H 'rENIA TOY TPIANTA' I~EOAonA KAI MOP<I>H

Bl{3Ma rov lIJIOV avrrparpta nov 1("1)T().oqJOPOVv C1T1Iv EUtilia

1I1Jye~ rza TIl {3lOyparpla fOV KtiA{3ov (Em(JfoAt~ 1813-1820). E..1...1.1JVll(ti, 7tapapfTlI.la 15, 1963.

/&O..1.0Ylt01 A.elfovpyla TII~ eU1Jvlt01~ 1J8oyparpla~. KEtI1£va 1974. TpitT] (1(00<111 e7tau~T]j.LEV1'], KEOpo~, 1991.

OlJooata~ E..1.VTI7~. Bl{3..1.lOyparpla 1935-1971. 'I1(apo~ 1977.

krtopia TII~ veoeU1Jvlt01~ ..1.oyofexv£a~. oooo~, 1978. T£A£utata avatu.. 7tCOOT\: 1994.

tP80pti xca Jl6yo~. ElaayaJY11 C1T1Iv nol1JG1J fOV flropyov IerptP1J. Eortn, 1978. T£A£uta{a avatwCOOT\ 1994.

MARIO VITTI

H 'rENIA TOY TPIANTA' lLlliOAonA KAI MOPCIlH

E P M H E AeHNA 1995

©1977. EKL\OTIKH EPMHI EnE

NEA EKAOIH. EnA Y:;;:HMENH, 1995 ISBN 960 - 320 - 017 - 4

6

Til '\)7tapxov'tll l..oyO'tEXvtKa IlVllllEill OX11lllln~o'\lV <no crUvoA.6 'to'\)~ Illll l&Il't1'! 'ta!;11, 7t0'\) 11 EiooOo~ EV6~ YEO'\) EPY0'\) 'tEXVIl~ (Ev6~ 7tPIl"fIlIl'tlKa YEO'\») EPXE'tlll VIl IlA.A.a~El. H '\)7tapX0'\)oll 'ta!;11 Eivlll 7tA.i1P11~ nprv EA.9El 'to VEO' ytll VIl O'Ilv'tTIP119Ei 11 'ta~11, 6't1lV £A.9El 'to VEo, 0 A. 6 K A. 11 P 11 11 'Il7taPX0'\)oll 'ta!;11 7tPE- 7tEl, £<nO) Kill EA.a<ppa, VIl 'tP07t07tOl119Ei' Kill, KIl'ta O'IlVExElIl, oi OXEOEl~, ot IlVIlA.OyiE~, ot ll~iE~ eou KIl9EV6~ 1l7t6 'til EPYIl 'tEXVIl~ 1l7t£vllVn eto crUVOI..o [ ... J.

T.S. Eliot, The Sacred Wood, [1920] London, Methuen, 1967, a. 50

.Mlll yA.ooom1<:1'\ KIl'taO'tllan etvm 7tplV 1l7t' 6A.Il Il7tO'tEA.EOIlIl lCa7tOlll~ looppom~ llVallEOIl <nil IlfP11 Illa~ Oollil~' tooppom~ 7t0'\) &v KIl'taAilYEl OO<TtOOO 7tO'tE OE Illll 7tA.i1P11 O'IlIlIlE'tpill [ ... J. H aA.A.1\A.e:yy'I)n 6'1.oov 'tOOV O'IlO'tllnlCcOv Spa<TtTIPlO7tOlEi't1ll E'tm OxnE Kaee 1l7t67tElpa EvllVn EV6~ anllrlou 9£'tEl 'Il7t6 0'Il~ 1'1- 'tTIan 'to crUvOI..o 'tOOV OXEOEOOV Kill 7tPOKaAEi apya 1'1 yPilYOPIl Illll VEil 'ta!;11 'to)V 7tpll"flla'tOOV.

E. Benveniste, ProbJemes de Jinguistique generale, Paris 1966, a. 9

7

l:HMEIm:H

'O'tC1V &V avC1q>£PE'tC1l auo~ 't61tO~ e1COocrTl~, onuotvei 6'tl 'to OTlJ.lOaiEWC1 eXEl yi VEl <J't11V AeilVC1.

8

'rEVta rou Tptavta' OOTryiE~ yta tTl XPilO11.

(A1t6'tT\ (Jl(oma tOU 1994)

Aiyo-1tOA:U lCa:n ~a.j.l£ 7taAat6't£pa 6'tav Jl1.A.oOOa.j.l£ yta 'yevux tou TpteXv'ta'. Koo a'Ut6 eeoc; 'tTl cmYJl1'l7t0'U 0 7tpocrl)tOptcr!l6c; 'yevul. too Tptavra' Jl€'t<X1t1'!fuJcr£ <X7t6 'ttc; cruvOJltA.iec; avf4i£cra crt <piw'Uc; lCat cr7to'UOOcrt£<; oro ~cixpuUo €V6C; ~t~A.io'U - 1Ct ac; JlTlY 1'I'tav 1'\ 7tpoJtTj <pOpa. 'ElCtore 'to ~cixpuUo Jloo;i ue 6A.TI env UA.TI 1tO'U am6 cruylC€V'tprovU; 9£ropo~ vtoa U7t£U9uva., o» lCa'taAaj3a. lCo:A.a, yta rnv £7ttcrTJJl01tOiTlcrTJ 'tTIC; <pOpn- 1C1'\~'x¥ov £7ttYPa.<p1'\c; 'Y€VUl.'tO'U TpteXv'ta'. M£ (J)..).n. A.6yta1'l'tav av£lCt1'\ TI XP1'IcrTI rou opou ornv 7tp6XUPTl 7tp.O<pOpt1C1'\ lCo'U~.'ta xaptV covevvo- 1'Icrec:oc;, alC6JlTl lCOO a7t6 000'Uc; 'tOY a1tOoo1Ct¢~0'Uv, ytv6'tav 6Jleoc; emA.1'I'l'tJlTl <X7t6 'tTl cmYJl1'l1tO'U XPTlcrtJlO7tOt6'tav eoc; tt'twc; ~t~A.io'U. AlCOUcrtTjlC£ £7ticrTJC; 6'tt Jl€ a'U't1'\ 'tTl xP1'lcrTJ ytv6'tav Jlta a9EJ.Lt'tTI 'VOJltJlO7toiTlcrTJ'.

Al)tlCa lCa9cbc; <paiv£'tat eyro 0 il)wc; a7tapt9JlOucra Jlia 7tpOC; Jlia nc; £7tt!p'U~Uc; JlO'U yta 'tOY 6po, tl)tai't£pa oto lC£¢A.a.W 16, lCat ooriJla~a vu ~£lCa9<xpicrco tt evvoe Jl€ 'ttC; ~£tC; a'U'tec;, 7tO'U 'Ut09£'toucra a7t6 avay1CTj, a7to<p£uyov'tac; £yro 0 £'t£p6X9cov, vo £tcrayayco veo'Uc; 6po'UC; YP<XJlJla'tOWytlCOUC;, 7t0'U £iXav eA.axtCf'tTI 7tt9a.v6'tTI'ta vo yivo'Uv &lC'toi a7t6 'to'UC; am6x90vec;! nav'teoc; ava.A.aJl~ava exet, lCat 6Xt uovov exet, ve: l)taypa",co lCa7tOt£C; tl)t6'tTj't£<; €V6C; cruv6w'U OpyavtlCOU, amou 7tO'U a7tOlCaA.OUJl£ Jl£ acra<p£ta, 1'Ic5T1 a7t6 'tOY 7t£pacrJ.LEvo atrova, 'y£vta', J.LEcra eto oxoto £v'tacrcro'UJl€ yta rn ~A.1'I Jlac; a'toJla A.iyo-n:oA.u 0Jl1'lA.tlCa Jl€ 7tpocrCl)7tl.lCec; £7ttl)t~Uc; 7to'U 7t<Xipvo'Uv <X<pOPJl1'l a7t6 lCOtV£<; <X<p£'tTIpieC; lCat 1tO'U <XPXtlCa l)tE7tov'tat a7t6 cruylCA.i voooe; (J1(07ttJl6'tT1't£<;.

To yeyov6C; on acrxOA.1'I9TjlCa lC'Upieoc; Jl€ nc; a).)"a.yec; nou cruJl7t'UlCvrovov'tat cre. eva orevo xpovtlC6 c5taCf'tTlJla, am6 7t0'U cruylC£lCptJ.LEva 7t£PtA.cx!l~£'tat av«XJl€cra oto 1935 lCat'to 1940, Jl<xp't'Up£i 'to tl)tai'tepo €Vl)toop£pov JlO'U yta 'tTl ~ £lCaVTj lCa'ta 'tTIv onoto oi veot 1tO'U 7tcXv£ va crxTlJla'ticro'Uv 'tTl y€V£a cruvav'touv o'Ucrtacr'ttlCec; av'ttcrtacr£tc; crnc; <p1.A.o~iec; 'to'UC; avavErocrTjc; lCOO ~ov'tat lCa't' avay1CTjv l)ta.c5tlCa.<Jiec; £7tt~A.1'\c; <X7t6 am£<; 1tO'U cruVTj9i~o'Uv Ot 7tpCO't01tOpiec; - yt' am6 ~aA.w'U ~xci>ptcra ue eJl<pa.O'l1 nc; t&oA.oytlC£<; 7tpo\)1t09E<J£tC; 'tcov Wo 1C'Upt6- 'tepcov 7tPCO't01tOptrov 1tO'U l)t£lCl)tlCOUV 'tOY 7tV£'UJla'ttlC6 xci>po too 't61tO'U, fuJA.a.&'! 'tTl Jla.p~tcm1C1'\ xoa rn <ptA.eA.eugepTl (ec5ci> lC£¢A.a.ta 17-26).

'Orov c5T\Jl0<Jt£U'tTIlC£ TI l)t1C1'\ uou Jl€A.E'tTI ()ev ax£ alC6JlTl lC'UK:W<pOp1'jcr£t 0 't6JloC; rou A. Apy'Upio'U, "Nsertspucot 7totTl'tec; rou Jl€cr07tOAE-

9

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

J..L0U", H W17VlK"T1 7r011707], A V(}OAOy(a Kat ypa/1/1arOAOy(a ('EK060Et~ ~K6ATI', 1979). H O1lJ..Lav'ttK1'! au'til Epyaoia, 1tOU cero 60a 0J..L0AOYEi 0 auyyp(l(pEa~ 'tEAtKU &v (lV'ta1toKpivE'tat o'tt~ 1tpOOOOKiE~ 'tOU, Kat a1t6 60a ~EpOUJ..LE EJ..LEi~ OEV av'ta1toKpivE'tat OU'tE Kat O'tt~ Ouva't6't"'tE~ 'tOU, a1tO'tEAEt Eva 6pyavo J..LEAE'tTI~ Kat o'toxaoJ..LOU 1tOU KUeE EVOta<pEp6J..LEvo~ yta 'tTl 'YEVtU' O<pEtAEt vo EXEt U1t6'1fll 'tOU. 0 avayvcOO'tTI~ 1tPE- 1tEt va auyKpa'tiJOEt tOtai'tEpa 'ta axilJ..La'ta Kat 'ta EmXEtpilJ..La'ta, 60a o A. Apyuptou O'tilVEt E<papJ..L6~ov'ta~ J..Lta 1tpooromKil 'tOU av'tiATI'Ifll 'tTl~ 'YEVtU~' (~ ~\oAOytKil YEVtU ornv oxotn ExOUV 'tTl pi~a 'tOU~ 0\ a'tOJ..LtK~ Ota<pop01totilOEt~) Ka'taAilyov'ta~ ornv Emv6T101l EV6~ OtKOU 'tOU opou, 'vEc.o'tEptK1'!1toiTlO1l 'tOU J..LE001tOAEJ..L0U', ~ (J\)vE7tEta 'tTl~ ota- 1tiO'tc.oCJ1l~ on 0 «E~EUP(01tdi.0J..L6~» 'tTI~ EllTlvtK1'!~ 1toiTlO1l~ &v apXt~Et o'ta 1930 alla o'ta 1920'.

H O1lJ..Lav'ttKil aU'til 1tp6't(lCJ1l rou Apyupiou, 1tOU yivE'tat <pavEpil aJ..LEo~ a1t6 'tOY 'tl't1..o 'tOU ~t~Aiou, 7tEp\Opi~E'tat J..LOVUxa O't11v notnon. A<piJVEt E~ro 'tTIv 7tE~oypa<pla. E1toJ..LEv~ &v 1tPOO~AE7tEt O't11v (lV'ttJ..LE'tc.Om01l 'tOU YEVtK6'tEPOU ~TI'tiJJ..La'to~ J..Lt~ EUPU'tEPTl~ 1tpaYJ..La'ttK6'tT1't~ 'tOU AOYO'tEXVtKOU aUJ..L1t(lV'to~ 'tTI~ 01t0{~ a1tQ'tEAEt J..LOVUxa Eva J..LEp0~. To t01.0 Kat 0 Nuoo~ BayEVu~ A1YO apy6'tEpa, 7tEp\Op1.~6J..LEvo~ o'tTIV 1tOtTlO1l 'tTI~ {Ota~ E1toxil~ au'tiJ~, eE'tEt 'to ~il'tTIJ..La J..LE a<pOpJ..Lil 'tOY 6po 'tOU APYUP{OUKat OtKa1.oAoyd 'tOY 6po 'J..LOV'tEpva', 1tOU dXE XPTlO1.J..LO- 1tOtiloEt KU1tO'tE 0 nUvv11~ ~ulla~, J..LE 'tTIV EUAOY1l 01.EUKptVt01l, (O(J't6- 00, 6'tt 6A.TITI aUnPOVTI1tOtTlO1l oro aUvoA.6 'tTI~ &v J..L1topd vo eEOlpTled U1t0XPE(O't\KU Ka1. 'J..LOV'tEpva'.

Etvm <p<XVEp6 6'tt Em~UA.AE'tat EV~ ·6po~ 7tEP1.EK'ttK6'tEPO~ 1tOU vc aYKaAtu~E1. 'tTl AOYO'tEXVtK1'!1tapayClY'fl'l ero aUvoA.6 'tTl~ Kat 1tOU vc w'ta1tOKplvE'tat auyXp6v~ o'tt~ 1tpOO1.aypa<p~ 1tOU .eE'taJ..LE ~ 'tc.Opa O'tOV EK1t'tc.o'tO 6po 'YEV1.U 'tOU Tp1.Uv'ta'. Au't6 al(pt~cb<; 1tan vo KUvEt, ~EKwroV'ta~ 6J..L~ a1t6 'tTl oKomu 'tTl~ 7tE~oypa<pla~, J..Lta 01tOuOiJ 'tOU <l>cb't1l ~TlJ..LTI'tpaK61tou1..ou J..LE Evav 'tl't1..o 1tOU (J\)VO'l'i~Et 'to 7tEP1.EX6J..LEV6 'tTl~: H 7rpm07r0plK"T1 KlV1J07] rov '30 Kat to /1v(}un6P17/1a ('EK06oE1.~ Kao'tavl.OYtTl', 1990). 0 ~TlJ..LTI'tpaK61touA.o~ <palvE'tat va KA1VE1. 1tpO~ 'tOY 6po 'KiVTIJ..La', orov 01t0{0 EiXE O'taJ..La'tilOEt 1tp01lYOUJ..LEv~ TI EA.EvTl TIoAl'tou-MapJ..Lapwoul, 'tEA.tKU rou 1tpo'ttJ..LU 6J..L~ 'tOY 6po 'xtvnon', E7tEtOiJ 0 1tPcb'to~ EXE1. a1tOK'tiJoE1. J..L1.a tOta{'tEPTl1tOA.mK1'! XP01.U (0. 115).

Q~ 1tpOC; 'to W'ttKEtJ..LEVO 'tTl~ o1.Kil~ uou ~AE'tTl~, 1tOU (J\)vlo'ta'tat KUPt~ ornv ~EPEuVTlO1l 'trov allaycbv 1tOU ~m'tUYXUvov'tat XUPTI o'tt~ 1tpc.o't01tOp1.aKE~ 1tpc.o'tO~OUA.{E~ A.oyo'tEXvcbv 1tOU Ka'tu 'to ot~J..La rcov E'troV 1935 J..LE 1940 etvrn VEOt ilKat apKE'tu VEOl, 61..01. 01- 6p01.1tou7tEp1.A.aJ..L~UVOUV 'tt~ AE~Et~ '1tpc.o'to1top{a', 'KiVTI J..La , , 'KiVTI01l" E~U1t1lPE'tOUV 'to OKo1t6 uou Ka1. J..L1tOPOUV vu AE1.'tOUpyiJoouv o(O(J'tu. A~ 1touJ..LE, Aot- 1t6v, 6'tt 'thA.o~ tou ~1.I3A.l0U ea J..L1t0POUOE vn etvoa: TIpc.o't01tOptaKu

10

H rENIA TOY TPlANTA

lClv1UUI'ta O'tTIV EM11VtK11 A.oYO'tExvia 1935-1940. ilcr't600, av ~1\a 1tap- 61l0\a Emypaqn1 KaA:U1t'tEt 'tJIv UA11 tou ~t~Aio'U, aqn1vEt aKaA'U1t'tTI rnv E'UPU'tEP11 EWOta 'AoYO'tExvia 't11C; YEVtac; rou Tptovru', 6011 OEV oreIla'ta O't'T'Iv EVapK,""pta qxX011 'tTIC; YEVtac; Kat 1tUEt 1tEpa ceto 'to 1940.

'Eva 6.AA.o ~11'tT1lla 1t0'U ava1C1v119r1KE JlE 'tTl JlEA.E't111l0'U etvm Tj EKn- 1111011 trov JlE'ta1t'tcOOErov 1t0'U OtaOpallan~ov'tat 0'tTJ AoyO'tEXVtK11 KiVTj- 011 roc; E1taK6A.o'U80 rou 1tP~tKo1tl1lla'toc; rou 1936' Aty6'tEPO X't'U1t11't6 ornv 1toi11011, 1tEpt006'tEPO ero 1l'U9\0't6p11lla. AKOA.o'U9cbv'tac; 'tOY E\P1l6 1taAat6'tEPCOV crKE'I'EcOv 1l0'U yta 'tTl o'tpoqn11tpOC; 'to toroptxo 1l'U9\cr't0- P11lla oe ouv911KE<; 1tOAtnKEC; Ka'ta nc; onote; avacr'tEAA.ov'tat ot euvotxot opot yta Ilta pEaAtO't\K11 avnJlE'tci>m011 'tTIC; Ko\VOlV\K11C; 1tpaYllanK6'tTI'tac;, JlE aJlEOEC; 11 1tMytEC; 1tapEIl~EtC; 'tTIC; ~o'Ucriac; O'tTJv 1tVE'UllanK11 ~wfl, E1tEcr11llava rnv 1topcia JlEptKcOv aq>11'YT1lla'toypWprov a1t6 'to PEaAtOll6 1tpOC; eElla'ta 'tTIC; tcr'topiac; 11 roo 1t<lpEA96v't0C;.

()(p£iAro vo olloA.oy11oroaJ.LEoroc; on 11 JlEYaA11 O11llacria 1t0'U E&ooa O'tTJv aAAaY11 tou 1tOAt't1.KOU KAilla'toc; JlE mv avoOo rou ME't~a, Kat JlE 'ta 1t<lpaOEiYlla'ta 1t0'U E1tEAE!;a yta va 'tTIv 'tEKIl11ptcbcrro, aq>11oa rnv EV'tU1tOlO1l 010 avu1t61l0vo'UC; avayvcbcr'tEC; 6n &v E&ooa apKE't6 ~apoc; 010 600'UC; Op(lcr'ttKOUC; 1tEPlOptOIlOUC; O'tOV TU1tO 1tpo11'Y119r1Kav. l:'t0'UC; mo 1tp0crEKnKOUC; &v 9a E1tPE1tE 61lroc; va ciXE otacpUyEt 'to KE<paAatO 17, exst nou cr'talla'tcb oro 'IOtcOv'UIlO' 'to'U BEV\~EA.o'U (1929) Kat'tTIV Ka'tacr'toM 'tcov llap!;tO't\KcOv ~'UJlcbcrECOV, rn OnYIl11 aKpt~cbc; 1t0'U 0\ tOEOA.oytKEc; ot<lJlaXE<; yivov'tat OptllU'tEPEC;. A1toppoq>11J.LEvOC; a1t6 env EmK11 ;cat y6vtll11 crtYyKpo'U011 'trov tOEOA.<>ytcOv 1t0'U ouvEXiO'tTIKE Kat E1tEt'ta a1t6 'to 1929 J.LEXpt 1t0'U 0 ME't~ac; EqxXPIlOOE opacrnK6'tEpa J.LE'tpa a7t6 'to 'IOtcbv'UJlo' rou BEV\~EAO'U, E&ooa'tTIv EV'tU7tOlO1l 010 600'UC; !;EXacrav 'to KE¢AatO 17, 6n pixvro 6A.o 'to ~pOC; 0'tTJ OtK'ta'topia rou ME't~a. &v EAEt'IfE llaAtcr'ta Kat EVac; vEap6C; 1tO'U ayavaK'tTIoE ocv 1tapa1tAaVTjJ.LEVT\ K6p11 E1tEtOTJ yta Katp6 ava1ta'6'tTJKE 1twro 010 a~ rnv 1tAavTj O'tTJV o1toia 'tOY 1tapEOUpa a9EM 1l0'U' E'U't'Uxcbc; JlE ototo 'tEA.oc;, a<pOu n '1tA.avTj' cr'ta9rlKE a<pE'tTIpia yta Ilta YEWaia EpE'UVa!

TIPE1tEt EOci> vo ava<ptpro Kat Eva ap9po rou A. Apyupio'U (To BfJJ.l.a, 8,8, 1980) 61t0'U 'U1tOO'tTIpi~E'tat on ue eo 'IOtcbv'Ullo' rou 1929 «ot Ouva't6't11'tEC; otaMyo'U EX0'UV o'Uppt1CVr09Ei», JlE O'UYKEKPtIlEVO OKo1t6 vo a1tOKa'tacr'tl10Et 'tTjv aM9Eta ava'tpE1tOv'tac; 'taxa 'ta AEy6JlEva 1l0'U., EVcb 010 JlEAE'tTI rou 1t0'U aKoAou9rloE, 1tAoUma 010 'tEKIl11pta Kat 010 oroxaoll6, 0 iolOC; 0 A. Aproptou Ilac; 1tpOO<PEPEt Ilta aK6~11 mo IlEO't11 1tEptypaqn1 'trov cruyKj>OUOEroV a1t' 6,n Eixa KWEt EYcb ("Epll11VE'U"CtKEC; 1tPOOEyyiOEtC; Kat pUelltOnKEC; 1tpO'taOEtc; yta 'tTl A.oyo'tExvia", rpaJ.l.J.l.attx xca TtxVE~, 'tEUX11 58 Kat 59 rou 1989). El;E'ta~ov'tac; EKEi 'tTl 'uop!;to't\K11' KptnK11 rou JlEo01tOAEllo'U, OtaVUE\ Kat 0 iolOC;, 61troc; EKava Kat eycb 1tP011'YO'UJ.LEvroc;, 'to OtaO'tTJlla 1t0\) oOT\YEi oro 1936, JlE 't11 ota-

11

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

cpopa 61L~ on 7ttpa a1t6 'to OtlC6 ILOU UAtlC6 0 Apyopiou, avmpEp6!1£VOe; xm O"E aAAO acpeOV6'tEpO, OiVEt ILta alC61L111tAOUm6'tEP111tapaO"'ta- 0"11 't11e; OtaA.elC'tt1C1'te; 1tOU ava1t'tux811lCE aVa!1£O"a O"E aO"'ttO"lL6 lCat uop~tO"1L6 e~ 'to 1936. ME aMa A.6yta; EVro apxtlCa 0 Apvuptou aV'teOpaO"E 0"'tTl OtlCTt ILOU 1tEPt'YpaCPTt, !1£ rpono 61t~ 1tav'ta CPtAtlC6, apy6'tEpa 0 iOlOe; O"UIL1tATtPCOOE lCat EmlCupCOOE 60"a EYro Eixa aYacpepEt yta 'tte; otalLaXEe; 1tOU 1tp011'Yit811lCaY rou 1936, lCat yta 'tTlv aVE1taplCEta 't11e; lLap~t- 0"'tt1C1'te; 1tapa't~11e; (~A.E1tE lCat 1taA.t 'to lCEcpaAalO 16).

