/seconds exceeds 11 digits, the high·order values (degrees and minutes) are given display priority, and any lower-order values are not displayed. However, the entire value is stored within the unit as a decimal value.

2.5 x (sin -10.8 - cos -10.9) =68°13'13.53"

2.5EJCIJI!illITI@ill0.81:1 1!illITI~0.9m~~~

36.53844577 36" 32"18.4 .

.Logarithmic and exponential functions

.Thefollowing operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE·N mode, carry out calculation after pressing ~ followed by [[I.

Example

0.089905111

log 1.23 (IOglO 1.23)"" 8.9905111 x10-2

In90 (log90) = 4.49980967

log456 -i- In456

"" 0 .434294481 (log/In ratio = constant M)

1 01.23 = 16.98243652

Operation

[§l1.23@J

[§l456~lliJ456@)

(To obtain the anti·logarithm of common logarithm 1.23)

e4.5 = 90.0171313 I @Ul1el4.51iliJ

(To obtain the anti-loqarithm of natural logarithm 4.5)

104.e -4 + 1.2.102.3 = 422.5878667

( - 3) 4 = ( - 3) X ( - 3) X ( - 3) X ( - 3) =81

_34 = -(3x 3x 3 X 3)"" -81

5.623 = 52.58143837

t

V123- (= 1237)

= 1.988647795

~1f®4EJ~1el84D 1.2EJ~1l.®2.31iliJ

5.61£12.3~

71E!ill!fJ123@j

Display

4.49980967

0.434294481

16:98243652

90.0171313

422.5878667

-81.

52.58143837

1.988647795

-53-

81.

(78-23) 12

= 1.305111829 x 1 0 ~ 21

1.305111829 -21

2+3x:v&f -4=10

rn78a23(I]~8112 ~

2D3£13~~64a4@)

'xY and 'V given calculation priority over x and I.

2£13.4I£Jrn5D6.7(I]~

2 X 3.4(5+ 6.1) = 3306232.001

10.

3306232.001

.Performing hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions -The following operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE-N mode

carry out calculation after pressing ~ followed by [Q]. '

Example Operation Display (Lower)

sinh 3.6= 18:28545536

18.28545536

cosh 1.23 = 1.856761057

tanh 2.5=0.986614298

cosh 1.5 ~ sinh 1.5 ",0.22313016 ",e~I.5

(Proof of coshx :!: sinhx~ e =:

sinh -130 = 4.094622224

cosh -t (~~) = 0.795365461

~§)1.23@!l

~(§I1.5a~~1.5@!l (Continuing) Ui!J~@)

Determine the value of x when tanh 4x~ 0.88

x= tanh-tO.88

4 =0.343941914

sinh -12 x cosh-t1.5

= 1 .389388923

sinh~l (~)+tanh~l (i) = 1.723757406

~@}ffi~[D2r:.3(I]D~ @}ffi1i![J[D4r:.5OJ@!l

1.856761057

0.986614298

0.22313016 -1.5

4.094622224

0.795365461

0.343941914

1.389388923

1.723757406

-54-

• Coordinate transformation

.Your scientific calculator lets you convert between rectangular coordinates and polar

coordinates.

.Rectangular coordinates y

.Polar coordinates y

P(x,y)

-- ----_. ------!

, ,

i

,

Pol

x

P(r, 0)

x

.Calculation results are stored in variable memory V and variable memory W. Contents of variable memory V are displayed initially. To display contents of memory W, press

!illl1ID.

V W
Pol r I)
Rec x Y .With polar coordinates, () can be calculated within a range of -180° <I)~ 180°. (Calculation range is the same with radians or grads.)

.The following operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE-N mode, carry out calculation after pressing ~ followed by @).

Example

Operation

Display (Lower)

If x= 14 and y=20.7, what are ~rn -Jo "~"

rand I)0? ~~14[!]20.7OJ~

(Continuing) rn£QIID OO§

If,x= 7.5 and Y= -10, what are ~m -> 51 iii"

r and I) rad? OO@7.5[!](8I 1 OOJ~

(Continuing) (@5'lJ

If r=25 and ()= 56°, what are x ~rn -Jo 51 m"

~Y? OO~~[!]~OJ@)

(Continuing) (@IRJ

2

If r"'"4.5 and 8=-1I'rad, what 3

are x and y?

~m --+ "m"

~ ~4.5[!]rn2a3£1 ~lID(I](I]@) (Continuing) !llillYll

24.98979792 (r) 5511 5511 42.2 (O)

12.5 (r) - 0.927295218 (0)

13.97982259 (x) 20.72593931 (y)

-2.25 (x) 3.897114317 (y)

-55-

• Permutation and combination

-Total number of permutations nPr=_n_l_

(n - r) I

-Total number of combinations nCr= nl

rl (n-r)!

=The following operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE-N mode, carry out calculation after pressing §!I followed by @.

Example

Display (Lower)

Taking any four out of ten items and arranging them in a row, how many different arrangements are possible?

1OP4=5040

Using any four numbers from 1 to 7, how many four-digit even numbers can be formed if none of the four digits consist of the same number?

(~ of the total number of

7

permutations will be even.)

7P4X £ =360

7

If any four items are removed from a total of 10 items, how many different combinations of four items are possible?

1oC4=210

If 5 class officers are being selected for a class of 15 boys and 10 girls, how many combinations are possible? At least one girl must be included in each group.

25C5 - 1SC5 = 50127

Operation

360.

5040.

7§iill04f33Pli7~

-56-

.Other functions (...;, x2, x-1, xl, 3"';, Ran #)

-The following operation is invalid in the BASE-N mode. When in the BASE-N mode, carry out calculation after pressing §!I followed by (]J.

Operation

Display

Example

V2 + {5 = 3.65028154

3.65028154

2llEi!il~D3llEi!il~D 41illi!~ D 51illi!{£J ~

Random number generat"lon
(pseudorandom number from 0.000
10~gj4@l 210. to 0.999) Iilli!~~ (Ex.)
,:132- 52+,:32+ 42= 17 larn13~~1:115~
~ IT] Hlarn 3 @!TIl1£J
D 4 @lliI ~ IT]@l
2 51illi! ga 51:1115 ,:1 - sin2400 = 0.766044443 ~@]---> urn"
=COS40D calI]1 DCD1iliJ40IT]
1itliill@5@l 50127. @lliI~rn@l
{Proof uf cose~ • .11 - sin2O) (Continuing) ~~~@l - 32 = - (3 X 3) = - 9 1

1-1 "" 12 3 4

rn3~~=4@[ffi~m @[ffi~@l

8!(= 1 x2x3x ..... x8) =40320

3,:36 X 42 X 49 = 42

~!Brn36£J42£J49 CD@]

2m~m~H4m~ @~D61!!!ill~~~D8 ~{g)@~@

= 0.543080357

-9.

40320.

0_792

0.766044443 40.

-57-

0.543080357

54.

9.

12.

42.

17.

• Fractions

• Fractions are input and displayed in the following order: integer, numerator, denominator.

Operation

Display (Lower)

Example

(Conversion to decimal) ~

_g_+ 3l= 3_11 5 4 20

=3.65

2~5D3~1~4@]

• Fractions can be converted to decimals, and then converted back to fractions.

3~456~78@] (Continuing) I@)@

• Fraclions and improper·fractions which can be reduced become reduced fraclions when the calculation command key is pressed. Press ~~ 10 convert to improper fraction.

1 1

2578 + 4572

= 6.066202547 x 10-4

1~2578C11~4572~

·When the total number of characters, including integer, nurnerator, denominator and delimiter mark exceeds 10, the input fraotlon is automatically displayed in decimal format.

1 I

'2x 0.5 = 0.25 . 1 ~2f385@]

'Calculations containing both fractions and decimals are calculated in decimal format.

1 4 5 1

-x(--)--= -1- 3 5 6 10

1 ~[IJ 1 ~3D 1 ~4rn~

1~2f31~3D1~4f3 1~5@]

1

1._= .1. 3 6

'When parentheses are used in numerators or denominators, it is possible to carry out tractlonal calculations.

I

3 ... 13.120. 3.65

8.111.113. 115.113.

6.066202547-04 (Norm mode)

13 ... 60.

-58-

0.25

1...6

.1 Engineering symbol calculations

.This unit allows engineering calculations utilizing engineering symbols.

-The Eng mode is specified by pressing @£@8 in the COMP mode (@£@[QJ), LR mode' (@£@oo), SD mode (~[[J) ("Eng" symbol appears on display). To exit from this mode, press ~8 once again.

Operation Uriit Unit symbol
I@)[I) r-un 103 k (kilo)
1@)[0 (=ILl) 106 M (mega)
I@)(§) (=00) 109 G (giga)
I@)[!] (= nn 1012 T (tera)
I@)@) (=CID) 10-3 m(milli)
~0(=~) 10-6 p. (micro)
@[!iJ r-un 10-9 n (nano)
I@)[£] (=00) 10-12 P (pica)
@1Il (= CD) 10-15 f (femto) Example

Operation

Display (Lower)

999k (kilo) + 25k (kilo)

= 1 .024M (mega)

~8 -> "Eng" 999~(E]D25@[ffi(E]@]

100m (milli) x 5p. (micro) = SOOn (nano)

9~10@] @~ ~

9 +10 = 0.9 = 900m (milli)

-59-

500.n

m

900.

0.9 900.m

.1 Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal calculationsl.

• Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal calculations, conversions and logical operations are performed in the BASE-N mode (press @£@[I]).

-The number system (2, 8, 10, 16) is. set by respectively pressing @ffi), @), @g or ffi0. A corresponding symbol - "bOO, "0", "d" or "H" appears on the display.

=Number systems are specified for specific values by pressing~, then the number system designator (b, 0, d, or h), immediately followed by the value.

-General function calculations cannot be performed in the BASE-N mode.

·Only integers can be handled in the BASE-N mode. If a calculation produces a result that includes a decimal value, the decimal portion is cut off.

-If values not valid for the particular number system are used, attach the corresponding designator (b, 0, d or h), or an error message will appear.

Number system Valid values
Binary 0, 1
Octal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Decimal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Hexadecimal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F -To distinguish the A, B, C, D; E and F used in the hexadecimal system from standard letters, they appear as shown in the chart below.

Key Display (Upper)
[7KJ (= IBI) . fA
[ffiJ (= El) IB
(£] (= ~) IC
(@ (= (ili]) [)
00 (= §]) !E
lID (= ~) fF -Negative numbers in binary, octal and hexadecimal are expressed as two's complements.

-Number of digits displayed in each number system

Number system Number of digits displayed
Binary Up to 32 digits (8 digits x 4 blocks)
Octal Up to 11 digits (8 digits + 3 digits)
Decimal Up to 10 digits
Hexadecimal Up to 8 digits -60-

-Calculation range (in BASE-N mode)

Binary Positive : 01111111111111111111111111111111 ~x~ 0

Negative : 11111111111111111111111111111111 E;X ~10000000000000000000000000000000

Octal Positive : 17777777777 ~x~ °
Negative : 37777777777 ~x~ 20000000000
Decimal Positive : 2147483647~x~O
Negative : -1~x~-2147483648
Hexadecimal Positive : 7FFFFFFF~x~O
Negative : FFFFFFFF~x~80000000 .Binary and octal block display

In the binary mode, a maximum of 32 digits are displayed in 4 blocks of 8 digits. In the octal mode, a maximum of 11 digits are displayed in one block of 8 digits, and a second block of 3 digits.

I Example I In binary mode:

Block 4 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1
10000111 01100101 01000011 00100001
"--8 digits----> 1--8 digits~ -8 digits- 1--8 digits-
32 digits In octal mode:

-In the binary mode, Block 1 is displayed immediately after calculation. Other blocks are displayed by pressing the I!§I key. The block number increments each time you press the ~ key. The 4-digit symbol display at the upper right indicates the block presently being displayed. To reverse the order (shift from Block 4 to Block 3, etc.), press OO~.

Indicates Block 1 presently displayed ...---1-0-0-0-0-1-1- .. - .. - .. -:1,;,:- .. -.

00100001 b (Block 1)

-62-

Block 2

-In the octal mode, Block 1 is displayed immediately after calculatlon. Block 2 displayed. by pressing the ~ key. The block display switches between Block 1 and Block 2 each time you press the ~ key. The 2-digit symbol display at the upper right indicates the block presently being displayed.

1000011 ClCI.", ...

01000011 b (Block 2)

Block 3

1000011 CI. '" CI-+

01100101 (Block 3)

Block 4

1000011 mClClCl~

10000111 b (Block 4)

1000011 ClCICI.~

00100001 b (Returns to Block 1)

1000011 .ClClCI~

10000111 b (Returns to Block 4)

012345670 '" ._

34567012 0 (Block 1)

012345670 ."'~

012 0 (Block 2)

012345670 CI.-

34567012 0 (Returns to Block 1)

-62-

.Binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal conversions

There are two ways to perform reciprocal binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal conversions.

• Conversion using number system specification key

Value from a different number system input when a specific number system mode is being used.

Example

Operation

Display (Lower)

What are the decimal values for 2A16 and 2746?

What are the hexadecimal values for 12310 and 10102?

00101100 b

@!£I --> "d"

~0ll2A(@ ~0274~

42 d 188 d

m[]J123[@ m~1010[@

0000007b H OOOOOOOA H

What are the octal values for @£jJ -> "0"

1516 and 11002?

"'.

00000025 0

m~1100[@

00000014 0

What are the binary values for 00 --> "b" 3610 and 2C 16?

ggg.

00100100 b

• Conversion using number system mode key

Calculation results can be converted to any specified number system by using the corresponding number system mode key.

I Example

Display (Lower)

How is 2210 expressed in binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems?

@!£I --> "d"

22 d

Operation

22[@

~ 00010110 b

...

~ 00000026 a

~ 00000016 H

-63-

d

• Negative expressions

Example

Operation

Display (Lower)

~(I]
How is 1100102 expressed as @!!J -.:.. "b"
a negative?
~110010@)
~
~
IE'@
How is 728 expressed as a @EiI --> "0 "
negative? 15)72@)
~
How is 3A'6 expressed as a IE!!J ~ "HH
negative? @!!J3A~ CU:U:I.

11001110 b

11111111 b

11111111 b

111'1111 b

co.

77777706 0

...

377 0

FFFFFFC6 H

-64-

.Basic arithmetic operations using binary,octal, decimal and hexadecimal values

Example

Display (Lower)

1238 x ABC 16 = 37AF416 ru!I~123I3ABC@l

=228084,0 ~

1 F2D 16 -1 00 10 = 7881'0 ru!I[h)1 F2Dl:l1 aD@)

= 1EC916 Ii!!!l

10111 2 + 1101 O2 = 11000 1 2

Operation

10111D11010~

B47I:1DF.~

7654a+121O=334.33333331O ~ ..... "d"

=5168 ru!I@J7654f!.j112@)

I:ICt:l.

