Journal of Plant Sciences 3 (2): 146-156, 2008 ISSN 1816-4951 © 2008 Academie Journal Ine. Hemidesmmus indicus (L.)R. Br. A Review Satheesh George, K.V. Tushar, K.P. Unnikrishnan, K.M, Hashim ‘and Indira Balachandran (Contre for Medicinal Plants Research, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal, ‘Changuvstty, Malappuram District, Kerala-676 503, India Abstract: Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. (Parplocacsae) is Ueing used widely in “Ayarvodic medicine, The history of its medicinal importance dates back to anciont tres ‘The preset review dsals with stdies undsriaken in varios aspects ofthis plant in the areas of morphology, anatomy, pharmacology, chemistry and ettnobotuny along with medicinal Key words: Hemidesmus indicus, Indian Sorsaparilla, review INTRODUCTION Hemidesinus indicus (.) R. Br. Periplocaceas) commonly known as indian Sarsaprila is & dlifisely twining undershrub having numerons lender wiry laticiferous branches with purplish brown ‘bark. This plants found throughout india growing under mesophyte to semi dry conditions in the plains and up to an altitude of 600 m, It is quite common in open serub jungles, hedges. uncultivated soi et, Its found in India, Si Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh and Moluccas (Sasidhasan, 2004, Siddique er af, 2004; Anonymous, 2005, Nayar eral, 2006), ‘Vernacular Names Arabi: Zaiyana, Aus lunar, Beng.: Anantmool; Eng: Indian Sarsapailla, Gu: aviv, Hind Megrabu, Salse, Kapootee, Ananiamool, Kan, Sogadeberu, Nanadsberu, Konkani: Davai, Mal ‘Narunt, Nanwati; Mar: Anantool, Upalsari, Dudhsali, Ori. : Onontomnulo; Persian: Ushbunindi, Yasmine bum, Aushbuhe rind; Pun}: Anantmcol; Sans: Anuntamula, sriva, naga jive, gopakanya, Tam: Nannast and Tel. Gadisugandhi, Sugandhipala Synonym(s) Periploea indica. Jagtap und Singh, 199). Hemidesius indicus was Former placed unde the family Asclepiadaccae, but recently based ‘onthe pllnial characters it was transferred to Periplocace, Ayurvedic Properties Rase-ihta, Madhura guna-gur, Snigdhe; Veetya-sheeta, Vipake-madiura Doshaghnata: Tridoshushamake, Rogaghnata: Daha, Shothe, Netrabhisyands, Archi, Agnimandys, Atsar, Provabike, Vatarekts, Phiranga, Upadansbs, Amvats, Gandmala, Pradars, Garbhasrava, Stanyavikara, Shukradaurbalya, Mootrarichehhr, Paittiks pramels, Kushtha, Visarpa, Visphota, Jwara, Daurbalya, Pandy, Vishe, Kasa, Shvass; Kama: Rochana, Deepana, Pachans, ‘Anulomana, Rektushodhaka, Shothahara, Kaphaghna, Vrishya, Stanyashodhana, Garbhasthapana, Mootrajanand, Mootravirgjaniutya, Kustthagna, Swaragha, Dahaprashamana, Rasayana and Vishghna (Sharma et ai, 2000), ‘Carresponaing Auer: Satbeath Gevge, Cue Te Melichal Plas Revarch, Aga Valja Sala, Kea ‘Changvety, Maloppura Dit, Keral-676 503, ova 146,J Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 Morphology “The stems and branches which twine anticlockwise ate profusely latcferous, elongate, net, terete and wiry ofa doep purple or purplish trovm colour with the surface eighty idged at the nodes. Leaves: simple, ptiold,exstipulate, opposite, entire, apiculate acute or obtuse, dak green above but paler and sometimes pubescent below, Leaves ofthe basal parts of the shoots are linear to lanceelats Flowers: Greenish yellow to greenish purple outside, cll yellow to light purplish inside, calyx deeply five lobed, corolla gamopetalus, about twice the calyx, Stamens five, inserted near base of corolla with 4 thick coronal seale, Stamens five inserted near base of corclla with distinet filaments and small ‘connate oblong anthers ending in inflexed appendages. PistilLicarpellary, ovaries fiee, many ovuled ‘with distnet styles, Frat two straight slender narrowly cylindrical widely divergent follicles, Seeds ‘many, flat, oblong, with a long tuft of white silky hairs (Aiver, 1951; Prasad and Wahu, 1965, Wattier etal, 2000), Anatomy “Transverse section of the fesh root is circular with efasty regular outline. It shows a sigh compact porous strand of wood atthe cente enveloped by a massive cream vcloured