Poh- i mkv { Xw

4 ⁄mt\-{µnb߃

\mw apºv ]Tn- ® Xv

Pohn-Iƒ Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

akvXnjvIw ico-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ktµ-i-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw AXn\v IrXy-amb adp-]Sn Ab-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

_mly-I¿Ww, a[y-I¿Ww, B¥-c-I¿Ww F∂o `mK-߃ tN¿∂-XmWv a\p-

jy-I¿Ww. ico-c-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb Aÿn-I-fmb amen-b-kv, C≥I-kv,
tÃ∏nkv F∂nh sNhn-°p-≈n¬ ImWp∂p.

_mly-I¿W-an-s√-¶nepw ]mºp-Iƒ°v Xd-bn-eqsS hcp∂ i_vZ Iº-\-߃

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

Xz°n¬ hyXykvXbn\w \mUo-{Km-ln-Iƒ ImWp-∂p.

IÆn¬ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv sd‰n\ (Retina) F∂ `mK-Øm-Wv.

IÆn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ ImgvNm-ssh-Ie
- y-amWv {lkz-Zr-jSv nbpw Zo¿L-Zr-jSv nbpw. A\p-
tbm-Py-amb se≥kp-]-tbm-Kn®v CXv ]cn-l-cn-°mw.

64

D±o]-\-Øn\-\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-I-cn-°m≥
GsXmcp Pohn- s bbpw klm- b n- ° p- ∂ Xv
{Kmln-I-fm-Wv. {]Im-iw, NqSv, kv]¿iw,
i_v Z w XpS- ß nb D±o- ] - \ ß- f n¬ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ D±o-]-\-Øn\-\p-k-
cn®p am{Xta an°-hmdpw F√m {Kmln-Ifpw
{]Xn-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≈p. XmW-bn\w Pohn-I-
fn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂-bn\w Pohn-If - n-te°p hcp-
tºmƒ {Kmln-If - psS FÆhpw sshhn-[yhpw
h¿[n- ° p∂tXmsSm∏w Ah IqSp- X ¬
k¶o¿W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. GI-tIm-i-Po-
hn-bmb ¢man-tUm-tam-W-kn¬ {]Imiw Xncn-
®dnbphm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv {]Im-i-{Km-ln-
I-fm-Wv. aÆn-c-bn-em-Is´ Cu [¿aw -\n¿h-
ln-°p-∂Xv ico-c-`n-Øn-bn¬ hym]n®p InS-
°p∂ {]Im-i-{Km-ln-I-fm-Wv. Nne jUv]-Z-
߃ Imep-Iƒ sIm≠v kv]¿in®v cpNn-b-
dn-bmdp≠v. k¶o¿W-L-S-\-tbm--Sp-Iq-Snb
]mºpw Ac-Wbpw \mhn-ep≈ K‘-{Km-ln-
I-fn-eqsS K‘-a-dn-bp-∂p. \n›nX [¿a-߃
\n¿h- l n- ° p∂ CØcw {Kmln- I ƒ
tN¿∂mWv ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ (Sense
organs) cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv. Pohnh¿K-Øn¬
G‰hpw Db¿∂-X-e-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ a\p-
jys‚ ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß - ƒ GsXm- s °-
bmWv? IÆv, sNhn, aq°v, \m°v, Xz°v
F∂n-hbv°p hyXykvX [¿a-ßf - t√ D≈Xv?
I¨t]mf
t\{Xm-h-cWw
tIm¿Wnb
AIzkv Ad
IrjvW-aWn
se≥kv
sFdnkv
kv\mbp-°ƒ
koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ
ZrV-]-Sew
t\{X-]m-fn-Iƒ c‡-]Sew
ZrjvSn]Sew
Nn{Xw 4.1
IÆns‚ s\Sp-sI-bp≈ tOZw
⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ
Cu A[ym- b - Ø n¬ Ah- b psS LS-
\bpw {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xnbpw Fß-s\-sb∂p
]Tn- ° mw. AtXm- s Sm∏w ⁄mt\- { µn- b -
߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ sshI-ey-ßfpw tcmK-
ßfpw Fs¥∂p a\- n-em°n Ahsb kwc-
£n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ m- h - i y- a mb kmam\y
[mcWbpw t\Smw.
Adnhv t\Sp- ∂ - X n¬ \sΩ G‰hpw
klm-bn-°p∂ ⁄mt\-{µn-bamWv IÆv.
IÆp-Iƒ Xe-tbm-´n-bnse t\{X-tIm-S-
c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. IÆns‚
tOZw (Nn{Xw 4.1) \nco-£n-°p-I. IÆn¬
{]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ZrjvSn-]-SeØn-
(Retina) emsW∂v \n߃°- d nbmw.
GsX√mw `mK-ßf - n-eqsS IS-∂mWv {]Imiw
sd‰n-\-bn¬ FØp-∂-sX∂p t\m°mw.
IÆns‚ ap≥`m-KØv hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬
•m p- t ]mse kpXm- c y- a mb `mK- a mWv
tIm¿Wn-b. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn sh≈
\nd-Øn¬ ImWp∂ `mKsØ ZrV-]-Sew
(Sclera) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv IÆns‚
G‰hpw ]pd-sa-bp≈ ]mfn-bmWv. t\{X-tKm-
f-Øn\v BIrXn \¬Ip-∂Xv ZrV-X-bp≈
Cu ]S-e-am-Wv.
hn{Sn-bkv Ad
]oX-_nµp
t\{X-\mUn
A‘-_nµp
65
Poh- i mkv { Xw
sshhn-[y-Øns‚ GSp-Iƒ
Pohn-Iƒ sNdptXm heptXm Bbn-t°m-s´.
kz¥w Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃
Adnt™ ]‰q. F¶nte Pohn-°m-\m-hq.
AXn-\v H-t´sd kwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-≠v. a’y-
߃°pw R≠p-Iƒ°pw hyXykvX D±o-]\
߃ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ sht∆sd {Kmln-If
Wp-≈X - v. Nohn-Sp-Iƒ i_vZh - o-Nn-Iƒ kzo-Icn-
°p-∂Xp Imep-If - n-ep≈ kpjn-cß - f - n-eq-sS-bm-
Wv. _mly-I¿W-an-s√-¶nepw ]mºp-Iƒ°v
i_vZh - o-Nn-Isf Xncn-®d - n-bp-∂X - n-\p≈ I¿W-
`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. jUv]-Z-ß-fpsS kwbp‡
t\{Xß-sf-∏‰n Adn-bm-a-t√m. H∂n-e-[nIw
sNdnb IÆp-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-bn-´p-≈X
Wn-Xv. Nphs∏m-gn®p a‰p \nd-߃ Chbv°v
Xncn-®d- n-bm≥ Ign-bpw. \ΩpsS IÆp-Iƒ°p
{Kln-°m-\m-hmØ Aƒ{Sm-h-b-e‰v {]Imiw
tX\o-®-Iƒ°p Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-dn-
bmtam. Xo¿∂n-√. C\n-bp-sa-{X-sb{X kwhn-
[m-\ß- ƒ! At\z-jn-°pI. Is≠-ØpI.
tIm¿Wn- b - b psS sXm´p- ] n- ∂ n¬
ImWp∂ Ad GXmWv? AXn¬ \nd-™n-cn-
°p∂ {Zmh-I-amWv AIz-kv{Z-hw (Aqueous
humour). c‡-Øn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn-™p-≠m-
Ip∂ Cu {Zhw AtX Af-hn¬Øs∂ c‡-
Øn-te°v ]p\-cmKn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Np‰p-
ap≈ Ie-Iƒ°v t]mj-Whpw HmIvkn-P\pw
\¬Ip-∂Xv Cu {Zmh-Ia - m-Wv.
IÆnse a[y-]mfn GXm-Wv? Nn{Xw 4.1
{i≤n- ° pI. c‡- ] - S - e - Ø n\v (Choroid)
shfn®w IqSp-tºmƒ
he-b-t]in
IrjvW-aWn
tdUn- b ¬
t]in
IrjvWa
66
Ccp≠ \ndw sImSp-°p∂ h¿W-h-kvXp-
hmWv saem-\n≥. CXv IÆn¬ {]th-in-
°p∂ Aan-X-{]-Im-isØ BKncWw sNøp-
∂p. c‡-]-S-e-Øn¬ [mcmfw c‡-tem-an-
I-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-bmWv IÆn-\m-
- - h- i y- a mb t]mj- I - ß fpw HmIv k n- P \pw
- m- FØn- ° p- ∂ - X v. se≥kn\p ap∂n¬
adt]mse ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sFdnkv (Iris) I≠p-
ht√m? CXv c‡-]-SeØns‚ XpS¿®-bm-
Wv. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-ep≈
Bfp-IfpsS sFdnkn\v Htc \nd-amtWm?
F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\p Imc-Ww? sFdn-
kv Zr-V-]-Sehpambn tbmPn-°p∂ `mKw
- m- {i≤n-°p-I. I´n-Iq-Snb Cu `mK-ØmWv
koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.
{]Im-ihpw IrjvW-a-Wnbpw
IrjvWa - n- (Pupil) bpsS ÿm\w \nco-
- W
£n-°p-I. {]Im-i-c-ivan-Iƒ°v IÆn-\p-
≈nse ]mfn-bmb sd‰n-\-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ GI-am¿KamWv CXv. kplr-
Øns‚ IÆp-Iƒ \nco-£n®v {]Im-i-Xo-{h-
X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v IrjvW-a-Wn-bpsS hep∏w
hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-I. Xo{h-]-Im-
i-Øn¬ IrjvW-aWn kt¶m-Nn-°p-Ibpw
aßnb shfn- ® - Ø n¬ hnI- k n- ° p- I pbpw
sNøp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-ßs\ kw`-hn-
°p-∂Xv? Nn{Xw 4.2 {i≤n-°p-I. GsX√mw
t]in-IfmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\sØ klm-bn-
°p-∂Xv? he-b-t]-in-Iƒ (Circular muscles)
kt¶m- N n- ° ptºmƒ Irjv W - a - W n- b psS
shfn®w Ipdbp-tºmƒ
he-b-t]in
IrjvW-aWn
tdUn- b ¬
t]in
Nn{Xw 4.2
- W
- n-bpsS kt¶m-Nh
- n-Imkw