Mta mo 1tpooq>a'tTl1tp6't<XO"11 yta rn !1£'ta't6mO"11 'tTle; tOeOA.oyt1C1'te; 'toILTte; a1t6 'to 19361tp0e; 'ta avO) ota'tU1trovE'tat O"E ILta !1£A.E'tTl1tOU 1tpaYlLa'tEuE'tat rnv !lCP11'YTllLa'toypacpia: ,1l1cra'fopia - tr6A.e/1o~ xca trEt;orpaqJia 1936-1944 (ElC06O"Ete; TVclxrrl', 1991). 0 auyypacpeac;, K.A. ~11ILa&,e;, xe'tamavE'tat !1£ ILta 1tOAU 1tpOO"ElC'tt1C1't aYaA.'I>O"11 eon 1tE~oypacptlCOU £pyou ~t auyypacpeO)v 'tTle; YEVtac; rou Tptav'ta !1£ 0"'t6xo vo ~ElCaeapiO"Et 'tte; «tOEOAoytlCee; 1tpOl)1tOeeO"Ete; lCat 'tOY lCOtVO)VtlC6 1tpO~A11lLa'ttO"IL6 oro aY'tt1tpoO"W1tEu'ttlC6 £pyo 1tOU oivouv !1£'ta'to 1936». np6lCEt'tat yta roi»; SEo'tolCa, Kapaya'tO"11, MUpt~TtA11, nE'tO"aA11-~tOILTt011, npE~EAalC11, TEp~alCTl. Ta O"UIL1tEp~a'ta au't1'!e; 'tTle; lComaO"'tt1C1'te; epEUvac; (~aA.A.oU 1tp6lCEt'tat yta ota'tpt~Tt!) !1£ 0"'t6xoue; aUO"'t11pa eElLa'toypacptlCOUe;, ea ElC'ttlL11eoUV 61tOU xm 6'taY 1tpe1tEt. To YEVtlC6 1tAaimo 1tOU OtaypUq>E'tat ornv 1tA.ouma O"E 'tElClLTtpta !1£A.E'tTl tou K.A ~11ILa&, Em~auet 61L~ Wo A.6yta~O"~ EOOl otnv EtO"ayroyTt au't1l, 'toUAaxtO"'tov OOOV acpopa 'ta O"11!Jrla onou 0 1tpO~A11lLa'tt0"1L6e; 'tTle; Eq>U1t'tE'tat !1£ 'ta YEVtlCa ~11't1'!lLa'ta aq>11'YTllLa'toypacpiac; O"'ta xp6vta 1930 -1940 6~ 'ta av'ttI!£'tOlmO"a tyro. Sa 1t0) 1tptV a1t' 6Aa on ucovonotet 'tTl CPUO"11 'tTle; EVaox6A11aite; 1L0U 'to ytyov6e; on, e1tEt'ta a1t6 ILta OelCaEna, epXE'tat 11 ~'tTl EV6e; vE6'tEPOU vn aY'ta1tOlCpteei O11lLtOupytlCa ornv 1tp6lCA11ait ILOU rou 1977. H O"1tOuOit roo K.A. ~11~ OEV ea IL1tOPOUO"E vo EiXE ~ElCtvitO"Et, 6~ ~aA.A.oU lCat aA.A.Ec; ILtlCPec; 1'1 ILE'YMEe; aAAroV !1£A.e'tTl'trov, o» OEV EiXE EPEetO"'tEi a1t6 'tTl fu1C1't 1L0u' !1£ rn otacpopa 61L~ 6'tt ~ 1tp0e;'t0 Xo>po 61tOU aY~~Et va EVEpyTtO"Et, acptEprovEt aYaAU'tt1C1't elC'taO"11 O"E eElLa'ta acpTJ'YTllLa'toypa<piac; 1tOU tyro eiyO) !1£ OXE'tt 1C1't cuvtouto, 0 iowe; acpitvEt vo 1fiO"'te'l'ou!1£ 6'tt 11 avaAuait rou avaO"lCEua~Et 'tTl Ot1C1't 1L0U 60"0v acpopa 'to Xp6vo lCa'ta 'tOY onoto IL1tOpEi vc o'_amO"'tmeEi ILta 'tUO"Tl aAAa'Yite; ornv 1topEia trov 1tE~oypUq>rov. l:'tTlv ouma mO"'tEUo) on lCat 11 Ot1C1't 'tOU, 61t~ lCat 'tOU A. Apyupiou, epxov'tat vn Em~~atcOOOuv rn Ot1C1't 1L0u. Kat, aATteEt<X, OEV fua'IfEuOe'tat 0 ~amlC6e; IL11XavtO"IL6e; 1tOU a1toO"1ta 'toue; auyypacpEie; a1t6 rnv 1tpaYlLanlC6'tTl'ta lCat 'toue; meEi 1tpOe; eElLa'ta Aty6'tEPO E1tOlOuva.

H lCtVTl'tTtPta O"lCe'l'11 'tOU K.A. ~11lLa011 EiVat on uepucot 1tE~oypacpot EO"'tpaq>11O"av 1tpOe; 'to 1tapEAe6v 6Xt ~ «O"Uve1tEta 't11e; <xvaO"'toAite; 'tOU lCOtVO)VtlCoU 1tpo~A11lLa'ttO"lLou 1tOU E1te~aA.e 11 aO"'ttlCTt OtlC'ta't9pia rou 1936», aAAa E~at'tiae; roo <<tOEOA.oytlCOU aOtE~600u xm 'tTle; 1tOAt'ttlCTte;

12

H rENIA TOY TPIANT A

1((11116lK1'1<; 1t't<lxrrJ<; 6AroV rcov !!EpiOOlV 't11<; apxouoa<; 't~11<;»'.

AVE~ap'tl1'ta a1t6 'tl<; eEOEl<; 1tOU U1t00'tl1pii;;E1 0 ~l1llaOl1<; Kat rnv 61tOla OlK1'1 1l0U o'ta01l a1tEvav'ti 'tOU<;, 11 EPEUVl1'tlK1'1 'tOU 1tpOO1taeE1a 1tPOOKOllii;;E1 EVa 1tAOUmO UA1K6 1tOU EPXE'tat va E1taAl1eEUOE1 't1<; apXE<; 'tTl<; OlKTJ<; 1l0U !!Ee600u. nan, aA1'1eE1a, av 1tpOOE~E1 0 avayvO:r 0't11<; 'tOY tpono !!E 'tOY oxoio XE1pio'tTlKa 600 UA1K6 XPl1mllo1toil1oa, ea olamo'tcOO"El XOlpi<; BuoKoAia 6't1 &v E~ap'tol OpeOAo"flKa 'tTl o't~ reov 1tEi;;oypa<prov ceto rnv a1t6't01l11 aAAay1'J 'tTl<; 411<; Auyoucrtou, oov Ka'tavaYKao't1KTJ aAAay1'J u1t6 't11 Ill1xav10't1K1'1 1t1E01l rou 01K'ta'top1- KOU 1tP~lKo1t1'llla'to<;, 1'1 a1t6 'tTlv E<papll0y1'J 1l1a<; aO'tuvoIl1KTJ<; AOyOKp1ma<; 0't11t.tEv1l<; a1t6 'tTl uio t.tEpa crnv aAAl1: 1tap61l0la a1tAOuo'tEU'tlKTJ epunveto rou 1tOA1'tlKOU 1tapayov'ta ea av'tl1tPOOcb1tEuE 1l1a a<pEA1'1 eEolPl101l 'trov 1tpaYlla'tOlv 1tOU &v uou Em'tpE1tE'tat Kat etvoi O<paAIla v« 1l0U a1tooi&'tat. E~aAAoU 01 avayvcOO'tE<; 1taAat6'tEpOlV Epyamolv 1l0U 61tOU yiVE'ta1 a1t61tE1pa avaAu01l<; E1tlAoyolv 1tOU oOllyouv 0't0 10'tOP1K6 llu6l0't6pl1lla, ~EPOUV 6't1 'ta 1tpciYta a1tO'tEUOlla'ta 't11<; avayov'tat oen 1tpciYtl1 1l0P<p1'J 'tTl<; Iatopica; TT/~ veoe.U17vlK71~ Iloyoyo'fexv(a~ (111'taA1K1'1 1tPcb't1l EKOOO1l E"(1.VE'tO 1971)6, Ka1 aoxoAEi'ta1101- ai'tEpa !!E OXEOE1<;, 1tol<; va 'tl<; 1t0l aAA1ol<;, &U'tEPOU ~aeIlOU, 1tOU av1'JKOUV OllAa01'J OE Eva Em1tEOO a1to'tpa~1lYt.tEvo a1t6 rnv E1tl<pwE1a oxou 'ta xowoivucc YEyov6'ta Kat 'ta AoYO'tEXV1Ka Epya Il1tOPOUV va EXOUV Illa a1tA1'1 0XE01l atna<; Ka1 al'tla'tou - "fla 'tOY iow A6yo ~aAAoU 0 avaYVcOO'tl1<; ea 01amO'tcOOE1 6't1 XPl1mll01t01ol OAOEva A1y6'tEPO 'tl1V at'tlOKpa'tlK1'1 U~l1 'EmoPUOTl', t.tEXP1 OXE06v va 'tTlv ~O~EAioOl OA6'tEA.a. NOllii;;Ol on "fla va U1tap~E1 1l1a orocrtTJ covevvonon !!E 'tOY avayvcOO'tTl, KaA6 Eiva1 aU't6<; va cruyKpatTJOE1 60a OlEUKPlVii;;ov'tat oro KE<paAaw 53 tou ~l~Aiou amou, "H crt~ rou U<pl1Y1ltTJ ll1tpo<; cmv 1tpaYlla't1K6't11'ta". 'Onotot; 1tPOOE~E1 60a Uyov'tat EKEt IlE apKE't1'1 oa<p1'JvE1a "fla rnv 1tapaKall'lf111'1 'tTlv EK't61tl01l 't11<; 1tpaYlla't1K6'tTl'tU<;, ea 1tapa&X'tEi on 0 'tp61t0<;!!E 'tOY oxoto av'tl!!E'tro1tii;;Ol 'to llu6lo't6pl1- Ila &v KAovii;;E'ta1 cero 61t01a EpEuva ava&lKVUEl llap'tUpiE<; "fla 1l1a a<pE'tl1pia 'tTl<; o'tpo<p1'J<; 1tpo<; rnv iotoptc vropi'tEpa a1t6 'to 1936. A1tAol<; 11 YEa EpEuva Em~~atolvE1 rnv 1taA.a16'tEpl1 'eEropia' uou &ixvov'tU<; on 11 1tOAl'tlKTJ ouo(jlOpia ~EKlVa crtl1 cruvEiOl101l VEOlV !!E <p1AEAEUeEpO <Pp6vl1lla npw a1t6 'to 1936, otov «to 1&OAo"flK6 a01E~OOO» 1tOU E1tlO1lllaivEl 0 ~l1llaOll<; OOllYEi'tat OE 1l1a 1tOAl'tlKTJ Ka'tacrta01l oa(jlEo'tEPl1 xaPl1 ernv EmKpa'tTlO1l 'tTl<; olK'ta'topia<; 'tOU ME't~a.

1;' autTJv E&b rn YEa Eloayroy1'J 61tou eiyov'ta1 Ilovaxa 60a i;;l1tTJt.ta'ta EXOUV avaKlV1leEi a1t6 OllllomEUlla'ta mo 1tp60q>a'ta, 0llA.a01'J 1tOU EPxov'ta1 oav cruvEXE1a 'tTl<; OlKTJ<; uou !!EM't1l<;, Em~at vo crtallUtTJ- 00l, EcrtOl 1l6VO "fla Ilta Emcr1'Jllav01l, Kal1tWOl OE Ka1tOta fJ).).,a eElla'ta.

To eElla 't11<; 'EAAl1V1K6't11'ta<;'. A1t6 't11 crnYll1'1 1tOU E6l~a 'to eEIl<J.

13

H rENiA TOY TPIANTA

au't6 Xap111tA.11P6't11't~ yta't11v ~E'tacrTl 'tOU lCEV'tpU(OU cvnxetuevoo 'tOU ~t~A.iou, alCOA.ou9Tl0"av JlEptlCE<; O"UO"'t11J.1a'ttlCE<; 1tPOO"1ta6EtE<; yta 'tOY lCa6optO"J.16 't11<; MOtU<; roo, 1'1 alC6J.111lCat JlEPtlCa &i'YJ.1a'ta mO"'t11<; 61teo<; etvoi A.&you XUp11 'to 'tEUX0<; JlE av6oA.oyia J.1ap'tuptrov 1tOU 'to 1tEptootlC6 Ev8vVT/ aq>tEpCOOE O"'t11V 'EA.A.11VtlCli 1tapaooO"11' (1979). ~'t11 O"q>atptJC1i av'ttJlE'to)mO"11 rou 6EJ.1a'toc;, JlE 1tp66EO"11lCpmJC1i<; av&.A.UO"11<;, aq>tEpci>9TllCE Eva O"UVEOPtO O"'t11v naV'tEtO, JlE 1tpalC'ttlCa 011J.10mEuJ.LEva 'to 1983:

E).).11vU7jl6; - E).).11vlIc6rrrra, I&oA.orllCO{ Kat !3WA.0YZKO{ a~ove; rTJ; veoeA.A.11vl1("11; xoivioviac; J.1E E1ttJ.1EA.Eta rou ~.r. TO"aouO"11. ~i1tA.a O"E aA.A.E<; tOfOA.oytlCE<; Em1t'tci>aEt<; 't11<; EM11vtlC6't11't~ O"'t11v xowevto, E~E'ta1;ov'tat lCat Ot A.o'YO'tEXVtlCE<; (EtO"11'Y11'tE<; ot ~. Mapcovi't11<; lCat A. Ap'Yupiou). napaJ.LEvouv oiXeo<; a1tav't11O"11, COO"'t60"0, JlEptlCE<; a1topiE<; uou.

'00"0 yta 'to J.1u60 rrov uytrov Vta'tcov lCa'ta 'to OtaO"'t11J.1a rou Metu~a, 1tOU OftA.a E1tEailJ.1ava E'Yro 't6'tE eo<; E'tEp6X6cov 1tapa't11P11'tli<;, lCat B11 E~ OptO"J.10U aJ.1ap'tcoM<;, Ota6E'touJlE 'tci>pa J.1ta EP'Yama JlE aq>6ovo cpro'to'Ypaq>tlC6 UA.tlC6 61teo<; 't11 J.1ovo'Ypacpia 't11<; EA.EV11<; Maxatpa., H veoA.aia rTJ; 411; AVrOVOTOV, f1Jmrorpa¢; ('IO"'tOptlC6 ApXEio EM11vtJC1i<; NEO)..aia<;, rEVtJC1i rpaJ.1J.1a'tEia NEa<; rEVtU<;', 1987).

Iaxupli ci>9TlO"11 E)..a~av lCat Ot ava1;l1't1iO"Et<; yUpco a1t6 'tOY U1tEPPEaA.t- 0"J.16 O"'t11v EM6.oa, E~aO"q>aA.i1;ov'ta<; mo aVE'tE<; o"uV61ilCE<; JlEA.E't11<; O"E 61totOV EmXEtpa ailJlEpa rnv lCpmJC1i av'ttJlE'to)mO"11 't11<; toce 1tPCO't01tOptaJC1i<; au't1i<; A.o'YO'tEXvtJC1i<; 'E1tavrunacrTl<;'· Ka1tota aUyXUO"11 0"11J.1Et0>- 9TllCE, 1tapa rnv a'Ya61i 1tp66EO"11, orov 't6J.10 L1ev av81O"av jla'l"aim;(1980), 61teo<; EKEi 1tOU 6EropEi'tat U1tEpPEaA.tO"'ttJC1i 111tPci>'t11 ~ tou K&.A.a<;, 1tOU U1tEPPEaA.tO"'ttJC1i &v li'tav, 61tc.o<; axa ~11'YliO"Et 1'1011 0"'t0 lCE<p<'U..atO 30.

~'to EVEp'Y11'ttlC6 'tcov O"1touorov J.1~ lCa'ta'Ypaq>E'tat 11 JlE'YaA.11 npoo- 1ta6Eta vo. avaA.u6ouv 'ta lCEiJlEVa ~EXcopi1;ov'ta<; 't11V 'tEXVtJC1i 1tOU 'ta EXEt OP'Yavo)aEt lCat u1to'YpaJ.1J.1i1;ov'ta<; 'tt<; 1tPOO"comlCE<; EmOt~Et<; rou lCa6E O"U'Y'Ypacpta xcop~O"'ta. ~' au't1i rnv roptJ.16'tEP11 av'ttJlE'to)mO"11 'tcov lCEtJ.LEVCOV O"UV'tEA.EO"E a1tO'tEA.EO"J.1a'ttlCa 11 mo alCoVtO"J.LEV11 EUatO"9Tlma a1ttvav'tt or«; OtaOtKaaiE<; 't11<; 1tOt11'ttJC1i<; eo<; O"UVE1tEta 't11<; J.1a9TI'tEia<; oorov JlEA.E't11'trov eotmoov O"'ta O"1touoaO"'t1ipta 'YA.cooO"oA.oyia<; 1'1 00J.10- A.oyia<; 0"'t11 ~uO"11. Ta 1topiO"J.1a'ta 'tou<;, 60"a a1tOoEO"J.1Euov'tat a1t6 'to q>tM'ttJ.1o tou au'tOO"lC01tOU 1'1 a1t6 'to lCaJ.1apt 't11<; ~tO'tExvia<; Kat O"U'Yxevrpovovecr orov aUO"'t11P6 xropo 't11<; q>tA.oA.oyia<; lCat 't11<; lCPt'ttJC1i<; aVaA.UO"l1<;, stvm q>uO"tlC6 va J.111 Otaq>Epouv a1t6 'ta 1topiO"J.1a'ta Ev6<; O"coo'ta lCa'ta'tomO"J.LEvou J.1EA.E't11't1i JlE lCa1teo<; E~aO"1Cl1J.LEvo 'to 6p'Yavo 't11<; q>tA.oA.oytJC1i<; JlE66oou. Kat 0"'t11 J.1ia 60"0 lCat O"'t11V aM111tEpi1t'tCOO"11 'tEA.tlCa 6,'tt EXEt ~Upo<; etvm 11 a'tOJ.1tlCli tlCav6't11'ta rou JlEA.E't11't1i, 61toU 'to 1tpoO"comlC6 'taA.Ev'to &v 1tai1;Et 'to J.1tlCp6'tEPO p6A.o, xm 1tUv'teo<; 6xt 11 O6lCtJ.111li a06lCtJ.111 OUvEta 6Ecopia, 61tou lCat 0"' au'tliv 1tai1;Et p6A.0 11

14

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

tBlOqm1:a 'tOU Ka9E oocrKaAou, 1tOU <pEU, &v KAllPOoo'tEi'tat aU't6~a'ta O'tOU~ Ev9EP~OU~ 01taooU~ 'tOU.

'Icr~ BtEqlU'YE ceto ~EPtKOU~ n, BllACil~EVll oxrrooo, 1tp69EcrTt ~OU ~EA£'tll~ uovov Ka1tOtCilV E1tEtcroBiCilV xptouuov 'Yta rnv aAAa'Yit 1tOU 1taytcbVE'tat 'YUpCil O'ta 1935, tBtai'tEpa ocov aq><>pa rnv 1toil101l (13A£1tE fi:<j>£Pll, EAU't1l, Ptrco: ~vouv oxrrooo 7tEpa ceto 'to cr't6xo uou 1tEpt- 1t'tcbcrEt~ ~t6AoyE~ 6~ rou BpE't'taKOU Kat 'tOU EyyoV61tOUAoU). Ka'tt 'to avaAo'YO cru~l3aivEt Kat ue 'to 1tOtKtM'tEPO crE 1tEPt1t'tcbcrEt~ 'tomo 'tll~ 1tEl;o'Ypa<pia~. TIp69E01l 1tAllp6't1l'ta~ OOv Eixa Kat 'to BitACilOa a1tEpi<ppacr'ta erov 't6'tE "TIp6Aoyo". Y1tEv9u~il;Cil on 'to «xprnxo Soxtuio» au't6 & 9EAEt v« etvoa OU'tE 1tpa'Y~a'tEia OU'tE eyKuKA01taiOOta. TIt9avororc, otov KUKAo<j>6PllcrE at<pvtBiacrE Kat EKavE Ev'tU1tCilOll yta 'tOY acruvit9tcr't0 1tAOU'tO UAtKOU 1tOU xpllm~01tOtoucrE Kat yta 't1l ~90BtKit ~to1toil101l 'tOU UAtKOU aU'tou· 'to UAtK6 6~~ ornv 1tpa'Y~a'ttK6't1l'ta I3ptcrK6'tav a1t6 Katp6 E'tOt~O 0't0 'Ypa<pEi.o ~OU. ~U~1tAllproe"KE 'tOY xmpo 'tll~ BtBacrKaAi.a~ uou cr'tll <l>tAOcrO<ptKit 'tOU TIavE1ttcr'tll~iou eEcrcraAOvi.K1l~ 1tOU ue KaAEcrE 'tOY XEt~cbva 1975-1976, Kat 'to BtaO'tll~a 'tll~ apKE'ta crUv'to~ll~ cru'Y'Ypa<pit~, uovo ue 6cra aAAa 'tEK~itpta 1301l90ucrav vo ~EKa9api.crCil aj3El3at6't1l'tE~ it a1topiE~.

AKoAoue"cra Eva BuX'ypa~~a Ep'Yacri.a~ 1tOU ~EKtVOUcrE Ka9E <popa ceto 'tt~ 1tll'YE~ Kat cr't6XEUE oe crU'YKEKPt~EVE~ EVVOlOAO'YitcrEt~ 'tCilV AO'YO'tEXVtKcbvcru~l3av'tCilv. Ot 1tto mxrmpot 9a xapaK'tllPi.crouv 'tt~ EVVOtoAo'YftcrEt~ au't~ ~ crXll~a't01tOtitcrEt~. Ot, Ecr'tCil, OXll~a't01tOtitoeu; aU'tE~ a<jl1lvav 6~~ mcrCil 'tU1t01tOtll~VE~ av'ttAit'IfEt~, a1toAt9cb~a'ta ~ta~ 1tEpacr~vll~ E1tOXit~ Kat av'ta1tOKpi.vov'tav, 1tapa 'tll cr'tE"fVit 'Ypa<pit, oe ~ta u1toAav9avoucra 1tp69E01l 1tp6KAl101l~7. H 1tp6KAl101l EmacrE. Ft' aU't6 'tcbpa6crE~ Ep'Yacri.E~ EPXOV'tat va a~<ptcrl3ll'titcrouv it vu avacrKEuacrouv 'tt~ 9EcrEt~ ~OU, etvm 1tOAU 1tEptcrcr6'tEPO EU1tp6crOOK'tE~ a1t6 E~a 1tapa oi a'Ya9E~ E1tavaAit'l'Et~, Kat 9ECilpouv'tat <pUmx:'ft Kat av~6~1l cruvE1tEta Ev6~ apxtKOU OXEBi.ou. Tt aAAo ~1topoucra vc 1tPOcrBOKcb; r.UV'tO~E~ VU~Et~, 1tpoI3All~a'ttcr~oi. 1tOU Et1tcb91lKav 1tapE~m1t't6v't~ EBcb 't6'tE EXOUV yi.VEt aP'Y6'tEpa ovtucetuevo EUPU'tEPll~ ~A£'t1l~ oe ap9pa, oe I3t13Aia, oe Bta'tptl3£~. Au't'ft etvoa II a~otl3it ~OU Kat a~il;Et 1tEptcrcr6'tEPO a1t6 01totOBit1t0'tE E1ti01l~O I3pal3Eio it ti'tAo aKa~~i.a~.

H EKoo01l aU'tit Aa~l3avEt U1t6'l'1l 1tapa'tllpitcrEt~ 1tOU EytVav Ka'ta KatPOU~ 1taVCil oe Bta<popa crll~Eia rou I3tl3Aiou, E1tavop9rovEt 6crE~ avaKpil3EtE~ 1tPOEPxov'tav cero avacr<paAEi~ 1tAllpo<popiE~· Ka1tO'tE ro KaVEt mCil1tTjpa, cbcr'tE Ot O1l~tcbcrEt~ vc. ~llv E~0'YKCil90uv Kat vo ~ll xacrouv 'to xapaK'titpa 'tOU~ crU~1tAitpCilcrll~ 'tOU xuptou crcb~a'to~.

15

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

'Otrrv Ot 1tapa't11P"aEt<; 1tPOXCOPO'llV CJ't11V oucte, AaIl~CtvOV'tat U1t6\jfll " crui;11'tO'llv'tat Ka'tU 't11V 7tEpi1t't<OOTl, IlE 1tA"P11 ~t~AtO'Ypa<ptK1l ava<pOpU ornv oucetc SECJ11. !J..EV ~Pt(Jl(OUV EOciJ 'tOY 't61t0 'tOU<; EP'YacriE<;, Ea'tO) Kat 1tOA'll CJ11llaVnKE<;, ceto 'tt<; 1tOAAE<; 1tOU EXOUV 'Ypa<pEt oro OtuCJ't11lla aU't6, 1tOU &V EIl1tAEKOV'tat IlE 'ta UllEaa SElla'ta 'tOU ~t~AtOU. NOllii;O) on EP'Ya a<ptX'tu OP'YavO)jlEva oev ouro oore EmoeXOV'tat 7tEptaa6'tEpe; E7tEIl~UaEt<; O'll'tE EXOUV avu'YKTl a1t6 aU'tE<;.

'Oon a1tapai't11'ta Et1ta aU't" 't11 an'YIl" a<; SEO)P11S0'llV a1t6 'tOU<; VEOU<; avayvciJcr'tE<; 't11<; IlEAE't11<; ro<; 1tpaK'ttKE<; 0011ytE<; yta vn Ota~aa'tEi aut1'!1lE 'tOY mo 'Y6Vt1l0 rpono (Kat IlE ooo ouva't6v At'Y6'tEPE<; 1tapaVo,,oeu; ... ). Ta Etaa'YroytKu 1tOU 1tpOaSE'tO) 'tciJpa orov 'ti'tAo rou ~t~AtOU a<; 'ta 1tUpOUV oov 1tpo'tPOml yta vo AU~OUV n<; Ka'taM11AE<; a1tOcr'tUcrEt<; Kat a1t6 't11V EvvOta.''YEvtU rou Tptevru' Kat ceto 'to tOtO ~t~AtO!

