2 ]Zm¿Ykwh-l\w Pohn-If

- n¬

\mw apºp ]Tn- ® Xv

lrZ- b w, c‡w, c‡- ° p- g - e p- I ƒ F∂nh c‡- ] - c y- b - \ - h y- h - ÿ - b psS `mK-

ß- f m- W v .

Blmc ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ, izk- \ - h m- X - I - ß ƒ, hnk¿Py- h - k v X p- ° ƒ F∂nh-

c‡- Ø n- e qsS kwh- l \w sNø- s ∏- S p- ∂ p.

lrZ- b - Ø n\v \mev Ad- I ƒ D≠v . izmk- t Im- i - ß - f n¬ \n∂p ip≤- c ‡w

kzoI- c n®v ico- c - Ø ns‚ hnhn[ `mK- ß - f n- t e°pw XncnsI Aip≤ c‡w
izmk- t Im- i - ß - f n- t e°pw Ab- b v ° p∂ Hcp Cc´ ]ºmWv lrZ- b w.

[a- \ n- I - f n- e qsS c‡w ico- c - Ø ns‚ F√m `mK- t Ø°pw FØp- ∂ p. knc-
Iƒ lrZ- b - Ø n- t e°v c‡w FØ- n °p- ∂ p.

Nph∂ c‡m- W p- ° - f n¬ ImWp∂ lotam- t •m- _ n≥ F∂ hkv X p HmIv k n-

Ps\ BKn- c Ww sNøp- ∂ p. lotam- t •m- _ n\mWv c‡- Ø n\p \ndw \¬Ip-
∂Xv .

hn‰m- a n≥ B 12 , t^m- f nIv BknUv F∂nh Nph∂ c‡m- W p- ° - f psS \n¿am-

W- Ø n\v Bh- i y- a m- W v . c‡w I´]nSn- ° p- h m≥ hn‰m- a n≥ K A\n- h m- c y-
am- W v .

lotam- ^ o- e nb Hcp ]mc- º - c y- t cm- K - a m- W v .

19
Poh- i mkv { Xw

Zln® Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-߃ A∂]Y- kwh-l\w kky-ßf- n¬

Øn¬ \n∂p tImi-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv
Fßs\-bm-sW∂v \n߃°dnbmw. AXp-
t]mse izmk-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v HmIvkn-
P≥ icoctImi-ß-fnepw hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-
°ƒ hnk¿P-\m-h-b-h-ß-fnepw FØp-∂p.
Cßs\ ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ -`m-K-ß-fn-
te°v ]Zm¿Y- ß ƒ FØn- ° p- ∂ - X n\p
{]tXyI kwhn- [ m\w Bh- i y- a mWv.
F¥mWo kwhn-[m-\w?
eLp- L - S - \ - b p≈ Pohn- I - f n- s ebpw
k¶o¿W- L - S - \ - t bm- S p- I q- S nb a\p- j y- \ n-
sebpw ]Zm¿Y- k w- h - l \w Fß- s \- b m-
sW∂v ]cn- t im- [ n- ° mw. a\p- j y- \ n¬
]Zm¿Y-kw-h-l-\-Øn-ep-]cn a‰p Nne [¿a-
ßfpw c‡w \n¿hln-°p-∂p-≠v. Chbv°v
]cym-]vX-am-Ip∂ coXn-bn-¬ c‡-Øns‚
LS\ F¥m-sW∂pw AXns‚ kwh-l\w
F{]- I m- c- a m- s W∂pw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬
]Tn-°mw. kky-ß-fn¬ Pehpw a‰p- ]Zm¿Y-
ßfpw hnhn-[- `m-K-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]tXyI kwhn-[m-\-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
kky-ß-fpsS thcp-I-fn¬ hrXn-hym-
]\w aqew {]th-in-°p∂ Pew Ce-I-fn¬
FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv sskew Ipg-ep-Iƒ hgn-bm-
sW∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Cu
]co-£Ww sNbvXp t\m°q:
Imin- Ø pº (Balsam), ajn- Ø ≠v
(Peperomia), IΩyq-WnÃv ]® (Eupatorium)
F∂n-h-bpsS Ce-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb sNdnb
imJ-Iƒ Nph∂ ajnbn¬ ap°n sh°pI.
aq∂p aWn-°q¿ Ign™v ImWvU-Øns‚
Ipdp- s I- b p≈ t\¿Ø tOZw FSpØv
ssat{Im- k v t Im- ∏ n- e qsS \nco- £ n- ° p- I .
Nn{X(2.1)hpambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
z GXp Ie-bn-emWv Nph∏p-\ndw ImWp-
∂Xv?
z AXns‚ ]pd-sa-bmbn ImWp∂ Ie-
GXv?