00110001 b

00000A68 H '

00037AF4 H 228084 d

7881 d 00001EC9 H

'Calculation results are displayed with the decimal portion cut off,

~ 00000516 0

334 d

123410+ 1 EF 16 -;- 248 =23526 = 125810

1l!!ill@]12340@!ill[h) 1EFf!.jI24@)

'For mixed basic arithmetic operations, multiplication and division are given priority over addition and subtraction.

c.

00002352 0

1258 d

-65-

• Logical operations

Logical operations are performed through logical products (and), logical sums (or), negation (Not), exclusive logic sums (xor), and negation of exclusive logical sums (xnor).

Example

Display (Lower)

11102 AND 368=11102

238 OR 618=638

12016 OR 11012= 12D16

10102 AND (A16 OR 716) = 10t02

Operation

lli!!J -+ u_H"

~ -r+ "b"

111 Oliml~liml@]36@]1

rn£!I -+ "0"

23liml~61 @]I

lH!!l ---+ "H"

120@ffi~liml([] 11 01 @]I

~ -+ "b"

1 01 O@ffi~rn@ffi([]A @ffi~1!illill1lil7ITJ @]I

lli!!I -+ "H"

2A16 XNOR 5D1s=FFFFFFB816 ffi!!l -+ "H"

Negation of 12348

Negation of 2FFFED16

@EiI -+ "6"

(!§ 1234@]1

1ffijJ2FFFED@]I

00000018 H

1:::::11:::l1li:::::1.

00001110 b

CI",

00000063 0

0000012d H

ClClCI.

00001010 b

00000006 H

FFFFFF88 H

...

77776543 0

FFd00012 H

-66-

.1 Statistical calculations

This unit can be used to make statistical calculations including standard deviation in the SD mode, and regression calculation in the LR mode.

.Standard deviation

In the SO mode, calculations including 2 types of standard deviation. formulas, mean, number of data, sum of data, and sum of squares can be performed.

• Data input

1. Press @f@I(]] to specify the SO mode.

2. Press ~~@]I to clear the statistical memories.

3. Input data, pressing (@ key (=~) each time a new piece of data is entered. For negative values, press IBl followed by IQ!J.

I Example I Data: 10, 20, 30

Key operation: 10(@20@!)30@!)

'When multiples of the same data are input, two different entry methods are possible:

I Example 1 I Data: 10, 20, 20, 30

Key operation: 10[Q!]20@J1E!l30@!)

The previously entered data is entered again each time the @!) key is pressed without entering data (in this case 20 is re-entered).

I Example 21 Data: 10, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 30

Key operation: 10[Q!]20@1ffi(I)6[Q!]30@!)

By pressing @!TIl and then entering a semicolon followed by a value that represents the number of items the data is repeated (6, in this case) and the IQ!J key, the multiple data entries (for 20. in this case) are made automatically.

• Deleting input data

There are various ways to delete value data, depending on how and where it was entered.

I Example 1 I 40iQIl20[Q!]30@!)50@!)

To delete 50, press Ilffil@b].

1 Example 21 401Q!l20@!)301Q!l50iQIl

To delete 20, press 20 @!TII@.

1 Example 31 30[Q!]50@!)1201!illill(I)

To delete 120 liilllOJ, press ag.

-67-

I Example 41 301Q!1501@120liillffHI)31

To delete 120 ~m 31, press mao

I Examplesl 301Q!1501@120@iill[D311@

To delete 120 ~[I) 3,1 I@, press ~Ifb).

I Example 6 I 50 1@120@iill[I)311Q!1401Q!130@!)

To delete 120 @!ffi[I) 31 IQ!I, press 120 ~[I) 31 ~Ifb).

I Example 71 (D10I@(020@!)!D30@!l

To delete 0 20, @!), press (0 20~~1iE[B]@hJ.

Note: You need to press ~~to delete a calculation result. such as m.

I Example 81 010(Q!l0201@030@)

To delete to 20 [Q!), press 0 20 ~m1Bl1 I@.

-Performing calculations

The following procedures are used to perform the various standard deviation calculations.

Key operation Result

~~@) Population standard deviation xu. ~=EJ
1MJ§3@ Sample standard deviation XU.-I §3=~
IEWOO@ rJlean (£J =@]
IMJ~@) Sum of squares of data ~ =iIJ
IMJ~@ Sum of data ~ -m
~m:J@ Number of data m:J =00 Standard deviation and mean calculations are performed as shown below: -Standard deviation

[Using the entire data of a finite] population to estimate the standard deviation for the population,

n

n 2

r: (x'- x)

i=1 '

n

[Using sample data for a =' to estimate the standard deviation for the population,

n 2

~ (x/-x)

I=-1

n-1

-Mean

n

r: x,

i=1 r:x

x

n

n

-68-

Example Operation Display (Lower)
Data 55. 54, 51, 55, 53. 53, §@@] .... "SO"
54. 52 (Memory cleared) ~~~
55@!l541Q!151@!)55@!)53
@!l@!)54@!)52@!) 52.
'Results can be obtained in any order desired.
I (Standard deviation u,,) ~~~ 1.316956719
(Standard deviation atl-II ~~,1illI 1.407885953
(Mean x) ~OO@) 53.375
(Number of data n) ~llil@) 8.
(Sum totaltx) ~§@l 427.
(Sum of squares l:x2) @illl~@) 22805.
What is deviation of the, unbi· (Continuing) @ill)@B I!ffiill~@) 1.982142857
ased variance, the difference 551:11MJOO@ '1.625
between each datum, and.the 541:1~OO@ 0.625
mean of the above data?
51 I:I@ill)OO§!] -2.375
What is x and an -I for the fol- ~jgiJ~
lowing table? 110~CD10@!) 110.
Class no, Value Frequency 130~[I)31(Q!1 130.
1 110 10 150[@)[D24(Q!1 150.
2 130 31
3 150 24 170@](Q!I 170.
4 170 2 190@!l@]1@ 190.
5 190 3
~llil~ .70 .•
~OO~ 137.7142857
~~@ 18.42898069 -69-

• Regression calculation ~Ple 31

In the LR mode, calculations including linear regression, logarithmic regression, exponen- I To delete 20 ill 20 @!j, press 20 ill 20 @!llI@.

tlat regression, and power regression can be performed. :

I

I

I

I

,

• Linear regression

Linear regression calculations are carried out using the following formula: y= A + Bx. ·Oata input

1. Press I§!!)OO to specify the LR mode.

2. Press ~~@) to clear the statistical memories.

3. Input data in the following format: «;x data> ill <y data> @!j

*When multiples of the same data are input, two different entry methods are possible: 1 Example 1 1 Data: 10/20,20/30, 20/30, 40/50

Key operation: 10[!]20@)

.20CD30@!j

@!)

40[!)50@!]

The previously entered data is entered again each time the @!] key is pressed (in this case 20/30 is re-entered).

I Example 21 Data: 10/20, 20/30, 20/30, 20/30, 20/30, 20/30, 40/50 Key operation: 10ill20@!]

20[!] 30@!lll"Q]5@!j 40[!]50[@

By preeslnq I!!ill and then entering a semicolon followed by a value that represents the number of times the data is repeated (5, in this case) and the @!] key, the multiple data entries (for 20/30, in this case) are made automatically.

·Deleting input data

There are various ways to delete value data, depending on how and where it was entered.

I Example 1 1 10[IJ40@!]

20[!]20@!] 30[!)30@!) 40mSO

To delete 40 m 50, press m.

1 Example 21 10CD40@!) 20[!)20@!] 30[IJ30@!) 40mSO@!)

To delete 40 CD 50 [@, press OO@,

-70-

1 Example 41 010m40@!] 020[!]20@!) 030[D30@!) 040Q]SO[@

To delete 0 20 [!] 20 IQIJ, press 0 20 ~~CD 20 @@.

1 Example 51

To delete 0 20 rn 20 IQIJ, press 0 20 CD 20 I!!illlIHBJ1 IQ!I.

·Performing calculations

The following procedures are used to perform the various linear regression calculations.

Key operation Result
IlilllOO~ Constant term of regression A
IlilllOO~ Regression coefficient B
Billlm~ Correlation coefficient r
Billloo~ Estimated value of x
Billl(2J~ Estimated value of y OO=~ ([l=~ 0=CD 00=[[1 l2i=rn

The regression formula is y = A + Bx. The constant term of regression A, regreasloncoefficient 8, correlation coefficient r, estimated value of X, and estimated value ofy are calculated as shown below:

A= Ey-B.Ex n

B

n·Exy-Ex·Ey n·Ex2- (Ex)2

r= n·Exy-Ex·Ey

J[n.Ex2 - (EX)2} [n·Ey2- (Ey)2]

X= y-A B

y=A+Bx

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I

.L__

Example Operation Display (Lower)
-Tarnperature and length of a
steel bar ~OO -+ "LR"
(Memory clear) ~~I!@
"
Temp. Length 10010031QI1 10.
10°C 1003mm
15°C 1005mm 15010051QI1 15.
20°C 1010mm 2001010[Q] , 20.
25°C 1011mm 2501011~ 25.
30°C 1014mm 3001014~ 30.
Using this table, the reg res- (Constant term A) ~I]]~ 997.4
slon formula and correlation (Regression coefficient B) ~lID~ 0.56
coefficient can be obtained.
Based on the coefficient for- , (Correlation coefficient r) ~1Il~ 0.982607368
mula, thelanqthotthe steel (le~gih ~i H~oC) 18~12J~ 1007.48
bar at lSDC and the tempera-
ture at 1000mm can be estl- . (Temperature at 10DOmm)
mated. Furthermore, the 1000~~~ 4.642857143
critical coefficient (r2) and (Critical coefficient)~[I)l!Ei.ill~~ 0_965517241
covariance
(~xy-n.x.Y) (Covariance) rn~I§J.~1]J
n-l f3~OOEll!ill.l(l) [Dr:.Irn
can also be calculated. ~l]Ja1[D~ 35. • Logarithmic regression

Logarithmic regression calculations' are carried out using the following formula: y=A+B·lnx.

.Oata input

1. Press ~OO to specify the LR mode,

2. Press ~~@] to clear the statistical memories.

3. Input data in the following format: 11m <x data> 0 <y data> ~

"To make multiple entries of the same data, follow procedures described for linear regression, however always press (filJbefore inputting x data.

.Deleting input data

To delete input data, follow the procedures described for linear regression, but be sure to use the IIi!] key when specifying x data for deletion.

I Example 11

To delete lliiJ 10 020 IQIJ, press IIi!] 10 ~~0 20 l!Ei.ill@Y.

-72-

I Example 21

To delete ffiill 0 0 20 I@, press IIiiJ 10 CD 20 ~ITJ18l1 [Q],

.Performing calculations

The following procedures are used to perform the various calculations ..

Key operation Result
~I]]@] Constant term of regression A
~I]J@] Regression coefficientS
~1Il~ Correlation coefficient r
y~oo@]~~~@) Estimated value of x
IIi!]x~[2]@] Estimated value of y OO=mYl I]J=(@

III = III OO=tD 12J=1JJ

If we assume that Inx=x, the loqerithmlcreqresslon formula y=A+ B'lnx becomes the linear regression formula y = a + bx. Therefore, the formulas for constant term A, regression coefficient B and correlation coefficient r are identical for logarithmic and linear regression.

A number of logarithmic regression calculation results differ from those produced by linear regression. Note the following:

Linear regression Logarithmic regression
Ex Elnx
Ex2 E(lnx)2
Exy Elnx.y "
Example Operation Display ~Lower)
.'
xi yi ~(]J -+ "LR"
29 1.6 ~~@
50 23.5 3.36729583
74 38.0 aru29ITl1.6@!)
103 46.4 1Ii!]501]]23.5@!) 3.912023005
118 48.9 1Ii!]74CD38.0~ 4.304065093

1Ii!]103ITl46.4@] 4.634728988
Through logarithmic regres· 1Ii!]118048.9~ 4.770684624
sion Of the above data, the (Constant term A) ~OO@ -111.'1283976
regression formula and corre-
lation coefficient are obtained. (Regression coefficient B) ~1Il~ 34.02014749
Furthermore, respective estl- (Correlation coefficient r) l!ill.lm~ 0.994013946
mated values jl and x can be (.9 when xi=80) ODJ80~(2)@] 37.94879482
obtained for xi= 80 and
yi = 73 using the regression (.I: when >,i=73)
formula. 73~~~1!!f!l~1!§@ , 224.1541314 -73-

• Exponential regression

Exponential regression calculations are carried out using the following formula: y=A·eB•x (Iny= InA+ Bx)

.Data input

1. Press ~I]] to specify the LR mode.

2. Press ~~~ to clear the statistical memories.

3. Input data in the following format: <x data> C!JfIn) <y data> @l

"To make multiple entries of the same data, follow procedures described for linear regression, however always press (jiiJ before inputting y data.

.Deleting input data

To delete input data, follow the procedures described for linear regression, but be sure to use.the lli1Ikey when specifying y data for deletion.

!Example 1!

To delete 10. 0lli11 20. @II, press lliiI 20. @) 1 0. 0~~@.

!Example 2)

To delete 10. C!Jlliil 20. @II, press 1 0. C!J(iiiJ 20. OO[D(8I1 @II.

.Performing calculations

The following procedures are used to perform the various calculations.

Key operation Result
@lffJ1EI~1Al~ Constant term of regression A 1Al=@m
~[[]~ Regression coefficient B (!J=~
~0~ Correlation coefficient r 0=CD
lliily~(f)~ Estimated value of x oo=m
- x~~(illJ§!IDIEI~@) Estimated value of y IZJ=[!] If we assume that Iny=y and InA=a': the exponential regression formula y=A'eB'x (Iny= InA +Bx) becomes the linear regression formulay""a+bx. Therefore, the formulas for constant term A, regression coefficient B and correlation coefficient rare id-entical for exponential and linear regression.