hep∏w Ipd- b p- ∂ p. tdUn- b ¬
t]in-Iƒ (Radial muscles) kt¶m-Nn-
®mtem?
IÆnse se≥kv {i≤n-°p-I
(Nn{Xw 4.1). GXp-Xcw se≥km-
WXv? Cem-kvXn-I-X-bp≈ Hcp
]Zm¿Yw- sIm-≠mWv se≥kv \n¿an-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. se≥kns\ koen-
bdn t]in-I-fp-ambn kv\mbp-°ƒ
(Ligaments) aptJ\ _‘n-®n-cn-°p-
∂p. koen-bdn t]in-I-fpsS kt¶mNw aqew
se≥kns‚ h{I-X-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w
\nco-£n-°p-I. (Nn{Xw 4.3)
kv\mbp-°ƒ
koen-bdn t]in
se≥kv
Nn{Xw 4.3
koen-bdn t]in-I-fpsS kt¶m-N-hn-Imkw
IÆn-\p-≈n¬ ImWp∂ henb Ad
{i≤n-°q. (Nn{Xw 4.1) se≥kn¬ \n∂p
{]Imiw IS∂p t]mIp-∂Xv ]n≥`m-KsØ
Cu henb Ad-bn-te-°mWv. CXn¬ \nd-
®n-cn-°p∂ A¿[ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Hcp
]Zm¿Y- a mWv hn{Sn- b kv {Zhw (Vitreous
humour). CXpw t\{X-tKm-f-Øn\v BIrXn
\¬Ip∂p.
{]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fßs\?
Hcp tIm¨shIv k v se≥kn- e qsS
{]Imiw IS∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂
{]Xn-_nw-_-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-
s°-bmWv?
z sNdpXv
⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ
Nn{Xw 4.4
hkvXp-hns‚ {]Xn-_nw_cq]o-Ic
- Ww
z Xe-Xn-cn-™Xv
z bYm¿Yw
Zqsc-bp≈ Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ {]Xn-_nw-
_-amWv t^m°-kn¬ Cßs\ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
IÆnse se≥kv tIm¨shIvkv BIr-Xn-
tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. At∏mƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂
{]Xn-_nw-_Ø - ns‚ {]tXy-IX
- I
- ƒ F¥mWv?
tIm¿Wn-b, AIz-kv{Z-hw, hn{Sn-bkv{Zhw
F∂n-h-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ {]Im-
i-Øn\v A]-h¿Ø\w kw`-hn-°pw. CXns‚
^e-ambn {]Xn-_nw_w sd‰n-\-bn¬ ]Xn-
°p∂p(Nn{Xw 4.4).
F∂m¬ \mw ASp-Øp≈ Hcp hkvXp-
hns\ t\m°p-tºmƒ {]Xn-_nw_w sd‰n-\-
bpsS ]n∂n- e m- b n- c n°pw cq]- s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv ?
Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ {]Xn-_nw_w sd‰n-\-
bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn se≥kv IqSp-X¬
h{I-X-bp-≈-Xmbn amdp-∂p. (Nn{Xw 4.5)
koen-b-dn-t]-in-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w CXn\v
klm-bI - a - m-Ip-∂p. C{]-Imcw IÆn¬ \n∂v
hkvXp-hn-te-°p≈ Zqcw A\p-k-cn®v {]Xn-
_nw_w sd‰n-\-bn¬ Xs∂ ]Xn-∏n-°p-hm-
\p≈ IÆns‚ Ign- h mWv ka- ⁄ \
£aX(Power of accomodation). koen-b-dn-
t]- i n- I - f psS kt¶mNhnImkw t]mse-
Xs∂ tIm¿Wn-bbpsS h{I-X, IrjvW-a-Wn-
bpsS BIr-Xn, IÆnse {Zh-߃ F∂n-h-
bpw Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂p.
67
Poh- i mkv { Xw

ASpØp≈ hkvXp-°sf
t\m°p-tºmƒ

{]Imi civan-Iƒ sd‰n-\-

bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂p
AIsebp≈ hkvXp-°sf koen-bdn t]in-Iƒ
t\m°p-tºmƒ hnI-kn-°p∂p

{]Imi civan-Iƒ sd‰n-\-

bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂p
koen-b-dn t]in-Iƒ
kt¶mNn°p-∂p