starchy tissue and a pstipheral stip of ight reddish brown tind (Aiyst, 1951; Sharma eta, 2000; Warrier et af, 2000) ‘Chromosome No: 2n = 22 (Jagtap and Singh, 1999) Chemical Constituents Diffetent pert of the plant especially root contain various compounds (Fig. 1 such as 2-hydtoxy A-methony benzaldehyde, -hydroxy 3-methoxy benzaldehyde, lupeol, ledl, nerlide,lnalyl acetate, ihydrcearvy acetate, cs-caryophyllene,iscearyophyllene, P-selinens, dodecannic acid, hexadecancic acid, camphor, bomeol, dehydrolupangi-3 acetate, detydrolupeot acetate, Sycroxy d-methoxy Denzaldehyde, hexadecancic acid, hexatriacontane,Iupecl ootacosanoate, P-amyrin acetate, lupeol acetate, -amyrin, P-amyrin,sitostero, drevogenin f-3-O-p-D-oleandropytanosyl, hetnidesmin-1, hhemidesmin-2, hemidesminine, phytosterols, titerpenes, saponin, resin acid, tannins, tetracyclic triterpene aleohols, fatty acids, plyeosdes, 16-dehychopregnenolon, a new pregrane ester diglyeoside (esinine, indice, nemidne and ratin ate the chief components present in th plant (Chataree and Bhattacharya, 1955, Padhye ofa, 1973, Mandal eal, 1991; Prakash ef al, 1991; Das eta, 1992; Gupta et af, 1992; Chandra eta, 1994; Deepak et af, 1995; Roy etal, 2000; Sharma etal, 2000, ‘Nagarajan etal, 2001; Nagarajan and Rao, 2003; Anonymous, 2005) Propagation ‘Vegetative'Seed Detailed studies on seed propagation have been done by Wartier eal, (2000), The seed germination percentage was 95.33. They have reported the oocurtence of albino seedlings (1%) in indicus, According to tern this plant does nat respond satisfactorily to vegetative propagation by sten/oot cuttings even after eatment, Rao er a. (2000) have reported enhanced rooting of FL iuicus ‘whet trate using the ‘quick dip’ method in diferent concentrations of rooting hormones (BA, LAA, NAA) Rooting was slow inthe absence of houmone treatment but all species attained »70% rooting Philip era, (1991) have reported the vegetative propagation of H. indicus by meuns of stem and soot cuttings, Ramulu ef al. (2005) have reported the vogottive propagation of H. indicus by stem cuttings. Effet of cryopreservation on seed germination of #7. indicus has beon reported by Deeruse e af. (1999), ‘Tissue Culture ‘Malathy and Pai (1998) have reported the v0 propagation of Ht. udius, Micropropagation was achieved in Murashige and Skoog!s basal Medium (MS) supplemented with benzyladenine “7J Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 ou ae oct, o ‘oc, oc, enieeinine Ho ne 0 oct, Comoe ja co ox ! 1 oc, 2 kor meta benny cH, xe Tato Fig 1: Chemical structures of major compounds present in Femidesmus indious(L.) R.BE Gimg L™, Addition of low concentrations of ammonium nitrate increased the intemal length and thickness of shoots. Rocting was achioved on MS containing NAA (Img Land kinetin (1 mg 1}. Micropropagation and production of 2-hydoxy --methoxy benzaldehyde using oot cultures of indicus vas reposted by Srekuamar eta. (1998, 2000), Second and third visible nodes (0.5 em) from the apex and root segments (0.5 em) were the most and least regenerative, respectively, with the Formation of 937 und 26 shoots in 4 weeks on hal-svength MS medium supplemented with 2.22 and 107 MNAA and 4.44 and2.69 uM NAA, respectively. Caulogenie uility of the modes decreased ‘with nereasing maturity. Nodal explants ofthe b viro raised shocts subcultured inthe same medum prociced 9.32 shoots of 7.1 em length in 3-4 weeks, sitar to those of the mature-plant derived nodes Shoot cultures were rooted in quater-salt-stengih MS medium containing 9.8 uM IBA. Nodal ‘explants fiom shoot cuttings of HF. dice were cultured in the dark in halstengh MS medium fortified with IBA (ndole-3-butyrie acid) at 2 ma L~*, producing 10-12 roots (1-2 emp with minimal callusing in 10 days. These roots were cultured in the dack for 30 days inthe medium of Gamborg etal, supplemented with 2 mg L~'IBA and sucrose (4% wiv), at pH 56 with agitation at 70 rpm this yielded 550 mg roots (dry weight) containing 0.18% 2-hydroxy-4-methaxybenzaldehy de 