A number of exponential regression calculation results differ from those produced by linear regression. ,,!ote the following:

Linear regression Exponential regression

Ey Elny

Ey2 EOnyf

Exy Ex.lny

-74-

Display (Lower)

Example
xi yi
6.9 21.4
12.9 15.7
19.8 12.1
26.7 8.5
35.1 5.2 Through exponential regression of the above data, the regression formula and correlation coefficient are obtained. Furthermore, the regression formula is used to obtain the respective estimated values of y and x, when xi= 16 and yi=2o..

~~~ 6.9C!J(ill)21.4{QTI 12.90anl15.7{QTI 19.8C!Janl12.1@!l 26.7(I)(jiiJ8.5@!) 35.1 C!JllilJ5.2@!l (Constant term A)~~~IAll§l

(Regression coefficient 8) ~([]l§l (Correlation coefficient r) ~0l§l

(y when xi~ 16) 16~IZJ@)OO~l!!!I~

(x when yi=20) lli1I20~~l§l

6.9 12.9 19.8 26.7 35.1

30.49758742 - 0.049203708

- 0.997247351

13.87915739 8.574868046

Operation

~[]] ..... "LR"

• Power regression

Power regression calculations are carried out using the following formula: y = A-x· (Iny = InA + 81nx)

=Data input

1. Press ~OO to specify the LR mode.

2. Press ~~~ to clear the statistical memories.

3. Input data in the following format: - IIiiI <x data> C!JllilJ «y data> @!)

*To make multiple entries of the same data, follow procedures described for linear regression, however always press lli1I before inputting x data and y data.

.Deleting input data

To delete input data, follow the procedures described for linear regression, but be sure to use the (jiiJ key when specifying x and y data for deletion.

! Example 11

To delete (jiiJ 10. C!JllilJ2o. @!), press anl1o. mrIDIAlllilJ20 @)~OOC!J~~@.

I Example 21

To delete (jiiJ1o. [!](ffi) 20. {QTI, presslIill10 CDlIilI2o. 1i!!I[I]1BI1 (@.

-75-

• Performingcalcuhitions

The following procedures are used to perform the various calculations.

Key operation Result
~~~OO~ Constant term of regression A
~[[J~ , Regression coefficient B
~m[@ Correlation coefficient r
lliily~OO[@[lillill~§!)~ Estimated value of x
lliilx~I2l[@[lillill~§!)~ Estimated value of y rn=~ [[J=!BID 0=1Il OO=[iJ {ZI=0

If we assume that Iny"'y, InA=a' and Inx=x, the power regression formula y~A'XB (Iny= InA+ Blnx) becomes the linear regression forrnula r e a-! bx. Therefore, the formulas for constant _term A, regression coefficient B and correlation coefficient r are identical for power and linear regression.

A number of power reqresslon calculation results differ from those produced by linear regression. Note the following:

Llnearreqression Power regression
Ex Elnx
Ex2 E(lnx)2
Ey Elny
Ey2 E(lny)2
Exy Elnx.lny
Example Operation Display (Lower)

xi yi @£.@(]] ..... "LR"
28 2410 I!illl~~
30 3033 lliil 280lliil 241 O@J 3.33220451
33 3895
35 4491 lliil300lliil3033@J 3.401197382
38 5717 lliil33 ~l[j!!J 3895@J 3.496507561
lliil350lliil4491 @l 3.555348061
Through power regression of lliil380lliil5717@l 3.63758616
the above data, the reg res- , (Constant term A) I!lITlI2J~OO~ 0.238801082
slon formula and correlation
coefficient are obtained. Fur- (Regressio'n coeHicient B) (gillI rn~ 2:771866148
therrnore, the regression for- (Correlation coeHicient r) (gillIlIJ@) 0.998906256
mula is used to obtain the
respective estimated values 01 If when'xi=40)
y and X, when xi = 40 and lliil40 (gillI!2I~I!lITlI2J~~ 6587.674743
yi=1000. (x when yi= 1000) ,
lliil1 OOOI!illlOO~~~
~@J 20.26225659 -76-

.1 Formula memory function

• Purpose of the formula memory function

This unit has a built-in formula memory that allows consecutive execution of the same formula, using different variables. The memory function keys ([jID, IM), 1illID) are used to operate this memory.

(!ffiill@): Inputs displayed formula into memory.

@IT]: Displays formula retained in memory.

@ID: Used to calculate results of formula 'when variable is input..

There is only a single formula memory (formulas connected as multistatements are counted as a single formula). The maximum formula length is 127 steps. Calculation modes are retained in memory along with the formula, so the mode is recalled along with the tormula in memory. Execution of the formula stored in memory is carried out by pressing the @ID key.

I Example 1 I To memorize, display and calculate the following formula:

, Y=X2+3X-12

Formula input

~rn~§l~IXIIillffi~D 3~!Xl1:l12

Formula stored into memory

~(ffi]

Check formula

@lID

Calculation

~

X?

o.

~

-77-

'I !

Value input for variable
7@1 I V=X2+3X-12 I
58.
m
~* I X? I
7.
m
8@1 I V=X2+3X-12 I
·76.
m
* Press ~ key in place of @) key to execute calculation. When formula is displayed, corrections or alterations can also be made. !Example 2! Changing [Y""X2+3X-12]to [Y=X2+SX-12J:

Formula displayed

@@

V=X2+3X-12_

Move cursor to position where correction is to be made.

IBIBIBIB~

Make correction

5

i i

I

! ! i

'----------=I!]~II

L...-_V_=_X_2 +_5_X_-~11ll2c._ _ ___J11

Input into memory

1§ill][IID

Check formula

@@

To clear the contents of the formula memory, press m followed by @!ill(@. -78-

• Using formula memory in creating tables

By inserting a " .<III ", it is possible to write multiple formulas. This makes it easy to create tables, such as the one shown below.

! Example 31 Complete the following table:

A B P=AxB Q=AJB
4.27 1.17
8.17 6.48
6.07 9.47
2.71 4.36
1.98 3.62 Solution)

@@[pJ~§)~IAlI3M@[[l ~~~@]~§]@@[K]m @@[[l

OO[IID

P=AxB ... Q=A/B_

[ill£] (Calculation started)

m
A?
O.
Iil
B?
O.
Iil
P=AxB I
4.9959
EIIIIl m
Q=A/B
3.64957265
Iil
A?
4.27
III
B?
1.17
m
P=AxB
52.9416
Ill!!lI I!] 4.27@1 (Input A)

1.17@1 (Input B)

8.17@1 (Input A)

6.48@l (Input B)

-79-

Q=A/B

1 ;260802469

III

A?

8.17

Ii]

(Continuation omitted)

<NOTES>

(1) A maximum of 127 steps can be input into the formula memory, using the Iilll key. (2) Memory contents are protected even when power is turned OFF (or when auto power

OFF function turns power OFF). However, when a new formula is input into memory, the previous formula is deleted.

(3) Array variables cannot be used in formulas input into memory. If used, it will be impossible to input variables into formula on display.

(4) Variable memories can hold only one variable each.

Example: A x BC NO!

AxBxC YES!

(5) Consecutive calculations using D, 1:1, £I, PJI, and ~~ can be performed utilizing - formula calculation answers.

• Text di$play

Using double quotation marks, it is possible to assign names to variables in memory.

I Example I Write formula IA "UNIT PRICE" x B] to memory:

~--------------~

Formula input ~~[x)IEI[]]lliJITJITl@@ .... IT PRICE" x B_

mlliJITJ~m[!!]~£I~OO

UNIT PRICE?

O.

100~

B?

j'

-

;

-80-

o.

A"UNIT PRICE .. 500.

5@1

Text which is over 12 characters in length is shown from the left and followed by a "?". To view the all of the text, use the (B and ~ key to scroll left and right:

I Example I Write formula [A "SINGLE UNIT PRICE" x B1 to memory:

~~IXI[!!][]]ITJ!]]@][h]1]] <- IT PRICE" x B_

@@[]]!]]ITJITl~CEJ[[]ITJ@]

1]][!J~f3Iill@[[I

~@)

~ SINGLE UNIT? ..
O.
~ ... INGLE UNIT? ..
O.
~ ... NGLE UNIT P? ..
O .
~ .... GLE UNIT PR? ...
O.
~ .... LE UNIT PRI? ..
O.
~ .... E UNIT PRle? ..
O.
~ - UNIT PRICE?
O.
~ .... E UNIT PRIC? ..
O. -8l-

. l ~--

Text can be assigned to a variable memory used in a substitution formula by enclosing the text in double. quotation marks. Then when the formula is executed, the text appears on the display.

I Example I Write [A "ANSWER" =123 x 456]:

@lITJ~IXJI!!J[K] []][[l~[[I[[] I!!J~§) 12313456

1- ER"~123x456_ ..

1 ANSWER=

. 56088.

Text which is over 12 characters in length is shown from the left and fOllowed by a " = ". I Example I Write [A "ABCDEFGHIJKLMN" = 123] to memory:

[!ffiffi@iID[K][!!JI]]OO@]iID[[I[[I @JIElIIIQJOOIIl[1I]1]J1!!J1?illl E)123

@lITJ@]

1- IJKLMN"-123_

ABCDEFGHIJK= _ 123.

'You can use the@) and@) key to scroll the text left and right while execution is stopped by a "liD" symbol.

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Section 3

Integration Calculation

Input of function f(x) and integration calculation

- I

!

I Section 3 »») Integration Calculation

-Integration calculation can be carried out by entering the integral calculus formula in the following format:

@!ill~f(x) 0 II 0 12 0!l m

l L L.. Value of n when number of divisions N = 2" Ending point

Starting point

y

J (f(x), a, b, n) =) J/ fIx) dx, N = 2"

feb) y=f(x)

Area calculated by J: f(x)dx

-+----Lu......~l..L.I!..lJ...LJL.LL1.,._x oa~b

I I

N equal parts I

=lnteqration calculation is performed using Simpson's rule to determine function f(X).1 Because of this, partition of the integrated area is necessary, however if the number i of divisions is not specified, the unit automatically sets N according to the formula. To I specify the number of divisions for N = 2", n can be an integer from 1 - 9. I

.llnput of f,unctionf(x) and integration calculation I.

(1) Press ~@ to specify integration calculation.

(2) Input the formula for the function fIx), then input integral partitions la, b].

"fIx) can use the X variable only. Anything other than X (A - W, Y, Z or array varia- II bles) is treated as a constant, and its memory contents are applied.

(3) Next input n (number of divisions for N = 2 - n, n being an integer between 1 and 9) I

and finish by inputting a parenthesis. I

"Input of n (number of divisions for N = 2") and parenthesis can be omitted. When input is omitted, N is automatically set.

(4) Press @) to execute calculation.

• Results are displayed in a few seconds or a number of minutes (mantissa is number of significant digits). Note that following integration data is input in memories G - L:

Memory G H r J K L
Data a b 2" t(f(x))dx f(a) feb) :"""

-84-

• Examples of operation

I Example 11 Calculate the following: J,5 (2X2+3x+4)dx

~@] (Specify Urn")

~~2 ~mffiilll~Gl3 ~[x)Gl40 (f(x) input)

1 050 (a, b input)

6(Il (n input)

~ (Calculation executed)

J(2X2+3X+4,_
[l]
_ 2+3X+4, 1,5,_
[l]
_ 3X+4, 1 ,5,6L
m
J'(2X2+3X+4,1 -
134.6666667
[l] Answer displayed in approximately 15 seconds

G= I,
1.
I!l
H= I·
5.
[l]
1= IN
64.
I!I
J=
134.6666667 tf(x)dx
[l]
K= 111,1
9.
I!l
L= If(hl
69 .
I!l -85-

1 Example 21 Calculate the following, omitting specification of the number of diVisions: J/ (Iogx) dx

~rn (Specify "[!]") i
I!l
oo~l§]mlXlQ] s (log X~ I
(/(x) input)
I!l
I_lOg I '
1 [!J3rn (a, b input) X,1,3L
I!l Answer displayed
in approximately 8
~ (Calculation executed) j(log X,1 ,3) seconds
0.56277
iii
~@] G= I,
1.
I!l
!@[[] H= I b
3.
I!l
IillIITJ 1= IN 1"=5)
32.
[!]
~m J= I f.'flxidx
0.56277
m

[ill]!KJ K= Ifl'i
O.
I!l
IllilII) L=
0.477121254 J(b)
iii -86-

• Application of integration calculation

-Integrals or results of integration calculations can be used in arithmetic calculations.

1 Example 1 J.bJ(x)dx+ ].lfg(x)dx, 2 x f"b!(x)dx, etc.

• Results of integration calculation cannot be used in integration calculation formulas. -When calculating area, Abs (absolute value) should be inserted into formula:

J (Abs lex), a, b, n) => lab I J(x) I dx '

1 Example 31

f(x)

Calculate the [-1J', 1J'] areas of J(x) = sin x. Omit input of number of divisions.

@[]] (Specify" m ")

OO~~~~~lXlm (f(x)' input)

IBOOOO[!Jlillilloorn (a, b input)

~ (Calculation executed)

1- Abs sin X ~I-Sin X'-~'~~_

I SlAbs sin ~i. -

I

Answer displayed in approximately 20 seconds

G= -3.141592654

Ji]

a

H= 3.141592654

iii

b

-87-

J

~co 1= IN
64.
iii
~QJ J= I J."f!x)dx
4.
iii
~[K) K= If!a)
o.
III
~m L= If!b)
o.
III .Notes on integration calculation

-Press !il key during integration calculation (when display is blank) to abort calculation. ·Integration of trigonometric functions carried out in "iii" mode (~rn).

·This unit utilizes Simpson's rule for integration calculation. As number of significant digits is increased, extended calculation time is required. In some cases, calculation results may be erroneous even after considerable time expires in calculation. In particular, when significant digits are less than 1, an ERROR (Ma ERROR) sometimes occurs.

In these cases, use the following methods to shorten calculation time and improve accuracy:

1. If integration value varies widely with slight changes in the integration range, divide integration areas to obtain solutions individually.

2. If some periodic functions or integration values are positive and some are negative, divide according to periods or divide positive and negative values and calculate individually.

-88-

Section 4

Program Calculation

What is a program?

Program correction, addition and deletion Program searchs Program execution Convenient program commands Remaining program 'capacity Using the unit as a data bank

_j

I Section 4 »») Program Calculation ., What is a program?

This unit has a built-in program function that facilitates repeat calculations. As with the "multistatement function", the program function lets you execute series calculations in a series. In addition, the programs entered using this program function are stored in memory as individual files, under filenames. This system lets you search for and edit programs quickly and easily. Any number of programs can be written, provided the total program memory capacity of 1103 steps is not exceeded.

In place of programs, this memory can also be used to store telephone numbers or memos, much in the same way Casio Data Bank entries are made. Each line may contain up to 127 steps.

Filename J

Filename'

Filename I

Filename I

Data

Telephone directory data

_ Program data

Program data

Memo data

.IL,- __ ..J l

I

• Programming

The following are practical examples of how the program function can be used.

I Example 1 I Entering formulas

(Problem 1) An object is thrown straight up at an initial velocity of 50 meters per second. How fast will it be travelling after 1 second, and how high will it be? After 3 seconds? After 5 seconds?

Time (T) Velocity (V) Height (H)
1 second ( )m/second ( )m
3 seconds ( )m/second ( )m
5 seconds ( )m/second ( )m -90-

.Calculation formula

The following formulas are used to calculate velocity "V" after "T" seconds, as well as height "H" after "T" seconds, with "U" representing initial velocity, "T" representing time, and "G" representing gravitational acceleration.

V=U-GT, H=UT-.!GT2 2

• Registering filenames

To carry out filename registration, press §@~ to specify the WRT mode. The "Filename?" prompt then appears on the display. After the filename is input; press the@) key to register it to memory.

Filename? F1

TWRT I!l

L File No.

*Up to 127 steps can be used to store filenames. In addition to the actual. number. of steps in a name, 2 steps are used each time a filename is registered.