MEVEt vn SUIl11SciJ EOciJ IlEptKO'll<; <piAOU<; 1tOU EUxapta'to'llaa orov "Ilp6Ao'Y0" 't11<; 1tPciJ't11<; EKOOCJ11<;, 'to 1977' 'tOY S.A. KOK6A111tOU EiXE Ota~uaEt 'to ~t~Aio KaSciJ<; 'Ypa<p6'tav Kat 1l0U EKaVE U1toOEi~Et<; OO'tE vo ytVEt mo cr'tP<O't1'!11 EK<ppaCJ11, 'tou<; M. Avayvrocr'tuKTl, A. AP'YuptOU, r.Il. l:a~~t011, 'tOY aU'YXO)PEIlEVO B. Aaxavu 'Yta oco Ev'tU1ta ouaE'llpE'ta E~aAav 1tp68ulla CJ't11 OtUSEcr1llloU.

PciJll11, KaAoKatpt 1991 M.V.

Y.r. l:'t6 otua't11lla 1tOU aKoAo'll9rtaE rnv 'Ypa<t>1'l 't11<; 1tapa1tuvO) etoc'YID'Y1l<;, O11llomE'll't11Kav IlEptKE<; IlEAE'tE<; Kat 1l0vO'YPa<piE<; 1tOU <l<pOpo'llv SElla'ta rou OOKtlltOu au'to'll. SEXO)pii;O) 't11V 1tapoucriaCJ11 H ueoosou» )1lK"l1 7r£l;oypa<pia, 1993, 'to)V EK06aEo)v lliK6A11, ce OK'tciJ 't61l0u<;, onou 1tpoAoyti;ov'tat Kat avSOAo'YO'llV'tat 7tEv"v'ta rpe«; 7tEi;O'YP<l<pOt, IlE ouvrovtouo :Euv'taKnK1l<; Em'tpoml<; a1tap'tt~6jlEV11<; a1t6 'tou<;: TUKTl Kap~EA11, A~avopo Ko'ti;tu, Xptotoeopo MllAtrov", KciJcr'ta l:'tEp"(t61t0uAo, l:1t'llPO TaaKVtU. 0 1tPciJ'to<; 't61l0<; a1to'tEAEi'tat a1t6 Ilta Etaa'YID'Y1l rou Ilav. Moulla (a. 17-157), Kat a1t6 Eva "Ilapup't11lla" IlE "Map'tt>piE<; yta rnv 7tEi;o'Ypa<pia 'tOU MEao1toAEIlOU" (a. 171-406). 0 Il. MOUAAU<; OtEUKptvii;Et a't11 a. 20: «l:'t6xo<; ['t11<; Etaa'YID'Y1l<;] etvei vo Ota'YPuWEt Eva 1tAaimo' vc EmCJ11IlCtvEt KU1tOta 'YEVtKU <patv6IlEva' v' ava1t'tu-~Et Ilta 1tpo~A11llanK'" vo SEaEt optouevc EP<O't1'!lla'ta Kat vu 8ciJcrEt, EV&XOjlEVro<;, IlEptKE<; a1tavt1'!aEt<;». 0 EIl7tEtPO<; avayvoo't11<; Sa Il1tOPEoet, ma'tE'llo), vo ~ftXO)picrEt 'ta CJ11jlEia onou 11 IlEAE't11 rou Il. Moulla OtaAE'YE'tat ue rnv OtK1llloU rou 't61l0U au'to'll.

1994

16

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

1. 0 A. Apyupiou Kat UA.A.OU U1tOO't1'1pt~E Kat BtEUKpi VtOE 'tt<; U1t6\j1Et<; 'tOU, 61tro<; KUt crE EvU &JJ.l.6mo BUlA.oyO J.l.E EJ.!EvU O'tTlv E'tutpEiu l:1tou&bv NEOEA.A.tiVtKOU nOA.t'ttOJ.l.ou (1979' KU'tUYPU<P1'I cro Mllrio 3a, 1979, 'tT\<; E'tatpEiu<;), KUt OE BtrupoPE<; Em<puA.A.i&<; 'tTl<; E<pl1J.l.EpiBa<; To B7'Jf.la, tBiro<; KU'tU 'to E'tO<; 1980.

2. nupu'tT\ ouvtouto J.l.ta<; 0J.l.tA.iu<;, 0 BUYEVU<; etvm ou<p1'1<; ro<; 1tpo<; 'tt<; EVVOtE<; tou 'J.l.OV'tEpVOU' 61tro<; E~EpyUO'tT\KUV 0'tT\ ~UOT\: Fux tvav 0pulf.l6 rov uovtepVOV0171V1rOI11CTT1, 'l:'ttyJ.l.1'1' 1984, tBtui'tEPUcr. 14-15.

3. l:'tTl J.l.EA.E'tTl "H 1tpciml J.l.E'tu1toA.eJ.l.tKil1toA.t'ttKil YEVtU Kat Tl OXEOT\ 'tTl<; J.l.E 'ttl 'YEVtU rou 30"', Ilapovaia; 1,1982, o. 26 Kat 29. Ttl A.E~Tl 'riVT\J.l.U' XPTlmJ.l.o1toiTlou Kat eyw orov "EltiA.oyo" rou ~tPA.iou J.l.OU.

4. «0 Mario Vitti exEt U7too'tTlpi~Et on 0 BtuA.oyo<; trov t&rov 01:0V ltVEUJ.l.U'ttK6 XcOpo 1tOU J.l.1topouere vo &beret y6vtJ.l.uouJ.l.7tEPaoJ.l.u'tu, KU'tnA.UE'tat BuVUJ.l.tKU J.l.E rn BtK'tU'topiu 'to 1936. TumKu <paiVE'tat vo. EXEt BiKto, u<pOu Ero<; 't6'tE KUKA.o<pOpoov ~t~A.iu 'tT\<; apt01:EPU<; (EK't6<; u1t6 J.l.tKPU XPOVtKU Btuml'lJ.l.u'tU) eA.eu9Epu. OumU~tKU 6J.l.ro<; OtBuvu't6'tT\'tE<; BtaMyou EXOUV oupptKVr09Ei (J.l.E'tu 'to tBtcOVUJ.l.0) U7tEA.mO'ttKu ~at'tia<; too neptoptouou 'tcov u't6J.l.cov 1tOU etvm Bta'tE9EtJJ.EVOt vu BtUKtvBuvEUOOUV Kat stvoa u1to<pam0J.l.EVOt VU uu't09umuo'touv». To B7'Jf.la, 8 Auyou01:oU 1980.

5. Kat Xcopi<; 7tEPtK01tE<;: «To EpcimlJ.l.u, A.ot7t6v, 01:0 onoto OK07tEUCO vc U1tuv1:1'lOCO, Eivut o» Tl mpo<P1'l uu1:1'l1tpo<; 'to 1tupEA.96v u1to'tEA.ei OUVE7tEtU 'tT\<; avUO'toA.1'1<; tou KOWCOvtKOU 1tpO~A.TlJ.l.u'ttOJ.l.ou 1tOU E1tE~UA.e Tl U01:tKil BtK'tU'topiu rou 1936,1'1 UV, av'tt9E'tro<;, 'to t&oA.oytK6 uBtE~ooo Kat Tl1toA.t'ttKilKat Tl9tKil1t'tffiOT\ 6A.rov 'tcov J.l.Epi&ov 'tT\<; uPXouou<; 't~Tl<; EiVat n at'tiu 1tOU avuYKuere 'tou<; ouyypa<pei<; uu'tou<; vn mpU<pOuv 0'tT\ O1tOUB1'1Kat rnv EPEUVU 'tTJ<; UV9pC01tOYEroypU<piu<; tou EA.A.TlVtKOU ''t61tou' ere J.l.tU OptoJ.1EvTl t01:optKil7tEpiooo». 'O.1t., o. 26-27.

6. l:'tOV wTlvtK6 Tu1to EJ.l.<pavi~ov'tat 1tup6J.l.0tE<; OKE\jIEt<; uou 1'1&J os Evu ap9po, "AltUyopE"llJ.!Ev0<; pEnA.t0J.l.6<;", &JJ.l.0OtEuJ.!EvO 01:0 B7'Jf.la, 16 Icvouoptou 1972.

7. EEXcopi~co J.l.iu ~t~A.w1tupoumuOT\ 1tOU uV'tt1tPOOC01tEUEt 'tTl O1:uOT\ Ev6<; vE6- 'tEpOU uvuyvoo'tTl EA.eu9EPOU u1t6 61tOtE<; 1tPOKU'tUA.1'1\j1Et<; Kat UO'tEpo~ouA.iE<; U1tEvav'tt 0'tT\ J.l.EA.E'tT\ uu1:1'l mav 'to ~t~A.io 1tPCO't01tupOUmU01:TlKE 01:0 EA.A.TlVtK6 xowo: «0 01:6xo<; [ ... ] Em'tUYXWE'tat XUPTl 01:0 <ptA.oA.oytK6 01tA.tOJ.l.6 'tOU EPE"llVTl't1'l1tOU etvca: Tl 9ECOPTl'ttK1'1 'tOU 1<U'tUp'ttOT\ YEVtKU, n yvffiOT\ 'tCOV OXE'ttKWV KEtJ.!EvCOV, n tKuv6'tTl'tu VU EmA.EYEt 'to xedpto UA.tK6, Tl WVUJ.l.Tl vu EmOK07tEi 6A.0 'to Xwpo KUt VU U<PtEPWVE'tUt 'tuU't6Xpovu EKEi 61tOU EtBtKU Em9uJ.l.Ei Kat 'tEA.o<; Tl EPJ.l.TlVEU'ttKil 'tOU Euo'tpo<piu. l:TlJ.l.uv'ttK6'tEpO, 9uppw, EiVat 'to yeyov6<; on KUJ.l.tU KpiOT\ ilEV JJ.EVEt aoUv&'tT\ Kat aouv6&u'tT\ u1t6 'to iBw 'to xetuevo 01:0 ozoto u<pOpu: 0 JJ.EA.e'tT\1:1'l<; OtaA.EYE'tat J.l.E 'tu KEiJ.l.EVU Kat Em'tpE7tEt O1:U iBtu KEiJ.l.Evu vc oJ.l.tA.ouv. Au1:1'l Tl 1tupu9EOT\ 'tcov A.OY0'tEXVtKWV KEtJ.l.EVCOV (1tOtTlJ.l.u'tCOV Kat 7tE~WV) aA.A.a Kat 'tCOV KpmKWV 'tT\<; YEVtu<; tou '30, 1tOU xpivouv uJ.l.EOU rn A.oyo'tExvtKil1tupuyroy1'l, J.l.u~i J.l.E 'tOY Eumpo<pO oxoA.tUOJ.l.6 Kat 'tU OUJ.l.7tEPU- 0J.l.U'tU 'tOU J.l.EA.e'tT\'t1'1, Bivouv cro ~t~A.io EVU 'tUxu'tu'to pu9J.l.6 KUt KU'tU tnv

17

H rENIA TOY TPIANTA

U1tOIjlTl ~OU 'to 1tp0r080tlV 7ttpa a1t6 'ta 6pta ~t~ a1tAiJ~ J.l£Mt"~, oto J(cOpO 't'Il~ 1io1C1.~ta1d!~ 1tp6~~». (,1lapa'OJ, ap.12, 1978,0'.70). ME'taq>tpro EM !Cat 't'Ilv U1toypa<pft: ncOpY1l~ na'tpo~avroMl1C1l~.

l:HMEIru:H

Ol1tp6cr9E'tE~ V££~ O'1lJ.l£lcixJEl~ EmO'1l~a{Vov'tat J.I£ 'tou~ EJC9t'tE~ IX, p, y, I), a!C6~a !Cat 6'tav cruvEJ({~OUV 1t<XA.al6'tEPE~, J.I£ apa~l!C6 apl9~6.

18

'Bpva lWV uvnuoveuovtat J1E /3paxvrpmpia

Oi 1tapa7tOJl7tte; ytvov'tat ornv EKOOcrTJ 1tO'll XPllcrtJl01tOtit9TJKE. :EE 1tapEv9EcrTJ EV&:x6JlEVEe; w..A.Ee; 1tAllpO<pOpiEe;.

Apyoptou, A~a;vopoe;

1963 AVa't'll7tOicrEte; 'trov EUitvrov 'Il1tEPPEaAtcr'tcOv. E1roxt;, 'tE'llXOe; 1, 1963, a. 60- 65 (> Lila&lXIl(t; avayvaJoeL; EU11v(Ov V1tEppeaAUnmv, TvoXrT\', 1983).

BaptKae;, Baaoe;

1939 H IJEm1rOAe/i11CTj uo; Aoyorexvfa (IXEOLO yta IJEMrrt). 'EK06crEte; rKo~6- cr'tTJ' (Ava'tu1tOOcrTJ 'nU9pov' 1979).

EAU'tTJe;,Oooacreae;

1974 Avolxraxaprlll. 'Aoteptce;' (WEKOOcrTJ "Ixopoc', 1982).

I9EO'tOKa.c;, ftci>pyoe;

1929 EAevgepo xveoua. E1ttJlEAEta K.S. ~llJlapa.c;. 'EpJlite;', NEB, 1973 (a' . EKOOcrTJ JlE 'to 'l'E'IlOOlV'llJlO OpEcr'tTJe; ~tYEVite;, 'A.!, pa.ulle;', 1929).

1961 Ilveouau ICTj xopda. T. <l>E~ll e;' .

1964 "H 'tEXVTJ tou Jl'll9tcr'topitJla'toe;". E1roXt;, 'tEUXOe; 20,1964, a: 6-12.

Kapa;v'tcOvTJe;,AvOpEac;

1940 "H 1totllcrTJ tou O. EAU'tTJ", Ta Nta rptfJ.i/iara, E', 1940, a.48-81 (> llpo-

130M;, A', 1965, a. 52-88> n« roy O. EAvrrt, 'na7taOitJla', 1980, a.l7-53). 1958 Ell1armml1T11 veaneon 1rof1JC11J. '~i<ppoe;'.

1962 lle'oypaqxJl lCal1tE'oypalf'T1/iara rrtq yevlapov '30. T. ~lle;'. 1969 A1ro ro .EoAa.l!io OTOV Mvpl{311A1J. 'Bt~At01troAEiov 'tTJe; Emtac;'.

na;vayt00't61t0'llAoe;, I.M.

1943 Ta 1rpOC1mtra xca sa xeiueva. B'. AvqC1Vxa XPoVla. 'AE't6e;' (<poo't0JlllxaVtKit a;va'tu1tOOcrTJ 'Ot EK06crEte; 'trov <l>iAooV', 1980).

l:a;f3~iOTJe; r.n.

1972 "0 Kap'llOO'taKTJe; a;v&.J.1Eaa Jlae; it Tt a7ttytvE exetvo 'to JlaKpu 1toMpt;" K.r. Kap'llOO'taKTJe;, 1l0l11/iam lCal1tE,a. 'EpJlite;', NEB (> IraxvtXpla rov KapvmralC1J, 'NE!pEAll', 1989).

I:E!pEPlle;, ftci>pyoe;

1974 LiolCllliq. l' EKOOcrTJ. "Ixepoc', 0-00 't6Jlot.

19

A VTl/,e(I1£VO xca XPOVl1(a opia

'- -

1 na Illa ~E'taOTl l)iXCO<; 1tapao'tpa'tT1I1a'ta 'tOU SEJ.la't6~ J.la~, ~ AUOTI Sa 1tPE1t£t vu EXEt CO<; aq>E'tl1pia OptOJ.lEVE~ 1tpOt)1tOSEOEt~ lCat vo. alCoAoueTtOEt, xutomv, auO'tl1J.la'ttlCa J.lta OEtpa 1tpOlCaSopt0J..LEVl1. n' am6 1tPE1t£t vu ~E1CtVTtOOUJ.lE 1tpool)tOpiSov'ta~, J.lE 600 yivE'tat 1tt0 ouylCElCptJ..LEVO rpoao, 'to XolpO J.lEOa orov onoto Sa lCtVl1S0UJ.lE, apxiSov'ta~ a1t6 'ta XPOVtlCa opiu, TIEpvolv'ta~, J.lE'ta, OE I)taOOXtlCOU~ I)taX<OptoJ.lou~ -Sa q>avEi 'tEAtlCa, EAmsro, .n EVVOOUJ.lE J.lE 'YEVta' (lCEq>.16). TIPE1tEt vu OOUJ.lE note lCa'tao'taOTl ~PTtlCE 11 YEVta tou Tptnvto; lCat 1t~ 'tl1v nvnJ.lE'tol1ttOE· xoie; q>tAol)o~iE~ E'tPEq>E lCat lCa'ta 1t600 1tAl1maOE rou; 0't6- XOU~ 'tlk notouq oUJ.l~t~aoJ.lou~ ElCavE' 1t~ EvepYl10E J..LEoro aU'tTt~ 0 J.ll1xavtoJ.l6~ 'tTJ~ 1tpO)'to1topia~' 1t~ 1tpaYJ.la'to1toil1oE 'tTJ PTt~l1 'tTJ~ J.lE 'to 1tapEAS6v lCat, av'tiSE'ta, 'tt SEolP110E OlC61ttJ.l0 vu a1toI)EX'tEi a1t6 rnv 1tapaOOOTl Kat va 'to yoVtJ.l01tOtTt0Et J.lE YEO rpoxo- n Tt'tav yt' autftv 11 'EAAl1VtlC6't11'ta'. n~ 1tpO~ 'to UAtlC6. 1tota 'SEJ.la'ta' 1tpoolC6J.ltOE 0't11 Aoyo'tExvia lCat 1tOta a1tElCAEtaE ElC 1tPOSEOECO<;. Tt 1t1lPE a1t6 'tTJV lCaSaPTt notnon, 1t~ ~yftlCE ceto 'to vaplCtom0J.l6 't11~ lCAEtotft~ 'lCaJ.lapa~' xm ceto 'to ~iroJ.la KapuO)'talCTJ' 1tota AEt'toupyia EiXE 11 ''lfUXtJCft pOTt' ornv 'EJ.l1tVEUOTI' on~ BUo I)tao'taOEt~ A6you, omv 1toil1OTl lCat O'tl1V a<PTlYTJOTI 'EOO)'tEptlCOU J.lovoA6you'. TIapaAAl1Aa J.lE rnv avavEroJ..LEVl1 8EJ.la'toypaq>ia, 1tOtE~ J.lOpq>tlCE~ aAAa'Y~ EytVClV a1tapahl1'tE~ ~v 1tOi- 110Tl lCat 'tTJv 1t£so'Ypaq>ia. l£ 1tOto ~aSJ.l6 11 'YEVta rou TptUv'ta evnxooOro1tEUEt rnv EAAl1VtlCTt xowovto eou il)tou XPOVtlCOu I)tao'tTtJ.la'to~. SElCtVolV't~ ceto Eva t&OAoytlC6 lCaSEo't~ EAEuSEpia~, J.lE 1tOta cetoteAEOJ.la'ta 11 lCpa'ttlCTt 1tapEJ.l~aOTl, 'tOY lCatp6 rou ME'ta~a, aOlCTJoE, J.lE 'tp61to aJ.lEoo etre EJ.lJ.lEOO, E1ttppOTt 1tUvro o'ta 'YpaJ.lJ.la'ta. Ilotn J.lEpioo 'tTJ~ AOyO'tExvi~ U1t0XPEoleTJlCE, J.lE'ttX rnv 411 Auyoumou. va J.l11 auJ.lJ.lE'tEXEt 0'tTJ 1tOAt nOJ.lt lCTt SroTt, J.lE 'tt 'tp61t0 lCat J.lE 1tOta a1to'tEMoJ.la'ta yta ro ouvoxo.

ME 'tOY 6po ''YEvta ron Tptrrvtu' EVVOUJ.lE 0't11 AOYO'tExvia, lCa'ta 'tp61t0 'YEVtlC6 xm auJ.l~a'ttlC6. eou; VEOU~ au'Y'Ypaq>d~ 1tOU EJ.lq>Uvio'tTJ-

21

ANTIKEIMENO

lCav ~oa ern O£lCa£na 1930 j.I£ 1940. A€y(l} <~lC(l'ta rpono YEVtlC6 lCat cruj.1~a'ttl(6», E1t€1OJ1 o» 1tPOOE~O'Uj.I£ lCaAu'tEpa 'tTl All~tapxucilllAuda optouevrov o'Uyypa<pEO>V, 1t0'U 9EO>POUV'tat 6X1 uovo ElC1tp6oO>1tOt 'tll~ YEVt~ a'U'til~ alla. lCat lCa1t~ 11YE'ttlCE~ j.10p<pE~ 'tTl~, ea otamo't<OOo'Uue on 1tapa~ta~o'Uv 'ta apxtlCaxpovoAoytlCa1tAaima, E<p600V 'to 1930 ElXav 1'1011 apxiOEt vu j.10P<P01tOtOUV to EPYO 'to'U~. A'U't6 o'Uj.1~aivEt, Myo'U Xapll, j.I£ 'tOY M'Upt~ilAll, 1t0'U, Y€VV1"J~vo~ to 1892, 1tapo'Uma~Et j.1ta 1tpooO>1ttlC6'tll'ta o'UYlCpo'tTlj.1£Vll iloTl o'to'U~ BaAlCavtlCou~ ilOAEj.10'Ut;· ztre xm ue 'tOY l£<p£PTl, 1t0'U, YEVV1"Jj.1Evo~ 'to 1900, Aiyo veotepo; a1t6 'tOY Kap'UO)'ta1C1l, ~E1CtVa 1tEpi1to'U 'tTl O'ttYj.1il1to'U lC1..£ivEt a1t6't0j.1a TI Bpao'tTlpt6'tTl'ta roo Kap'UO)'ta1C1l. ME Eva a'UO'tTlP6'tEPO Xpovo1..oytlC6 lCpt'tilpto, j.1T1xavllCa E<papj.100j.1EVO, 1tpooO>1ttlC6'tll'tEt; oev 'to'U~ ouo j.l£yaAo'Ut; 1..oyO't£XVEt; 1t0'U EVOEtlC'ttlCa j.1Vllj.16vE'I'a, ea £1tPE1tE va j.l£ivO'UV E~O> ceto 'tll YEVta :it0'U j.1at; a1taOxo1..£L rta mv ao'Uvaj.1ia vo lCaeOptO'tEl j.1ta XpovoM'Yl101"J ao<paAilc;, ac; OlCE<p'tOUj.I£ lCat rnv 1tEpi- 1t't0l0Tl tou EAu'tTl 1t0'U YEvvileTllCE 'to 1911 lCat 1tapo'Uma~E'tat ern j.1E01"J 'tTlC; O£lCa£nac;, 'to 1935. :EXE'ttlCa j.I£ 't1"JV oj.1aoo 'tOlV 1tpawa'ttlCa VEO>V ~oa 0't1"J YEVta cruj.1~aiVEt lCat 'tOU'tO E1t101"JC;: 'U1ttl.pXEt Tl1tEpi1t'tO>- 01"J, MyO'U xaPTl, rou TEp~a1C1l 1t0'U, 1t<lp' 61..0 on 'U1tilp~E j.1ta a1t6 'ttC; 1tpcbtEC; cruvEtOJ1oac; 1tOU av&:yyEtAav cbptj.1a xm j.1aXTI'ttlCa rnv avavE- 0>01"J rou 1930, £j.I£lVE opyavtlCa O£~VOC; 0't1"J j.1to001C6tEtvTI a'tj.16o<pCltpa tou lCap'UO)'ta1CllCou xcbpo'U.

OO't6oo, lCat 1tapa 'tllV £1..1..£1'1'11 j.11ac; O'UV'tOV10j.1EVTlt; Ej.1<paV101"JC; 'tTlC; YEVla.c; rou TplaV'ta, etvoi avaj.1<pto~il'tll'tO on ElCEl yupo> O'ta 1930 yivual ato81"J'til j.11a aMay1'!, j.11a pil~TI ue 'to 1tapEAe6v, EVo) 1tapaMllAa Ej.1<pavi~ov'tal1tpO~ATlj.1a'ttoj.1oi 1t0'U 'tElCj.111plo)VO'UV 'tll yevv,,<lTl j.11ac; vEac; cruvEi01101"J~, OtllPty~vll~ OE j.1op<pO)'tu.:a E<p601a lCal OE 'If'UXtJCi! 01aeE01"J ola<popE'ttlCa a1t6 'ta npiv yYoxna..

o lCUlC1..oC; a'U'to)v 'to>V 1tpO~Allj.1a'ttOj.1rov alCo1..o'Ued j.11a 'tpoX1a 1t0'U 1tpO~a.MEtat lCat nepa a1t6 'to 1940· Ej.11tAElCE'tal ue aAAaYEt; Ito'U 11 &u'tEPTl 1taYlC6oj.11a ouppa~11 1tPO~EVEl O'tlC; O'UVE10iloElt;, lCat 1tpoxo>pd alC6j.111 1tEpa, <p'ttl.vov'tat; ~xPt 'ttC; 011C£C; j.1a~ ~PEC;, o1t6'tav Ej.1<pavi~ovroa ElC011MOOE1C; oov To a;wv eati so» EAU'tTl 1'1 'tOY lCAamlC6j.10p<pO j.1ov61..oyo rou Ptroou 1'1 alC6j.1T1 'tl~ AIro{3tpvrrrEr; nOAl'fEiEr; rou Totpxo, OO't6oo, ElCEi ylipo> o'ta 1940, 'to 1tOAU ~oa oro otaO't1"Jj.1a rou 1tOAEjiou lCat 't1"JC; Ka'tox1'l~, TI EPE'UVTI'ttJCi! lCat aVaVEO>t1JCi! OPj.11'1 'tTlC; yEVta.c; EX£t O'Uj.11tAllpo>eEi xm E~aV'tAlleEi, EVro 1tapaAATlA.a, 'ta ~iva ~, Ota1tl0'trovual 11 o'UYlCpOnlj.1EVTI Ej.1<paV101"J j.1ta~ 1tapa1t£pa YEvtac;, 1t0'U ea 0<00£1 'tTl 01JCi! 'tTl~ Epj.1T1VEia 'tTlC; ~ro1'Ic; ~oa ornv 1toiTl- 01"J xm O'tTlV a<!>1'l'Yl101"J, lCat ea 0XTlj.1anOEt 't11V 1tPcbt11 j.I£'tCl1t01..£j.1tlCi) YEVla. H cruj.1~a'ttJCi! Cl'U'ti) xpovta, 1940, ea Cl1tO'tEAEOEl 'to O£U'tEPO Xpo-

22

ANTIKEIMENO

vuc6 opio t1l~ EP£'\)V~ Jl~' JlE 'tp61t0 6Xl a1t(XpCt~a'to, qroOUCCt.