Nn{Xw 4.5
{]Xn-_nw_w sd‰n-\-bn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p∂ coXn

se≥kpw ImgvNbpw _nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv? Nn{Xw

4.6 {i≤n-°pI.
{]mbw IqSpw-tXmdpw se≥kns‚ Cem-
kvXn-IX Ipd-™p-hc- p-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿbv°v
{]kv_-tbm-]nb (Presbyopia) F∂mWv ]d-
bp-∂-Xv. CØcw Bfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
IÆS GXp-Xcw se≥kv sIm≠v \n¿an-®-
Xmbncn°pw?
{]mbw IqSnbhcnepw Nne tcmKn-I-
fnepw se≥kns‚ kpXm-cyX \jvS-s∏-Sm-dp-
≠v. Cu sshI-ey-amWv Xnancw(Cataract). Nn{Xw 4.6
{lkz-Zr-jvSn
CXn\p ]cn- l m- c - a mbn \S- Ø p∂ Xnanc
ikv{X-{In-bs
- b-°p-dn®v tI´n-´nt√? {]h¿Ø- CØcw Bfp-Iƒ°v Zqsc-bp≈ hkvXp-
\-c-ln-X-amb se≥kv \o°w sNbvXv B °sf hy‡-ambn ImWm≥ km[n-°n-√.
ÿm\Øv Ir{Xn-a-se≥kv sh®p ]nSn-∏n-°p- CXn\p ]cn-lm-ca
- mbn GXp-Xcw se≥kmWv
I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?
t\{X-ssh-I-ey-߃ Zo¿L-ZrjvSn (Hypermetropia)
t\{X-tKm-f-Øns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-ep-≠m- t\{X-tKm-fØ
- ns‚ \ofw Ipd-™mtem?
Ip∂ hyXymkw IÆns‚ {]h¿Ø-\sØ {]Xn-_nw_w sd‰n-\bv°v ]n∂n¬ cq]-s∏-
Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂p F∂p t\m°mw. Sp- ∂ p. CØcw Bfp- I ƒ°v Zqsc- b p≈
lrkz-ZrjvSn (Myopia) hkvXp-°sf hy‡-ambn Im-Wm-sa-¶nepw
ASp-Øp≈hsb ImWm≥ km[y-a-√.
t\{X-tKm-f-Øns‚ \ofw h¿[n-°p-∂Xv
{lkz-Zr-jvSn°vv Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw CXn\p ]cn- l m- c - a mbn GXp- X cw
sshI-ey-ap-≈-h-cn¬ hkvXp-hns‚ {]Xn- se≥kmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv? Nn{Xw 4.7
{i≤n-°p-I.

68
 ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ

Nn{Xw 4.7
Zo¿L-ZrjvSn
AÃnKvam‰nkw (Astigmatism)
IÆns‚ BIr- X n- t ]mse Xs∂
tIm¿Wn-b-bp-sStbm t\{X-se≥kn-s‚tbm
h{IX- b n¬ D≠m- I p∂ sshI- e yhpw
Imgv N sb _m[n- ° p- ∂ p. hkv X p- h ns‚
]q¿W-a-√m-ØXpw IrXy-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb
{]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xn\v CXv ImcW-
am-Ip-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-bmWv AÃn-‹m-‰n-
kw. A\p- t bm- P y- a mb knen- { ≠n- ° ¬
se≥kv D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu sshIeyw ]cn-l-
cn-°mw.
ImgvN-bpsS ck-X{¥w
IÆn¬ hkvXp-°-fpsS {]Xn-_nw_w
cq]w sIm≈p-∂Xv Fhn-sSbmsW∂p \mw
a\-kn-em°n. ZrjvSn-]-S-e-Øn¬ {]Im-i-{Km-
ln-I-fmb tdmUp tIm-i-ßfpw tIm¨ tIm-
i-ßf - p-ap-≠v. tdmUv tImi-߃ aßnb {]Im-
i- Ø nemWv D±o- ] n- ∏ n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . CXv
aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ ImgvN km[y-am-Ip-∂-
Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ tIm¨tIm-
i-߃ Xo{h-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ am{Xta D±o-]n-
∏n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ p- ≈ p. Xo{h- { ]- I m- i - Ø n¬
hkvXp-°sf ImWp-∂-Xn\pw \nd-߃ Xncn-
®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw tIm¨tIm-i-߃ klm-bn-
°p-∂p.
tdmUp- tIm- i - ß - f p- s Sbpw tIm¨
tImi-ß-fp-sSbpw L-S-\bpw hn\ym-khpw
Nn{Xw 4.8 \nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°p-I. tdmUp-
tIm-i-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ h¿W-h-kvXp-
hmWv sdmtUm-]vkn≥. {]Imiw X´p-tºmƒ
sdmtUm-]vkn-≥ hnL-Sn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ

A‘-_nµp
t\{X-\mUn
{]Im-i-Øns‚
Zni

sd‰n-\-bpsS Hcp `mKw

Bth-K-߃
akvXn-jvIØn-te°v

\mUo tIm-i-߃

ss_t]m-fm¿
tIm-i-߃

a¿Ωw

tdmUvtIm-i-߃

tIm¨tIm-i-߃
Nn{Xw 4.8
sd‰n-\-bnse {]Im-i-{Km-ln-Iƒ
69
Poh- i mkv { Xw
{]Imiw
sdmtUm-]vkn≥ sd‰n-\n≥ +
aßn-b-sh-fn®w
\S-°p∂ cmk-am‰w {i≤n-°p-I. CXns‚ ^e-
am-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Bth-K-ßsf \mUo-tIm-i-
߃ D±o- ] - \ - a mbn kzoI- c n°p∂p.
sdmtUm]v k ns‚ LS- I - a mb sd‰n- \ n≥
PohIw A bn¬ \n∂mWv \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.
PohIw A bpsS A`mhw \nim‘Xbv°v
(Night blindness) Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v hy‡-am-bnt√?
]I-ep-d-ßp∂ aqß
aqß ]I-ep-d-ßp-I-bmtWm? Dd-ßn-bmepw
Cs√- ¶ nepw Ahbv ° p ]I¬ IÆp- I m-
Wn√. Xo{h-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ {Kl-W-i‡n
\¬Ip∂ tIm¨tIm-i-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-
X-bmWp Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ tdmUv tImi-
߃ IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xn-\m¬ cm{Xn ImgvN-
i‡n IqSp-X-emWp Xm\pw. cm{Xn-bn¬ Cc
]nSn-°p∂ P¥p-°ƒs°ms° Cu khn-ti-
j-X-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ ]£n-I-fn¬ tdmUp-
tIm-i-߃ Xosc-bn√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-
bmw. a\p-jys‚ Hcp IÆn¬ GI-tZiw
125 e£w tdmUp-tIm-i-ßfpw 7 e£w
tIm¨tIm- i - ß fpw ImWp- ∂ p. \mb- b p-
tSbpw ]q®-bp-sSbpw IÆpIƒ cm{Xn-bn¬
Xnf-ßp∂Xp {i≤n-®n-´p-t≠m. IÆns‚
]n≥`m-K-Ømbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ "S]o‰w' F∂
{]Xn-^-e-\-ti-jn-bp≈ ]mfn-bmWv CXn\p
Imc-Ww.
Nn{Xw 4.9
70
tIm¨tIm-i-߃ {i≤n-°p-I. \oe,
Hm]vkn≥ ]®, Nph∏v F∂o {]mY-anI h¿W-
ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ sht∆sd tIm¨
tImi-ßfp≠v. Ch-bn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-
°p∂ hyXy- k v X - b n\w Ab- t Um- ] v k n- ≥
F∂ h¿W-h-kvXp°-fmWv {]mY-anI h¿W-
ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
tIm¨ tImi-ß-fn¬ GXns\-¶nepw XI-
cmdv kw`-hn-®m¬ hnhn-[-Xcw h¿W-ßsf
icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ km-[n-
°n√. CXmWv h¿Wm- ‘ X (Colour
blindness).
A‘-_n-µphpw ]oX-_n-µphpw
Zrjv S n- ] - S - e - Ø n¬ t\{X- \ mUn XpS-
ßp∂ `mKØv tdmUp-tIm-i-ßfpw tIm¨
tIm- i - ß fpw C√. Cu `mKØp {]Xn-
_nw_w cq]w sIm≠m¬ ImgvN km[y-am-
Iptam? AXn-\m¬ Cu `mKsØ A‘-
_nµp (blind spot) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
F∂m¬ ZrjvSn]S-e-Øns‚ GI-tZiw
a[y-`m-K-Ømbn ImWp∂ `mKamWv ]oX-_n-
µp. ChnsS tIm¨tIm-i-߃ IqSp-X-embn
ImWp-∂p. tdmUp-tIm-i-߃ H∂pw Xs∂-
bn√. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ImgvN-i-‡n-bp≈
`mK-am-Wn-Xv. sNdnb hkvXp-°sf kq£n®v
t\m°p-tºmƒ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
Xmsg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw (4.9)
IÆn¬ \n∂pw GI-tZiw 9 C©v AIse
]nSn-°pI. CS-Xp-IÆv AS-®p-sIm≠v he-Xp-
IÆv _m-‰n¬ am{Xw tI{µo-I-cn-°pI. kmh-
[m\w Nn{Xw apt∂m´pw ]nt∂m´pw Nen-
∏n°pI. Ft∏m-gmWv ]¥v A{]-Xy-£y-am-
b-Xv? F¥m-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw? \nß-fpsS
\nK-a\w F¥mWv?