I Example I Input the filename "GOING UP":

!§ill@!]

Filename?
F1
WRT Ii]
GOING UP~
F1
o WRT m
GOING UP
F1
WRT I!l 'The calculation mode specified at the time a filename is registered is also held in memory. (Programmed calculation is carried out in mode specified at this time.)

-91-

.Writing programs

When the filename is displayed in the WAT mode, press the@ key (or(Q) key) to display the first fine of the program, and begin writing the program.

GOING UP F1

WAT III

@ (or@)

F1 L1 w~llll

I~dicalas program line number

When you've finished inputting the first line, press the ~ key to register to first line. I Example I Input [V = U - GT .oil I as the first line in the program:

F1 L1

WAT III

@@m~§)~[])a@m@MI @J!IJlEm[ZJ

V=U-GT .... _ F1 L1

WRT m

V=U-GT .... F1 L1

WRT III

If you want to input a second line, programming automatically moves to the second line. I Example I Input [H = UT - tGP] as the second line in the program:

~--------------~

V=U-GT ....

F1 L1

WRT III

H_

F1 L2

WRT

~EJ~@@IJD[I]milllarn ITJDrnrn@m@iOO@]!IJ@!!!]~

- UT -(112)GT2_ F1 L2

WAT III

H=UT-(1/2)GT ... F1 L2

WRT III

* A maximum of 127 steps can be input into a single line. In addition to the actual number of steps in a program line, 1 step is used each time a line is registered.

-92-

.Program execution .

Press ~~ to cancel the WRT mode, then press the IillID key to call up the filename, and press the @ID key to execute the program.

~~
III
OO~~ Mel
O.
I!l
!illID GOING UP
F1
till] III
~ U?
o.
III
50~ G?
O ..
III
9.8~ T?
O.
III
1~ V=U-GT
'40.2
em III
~ H=UT -(1/2)GT ...
45.1
[!]
~ I U? I
50.
Iil
~ I G? I
9.8
III
@J I T? I
1.
III
3~ I V=U-GT I
20.6
I!m I!l
-93- ~ H=UT-(1/2)GT -
105.9
III
~ U?
50.
III
~ G?
9.8
III
@) T?
3.
III
5~ V=U-GT
1.
lim I!l
@J H=UT -(1/2)GT -
127.5
I!l L

-94-

.1 Program correction, addition and deletion I. .Inserting lines

To insert a line between two existing lines, display the llns just before the place you want to insert the new line. After inputting the desired program, press the @I key.

.Inserting a line at the beginning

To insert a line at the beginning, display first line by pressing the [QJ key and then press the [Q] key once again. After inputting the desired program, press the @) key.

! Example !lnsertIS=GT), a program to determine the displacement velocity in the problem previously presented:

V=U-GT .... F1 L1

WRT III

F1 L1

WRT ill

~[[I[gillJ§@lID~@]m ~1lJ

S=GT .... _
F1 L1
WRT I!l
S=GT ....
F1 L1
WRT . III
V=U-GT ....
F1 L2
WRT ill .Editing programs

To understand how editing is carried out, work through the following exercise.

(Problem 2) An object is dropped at an initial velocity of 50 ineters per second. How fast will it be travelling after t second, and how far will it have travelled? After 3 seconds? After 5 seconds?

Time (T) Velocity (V) Distance (H)
1 second ( )m/second { )m
3 seconds ( )m/second ( )m
5 seconds ( )m/second ( )m t

H

t

v t

-95-

• Registering filename

As the object is dropped in this problem (instead of being thrown up, as in Problem 1 presented previously), input "COMING DOWN" as the filename.

• Calculation formula

The following formulas are used to calculate the velocity "V" after "T" seconds, as well as the distance travelled "H" after "T" seconds, with "U" representing the initial velocity when the object is dropped, "T" representing time, and "G" representing gravitational acceleration.

V=U+GT, H=UT+!GT2

• Programming

As with Problem 1 presented previously, programming is carried out in a manner similar

to manual calculation:

Speed:

Distance: ~ffiJ~§)~~(]JITl~DmmPlilrnm

@!j)~@ITl~l£l

When programmed, this formula is input as follows: ~1Yl1!illl(§~(]JD~~@:J(:Il~(1) Mll([]~§)~~(]Jm~DmmPlilrnm IiilllMll@(f)OO®J

................... V

................... H

As this program is similar to that used in Problem 1, we can simply "edit" the program already input.

• Editing filenames

When in the AU N mode, press @@@E to specify the WAT mode. Then press the Iffi] key to display the desired filename. Next press the §1 key (or (E key) to move the. cursor to the beginning (or end) otths filename (@ill symbol appears on display). After editing the filename, press the @ID key to register the new (altered) filename.

I Example I Change "GOING UP" to "COMING DOWN":

~@l

-96-

Filename?
F2
WAT Iil
GOING UP
F1
WAT Iil lillill@@©@][!!]IJ]@@rmmIID @]~@

GOING UP
F1
WAT@W Iil
COMING DOWN~
F1
00 WRT IilllJ Iil
COMING DOWN
F1
WAT Iil 'Note that edited filenames are not registered in memory until @ID key is pressed. If ~ key has not been pressed, previously registered name will still be held in memory.

• Program editing

Press ~@E to specify the WRT mode. Then press the Iffi] key to display the desired filename. Next press the IQI key (or liB key) to move to the beginning (or end) of the line you want to edit. Then use the §) and IB keys to move to the exact point you want to edit. While in the editing mode, the @ill symbol appears on the display. After sdltinq the program, press the @ID key to register the edited program.

I Example I Change the Problem 1 program, which determines speed and height, to the Problem 2 program, which determines speed and distance:

-97-

Filename?
F2
WAT m·
COMING DOWN
F1
WRT Iil
V=U-GT AI
F1 L2
WRT Iil y'=U-GT ..oil F1 L2

WRT I12ffi Iil

V=U+GT AI
F1 L2
WRT I12ffi Iil
V=.U+GT AI
F1 L2
WAT Iil ---

H=UT-(1/2)GT ...
F1 L3
WRT I!l
.!::!.=UT -(1I2)GT ...
F1 L3
WRT IlmI I!l
H=UT + (1/2)GT ...
F1 L3-
WRT I!l
H=UT +(1/2)GT ...
F1 L3
WRT I!l • Note that edited programs are not registered in memory until ~ ,key is pressed, If ~ key has not been pressed, the previously registered program will still be held In memory.

~~
m
IillID COMING DOWN
~1
ffi I!]
Illil G?
9.8
I!l
Illil T?
5.
I!]
11llil S=GT
9.8
Ilim I!l
Illil U?
50.
I!l
§ V=U+GT
59.8
lim I!l
@J H=UT +(1/2)GT ...
l 54.9
I!l
~98- -99-

• Program deletion Press I§@@l to specify the WRT mode. As with program ed ing the program you want to delete and set the unit for ed display). Next press the ma key or [ill) key and then the ~ be deleted.

I Example I Delete the [S=G1] line from the "COMING

*Note that after a line is deleted, the succeeding line is dis is deleted, however, the line before it is displayed.

• Deleting filenames (programs) Press l§@@l to specify the WRT mode. Press the IillID key t want to delete and set the unit for editing (@ill symbol appe the ma key or [ill) key and then the ~ key. The displayed f be deleted.

I Example I Delete the [PROGRAM] file from the list

of files to the right:

-100-

iting, display the line contain-
iting (@ill symbol appears on
key. The displayed line will
DOWN" program:
Filename?
F2
WRT Ii]
COMING DOWN
F1
WRT m
S=GT A
F1 L1
WAT I!l
§=GTA
F1 L1
WRT IlillJ I!l
-
F1 L1
WRT @!!J I!l
V=U+GT ...
F1 L1
WRT I!.I
played. When the last line
a display the filename you
ars on display). Next press
ilename (and program) will
F1 GOING UP
F2 COMING DOWN
F3 PROGRAM
F4 FORMULA
_.... ..__ Filename?
F5
WRT m
PROGRAM
F3
WAT [i]
E,ROGRAM
F3
WRT m I F3
WRT @ill [i]
FORMULA
F3
WAT [i] • Note that after a filename is deleted, the succeeding filename is displayed. When the last line is deleted, however, the filename listed before it is displayed.

I.

., Program searchs

This unit features a program search function which allows you to search for filenames and program lines using either of the following methods:

1. Sequential search (search according to numerical order from beginning)

2. Direct search (search of all filenames or program lines which match input specifications)

• Filename sequential search a. In the RUN mode:

When in the WRT mode, press ~@l to specify the RUN mode. Then press the lillID key. File number 1 (F1) will be called up. Each time you press the lillID key, the file number will be incremented, and the succeeding filename will be called up. To go back to previous filenames, press IOOlillID.

I Example I Search tor the [PROGRAM1 file from the filenames listed at the right:

F1 GOING UP
F2 . COMING DOWN
F3 PROGRAM
F4 . FORMULA -101-

GOING UP
Fl
rn I!l
PROGRAM
F3
rn I!l • Note that if you press the §ill key when the last filename is displayed, the last filename remains displayed. Also, if you press ~ §ill when the first filename is displayed, it re. mains displayed.

"You can specify the RUN mode after the display has been cleared (by pressing the m key), during display of a calculation result, during input of a value for a variable, or while text is displayed.

-If you press the m key while a filename is displayed, filename display disappears and unit enters "Manual calculations" status.

b. In the WRT mode:

Press ~~ to specify the WRT mode. At this lime, the "Filename ?" prompt appears on the display. Press the §ill key to display filenames sequentially.

If you press the ®ill key when the last filename is displayed, filename input becomes possible, and the display returns to the first filename. Press ~§illto display names in reverse order.

I Example I Search for the [PROGRAM] file:

~@l

Filename?
F5
WRT I!l
GOING UP
Fl
WRT I!l
PROGRAM
F3
WRT I!l "Note that if you press @!ITl§ill when the first filename is displayed, it remains displayed.

• If you press the m key while a filename is displayed, "Filename?" prompt appears on

the display. .

Filename? F5

WRT

-l02-

.Sequential search of program lines a. In the RUN mode:

When in the WRT mode, press ~@l to specify the RUN mode. Then call up the tilename of the program you want to search. Press the IQ] key to scroll down through pro-

gram lines. Press the [Q) to scroll up through program lines. .

I Example I In File 1, we programmed the'''GOING UP" program. Search for the 2nd line in this program:

GOING. UP'
Fl
Iill!I I!l
H=UT -(1/2)GT ..
Fl L2
rn I!l • Note that if you press the IQJ key when the last program line is displayed, the last program line remains displayed. Also, if you press IQ] when the first program line is displayed, it remains displayed.

*If m is pressed when program is displayed, file display disappears and unit enters "Manual calculations" status.

b. In the WRTmode:

Press ~@l to specify the WRT mode. Then call up the filename containing the program you want to search. Press the IQJ key to scroll down through program lines. If you press the IQ] key when the last filename is displayed, input of additional lines becomes possible. Press the @ key to scroll up through program lines. If you press the [Q) key when the first program line is displayed, it becomes possible to insert additional lines at the first of the file.

I Example I As in the previous example, search for the 2nd line in the "GOING UP" program:

Filename?
F5
WRT I!l
GOING UP
Fl
WRT I!I
H=UT -(1/2)GT ..
Fl L2
!ill!) I!I -l03-

---

F1 L3.

WRT '[i]

F1 L1

WRT

xlf m is pressed when program is displayed, the last line is automatically displayed and input of new lines becomes possible.

F1 L3

WRT

• Direct search

• Direct search of filename

By inputting the first character or characters of a filename (up to 127 steps) and pressing

the !ill§) key, it is possible to search for an. individual filename directly. _

-In the RUN mode:

I Example I Search "COMING DOWN" from the file-

names at the right:

F4 FORMULA

F1

GOING UP

F2

COMING DOWN

F3 PROGRAM

I

c_

COMING DOWN F2

• Character input for search must be carried out in "Manual calculations" status or when filenames are displayed.

• If the filename cannot be found, operation returns to "Manual calculations" status.

-104-

.In the WRT mode:

I Example I Search for "COMING DOWN":

Filename? F5

WRT [i]

c_ F5

WRT

- COMING DOWN F2 .

WRT

'Character input for search must be carried out while the "Filename?" prompt is displayed or when filenames are displayed .

'If the filename cannot be found, the "Filename?" prompt appears on the display .

• Direct search of program lines

By inputting the first character or characters of a line (up to 127 steps) when the cor, responding filename is displayed and pressing the IQ) key (or IQJ key),' it is possible to search for an individual program line directly. The same procedure is used in both the RUN mode and WRT mode.

-In the RUN mode:

I Example lin File 2, we programmed the "COMING DOWN" program. Se~rch for the 2nd line in this program:

COMING DOWN F2

H_ F1

H=UT +(1/2)GT .. F1 L2

(Fi1iJ [i]

'Press the IQ) key repeatedly to continue direct ssarch.Atter initial direct search, press the (Q] key to abort search.

*If the specified line is not found, the last line is automatically displayed and input of new lines becomes possible. If no program has been entered, input becomes possible from the first line.

-105-

Notes on Direct search function

·The "C:" in nCr and" C:" used in the BASE-N mode cannot be searched simultaneously. The same is true for the P of "Pol (" and the letter "P".

• Scrolling right and left in filenames and program lines When filenames or program lines contain more than 12 characters, use the IB and ~ keys to scroll to the right or left.

"In the WRT mode, the cursor flashes allowing editing of the filename or program. [ Example I Check contents of 2nd line of program below:

F1 HELON
L1 L=(A+B+C}/2"
L2 S =v (L(L-'-A) (L- B) (L - e) HELON F1

L=(A+S+C)/2 ..... _
F1 Ll
!!!ill ill
S=I(L(L-A)(L ...
F1 L2
ffi I!l
=l(l(L-A)(L- ...
Fl L2
®ID Ii)

.. (L-8)(L-C))
F1 L2
!!!ill Ii)
.. )(l-B){L-C)) ...
Fl L2
I!ib!J Ii) -106-

.1 Program execution

Programs can be executed in two different ways: • Execution through filename search

After specifying the RUN mode, press the !ill! key. The first filename (F1) is displayed. Search the desired filename and press the ~ key to execute the program.

I Example I Execute the "GOING UP" program:

-107-

• Execution by pressing ~@iI

After pressing 11illI~, input the filename and press the ~ key to execute the program. I Example I Execute the "COMING DOWN" program:

rD~~~ Mcl
o.
Ill.
[lliI~ ProQ_
III
~~@J[Q][M]ITJ[[]@]~ - COMING DOWN
[QJ[Q]@l][[]
III
~ U? 1
o.
III
50~ G? I
o.
III
9.8~ T? I
O.
III
1~ V=U+GT I
59.8
mI!!t III
~ I
54.9
III
~ U? I
50.
m
(Continuation omitted) To have the final formula in a program (executed by 11illI~) remain on the upper dis. play, include a " ~ " as the last command in the program, after the final formula.