F∏n-
sU¿ankv

F≥tUm-
sU¿ankv

^vtfmbw

sskew

Nn{Xw 2.1
ImWvU-Øns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw

20

hyXykv X ImWv U - ß ƒ Cßs\
]cntim[n®v \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
ImWvUØns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw
]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ H∂n\p apI-fn¬ H∂mbn
{Iao-Icn® sskew Ipg-ep-Iƒ \o≠ ss]∏p-
Iƒ t]mse ImWmw (Nn{Xw 2.2). Cu tImi-
ßfpsS Ipdp-sI-bp≈ `nØn-bn¬ [mcmfw
kpjn-c-ßfp≠v. F¥m-bn-cn°mw Ch-bpsS
[¿aw?
sskew
Ipg-ep-Iƒ
]mc≥ssIa
Nn{Xw 2.2
sske-Øns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw
sske-Øn-eqsS Pew apI-fn-te°v Db-
cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv?
Cu ]co-£Ww sNbvXp t\m°q. Nn{X
(2.3) -Øn-te-Xp-t]mse D]-I-c-W-߃ {Iao-
I-cn-°pI. ]co-£-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ kkyimJ- I ƒ •m v Syq_n¬
hmbp\n_≤ambn Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. •mkv
Syq_p- I ƒ Pmdn- \ p≈n¬ sh°p- ∂ - X n\p
apºmbn AXns‚ A‰Øv hmbpIpanf
Ds≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. Ipd®p kabw
Ign™p \nco-£n-°p-I.
]Zm¿Y- k w- h - l \w Pohn- I - f n¬
Ce-I-fn-√mØ
kky- kky-imJ
imJ
hmbp
-Ip-anf
•mkv
Ipgense
Pew
hmbp
-Ip-anf
hmbp-
Ip-anf
Pew
A B C
Nn{Xw 2.3
kky-tkz-Z\w aqew Pew Db-cp-∂Xp
ImWn-°p∂ ]co-£Ww
hmbp-Ip-an-f-I-fpsS ÿm\-am‰w Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-I. B bn¬ Pew apI-fn-te°v
Db¿∂p F∂t√ CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv? Pew
Fßs\-bmWv apI-fn-te°v Db-¿-∂Xv? Pe-
X- ∑ m- { X- I ƒ°v ]c- k v ] cw H´n- t ®¿∂p
\n¬°m-\p≈ {]h-W-Xbps≠∂v Adn-bm-a-
t√m. Cu _e-amWv sImln-j≥ _ew
(Cohesion force). Ce-I-fnse sskew Ipg-
ep-I-fn-ep≈ Pew •m v Ipg-ense Pe-hp-
ambn kº¿°-ØnemWv. kky-tkz-Z\w
hgn Ce- I - f nse tImi- ß - f n¬ \n∂v
Bkyc{‘ß-fn-eqsS Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
CXp-aqew tImi-ß-fnse a¿Zw Ipd-bp-∂p.
B ÿm\-tØ°p sXm´-SpØ tImi-ßf - n¬
\n∂p Pew {]th-in-°p-∂p. CXns‚ A\¥-
c-^ew F¥m-bn-cn°pw? Cßs\ kky-
tkz- Z \w aqew D≠mIp∂ henhv
(Transpiration pull) kky-ß-fn¬ F{X Db-c-
Øn-te°pw Pew FØn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-
°p-∂p. CXp IqSmsX thcn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂
hrXn-hym-]\ a¿Zhpw (Osmotic pressure)
PesØ Db¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
21
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

hrXn- h ym- ] \w hgn Ce-

bnse tImi-ß-fn-te°v

tºmƒ sImln-j≥ _ew aqew Pew Db-cp-∂p

_mjv]o-I-cW^e-ambn Pew \jvS-s∏-Sp-
aÆnse Pemwiw
hrXn- h ym- ] \w aqew
Pew tImi-ß-fn-te°v sskewIpg¬-