H Y£V1Ct 'tOU TplCtv'ta 9a 1tpOO1ta91'lo£l vo ala<pOp01t01119£l a1t6 t1lv 1tp011YOUJ.1£VTl· £1tOJ.1Evroc;, Eva 1tpcb'to J.1EPO~ 't11~ JlEAEt1l~ Jla~ 9a aq>1£pro- 9£l 0't11 <patvOJlEvOAoyla 't11~ ala<pop01tOll101l~ au't1'K H £1t6JlEVl1 ala<pOP01tOll101l, 1tOU 9a ylv£t a1t6 rnv aK6Aou911 Y£VtCt, 9a <paY£i ~ioou xp1'\mJll1 Yla vu 1tpOoatopl0'tOUV JlE JlEyaAu't£Pl1 aKpl~£ta 'ta xapaK'tllplcr'tlKCt t1l~ Y£Vl~ 'tOU TplCtv'ta.

2 :E't11v £KJlE't~ 'to>V '1t1lYOlV' 1tpol1youv'tat q>ucrtKCt 'ta AoYO't£XV1KCt Epya. :Et1lv 1tPIDt11· £Jlq>Ctvlcr1'\ 'tou~ 6Jlroc;' yta'tl, 1tpaYJla't1KCt, aev EAet'l'aY 1t£Pl1t'tcOO£1~ AOYo't£xvcbv 1tOU, aY1KaY01tOil1'tOl a1t6 rnv 1tpIDt11 ala'tU1tCOO11 rou EPYOU 'tou~, 9EAl1oav vn t1l '~£A't1cOOOUV' 1tpOOq>EpOv't~ Jla~ Epya JlE JlOpq>1'\ or' aA1'\9£la mo tKaVo1tOtl1't1K1'\ yt' aU'tou~ Kat yta Jla~ 'tOU~ ialOU~. 'OJlro<;J O£ Eva mo auOt1lp6 JlE90atK6 KOl'tayJla, aU't6 1tOU £Vata<pEpet, £1t£la1'\ a1to't£A£l Eva YEO 0'ta9Jl6, etvoi 11 1tpIDt11 JlOpq>1'\ rou EPYOU, Ka9~ 0' aU't1'\v 1tpCil'tO~AE1tOUJlE vo 1tpaYJla't01tOlOUV'tat aAwYE~ opyavlKE~ yta 'to crUVOAO 't11~ 10'tOP1K1'\~ alEAt~11~. n' au't6 'to A6yo EX£l O1lJlacr1a vo £~aKpt~cOOOUJl£ 't11 O't1YJl1'\ Ka'tCt t1lv onotn 1tpCil'toOTlJlom£uov'tat, A6you XCtpl1, 'ta au'to't£A1'\ KOJlJlCt't1a rou ~l~AlOU H ,0»1 EV -raq>m, Exov'ta~ u1t6'1'11 6't1 11 EKoo01l 1tOU 00TtY110£ omv a1tOKaAU'I'11 rou cruyypaq>Ea, 'to 1931, £ival O1lJlaY'ttKCt ala<pOp£'t1K1'\ a1t6 rnv 1tPIDt11 ypaq>1'\ rou EPYOU.

nEpa a1t6 'tl~ cruOt1lJla'tlK~ £mqroA~£~ 1tOU 1tPE1t£l vo 'tPEq>£1 0 JlEA£t1l't1'\~ roc; 1tpO~ 't1~ £1tCtUl1A£~ £~£pyacri£~ 1tOU Jl1tOpOUV va. EXOUV u1tocr't£i 'ta AOYO't£XV1KCt K£lJl£Va. aAAaYE~ 1tOU aAAotcbvouv t1lv 1tpro'tapX1K1'\ 'tou~ Jlopq>1'\, 11 to'toptK1'\ aKpl~aa1tat't£i £m1tAEOV tnv £~aKpi~COO11 Kat 't11~ 1tpaYJla'tlK1'\~ 1tPIDt11~ OTlJlOcr1£U01l~ £v6~ K£lJlEVOU, xpw aK6Jll1 a1t6 env EKaOO1l £V&XOJlEVroc; O£ au'to't£A1'\ eouo, 'EX£t JlEYaAl1 O1lJlacr1a 6't1 H nplrlOn£aaa I(ap,nm &v 1tpCil'toOTlJlom£u£'tat 'to 1945, 6'tav 1tpCil'tO~aiV£1 O£ ~l~Aio, aAACt'to 1938, 6'taY £Jl<pavl~£'tal O£ £mqroUi&~, J.1Eoa oto al<'tOt11Jla t1l~ atK'ta'topi~ rou M£'t~Ct OTlWOTt, Kat 6Xl J.1Eoa 0t1lV Ka'tox1'\, U1taKOuov'ta~ O£ aYCtAoya t&oAoytKCt £p£9ioJla'ta.

Tnv iata £mqroAaK'tlK6't11'ta 1tPE1t£1 ve EXOUJlE xrn a1tEvav't1 o'ta KP1't1KCt JlEA£'t1'\Jla'ta 1tOU OTlJlom£uov'tal Ka'tCt Kalpou~ O£ 't6Jlo, Kal 1tOU Ka'tCt KaY6va crx£Mv.6l.a EXOUV 1Ct65 0Tl110m£U't£i O£ 1t£pl0alKCt ~~pi&.s. Av JlEP1KCt ~t~Aia OTlAcbvouv JlE aKpi~£la t1l XpovoAoy{a rou Ka9£v6~ a1t6 'ta KOJlJlCX't1a 1tOU 'ta a1tap'tl~ouv (61troc; ron A. Kapa-

KPITIKR TON ORraN

V'tcOV1) net;orptiqxJl xca net;orpaqn1f,lam 'r11~ revuf~ -rov '30, it rou A.N. N1KOA.a.pEi~1) aoxiuux I(Pl't'lTctfg, aA.A.a. it &v EX0tlV Kal-ua 1ta.p6).101a. EyvOta. it Kat (11C6m).1U a.va.fu}).1Om£UOUV 1taA.la KO).1).1ana. evoro).1a.'tcOVOv'ta~ 'ta. OE YEa. ~l~A.la.. A~ ).11)v 1t(O ovoueec, AA.A.a clval 9E).11't6 vo. a.va.p(O't1)90u).1E o» 'tft.xa 0 Ka.pa.v'tcOV1)~ a.va.fu}).10mEuov't~, orov 't6).10 0 lrolT/nf~ ndJpro~ 1:efPEPT/po 1963, to 1tPcbto KEi).1Ev6 'tOU, 'to oVrxpovo ).1E t1)v EKOO(1) too l£<pEP11 k-rPOqn1, 'to aVaW1troaE a.U'tOUOlO, it 1tPE1tEl vc 1tpoo'tpE!;ov).1E ornv 1tp<bt1l EKOOait eou yt.a. va. to Ola.~ft.OOU).1E omv 1tpa.Y).1a.nKit 1tP<bt1l ).1op<pft roo. '01t~ Kat vo to KaVOU).1E, EKEiVO 1tOV EXEl a.1t6AUtO l3apo~ oe ).11a.).1EA.Et1) 1tOV vOla~Eta.l yt.a rnv op9ft 1O'rOP1- Kit 1tPOO1ttlKit, ElVa.l 1) O'tlY).1it oenv onoto; EKfu}A.cbvEtat Eva YE'Yov6~ ).1E'YaA.o it ).1\Kp6, ).1Eoa oro 1tA.a.tutEPO OiK'tVO 'troY aA.A.11Mv&trov <pa.lvo).1Evrov 1tOU OtlVa.1tO'tEA.oUV to v61)).1a. ).11~ EKtEta).1Ev11~ it 1tEPlOP10).1EV1)~ E1tOXit~· 'Otcv OKE<p'rOU).1E ).1aA.10ta. 6tl 1tOA.A.a KptnKa Kcl).1EVa. &v Ka.taA.ityouv 1tO'tE OE Eva.v t6).10 Kal ).1EvOtlV yt.a 1tCt.vta. 1tEpWplO).1Eva ).1Eoa O'rl~ OEA.{&~ Ev6~ 1tEP1001KOU (0 vou; ).10U 1tllEl avtTt t1) o'tt-y).1it 0t1) ).1EA.£t1) rou A. TEp~a1C1l "To VEOEA.A.llV1.K6 ).1u9tO'r6P11).1a." 1tOV fu}).1Qm£Ut1)KE oro 1tEPtO01K6 J&a'to 1933), & ).1EVEl aA.A.o 1ta.pa vo 1tpootpexou).1E a.va.1t6<pEUKta O'ra. 1tEPlO01Kft. Kal tl~ E<p1l).1Epl~, yt.a vo ola.I3ft.oooue 0plO).1EVa KplnKa apepa ).1Eoa. 0'r0 1tpa.Y).1anK6 aUVOA.o EPE9to).1a'trov Kal a.VtlKtU1trov, 1tOU 1toW~ <POPE~ rou; oivotlV Kat Eva. lOlairepo v611).1a.

r.XEtlKft. ).1E n~ 1t1lYE~ 1tpOKU1ttEl Kal Eva. ft.A.A.o ~itt1)).1a. 0 A. KopavtcOv11~, 0 A. N. N1KOA.a.pEi~11~, 0 I.M. navayt.rot61touA.o~ clvat OtlVO- 0011t6pOl troy A.oYO'tEXVcOV t1)~ YEvla~· OE ).1EP1KE~ 1tEPl1t'to>aE1.~ Ka.tQ- 1t'tpi~otlV rnv au9EvnKit KptnKft av'tiA11'J1'Tl t1)~ YEVla~, o{vovta~ ).1~ 0'r0 KPltlK6 Em1tEOO Kan a.v'tiO'r01.XO ).1E't0 KaA.A.ltEXV1K6 fu}).1lOUpY1luo, Ka.l a.1t6 a.VtTt mv a1to'Jl'Tl a.1tOtEA.oUV ).11a 1tpa.y).1a.tlKa 1tOA~).111 '1t1lrft'. not6oo V1tCt.pXE1, Ka.l Ot1)V EK).1E't~01) 'trov KptnKcOV, ~la. otpro).1atoypa.<pia 1tOU 1tPE1tEl va EXOU).1E u1t6'J1'Tl, E1tEl&ft 'to KaeE Otpm).1a XP6vov 1tp01>1tOeE'tEt Kat'r1) OlKit tOU 1tPOO1t'tlKit. 'Eva.na.paOE1Y).1a., 1taA.l a.1t6 tOY Ka.pa.vtcbV1): aA.A.o v611).1a. EX0tlV ).1EAEtE~ rou fu}).100lEU).1Ev~ 1tPW a.1t6 xp6Vla. Kat auyKEV'tpro).1EVE~ 1tOA.U a.py6tEpa OE t6).10, Ka.l aA.A.o ).11a. OElpa OUXAtl;El~ OOO).1EVE~ yt.a rnv 1t0{1l(1) 0'r0 "A9ftvatov" to 1950, Ka.t fu}).1oOlEU).1Eve~ A.1yo a.py6tEpa O'rOV t6).10 ElO'arCiJY11 0"t'T/ VEtMEpT/ 1toil1O'T1 (1958).

ME'ta tl~1ta.pa.1tCt.vro 1tEPl1ttcOOt1.~, 1tOV 1tapOuOlaot1)Ka.v OEtY).1a.toA.1)1tnKft. Kat &v clval ~a.v'tA1)nK~ 1tEP1.t'tEUE1. lO~ 1) a.vayK11 vo (1)).1Elr09El 11 XP110l).16t1)'ta 'troY 131l3Awypa<ptKcOV ).1Ovoypa<ptO>V. Ot 131131..1- oypa<pie~ 6).1~ autE~ &v 9a. E~V1t1lPEtOuV Ka.96A.ou Ka.M tOY ).1EA.€-

24

KPITIKH TUN nHrUN

'tTI't1'i, o» &V 1tpOOcpepO'UV 600v aq>opCt to'U<; 1tOul'te<; t1l o'Uvat6t1lta vo 1tapaJ(OAo'Ue"SEi to l(CtSE 1toi1l~a XroptOtCt ceto rnv 7tpclm1 too o,,~ocrtE'Ua" O.'tt<; mCtAA.1lA£<; ava01l~OOtEUOEt<; ~expt vu KataA;t']~Et OE ~ta <1'UAA.o"fl'l -av o"A.a011 EiVat ~t~A.tOypaq>iEC; nou 7tEptOpi~oV't'at uovo OE <1'UAA.oyec; 7tOtTl~Ct'tO)v· Kat .avtiOtotXa, yta to'U<; 7tE~oypCtq>O'UC;, &v Sa e~'U1tT\P€tOUV 'to 0J(07t6 ~a<;, av &v 7tapal(OAo'USoUV ta OtTl"fl'l~ata Kat r ' CtA.A.a aq>TlY1l~a'ttKCt epya l(a'tCt Ev6tTltec;, npw KataA.1'l~o'Uv OE Pt~A.io. ME a'U't6 to 0't6xo al(ptpcil<; l(a'tamCtOtTll(a ue tTl ~t~A.toypaq>ia tou EA.U'tTI (OOVOOEa\; EAV111\;, /3l/3AwrpaqJla, <1'UVEpyacrta A YYEA.t J(1'lc; ra~a8Ct, "Ixopot;" 1977), ue rnv E'UXf! va aJ(oA.o'U8iloo'Uv CtA.A£C; ~t~A.toypaq>iEC; ~avtA.1l'ttJ(ec; cero a'Utf! rnv Ct7tO'JITI.

25

MEPOI: fIPQTO

H A<I>ETHP(A

020.s.au6va~

3 Ot VEOt rou 1930 at(J9wov'tat evaycbvw, 't1l &'I'a ~n~ avavE£OO'I'K At(J9avov'tat oev 7tWfJttvOt (J't1l f,L£'ta7toAellt!dJ xtn f,L£'ta-/.u1Cpama'tt!dJ EMaoo, eo» vo I1Tlv etx£ 7tpoAa~£t va ava't£1Aet 0 201\<; atcilv~ 1Cat yta 'tOY 't6no 'tou~. Ot vEin rou 7tEpWOt1COU nvor1 (l1la AE~Tl 7tOU ap£(J£ (J£ I1t1Cp67tvoou~ 1CatPOU~I) ~Tl'tou(Jav £7tl'ta1C'tt1Ca 'to ot1Cai£Ol1a vo. AU'tpr09ouv a7t6 rn I1vi1llTl rou 7tOAEI1OU xm va ~1't(Jouv £m'ttAou~ 'tOY lCa1p6 'tou~ a<P1'lvov'ta~ 'tOY 20d atcilva va IltA1't(J£t>.

I.'tTl ou'tuc1't Eupcil7tTl £1Xav 1't01ly{v£t ouxq>op£~ a7t67t£tp£~ Yla va ~£7t£pa(J't£i 11 1CpiO'1l 7tOU OtalloPq>cb9rjlC£ oov (JI)VE7t£ta rou M£yaAou TIOAEI1OU, £vcil (J't1lV EA.Moo, 6nou 11 £l1n6AeIlTl ava'tapax1't Otap1C£(J£ 'tE(J(J£pa xp6vta napanwco, 0\ (JI)V91't1C£~ Oev 1't'tav ev9appuvnlCE~ yta AoYO't£Xvt1Ca Kat KaAAt't£XvtKa lCtvillla'ta. i\v9pC07tOt Aty6't£po OOlCtlla(JJLEvO\ a7t6 £K£1VOU~ 7tOU £1Xav U7tO(J't£1 'tOY n6Aell0 1't rnv £K(J'tpa't£1a 1't 'tOY ~£pt~0lJl6, ue Ouvaf.L£t~ aq>9ap't£~ Kat a'Ca7t£ivCO't£~ an6 £K£1V£~ n~ OOuVTlPE~ (JI)V91'tK£~, 6n~ 0 nci>pyo~ f>£O'tOlC~, £1Xav 't1l q>Um!dJ Kat OtavoTln!dJ W£O'1l va (J'tOXa(J'touv 7tCtvro ornv Ka'tCt<J'taO'1l, va ovoue'tP1't(Jouv tu; Ouva't6't1l't£~ 't1l<; v£OAai~ Kat va opcucnotoov Kan 'to 'tOAllTlP6 yta 'to !1EAAov. 0 f>£O'tOK!!<; 7tOU £1X£:fl~ O1lAolcrO 6n «0 £M11- VtK6<; OEKa'tO<; tva'to~ atcilva<; ~lCAo(J£ (J'ta 1922»3, 'to q>9w67tropo rou 1929 O1lIl0crt£U£t 'to EAeVgepo 7rVeV}la, ue U7t0'Ypa<P1'l OPE(J't1l<; Llty£v1't<;, «to npcil'Co 't£KIl1'tpw 't1l~ amoyv£OO'i~» 't1l<; y£V\~ rou Tptw'ta4:

I.'ta 'tE(J(J£pa lC£q>aAata 'tOU, 'to oorlllw am6 avaAU£t, f.L£ xpt 'C'ftpta 7tQU Oev 'ta (JI)1lf.L£pi(J't11Kav nav'to't£ oi O'1)VOIl1'tAtKoi 'tOU, 't1lv t&oAoyt!dJ Aoyo't£XVt!dJ Ka'tCtcr'ta<J1l (J'ta XP6v\a exetve, 't11v KA11poVol1ta 7tOU 'tou<; a<P1l(Jav oi 7tP£(Jpu't£pO\, Kat opal1a'ti~£'tat tva JLEMOV o'ta JLE'tpa I1ta<; y£vta<; Y£lla't11<; uy£ia Kat £uProcr't11 npro'topouAia. To 001CilltO, napa 'tou<; 7t£PWPt(J~ou~ 'tOU Kat napa 'to yiYov6<; on OOV"ld'X.'ton'tpi~£t

27

HA4>ETHPIA

oro O"6voMS 'tou~ 'tt~ cptAoOO~iE~ aU't"'~ 't1l~ YEVt~, J.L7tOpei vu a7to'tEA£oei J.Lta E~U1t11PE'ttK'" acpE'tTJpia yta vu E~E'tacrouJ.LE J.LE 'tTJ crEtpa J.La~ rnv Ka'tacr'tacrTJ 'tTJ~ YEVta~, npw aK6J.LTJ OTJJ.LtoUpYTJeei TJ aicr6TJcrTJ 6'tt npoKEt'tat yta J.Lta OA.OKA.TJpCOj.l£VTJ 7tapOuma VECOV Kat yta J.Lta crucr7tEtpO}f.1EVTJ xmvoupin YEVta A.oYO'tEXVroV. E~aA.A,ou 'to OOKtJ.LtO EA.evOepo nveoua oiKata eECOp",eTJKE apy6'tEpa a7t6 J.LEPtKOU~ oov Eva J.LaVUpEoro'. ME 'tTJ crEtpa J.L~ J.L7tOPOUJ.LE v« 7tpocreEcroUJ.LE on KavEva aA.A.o KEtJ.LEVO 7tpoypaJ.LJ.La'ttcrJ.LOU ypaJ.Lj.l£vo j.l£cra orov ioto sxetvo xcapo, & OtEKOtKei 'tOY ioto 'ti'tA.o.

1 noMa Xp6VlII apy6'tEpa, 0 0EO'tOKW; £~PtcrKE on exeivo nou ~Excilpt~E Kat rOWE 1J.t!l otOO:n:aaTl lJ.EYaAoc:ruVll<; (J'tOV naA.a.lJ.<X 1'l'tw Tl «1tV01'l ». ~A. 0EO'tOK<X 1961, mA. 232: «0 K. Kapal3{~ cpa{VE'tat va ayvou OA6'tEA.a. 1:11v K"Ilpta tfu6tnta nou O{VEt orov naA.a.l!<X rnv ~EXCtlptcrt1'l tou 9£aTl (J'ta YPUIJ.!Ul't<X lJ.a<; Kat 1t0'\) UVat n 1tVoTt rou, autTt Tl lJ.EYaATl, Tl j3a9t<x 1tV01'l1tOU £PXE'tat IJ-Eoa aM 'tOll<; atcOVE<; rou EAATlvtOlJ.OU Kat OOll £XEt K<xn a7t6 1:11 WV!lIJ.Tl reov (J'tOtXUOOV 1:11<; qnJaTl<;». 2 1:'t0 1tpOOtO 'tEUXO<;, 25 OK'too~pioll 1928, IJ.E ll1toypa<p1'l «Ot VEOO'tEPOt 'tTl<; nv01'l<;» Kat IJ.E 'tOY 'ti'tAo "AooAoyia".1:uvoAtK<X I3y1'!KW 18 'tEUXTlIJ-EXpt 'to 1930. AtEll9uv'tE<; 1'l'tw ot: A. TEP~<XKTl<;, Kcbcrt~ Allpp{yO<;, APt(J'tEio,,<; Ma~pio,,<;.

3 nEp. Armv 'TWV Ilaptoiow, 'tEUX0<; 153,7 IOllAtOll 1928. H 1tATlP0<pOp{a ornv Etaaywy1'! too K.0. ATllJ.ap<X, (J'tOV 0EO'tOK<X 1929, mA. KE'.

4 K.0. ATllJ.apW;, orov 0EO'tOK<X 1929, a. All'.

5 0 TEP~<XKTl<; OtO't<X~Et vn 1tllpaOEX'td 6n 't6'tE ot V£Ot 9EOOPTlOW K<xn ow

IJ.Wt<p£o'to 'to EA.ev8epo 1!VeVJ.la: To BfJJ.Ja, 1.4.1973. Av't{9E'ta 0 K.0. ATllJ.apW;, 0EO'tOK<X<; 1929, a. Aa', ll1tEVeulJ.{~Et 6n 0 Louis Roussel ceo 1tEptOotK6 Libre, OK'tOO~pto<; NoEIJ.~pto<; 1930,1:0 9ECtlpoi>m Eva «manifeste».

H evpw7rai!a1 oxosui

4 fla vn 7tpoM~ouJ.LE Optcrj.l£vE~ a7tOpiE~,aue6PJ.LTJ'tE~ yta 'to crTJJ.LEptv6 avayvrocr'tTJ 'tOU EA.evOepo xveoua; avacpoptKa J.LE rnv a7t6cr'tacrTJ 7tOU 0 eEO'toKa~ ~a~Et aVaJ.LEcra otov Eau't6 'tOU Kat 'tTJV EA.A.TJVtK'" 7tpaYJ.La'ttK6'tTJ'ta, 7tPE7tEt vo EXOUJ.LE U7t6'I'TJ Ka7tOtE~ crUVeTtKE~ 7tOU acpopouv cmv 't6'tE ~to'ttK'" Ka'tacr'ta~ 'tOU. 0 eEO'tOK~ ~A£7tEt 'ta 7tpaYJ.La'ta a7t6 J.Lta Ou'tt~ crKoma. :EUJ.L7tA.TJPCOJ.La'ttKE~ Kat ~(O'tEPtKE~ cruveTtKE~ au't"'~ 'tTJ~ 7tPOO7t'tt~~ eivat 0 't67t0~ O"6A.A.TJ'l"1~ Kat cruyypacp"'~ 'tOU oonJ.Ltou, 'to TIapim, 'to KaAoKa{pt 'tOU 1929 (TJ XpovoAoyta OTJAroVE'tat a7t6 'tOY tOtO ero 'tEAo~). Au~ TJ cruJ.L7t'tcoJ.La'ttK", 7tapt~tavt- . KTJ crKoma &iXVEt <Ocr't6cro va etvm opyaVtKa &j.l£vTJ J.LE 'to 7tpOAoytK6, 7tPffi'to KEcpaA.ato, "TIEp{7ta'to~ ornv Eupffi7tTJ", 7tOU qEt yta acpoPJ.L'" Kat

28

HA<IlETHPIA

Tt OUIl~OA.1'l 7tpOO"<pEpOUj.I£ O''tt<; j.l£y6.A.£<; 7tpoO'7t6.9£t£<; 7tOU lCa'ta~6.MoV'tat 'tptyupo> 1l<X<;; Ti.7to'ta! (1929, 0'eA.. 10)

H £UPO>7tal.1C1'l O'lCom6. ron ~t~A.iou ~EvtO'£ j.l£ptlCOU<;. 7tpo7tav't6<; ue rnv u7t6vota on 0 OU'Y'Ypa<pE<X<; 'tOU £iX£ O>ptll6.O'£1 O''ta YP1'lyopa, lCa't6. 'tTl ~tallov1'l 'tOU oro Ilcptcn yta 'eA.£u9£p£<; O'7tou&<;', a7t6 'tOY Iovou- 6.ptO 1927 J.LEXPt 'to lCaA.OlCaipt 1929, ue oovrouc 't~i~ta oro Aov~ivo. IIoA.u op96. 61l0><; 0 K.9. ~Tlllap6.<; avaO'lC£u6.~£t au't1'l 'tTl A.a9£J.LEvTl £v'tU7tO>O'1l, u7t£v9Ulll~ov'ta<; 6'tt 0 9£0'tOlC6.<;, Y£VVTlIlEVO<; omv KovO''tav'ttvou7tOA.TI, E~aA.£ £lC£i 'to yaUtlC6 A.UlC£1O lCat a7topp6<pT1O'£ exet 'tTl yaUtlCl'J 7tatOOla. Ka't6. 'tTl ~tallov1'l rou orn raUla ~PE9TtlC£ E'tO't av'ttJ.LE'tO>7to<; ue Ilta lCa't6.cr't<XO'1l 7tOU yta vn rnv £lC'ttll1'lO'£t lCat va 'tTl OUQ'X£'tlO'£t ue rnv £A.A.TlVtlCl'J lCa't6.O''taO'1l, 0 i~1O<; £lX£ 'tt<; ewotxorepe; 7tpoO'A.aIl~6.vOUO'£<;' .