Um¬SWpw \nd-ßfpw
""F\n°p \oebpw a™bpw am{Xta Xncn-
®-dn-bm-\m-hp-∂p-≈p.'' At‰m-anI kn≤m-¥-
Øns‚ D]- ⁄ m- X m- h mb tPm¨
Um¬Ss‚ hm°p-I-fm-Wn-Xv. Um¬S-\nkw
F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Cu sshI-ey-Øn\v ]n∂oSv
h¿Wm- ‘ X F∂ t]cp \¬In.
kv{XoIsf At]-£n®v ]pcp-j≥am-cn-emWv
h¿Wm-‘X IqSp-X¬. F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-
∂-dn-bm-tam? Ab-tUm-]vkns‚ \n¿am-W-
Øn-\m-[m-c-amb Po\p-Iƒ x t{Imtam-tkm-
ap-I-fn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. h¿Wm-‘X A\p-`-h-s∏-
´-Xv Um¬S-Wm-sW¶nepw CtX]‰n BZyw
hni-Zo-I-cn-®Xv tdm_¿´v t_mbn-em-Wv.
ImgvN F∂ A\p-`hw
{]Im- i - { Km- l n- I - f n¬ ]Xn- ° p∂
{]Imiw Ah-bn¬ cmk-am‰w D≠m-°p∂p
F∂v a-\- n-em-b-t√m. Cu D±o-]\w Bth-
K-ß-fmbn {]Im-i-{Km-ln-I-fnse BIvtkm-
Wp-Iƒ kwtbmPn®v cq]-s∏-Sp∂ t\{X-\m-
Un-bn-eqsS skdn-{_-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. ZrjvSn-
]-S-e-Øn¬ cq]w sIm≈p∂ {]Xn-_nw-_w
Xe-Io-gm-b-Xm-sW-¶nepw ImgvN-bn¬ \ap-°-
ßs\ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m? skdn-{_-
amWv ImgvN-sb∂ A\p`hw bmYm¿Yy-am-
°p-∂-Xv.
Zznt\-{X-Z¿i\w
Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_w c≠p
IÆnepw D≠m-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \ap°Xv
c≠mbn A\p-`-h-s∏Sp-∂n-√-t√m. Ccp-I-Æn-
sebpw {]Xn-_nw-_-ßsf ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv skdn-{_-am-Wv. ]ns∂-¥n-\mWv c≠p
IÆp-Iƒ? Hcp IÆp-sIm-≠p≈ ImgvNbpw
c≠p-I-Æp-sIm-≠p≈ ImgvNbpw XΩn¬
Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-dn-bm-
tam? Hcp IÆv AS-®p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v \n߃
⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ
as‰m-cm-fpsS ssIbn-en-cn-°p∂ t]\-bpsS
AS∏v bYm-ÿm-\Øv Dd-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-
®p-t\m-°pI. hkvXp-hn¬ \n∂p≈ AIew
IrXy- a mbn IW°m°p- h m≥ c≠p-
IÆpsIm≠p≈ ImgvN (Zznt\-{X-Z¿i\w-
Binocular vision) klm-b-Iam-Ip∂p. F√m
P¥p-°ƒ°pw CXv km[y-a-√. c≠p IÆp-
I-sfbpw Htc hkvXp-hn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-
hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Zznt\-{X-
Z¿i\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. c≠p IÆp-I-fp-
sSbpw ka-\zn-X-N-e\w C{]-Imcw km[y-am-
°p-∂-Xv t\{X-tKm-f-t]-in-I-fm-Wv.
Nn{Xw (4.10) \nco-£n-°p-I. IÆns\
t\{X-tIm-S-c-`n-Øn-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-
°p∂ aq∂p tPmUn t]in-Iƒ {i≤n-°p-I.
Cu t]in-I-fpsS ka-\zn-X-N-e\w km[y-am-
Im- X n- c p- ∂ m- t em? Cu Ah- ÿ - b mWv
tIm¶Æv (Squint). Cu sshIeyw XpS-°-
Øn¬ Xs∂ Is≠Øn hnZKv[ ikv{X-{In-
b-bn-eqsS am‰m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
t]in-Iƒ
I¨t]mf
IÆp-\o¿{KŸn
t\{X-tKmfw t\{X\mUn
Nn{Xw 4.10
t\{X-tIm-Sc
- Øn-\p-≈nse t\{X-tKmfw
t•mt°ma (Glaucoma)
AIzkv {Zh-Øns‚ D¬`-hhpw ]p\-cm-
Knc-W-hpw XpS¿®-bmbn \S-°p∂psh∂v a\-
 n-em-°n. CXns‚ ]p\-cm-KncWw XS- -
s∏-´m¬ F¥mWv kw`-hn-°pI? AIzkv
Ad-bnse a¿Zw h¿[n-°pw. t\{X-tKm-f-
Ønse a¿Z h¿[-\-bmWv t•mt°ma tcmK-
71
 Poh- i mkv { Xw

Øn\p Imc-Ww. a¿Zw h¿[n-°p-∂-Xp-aqew Dƒh-i-sØbpw CXp Bh-cWw sNøp-∂p.

