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General Chemistry: Atoms First: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
General Chemistry: Atoms First: Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
Fay
Chapter 5
Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure
Lecture Notes
Alan D. Earhart
Southeast Community College • Lincoln, NE
Chapter 5/3
Molecules and the Covalent
Bond
Strengths of Covalent Bonds
Chapter 5/6
A Comparison of Ionic and
Covalent Bonds
Chapter 5/7
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Electronegativity
Electronegativity: The ability of an atom in a molecule
to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond.
Chapter 5/9
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Electronegativity
Chapter 5/10
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Electronegativity
Chapter 5/11
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Electronegativity
Chapter 5/12
Naming Molecular Compounds
N2O4
dinitrogen tetraoxide
Chapter 5/16
Electron-Dot Structures
Chapter 5/17
Electron-Dot Structures
Chapter 5/18
Electron-Dot Structures of
Polyatomic Molecules
Step 1: Valence Electrons
• Count the total number of valence electrons for
all atoms in the molecule.
• Add one additional electron for each negative
charge in an anion or subtract one for each
positive charge in a cation.
Chapter 5/19
Electron-Dot Structures of
Polyatomic Molecules
Step 2: Connect Atoms
• Draw lines to represent bonds between atoms.
• For hydrogen and second row atoms, use the
number of bonds listed below.
• For third row and greater atoms, they may have
more bonds than predicted by the octet rule.
• The least electronegative atom is usually the
central atom.
Chapter 5/20
Electron-Dot Structures of
Polyatomic Molecules
Step 3: Assign Electrons to the Terminal Atoms
• Subtract the number of electrons used for
bonding in the previous step from the total
number determined in step 1.
• Complete each terminal atom’s octet (except
for hydrogen).
H H
Step 2: O H Step 4: O H
Cl Cl
Step 2: Cl C Cl Step 3: Cl C Cl
Cl Cl
Step 2: H O H Step 4: H O H
O O
Step 2: H C H Step 5: H C H
O O
Step 3: H C H H C H
F F
F F F F
Step 2: S Step 3: S
F F F F
F F
Cl Cl
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Step 2: I Step 4: I
Cl
Cl Cl
Step 3:
I
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5/28
Electron-Dot Structures and
Resonance
Draw an electron-dot structure for O3.
Step 2: O O O Step 4: O O O
Step 3: O O O Step 5: O O O
Step 4: O O O
O O O O O O
Resonance
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5/30
Formal Charges
# of # of # of
Formal 1
= valence e- - bonding - nonbonding
Charge in free atom 2 e- e-
O O O
1 1 1
6 - 2 (4) - 4 = 0 6 - 2 (6) - 2 = +1 6 - 2 (2) - 6 = -1
Chapter 5/33
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Three Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/34
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Four Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/35
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Four Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/36
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Five Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/37
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Five Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/38
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Five Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/39
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Five Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/40
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Five Charge Clouds
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Six Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/42
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Six Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/43
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Six Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/44
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR
Model
Six Charge Clouds
Chapter 5/45
Chapter 5/46
Chapter 5/47
Valence Bond Theory
4 nonequivalent orbitals
Chapter 5/57
Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals
Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals
Chapter 5/59
Other Kinds of Hybrid Orbitals
Chapter 5/60
Molecular Orbital Theory: The
Hydrogen Molecule
Atomic Orbital: A wave function whose square gives
the probability of finding an electron within a given
region of space in an atom.
* antibonding orbital
higher in energy
(# Bonding e- - # Antibonding e-)
Bond Order =
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5/62
Molecular Orbital Theory: The
Hydrogen Molecule
2-0
Bond Order = =1
2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5/63
Molecular Orbital Theory: The
Hydrogen Molecule
2-1 1 2-2
Bond Order: = =0
2 2 2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 5/64
Molecular Orbital Theory:
Other Diatomic Molecules
O2 O O
Chapter 5/68
Molecular Orbital Theory:
Other Diatomic Molecules
Chapter 5/69