Pipe flow(Viscose flow in pipes)

Analysis

Based on energy equation H1+ Hp= H2 + HL + HW

Continuity equation A1 V1= A2 V2

Energy and Hydraulic grade lines

p v2
Total head H = z + +
ɣ 2g

p¿ v2
= +
ɣ 2g

p¿ p
= piezometric head = z +
ɣ ɣ

Variation of the H is given by Energy grade line EGL

Variation of the piezometric head is given by Hydraulic grade line HGL

v2
Height difference between EGL –HGL =
2g

Eg- nozzle with negligible head losses

Head losses in pipe flow

due to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EGL- usually drops in the direction of fluid flow due to head losses.

hf
Slope of EGL = =sf ( call energy gradient or friction slope)
L

Eg-

Friction head losses in pipes (hf)

Depend on .........................................................................................................................................................

First identified by the Renolds from an experimental study

Renolds sketch of laminar flow to turbulent flow is shown in figure 2 and
renolds stated that

In law velocity .......................................................

In high velocity............................................

a) No dispersion of dye fluid moving in layers

orderly movement of fluid particles no mixing
between adjacent layers laminar
flow ................................
b)Unstable filament of dye transition flow

c) Dispersion of dye fluid not moving in layers

disorderly motion in fluid particle mixing of fluids
turbulent flow

Renolds number

Re law viscose force high laminar flow

Re high viscose force law turbulent flow

Frictional head loss of steady uniform pipe flow

hf −1 d P¿
1) = (proof is needed)
L γ dL

By applying F= ma it can be shown

hf 2 τ
2) = (proof is needed)
L r ƥg

Show that velocity distribution of laminar flow in circular pipe as

γ hf
3) V=-k (r2-R2) where k =
4 μL
 32 μL
And 4) h f = V (poiseuille’s law for laminar flow head loss in a circular pipe)
γ D2

h f ∝v

Or it can be expressed as well as

Friction Head loss for turbulent flow

hf 2 τ
=
L r ƥg

λL v 2
hf= (Darcy equation- need to proof) some time it is used λ = 4 f in British standed where f is also
D 2g
known as the friction factor

Variation of the hf with λ

For laminar flow - No effect of wall roughness is seen

For turbulent flow

1 λ generally varies according to Reynolds number and the pipe wall

roughness.

ks
λ=f ( , ℜ)
D

Colebrook-White equation to find λ

1 k s 2.51
1
√λ
=−2 log 10 [ () ]
+
3.71 D ℜ √ λ
Moody diagram