'By inputting "Prog" and then the filename, the filename can be used as a subroutine

in the program (see page 114 for details).

l

-108-

.Aborting execution

Press the illTI! key to abort execution while a program is being executed. The first filename then appears on the display. By pressing the a3 key in place of theillTI! key, execution is aborted and operation returns to the "Manual calculations" status.

• Program debugging (correcting errors)

After a program has been created and input, it will sometimes generate error messages when it is executed, or it will produce unexpected results. This indicates that there is an error somewhere within the program that needs to be corrected. Such programming errors are referred to as "bugs", while the process of correcting them is called "debugging".

When an error message is displayed, press the IE or ~ key to move the cursor to the place where the error is generated (see page 49), and correct the program. For details, see the error message table on page 154.

When an incorrect or unusual result is generated, press ~@) to enter the WRT mode, then press the illTI! key to display the filename corresponding to the program you want to correct. (See page 97 for details on program editing.)

., Convenient program commands

The programs for this unit are made based upon manual calculations. Special program commands, however, are available to allow the selection of the formula, and repetitive execution of the same formula.

Here, some of these commands will be used to produce more convenient programs.

.Jump commands

Jump commands are used to change the flow of program execution. Programs are executed in the order that they are input untif the end of the program is reached. This system is not very convenient when there are repeat calculations to be performed, or when it is desirable to transfer execution to another formula. It is in these cases, however, that the jump commands are very effective. There are two types of jump commands: a simple unconditional jump to a branch destination and a conditional jump that decides the branch destination by determining whether a certain condition is true or not,

• Unconditional jump

The unconditional jump is composed of "Goto" and "Lbl". When program execution reaches the statement "Goto" and a label name, execution then jumps to the same "Lbl" [label) label name listed with the "Goto" command. The unconditional jump is often used in simple programs to return execution to the beginning for repetitive. calculations, or to repeat calculations from a point within a program.

-109-

-

*Label names can contain alphabetic characters, numbers, functional commands (sin, cos, etc.),etc., however they may not contain delimiter codes ( :, ~ , ""->, ~,to. , etc.).

"Label names may be comprised of up to 126 steps,

I Example I Rewrite the program used in Problem 1 using the "Goto 0" and "Lbl 0"

commands to allow repeat 'calculations:

The program used in Problem 1 (presented previously) is shown to the right. Add "Goto 0" to the end of the program, and add "Lbl 0" to the beginning of the program which is the branch destination. If this is simply left the way it is, however, the height will not be displayed and only the initial velocity will be displayed. To prevent this, insert the display commarid " ~" at the end of the formula that calculates height H.

The program is still no! complete, because after the first execution, the unit will retain' the first value of T that you enter, SQ repeat calculation using different values for Twill not be possible (values for U and G are fixed). Here, we will add the variable input command" {T J" (see page 118) to tellihe program to prompt for a new input for variable Teach tlms the program is executed.

With this, we will execute the program:

50~

9.8~

1~

-220-

F1 GOING UP
L1 V=U-GT ..oil
L2 H = UT - (1/2)GT2 F1 GOING UP
L1 LblO
L2 {T}
La V=U-GT .4
L4 H = UT - (1/2)GT2..o11
L5 Gota 0 GOING UP
F1
rn m
I U?
O.
Iil
I G?
O.
I!l
I T?
O.
Iil
I V=U-GT
40.2
lim Iil ~ H=UT -(1I2)GT -
45.1
lim Iil
~ [ T?
1
I!l

3~ [ V=U"":GT
20.6
I!lIIIl I!l
~ H=UT -(1/2)GT -
105.9
IiIIID Iil
~ T?
3.
III
5~ V=U-GT
1.
I!lIIIl I!l
~ H=UT-(1/2)GT -
127.5
IlIIIIJ li1 In this way, an unconditional jump is made in accordance with "Goto" and "Lbl", and the flow of program operation is changed. When there is no "Lbl [label name!" to correspond to the "Goto [label name)" command, an error (Go ERROR) appears on the display.

• Conditional jump

The conditional jump compares a numeric value with a constant or another numeric value in memory. If the condition is true, the statement following" =)" is executed up to the next " ~" or "1>.". If the condition is not true, execution skips the statement following " ¥" up to the next" I!. ". In either case, execution continues from the above following the jump end code "b.. ".

Conditional jumps are formed in the following ways:

1. Left Relational s~lidgeht =) Statement {:,} ¥ Statement {~J I>. Statement

side operator •

2. Left Relational ~ight "'> Statement [:} b.. Statement

side operator Side ...

One variable (A - Z), constant or variable formula (A x 2, 0 - E, etc.) is used for the left side and one for the right side.

-211-

The relationaloperator is a comparison symbol. There are 6 types of relational operators: =, ~ , ~, ;i!, >, <.

Left side '" right side (left side equals right side)

Left side ~ right side (left side does not equal right side)

Left side ~ right side (left side greater than or equal to right side) Left side ;i! right side (left side less than or equal to right side) Left side > right side (left side greater than right side)

Left side < right side (left side less than right side)

The "=)" is displayed when ~§are pressed. If the condition is true, execution advances to the next statement. The .. ~" is displayed when ~~are pressed. If the condition is not true, execution advances to the next statement. After this, if ~~ are pressed, execution continues from the next "b.. ".

Iftrue~ I

Left Relational ~ight =) Statement {:.} ¥ Statement

side operator Side ""

'___~~If not true~---------'

{ . J •

.A b.. Statement

L_j

Wlf statement following "~" is unnecessary, flow of operations is as follows:

_If true----.

Left Relational ~ight => Statement

side operator Side

'__-~Ii not truel-------------<

* For statements following" =)" and "~", rriultistatements can also be used.

I •

{ ~ J b.. Statement

'When creating a conditional jump with a multistatement condition (a statement made up of more than one condition), the conditional jump must be followed by multiple ending codes. The number of ending codes "b.. .. should match the number of conditions contained in the conditional statement.

I Example I

Left Relational Right => Statement 1 {:.} - ~

side operator side ""

'----~ Condition 1-~~_j

Left Relational Right => Statement 2

side operator side

{ ~} b..2 b.. 1 Statement 3

TwJ ending codes required because two conditions are lncluded,

'----Condition 2~---'

-ll2-

I Example I If an input numeric value is greater than or equal to zero, calculate the square root of that value. If the value is less than zero, display the square of that value:

Program mustbe written as follows.

In the following program, A representing input numeric value, B representing calculation result.

LblO (AI

r " true,

A~O =) B=Y'A. .. ¥ B=A2" Llf not true ------'If

b..Goto 0

In this formula, a value is input for variable A. If this value is equal to or greater than zero, the statement between" =>" and" A .. is executed. If it is less than zero, the statement between " ~ .. and" A .. is executed. When "Goto 0" is reached, execution returns to "Lbl 0", for repeated calculation.

Unconditional jump

Input the filename (VALUE] and execute the program:

VALUE
F5
Iiml III
A?
. O.
III
B=fA
1.414213562
6IIm III
A?
2.
m
B=[A
O.
I!IIliI m
A?
O.
I!l
B=A2
4 .
IlII!!l . I!l 2@l

O@l

-2~

-ll3-

l

.Subroutines

A program contained in a single program area is called a "main routine". Often used program segments stored in other program areas are called "subroutines". Subroutines can be used in a variety of ways to help make calculations easier. They can be used to store formulas for repeat calculations as one block to be jumped to each time, or to store often used formulas or operations for call up as required.

Main routine MAIN

Subroutine

SUBS

Level 4

The subroutine command is "Prog", followed by a filename which is used to specify a

program area. ..

I Example I Prog ABC - Jump to program area [ABC]:

After the jump.is performed using the Prog command, execution contlnues from the beginning of the program stored in- the specified program area. After execution reaches the end of the subroutine, the program returns to the statement following the Prog name command in the original program area. Jumps can be performed from one subroutine to another, and this procedure is known as "nesting". Nesting can be performed to a maximum of 9 levels, and attempts to exceed this level will cause an error (Ne ERROR) to be generated. Attempting to use Prog to jump to a filename in which there is no program stored will also result in an error (Go ERROR).

I Example I Simultaneously execute the two previously presented programs (Problem 1 and Problem 2) to determine the speed and height of an object which is tossed straight up, and the speed and distance of an object which is dropped:

This example employs the two programs previously presented:

F1 GOING UP
L1 LblO
L2 [T)
L3 V=U-GT ..
L4 H = UT -(1/2)GT2 ..
L5 Goto 0 F2 COMING DOWN
L1 Lbl 0
L2 IT]
L3 V=U+GT ..
L4 H = UT + (1/2)GT2"
L5 Goto 0 -114-

. When these two programs are compared, it is evident that lines 1, 2 and 5 are identical. If these portions are incorporated into a common routine, the programs are simplified and the number of steps required is decreased. Also, if it is possible to choose which calculation is going to be carried out when this program is executed, the calculation becomes even easier. For this, the conditional jump command is used in the ~ain routine in the following way:

F3 MAIN
L1 LblO
L2 (T, N I
L3 N "GOING UP:O, COMING DOWN:1"
L4 N = 1 =) Prog COMING DOWN: :!.;> N =0 =>Prog GOING UP:r..b.
L5 Goto 0 The portions of the program which are not identical are as follows:

F1 GOING UP
L1 V=U-GT ..
L2 H = UT -(1/2)GT2" F2 COMING DOWN
L1 V=U+GT ..
L2 H= UT + (1/2)GT2 .. If the program is written in this way, after the program assigned to the filename "MAIN" is executed, zero is input to jump to the "GOING UP" subroutine to calculate the velocity and height of the object tossed in the air, with an unconditional jump from "Goto 0" to "Lbl 0". If a value of 1 is input for N, execution jumps to the "COMING DOWN" subroutine to calculate the velocity and distance of the object which is dropped.

Actual programming and execution:

Mel

O.

m

MAIN
F3
I1iW m
GOING UP:0,? ...
O.
III U?

O.

III

50~

G?

0_

I!l

-ll5-

,

J

i t

l

9.S§]

T?

O.

I!l

V=U-GT 40.2

BI!!I I!l

H=UT -(1/2)GT _
45.1
BI!!I Iil
GOING UP:0,? ...
O.
I!l 1~

T?

1.

I!l

V=U+GT

59.8

EI:!il Iil

H=UT +(1/2)GT -
54.9
IlIID I!l
GOING UP: 0,? ...
1.
I!l (Continuation omltted)

In this way, subroutines can be used to isolate the common portions of two original programs and store them in separate program areas. Steps are shortened, and programs take on a clearer configuration.

-116-

• Pause command

By inputting [Pause n (n'" an integer between 0 and g)] in the program, execution can

be interrupted (paused) for up to 4.5 seconds.

While in the pause state, the answer from the previous line's calculation and the formula

(or text) are displayed.

I Example I Perform a calculation wherein a value of 1 is added consecutively to varl-

able A. In this case, variable A's initial value is 1: '

For this case, the program is as follows:

Lbl 0 A""A+1

Pause 3 (Displayed for approximately 1.5 seconds)

Gota 0

Unconditional jump

When a value is input for variable A, "Pause 3" causes a pause of 1.5 seconds, after which "Goto O"causes execution to return to "Lbl 0", with the formula [A = A + 1] calculated repeatedly.

Here,we will insert the name "ADDITION" and execute the program:

1~

(After approximately 1.5 seconds)

(After approximately 15 seconds)

-117-

Mel
O.
Iil
ADDITION
F6
IW I!l
A? I
O.
I!l
A=A+1 I
2.
Iil
A=A+1 I
3.
I!l
A=A+1
12.
I!l The amount of lime (approximate) correspondlnq to "Pause n" (Un" being an integer between 0 and 9) is as follows:

n 0 1 2 3 4 ..... 8 9
Pause time (seconds) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 ..... 4 4.5. ." Pause n" is treated as a single statement.

• Variable input command

When a value is input for a variable in a program, that value is stored in memory as a defined value. If it becomes necessary to input a new value for that variable, the variable input command ~[D. @mm can be used to return the variable to its undefined status. This is done by inputting the variable (A - Z) in brackets "I I".

I Example I (AJ .... Variable A returned to undefined status.

(AB I {A, B I {A uB J ..•. Variables A and B returned to undefined status.

*' ( I" is treated as a single statement.

* Array variables cannot be used as variables.

• Fixm

When ~~' is input in a program, all values for variables (A-i) after the command are treated as defined values. When the program is executed, the program does not wait for entry of values for variables, but completes calculation using values which havs already been input

I Example I Input "Fixm" in the first line of the program written for Problem 2 (see

page 95):

The program written for Problem 2is as shown at the right. We wlll assume that the following values have been input: U=50, G=9.8, T=1.

-118-

F2 COMING DOWN
Ll Fixm
L2 V=U+GT ..III
L3 H '" UT +(1/2)GT2 COMING DOWN F2

@@ V=U+GT ]
59.8
IlIII!I ill
@) H=UT+(1/2)GT -
. 54.9
ill
@l v=U+GT
59.8
IlIII!I ' ill In this case, the calculation was carried out using only the values whiC~ ha~, ~Iready ~een entered, so the results did not vary. If the variable input command (J I~ c.ontamed

where "Fixrn" is used the HI l" command takes Priority.

in the same program '

I Example I Input the" ( I" command into the Problem 2 program which contains "Fixm":

In this program, variables U and G are calculated usin.g the defined values already input. Variable T, however IS called up, and a value is input. Here, we will input the value and execute the program:

-119-

F2 COMING DOWN
L1 Fixm
L2 U=50:G';'9.8
L3 {Tl
L4 V",U+GT ..III
L5 H = UT +(1/2) GT2 COMING DOWN

F2 .

T?

1.]

ill

V=U+GT
59.8
IlIII!I ill
H=UT +(1/2)GT ..
54.9
m T?

1.

ill

j

3@J

V~U+GT 79.4

IilI!!I [!]

H~UT +(1/2)GT _ 194.1

[!]

(Continuation omitted)

• "Fixm" is treated as a single statement.

• J Remaining program capacity

The program capacity of this unit is 1103 steps. The number of steps indicates the amount of storage space available, and it .will decrease as programs are input.

The number of remaining steps will also be decreased when steps are converted to memories. (See page 41.)

• Basically, one function requires a single step, but there are some commands where one function requires two steps.

-One function/one step: sin, cos, tan, log, (, ), :, A, B, 1, 2, 3, etc.

-One function/two steps: Lbl "label name", Goto "label name", Prog "filename", etc.

·When the step capacity is exceeded, a "Mem ERROR" is generated.

• Determining the number of remaining steps

Hold down Illiill~ to display the current remaining number of steps. Display returns to normal when keys are released.

I Example I

(Indicates 847 steps available)

I Free 847. I

-l20-

.1 Using the unit as a data bank

In place of data or programs, it is possible to store often used formulas or even telephone numbers in this unit, using it much like a data bank.

Here, we will input a list of telephone numbers.