tIm¿Wn-b-bpsS h{I-X-bn¬ am‰w hcp-∂p. t\{Xm-h-c-W-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ AWp-_m-[-
tcmKn°v IÆp-I-fn¬ thZ\ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp- bmWv sN¶-Æv (Conjunctivitis). Cu tcmKw
Ibpw Zo]-߃°p Np‰nepw h¿W-h-e-b- ]I-cp-∂Xv Fßs\ Hgn-hm°mw? N¿®
߃ D≈-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp- sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
∂p. CXv XpS-cp-∂Xpaqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ Akm-
CØcw kwhn-[m-\-߃ F√mw Ds≠-
[m-cW a¿Zw {Kmlo-tIm-i-ß-fpsS \mi-
¶nepw IÆns‚ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kwc-£-
Øn\p Imc- W - a m- I p- ∂ p. A\- ¥ - c - ^ ew
W-Øn¬ \mw {i≤ sNep-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
F¥m-bn--cn-°p-sa∂v Duln-°m-a-t√m.
t\{X]cn-N-cWw
IÆn-\p-≈nse kwc-£-W-߃
t\{X- ] - c n- N - c - W - Ø n¬ {i≤n- t °≠
Hcp ⁄mt\- { µn- b - s a∂ \ne- b n¬
Imcy-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? Xmsg X∂n-
IÆns‚ LS\ a\- n-em-°n. Xmsg-s°m-Sp-
cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Øn- c n- ° p∂ kqN- I - ß - f psS ASn- ÿ m- \ -
N¿® sNbvXv Hcp ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
Øn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-amb coXn-bn¬ IÆp
kwc-£n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\sb∂v z ipNnXzw
kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
z t]mj-Im-lmcw
z ]pcn-Iw, I¨]o-en, I¨t]mf
z hymbmaw
z IÆp\o¿
z tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[w
Nn{Xw (4.11) \nco-£n-°p-I. IÆp\o¿
z hmb\
{KŸn-bpsS ÿm\w a-\- n-em-°p-I. Cu
{KŸn-I-fn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ IÆp-\o¿ z Sn.-hn., Iºyq-´¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS D]-
\mkn-I-bn-te°v IS-°p∂sXß-s\-sb∂v tbmKw.
hy‡-am-b-t√m.
Pohn-°m≥ sImXn-°p∂ IÆp-Iƒ
]pcnIw
IÆp-\o¿{KŸn
BsI A‘-∑m-cn¬ A©n-semcp `mKw
C¥y-bn-em-Wv. A‘-Xbv°v ]e Imc-W-
I¨]oen
I¨t]mf
ß-fp-s≠∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ A‘-
cn¬ Gsdbpw tIm¿Wn-b-bpsS XI-cm-dp-
IÆp-\o-cns\ aqew A‘X A\p- ` - h n- ° p- ∂ - h - c m- W v .
\mkn-I-bn-te°v
Nn{Xw 4.11 hln-°p∂ \mfn tIm¿Wnb am‰n-h-bv°¬ am{X-amWv CXn-
IÆp-\o¿{KŸn \p≈ ]cn-lm-cw. tISp-h∂ tIm¿Wn-b am‰n
X¬ÿm- \ Øv {]h¿Ø- \ - £ - a - a mb
IÆp-\o-cn¬ AS-ßnb ssetkmsskw tIm¿Wnb h®p ]nSn-∏n-°p∂ ikv{X-{In-b-
F∂ cmkm-·n-Iƒ IÆnse AWp-_m[ XS- bmWv sIcm-t‰m-πm-Ãn (Keratoplasty).
bp-∂p. IÆn¬ tIm¿Wnb Hgn-sI-bp≈
tIm¿Wnb Ir{Xnaambn \n¿an-°m≥
ap≥`m-KsØ Bh-cWw sNøp∂ kvXc-amWv
Ign-bn-√. as‰m-cm-fn¬ \n∂v Zm\-ambn e`n-
t\{X-kvXcw (Conjunctiva). I¨t]m-f-bpsS
°pItb am¿Kap-≈p. t\{X-Zm\w al-Ø-c-

72
 ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ

am-Ip-∂Xpw AXn-\m-em-Wv. acn®v A[nIw sNhn°v {][m-\-ambpw aq∂p `mK-ß-fp-

Xma-kn-bmsX IÆv th¿s]-Sp-Øn-bm¬
sIcm-t‰m-πm-Ãn°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m-hpw. acn-
®- b m- f psS IÆp- I ƒ as‰m- c m- f n- e qsS
]ns∂bpw Pohn-°pw. t\{X-Zm-\-Øns‚ \S-
]- S n- { I- a - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v hnh- c - t i- J - c Ww
\SØn kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
ØpI.
sNhn
Imgv N - s b- t ∏mse {][m- \ - a mWt√m
tIƒhnbpw. sNhn-bmWv {ih-WsØ klm-
bn-°p∂ ⁄mt\-{µn-b-sa∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw.
ico-c-Øns‚ Xpe-\-\ne ]men-°m≥ klm-
bn-°pI F∂ [¿ahpw sNhn-°p-≠v.
sNhn-bpsS LS-\ h
- y-‡a
- m-°p∂ amXrI
]cn-tim-[n°pI. CXv NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-
°p∂ Nn{X-hp-ambn (4.12) Xmc-Xayw sNøq.
s≠∂v hy‡-at√? GsXm-s°-bm-Wh?
z _mly-I¿Ww (External ear)
z a[y-I¿Ww (Middle ear)
z B¥-c-I¿Ww (Internal ear)
_mly-I¿Ww
_mly-I¿W-Øn¬ sNhn-°p-S (Pinna),
I¿W\m-fw, I¿W-]Sw F∂nh Dƒs∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂p. sNhn-°p-S i_vZsØ I¿W-\m-f-
Øn-te°v tI{µo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-
∂p. ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ \∂mbn tN¿Øp-h-®v,
\nß- f psS ssI∏Øn sNhn- ° p- S bv ° p
]n∂n¬ ]nSn-°pI. XpS¿®-bmbn Htc Bhr-
Øn-bn¬ hcp∂ GsX-¶nepw i_vZw {ihn-
°p-hm≥ {ian-°q. sNhn°p ]n∂n¬ \n∂v
ssI∏Øn am‰n AtX i_v Z w ho≠pw
{i≤n°pI.

A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc
I¿W-]Sw ˛ i_vZ-ho-Nn-Iƒ Ipg-ep-Iƒ
X´p-tºmƒ Iº\w sNøp∂p
a[y-I¿Ww
}amen-bkv

tÃ]nkv
C≥Ikv

I¿W-\mfw ˛ tcma-tIm-i-ßfpw
sagpIv {KŸn-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂p

F-t‚m-enw^v k©n
sNhn-°pS ˛ i_vZ-ho-
Nn-Isf sNhn-°p-≈n- -Bw-]ypf
te°v IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂p
}
bq{Sn-°nƒ
kmIyqƒ shÃn-_yqƒ
{ih-W-\mUn
Hmh¬hn≥tUm
du≠vhn≥tUm
tIm¢nb
{Kk\n bqtÃ-°n-b≥ \mfn

Nn{Xw 4.12
a\p-jy-I¿W-Øns‚ LS\

73
Poh- i mkv { Xw

C≥Ikv
F¥p hyXym-k-amWv \n߃°v A\p-
amen- b kv
`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?