Imh¬tImiw-

_mjv]o-I-cWw hgn ]pd-

tØ°v (k-ky-tkz-Z-\w)
aqe- t emaw

thcv

B]m\w hgn tImi-`n-Øn-bn-eqsS

Pew D≈n-te°v IS-°p∂p
Nn{Xw 2.4
kky-ß-fn¬ Pe-Øns‚ {]hmlw

apI-fn¬ sImSpØncn-°p∂ Nn{Xw (2.4) BIv S ohv {Smkv t ]m¿´v (Active transport)
{i≤n-°pI. Ce-Ifnte°v Pew FØn-t®- F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v
cp-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw {]Xn-`m-k-߃ klm- Du¿Pw Bh-iy-am-Wv. CtX coXn-bn¬ sXm´-
bIam-Ip∂p F∂v Is≠Øn kb≥kv Ub- SpØ tImi-ß-fn-te°v eh-W-߃ IS-∂p-
dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. t]m- I p- ∂ p. XpS¿∂v sskew Ipg- e p-
IfneqsS Cu Atbm-Wp-Iƒ Ce-I-fn¬
eh-W-ß-fpsS kwh-l\w
FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
aÆn¬ \n∂p Pew thcp- I - f n- t e°v
Blm-ck
- w-hl
- \
- Ø
- n\p ^vtfmbw Ipg-ep-Iƒ
{]th- i n- ° p∂Xv Fß- s \- s b∂v a\-   n-
em°n. Fß-s\-bmWv eh-W-߃ thcp-I- kky-ßf - nse as‰mcp kwh-l\ - I
- e
- b
- m-
fn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂Xv F∂v Btem-Nn-®n- Wv (Conductive tissue) ^vtfmbw. Blm-c-]-
´pt≠m? aÆns\ At]-£n®v thcp-I-fn¬ Zm¿Y- ß ƒ IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p- ∂ Xv ^v t fmb
eh-W-ß-fpsS km{µX ]e-t∏mgpw IqSp-X- (Phloem) -Øn-eq-sS-bmsW∂v \n߃°-dn-
em-bn-cn-°p-w. At∏mƒ aÆn¬ \n∂v eh-W- bmw. Fß-s\-bmWv ]Zm¿Y-߃ CXn-eqsS
߃ A¥¿hym-]-\w-aqew tImi-ß-fn¬ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv? ^vtfmbw Ipg-ep-I-fpsS
{]th-in-°p-I km[y-a-√. Cu kml-N-cy- s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 2.5).
Øn¬ aqe-tem-a-ß-fnse πmkvam-kvXcw kohv \mfn-Iƒ (Sieve tube) H∂n\p apI-fn¬
Atbm-Wp-IfpsS cq]-Ønep≈ eh-Wß - sf as‰m-∂mbn {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp I≠nt√?
hen-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CXns\ Ch- b psS Ipdp- s I- b p≈ `nØn- b psS

22
 ]Zm¿Y- k w- h - l \w Pohn- I - f n¬

{]tXy-IX- s
- b-¥mWv? Cu kpjn-cß - f- n-eqsS kwh-l\w P¥p-°-fn¬
kao-]-tIm-i-ß-fpsS tImi-{Zhyw ]c-kv]cw
kky-ß-fn-te-Xp-t]mse P¥p-°-fnepw
_‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. X∑qew BlmcX∑m-
kwh-l\w \S-t°-≠-Xnt√? P¥p-°-fpsS
{X-Iƒ kohv \mfn-If
- n-eqsS Ce-If
- n¬ \n∂p
icocLS-\-bn-ep≈ hyXymkw A\p-k-cn®v
a‰p `mK-ß-fn-te°v k©-cn-°p∂p.
Ah-bnse kwh-l-\-co-Xnbpw hyXy-kvX-
amWv.