1 eEO't01C~, 1929, cr. m' -l9'.

I'r7revef~, 7rp6uqJtJye~ Kat KOUjiOYVPIUJ1.EVOI

5 H 7t£pi7t'tO>O'1l EM1'lVO>V OU'Y'Ypa<pECOY 7tOU av'ttj.l£'tO>7ti~ouv 'tTlv £MTIvtlCl'J 7tpaYlla'ttlC6'tTl'ta a7t6llta UlCom6. 7tOU 7tpo'i>7toeE't£t ~£<; £1l7t£tPi£<;, O''tTlptyJ.LEv£<; 0"tTl y6vtllTl ~tallov1'l 0'£ OO'ttlC6. 7tOA.t'ttO''ttlC6. lCMPa, Ex£1 &00£1 A.a~1'l yta £mqruA.~£t<; lCat £m900£t<;. H mo 7tp6X£tPTl £mlCptO'1l, a7t6 'tOY lCatp6 rou Poi~, civat on 0 'EMTlV<X<; 7tOU EX£1 7t6.£t ornv 'Eupcbml' £mmpE<p£1. us cpatvoj.l£vtlCl'J lCat ~O>'t£ptlCl'J uovo £'UpO>7ta.'i.lCl'J £Il<p6.VtO'1l, £vcO ornv ouotc J.LEV£t £lC£lVO 7tOU 1'l'tav. To ~1'l'tTllla OOV Ila<; a7taQ'XoA.ci £~ 7tap6.llov6.xa 60'0y~p6. q:t11y ~1'60'~~1l~_6Y_'t_!ll~ £v'tomo>v, 7t0,?_ ~1;_acr<p~M~ouy IllY- ou.a~t lCn Q'UvE'X£ta. J.!£ 7tapCt.lQv't£<i_ ~c; 7tPOEA.£uO'!)S ema xp6vta £lCciva u7t6.pX£1 Ilta Ot7tA.1'l Y£O>'Ypa<ptlCl'J' 7tPOEA.£uO'1l:.a7t6 Ava'toM L!£'t6. a7t6 'to n;poO(PlYYuc6 rlvnga. lCat a7tE MO'TI j.I£'t6. a7t6 U7tQulg lCat 't~~J.ll). Ka9cO<; £~ 1l<X<; £V~ta<pEpouv 1lQv6.xa 60'a 7tPOEpxov'tat a7t6 6.j.I£O'£<; A.oYO't£XVtlCE<; 1t1lYE<;, lCat 6xt a7t6 ~lloypa<ptlCE<; ma'ttmtlCE<;. 7t£p1Opi~ollat O"tTlV av6.yvO>O'1l Wo Ilap'tuptcOy 7tOU ~01l90uv aplC£'t6. vo lCa'taA.6.~OUj.l£ 'to atO'9Ttlla 'tCOY ~'Y1ly£vcOv'. .

o T£p~6.lCTI<; ).£y£t 6'tt «l:'ttYIlE<;-O''ttYIlE<; [EX£t] rnv £v'tU1tO>O'1l 6'tt [e{vat] 0 't£A.£U'taio<; 7tOU [EX£t] £m~1'lO'£t a7t6 'ta 9Ulla'ta £v6<; J.LE'Ya.A.oU

29

HA4IETHPIA

va'Uayto'U»', lCat EVVOEi 'tOY lC60"~0 0A6lCA.11PO «1t0'U ECPUYE ue 'to 1tA.olO ElCEtVO, 'to 1tA.oio rou Kap'UOYtalC11, 1t0'U lCa'ta1tov'tiO"'t11lCE». Ka'tt 'to lCa'ta6A.t1t'ttlC6 ~vEa1t6 rnv lCalCOOOt~ovta rou lC60"~0'U ElCElVO'U 0"'t11 <pU0TI rou TEp~alCTl, lCam a1t6't0 11~l<p~ 'tOW ~tlCpoaO"'ttlCcOv O"1tt'ttcOv lCat 'troY q>tA.oA.oyt.lCcOV O"omaA.tO"'ttlCcOv 'U1toYEl~v. eu~a'tat 0 TEp~alCTlC;;:

"

To al;tOOTl~iOYto Elvat on rnv lCPlOTl ElCEtV11 't11 ~f1O"a~ uovov 60"0t crxE'tt~6~amw u' tva opiousvo Em1tEOO. 'Htrrve m)V6E't0: <l»tA.oA.oytlC6 'U1t6YEtO lCat lCa1tOta ~tlCpa to"6yEta 't'U1toypa<pEla. Aoyo'tExvla lCat lCowrovtlCfI E1tavaO"'taOTl. nEptOC>tlCOUA.ta trov VEroV, C)lXroc;; ayopaO"'tEC;;, xm lCO~~O'UVtO"'ttKtC;; 1tPOlC11PU~EtC;;. Eyxcbpta 1tVE'U~a'tt1Cfl1tapaooOTl lCat a1tolCaA.'U1t'tt1Cfl EtO"~OA.f1 'tOW Pcbcrrov O"'UYypaq>Eow. npoYcEC;; EPOl'ttlCEc;; ElCmaO"Etc;; lCat ~UA.O O"'ta ~1to'UV'tpoU~ta 'tTlC;; aO"'t'UVo~lac;;. To 1917 f1'tWE X'tEmv6 ~6A.tC;;· ue 'ta ~O"a 'tTlC;; E1toXflC;;, oi a1t11xflO"EtC;; rou E<p'tWav ue lCa6t>mEp11OT1, lCa6cbc;; 11 ElC't6vOlOTl a1t6 ElCP11~11 1lEYaA.11C;; ~6~~ac;;. H Ava'toA.f1 EiXE 0"1tap6Et 1ttpa yta 1ttpa ue lCOp~ta ()tlCcOV ~ac;;, oi ~alCptEC;; 6EropiEC;; 'tTlC;; 1tpoO"cpuytac;; 1tEpvouO"av lCa6E ~pa apya, 1ttv6t~a ~ro a1t6 'ta 60M 't~a~ta 'troY lCa<pEVEtrov 61t()'U ~ayp'U1tVouO"a~ 0"' a'tEA.ElOYtE<; O"'U~11'tf1o"EtC;;, 1tacrxl~ov'tac;; va ~pou~ tvav 1tpoO"ava'toA.tO"~6 orov lC60"~0, Eva Ep~a 0"'t11 ~rofI2.

MEO"a a1t6 'ta 60M 't~~ta lCat 'ta 'U1t6yEta rou 'EU11va 'tTlC;; A6flvac;; xm 'tTlC;; nA.alCac;;, 0 TEP~alCTlC;; eioc ue lCMota ()uO"<pOpia 'tot>( VEO'UC;; 1t0'U <ptpvo'UV mO"ro a1t6 'ta 't~i&a 'tot><; 0"'t11 ~Ucr" 't~ lCatVOUpta ~11w~'ta:

MalCclptOt etrev a'U'tol 1tO'U f1p6w ElCEl ma 1930 v' av'ttlCpooo'UV, vo ()tam>po'Uv ~ rnv £'6lCOA.11 lCpt'tt1Cfl 'to'UC;;, 'tTl ()t1Cfl ~ac;; ap11't6- PE'U'tTl lCoO"~06EOlpla. 'Epxov't<XV mO"ro ue 'ta lCapa~ta eou ~OYtEPtlCOU, O"'ttA.~~Ot, a'tO"aA.alCOl'tOt, lCat El'tW llEYaA.oaO"'tol: ~v Etxav 1tO'tE 'to'UC;; av'ttlCpuo"Et lCavEva ~to'ttlC6 1tp6~A.11~a· Eixav <PtA.oOO~iEC;;, al;tcbO"EtC;;, XropiC;; vu EX0'UV e,,'teia. Mac;; lCa'tTly6p11O"w yta E1tapXtalCfI ~~'I'l~otpia lCat 1tEtm6ava'tTl lCa'tfl<pEta E1tEt()fl Et'tw avu1to1t'tot 1Ct E1tEt()fl 6A.<X 'to'UC;; E'ta~av ~ 6a 1tEpaO"o'Uv 'tTl ~rofI 'to'UC;; a~p6xotC;; 1tom. eu~~at rnv aywalC'tTlcrfl ~. 'Eq,ep'vo» uiov atO"to()o~ia ()ta'tE'taY~Ev11, ~tav t&oA.oyta av~os", EVW E6vt1CtO"~ YE~a'tov 'to'UptO"'ttlCfI ypa<ptlC6'tTl'ta. :E' E~ac;;, 1t0'U ~EV'UX'touO"a~, xp6vta 1tptV 0"'t0'UC;; ()p6~o'UC;; ue crnxo'UC;; eon Kup'UOl'talCTl ma XElA.11 ~ac;;, 11 E~¢vtOTl at>'tfl ElCavE £V'tU1tOlOTl ~M-

30

HAclIETHPIA

0'(1)'1"11.111. A')..,').lJ. t11V toroptc rn ypacpo\lv ot vt1CT\te~, lCat VtlC11te~ etvoa ot E7tt~cOVtE~. Hotoq EiXE 1tEPtO'0'6tEPE~ 7tteav6tTltE~ vo em~1'\O'Et: ot taA,at1tOlp11~VOt 1'\ ot <xve1t<xcpot;3

o TEP~a1CT\~ e~AE7tE ~ 7ttlCpia rn ~Macpt1J.111 U1tepo'llia troy veoeeptroY a1t6 rn llUO'11·1'\tav J.1ta E1tacpiJ 1tO\l tpa\lJ.1att~E to\l~ Y11YEvti~. 0 I.M. n<xvciytrot61to\l')..,o~, 1tO\l 01troO'&fJ1tOtE 1t£P<XO'E xt ElCEtVO~ a1t6 a\lt6 to 7ttlCp6 ooO'9rtJ.1<X, J.10t~ vu OiVEt Il')..,')..,o ~IlpO~ 0't0\l~ avepcil1to\l~ 1t0\l epXovtat a1t' ~ro - &v aaxo')..,Eftat 6J.1~ ue ElCtiVO\l~ 1t0\l epXOVtat a1t6 't'Il llUO'11, a')..,')..,cX ue to\l~ Il')..,')..,o~ a1t6 't'IlV Avato')..,1'\, to\l~ 1tp60'cpuy~:

H EAAaOa 111tptV a1t6 to 1923 J.1~ cpaivEtat O'tEV6XOlp11lCat O'E Opt~~, 1tO')..,\l0'1'\J.1avtE~, 1tEPt1ttcixJEt~ O'tEVOlC£cpa')..,11 lCat O'tEV6lC<Xp- 011: 1tVEUJ.1a lCatae')..,t1tttlCOU t07tt1Ct0'J.10U en otatpeXEt. 0 ~io~ 1tapO\lO'ta~Etat opyavro~vo~ ue J.1ta J.1i~EP11 J.1tlCpOVOtlCOlC\lpiO'tt1CT\ ')..,oyuc1'\, ue tTl cpo~p1'\ ')..,oyt1C1'\ rou Wo lCat 000 lCIlvO\lV teO'O'Epa. 'Y O'tEP' a1t6 to '23 1Ct. acpou ~E1tEP<XO't1'\lCavE ot 1tP~ 000x£P~ 1Ct £1tEO'av oi ~O'6tOtXOt 1Ct IlpXtO'E 9\lO'taO'ttlC6tEpa vo O'\lvte')..,Eftat 11 <X<pOJ.10{OOO'11 troY VEOcpEpJ.L£vrov ~ to\l~ 1t<XA.tOU~ lCatOtlCO\lc;, vtci>- 0'<XJ.1E 6')..,ot J.1<X<;, ~ lCa1tOtO~ a£p~ tiXE cpuO'1'\~Et, a£p~ 1tO\l ~E1CtVOOOE a1t6 J.1ta 1tA,aWtEP11 av'ti')..,11'1f11 't'Il~ ~ro1'\~.(1943, 0'. 23)4«

ttoooovcaououo; <nov auvva, 1963, 0. 193.

2 T11V ltEP\1COlt1't a:\lt1't xm t11v Elt6J.lEV11 t1~ a.vtA.cb a.lt6 Eltup\lA.A.ioa. rou TEp~alCT\ To Bl1jla, 18.1.1967. a.va.01'\J.lOO'1E\lIJlvrl.CJtT\ Nta Botta; SA'. 1967,0. 171-2), a.!plEPCOJ.L£V11 Ota. alta.vta. rou Ka.p\lcotalCT\. na. ta. alta.vta. t11~ IloA.\lOOUP11 tiXE ypa'lf£l J.lla. Em!p\lllioo J.lE OXE06v iOla. CJ11J.lEia.. tcbpa. ~a.va.t\lltcoJ.l£v11. "llpooa.Va.tOA.l0J.l6~ oeov a.lcbva. ... 1963 •. 0. 191-5. H J.la.pt\lpia. rou TEp~alCT\ a.ltotEl..£i ltOA.utlJ.l11 lt1'\yft. t1'\ XP11CJ1J.loltoi110a. Yla. va. Xa.Pa.Kt11pioco 't1'\V Elt0X1't to\lKa.l CJtT\ Stona della letteratura neogreca, Topivo 1971,0. 345.

3 Ot a.ltA.11Po<P6P11t01 yta. ta. IiloYPa.!plKa rou TEp~alCT\ J.lltOpti va. mat£'I'0\lv 6tl 0 CJ\lyypa.!p£a.~ a.\lt6~ tp£!pEl a.\lta ta. J.l11 E\lYEvlKa a.1091'tJ.la.ta. Yla. to\l~ «a.tOa.A.aKcotO\l~», EltE101't 0 i&o~ £XEl J.lla. 01a.!pOPEt11Cft K01VCOV11Cft ltpO£A.E\lCJT\· yt' a.\lt6 io~ ltp£ltEl va. ~£pO\lV 6t1 0 lta.t£p~ tQ\l1'tta.v O1'tIla.pXO~ ero Na.UltA.lO Ka.l UOtEPa. £ytVE 1i0\lA.E\lt1't~ J.lE tOY BEV1~£A.O (olt6ta.v Ka.l EYKa.ta.Ota!lrtKE 01KOYEVE1a.K~ CJtT\v A91'tva.).

4 Eivm 01a.&OOJ.L£V11 11 EVMCOCJT\ ltO\l OX11J.la.t{CJtT\KE a.lt6 IilliA.ia.-J.lIlPt\lpiE~ yta. t1'\v Ka.ta.atpolP1'! tou '22. 6t1 61..01 01 'EIl11VE~ £PXOVta.v ta.A.a.1ltOlp11J.L£vOl a.lT6 t1'\V Ava.toA.1't. Clatooo yta. ltOllou~ iOX\lE to OpOJ.loA.6yto TO\lpna.-ra.llia.EA.A.a&x, 6~. A.6YO\l XIlp11. yta. to\l~ l:Eip£P11. 9EirtoKa. Ka.ata.valCT\. ll. <l>A.cbp0. K. lloA.i't1'\. K6vtoyA.o\l, K.a.

4a. Et1'\v lta.pouoa. J.lEA.£t1'\ a.ltOOi&ta.l ltEPlOP10J.L£V11 CJ11J.la.aia. ata. CJ\lllliavto:

31

HM>ETHPIA

'tTIC; MtKpa<na:ttKl'lc; Ka'ta<Ytpo'Pl'lc; Kat <Yttc; em1t't<OOEtC; 'to'l>C; otn A.oyo'texvtKl'l 1tapayrorr'l. na l.lta e'l>peia emox6m}OTl j3A.. Thomas Doulis, Disaster as Fiction, Modem Greek Fiction and the Asia Minor Disaster of 1922, Berkeley-Los Angeles, 'University of California Press', 1977 (zou OxoA.ta~et tva 1tatotK6 uou ap6po O1lIl0<nEtJllEvO <Yta 1950 Kat 'to'l>C; c~ita1tA.llKnollouc; £v6C; 1tOA.U 6'l>1l~0'l> PEvO'l> A1too'tOA.iOrI!). Oi 1tpOOUl'YP~ 1lE6600'l> <YttC; 01t0{£C; av'ta1toKpive'tat ll1tapOUoallEA.E'tTI1tpooj3A.E1tO'I>V oe £va1tpoj3A.llllano!l6 OtlllpOpenK6. n' a'l>'t6, a1t6llta aUll1tA.e'l>pa, O£V ll1topei v« y1vet &K~ Ilta OtaKptOTl ae 'MtKpama'tec;' Kat oe 'EA.A.aOtKOUc;' 1tE~oypa!pO'I>c;, CJ't11v 01tOla o'tTIpi~e'tat 0 K. Mll'toaKTlc;, NEOeA.A1]VlICl1 rre'orparp{a, H rEVla tov '30, 'EUllvtKl'l TIatOeia' ,"'T'97'7,61troc; ~aA.A.o'l> O£V j3piaKet Kallta OtaKatOA.oyia yta vu a1t01l0vooElouv OTlIlaY'ttKoi M>yO'tExveC; 1t0'l> £Opaaav een geooaA.oviKTl, <YtO YK£'tO Iltac; 'axoA.1'\c;', 61tcoc; KeXvet 0 Allll. Tp. ToaKoovac;, H LxoA.11 8EO'O'aA.OV{Ir1]; (llE'orparp{a-Ilo{1]O'TJ-.10K:(J,lIO), 'Liquid Letter', 1990.

o OOrj.l.anuj.l.O; TOV t1>rffrOV fIoMTI7

6 0 eEO·tolCa~ EIl<pavi~E'tat J,l£O'a a1t6 'to E).ev(Jepo xveoua O"'C' w..ftSEta «a'tO'w.alCroto~», lCat lJ.E'ta<paptlCa lCat 1tpaYlla'ttlCa, 60'0v a<papa 0''t11 OtaSEO'ft rou, e» lCp{VOUIJ.E a1t6 rnv au'to1tE1toi9rJcrTJ 1tOU otalCpivEt 6A.o 'to BorilltO. H 'tOA.Il11 1tOU 0 K.e. ~l1llap~ ~EXropi~Et oro BorilltO au'to', O<pEiAE'tat O'E Ilta aoio'talC'tTI EllmO''to0''6vl1 oro J,l£A.A.ov: Eva~ VEO~ IJ.E a'tO'w..alCrot11 'l'Uxft mO"'CEUEt o'tt OA.ot Ila~i ot VEOt Sa Il1tOPEO'OUV vo lCa'tapyftO'ouv 'tt~ 1tEpaO'IlEVE~ apVl1'ttlCE~ ouvallEt~ lCat Sa avavEcOOouv 'tOY lC60'1l0.

o eEO'tolCa~ EOEtXVE 01tcooOft1t0't£ lCa1tOta 'tOA.Il11 av'ttopcbv't~ O''tTIV aO''tuvolJ.EUcrTJ 1tOU aO'lCOUOE 'ta xpovta ElCEiva O'E OAE~ 'tt~ 1tOA.t'ttO'lltlC~ ElCOl1A.cOOEt~ 0 CPcb'to~ TIoA.i'tl1~. A<pou rou avayvropiO'Et, IlE t1t1tO'ttlCft a~po<ppo0"6vl1, cc O''toxao'tt lC6'tT1 rn», « 1tVEUllatl Kit ava1t'tu~l1» Kat 'to 6Xl 1l1Kp6 npooov 6'tl cClCa'topScooE ve lCpa'tftO'El u'l"1A.a 'tTl crTJllaia 'tTI~ 'tExvl1~» (1929, o, 14), 1tEpva O"t11v E1tiSEcrTJ. 'OAn 'ta lCaKa 1tPOEPXOV'tat a1t6 'to 00y1la'tt0'1l6 xou E<P<XPllo~Et 0 CPcb'to~ TIoA.i'tTI~, O'tTJP1YIlEVO~ O'E 'tPEt~ ~amlCE~ 1tap~l1rftOE\~.

TIpcb't111tap~ftY11crTJ: 0 CPo TIoA.i'tl1~ avayvropi~E\ aoiO''talC'ta 'to VEOEA.A.l1VtKO xapalC'tftpa O''ta OrJllo'ttKa lCE1IlTtA.la, IlE aA.A.a AOyta oro OrJIlO'ttlCO 'tpayOU01, O"'CO lliA.coIlO Kat orov TIa1taOtallclvrn. 0 CPo TIoA.i'tTI~ c<OU'tE Ilta O"ttYllft &v t>1t01t'tEUE'tat 1t~ etvoi Ouva't6 vo u1tap~ouv ola<popE'ttKE~ 1tpOO1t'ttKE~, 1tA.a'tu'tEpot opi~OV'tE~, ~aSu'tEpE~ evoeevtO'El~ 'trov ~ll'tTIlla'tcov» a1to ama 'ta 'tpia KE<pcXMxla 'tT)~ EUllVl1C1'J~ A.oyo'tExvi~. 0 eEO'toKa~, av'tiSE'ta, a1tO O"6O"tTJlla &v .9EA.El vc a1tOKAEiO'El

32

HA4>ETHPIA

'tTl &Uv(l't6'tT1't(l O1.lVU7t(lP~l1~ 'tOlV ~lroV 7tOU U7tOO''tTIP\~£l 0 <1>. I10A.\'tTI~, ll(l~i ue aUe~ ~{£~ ~iO'ou £A.A.l1V1KE~. H £A.A.l1Vl1dj 7tP(lYll(l't1K6't11't(l £\V(ll yt' (lu't6v 7tOAU mo aUv9£'tTI. MEO'(l 0" (lu't1'i Xropei w£'t(l, A.6you Xapl1, Kat 0 I1(lA.(lIl~, 7tOU 0 <1>. I10A.i'tTI~ ~(l9ta xepuppovei.

o E>eO'tOK~ (lyyi~£l £&b Ev(l ~Tt'tTIIl(l K£<p<WxtcO&~, 7tOU (l<pOpa 0'£ Ev(l (l7t6 't(l em 't£UYll(l't(l 'tTI~ y£Vl~ 'tOU, K(lt 7tOU O1.lV\O"t(l't(ll 0''t0 O'Ull~1~OOIl6 ~W)v 7tOU 7tPCO'tU't£P(l aA.A.l1Ao(l7tOKA.eiov'tw. To 1929 &'jA.c.ov£:

Av ue pCO'touO'£ EV(l~ ~EVO~ 7t01O~ (l7t6 'tou~ O1.l'Y'Yp(lq>£i~ ll(l~ nvn- 7tpoO'Ol7t£U£t lCaAU't£P(l 'to V£0£A.A.l1V1K6 X(lP(lK'tTtP(l, 9(l (l7t(lv'touen [ ... ] 11£ EV(l aUll7tA.eYll(l (l7t6 (lV't19ro£1~: Kop(lTt~ -l:0A.0l1l6~ - '¥uxapl1~ -I1(lAalla~ -~P(lyoUlll1~ ... 'IO'~ 7tp6ae£'t(l 0" (lu't6v 'tOY K(l'taAoYO K(lt 'to ovouo rou K(l~a<pT\. (1929, 0'.18)

To 1961 0 E>eO'tOK~ £7tllVEpx£'tat O''t(l7tClp(l7taVOl aA.A.11A.0(l7toKA.et6- uzvo, aUllq>OlV(l !l£ 't(lKP1't1'iPl(l 'tOlV 7t(lA.16't£prov, ovouorc, yt(l vn uce; 7tA.l1poCPOPTtO'£l, ue 01KatOA.0Yl111EVl1 uccvonotnon, 6't1 11 y£vla rou K(l'tacpep£ ve. 't(l aurx OlVE'I'£l 0''tTI O'Uveio"O'ft 'tTI~:

Ml(l (l7t6 'tl~ 7tpOO'CPOPE~ 't11~ Y£Vt~ (lu't1'i~ £ivat 6't1 K(l't6p90l0'£, Tto" a7t6 't(l v£avtKa 'tTI~ XP6V1(l, va KaAA.t£pyftO'£lK(lt vo Ot(l7tAa'tUV£t 't11 O'Uveio"O'1l 'tOlV YP(llllla'tOlv ll~ cOO"t£ va XOlpEO'£t !!E0'(l 'tTI~, (l~i(lO''t(l, (lPllOVtKa, 'to l:oAroll6 Kat 'tOY KaA.~o, 'tOY I1(lAalla Kat 'tOY K(l~aCl>1l, 'tOY l:lK£A.tw6 K(ll 'tTl veorepn 7t0{110'11 ro» l:£cptPllKat tou EAU'tTI. Kat, (lK611(l, 'tOY M(lKpUytawll K(lt 'tOY I1(l7t(lOt(lllw'tTI. M£ 'tE'tOlOV 'tp67tO eiOa!l£ rn AoyO't£XV11dj ll~ 7t(lpaoo.. 0'1l' 6Xl O'(lV llt(l O''t£VTt 7tpoO'O}7tOA.(l'tptKTt O'XOA.Tt, (l7tOKA.etO''tlKTt Kat (lOtaA.A.aK'tTI, aUa O'W 111(l £Aeu9£pl1 aUv9£0'1l, 7tAoum6't(l'tTI 0'£ (l7tOXpcOa£t~, !l£yaA.ll Kat 7tOt1C1MllOPCPll O'(lV 'tOY £A.A.l1V10'1l6. (1961,0'.231-2)

H aUv9£0'1l 7tOU EX£t 7tP(lYll(l't07t01119£i K(l'ta O''taOt(l O"tTIv £A.A.llV11dj 7t(lpaOoO'1l £iV(ll EV(l £7tl't£uYll(l7tOU 0 to''toptK6~ 'tTI~ y£Vta~ rou e£o'tQlea, 0 K.e. ~l111(lP~, &v 7tClpaA.el'1'£ (l7t6 'to vo U7tOYP(llllliO'£t 'tTIv Iurapia rTJt; veo£'ul1vlK"11t; .Iloro'feXvia~. 0 x.e, ~l111(lP~ Ot(lmO"tolv£t, 1..6- you xapll, 111(l «aUv9£O'1l» O''tTIV 7tpoO'Olmle6'tll't(l rou K. I1(lAalla, 'tTl O"ttYllTt 7tOU aA.A.llA.oaurlepou6!l£v£~ 'taO'~, CPW(lPtO}'t1O'Il6~ 011110't11C1- 0'1l6~ Ecp'tavllO'(l, A9ftv(l, aurXOlV£OOV'tat aplloV1Ka 0'£ Ev(l le(ll 116vo (l1tO'tEAeO'Il(l. Tnv iot(l (lu't1'i aUv9£0'1l 7tOU 0 ~l111(lP~ 01(lmO''tolv£t 0"t0

33

H Acl>ETHPIA

K£q>o.AlllO 26, «0 TIIlAlllJ.o.~. H veil O'uv6£O'Tl», Ilvllq>£p61J.£vo~ O'tll mxA.t6tepll Xp6Vtll, 0 9£OtOKo.~ tTl ~U1t£t tcOpll VIl £1tIlVcxMxlJ.~c'£v£tllt O'tll ()lKo. rou Xp6Vlll, Xo.PTl O'tTl O"Uv6£ttK1i ~lJ.lO'\)pyill Kilt O'tTlV ltV£'UIJ.lltlK1i ()l£UPUVO'Tl tTl~ i()l~ tTl~ ()lK1i~ roo Y£Vlo.~.