I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, \mbv XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS

sNhn-°pSbpsS BIr-Xn, hep-∏w, Ne-\- tÃ∏nkv
Hmh¬hntUm
tijn F∂n- h - a\p- j yt‚- X n¬ \n∂v du≠vhntUm
Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nco-
£n-°pI. I¿W- ] Sw
bqtÃ-°n-
b≥ \mfn
sNhn-°p-S-bpsS XpS¿®-bmb I¿W-\m-
f-Øns‚ `nØn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ khn-ti- Nn{Xw 4.13
a[y-I¿WØnse AÿnirwJe
j- { K- Ÿ n- I - f mWv sagp- I p- { K- Ÿ n- I ƒ
(Ceruminous glands). Ch D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂
bqtÃ-°n-b¿ \mfn
sagp- I pw, I¿W\m- f - Ø nse tcma- ß fpw a[y-I¿WsØ {Kk-\n-bp-ambn _‘n-
tN¿∂v sNdp{]mWn-Iƒ, AWp-°ƒ, s]mSn ∏n-°p∂ Ipg-emWv bqtÃ-°n-b≥ \mfn.
F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v sNhnsb kwc-£n-°p- I¿W-]-S-Øn\v Ccp-h-i-Øp-ap≈ hmbp-a¿Zw
∂p. IqSmsX I¿W-\m-f-Ønse Dujvam- {IaoI-cn°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv Cu \mfn-
hpw Cu¿∏hpw \ne-\n¿Øm\pw Ch klm- bm-Wv.
bn-°p-∂p. I¿W-\mfw I¿W-]-S-Øn¬ Ah-
Pe-tZm-jw D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ \ap°v sNhn
km- \ n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu t\¿Ø- k v X - c - a mWv
thZ\ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sm≥ F¥m-bn-cn°pw Imc-
_mly-I¿WsØ a[y-I¿W-Øn¬ \n∂p
W-sa∂v Duln-°m-at√m?
th¿Xn- c n- ° p- ∂ - s X∂v Nn{X- Ø n¬ \n∂p
hy‡-am-bt√m? Iº-\-ti-jn-bp≈ Cu B¥-c-I¿Ww
kvXcw a[y-I¿W-Ønse Aÿn-irw-Je Nn{Xw 4.14 \nco-£n®v NphsS sImSp-
(Ossicles) bpambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-߃°v DØcw Is≠-
a[y-I¿Ww ØpI.

hmbp k©m-c-ap≈ Hcp Ad-bmWv a[y- A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc

I¿Ww. Nn{Xw 4.13 \nco-£n®v a[y-I¿W- Ipg-ep-Iƒ

Ønse Aÿn-I-fpsS BIr-Xnbpw {Iao-I-c-

Whpw a\- n-em-°pI. Ne\tijn-bp≈
Cu Aÿn-irw-J-e-bn¬ ImWp∂ tÃ∏nkv Bw]ype
BWv ico-c-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb Aÿn.
a[y-I¿W-sØbpw B¥-c-I¿W-sØbpw bq{Sn-°nƒ
XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Hmh-¬ hn≥tUm, kmIyqƒ tIm¢nb
tÃ∏n-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. a[y- F≥tUm-enw^v
I¿W-Ønse Cu Aÿn-Iƒ kv\mbp-°- s]cn-enw^v

fm¬ ]c-kv]c_‘n-Xhpw, khn-tij coXn-

bn¬ Iº\w sNøm≥ Ign-hp-≈-h-bp-am-Wv.
Nn{Xw 4.14
B¥-cI- ¿Ww

74
 ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ

z tIm¢n-bbpw A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep- t_kn-em¿ kvXc-ØnemWv i_vZ-{Km-ln-

Ifpw BIr-Xn-bn¬ Fßs\ hyXym-k-
s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?
z tIm¢n-bbpw A¿[-hr-Øm-Im-c-°p-g-ep-
Ifpw XΩn¬ Fßs\ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂p?
A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep-Iƒ, tIm¢nb,
bq{Sn-°nfpw kmIyqfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ shÃn
_yqƒ F∂nh kvXc-\n¿anXamWv. Ch-bpsS
]pdsa s]cn-enw^pw (Perilymph) AIØv
Ft‚m-enw^v (Endolymph) F∂ {Zmh-Ihpw \nd-
™n-cn-°p-∂p.
tIƒhn km[y- a m- I p- ∂ - s X- ß s\?
B¥- c - I ¿W- Ø nse tIm¢n- b - b mWv
{ih-WsØ klm-bn-°p∂ `mKw. tIm¢n-
b-bpsS tOZ-Øns‚ Nn{Xw (4.15) \nco-£n-
°pI. tIm¢n-b-bnse aq∂v Ad-Iƒ {i≤n-
®-t√m. CXn¬ a[y-`m-KsØbpw Xmgv`m-K-
sØbpw Ad-Isf XΩn¬ th¿Xncn-°p∂
Iƒ ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv. Ch {ih-W-\m-Un-
bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. apI-fnse Ad
Hmh¬ hnt‚m-bp-am-bpw XmgsØ Ad du≠v
hnt‚m-bp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
c≠p kv X c- ß fpw Iº\tijn- b p- ≈ - h -
bmWv. I¿W-\m-f-Øn-se-Øp∂ i_vZ-X-
cw- K - ß ƒ {ih- W - \ m- U n- b nseØp- ∂ Xn\v
tIm¢nb Fßs\ klm-bI-amIp-∂p-sh∂v
N¿®-sNbvXv kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-
SpØpI.
{ih-W-\mUn Cu D±o-]-\sØ Xe-t®m-
dn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv \mw i_vZw
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv.
ico-c-Øns‚ k¥pe-\-hpw sNhnbpw
A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep-Iƒ, shÃn-
_yqƒ F∂nh tN¿∂mWv ico-c-sØ Xpe-
\-\ne]men°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv
Fßs\-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. Nn{Xw 4.16
\nco-£n-°pI.

C≥Ikv tÃ∏nkv
amen-bkv
Hmh¬
I¿W-]Sw hn≥tUm

I¿W-\mfw apIƒ `mKsØ Ad

a[y-`m-KsØ Ad
Xmgv `mKsØ Ad
s]cn-enw^v
du≠vhn≥tUm F≥tUm-enw^v
\nh¿Øn-h®
t¢m¢nb t_kn-em¿kvXcw