1gJ Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 ‘Thoms eral (1996) have reported multiple shoot induction from shoot tipsinodal segments in MS ‘medium supplemented with NAA, BA (berzyladenine) and GA3 (gibberellic acid), Pati and Debate (1996) have reported micropropagation of H. indicus through axillary bud culture. Highest shoot multiplication rate of 8.20.4 shootslexplant with @ 95% frequency was achieved in $ weeks on MS ‘medium supplemented with 1.15 jM kinotn and 0.054 pM NAA. Sarasan e al. (1901, 1904) have reported regeneration of dieu, through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, Organogenesis and somatie embryogenesis were induced from calls iitiatod fom leafand stem explants eutured on MS and BS media supplemented with 2,4-D, NAA, BA and kinstin. Somatic embayogenesis was dependent onthe type of explant, growth regulators and age of callus. Callus induced on MS medium containing 24-D and kinetin (1 mg L~) developed somatic embryos upon transfer fo hal strength MS ‘sal meshum, Organogenesis was inchiced in eallus developed on MS medium containing NAA 22mg Land kinetin 0.5 mg Land subeultured on medium with kinetin (15-2 mg Land 10% (v') ‘coconut milk. slated shoots were rooted in half strength MS bosal medium. Ramu tal (2003) have reported the regeneration of plants fom root segments derived from aseptic seedlings, In their experiment ain or eytoinin indvchally filed to initiate shoot buds fom root seemens. Formation ‘of shoots fram the proximal end of root segments was observed on the medium with eytokinins and alphe-raphshalene-aceie acid within 2 to 3 weeks. The highest numberof shoots (5.0241.01) was proceed on the medium with é-benzylaminopurine st 3 mg L~' and alpha-naphithalene-acetic acid at 0.5 mg L~, Rapid elongation of shoot buds was observed upon transfer of the responding root segments to trlf strength MS medium. Fayanthi and Patil (1995), Slime and Yeine (1995), Yelne era. (1999), Rarmulu 2001) ane Saher af. 2003) have also reported in vtro propagation of FF indieus. Staies on steroids in cultured tissues and mature plant of FF. indicus have been reported bby Heble and Chadha (1978), Improvement in clonal propagation of H. indicus through adenine sulphate has been reported by Neetha ef al. (2003), Neetha er al, (2005) have reported in vio biosynthesis of antioxidants such as Iupecl, vanillin and ruin From HZ. indicus cultures. Somatic ‘embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf cultures of, indicus have been reported by Swarcepa and Dizi (2006). CultivarsMorphotypeyChemovars Ocourrence of high rate of intraspecific variability has been teported. Micro and macro ‘morphological studies of the vegetative and reproduetive characters together with phytochemical studies of the accessions fiom different agroclimatic zones of India have bsen reported by George ef al. (2006). A particular morphotype with inoreased lypect content was reported by George et a (2006) ‘Substitutes and Adulterants Roots of four spevies viz, Jehnocarpus frutescens R. Bx, Cryptolepis buchanan’ Rees and Schult, Decalapis hamilton Wight and Am and Uileriasaliiflia Badd. ox Hook.f (Prasad eta, 1964, Nair er af, 1978; Ramiah and Nair, 1982; Sharma et af, 2000, Wartier et af, 2000, Anonymous, 2001), Market Trends Retail markt price-resh root Rs. 45 kg; Root powder-Rs, 90 ke based on the market study {in 1999 (Sharia ea, 2000). Basel onthe market survey conducted by the autor, i was Found that the dried root ofthe plant eosts Rs. 120 kg" Phytochemical Studies CChemicel compesion of the volatiles of H, indicus was report by Nagarajan et a (2001). The volatiles obtained by steam distillation (yield, 0.25%) contained 2-hyelroxy-methoxybenzaldehyde (91%) and ledol (45%), which are isolable in pure form, asthe major constituents. The GC MS M9J Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 alysis ofthe resid showed th presence of ver 40 minor ersten, Among them, nercidl {1.2%}, borneol (0.3%), linaly] acetate (0.2%), dihydrocarvyl acetate (0.1%), salicylaldehyde (0.1%), isocaryophyllene (0.1%), alpha terpinyl acetate (traces) and 1, 8-cineol (traces) are important as tomatic. and. Wioasive principles. Prbakan et a. 2000) have reported he protective fat of H, indicus against rifampicin and isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Oral treatment with the ‘ethane extract of . indicus roots (100 mg kg, for 15 days) significantly prevented rifampicin and isoniazid induced heputooniity in 3. Etnoic excts 1 indies was staied for their antimicrobial setiviy aginst certain drug resistant hactra anda yeast Candide albicans of ical cig (Almad and Beg, 2001). vir vation of nin mate of exes of Hindus at 3 keratinophilie fungi viz. Microsporum gypseum, Chrysosporium tropicum and Trichophyton terrestre ‘were eval (Sekar and Francis, 1998). Two novel prgnaneglyeosies, namely hemes and niin, wee oluted om the died stom of Hindu (Chanda ofa, 194), Mandal ea. (1991) have reported Hemnidesrinina new eournarine-Lignod fro dius, Gupta el (1992) have reported anew triterpene lactone, characterized us 3eto-hp-12-ene-21cright rtow>28-cide fom tho hexane solble pron ofthe EXOH exact ofthe stem, Two new presnane slcosids, designated intcine and femidine fave been soa from the died stems of F.inicus (Prakash era, 1991) Roy ef al, 2000) have done phytochemical sts of Hous in comparison with ther plats cated with Sarva. Stutics on titerpnoid rem the rots of . indicus have been reper by Pave ef af (1973), Isolation of Icicsina pregmane diester tiglyoside, Psitoteral anew coxenaintgnsd rom nics have ssn sported (Catarjee an Bhatachany, 195; Ds era 1982; Deepak raf, 1995) Pharmacological Studies ‘The ethanol extract of H. indicus significantly prevented rifampicin and isoniazid inchiced ‘hepototwicity in rts (Prabukaran ea, 2000). The chloroferm and ethanol extracts Were reported 10 possess antfimgal activity against Aspergillus niger and weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia col, Pseudomonas aersgnosa (Hire er al, 1997). Anoxic acid isolated from root extract possesses viper ver inhibitory activity (Alam ea, 194, 1996) Extracts significanly neutralized venom-indueed lethality and taemortiagie atvity in rats and mice \Venom-induced coagulant and anticcagulantcetivty was also antagonized by the extract. The s00t extract has potent anfinilamatory, antipyretic and antioxidant propertics (Dutta er al, 1982; uo fal, 2005) The compound 2-lydroxy ‘-methoxy benzoic acid bus antivenum und antioxidant properties (Alam and Gomes, 1998), The toot bark also possess antioxidant activity (Revishankars ef al, 2002). The root extract demonstrated inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium leprae (Gupsa, 1981) and Keratinophiie fungi (Cures eal, 1997), The ethanolic «extract was reported to be effective chomoprotective azent and prevented oxidative stress and tumour inskin (Sultana ea, 2003), The aqueous ethanolic extract of root collected during lowering season ‘was found to possess significant antiulcer activity (Anoop and Jagadeesan, 2003). Setoskar eal (1962) we also reported the pharmacological properties of 7 indicus. The plant is also used against ‘various skin diseases (Anonymous, 1989) and in the teatment of uene vulgaris (Lalla eral, 2001). Antimicrobial studies on ossential oils of H. indicus have been reported by Prasad et al, (1983) Protective ef off. indicus agains ifampicin and isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity in rats has been, seported by Prabuken eal. (2000). The plant is also reposted to have anticancer, antihepatotosic (Mandal, 1995, Hartwell, 1967) and sntbioti activities (Jeshi and Nagar, 1952). Viper vermm indoced inflammation aod inhibition of fee radical formation by pure cempound Qty deoxy, d-methoxy ‘benzoic acid) isolated and puriied ftom H, indicus has been reported by Alam and Gomes (1998) Effect of cell culture derived #7 indicus in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia in normal and 150J Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 nypetlipidimie rats