Filename: TEL DATA Data:

Listing No. Numbers
1 Robert Jones 03-012-3456
2 Samuel Stevens 03-023-4567
3 John Smith 0425-034-5678
4 Henry White 0425-045-6789
5 Jane Bell 0473-056-7890 a. Inputting data

Press ~~ to specify WRT mode. Specify this telephone list as "File 5":

Input the filename:

~~ITIIIl[I]~ [pJ0IT1[A]~

Press (Q) key to input listing number 1:

[Q)

Input data for listing number 1:

~~[[)[Q][[J([][[](I)~ QJIQ)[IDIIlOOI!mI~[])[]]El [])[I)[]]ElOOI1J[[][]J

~

Other listings are input in the same way.

-222-

i

l_

Filename?
F5
WRT [!]
TEL DATA
F5
WRT [!] F5 L1

WRT

~ 03- 012-3456
F5 L1
WAT [!]
ROBERT JONES_
F5 L1
WRT III J

b. Recalling data

First, call up the filename "TEL DATA", The direct search function can be used as shown below:

Next, call up the data for "Samuel Stevens":

Use the IE and §] keys to scroll to the left or right:

~~~~~~~~~~ ~~

TEL DATA F5

s_ F5

SAMUEL STEVE ~
F5 L2
ffiI Ii]
- AMUELSTEVEN-
F5 L2
ffiI Ii]
- MUEL STEVENS-
F5 L2
ffiI Ii] _ 03-023-4567 F5 L2

ffiI Ii]

As a space is inserted before entering the telephone number, listings can also be searched according to number:

Search using the prefix "03":

03[Q]

-l22-

TEL DATA F5

- 03-012-"3456 F5 L1

ffiI ill

Press the IQ] key until the listing you're searching for appears:

Use the IE and § keys to scroll to the left or right:

!B(B!B(B(BIEIE!B!B1E IBIB

I 1

-l23-

_ 03-023-4567 F5 L2

ffiI Iil

UEL STEVENS - F5 L2

.ffiI Iil

-T

PROGRAM LIBRARY

1. Prime factor analysis i

-------~~. I

2. Greatest common measure I

3 . .6. f-*y transformation

4. Minimum loss matching

5. Cantilever under concentrated load

6. Normal distribution.

7. Numerical solution of an equation (Newton's law)

I

i

_l

8. Quadratic equation 9. Complex numbers

i _j

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Prime factor analysis I No. 1
Description
Prime factors of arbitrary positive integers are produced.
For l<m<10'o
prime numbers are produced from the lowest value first. "END" is displayed at
the end of the program.
(Overview)
m is divided by 2 and by all successive odd numbers (d~3. 5. 7, 9, 11. 13 ...... ) to
check for divisibility.
Where d is a prime factor, mi=mi_"d is assumed. and division is repeated until
.J/,r,+ 1 ~d.
Example (I)
119~7x17
(2)
630~2x 3x3x5x7
(3)
987654321 =3 x 3 x 17x 17x 379721
. Preparation and operation
-Store the program written on the next page.
-Execule the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
mOO~@) Mel I@ PRIME FACTOR ...
1 D. 11 5.
a mill [i]
I!@ PRIME FACTOR ~ @) PRIME FACTOR ...
2 Fl 12 7,
"" a Ilm (;l
@) M? @l END
3 D. 13 630.
III IiIID III
119@l PRIME FACTOR ~ @l M?
4 7. 14 7.
I:m III III
@l PRIME FACTOR ... 987654321@l PRIME FACTOR ...
5 17. 15 3.
I:lIl!I III EII!!I III
~ END @l PRIME FACTOR ...
6 119. 16 3.
= III I:m III
@) M? I@ PRIME FACTOR ...
7 17. 17 17.
III IiIID III
8 630@) PRIME FACTOR .. @l PRIME FACTOR ...
2. 18 17.
IlIIIil III IiIID III
I@ PRIME FACTOR .. @l PRIME FACTOR ...
9 3. 19 (Atle'r appro», 1.5 mlnutes) 379721.
Ilm iii .. III
I@ PRIME FACTOR .. @) END
10 3. 20 987654321.
IiIIIIl iii .. III ~l26~

I No. 1
Line ~@] Program Noles Number
of steps
Fl p R I M E F A C T 0 A 14
Ll Lbl 0 : ! A I : A " M " : N ~ A
: Golo 2 t.. 34
2 Lbl 1 : B ~ 2 " P R I M E F
A C T 0 R " .. A '" A I 2 : A ~
1 => GOlD 9 t.. 70
3 Lbl 2 : Frac ( A / 2 ) ~ 0 => Gala '1 t..
B = 3 89
4 LbJ 3 C = v- A + 1 99
5 Lbl 4 : B ;;: C => :Goto 8 b. Frac ( A I B
) = 0 =) Golo 6 b. r 122
6 Lbl 5 B '" B + 2 : Goto 4 t.. 135
7 lbl 6 ( A / B ) B - A = 0 '=) Goto
7 t.. : Goto 5 155
8 Lbl 7 : B : " P R I M E F A C
T 0 R " .. A = A I B Golo 3 b. 185
9 Lbl 8 A : " P R I M E F A C
T 0 R " .. 206
10 Lbl 9 : N : " 'E N D " ..oil Goto 0 220
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
A m, H 0 V
'" B d I P W
c;
2 C .Jni;' + 1 J Q X
c
0
0 D K R Y
e
0 E L S Z
E
(I)
~ F M T
G N m U 1

~127-

,

_J

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Greatest common measure I No. 2
Description
Euclidean general division is used to determine the greatest common measure for two integers
a and b.
For lal, Ibl < 109, positive values are taken as < 10'·
(Overview)
flO ~ max (lui, 101)
fll~min (Ial, Ibl)
[flH]
n{l:=nl:._2- ~ nk-1
k~2, 3 .......
II nk~O, thsn the greatest common measure (e) will be ;)x-,.
Example (1) (2) (3)
---
When a=238 a=23345 a=522952
b".374 b=9135 b = 3208137866
~ ~ !
c=34 c=1015 c",998
.Preparation and operation
-Store the program written on the next page.
_Execute the program as shown below.
Step. Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
rB~~SID Mel 3208137866§J C
1 o. 11 998.
El IllI!!I rn
[!ill COMMON MEASU ..
2 F1
iijJ El
~ A?
3 O.
El
238~ B?
4 O.
El
374~ c
5 34.
IDl El
§ A?
6 102.
El
23345@J B?
7 34.
El
9135@J c
8 1015.
IDl El
@!) A?
9 4060.
El
522952@J B?
10 1015.
III -l28-

I No. 2
line §.@@) Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 c: 0 M M 0 N iM E A S U A E 16
L1 Lbl 1 19
2 ( A 8 I 25
3 A Abs A : B :Abs 8 : 35
= =
4 8 > A =) C = A A = 8 : 8 = C
to. 52
5 Lbl 2 55
6 C = - ( Int ( A I B ) x B - A ) 71
7 C .. 0 => A = B B = C : Goto 2 to. 87
8 B : " C " .. Gala 1 96
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 !
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
A Q, no H 0 V
'" B b,n[ I P W
E
<I> C J Q X
E n,
0
o 0 K R y
~
0 E L S Z
E
<I>
~ F M T
G N U I

I

1

-l29-

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for .<l <-;0 Ytransformation I No. 3
Description 'y' 'y'
R,
R, R,
~ . R,
"*""""-
c c
1) t,-y 2) y-->t,
R .. = RpRz R, = ~Rs + RsR6 + R6~
R,+Rz+R, R,
R,= R2·R, R.= RoR, + R,R6+ R6Ro
R,+R.+R3 R6
R6= RpRI R, = RoR, + R,R6+ R6Ro
R1+R.+R3 n,
Example (1 ) (2)
RI=12 (0) R.,= 100 (0)
R. =47 (0) Rs=150 (0)
R,=82 (0) R6=220 (0)
. Preparation and operation
-Store the program written on the next page.
-Execute the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
mllffiIT)@.ijI~ Mel 2~ R4?
1 O. 11 4.
lil rn
illill TAANSFORMATI .. 100~ AS?
2 F1 12 27.33333333
... III rn
~ O~>V:l,V~>D:2? 150~ R6?
3 O. 13 6.978723404
rn III
1~ R1? 220~ R1~
4 o. 14 466.6666667
rn Ill!I!I III
12~ R2? ~ R2=
5 o. 15 318.1818182
a IiII!D III
47@1 R3? @I R3=
6 o. 16 700.
rn IiII!D III
82@1 R4=
7 4.
Ill!I!I I!l
~ RS=
B 27.33333333
IiII!D I!l
~ R6=
9 6.978723404
IiII!D rn
10 @) O=>V:1,V~'O:2?
1.
00 ~l30~

I No. 3
line ~@!J Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 T R A N is F a R M A T I 1a N 16
L1 Lbl 1 19
2 ( N I : iN " D ~ V : 1 1v ~ D
,
: 2 " 38
3 N = 2 ~ iGoto 2 ~ N '" 1 ~ iGoto 1 t.
t. 55
4 I A I ; A " R 1 " : ( B I : B
" R 2 " : ( C I c " R 3 " 85
5 D = A + B + C 93
6 E " R 4 " = A 8 / D .. 105
7 F " R 5 " = .8 C / D .. 117
8 G " R 6 " = C A / D .. 129
9 GOlD 1 132
10 Lbl 2 135 .
11 ( E I E " R 4 " : ( F I F
" R 5 " [ G I : G " R 6 " 165
12 H = E F + F G + G E 176
13 A " R 1 " = H / F .. : 167
14 B " R 2 " = H / G .. 198
15 C " R 3 " = :H / E .. 209
16 GOlD 1 : 212
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
A R, H R.;R, + R,R. + R.R, a v
0) 8 R, I P W
E
<ll
E C R, J Q X
0
o D RI + R, +R} K R V
~
0 E· R4 L S Z
E
.,
~ F R5 M T
G Ro N For judgement U ! I

i

1.

-l3l-

CASID PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Minimum loss matching I No. 4
Description
Calculate R, and R, which match Zo and 2, with loss minimized. (Zo>Z,)
R,
z.--:::E -2,

R Z,
R,= JI-Z1
R,=zo ,
Z.
Minimum loss Lmin=20 log ( .J¥. + ~) (dBI
Example
Calculate the values of R" Rz and Lmi" for Zo=500rl and ZI=2000.
·Preparation and operation
.Store the program written on the next page.
.Execute the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
Fl3~~@l Mel
1 O.
!il
2 I@) LOSS MATCHIN ..
F1
!llI III
@I 20 ?
3 o.
III
500@] 21?
4 O.
III
200@] Rl=
5 387.2983346
I:m III
@I R2=
6 258~ 1988897
I:m III
@I LMIN=
7 8.961393328
I:m III -U32-

I No. 4
Line @illI1!0 Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 L 0 S S M A T C H ( N G 15
L1 V : " Z 0 " z " Z 1 " 27
: :
2 A = .r ( 1 - Z / V ) : B = V /
Z 44
3 R " R 1 " = V A A 54
4 S " R 2 " = Z I A A 65
:
5 T " L M I N " = 2 0 log ( r .B +
v- ( B - 1 ) ) A 89
6 :
7
8 :
9
10 :
:
11
12 :
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 :
21
22
23 l
24 :
25
A "/1-",,- H 0 v
z,
~ 8 ,. I P W
To
Q) C J Q. X
"E
0
0 D K R RJ V Zo
2:'
0 E L S R2 Z Z,
E
Q) T Lmin
:2: F M
G N U I

1.

-133-

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Cantilever under concentrated load I No. 5
Description
E : Young's modulus Ikglmm21
~. I : Geometrical moment of inertia [mm'l
a : Distance of concentrated load from
support [mm]
P : load [kg]
x : Distance of paint of interest from the
support (mm]
Deflection y [mm], Angle of deflection s [°1. Bending moment M [kg·mml
CD f>x>a @x;;;;a
Pa' Pa' P , Pa ,
y= 6EI - 2EI x y=-x --x
6EI 2EI
[ Pa'} s= tan- ,[ ::1 (x- 2a)]
s;tan-' -w
M=O (shearing load Ws=O) M=P (x-a) (shearing load Ws=P)
Example E = 4000 kglmm2}
1=5 mms What are deflection, angle of deflection, bending moment and shear-
0=30 mm ing load at x=25 mm and x=32 mm?
p= 2 kg .
'Preparation and operation
-Stare the program written on the next page.
-Execute the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
rD@!!I~~ Mel ~ X?
1 D. 11 25.
m III
Ii@ CANTILEVER ... 32@ill V=PA'/2Elx(A ...
2 F1 12 -0.99
!ill (iJ lim III
~ E? ~ S=lan-'(-PA' ...
3 D. 13 - 2.57657183
III = III
4000@) I? ~ M=0
4 D. 14 .0.
III 1m III
5@) A?
5 O.
(iJ
.30@!) P?
6 D.
III
2~ X?
7 O.
III
8 25~ V - PX'/2EI x (X ...
- 0.677083333
1m III
@!) S=tan-'(PX/2 ..
9 - 2.505092867
1m III
10 ~ M-P(X-A)
-10.
1m 13 -l34-

I No. S
line ~@l Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 C iA ! N T I L E V E R 12
L1 Deg! 14
2 Lbl i 1 17
3 E : I : A P { X J 29
: : ;
4 X ~ A => iGolo 2 I>. 37
5 y = P A ! X2 / 2 E I x ( A / 3 -
X ) A 56
6 S :Ian- : ( p A x2 / 2 E I ) A 71
= -
7 M = 0 A 76
8 Golo: 1 79
9 Lbl 2 82
10 y = p X Xl / 2 E I x ( X I 3 -
A ) .. : 101
11 S an-: ( P : X I 2 E I x ( X 2
= -
A ) ) A 121
12 M = P ( X - A ) A 131
13 Gola 1 134
14
15
16
17
18
19 ;
20 !
21
22
23 :
24 , ! ~
A a H 0 V
If) B I I P P W
"E
~ C J Q X X
0
o D K A Y y
~
0 E E L S s Z
E
Ql F M T
::::< M
G N U -135-

1

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Proqram'for Normal distribution 1 No. 6
Description
Obtain normal distribution function ¢ (xi (by Hastings' best approximation).
¢ (x)= L~ </>Idx +
1 r'
</>1=,f2i e -,
Putl=_1_
1 +Px
</> (x)'" 1-</>1 (c]l+c,e'+c,e'+C4,'+c,r')
P=O.2316419 C, = 1.78147937
C, =0.31938153 C.= -1.821255978
C, = - 0.356563782 C, = 1.330274429
Example