1 «&iXVet Kat !pp6vrll.l.a EAEU9Epo, Kat aOlaq>apia ~o~ tTlv e9tIJ.O!PPOmlVll, Kat aK~T\, ea {)..eya, Ka1tOta 1tPOKA.T\ttK6tTlta A,eJ3EvttK1P> ... (9EotOK~ 1929, cr. t~').

7 H OOUt£PTl 1tIlP~1'tYTlO'Tl rou «1». TIoAitTl «itvllt Tl. 1tp0O'K6UTlo'l't tou O'tO 1tllp£A66v 1(\ Tl o.YVOlo. to'\)~ tou 1tllp6vto~», 1tO'\) 1tPO£PX£tllt 1l1t6 to Yf:'(ov6~ 6tt Ko.6£ £KOT\A.coo1) 1to'\) sev O'tTlpi~£tllt 0'£ ~lJ.ottK6 tpllYOU()l -l:oA.coJ.t6 -TIIl1tIl()tlllJ.clvtTl etvoa 'lffiUttKTl Kilt «A.e~IlV'rlVlKTl I), ~AIl()1't q>pIlYKoq>epV£l, O'tTlV £1J.q>o.VlO'Tl. 0 «1». TIoAitTl~ £1ttIJ.eV£l O'tTlV «clpVTlO'Tl » rou 1tllp6Vto~. !lEN avttA.alJ.~o.V£tlll 6tt

Ilutft Tl IlKlltllO'tllma 1tO'\) ~A.£U£l O'tTlV ltV£'\)llllttK1i Kilt O'tTlV icOlVO>V1.K1i ~cm; ~ [ ... ] £iVllllJ.tll K P i 0' n t Tl ~ Il V 0. 1t t u ~ Tl ~. AtO'etxv61J.1lO't£ 1tm<; Ko.tt ePX£tllt, 1(\ avn VIl 1tpOO'1tIl60UIJ.E VIl to 1tvi~o'\)lJ.£ £1t£l()1't IlVlltpe1t£l 1tIlAle~ 0''\)v1't6£l£~ Kill tllpo.~£l tTl IJ.IlKIlPl6tTlto. 1J.1l~, 61l 1tpoO'1t1l61't0'0'\)1J.£ VIl to KlltIlAo.~O'\)IJ.£. (1929,0'.25)

o eeOtOK~ 1tapIl6£t£t t£KlJ.1'tptll 1l1t6 tTlv ap6POYPIlq>i1l tou «1». TIoAi tTl 61t0'\) ()lllmO'tolvo'\)lJ.E mv 1l6ep0.1t£'UtTl Il()~ill eou 1l7tEvIlVtt O'e'Ko.6£ £K()ftA.coo1) 1tO'\) 0 i()l0~ ~piO'K£1 6tt etvm &'llq>Op£tlK1i 1l1t6 to IltO'6TlttK6 tOOVlK6 rou.

M£ tTl O'£tPo. IJ.~ IJ.1tOpoulJ.E VIl avOOpOIJ.1'tO'o'\)lJ.E 0'£ IJ.lll 1taAt6t£PTl KpiO'Tl roc «1». TIOA{tTl, 1t0'\) Ilvllq>ep£tllt O'tO 1922 Kilt 1t0'\) IJ.llpt'\)pei l)plllJ.llttKo. env IlVlKav6tTlto. rou VIl Klltav01'tO'£l tTlv 1tPIlYlJ.llttK6tTltll -avtKav6tTl't1l 1tO'\) q>Iltv6'tav IlK6IJ.Tl O~Ut£PTl Kat o.KIlIJ.1ttTl O'tll xp6- vic rou geOtOKo., oeov yupco O'tOV «1». TIoAitTl elJ.q>avi~OVtav mil K1l61lpo. til O'TlIJ.O,()tll IJ.l~ IlvaveCOO'Tl~. To 19220 «1». TIOA{tTl~ e()lVe IJ.lll ~oq>£P1't 1t£PlYPa.q>1't tTl~ £UTlVlK1i~ KOtvcovi~ KlltaA1'tYOV't~ 0't0 Klltll()lKIlO'ttK6 O"UIJ.1t£pOOIJ.Il:

34

HA<l>ETHPlA

lCit, 1tOUaEVU tume; 1tpOe; tOV 1tA11mov. KallUl. 1l0Pq>1'\ &v 1tpol3uAAet a1t6 t11V KOWitV ~wf)v 6AroV Ilae;. At AE~Ete; Ilac; stvm EUKOAat, xuooiat, c.oxpai, acr'taaeie;. Tt «aa tOoUV ta Ilutta» tOU 1tOt11tou, Kat 1toiat «Ilopq>ai a' avttXtu1t1'\aow Ete; tOV VOW t11e; Ttxv11e;», OXnE vo. tae; a1tOKpUataA.A.cixrr\ Kat vo tae; «xapiO"1l to)V avapo>mov»: H EU11VtKit q>ume; etvm cr1'\jlEpov VEKPU Kat tp111l0e;, Kat E1tuvro 't1le; 1tEPVU 11 KaUtEPTr uxva tOU IXKPUtOU atOlltKtallou. AAAu AouAouSt t11e; 1totTraeroc; &v aVai~Et eu; 1tUprojltvac; allllO>&te; EKtUaEte;. (E1().oY'1 anD ro epro rov, A', aEA.184-5)

o CI>. TIoAi't1le; eiXE &i~Et its" nooo avtcrxupa Trt<X.V ta Kpt't1'\ptU tOU a1t£vIXv'tt ornv 1tot11O"1l rou KIXtPOU rou, TIEptopt~6tIXv oro VIX KatIX'Y'YeiAet 'tte; AE~Ete; trov 1tOt11tcOV E1tEtSit Trt<X.V «EUKOAat, xuooiat, c.oxpai, aata8eie;», SiXroc; va U1t01ttfu9ei on ta AeK'ttlCU autu yvropiallIXta &v 1tEpijlfVav KU1tOtOV 1tOU aa ta IX1t£ppt1t'tE, aUU lC<l1tOtOV 1tOU aa ta EVvooooe lCat aa ta epllitvEue. l:TrjlEpa & SualCoAeu61lootE vo IXvayvroptoooue aKptl3roc; a'tte; AE~Ete; aU'tte;, 61troc; 'tte; opice 0 CI>. TIoAl't1le;, Ilta

. tuO"1l IXV<X.VtOOO"lle; nou ~ElCiv11af ue tOV Cl>tAupa lCat O"Uv£xia't1lKE ue tOV Kapuro'tux:".

TIpt1tEt VIX u1to'Ypalllltatei Kutt auo aK61l11 crxf'ttKU ue IXut6 1tOU 0 E>fOtOK<lc; xapaK't1lpi~£t roc; «Upv11O"1l» crt11 atuO"1l rou CI>. TIoAit1l· 1tpt- 1tEt, ytati 11 'UpV11O"1l' Trt<X.V Ilta crtaa£PTr Stua£O"1lKat tvIX xowo YVcOptalla trov 'eKAeKtolV' jlEt~u 1920 Kat '30 . .Av 0 CI>. TIoAit11e; IXpVt6tav crx;£S6v OIlMtKU tte; eKs"A.rocretc; orov 1tOAt'ttO"jltK6 XcOpo 1tOU tOY ev5ttq>epe, IX1t6 t1l StlC1'\ tOU 1tAeUpU, 0 1tOt11tTre; 1tOU KIXt' ~oxitv IXv'tt1tpoaro- 1tEuet rn &Kaetia au't1'\, 0 Kapuro'tux:"e;, IXpvt6tav O"UO"t1lllattKU 6Aee; 'tte; elCS11Arocr£te; ~wf)e; 1tOU &v crulll3tl3u~ovtav ue to 6palla 1tOU £iX£ Kpulljltvo jlEe; oec lluaA6 ton. Av'ttSpolvtac; omv 'UpV1lO"1l' t1le; &lCa£tine;, 11 'Y£Vtu tou Tptuvta aa avaAul3£t, avujlEaa oe uUa, Kat to l(a9itKov vc jlEtatpt'l'£t t11v 'Upv11O"1l' oe 'lCatu<p<roTl', Atyovtae; ellq><X.'ttlCU 'Vat'at11 ~wf). 'Etot, tvac; £K1tp6aOO1toe; t1le; Y£Vt<lc; rou Tptuvta orov tojlta t1le; KpmlC1'\e; jlEAEt1le;, 0 Aivoe; TIoAit11e;, ea a£oopitO"£t 1tOAU ll£'YaAo XUptalla ornv 1toillO"1l ron l:e<ptPT) tT)V «lCatuq><X.O"1l »;

l:tO ttplla t11e; 1toiT)cr1'\e; tOU U1tUpx£t 1tuvta IltIX l(atuq>IXO"1l 6Xt Katuq><X.O"1l emq>av£t!XlC1'\ it £mMAatT), 6):;t 0 £Ul(OAoe; 0"U1l13tl3<X.O"jl6e; tOU «Vat», aUa IltIX Katu<p<roTl Katal(t1ljl£vT) jlta' a1t6 rnv mo mlCPTr uPV1lO"1l. tBvapreia xca T<ara<pa<JTf atnv nof1]<JTf rov Ie({Jtoo P1], E>£aaIXAovix:,,1970, a. 9)

35

HAcJ>ETHPIA

8 0 <l>oYtO~ IIOAi'tTI~ &v etvm 0 uovoc ouxvooufl£VO~ 1tO'U KAk:ivE'tat CITTlv aOt~ia 'tTI~ apV11O'll~ Kat rou MYfla'tO~ 't0lV a1t6A'U'tCOV ~trov. ~i1tAa rou 0 ero'tOK~ ~A£1tEt vc: 1tapacr't£KEt 0 ItavvTl~ A1toO'tOAaKTl~, Kae,,'YTl't1'l~ 'tTI~ vE6'tEPTl~ EUTlvtKli~ <PtAoAoyi~ O'tO vEOoUO'ta'tO IkrvEltt<m'lfltO 8E(J(JaAoviKTl~, (J1tO'UOO(Jfl£vO~ xt a'U't6~ ouv 'tOY IIOAi'tTI (J'tTl rEPflavia Kat (J'I)vE7tapfl£v~a1t6 'ta iota 'U'IfI1Aa v01'1fla'ta 'tTI~ 't£XV11~· To '23 0 A1to(J'tOAaKTl~ EiXE o"flO(Jt£'I'Et 'tTl flEA£'tTI H lroi7]C1TJ em] (0)>1 J1a;, 61to'U 0 Aa'tPTl~ rou o"flO'ttKOU 'tpayo'UotOu «flE'ta~aAAk:t (JE Myuc», Ka'ta 'tOY eEO'toKa (1929, (J. 20), 'tOY l:oAcofl6. «Kat 'tt MYfla!» 1tpo(J9£'tEt 0 eEO'tOK~' «<ptAo(JO<ptK6, Tl9\K6, at(Je,,'ttK6, E9vtK6 - oxoKATlPTl KO(Jflo9Eropia». ME 'to va a1tOOOKtfla~Et 'tTIv t&aAt(J'ttKli 0't1lO'll rou A1toO'tOAaKTl, & onucdvei on 0 8EO'tOK~ 1t1lEt vo (J'I)fl<pOlvit(JEt ue 'tOY av'ti1taM rou, 'tOY K. BapvaATl, 7tO'U av'ttOpa ~iata otov A1to(J'toMKTl ue 'to ~t~Aio 'to'U 0 .EoA.mj16; Xwpi; j1£'raqJ1xlIxf/, 1925 - flEA£'tTI xou 1tOAU apy6'tEpa <patV6'tav «'U1tEP~OAtK1'I Kat aOtKTl» orov ioto 'to (J'I))"Ypa<p£a 'tTI~ ("IIpOAoytK6 O'llflEiCOfla" CITTlv £KOOO'll 1957).

H E1ti9E(JTl rou BapvaATl dXE £p9Et 't6'tE a'U96PflTl'tTl, ccv flta <p'U(JtOAoytK1'I avaYKTl vo ~ava<p£PEt oru; av9promvE~ Kat Y1'ItVE~ Ota(J'ta(JEt~ 'to flEyaAo 1tOtTl't1'l, 1tO'U 0 A1tO(J'tOAaKTl~ EiXE (J'UAAa~Et oev 7rVE'Ufla'ttK1'I a<paipEO'll, a1tOKAk:t(J'ttKa ocv flta «toroptc 'lfUx1'I~» (H lroi7]C1TJ em] (0)>1 J1a;, W £KOOO'll X·X·,(J. 81) Kat 'tl1to'ta aAAo. 0 BapVaATl~, oiX~ vc EK'ttfla Aty6'tEPO 'to l:oArofl6, rou OiVEt flta 'U1t6(J'taO'll mo Gv9prolttvTl, 'tOY 9ECOpd <pop£a flta~ tOEoAoyia~, aAAa Kat fla~i av9pOl1to Ka'ta'tpEYfl£vo a1t6 'tt~ E1tiYEtE~ <PPOV'tl&~, 1tO'U ~Et fl£(Ja (JE flta (J'I))'KEKptfl£vTl xowtovto, (JE flta (J'I))'KEKptfl£V11 t(J'toptKli O'ttYfl1'l. H avaKa'ta'ta~Tl 1tO'U ElttXEiPTl(JE 0 BapVaATl~ EiXE E'Upu'tEpa a1tO'tEA£(Jfla't<X, Ota'tap~E YEVtKa rnv a1toAt9cofl£VTl £vvOta 'tTl~ 1toiTlO'll~ Kat £&ooE £fl1tpaK'ta Kat ~iata eva &iYfla avaA'UO'll~ 1tO'U E¢pflO~E a1tEpi<ppacr'ta lCat 1tEt9t'lvta 'tt~ flap~t(J'ttK£~ 9EropiE~ yta rnv 't£XVTl, crnv mo £v'tovit 'to'U~ Ota'tu1tOl<JTl. 'Hrov 0 'UAt(Jfl6~ 1to'U £OtvE rn flEYaATl flaXTl

'to'U flE tOY t&aAt(Jfl6. .

o eEO'tOKa~ yt' a'U't6v aKpt~~ 'tOY 'tEAk:U'taio A6yo a1tOOOKtfla~Et Kat 'to BapvaATl, 9Eroprov'ta~ 'tOY OOYfla'ttK6, Ka'ta 'to iotO fl£'tPO 1tO'U 1'I'tav Kat 0 A1tO(J'tOAaKTl~. Ita 'tOY ioto A6yo a1tOooKtfla~Et Kat 'tOY &AflOU~O, nou 'ta XP6vta exetvo ~pi(Jl(E'tat (JE P1'l~Tl ue rov nTlv6.

A~i~Et 0 K61tO~ vo 1tPO(J£l;,O'UflE 'tTl (J'taO'll rou eEO'tOKa, E1tEt01'l 0 V£O~ a'U't6~ (J'I)'Y'Ypa<p£~ av'tt1tpO(Jffi1tE'UE 'trlv 1tEpi1t'tOl<JTl rou KaAo1tpO-

36

H M>ETHPIA

cdperou q>tA£A£U9EPO'\), rou 't'\)1ttKOU &rlA.a&ft av9pomo'\) nou 'ta xp6vta EKEiva aovd'tat a1t6 J,1ta taEOA.oytK11 xpton, Kat 1tO'\) a1tO'tEA£i rnv KaA.U'tEPTl EKaOX11 a'\)yypaq>£a 'tTl~ YEVU't~ rou Tpu'tv'ta J,1E aa'ttK£~, IkVt~EA.tK~ 1tE1tot911aEt~.

H OOYJ,1a'ttK11 aV'ttJ.1E'tc.OmOTl rcov KaAAt'tEXVtKc.OV ~Tl'tTlJ,1a'tOlV, ooo Kat Tl '\)1to'taYli rcov KaMt'tEXVtKc.OV EK&rlA.cbaEOlV, a1t6 'tTl J,1ta 1tA£'\)pa (a1tO'tTl aKoma 'tOlV E9vtKta'tc.OV), a'ta «E9vtKa oq>£A.ll» (1929, a. 27), 11 a1t6 'tTlv aA-A.Tl 1tA£'\)pa (cero 'tTl aK01tta 'tOlV J,1ap~ta'tcbv), orov «1tVE'\)J,1a'ttK6 J,1tA.t'taptaJ,16», EVOXA.oUV q>O~Epa 'to 8Eo'toKa yta rnv a1tA.oua'tE'\)OTl1tO'\) E1tt~MA.oUV a'ta 1tpo~A.11J,1a'ta 'tTl~ 't£xvTl~. «Map~ta't£~ Kat E9vtKta't£~ uncpcdvouv 'ta ~Tl'tl1J,1a'ta», E~TlYE{ Guv01t'ttKa (1929, a. 28). Tou; ataq>Euyouv 't(l 1tEpt9c.Opta 'tTl~ EA.E'\)9Epia~, EVc.O J,1£aa a'a,\)'ta aKpt~~ 'ta 1tEpt9cbpta KtvEi'tat Tl 't£XvTl.

ATlaJ,1ovouv 'to ~atJ,16Vto, 11 J,1MA.ov 'to ayvoouv oM'tEA-a, ytan 'to ~atJ,16vto ~Et oe J,1ta aq>aipa cvoreepn a1t6 'tTl atK11 'to'\)~, otnv onoto aev J,11tOpOUV va '\)'!froeouv OU'tE 'ta E<P11J.1Epa 1ta9Tl 'to'\)~, OU'tE 'to 1tpaX'ttK61tVEUJ.1<l'tO'\)~, OU'tE Tl J,1tKP11 A,oyt1Cl1 'to'\)~. (1929, a. 32)

o opo; «00tJ,16Vto», 1tO'\) apEaE 'to'\) 9Eo'toKa ce ~a9J,16 1to'\) 'tOY XPTlmJ,101to{TlaE Kat ocv n'tA.o J,1'\)9ta'toP11J,1a'toc;, J,10ta~Et J,1MA.ov va £PXE'tat a1t6 'ta yaA.A.tKa, 01to'\) 'to 'demon' K'\)KA.oq>OpouaE E'\)pu'ta'ta a'ta ~t~A.ia Kat a'to'\)~ n'tA.o'\)~ 'tOlV ypaq>'tc.Ov, 11 £a't0l vn etvrn Tl J.1E't<'tq>p<lCJTl roo YaMtKOU genie, 1tapa vo 1tTlya~Et Ka'tE'\)9clav a1t6 'ta apxaia £A,. ATlVtKa. 0 opo; &rlAcbvEt 'tt~ aa'ta9J,1Tl'tE~ auvaJ.1Et~ nou 'to Ka9E a'toJ,1o ata6£'tEt. ~atJ,16Vto dvat Tl auva'to'tTl'ta 1tEpt1tMvTlOTl~ (a. 30), 1tEpt1t£'tEt~, 0 i\aOl'to~ Yt6~ (a.,35)·&rlAa~ 'to vc J,1Tlv 1tpO~Oq>AUKavd~ 'tt~ aJ..J..a:y£~ 1topd~ Kat ve. J,1Tlv 1tEptOp{~Et rnv EA.Eu9Ep{a rou av9pomo'\) a1tOKA£iov'ta~ 'tt~ a1tEtp~ Km ama9J,1Tl't~ auva't6'tTl'tE~ 1to'\) E1ttq>UAaaOEt 'to J,1£Mov 0'tT1 ~ro11 rou Ka9EV6~. A1to a'\)'tl1 'tTlv MO'l'Tl 'to 'OOtJ,1Ovic' clvat oJ,16;\OYo J.1E 'tOY YaMtK6 6po 'disponibilite', nou a1tO'tEAU eva KAeta{ ym vo EVVo11ao'\)J.1E 1tOAAa a1t6 rn YEVta roo Tptw'ta.

H 1tEpt1t£'tEta, n 'ata9EatJ,16'tTl'ta' rou ataVOOUJ,1EVO'\) J,11tpO~ a'tt~ <'t1tEtp~ Km a1tp6~A£1t't~ auva't6'tTl'tE~ 1t0'\) rou Emq>UAaaaEt Tl ~ro11' Tl QVE~ap'tTlma a1t6 rn aUJ,1q>OlVT1 J.1E 01tOta~1t0'tE 1tOAl'tt1Cl1 <J1Co1ttJ,16'tTl'ta OXTlJ,1a'to1to{TlOTl 'tTl~ ~ro11~' 'to va J,1£vEt~ aaeaJ.1E'\)'to~ a1t6 'to'\)~ 1tOAt'ttKOU~ ooYJ,1a't\aJ,1ou~' a'tTl aK£'I'Tl rou 9Eo'toKa a'\)'ta 1tEpi1to'\) etvoa Tl EA,e'\)9Ep{a. ME a'\)'tl1 rnv E~l1YTlOTl Ka'ta VO'\), J,11tOpOUJ.1E va ovnxptoooJ.1E't0 Em9E't0 «EA£U9EPO» orov n'tA.o to'o ooKiJ,1tOu eou,

37

HMIETHPIA

'000 yta 'to oumao'tl1c6 «1tVEUlla» otov 'ti'tA.o EA£vfJepo trVeVjia, 1tPE1tE1 va <J1CE<p'tOUf.lE on yta 'tOY 0Eo'tOlCal1 ~11 etvor lCan 'to avti9E'to a1t6 rnv UA.l1 (mv UA.l1 1tOU 'tOY 1tai&uE 't600 f.l£oa a1t6 'to llap~lcrttlC6 UA.10Il6, lCat 1tOU 1tapaf.l£Pl~E 'to '1tVEUlla'). ea 1tPE1tEl 61lCO<; vu 1t10'tE\jfouf.lE llaAA.oV on 0 eEO'tOlCae; &v lCa'tEA.l1~E orov ti'tA.o uo'tEpa a1t6 101ai'tEPl1 f.lEAE'tTJ roo mi9E'tou xoi tou ooctoonxoo, WJ..fx 'tOY PP1'llCE E'tOlIl0 lCat 'tOY 1t1'!PE OavEllC6. 'Eva a1t6 'ta Ei&oAa. rou, 0 Elpl1vlcrt1'!e; Romain Rolland, typa\jfE 'to L'sesprit libre, xou 1tEplM<p'tTJlCE orov 't61l0 Au dessus de la melee, ue lCEif.lEVa YP!XJ.Lf.l£va f.l£oa oro Meya.A.o IT6A.e1l0.