have been reported by Bopanna eral (1997). Enhaneeament in the absorption of ‘water and electrolytes from rat intestine by water extract of roots of W. édicus has ben reported by Evans eral. (2004), Radiation protection of DNA and metnbrane in vitro by extract of. indicus bas ‘been tepeted by Shety eal. (2005). Medicinal Uses Bacteristatic, anticancer, antiviral, antlithie, hypotensive, antifungal, antibacterial, anti- inflammatory, spasmodic aetivities have been reported. The milky latex of the plant is used for ‘elioving inflaranation in the eye, Ether extract ofthe rot exerts some inhibitory eect ca the growth ‘of Escherichia colt The leaves are chewed and are sad to be roeshing; narow leaved forms which are generally found in open countsy ae preferred for this purpose (Anonymous, 2001). Ethnobotany/Traditional Knowledge ‘There aze reports regarding the use of HF. indicus in various ethnonnedical practices (Kamiek, 1977), Use of this plant against lawomhoea at Bargath district in Orissa and Satordem Village of Goa ‘ngs been reported (Sen and Behera, 2000; Kamat, 2001). Antipytetic use ofthis plant has also been seported (Singh and Kumar, 1990), Banerjee and Pal (1994) and have reported the use of this plant by ‘the tribals of plain and in Inia for hair and scalp preparation, Jain and Singh (1994) and Kothari and Moorthy (1994) have reported the use ofthis plant by tribes of Ammbikepur dstiet, Madhya Pradesh and Raigard district in Maharashtra respectively, Sharma and Boissys (2003) have reported the use (fF. indicus by Mising tabes in Dhemaji Distict of Assam against menstrual problems. Singh (1994) ‘has teported the use of H. udieur among the wibals of Sonbladka district of southem Uttar Pradesh, India, Sahoo (1995) has reported the uso of H. indicus as an ophttalmic drug among the tribes in Phuibani, rissa. Fuinobetsnical uses of ndicus mong the tits of Nellans have been reported Dy Pllaia et al. (1994), Siddique etal. (2004) have reported the use of H. indicus among the local people and herbal practitioners of Barind Tract of Bangladesh against dasrhoea, shoumatism, ever, headache, asthma eye disease and Wound, Rajasa and sug (2004) have report the use of H. andes among the tribes of north Kemataks. Ayyanar and [gnacinutin (2005) have reperted traditional ses (of. cus anno the Kani iba in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu. Uses of Finals among the Korku tbe of Amati district of Maharashtra have been reported by Jagtap etal. 2008). ‘Quuntieative Standards Foreign matter-Not more than 2.0%, Total ask-2.0-43%, Acid insoluble ash-15.5-188%, Aleohal soluble extactve-t 0-1 5%, Water soluble extractives 18 618.9% (Sharma eral, 2000) HL indicus forms an ingrodignt of about 45 Ayuvedic preparations either alone or in combination with other drugs (Iyer, 1983), The lists of important Ayurvedic preparations are given below: Dasamoolrishta, Dhenwarnthararishis, Bolaritham, Saribadyasovarn, Anuthala, Arwithodi enna, Aswagandhadi yamake, Gandha tala, Chandanadi tala, Triphaladi tila, Dhanwamthara tila, Necleedaladi ula, Pinde wila, Balaswagundhudi wila, Manjshtadi ula, Madhuyashiyadi wa, Mahabala tala, Lakshod tila, Sanni enna, Sidharthodi tale, Agragrahyadi kashaya, Jeovanthyedi Jeastaya, Triplilamarichad mshakashaya, Dasamoclabladi mafia kashaya, Drakshati keshaya, Dharwvanntharakashaya, Mabatilcia kashaya, Mridweekadi kashays, Videryadi kashaya, Satavaryadi ‘asaya, Satibad kashaya, Marmagudika, Manasannitra vataka, Kalyanaka ghuitha, Jathyad: ghitha, Dadbika ghvitha, Naladad plviths, Panchaguvye gluiths, Pippalyad ghstha, Bihachagalad ghsitha, Matatalyanake ghrithe, Mahakooshmandaks ghiths, Mahathiktha ghritha, Vesthyamayanthaks ahvitha, Varahyadk ghrths, Madnasnui rasayana 131J Plant Sei, 3 2): 146-156, 2008 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The authors are thankful to the authorities of Arya Vaidya Sata, Kottakkal for extending the facilities and TATA Trust Mumbai forthe financial support. 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