kwh-l\w kq£va Pohn-I-fn¬

]mc-ao-knbw (Paramecium) t]mep≈
GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fn¬ tImi-Øns‚ hnhn[
kohv \mfn `mK-ß-fn¬ Blm-c-]-Zm¿Y-߃ FØn-t®-
]mc≥ssIa
cp∂ coXn {i≤n-°pI (Nn{Xw 2.6). tImi-
Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ `£-W t^\-ß-fpsS
Nm{In- I - N e\w ImWp- ∂ nt√? CXmWv
sskt¢m-knkv (Cyclosis). F∂m¬ _lp-
tImi Pohn-I-fn¬ ]Zm¿Y kwh-l-\-Øn\p
{]tXyI am[yaw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬
ImWp∂ hnhn[ kwh-l-\-am-[y-a-ß-sf-°p-
dn®v \ap°p a\- n-em-°mw.
Nn{Xw 2.5
^vtfmb-Øns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw

Ce-ap-X¬ thcp-hsc Hcp k©m-c-]mX

Hcp henb hr£-Øns‚ Ce-bn¬ \n∂p a¿aw
thcn- t e°v Hcp h¿jw 250 In.{Kmw
`£-W-
•qt°m-kmWv kwh-l\w sNø-s∏-Sp- t^\w
∂Xv. CXp kw`-hn-°p-∂tXm? t]mÃv
Im¿Uns‚ I\w am{X-ap≈ ^vtfmbw
tImi-ßf - n-eq-sSbpw. thcns‚bpw sXmen-
bp-sSbpw AIsØ ]mfn-bn-em-Wv Ah
ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. Xe-\m-cn-g-tbmfw
am{Xw I\-ap≈ kohv \mfn-Iƒ sIm≠m- Nn{Xw 2.6
Wv Ah \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ce apX¬ ]mc-ao-knbw
thcp hsc \o≠p InS-°p∂ Cu ]mX kwh-l\w Pew hgn
kZm k©mc-tbm-Ky-am-bn-cn-°pw. adn-®m-
bm¬ hr£-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]p-Xs∂ Pe-Øn¬ Pohn-°p∂ ssl{U-bpsS
A]-I-S-Øn-em-In-t√? Blm-c-k-º-Zm-\hpw ]Zm¿Ykwh-l-\hpw
Fßs\-sb∂p \n߃°-dn-bmw. F¥mWv
Ah-bnse kwh-l\ am[yaw?

23
Poh- i mkv { Xw

]Yw imtJm-]-im-J-Ifmbn ]ncn-™n-cn-°p-

Pew
∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ {]tXyI kwh-l-\am-[y-
a-an-√. F∂mepw ico-c-Øns‚ Dƒh-iØp
ImWp∂ khn- t ij tImi- ß ƒ
(Parenchyma) ]Zm¿Ykwh- l - \ - Ø n¬
{][m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂p.

kwh-l\w ico-c-{Zhw hgn

Nn{Xw 2.7 ]m‰-bpsS icoc Adbn¬ (Nn{Xw 2.10)