H T/fJoypaqJ{a

9 "H 1190ypaq>ia" E1t1ypaq>E'tal 'to 'tpi'to lCEq>a.A.atO rou oonlll0U Bkt5- eepo xveoua: H 119oypaq>ia 61lCO<; &v amxcrxoAEi yta 1tOA.U 'tOY 0Eo'tolCa. Tl1v lCa'taOllCa~E1 ue Ouo A.6yta:

Ka'ta pa90e; 01 'EUl1vEe; 1190ypaq>01, 1tapa ne; E~OYtEpllCEe; avn9Eceu; 'toue;, 01a'tl1pouv a1t6 1tEv1'lv'ta xp6vla rnv iOla 1tPOO1t'tllC1'l 'tTJe; ~C01'le;, 'toue; {OlOUe; op{~OV'tEe;, rnv {Ola avtiA.l1'1'1l 'tExVTJc;. l:uvEX{~OUV 1tcl.v'ta rnv iOla crxoM 1tOU Il1tOpEi vo ovouoctet q> ro 't 0 - 't p a q> t x 1'l 0 X 0 A.1'l. Mnopel vo lCP190uv OUVOA.llCa. (1929, 0. 39)

H lCa'taOllCaonK1'! am1'l a1t6q>aOTJ &v 'tOY oOTJyEi 61lCO<; xm oro vc aYV01'loEl 6n 01 119oypaq>Ol 'tTJe; «q>OYtoypaq>lK1'!e; crxOA.1'le;» &v O'tEPOUv'tal 'lfUxoA.oy{ae;o'tO ot1'!mllO 'trov 1tpoocb7trov 'toue;. Tnv 'lfUxoA.oy{a 'trov 1190ypaq>rov 0 0EO'tOlCa.c; mv lCa'ta'taOOE1 OE 'tpE1e; lCa'tl1yopiEe;, yta vo ne; lCa'taOtlCaOE1 'tEA.llCa ouU1'lPOTJv:

a~ - «'I'uX0A.oyia 't11e; lColv1'le; o10pa'ttlC6't11'tae; xm 't11e; lColv1'le; A.oytK1'!e;», «'lfUxoA.oy{a u1tEpcbou».

W - 'I'uxoA.oy{a ouIlPa'ttlC1'l «1tOU Il1tOPOUf.lE vo 'tTJv OVOllaOOUf.lE 1tavE1t10't111l1alC1'l», lCat 1tOU pacri~E'tal OE «aV'tllCElf.lEVllCOUe; lCav6vEe; 1tOU 'toue; 9EropOUV a1toOeOetyf.l£vOue; ElC 'trov 1tPO'tEpO)V».

y' - «~ toou oullPanK1'! etvoa n vuxoA.oy{a 'trov f.lap~tmcbv A.oyO'tEXvcbv». To; 1tp6(0)1ta 'toue; «etvoi a1tAEe; 't~tlCEe; 1l0va.&e; xrop{e; au9- u1tap~ia». ~aUou EXOUV 'ta iota EAa't'tcblla'ta ue ne; lCa'tTJyopiEe; a' xct W.

To IlEA.l1lla 'tTJe; OTJlltoupyt lC1'le; 'lfUX0A.oy{ae; etvor 11 «OTJlltOupy{a ~rov'tav'tcbv av9pcb7trov»· ~rov'tavcbv, ue a.A.A.a A.6yta aOt0f.lEu'tO)V a1tt-

38

HA4IETHPIA

vcvn <m~ O'\)J.1J3a'tUCE~ axl1J.1a't01tOl1'lO£1.~. A1t6 a\)'t1'! 'tl1v a1to,,", 0 SEOt01C~ 1t(XpaSEXE'tat oev 116VT\ E~aipEOT\ 'tOY Ka-raol1(o rou E>E0't6lCT\, 1tap' 6AO 1t0\) 0 E>E0't6lCT\~ «Sev Ka't6p9cooE ve Amp<09£i a1t6 'ta &Ol1a tou va'to\)paA.t0I10U Kat vo OA.oKAl1pcOOEt 'tOY Eam6 eou»,

Eq>600v 0' a\)'t6 'to. OT\11Ei0 'tT\~ avaA\)m'l~ 11~ xpl1mI101to\Ou~ 'to EAevOepo 1Wevpa oev J.1ta mpopJ.1n yta vo 1tPOO~O\)~ 'ta 1tpoJ3Anl1a'ta 1t0\) 1tapo\)ma~ov'tat OE Eva YEO 'tT\~ YEVta~ rou Tptav'ta, &v 1tPE1tE\ vu 1tpoo1tEpaoo\)I1E 'tl1V E\)Katpia 1t0'\) 5ivEt E5cb 0 SEO'tOK~ yta ve OOU~ Kat Ka'tl.1tapa1twro a1t6 o.n am6~, axE'tl.Ka ue rnv 1190ypaq>ia. M~ J30119a Eva ap9po 1t0\) Eypa'l'E 0 A. TEp~alCT\~ yta va axOAtOOE\ 'tT\ &t'>tEpl1 EKOOOT\ roo ooKiI1\O\) EAe'lJOepo 1WeVpa:

Nat, ornv 119oypaq>tK1'! 'axoM' J.11top£i ve Ka'taAoyioEt KavEva~ 't11 'q><.O'toypaq>tKn' 0'tEv6't11'ta 1to'\) j3A.E1tEt 0 VEap6~ E>EO'toKa~' 7ttpa 611~ a1t' am6 ---,1t0\) &v n'tav ru..A.ox:nE xowo yvroptolla 0' 6A.o\)~ 'to\)~ 1190ypaq>O'\)~- avMivE\ 'to tpyo 'to'\)~ Eva a p ro J.1 a, Ka'tl. 1tO\) &v l11topcb 5taq>OpE'tl.Ka, ~ 1tEPtOo6'tEPl11C'\)·p1.0AE~ia, vo 'to 1tpoOOtOpioro, Kat 1tO\) 110'\) q>aiVE'tat m'l~pa, ue 'tT\v a1t6O'taOT\, 1tEpt006'tEPO '\)1t0j3Al1'tl.K6, 1tap9Evo. (To B'I'/pa, 1.4.1973)

H yvcb!1l1 rou TEp~alCT\ etvoa, f3tJ3ata, avaOpOl1tK1'!, Eva Eioo~ 'a1toKa'taO'taOT\~' (j3M1tE yt' a\)'t6 Kat 'tT\ ~M'tT\ rou "To vEoEAAl1VtK611'\)9- to't6pl1l1a", Iota, K, 1933, <m~ OEAi&~ 375-82). M1tOPEi 1tPCl'Y).1a'tl.Ka vo yiVE\ A.6yo~ yta Ka'tl. 'to aot'>AAl11t'tO omv 119oypaq>ia, 1t0'\) ~Eq>Et'>yE\ a1t6 Ka9E a1t61tEtpa opiouo», a\)'t6 1t0\) 0 TEp~alCT\~ ovol1a~E\ pOl1av'tl.Ka 'to «aprol1a». M6vo 1t0'\) 11 tOt6't11'ta 1t0\) 0 TEp~aKl1~ 'ta'\)'ti~Et ue 'to «apOll1a» a1to'tEAEi io~ Eva !1EP0~ 110~axa 'tT\~ 1190ypaq>i~, 1t0'\) 'tatpta~E\, 9a 'AEya, ue 'tT\v E\B'UAAtaK1'! EKq>pam'l 'tT\~, EVcb ~tpo'\)~ 1to}..u KaAa on 11 EtB'UAAtaK1'! 119oypaq>ia a1to'tEAEi !!EPO~ 110vaxa rou 6A.o'\)

119oypaq>tKou q>a\vo!!Evo'\). .

E~aAAo,\) 11 1190ypaq>ia-Et5t'>AAw EXEt 1tP01Ca90P\0!!Ev11 rnv 'tuXl1 'tT\C; n&rl yupro oro 1890, 6'tav 't11C; ~avoiyov'tav 5uo"5p6110t: £i'tE vo aval1opq>ro9Ei, 1tpoOapIl0~6IlEvl1 ornv t5EoAoyia ron pEaAt0I10Uva'to'\)paAtoIlOU, Kat 5ivov'ta~ tpya oc» 'to 11'\)9to't6pl1l1a H A.Vrep'l'/ rou KapKaj3i'toa ('Bo'tia', 1890)' EltE vo Em~ivEt ornv EtB'UAt..taK1'! av'tl.~'tcbmOT\ 'tT\C; ~cm'lc; Kat vc yiVE\ H flc6A.qxt) rou nEpEm<l&rl (1893), ICa'taA.nyov'ta~ &rlA.a51'! O'tO 'kitch', 61t~ 1tEpi1to'\) Kat O'tT\V 1tEpi1t'tOlOT\ rou Kp'\)o'taAAl1. Tov E~EmEAt0I16 'tT\~ 1190ypaq>i~ erov Kp\)O'taA.A.l1 'tOY £iXE Ka'tMtICaOE\ 0 A1toO'toA.alCT\C;, !!Eoa 0't0 1ta90~ rou vc 8taKpi-

39

HAclIETHPIA

VEt 'to M01.0 orU.L0'tuc6 <xicr9ru.ul <X1t6 'ttC; OtlXq>OPEc; 1t<XP<X1tOt1'1crEtC; 'tOU. 'Ooo yt<X 't1'\V TK:6AqJOJ, 1'\ YEA.Oto1toi1'\<JT\ 'tON Op<XIl<X'ttKO>V <xypO'ttKO>V at<J9rtIlU'tOlV &v X,PEtU~E'tat crx.6A.t<x: <XPKEi 1'\ <XVUYVCOO'Tl.

H 1'\9oyp<x<pi<x EIlqxxv{~E't<Xt ornv 'tEAEu't<xi<x &!lltOUPyt1C1'\ 'tT\C; EK<pP<X<JT\ !J.E 'to l!u9t(J't6p1'\l!<X KaTa6lK:O~ tou 8£O't6lCT\ (EKOi&'tat 1t. 'to 1919), 1tOU, <XV &v EXEt i<Jme; acr1C1'\<JEt Il!J.E<JEC; E1ttOpOOEtc; (J'tOV 6EO'tOKU Kat 'tOY TEP~UlCT\, 0l<J't6<J0 <X1tO'tEA.E(JE Ev<X EPYO 1tOU E!J.EtvE U\jIT\A.a ornv EK'ti1!1'\oi) 'tOU (1tap. 56). To EPYO <XU't6 'tOU 8£0't6lCT\ 1tpE7tEl. vu 'touC; EiXE tK<XV01tOt1'1<JEt 1tEpt<J<J6'tEpo <X1t6 'to v<X'toupaA.t<J'ttK6 ZOJ11 xca 8avaTO~ TOV Kapa/3eAa, E1tEt01'\ 0 TOUpK6yt<xvvoC;, 0 K<X'tUOtKOC;, etvct EV<XC; 1'\proac; cruv9E't6'tEPOC;, 1tOU 'to v61'\l!u 'tOU <X1tA.rovE't<Xt ?tEp<X <XM 'tT\v em<pUVEta 'tOU 1tEPt~uA.A.ov't6C; 'tOU Kat' 't1'\C; <JuvEi01'\cr1'\c; 'tOU, I!E 1tOA.A.U <JT\!J.E{<X 1tOU !J.EvOUV oxoreive, K<Xt yt' <xu't6 mo EVOt<x<pEpov't<X. ME<J<X <X1t6 'to (J't61!(X 'tOU TOUPK6ytavvOU, <xvU!J.E<J<X <JE A.6yt<x <x<pEA.Etac;, K<XM>crUVT\C; Kat <xu'to9umac;, ~<X1VOUV Kat A.6yt<x 1tPOEPX61J.EV<X <X1t6 I!t<X ouvEi&!<JT\ 1tOU U1tEP~<X1VEt 'ttC; Ot<XV01'\'ttKEC; tK<xv6'tT\'tEC; 'tOU 1tPO<JO>1tOu 1tOU I!tA.U. 0 TOUpK6yt<xvvoC;, 1tPOtKt<JI-lEVOC; <X1t6 'tOY <JUYYP<X<PE<X I!E I!t<X <pU<JT\ !J.E<J01.<XVtK1'\, <X1tO'tEA.El Ev<X l!u9t<J'tOP1'\I!<X'ttK6 1tp6<J0)1t0 1tOU ~E<pEUyEt E't01. <X1t6 'tT\V op96oo~1'\ A.oyt1C1'\ 'tOU PEaAt<J!lOU: yt' <xu't6 'to Myo <XV'tt1tpO<JOl1tEUEt, (J't<X I!U'tt<X 'tON cruyypa<pEOlV 1tOU EX,OUV yt<X (J't6X,0 Ev<X l!u9t(J't6p1'\1!(X 1tOU 1tllEt 1tEP<X <X1t6 'to pEaAt<J!J.6, Ilt<X <XV<Xq>Opu !J.E J.l.EYaA.1'\ <JT\llacri<x.

10 ITO EA£VfJepO trVeVJ.l.a 0 8£O'tOKUC; &v KWEt A.6yo yt<X 'tOY X<X't~6- 1tOUA.o. Au't1'\ 't1'\v 1t<XPaAEt\jlT\ 1tllEt V<X E1t<XVOp900Et 0 A. TEp~ulCT\C; cto up9po 'tOU yt<X 'to ooKilltO 'tOU 6EO'tOKU. H U1tEv8'6l!t<JT\ rou TEP~UlCT\ Ilac; K<xA.Ei V<X 1tPO<JE~OU!J.E 'tOUA.aX,t(J'to 't<X ~1'\C;: 0 X<X't~61toUA.oC; EOrocrE &iYIl<X't<X Epyacriac; <JE 1tEPt<J<J6'tEPEC; <X1t6 I!i<x K<X'tEu8'6V<JEtC;, <xv'ti(J'totX,EC; !J.E 'ttC; <X1tEyvOl<J!J.EvEC; 'tOU <X1t61tEtPEC; <XV<XVECOO'TIC; 'tT\C; EA.A.1'\Vt1C1'\c; A.oyo'tEx,viac;. To fP8t.v61rOJ{Jo <XV'I'\KEt (JE Ili<x <X1t6 <XU'tEc;. ~ixme; va cr't<XI!(X't1'\crOl <J't<X U1tEp Kat 't<X K<X'tU 1tOU YP~K<XV yt<X'tO l!u9t<J't6p1'\I!<X', K<Xt oixme; vo ~E'tUcrOl <XV 'to EPYO I!t!J.Ei't<Xt K<Xt 1tO\oV <X1t6 'tOUC; ~6PEtOUC; cruyyp<X<pEiC;, !J.E EVOt<X<pEPEt V<X U1tOYP<Xl!lli<J0l 'tT\ crul!~oA.1'\ 'tOU K<X'tU 'tT\ <J'ttYIl1'\ EKEiv1'\ 1tOU 1'\ 1'\90yp<x<pi<x K<X'tMtK<x~6't<XV <X1t6 'tOUC; VEOUC;. Evo> 1'\ A.oyt1C1'\ eou 9E'ttKt<J'ttKOU PE<xA.t<JI!OU <X1tOKaA.U1t'tE rnv <XVE1tUPKEtU 't1'\C; ve. EK<PpOOEt I!t<X VE<X l!u9t(J'toptoyp<x<pt1C1'\ 1tP<XYI!<X'ttK6'tT\'t1X, 1tOU 0\

40

HM'ETHPlA

veoi rnv opa.Ila.'ti~ov'ta.v oiX~ a.K61l11 vc ~tpouv vo rnv 1tpoootopi~ouv, 'to tPfhv6nwpo EpX6'ta.v v« a.Va.'tpt'l'Et a.t>'t1'\ 't1l 9E'ttKtO'ttlCTj A.oytK1'\ 'tot> PEa.A.tOIlOU. ME 'to vo EK'tOVolVEt 'ta. lleyUA.a. yeyov6'ta. (Ka.'tU oUll~a.01l JlEYUA.a.) Kat vo EmJ1EyEt O'ta. Oet>'tEPEUOV'ta. Ka.t 7tEpt9ropta.KU, 0 Xa.'t~61t0t>A.o~ 6Xt uovo 1tPa.YIla.'t01totEi tVa.v EtOtK6 'tp61t0 a.1toOpa.Ila.'t01tOil101l~ 't1l~ ~roft~, Ka.9oli; Ka.t rnv a.1tOKa.'taota.01l 'trov utxpoE7tEtoooirov, a.ua OUVUIla. JlE'ta.'t01ti~Et 't1lV 1tpOoox1'\ roo a.va.yvolo't1l, a.1t6 'tt~ JlEY6:A.e~ at ~ 'trov 1tPUSEolv Il~ O'tt~ IltKpt~ Ka.t a.oTjlla.V'tE~. At>'t1'\l1 V£a. otxovoutu rorv 1tPa.YIlU'tOlV 't1l~ ~roft~ O'tO tPfhv6nwpo a.1toK'tU Kat Ilta. vta. 01C1lVt lCTj 1ta.pot>oi(X.01l: 0 O1C1lVtK6~ OtUKOOIlO~ JlE'ta.q>tpetm O'tO EOO)'tEptK6 Kt>p{~ rou om'ttOU, 1OOt> eivqt Ota.KOOlll1J1EVO a.O'ttKU, JlE 1ta.XtU Xa.A.tU Ka.t 1tA.oUmE~ KOt>p'tiVE~, 1t0t> cptA.'tpUpOUV 'to cp~ xm a.1ta.A.UVOUV 't0t>~ 1'\XOt>~. Ot cprovt~ rrov a.v9pffi1t0lV &v qouv 'tOY eovo nou a.1ta.t'tcil1 U1ta.t9po~. l:'t0 IltOOOK6'tEtVO 7tEPt~aA.A.oV, 61t0t> 1l6A.t~ Ota.Kpivov'ta.t ot OKtt~ rcov a.v9pffi1trov, Ot 1(tV1'\OEt~ yiVOV'ta.t a.~t~a.tE~. Tu Myta. 1l6A.t~ a.KOUyOV'tat, Ka.t 'ta. a.KOA.ot>90uv JlEYaAa. Ota.o'tTjIla.'ta. mOl1tTj~. Eivrn 11 1tpol't1l CPOpU 1t0t> tVa.~ a.cp1lY1l't1'\~ 1ta.PEIl~nAA.et O'tOt>~ Ota.MYOt>~ JlEYUAa. Ota.O't1'\Ila.'ta. mOl1tTj~.

l:XE'ttKU IlE 'to tPOlv6nmpo tytVE 1tOA.U~ Myo~ yta. Ot>Il~0A.tOIl6, oiX~ 61l~ vo yiVEt a.v'ttA.l11t'tTj 11 oooto 't1l~ a.Va.vtCOO11~ 1tOt> tCPEPVE 'tt'tOtot> cioot>~ OUIl~0A.tOIl6~, oiX~ 011A.a.Oil vu EK'tt1l119ci orqv a.KPt~1'\ 't11~ ~{a. 11 a.1t67tEtpa. a.7tEA.et>9tpOlO1l~ a.1t6 rn A.o"(tlCTj 't1l~ PEa.A.tO'ttlCTj~ a.va.YKa.t6't11't~. ITpOOtX't1lKE 7tEpt006'tEPO 0 E~O)'tEPtK6~ OtUKoOIlO~, Jltoa. otov ozoto Ota.opa.lla.ttO't1lKE 11 JlEYnAl1 a.va.vtOlO1l· 1tpOOtX't1lKE II YKp{~a. a.'t1l6ocpa.tpa., 0 Xa.JlnM~ 0t>pa.v6~, 11 oveipucn oUyXt>01l·

H OUIl~OA.tO'ttlCTj J1E90oo~ 61t~ ECPa.PIl6o'tllKE a.1t6 'tOY Xa.'t~61t0t>A.O, A.et'toUPYllOE ouv 1tpol>1t69E01l xrn oc» IlE'ta.~a.'ttK6 o'tUOto yta. rnv ECPa.plloYil rou EOO)'tEptKOU 1l0voMyot>. MEptKU E~O)'tEPtKU yvropiolla.'tu 't1l~ 1ttpa.oa.v ouv Ota.KooIl11'ttK6 o'tOtXeio OE KU1tOtot>~ 1tE~Oypucpot>~ 't11~ YEVt~ rou Tptuv'ta.: 111l0t>V't1'\ UXProlll1 a.'t1l6ocpa.tpa. 'trov 1lt>9to'tOPl1IlU'trov rou TEP~UKl1 tXEt 'to 1tP01lYOUIlEv6 't11~ ornv ovrto'tOtxri tou Xa.'t~61t0t>A.ot>. Ot Ilt>O't1lPta.Kt~ mro1tt~ o'ta. Otl1YilIla.'ta. ron BEVt~l1, Ka.t a.U't~ a.1t6 KEt KPa.'tOUV.

1 0 ~.N. NtKOA.apEt~l)C;; dOe ere op91'! 7tPOO7t'ttK1'\ 'tl) <YI)J.l~OA.1't tou Xa't~67touA.ou· ~A.. aoxiuux KpmK11;, 1962, cr. 189-92. AV'ti9E'ta, Evac;; Kpi'ttK6C;; 7tOU 1't'tav OeJ.LEVOC;; 7tEPtcrcr6'tEPO oto 7tapEA.96v, 0 T. i\ypac;;, EiOe J.lovaxa 'ttC;; apVfl'ttKfC;; 00t6'V£t<; eeo f/J8lV01rOJpo, J.ll) Ka'taYocOv'ta<; 'tfI vEa OtKOV0J.l{a 'tOW 7tpaYllcX'tow (<<Ma9a{vouJ.lE yta 6A.<X 'ta <YI)Vfl9t(JJ.lEva 7tpaYJ.la'ta. AyvooU).lE 6J.lcoc;; 'ta KEq>a-

41

HAcI)ETHPIA

MncOOr), 1t0'll a1to'tEA.oUV 'tOY EOCO'tEP\K6 OlCEAE't6 tou £pyO'\)), o. 566), Ka\ 6Eropo>v'ta~ 'to £yo Jl£'tp\a a1toJliI1T1<Tl1 too Mat'tEpA.\VK· 1tapaOEXEta\ OXJ't6oo 6't\ «orov Katp6 roo 6Jlox; (}'t1X9rtKE YOTl'tE'llnK6, 1tp6 1tCtv'toov yta 'to'\)~ vto'\)~ 't6'tE» ("H O'IllllioA.ton1C1'i 1tE~oypa!pia Kat 'to tWtv61tropo" tou K. Xa't~61to'\)A.o'\)", Nta Euria, IH', 1935,0. 51Q-18Ka\ 566-74).

To v6T1l1a rou tt m'!YE v« KIXVE\ 0 X(l't~61tO'\)A.o~ I1E 'to t1I8!VOtrOJ(Jo OEV 'to O'IlUa~aivo'\)JlE 6'tav ava!pEp6JlIlO'tE eto MOO'tEpA.WK, 1tO'\) a1tO'tEA.rl 't11 O'IlV£XE\a Jlt~ IXA.A.T1~ 7tpOO1tlXeE\~ 1to'\) dva\ 1tpaYl1anKIX <Tl1Jlavn1C1'i' 1tp6KE\'tat yta 'to Jl'\)0\(}'t6pTlJla tou Huysmans A rebours, 1tPCO'toOnJlOmE'llJ.LEvo 'to 1884, Kat xon O't11V E1tavEKOo<Tl1 rou 1903 EJl!paviO't11KE JlE evav 1tp6A.oyo rou ouyypll!p£a, 61to'\) E~11Yd aKptlicb<; rnv 1tP001tIXeE\1X rou vo EA.E'Il6EpciJ<JEt 'to'\)~ 1'Ip~ rou a1t6 'to va'to'\)paA.\oJl6 Ka\ va 'to'\)~&ixJEt Jl\a vux1'l.

'Yo'tEpa a1t6 60a ~1'I't11oa a1t6 'tOY avayvcba't11 vu 1tpOO~E\ O'tO <l>9!votrOJ(Jo, yivE'ta\ !pavEp6 6n JlEA.E'tE~ eov rnv "0 O'IlJl~A.\oJl6~ 0't11 VEOEA.A.T1V\1C1'i 1tE~oypll!p{a", roo r. Xa't~{V11, Nea Botta; Xpt(}'toUyEvva 1953,0. 117-23, &v Jl1tOpOUV vo 1tpoo!p£po'\)v KIlJl\1X ~o1'l6E\a erov 1tpojJA.T1JlanoI16 Jl~.

11 I:to EAE6gepo 1WeVf.la 0 geO'tOK~ <XV1lO"UXci SHXnt(1'tcOVov't~ on 0 Ka~aq>1le; KEPSi.~l. o'A.oEva 1t£Pl.006'tEPO EOOq><>e; wa~oa O'toue; VEOUe; Kat on, onwe; qxxv'ta~E'tat, J..l£Pl.KOi. a1t' a'\l'tOUe; 'tOY 8E<OpOUV a1CollTl 1Cat npCJYto1t6po. 0 geO't01C~, 1Ca'taSl.1Cal;£l.ESci> 'tOY Ka~aq>1l, E1t£l.S1'! nponaV'to<; 'tOY 'tauti.~Et ~ rnv Tl't'tona8El.a.