Nn{Xw 4.15
tIm¢n-b-bpsS tOZw

75
Poh- i mkv { Xw
I]ype
F≥tUm-
enw^v
kwthZ
tImi-߃
kwthZ \mUn
akvXn-jvI-Øn-
te°v
Xe-bpsS Ne\Zni Xe-bpsS Ne\Zni
Xe-bpsS GXv Zni-bn-ep≈ Ne-\hpw I]ype-
bn¬ hn{`wiw D≠m-°p-∂p. AXv kwth-Z-X-
¥p-°sf D±o-]n-∏n-°p-∂p. kwth-Z-\m-Un-hgn
Bth-K-߃ akvXn-jvI-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.
Nn{Xw 4.16
Bw]yp-fbv°p-≈nse {InsÃ
A¿[-hr-Øm-Imc°pg-ep-If - psS A{K-`m-
KØp ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ho¿Øn-cn-°p∂ `mK-
amWv Bw]ypf. Xe-bpsS GXp Zni-bn-ep≈
Ne-\hpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ kwth-Z-
tIm-i-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ I]ype, Bw]yp-
f- b v ° p- ≈ n¬ ImWp- ∂ p. A¿[- h r- Ø m-
Imc°pg¬ XpS-ßp-∂Xpw Id-ßn-h∂v tbmPn-
°p-∂Xpw shÃn_yqfn-em-Wv. shÃn-_yq-
fnse tcma- t Im- i - ß - t fmSv _‘- s ∏´v
NpÆmºp Xcn-Iƒ AS-ßnb Hmt´m-enØv
(Otoliths) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu c≠p Xcw
{Kmln-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ \mUoX-
¥p-°ƒ {ih-W-\m-Un-bn-eqsS skdn-s_√-
Øn-se-Øp-∂p.
i_vZ-an-√mØ temIw
tIƒhn km[y-a-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv
_[n-cX F∂p \ap-°-dn-bmw. sNhn-bnse
76
GsXms° `mK-ß-fpsS XI-cmdpIƒ _[n-
cXbv°v Imc-W-am-Imw?
z I¿W-]Sw z tIm¢nb
z Aÿn-irw-Je z {ih-W-\mUn
Chbv°p XI-cm-dp≠m-Im-\p≈ Imc-W-
ßsf°pdn®v Nn-¥n-®n-´pt≠m?
bqtÃ-°n-b≥ \mfnbn¬ AWp-_m[
D≠m-bm¬ a[y-I¿WØn-te°pw hym]n-
°pat√m? I¿W-\m-f-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ AWp-
_m-[ I¿W-]-S-Øn\v tISp-h-cp-Ømw. a[y-
I¿W-Øn-epw _mly-I¿W-Ønepw _[n-c-
Xbv°p Imc-W-amb XI-cm-dp-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-
∂Xn\v Ch Imc- W - a m- I mw. Aan- X - a mb
i_vZw, sNIn-S-Øp≈ ASn, I¿W-\m-f-
Øn¬ {]th-in-∏n-°p-∂ Iq¿Ø-h-kvXp-°ƒ,
{]mWnI- f psS B{I- a Ww F∂nh
tIƒhnsb Fß- s \- b m- b n- c n°pw _m[n-
°pI? Xe-t®m-dv, {ih-W-\m-Un, tIm¢nb
F∂n-h-bpsS XI-cmdpw _[n-c-Xbv°p Imc-
W-am-Ip∂p. _[n-c-X-bn¬ \n∂p sNhnsb
Fß-s\-sb√mw c£n-°m-\m-Ipw? CXns\
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hcp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°pI.
\m°v
kzmZ-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ ⁄mt\-{µn-
b-amWv \ms°∂p \ap-°d- n-bmw. CXv Fßs\
km[y- a m- I p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]cn- t im- [ n- ° mw.
\mhns‚ {]X-e-Øn¬ Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂
[mcmfw ]m∏n-√I - ƒ (Papillae) D≠v. Hmtcm
]m∏n-√-bnepw At\Iw kzmZp-ap-Ip-f-߃
ImWp-∂p. At\Iw kwth-Z-tIm-i-߃
sIm≠mWv Ch \n¿an- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
 ⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ

Ibv∏v ]m∏n√

kzmZv apIpf߃
]pfn kzmZv tImiw
kt∏m¿´nMv
sk¬
D∏v
a[pcw

\mUo-X¥p
\m°nse kzmZv {Kmln-Iƒ kzmZv {Kmln- kzmZv apIp-fØns‚ tOZw

Nn{Xw 4.17
\m°ns‚ tOZw

kzmZp-ap-Ip-f-ß-fpsS LS\ Nn{X-w (4.17) sh∂v \n߃ Nn{X-Øn¬ I≠pht√m? \mw

\nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°pI.
Ch kzmZ-dn-bm≥ Fß-s\-bmWv klm-
bn-°p-∂-sX-∂-dn-bmtam? Dan-\o-cn¬ ebn®p
tNcp∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS IWn-I-Iƒ kzmZp
apIp-fß
- f
- nse {Kmln-Isf DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Cu D±o-]\w \mUn-Iƒ Xe-t®m-dnseØn°p-
∂p. Ibv]v, ]pfn, D∏v, a[pcw F∂o {]mYanI
cpNn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ {Kmln-Iƒ am{X
ta \ΩpsS \mhn-ep-≈q. \mhn¬ GsX
√mw `mK-ß-fn-embn tI{µo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-
Adn-bp∂ a‰p kzmZp-Iƒ skdn{_w krjvSn-
°p∂ ZznXo-b-kzm-Zp-I-fm-Wv.
aq°v
izkn-°p-∂-Xn\pw K‘w Xncn-®-dnbp-∂-
Xn\pw aq°v klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. Nn{Xw 4.18
\nco-£n®v aq°nse {LmW-{Km-ln-I-fpsS
ÿm\- h pw hn\ym- k hpw Fß- s \- s b∂v
a\- n-em-°pI. {LmW-{Km-ln-I-fpsS A{Kw
Fhn-sS-bmWv kv]¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

akvXn-jvI-Øn-
te-°p≈
skdn{_w \mUoX¥p

{LmW-{Km-ln-
I-fpsS ]mX
tbmP-I-Ie
\mkn-I-bnse
F∏n-Øo-enbw

{
{LmW-{Km-ln-Iƒ
\mkm-K-lzcw
DÆm°v
\m°v \mkn-I-bnse
F∏n-Øo-enbw

t«jva-]mfn
Nn{Xw 4.18
\mkn-Ib
- nse {LmW-{Km-ln-Iƒ

77
Poh- i mkv { Xw

\m°p \o´n aW-°p-∂-h¿ hcp∂ K‘IWn-II - ƒ t«jvaØ

]mºpw Ac- W bpw \mhp \o´p- ∂ - s X-
¥n\msW∂-dn-bm-tam? Bscbpw `b-s∏-
Sp- Ø m- \ - √ ; aWadn- b m≥ th≠n- b m- W v .
K‘IWn-I-Iƒ \m°nse t«jva-Øn¬
ebn- ° p- ∂ p. XpS¿∂v "tP°- _ v k ≥kv
Hm¿K≥' F∂ {]tXyI kwhn-[m-\-Ønse
K‘-{Km-ln-Iƒ D±o-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]n∂o-
sS√mw km[m-cW t]mseX-s∂. \ap°p
aW-a-dn-bm≥ Cu _p≤n-ap-s´m-∂p-an-√-t√m.
Bizmkw. \ΩpsS aq°n¬ GI-tZiw 50
e£w K‘-{Km-ln-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ \mb-
bpsS aq°n¬ Hcp N:sk:ao‰-dn¬ am{Xw
40 e£w hcpw. {kmhn¬ 200 e£-Øn-
e-[n-I-hpw. Ic-bn¬ Pohn-°m-\m-hp-am-bn-
cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ip‰m-t\z-j-Is‚ ]Zhn \mb-
bn¬ \n∂p {kmhv X´n-sb-Sp-tØ-s\.
aq°nse {LmW-{Km-ln-Iƒ Fßs\-
bmWv K‘w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-
sX∂pw Adn-tb-≠-Xt√? hmbp-hn-eqsS
- n¬ ebn®v
{LmW-{Km-ln-Isf DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu
D±o-]-\sØ {LmW-\mUn skdn-{_-Øn-se-
Øn®v K‘w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
K‘w Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ khn-tij tI{µ-
߃ skdn-{_-Øn-ep-≠v.
Aan-X-ambn t«jvaw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-
´m¬ K‘-a-dn-bm-\m-hn-√. Pe-tZm-j-ap-≈-
t∏mƒ K‘-a-dn-bm-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw a\- n-
em-b-t√m.
Xz°v
icocw apgp-h≥ Bh-cWw sNbvXp-
Im-Ws - ∏-Sp∂ ⁄mt\-{µn-ba - mWt√m Xz°v.
kv]¿i-w, a¿Zw, NqSv, XWp-∏v, thZ\ F∂o
D±o-]-\-ß-fm-Wv Xz°v {][m-\-ambpw kzoI-
cn-°p-∂Xv? Nn{Xw 4.19 \nco-£n®v Xz°nse
hnhn- [ - X cw {Kmln- I - f pw Ah- b psS
ÿm\hpw a\- n-em-°pI. thZ\ Adn-bm≥
{]tXyI {Kmln-I-fn-√.