ssl{U
CØcw Pohn- I - f psS tImi- ß fnse
]Zm¿Y-߃ Pe-hp-ambn t\cn´v hn\n-abw
sNøp-I-bm-Wt√m sNøp-∂-Xv(Nn{Xw 2.7).
AXp-t]mse kvt]m©nse Pe-{]-hmlw
Nn{X-Øn¬ (2.8) ImWn®ncn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-
°p-I. C{]-Imcw Pew kwh-l\am[y-a-
am°n Pohn-°p∂ P¥p-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ DZm-
l-c-W-߃ Is≠-ØpI.
\nd-™n-cn-°p∂ {ZmhIw F¥msW-∂-dn-bm-
at√m? Blmcw tImi- ß - f n- t e°pw
hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-°ƒ hnk¿P\m-h-b-h-amb
am¬]o-Pn-b≥ \mfnI-fn-te°pw FØn-°m≥
c‡w klm-bn-°p-∂p. tImi-߃ izk\-
\-fn-I-I-fn¬ \n∂v A¥-co£ HmIvkn-P≥
t\cn´v kzoI-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS
c‡- Ø n\v HmIv k n- P ≥ kwh- l - \ - Ø n¬
]¶n-√. ]m‰-bpsS c‡-Øn\p \nd-an-√mØXv
F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v hy‡-am-bnt√? CXp-
t]mse at‰sX√mw Pohn-Ifp≠v?

Pew

lrZbw
t]in-Iƒ

c‡w
Nn{Xw 2.8
kvt]m©v
kwh-l-\w -]-c∂ hnc-I-fn¬
πt\-dn-b-bpsS ico-c-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX
{i≤n-®nt√? Ah Pe-Øn¬ \n∂p t\cn´v
HmIvkn-P≥ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p (Nn{Xw 2.9). A∂-

O2
CO 2 Nn{Xw 2.10
↓

A-∂-]Yw ]m‰

aÆn- c - b n¬ c‡- a m- W v HmIv k n- P ≥

hmbv kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Blm-chpw hnk¿Py-h-
Nn{Xw 2.9
πt\-dnb
kvXp-°fpw tImi-߃°v e`y-am-°p-∂Xpw

24
 ]Zm¿Y- k w- h - l \w Pohn- I - f n¬

c‡wXs∂- b m- W v (Nn{Xw 2.11). CtX z tlm¿tam-Wp-Isf {]h¿Ø-\-ÿ-eØv

{]{Inb-bmWv \s´-√p≈ apgp-h≥ P¥p-°- FØn-°p-∂p.
fnepw \S-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw Pohn-Iƒ°v z tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[tijn \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂p.
hfsc hnImkw {]m]n® Hcp c‡ ]cy-b-\- CØcw [¿a- ß ƒ c‡w Fß- s \-
hy-h-ÿ-bp-≠v. bmWv \n¿hln- ° p- ∂ - s X∂p t\m°mw.
hyXykvX LS-I-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p≈ Ie-
bmWv c‡w. GsX-√m-amWv B LS-Iß - ƒ?
z πmkva (Plasma)
z c‡-tIm-i-߃ (Blood cells)
lrZbw z tπ‰ve-‰pIƒ (Platelets)
Nn{Xw 2.11
aÆnc icm-icn hep-∏-ap≈ Hcp a\p-jy\n¬
GI-tZiw 5 en‰-tdmfw c‡w D≠v. c‡-
a\p-jy-\nse c‡-]-cy-b-\-hy-hÿ Ønse {ZmhI `mK-amWv πmkva. AXns‚
t]mj-IL - S- I
- ß
- fpw HmIvkn-P\pw ico- LS\ F¥m-sW∂p t\m°mw.
c- I - e - I - f n- t e°pw hnk¿Py- h - k v X p- ° ƒ c‡-πmkva
hnk¿P\m-h-b-h-ß-fn-te°pw FØp-∂Xv c‡-Øns‚ 55 iX-am-\t- Ømfw πmkva-
c‡- Ø n- e q- s S- b m- s W∂v \n߃ a\-   n- bm-Wv. c‡-Øn¬ c‡-tIm-i-߃ \o°w
em°n. sNbvXm¬ Cfw a™-\n-d-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-
as‰-s¥√mw [¿a-߃ c‡w \n¿hln- Sp∂ sXfn™ {Zmh- I - ` m- K - a m- W n- X v.
°p-∂p? Fs¥√mw LS- I - ß ƒ CXn¬ Dƒs°m-
≈p∂p? Xmsg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI
z ico-tcm-jvamhv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p.
(2.a) {i≤n-°pI.

]´nI 2.a
πmkva-bnse LS-I-ßfpw Ah-bpsS [¿ahpw

25