Calculate the values of </> (x) at x=1.1B and x=O.7.
Preparation and operation
.Store the program written On the next page.
-Execute the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
~@!ill00£!l@l Mel
1 o.
B
~ DISTRIBUTION ..
2 F1
UiI III
@l X?
3 o.
Iil
1.18~ px-
4 0.880999696
- a
@) X?
5 1.18
III
Q.7@) px-
6 0.758036136
I!m III -136-

I No. 6
Line @@@l Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 D I S T R I B U T I 10 N : 14
L1 Lbl 0 17
2 [ X ) 21
3 T = 1 / ( 1 + 0 2 3 1 6 4 1
9 X ) 40
4 Q = 1 / r 2 11' X ex ( - X x2 • / 2
) 57
5 A = . 0 3 1 9 3 8 1 5 3 70
6 B = i(~) III 3 5 6 5 6 3 7 8 2 85
7 C = 1 7 8 1 4 7 9 3 7 98
8 0 = i(-) 1 : 8 2 1 : 2 5 5 9 7 8 113
9 E 1 3 3 0 2 : 7 4 4 2 9 127
=
10 P " P X " = 1 - Q ( A T + B T
x2 + C T x, 3 + D T xY 4 + E T xY
5 ) .. 161
11 Goto: (;) i 164
12
13
14
15 :
16 :
17
18 .
19
20
21
22
23 :
A C. H 0 V
'" B C, I P ¢(x) W
'E
Q) C C3 J Q 1>t X x
C
0 R Y
0 0 C4 K
e- Z
0 E Cs L S
E
<I> F M T t
::2:
G N U -137-

1

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for I No,
Numerical solution otan equation (Newton's law) 7
Description
Using Newton's law 10 calculate x so thatf(x)~O in s=Iis)
I(x) Parameters:
J1 Xo ,,_ Initial value
r. h '" Micro interval in direction of x axis when nurner-
L tc differential is performed for points (x, f(x))
! 0 ~.rl.\'"'J s C '" Convergent condition of solution ("c" used to
<, continue calculation untll inequality in
E> Ix •• , -Xnl is developed),
Xn., ~x"- I(x.) /,(x) f(x+h)-f(x)
f'(x,l h Xn is root for IX.+l-x.l<c
'.
Example
Write a program tor the following;f(x)~ax'+bx'+cx+d
f(x)~2x'+3x' -x- 5
Xo=1, E=lx10-', h~O.OO1
Note: If solutlon does not appear after an extended period. no root exisls.
In this case, press r:m to abort execution and re-executs with a dilleren! value for xo.
Preparation and operation
-Store the program written on the next page.
- Execute the program as shown below.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 rs~@)~ Mel O,OO1~ CALCULATING
0, 11 (Aller appro x, 9 seeencsj
iii III
2 IlliID NEWTON ANSWER =
F1 12 1.084900341
mI III I!lI!ll III
3 ~ AXx'3+BX'+CX ~
O.
iii
(Aller appro x, 1 second) A1
4 O.
III
2@1 B1
5 O.
III
6 3~ C?
O.
III
1BJ1@) 01
7 O.
III
8 1BJ5~ EPSILON?
O.
13
9 1 ~1B5@ID X0 ?
O.
13
10 1~ H?
O.
III -138-

i No. 7
@@@] Program Notes Number
Line 01 steps
F1 N E wi T 0 N 8
L1 " : A X i xY i 3 + B X !x2 + C x + D -
0 " : iPausei 2 29
2 A B C D : 37
: :
3 E .. E P S I L a N " : P " X 0
" H : : 56
: :
4 " C A l : C U L A T I N G " : 70
: "
5 Lbl 1 73
6 S = P : N = 2 81
7 Lbl 2 : 84
:
8 y A P X2 P + B P 2 . + c p + D 100
= x
9 p =' p + H : N =' N - 1 112
10 N ~ 0 : =o Z = Y iGoto 2 b. 124
11 y = ( y - Z ) / H 134
12 Z - S - Z / Y 142
13 Abs ( Z - S ) <e; E i => P = Z : iGolo 1
I>. : 159
" N S W E R : " .J. 172
14 S : A =
15 :
:
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 :
24
A C1 H h 0 V
2 B b I P Xo w
c
<l> C J Q X
C c
0 y C1x~+bx~+cx+d
0 D d K A
2:- Z
0 E e L S x. Xtl+'
E
Cl M T
:2 F
G N n U -l39-

_j

WI

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for

Quadratic equation

8

Description

ax'+bx+c=O [(COnditiOn) .

a"rO Accuracy to 6 significant digits.

By inputting coefficients «, b, and c in the above formula, solutions for C< and /3 can be de. termined.

The root formula is used as shown below: - b+,!b' -4.c x=--=c..:..:-_'_""_

20

When it is considered that d = b' - 4ac:

i) When d>o, real roots of" and {3 exist a= -b+{(J, /3= -b-{d

2a 2«

ii) When d=O, the real root of" exits C<= ;:

iii) When d<O, imaginary roots of" and {3 exist

-b "f-(j.

o.:=~+~,

20 20

(3=~- ...cd;

2a 20

Step

Example

Determine solutions for the following quadratic equations:

I) 2x'-x-15=O

2) 4x'-12x+9=O 3)x'+x+I=O

Preparation and operation

-Store the program written On the next page. .Execute the program as shown below.

2

-1. Gl

Key operation

Display

Step

Key operation

Display

11

Mel

C?

12

O.

Gl

QUADRATIC F1

nil Gl

X=

9@)

13

1.5 I:II!lI ill

3

14

-15.

III

4.

iii

A?

4

(AHer appro •. , second)

-12.

III

15 (AHer approx, 1 second)

A?

9.

III

O.

l!l

B?

2@)

1@)

8?

5

O. iii

16

C?

6

1@)

C?

O. iii

17

Xl=

7

1@

XI : REAL P. -0.5

ID !il

3.

ID I!I

18

X2=

IMAGINARY P ... 0.866025

_ iii

8

19

-2.5

_ III

AX2+BX+C=0 -2.5 III

9

20

X2:REAL P. -0.5

IiIIIiI .1iI

10 (After appro •. 1 second)

A?

IMAGINARY P. ... -0.866025 ID ID

2. l!l

21

4@)

81

-1.40-

8

Program

Number of steps

F1 Q i u

T C

line ~@)

Notes

A D R

A

l1 Lbl i R

T N

11

16

2 "i A

~ ! 0

32

x + C

B

iPausei

iGoloi 0

41

3 Lbll 0

I : A

B

C

o >!

4 A

A

58

5 B

c

62

iGOloi R

71

B x, i 4 : A

6 D

C

(/) => iProg, S U

N h.

87

7 D :>

B

T

[GOIO! R

T

Nih.

109

8 D

B

2

9 Progj S

U B 3

103

10 GOIO! R

T N

'6

114

+ ! r D /

F2 SUB

II (j() B

A

17

2

2 Progl R N

D

22

3 p j" X

Ansi ~

31

4 (!() B

A

42

2

5 Progj R N

D

47

2

Ansi ~

.56

6 Q'" X

F3 SUB

2

12

l1 ( li B /

2 A

17

2 Progi R N

D

6

3 P X

,Ans ~

25

F4 SUB 3

6

A

12

L1 ( ) B / 2

A a H 0 V

b+Wi b W

o L~BJ_ b~ ~~I ~P~~b2~~~~2~«~~~ ~

C

-E C c J Q b2a Wi, :!..2a d X

~D b'4ac K R Y

~ ~E~ ~L~ +=S1- ~~Z-t --j

~ ~F~ ~~M~ -+~T+- i-~ ~

GNU

-l4l-

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Quadratic equation I No.
S

Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
9 19
10 20 -l42-

I No. S
Line ~~ Program Notes Number
of steps
2 Prog R N D 17
3 P = lAns 21
4 r (-) l D I 2 A 28
5 Prog R N D 33
6 Q = lAns 37
7 P : " X 1 : R E A L P " .. 53
8 Q : " I M A G I N A R Y P
" .. : 71
9 P : " X 2 : R E A L P " .. 87
10 (-) Q : " I M A G I N A R Y : P
:
.. .. : 106

F5 R N D 5
L1 Sci 6 : iRnd : :Norm 12
2
3 :
4
5
6
7 :
B :
9
10
11
12
13 :
14
15 :
A a H 0 V
(f) B b I P b+W1 _E W
C 2a 2a
<I> C J Q -b-"fd -J-d X
C c -~. 20
0
o D b2-4ac K R Y
e
o E L S Z
E
CD M T
~ F
G N U -l43-

_j_

CASID PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Complex numbers I No. g
Description
Z,~x,+iy, rt::::;'YxL'Z+y,z O'~tan-':r:.
x,
Z,~x,+iy, rl=vxl+ yl 8,=tan-lE.
x,
·Sum. difference
Z,:!:Z,~ (x, ±x,)+i(y, ±y,)
'Product
Z, xZ,=(x,x,- y,y,j+ i(x,y,+x,y,) ..
'Quotient
Z, _ (x,x,+ y,y,)+i(x,y,-X,.I'2) { (Condition)
Z, x;!? + Y/' Z,o;<O
X, ""0, y,,,,,o
·n·th power
·z,n~r"·ei"O~(r" cos n8)+i(r" sin n8)
·X, y~rJ (j
or, O~x. y
Example
Z,=2+V3i
Z,~4-i
Preparation and operation
-Store the program written on the next page.
-Execute the program as shown below.
Note: if "Mem ERROR" appears on the display while executing the program, press ~~O@f.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
m~~~ Mel @) 1:+ 2:- 3:.? ..
1 o, 11 1.
III III
rnJ COMPLEX (Galculate produel) 3@) REAL~
2 F1 12 9.732050808
!!il III IlIIIIl Ell
3 ~ 1:+ 2:- 3:x? .. @) IMAGE~
o. 13 4.92820323
ID ID Ell
4 (Input dal. of 8@) X11Z117. @) 1:+ 2:- 3:x? ..
complex numbers) O. 14 3.
m Ii!
2@) Y11Z1l? 9@) END OF JOB
5 o. 15 O.
III ID
03@J X2(Z21?
6 O.
Ell
4@1 Y2(Z211
7 o.
III
8 !BJ1@j 1:+ 2:- 3:x1 ..
8.
Ii!
9 (Calcutate sum) 1@1 REAL~
6.
Em Ii!
@) IMAGE-
10 O.732G50B07
IllIIII III -144-

T

i

i

,

I No. g
line ~@1 Program Notes Number
of steps
F1 CjO M P L E X 9
L1 Rad! . 11
2 Defmi : N = Ans 17
3 Defm! N + 6 22
4 Lbl i M E N U 28
5 { 0 l : 0 " 1 : + 2 : - 3
: ix 4 : I 5 : Z x' N :.6 :
- > p 0 L 7 : - > R E C 8
: I N P U T 9 : Q U I T " 88
6 0 1 ==> Prog : 95
= + I
7 ... 0 == 2 ==) Prog: - 103
8 ... 0 = 3 ==) Prog x 111
9 ... 0 = 4 ==) Prog I 119
10 ... 0 = 5 => Prog N 127
11 ... 0 = 6 => Prog P 0 L 137
12 ... 0 == 7 : 0-) Prog R E C 147
13 ... 0 == 8 : => Prog I N P U T 159
14 """!O ~ 9 => GOlo: E N D t.. t.. b. t.. t.. t..
t.. it.. t.. : 178
15 Goto: M E N U 184
16 lbl i E N D 189
17 Defm! N 192
18 " ! E N D 0 F J 0 B " 205
,
F2 + 3
A H· 0 or ju gemenl V r, x
III B I P X2+y W I1,Y
E
II> C J Q X
1:
0
o D K R n y
i!'
0 E L S Z
E
II> T
::;: F M
G N Expanded memories U
"Coo Z[N+l] Z[N+5}
QJII> Xl Z[N+3] X, 7'
"U.~
<=0
<!IE
0.11> Z[N+2] YI Z[N+4] yz Z[N+6) y
mE -145-

I __.L

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for Complex numbers I No. g
Description
ZJ=xl+iYI '1 ="';Xl1+ y.l e'=lan-'~
x,
Z~=x,+iy, r,=.Jx,' + y,' 02=lan-l~
x,
·Sum, difference
Z, ±Z,=(x, ±x,)+i(y, ±y,)
-Product
Z, x z, =(x.x,- y.y,)+i(x,y, +x,y,)
.Quotient
Z, _ (x,x, + y,y,)+i(x,y,-x,y,) fconditiOn)
Z, x/'+yi Z,.,.O
x,,,,,O, y,..-O
·1I·th power
'Z1"=r"'ein~=[r" Cos n8)+i[r" sin 110)
.x, y=r, 8
«r. (}--'lx~ y
Example
Z,=2+V3i
Z,=4-1
Preparation and operation
.Store the program written on the next page.
-Execute the program as shown below.
Note: if "Mem ERROR" appears on the display while executing the program, press ~~O@i!l.
Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
m@~~ Mel @) 1:+ 2:- 3:x? ..
1 o, 11 1.
III iii
2 ffil COMPLEX (Calculate product) 3@) REAL=
F1 12 9.732050808
rn III I!II!I iii
3 @) 1:+ 2:- 3:x? .. @! IMAGE =
o, 13 4.92820323
ID IilI!!I iii
4 (Input data 01 8@) X1(Z1,? @! 1:+ 2:- 3:.? ..
complex numbers) O. 14 3.
iii iii
2@) Y1(Zll? 9@) END OF JOB
5 O. 15 O.
iii ID
ID3@! X2{Z21?
6 O.
ID
4@) Y2{Z2J?
7 O.
iii
8 1Bl1@! 1:+ 2:- 3:x? ..
8.
iii
9 (Catcutal8 sum) 1@! REAL=
6.
IlIIIiJ iii
@I IMAGE_
10 0.732050807
I!II!II iii -244-

I No. g
~~ Program Noles Number
Line of steps
F1 C 0 M P L E X ! : ! 9
:
L1 Radi : 11
2 Defm! : N = !Ans! ! 17
3 Defm! N + 6 1 1 22
4 Lbll M E N U : 28
5 I 0 I : 0 ~ " 1 ! : + 2 : - 3
: x 4 : I ! 5 : Z x' N 6 :
- > p 0 L 7 l : - > R E C 8
I
1 N P U T : 9 Q U 1 T " 8S
:
6 0 = 1 =) iprogi + : 95
7 ~ 0 = 2 => \Prog - 103
B ~ 0 = 3 => iprog x : 111
9 ~ 0 = 4 => !Prog I 119
:
10 ~ 0 = 5 => iProg N ! 127
11 ~l 0 = 6 => jProg P 0 L ! 137
12 !t> ! 0 = 7 => iProg R E C ! 147
13 !t> 0 = 8 => !Prog 1 N P U T 159
14 !t> 0 = 9 => :Go10 E N D to. to. ~ to. to. to. to.
:
, 178
to. to. to. :
15 Got!)! M E N U ! : 184
16 Lbl! E N D : ! : 189
:
17 Defmi, N 192
18 " E N D 0 F J 0 B " 205
, : !
F2 + : ! 3
:
A H 0 or judgement V r, x
II] B I P x2+y W 9, Y
'E
Q) C J Q X
'E
0 Y
o D K R n
e-
0 E L S Z
E
QI M T
::a: F
G N Expanded memories 'U
-Oil] Z[N+l) Z1N+3] Z[N+5j ,x
QlQ) X, XI
"'O.~
"'0
(l3E Z[N+6]
Cow Z[N+2] YI Z[N+4] Y2 Y
~E -245-

I No. 9
Line ~~ Program Notes Number
of steps
L1 z [ N + 5 ) " R E A L " = z [
N + 1 ) + z [ N +" 3 ) .. 31
2 Z [ N + 6 ) " I M A G E .. = Z
[ N + 2 I + z [ N + 4 ) ... 60

F3 - 3
L1 z ! N + 5 I " R E A L " = z [
N + 1 ) - z [ N + 3 I .. 30
2 Z ( N + 6 1 .. I M A G E .. = Z
. [ N + 2 ) + z [ N + 4 ) .. 59

F4 x 3
L1 Z [ N + 5 I " R E A L .. = z I
N + 1 ) Z [ N + 3 ) - Z [ N +
2 I z [ N + 4 ) .. 43
2 Z [ N + 6 ) .. I M A G,E " = Z