tkzZ-c{‘w
tcmaw

\mUo- A{Kw
(X-Wp-∏v)
tkzZ-{KŸn XWp∏v NqSv
\mUo -A{Kw
(Nq-Sv)

c‡-
tem-an-I-Iƒ
a¿Z-{Kmln

kv ] ¿iw a¿Zw

Nn{Xw 4.19
Xz°nse {Km-ln-Iƒ

78

{Kmln-Iƒ ico-c-Øn¬ F√m `mK-ß-
fnepw Hcp-t]mseb√ hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. hnc-ep-If
- psS A{Kw, Ihnƒ, XpS-ßnb
`mKß-fn¬ kv]¿i-w, NqSv, XWp∏v F∂o
D±o-]\- ß
- ƒ thKw Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂s
- X-¥p-sIm-
≠m-sW∂v Duln-°m-at√m?
\nß-fpsS Nßm-Xn-tbmSv IÆp-I-f-S®v
ssI\o´n∏nSn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. A‰w
]c-∂X- pw GI-tZiw 2 mm hÆap≈-Xp-amb
c≠p Iºp-sIm-≠v Abm-fpsS Xz°n¬ 1 cm
AI-e-Øn¬ Htc kabw kv]¿in-°pI.
F∂n´v F{X Iºp-I-fp-s≠∂v ]d-bp-hm≥
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. Cu {]h¿Ø\w ssIbpsS
apIƒ`mKw hsc XpS-cp-I. tNmZyw Bh¿Øn-
°p-I. Nßm-Xn-bpsS DØ-c-Øn¬ \n∂v
Xz°nse kv]¿i-\{- Km-ln-If - psS hn\ymkw
Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v a\-
 n-em-°p-I. IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v thZ-\,
kv]¿i\w F∂nh Xncn-®d - n-bm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-
sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v Duln-°mtam?
kw{Klw
™ k¶o¿W-LS- \
- t- bmSp-Iq-Snb Pohn-
I-fn¬ kwth-Z-{Km-ln-Iƒ Iq´w
tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ⁄mt\-{µn-bß - -
fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X- v.
™ Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-I-fn¬
kwth-Z-߃ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]tXyIw Ah-b-h-ß-fp-≠v.
™ hkvXp- ° - f psS {]Xn- _ nw_w
ZrjvSn- ] - S - e Øn¬ ]Xn- b m≥
Ignbp∂ hn[-Øn-emWv IÆns‚
LS-\. {]Im-i{- Km-ln-If
- mb tdmUv
tImi-ßfpw tIm¨tIm-i-ßfpw
ZrjvSn-]-S-eØn¬ ImWp-∂p.
™ a\p-jy-t\{XØn\v Zznt\{X Z¿i-
\-Øn\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v.
⁄mt\- { µn- b - ß ƒ
hni-∏v, aq{X-i¶ XpS-ßn-bh Nne B¥-
cnI D±o-]\- ß- f - m-Wt√m? Ch Xncn-®d
- n-bm≥
{]tXy-I-Xcw {Kmln-Iƒ ico-c-Øns‚ B¥-
c-`m-K-ß-fn-epw Ah-b-h-ß-fnepw ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂p-≠v.
\ΩpsS _mly-hpw B¥-cn-I-hp-amb
Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn CWßnt®¿∂v Pohn-°p-
hm≥ ⁄mt\-{µn-b-߃ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-
X-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-bt√m? `£Ww tXSp-
hm\pw i{Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂p c£-t\-Sp-hm-\pw
Np‰p-]m-Sp-Ifnep≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃ Xncn-®-
dn™v {]Xn-I-cn-°p-hm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS ⁄mt\-{µn-b-߃ Pohn-I-fpsS \ne-
\n-¬]n\v AhiyLS-I-am-hp∂p. Ch-bpsS
XmfwsX‰nb {]h¿Ø- \ - h pw {]h¿Ø- \ -
cmln-Xyhpw Hcp-t]mse A]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv.
AXp-sIm-≠v ⁄mt\-{µn-bß - f
- psS kwc-£-
W- Ø n- \ pw icn- b mb {]h¿Ø- \ - Ø n\pw
th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ \mw FSp-t°-≠-
XmWv.
™ {ih- W - Ø n\pw ico- c - Ø ns‚
Xpe\\ne ]men- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw
klm-b-I-amb hn[-Øn-em-Wv a\p-
jyI¿W-Øns‚ LS-\.
™ Ibv]v, a[p-cw, ]pfn, D∏v F∂o
\mev {]mY-anI cpNn-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-
bm- \ p≈ {Kmln- I ƒ \m°n¬
ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
™ {LmW{Kmln-Iƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂
⁄mt\-{µn-b-am-Wv aq°v.
™ hnhn-[-bn\w kwthZ-߃ Adn-bp-
∂- X n- \ p≈ {Kmln- I ƒ Xz°n-
ep≠v.
™ ⁄mt\-{µn-bß - f - psS kwc-£Ww
Btcm- Ky- I - c- a mb Pohn- X - Øn\v
AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - m-Wv.
79
Poh- i mkv { Xw

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ¬ kqcy- { ]- I m- i - a p≈ ÿe- Ø p- \ n∂pw

¬ a[pcw, Ibv]v, ]pfn F∂nh Adn-bm≥ aßnb ÿe- t Ø°v IS- ° p- t ºmƒ
{]tXy-I{- Km-ln-Ifp≠v. F∂m¬ Fcnhv Aev]k - a- b- t- Ø°v Ccp-´\
- p-`h
- s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xnt\m? N¿®-sN-øp-I. ImcWw F¥mWv?

¬ IÆv am‰n-hb
- v°¬ ikv{X-{Inb sIm≠v
t•mt°m-a- aq-e-ap≈ A‘X ]cn-l-cn-
°m-\m-hn-√. F¥p-sIm≠v?
¬ Hcp IÆp \jvS-s∏-´-bmƒ G¿s∏´
Nne {]h¿Ø-\-߃ NphsS tN¿°p-
∂p. Abm-fpsS sshIeyw {]h¿Ø-
\-ßsf _m[n-°ptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
z ]{Xw hmbn-°p-∂p.
z e£y-Øn-te°p \nd-sbm-gn-°p-∂p.
z l¿Un¬kn¬ NmSp-∂p.
¬ c≠p IÆp-Iƒ D≠m-bn´pw hkvXp-
°sf c≠mbn ImWm- Ø - s X- ¥ p-
sIm≠v? Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ Hcp IÆp
aXn- b m- I nt√? Hcmƒ°p- ≠ mb Cu
kwi-b-߃°v \nß-sf¥p hni-Zo-I-
cWw \¬Ipw?
¬ Hcm-fpsS Hmh¬hn-t‚mbpsSbpw as‰m-
cm-fpsS du≠vhnt‚mbpsSbpw I´n-IqSn
Iº-\t- ijn \jvSs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. Cu kml-
N-cy-߃ A]-{K-Yn®v D≠m-Im-hp∂
{]Xym-Lm-X-߃ Fs¥∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp-I.
¬ I¿W\m-f-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p∂ i_vZ-
X-cw-K-߃ skdn-{_-Ønse \n›nX
ÿm\sØØptºm-gm-Wt√m tIƒhn
A\p-`h- s
- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v. i_vZX
- c
- w-Kß
- f
- psS
k©m- c - ] mX hy‡- a m- ° p∂ tcJm-
Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-I.
¬ ⁄mt\-{µn-b-߃, Ah-bpsS [¿aw
_‘-s∏´ {Kmln-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ Hcp ]´nI Xbm-dm-°p-I.

80