[ N + 1 ) Z [ N + 4 I + z [ N .
+ 2 I z [ N + 3 ) .. 84

F5 I 3
L1 P = Z ( N + 3 I Xl + Z [ N + 4
) X2 21
2 Z [ N + 5 ) .. R E A L " = ( Z
[ N + 1 J z [ N + 3 I + : z [ N
+ 2 ) Z [ N + 4 : ( ) I , P 1 .. 65
A H 0 For judgement V r, x
en B I P r+y w IJ, y
E
111 C J Q X
E
0
0 D K R n Y
~
0 E L S Z
E
111 M T
~ F
G N Expanded memories. U
""Om ZIN+3)_ Z[N+5)
111m Z[N+l( Xl X2 X
""C·c
<=0
l'GE
Com Z[N+2] Yl Z[N+4( Y2 Z[N+6] Y
JjE -146-

I No. 9
Line ~@l Program Notes Number
of steps
3 z J N + 6 ) " I M A G E " = (
z [ N + 3 ] Z [ N + 2 ) - z [
N + 1 ] Z [ N + 4 ] ) I P ... 110

F6 N 3
Ll Lbl 0 6
2 Prog S E L 11
3 Q = 9 =) Goto E N D b. 21
4 Pol( Z [ N + Q I , z I N!+ Q + 1
] ) 39
5 [ R I : 43
6 Z I N + 5 I .. R E : A L : H = V xY
:
R " N " cos R W .. 67
7 Z [ N + 6 I .. I M A G!E " = V
x' R sin R W .. 89
8 Goto 0 92
9 Lbl E N D 97
: :
F7- P 0 L : l 5
L1 Lbl 0 : ! B
2 Prog S E L 13
3 Q ~ 9 =) Pol(! Z 1 N + !O ( z [ N
+ Q + 1 J ) ! I 35
4 V : .. R =: .. ... ~ : 43
: ,
5 W : .. T H!E T A '" " .. 55
A H 0 For judgement V r, x
2? B I P r+1 w (J,y
<=
m C J a X
E
0
0 D K R n y
e
0 E L S Z
E
m
~ F M T
G N Expanded memories U
"0<1) Z[N+3)
ml1l Z[N+1] Xl X2 Z[N+5) X
"0.;::::::
<=0
roE
Com Z[N+2] Yl Z[N+4] Y2 Z[N+6] y
J:iE -147-

I No. 9
lins· ~@l Program Noles Number
01 steps
6 Gala: (I) to. 59

Fa I N P U T 7
l1 s = z [ N + 1 ] [ S J z [
N + 1 ] '" S " X 1 ( Z 1 ) " 37 -
2 S = Z [ N + 2 I : [ S 1 : Z [
N + 2 ] = S " y 1 ( Z 1 ) " 67
3 S = Z [ N + 3 I : ( S I : Z [
N + 3 I "'" s " X 2 ( Z 2 ) " 97
4 S = Z [ N + 4 ] : [ S J : z [
N + 4 I = s " y 2 ( Z 2 ) " 127

F9 S E L 5
L1 Lbl 0 _ 8
2 [ Q J : Q " 1 : Z 1 2 : Z 2
9 : Q U I T " 32
3 Q ~ 1 =). Q ~ 2 =) Q ~ 9 . => Galai (I) to.
to. to. 50
4 Q = 2 =) Q = 3 to. 59

F10 R E C 5
L1 Lbl (I) 8
2 Prog S E L 13
3 Q ~ 9 => :Rec(_ Z [ N + Q ] , Z [ N
+ Q + 1 ] ) 35
A H 0 or judgement V r, x
.. B I P r+r W (J,Y
i::
Q) C J Q
E X
0
o 0 K R y
I!'" n
0 E L S Z
E
m
::E F M T
G N Expanded memories U
u ..
mOl> Z[N+l] XI Z[N+3] x, Z[N+5] x
'O.t:
c:o
<dE
e.G) Z[N+2] YI Z[N+4] Y2 Z[N+6] Y
~E -- -148-

I No; 9
Line ~@l Program Notes Number
of sleps
4 V x .. 43
5 W Y .. 1 51
6 Gala 0 to. 55
7
8
9
10 ..
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
A H 0 or judgement V r, X
$ B I P r+y w (J,y
e
.2l C J Q X
c:
0
o D K R n Y
e
0 E L S Z
E
G)
::E F M T
G N Expanded memories U
"0", Z[N+1] Z[N+3] Z[N+5]
-m m Xl Xz X
"'O-~
c:o
roE
Com Z[N+2} YI Z[N+4] Yz Z[N+6] y
~E
-149- CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for I No.

Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
,
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
.9 19
10 20 -150-

_l No.
. Noles Number
line ~@) Program of sleps


:






:

I
: ;
:
:



:
l







: :
A H 0 V
$ B I P W
c:: X
2 C J Q
c::
0 R y
o D K
e S Z
0 E L
E
I]) M T
~ F
G N U -151-

CASIO PROGRAM SHEET

Program for 1 No.

Step Key operation Display Step Key operation Display
1 11
2 12
3 13
4 14
5 15
6 16
7 17
8 18
I> 9 19
10 20 -152-

No.

Program

Line ~~.

A H 0 V
"l B I P W
~ C J Q X
c:
0 R Y
o D K
~ S Z
0 E L
E
Ol F M T
:2
G N U
"0",
0lQ)
"'0".::
1"0
mE
i:1.OJ
ttiE
-153-
_j Number Notes of sleps

• Error messages at-a-qlance

Message Meaning Countermeasure
Ma ERROR CDCalculation exceeds range of CD®@
operation. Check the input numeric value
®Calculation is performed out- and correct it. When using
side the input range of a memories, check that the nu-
function. meric values stored in memories
@llIogical operation (division by are correct.
zero, etc.)
Arg ERROR -Argument input incorrectly. Ex. oRe-enter argument correctly.
Negative value input for Oefm,
value other than 1 - 9 input for n
in integration calculation, etc.
Stk ERROR • Execution of calculations that ex- -Simplify the formulas to keep
ceed the capacity of the stack for stacks within 9 levels for numer-
numeric values or stack for calcu- ic values and 24 levels for calcu-
lations. lations.
.Oivide the formula into two or
more parts.
Syn ERROR eD Calculation formula contains an CD@
error. Use cursor keys to display the
@Formula in a program contains point where the error was gener-
an error. ated and correct it.
Mem ERROR ·Memory expansion exceeds lev- -Press ~~ (Belm) to expand
el remaining in program. memory to necessary level.
"Attempt to use a memory such as .Use memories within the current
Z[5) when no memory has been number of memories.
expanded. -Simplify program to fit within cur-
·Program written although no rent available memory or delete
memory remains for program. unnecessary programs.
Ne ERROR -Nesting of subroutines by execu- .Ensure that Prog (filename) is not
tion exceeds 10-level limit. used to return from subroutines to
main routine. If used, delete any
unnecessary Prog (filename).
=Traoe subroutine jump destina-
tions and ensure that no jumps
are made back to the original pro-
gram area. Ensure thai returns
are made correctly.
Go ERROR eDNo corresponding Lbl (label (j)Correctly input an Lbl cor-
name) to Goto (label name). responding to Goto.
®No program stored in specified @Store a program in program
Prog (filename). area Prog (filename) or delete
the Prog (filename) if un-
necessary. -154-

.Input ranges of functions

Function Input range Internal Accuracy Notes
digits
sin (Oeg) Ixl <9 x t 09• As a.rule, However, for tan x:
cos (Rad) Ixl -cs x 1 o 71l'rad 12 digits accuracy is Ixl :.;gO(2n + 1): Oeg
tan (Gra) Ixl < 1 x 1010grad ± 1 at the Ixl =r 1r/2(2n + 1): Rad
10th digit. Ixl=r100(2n+l): Gra
sino' Ixl ;§1
COSo, " "
tan-' Ixl<l x 10100
Note: For sinh and
sinh Ixl;§ 230.2585092 tanh, when x= 0, er-
cosh rors are cumulative
" " and accuracy is af-
fected at a certain
tanh Ixl<l x10100 paint.
sinh-l Ixl<5xl099
cosh-' 1 ;§x<5x 1099 " "
tanh·' Ixl <1
log 1 X10-99;§x<1 x 10100
In " "
10"- -1 x 10,oo<x<100
-lx101DD<X " "
eX ~ 230.2585092
r O::2x< 1 X 10100
x2 Ixl<lx105O " "
lIx [x] < 1 x 10100, x"Y 0
V Ixl < 1 x 10100 " "
xl 0::2x;;;69 " "
(x is an integer)
Result<lxl01OO
nPr n, r (11 and rare
integers) " "
nCr O~r::2n,
n<lxl01o
Pol (x,y) -/x2 + y2< 1 X 10'00 " "
O::2r<lxl01OO However, for tan x:
Rec (r,O) (Oeg) Illl<9xl09' " " Ix} :.; 90(211 + 1): Oeg
(Rad) 101 <5x 1 o 711'rad Ixl :.; 1I'/2(2n + 1): Rad
(Gra) 161 < 1 x 1010grad Ixl '-"10Q(2n+ 1): Gra -155-

j

Function Input range Internal Accuracy Notes
digits ..
[a], b, c<lxl01OO
01• ,~ O~b, c As a rule,
<-- Ixl<l X,Ol00 12 digits accuracy is
01 n Hexadecimal display: ± 1 at the
.Ixl ;;;27777.77777 10th digit.
x>O:
-1 x 1 0100 <ylogx< 100
x=O: y>O
xy x<O:
1
y=n, 2n+l
(n is an integer) " "
However; 1
-1 x'101OO<-loglxl
y
<100
x>O: y~O
-1 xl 010o<110gx< 100
. y
x=O: y>O
X1/y x<O: y=2n+1, *
" "
(n ~O. n is an integer)
However;
-1 x 10100<! loglxl
<100 y
-Results
Total of integer, numerator
and denominator must be
within 10 digits (includes
division marks).
a bit: =Input " "
Result displayed as a frac-
tlon for integer when in-
teger, numerator and
denominator are less than
1 Xl010.
Ixl<l x1050
IYI<l x1050
SO Inl<l xl01QO
(LR) xan, yo», X, y, A, B, r: " ..
n~Q
X(Jn-l, y(Jn-l: n~O, 1 -156-

Function Input range
Values after variable within following range:
Dec: -2147483648 ;;;x;;;-l (negative)
0~x~2147483647 (0, positive)
Bin: 1 0000000000000000000000000000000 ~ x
BASE-N ;;; 11111111111111111111111111111111 (negative)
0~x:i:i:01,111111111111111111111111111111 (0, positive)
Oct 20000000000;;;x ~ 37777777777 (negative)
0~x~17777777777 (0, positive)
Hex: 80000000;;;x;;; FFFFFFFF'(negative)
0~x;;;7FFFFFFF (O,positive) • Errors may be cumulative with internal continuous calculations such as xY, X'1', x!, Vic sometimes affecting accuracy.

-157-

• Specifications Model:

fx·4500P

I Calculations I

Basic calculation functions:

Negative numbers,exponents, parenthetical additionlsubtracti6n/multiplication/division (with priority sequence judgement function - true algebraic logic).

Built-in functions:

Trigonometric/inverse trigonometric functions (units or angular measurement: degrees, radians, grads), hyperbolic/inverse hyperbolic functions, logarithmiclexponential functions, reciprocals, factorials, square roots, cube roots, powers, roots, squares, decimalsexagesimal conversions, binary-octal-hexadeclmal conversions/calculations, coordinate transformations, permutations/combinations, 'Jr, random numbers, absolute values, integers, fractions ..

Statistical calculation functions:

Standard deviation-number of data, sum, sum of squares, mean, standard deviation (two types)

Linear regression-number of data, sum of x, sum of y, sum of squares of x, sum of squares of y, mean of x, mean of y, standard deviation of x (two types), standard deviation of y (two types), constant term, regression coefficient, correlation coefficient, estimated value of x, estimated value of y.

Integration calculation: using Simpson's rule.

Memories:

26 standard (163 maximum)

Calculation range:

± 1 x 10-99 - ± 9.999999999 x 1099 and O. Internal operation uses 12-digit mantissa. Rounding:

Performed according to the specified number of significant digits or the number of specified decimal places.

Exponential display:

Norml-10-2>lxl, Ixl~1010 Norm 2 - 10-9> I x I, I·x I ~ 1010

I Programs I

Number of steps: 1,103 maximum Jump function:

Unconditional jump (Gota, Lbl) Conditional jump (=, "", >, <, ~, ~)

Subroutines Prog: 10 routines

Number of stored programs: As many files as total memory capacity allows Check function: Program checking, debugging, deletion, addition, etc.

-1_58-

I Common seclion I

Display system and contents;

Liquid crystal display, dot 12 digits, 1 O-digit mantissa and 2-digit exponent, binary, octal, hexadecimal display, sexagesimal display, conditional displays (WAT, ru, @ill, 1mI, LA; SD, [!], iii, r!), []], [n 10, 0, hyp, d, H, b, 0, Fix, Sci, Eng, +: -»

Character display tunctlon:

Function commands, program commands, alphabet characters (12. maximum) Error check function:

Checks for values exceeding 1 0100, illogical calculations and illogical jumps, error messages displayed.

Power supply: . .

1 lithium battery for normal operation (CR2025); 1 lithium battery for memory protection (CA1216)

Power consumption: 0.001W

Battery life: Approximately 3,000 hours on type CR2025 battery. Auto power off:

Power is automatically switched off approximately 6 minutes after last operation.

Ambient temperature range: O°C-40°C (32°F-104°F)

Dimensions: 9.2mmH x 73mmW x 141.SmmD (3/a ~ H x 27/8" W x 59/16" D) Weight: 90 g (3.2 oz) including batteries

-l59-