H OlCE'I"l rou geo't01Ca O'tTlP{l;E'tat OE Ill.a Stamo'tOlO'Tl ox£n1Ca ue 'tou<; VEOUe;. «01. VEOl. 't(oV E'tcOV 1910-1920» «eivm Ill.a 8u01.aOllEvTl YEVEa» (0. 32). ~01Ctllao'tTl1Cw 0'tTl MaK£oovia xrn 0'tTl M1.1Cpa Acto, at 1Ca.A.mEpo{ 'tou<; lowe; 1t1'!yw xa!l£vOl..

at npEo~Epoi.ll~ ~OUA.1.00;W 0't0 A.1.llavt 'tTl<; :EllupV1l<; 6X1.IlOVO n<; Suva~t<; 'tou<;, a.A.A.a 1Cat 'ta 1.Savt1Ca 'toue;, 1Cat env au't01t£1tOi.e"m'! 'tou<;.

Tt O"Uvw'ta 1Cwci<; 1tw'tou o'ta Ev'tuna;

A via, anOY01'l'tEu01l, voo'ta.A. yia 'to>V 1t£pao!l£vO>V, IlOtpOAa'tp£i.a, Tl't'tona8£l.a. H notnon, Tl mo EtA.t1CptV1'\<; a1t£t1Covt01l 'tTl<; atoe"n- 1CO'tTl't~ Ila<;, IltAn Ilovaxa yta 'to Xnpo. (0.23)

o eEO't01C~, 'ta a1.o811lla'ta Tlnona9Et~ Kat 9avll'tou 'ta O"UvSual;Et ue rnv noi.TlO1l rou Ka~aq>1l, zou «cpvsttm IlE 'tOY mo anoA.u'to 'tpono vo ~iJO£l.» (0. 67). at VE01. EXOW ami} 'tTl o'tlYlliJ avaylCTl ano

42

HM>ETHPIA

1(U'tt EV'tEAID; avti.eE'tO, 1(U'tt 'to 'tOAJ,1T1P6, 1tOU v« 'tou~ 1tpo~uUEt oro J,lEAAOV:

o 1(. Ka~cp11<; etvea tva 'tEA.o<; 1(' Tl1tpOYto1topia civat J,1t<X apxit. Eivat &60 1(6crJ,1ot avtiee'tQt xm acrul-1~i~acr'tot. (cr. 65)

To 19290 E>E0't01(U<; EVotaq>ep6'taY yta 'tOY Ka~acprr J,1ovuXa E1t£tOTt 'tOY £~Ae1te J.1E aVTIcruxia vn a1tocr1tu rnv 1tpocroxit OptcrJ,1£VCOV v£cov. 06-te 1(aY OoriJ,1a~e vc 'tOY &t J,lEcra (J£ J,1t<X avtige01l, 1tOU u1tTtPXe, 1(at 1tOU 1(U1t9tE<; <pop£<; £<pEpve oe J.1EAOOpaJ,1a'tt1(it cr'6Y1(POU01l 'tou<; ouo 1tOtTl't£<;, 'tOY Ka~acprr 1(at 'tOY TIaAaJ,1u. To 1929, 6'taY 0 E>Eo't01(u<; &v ciXE 1(a'ta1('t1\cret J,1ta EUpU'tEpTl J,1a'tta, 61tou ea xcopoooe 1(at 0 Ka~ucp11<; 1(at 0 TIaAaJ,1U<;, 6nco<; 'to ci1tE apy6'tEp<X, <pU011(6 civat vc ~u~et 1(epotcrj.t£vo 'tOY TIaAaJ,1u: 0 E>Eo't01(U<; mcr'teue ornv 'nvoit' rou TIawJ,1u, 1(at 'tTIv £~Ae1tE a1(6J,1T1 cr<ptX'tu cruvSuacrJ.1EV1l 'to 1936 J,1E 'ta «1tE1tpCOJ,1tva» rou eAATlVtcrJ,10u (''Ta e1tt1(u 1tE1tpcoJ,1£va roo K. TIaAaJ,1u", 'ta Nta rpajJ.jJ.a'ta, B', 1936, cr. 754-64).

o E>E0't01(U<; EJ.11tOO{cr't1l1(e a1t6 'tTIv TI't'to1tUgeta. roo Ka~acprr va &t cr' au't6v a1(6J,1T11(at ape't£<; A6you 1tOU uJ,1Ecra 'tOY evottq>epav. 0 U1tocr'tTIpt1('t1\<; tou a1tAoU A6you uPYTIcre ve aY'ttATI<peei 'to 1(a't6peCOJ,1a rou Ka~u<p1l o' aU't1\ 'tTIV 1(a'tEueuv01l. M6vo apy6'tEpa J,11t6pecrE va exnJ,1itcrEt 'tTl «At't6'tTl'ta reov 1tOtTl'tt1(cOV rou J,1£crcov, 'tTlv xowormn tou ~tAoyiou roo» (1961, cr. 239).

o eEO't01(U~ &v 1tp£1tEt vo ciXE ava1t'tuyJ,1£VTI 1tOtTl'ttlCit aicr91l01l (~At1tE 1(at 'ta lIoliJjJ.a-ra 'tov Jl.E(Iorro).fjJ.ov), 1(at ea 1tTtyatva VCl1ttcr't£'Vco 61:\ Clu't6<; 0 1tEptoptcrJ,16<; roo, 'teAt1(U, cr'tU91l1(E 'to J,1EYClAu'tepo EJ,11t60tO yta VCl1tATlO1ucret ey1(aipco<; 'tOY ~aYoptv6.

AUU 0 I£<ptPTl<;;

o I£<ptPTl<; cr'ta 1960 J,1Cl~ EJ,1mcr'teu't'q1(e rnv a1(6Aou91l 0J,10Aoyia: (('Hpea apyu orov A~aYop\V6»' 1(at e~TlyoucrE ono iOto<;, tv~ ((1tEAClyi01o~», it'tClV ClcrUJ,1~{~acr'to~ J.lE (£vav 1tOAU ypaJ,1J,1a'ttcrJ,1£VO 1(Upto», EvtcrXUOV'tCl<; 'tTl Ot1(atoA.oyia rou 1(Clt J.1E 'to yA.(oo011(6 ~it'tTlJ,1Cl. 6ev <XJ.1EAoucre 6J,1CO<; vo. 0J,10AoyitcrEt Em01l~ on J,lEXpt rnv £1(0001l 'tcov 1tOtTlJ,1u'tcov rou AAe~avOptvou cre ~t~A.io, oev EiXE «(1tClpU J,1ta 1tOA.U 1(OJ,1J,1Cl'tta~ eta rou £pyou rou» (1974, A' cr. 364-5). ..

1:' aU't6 'to O1lJ.1clo ap1(ci J,16vo rooo ytCl vo £XOUJ.1E J,1ta ClPXtlCit EV'tU.7tOXrr] OXE'tt1(U J.1E 'tTl ~oA{a 1tOU cruVUv'tTIcrE 0 KCl~U<p1l~ v« etOXCOP1'\<:ret J,lEcrCl (I'tt~ ypaJ,1J,1£~ 'tcov OnJ,1o'tt1(tcr'tcOv 'tTI~ YEVtU<; rou TptUv'ta.

43

HA4>ETHPIA

H EC1OYl'Epll\l1 nepixeteux TaV 1. ..1parOvJ.l11 xca 11 11J.lEpoAorwl\l1 tnt; uaotupia.

12 'Orov to 1929 0 6EO'tOK~ a7tOoolC1.~a~Et Ka'tTl'YoPTl~a'tlKa 'tOY Ka~a!pT), &v 'to KavEt \xr'tEpa a1t6 ~ta C1ICE'IfTlnoU ava<PEPE'tat omv 't£XVT) roo, a.).).6. £Xov't~ un6'1fTl 6'tl apKE'toi VEot ~Atnouv a' aU't6v tvo» npo>'to1t6po ue KivOuvo va 'tOY 8Erop1'laouv Mmcw..o Kat 0&i'Y6. Ka'tOOtKa~ov't~ 'tOY Ka~, 0 6EO'tOK~ &1~toup'Yd £Va KEV6 aK6~Tl mo ~'Ya- 1..0, 7tOU EPXE'tat va C1U~nATlPcOOEt 'tT)V anoyoft'tEual'l rou nou 1tT)'Ya~Et an6 rnv av'tlotKia rcov Wo OaC1lCaArov roo, 'tou f'A.TlVOU Kat tou ~OU~ou, Kat a1t6 'tTlv Ka'taOtlCT) rou C1UvOuaa~ou ell. nOAi'tTl~-A7t00't0AaICT)~ Kat ~a~i ron nOAt'ttKOU 'tou~ av't{naM>u BapvaATl. H anouma Ev6~ 'o&1'You' ~Ota~Et E'tC1t mo optO'tlKil. M7tOPEi va qxxvd 1tapa.!;EVO, aUa Ot veoi, 60'0 'to~TlPoi Kat va 1'l'tav, &v E1tauav va ata9avov'tat ~t(x au- 96p~Tl'tTl ava'YlCT) u7tO'tar1'l~ ce ~ta 1t£1.9apxia Em~~ATl~ a1t6 £vav 1tp£a~U'tEPo' Kat aU't6, uovo Kat ~6vo yta va 1tCl\jlOUV va ata9avov'tat ~'tEropot Kat va a7tOK'tilaouv £Va at1'lPt'Y~a, alt' 6nou vo g:1C1.v1'laouv yta vo paAouv oe ta.!;Tl 'tl~C1U~mro~~ Ouv~~ 'to~ nou ata9avovtor ~aa tou~. Tnv iota au't1'l avaYICTJ dXE ata9aved ~ptKa XP6vta nptv, to 1920,0 KA£rov napaaxo~ 6tav, ayavaK'tla~VO~ yta Ka7tOta mKpa A6yta ~ ta onotc 0 l:1tUpO~ M~ elXE xapaK'tT)piaet tou~ 't6'te VEO~ tq>tavE O'tO aT)~0 va EmKaAeO'tcl 'tTlv 1tpoO'tama EV6~ o&1'You:

H aT)~ptv1'l1tVEwa'tlKil EAAaOa EXEt npo nav't6~ ava'YlCT) a1t6 Eva ~aM> KptttK6, an6 Eva "oP'Yavro'tlK6 1tVEU~a", 7tOU, a<pOu ~u9o~'tP1'laet Kat O'ta9~1'laet to E9vtK6 ~~ eyro O'tl~ aT)~av'tlKcbtEP~ rou eK&1AroaEt~ 9a ~nopEaT), a'tTlpt~6~0~ a' e~1t£tptKE~ a'ta9EPE~ ~aaEt~, va uno&i~Tl a'tl~ 'YEVtKE~ ypa~~, 7tOta KatEU9uvaT) npE1t£1. va napouv Ot EVEP'Yet£~ ~~. nan aU't6 Kupi~ EVOta.<P£PEt E~ 'tou~ VEO'l)~: Tl 'Y6vt~Tl XPTlC1t~01tOiTlaT) 'tTl~ EVEP'Y1l'ttK6't1l't~ ~~ 'tOO n690u ~~ yta OpClaT) E9voq>t>Ae'tlKilKat 6Xt a'tEVa q>tAoM>ytKil. ("naAlXtOi Kat vsot", MovC1a, A', 1920, a. 45)

Mur nap6~ota ava~1'l'tTlaT) ~o1'l8Et~, ue ~ta EmKivOuVT) MaT) napai'tTlaT)~ nou os Ota<pOPE'tlKEC; C1Uv91'lKE~ 9a avOt'Y£ 'tl~ n6ptE~ a' ts« OtKta'topa, rnv emX£tpOuaE 0 napaaxo~ Kat 0 vE6'tep6~ eoo 6Eo'tOK~, EXOVt~ Kata YOU, {a~ uovo u1tOC1Uvcl&1ta, ~ta npoaromK6'tTlta tax\}P1'l, oeo XC))Po rou E9vta~u, aav tOY '!rova L\pa'YoU~ll'. Mta 1tap6~ota avcXylCT), oiX~ 6~~ npOEKtaaEtC; oro qn>Ae'ttK6 Xc))po, ~avtEUOU~ Kat

44

HA«llETHPIA

oro 11llEPoMyto 'tOU l£<ptPl1, 91£1t'tEI!~piou 1925:

A9A.ux Ka'taa'taOTl ornv EA.A.aBa rtov VEroV 1tOU 9EA.0'UV vo ypa",0'UV. KavEi~ vo 'tou~ oBllrflaEt. OU'tE lCW Eva ~t~A.io mOtXEtcO&~ va l!a90'UV lCa1t~ 'tTl yMOOaa. H9t1C1'l a't1!6a<p<npa 1!1100l!w1'l. !lEv u1tapxo'UV 1tpEa~u'tEpot. AEVE a'tpaq>El'tE ornv EA.A.l1VtlC1'l 'Y1l, oro EA.A.l1VtlC6 Xropt6, ElCd 9a ~pEi'tE rnv aA.119tv1'l sro1'll!a~. (MtPE~ A', 1975, a. 17)

o eEO'tolCa~, cero 't11 BtlC1'l rou 1tA.EUpa, 1!0taSEt vo BEXE'tat oev '1tpEa~u'tEpo' 'to ~payoul!l1, 61t~ apymEpa 9a &X'td va ap9poypa<i>1'loei u1t6 rnv lCa90Bil'Y1l0Tl rou-E, MEM ornv [Ma, Eva 1tEptOBtlC6 oro osoto avti9E'ta 0 l£<ptpl1~ &v MXE'tat IlE lCwEva 'tp61to vu (J'I)vEpyamEi, 1tapa 'tt~ Ev90umol&t~ 1tpo'tacrEt~ roo eEO'tolCa2• ~aA.A.oU 0 8£0- 'tolCa~ 1'lBl1 oro Ekvf}EPO 1rVEVJla 't01t09E'tEi 'to MEA.a Bi1tA.a a'tou~ «~parOUl!l1&~ Ma~iA.l1&~» (1929, a. 34). Oq>EiwullE 61!~ I!ta BtE'Uxptvnon: 0 8EO'tOlC~ &v 1ta{pVEt, 'to 1929, Pl1'ta rov ~payoul!l1 oev oBlly6· tov 9Eropd a1t~ «1tp6BpoI!0» (a. 70). 'O,'tt YOl1'tEuEt 1tpaYl!a'ttlCa rov eEO'tolCa, stvoa l11tEpt1tE'tEta 't11~ 'If'UX1'l~ tou, 'tTl~ «mo ~acravta!!Evl1~ 'If'Ux1'l~ 'tTl~ 1tEsoypaq>{a~ I!a~» (a. 71), 'to Bptl!!a wtlJ.lEaa ornv 1tEpt1tE'tEta 'tTl~ BpaOTl~ lCat rnv 1tEpt1tE'tEta 't11~ 'If'UX1'l~. Exstvo 1tOU &v EXEt SElCa9aptal!EVO 0 eEO'tolCa~, aA.M 1tOU EI!Ei~, IlE 't11 'YVol<rT1 't11~ llE'tE1tEt'ta 1topd~ 'tTl~ wyo'tExvi~, 1!1t0POUIlE WE'ta vn 'to BtalCp{vouIlE m'lI!Epa, EiVat 0 11IlEPoA.oytalC6~ xapalC't1'lpa~ 'trov mo srov'twcOv ypa<p'tcOv 'tOU 'Irova ~ayoul!l1.

H au'toaVaA.UOTl 1tOU 0 ~payoUl!l1~ EvaYcOVta ElCavE orov Eau't6 'tOU, !!Eaa a' Eva alCa'ta1t(lUa'to E9vtlC6 1taposuaI!6, 0 q>6~0~ 'tOU 1!1'l1t~ 11 BpaOTl 'tOU &v a1to~d a1to'tEA.Eal!a'tt1C1'l, 11 was1'l'tTlOTllCa1tOt~ 'ma- 9Epa~' orov EA.A.l1VtlC6 xapalC't1'lpa· 6A.a au'ta l!ap'tupl1l!EVa a' Eva U1toa1tual!a'ttlC6 11I!Ep0A.oytalC6 EPYO (Eva «epetmo», 'to u1tolCUA.Ei 0 eEO'tOlC~ 1929, a. 72), Bivo'UV lCa'tt a1t6 'tTlv aia81l0Tl1tEpt1tE'tEt~, 1tOU IlE aA.A.o 'tp61to, !!Eau a' Evw 1CUlCW aVasl1t1'laErov BtUq>OPE'ttlC6, EBwE o A. Gide IlE 'to 11llEpowytalCa opywro!!Evo EPYO tou',

EiOa.IlE £!;aA.A.ou on 0 8£O'tOlC~ 1!V1lI!OVEUEt rov Gide. 0 Gide 9a Eivm M(J1CaA.o~ lCat rou l£q>EPl1, 'touA.axtmov mt~ 1tpcO'tE~ A.oyO'tEXvt- 1CE~ U1t61tEtPE~ rou,

10K. naPDcrxoe; aaxOI.:fl9T)lCE EVtanlCa.llE tov dpayoUI1T1. BA. ~t~AtOypaq>{a tou one; e. 239-40 tOU t6110U I. dpayoUI1Ttc;, Keiueva A.OrO-reXVlI(a, EmlJ.€AEta K.

45

HACI>ETHPIA

napacrxou, 1963.

2 r. E>EOtOKa<; Kat r. l:E!pEPll<;, AMT/A,OrpaqJia, 1975.0 l:EIj)EPll<;, J.l.aAtcrt<X, KOtta~Et vc <X1tOtPE'I'Et tOY E>EOtOKa: «Kat KUp{co<; vOJ.l.i~ro 1tCO<; tivat Kp{J.I.<X vn 1t<X<; V<X J.l.1tM;Et<; a' <xut6 to a9Aw Ko1tclBt» (a. 70). 0 E>EOtOKcl<; OtlXJ.l.<XPtUPEt<Xt, EmJ.!.Evovta<; J.I.E <x9roo EV90u(JtacrJ.l.6 6tt ° MEAcl<; EiVat «0 mo E;U1tVO<; w9pro1to<; emv Eua&x J.l.Eta tOY BEVt~EAo » (a. 71).

3 Ot 'EmopOOEt<;' 1tOU OEXtllKE 0 ~p<xyouJ.l.ll<; (Nietzsche K<Xt Barres) EmOTlJ.l.W- 91)Kav <X1t6 rnv 1tPcbt1) crttyJ.l.1't n6A.<X<; <X1t6 tOY {ow tOY E>EotoKa (1929, a. 72), Kat J.l.EAEt1't91)K<XV avaAUttKa oro OorlJ.l.t6 tOU "H AOYOtEXVtK1't OTlJ.l.<xm<x t1)<; J.l.op!pft<; Kat tou EPYOU tOU I. ~p<xyouJ.l.ll", Nea Batia, KE>', 1941, a. 243-51 (to tEuX0<; 342 Eivat 6Ao <X!ptEPOlj.LEo orov ~p<xyouJ.l.ll). l:t1) a. 248 ot<x~a~ouJ.I.E:

Autot [ ... ) ot 'J.l.Et<X1tOAEJ.l.tKO{' tOY E~AE1tav Ot<xqx>PEttKa, <XY<X1tOuaav KUp{co<; rnv <x9Epa1tEUt1) <XV1lcrux{<x t1)<; 'lfUx1't<; tOU, tt<; avtt<pclcrEt<; tOU 1tVE\>J.I.<xt6<; tou<;, tnv EarotEptK1't rou tptKUJ.I.{<X. '01tco<; 0 M1tapPE<;, K<XJ.I.J.I.ta tptnvtapta Xp6vt<x 1tptV, tiXE YOlltE\jfEt en y<xUtK1't VEOAa{<X yt<xti rnv E~yaAE <X1t6 env <XtJ.l.6a!p<Xtp<x eou v<xtoupaAtaJ.l.0u 1tOU E{XE K<XtavtitaEt K<Xt<x9At- 1tttK1't, J.I.E tOY {ow 1tEp{1tOU tp61to to Uqx><; ton ~ayouJ.l.ll, to roeo 1tpoaO)mK6, allp6, EUYEVtK6 Kat Ka1tOtE ~<xeu, 1'ttavE J.l.t<X (X1t<xpx1't OOOt1)p{a<; yt<X tOU<; VEOU<; 1tOU tiX<XVE xoptOOEt rnv 'lfUXtK1't J.l.Etpt6t1)t<X K<Xt t1) crevomt<X trov opt~6vtrov t1)<; PEaAtcrttK1't<; J.l.a<; 1tE~OYP(X!p{a<;·

o E>rotoKcl<; EmJ.!.EvEt, <JUJ.l.1tEpacrJ.l.<XttKa, ern <pU<rTJ t1)<; 1tE~oYP<X!p{a<; tOU, «1tOU <JUVEt01)t01tO{llaE t1) OTlJ.l.acri<x, tOY 1tAoutO, to ~a90<; tOU EOrotEptKOU <xv9pcb- 1tOU» (a. 251).

13 L1ivOVt~ to crtiYJUX tTI~ Katacrt<XOTl~ 0 e£otoK~ KOtta~£t 1tpOVOllttKa 1tOto K£qx'tA.oo.O a1t6 mv ~pao~ KAllPoV0J.Lta stvrn £Kj.L£taA.A.eUmJ.LO Kat BllJ.LtoupytKa a1tOBottK6, Kat j.L£ta OOKtJ.La~£t vc KaV£t 1tpo~M"'£t~ yta to ~Uov Kat yt' autou~ crtou~ o1toiou~ <XY1'1K£t tO~MV, ~A.a&t tOU~ VEOU~, Ot OKE"'£t~ roo yta to 1teO<; 9a stvrn ta vtata crta £Px6j.L£Va XP6vta auyK£vtprovovtat oe Wo CJllj.L£ia tOU oorlJ.Ltou tOU.l:to 1tpcbto EX£t yta KUPto ot6xo rnv 1t£~oypa<p{a (0. 54-6), £vro oro &ut£po EX£t tTlv 1toillCJll (0. 69-70). QOtooo, o» yta rnv 1t£~oypa<pia Btatu1tWv£t to aitTIJ.La 1t£Ptoo6t£Pll~ «oootee;» Kat otoXacrttK6tT1t~, Kat yta rnv 1tOillCJll tTlv £ux1'I vc 1t6.et ?tEpa a1t6 to «Aupt0J.L6», 0 1tpayJ.LattK6~ crt6xo~ ~piax:£tat ?tEpa a1t6 tTlv 1t£~o'Ypa<pia Kat a1t6 tTlv 1toillon, Kat a<pOpa om Aoyot£xvtKil BpaotTIpt6tTtta oro aUvoA.6 tTI~: etvoa £mtaKttKil avaYKll Ot VEOt va eyKataA.ei",ouv rnv «£uKOAll £pyaaia roo 1taAtou KaAoU xmpou», Kat vu £mX£tp1'l00uv Katt to «Wax:OM», J.Lta Kat «EXOUV Buvaj.L£t~ vn ~oBE",OUV» (0. 55). Kata &Ut£pO A.6y0 ot VEOt, 1tOU tOU~ <pavta~£tat «p<OJ.LaMa 1tatBta, YUJ.Lvaoj.LEva», 1tPE1t£t vo

46

HM>ETHPIA

1tapat1'!oouv 'tOY 'te'tptl!~VO AUptOl!6 (U1t09E't0) on 0 eeO'tOlC~ evvoet 'tT)V ato6TlI!a'tOAoyia), rnv «EAAet'lfll mo'tT)C; 0"'tT) ~roit», lCat va auUUBoov 'to I!OV'tEPVO motxao rou 1tOAt'ttOI!OU, A6you Xclp11 'to aep01tMXVO 1twO) a1t6 'tOY IIap9evrova, 'ttC; Aer0<p6pouc; 't11C; 1!11'tp61tOA11C;1tOU ~avoiyouv a1t£tpec; ouva't6'tT)'tec; 1t£pmE'tetac; (0. 69-70).

M11V ~exva'te 1t0le; 1tp6lCet'tat yta ay6pta lCat xootrotu rou eixomou atcova, aplCe'ta 1tp0l't6'tu1ta 1tMXOl!a'ta. H vt6'tT) 'touC;, av elC<ppao'tei 1to'tE.oe mixouC;, l!1topei va oac; 1tap~eVE'l'et. !lev ~EPo) n1to'ta. KavetC; Oev ~Epet 'ti1to'ta a1t61tptv. Ma <pav'ta~olJ.E lCa1to'te 'touC; auptavouc; 1tOt11'tEC; 'tT)C; EUUOac; 1tOAU Ota<pop£'ttlCOuC; a1t6 'touC; 1tOt11'tE~ 1tOU yvropioa'te Ole; O"1'\lJ.Epa. Tou; <pav'ta~oulJ.E POlllaMa 1tatOta, YUl!vao~va, IJ.E eAeugepec; lCtvfloetC; lCat ~Ol11pa xpci>I!a'ta .• Mvouv l!a'tC;, 0011Youv q>uO"tlCa aU'tolCiv11'tO lCat j3piO"lCOUV 1t0le; 100 XtAt61J.E'tpa 't11v cbpa etvm 1tOAU <pp6vtl!11 'taxu'tT)'ta, IJ.EPtlCoi o011youv lCat aep01tAavo. Zouv 'tOAll11pa ytan etvoa a1to<paO"to~VOt va 1!11 Xaoouv 'tOY lCatp6 'touC; 0' curov 'tOY lC601!0, va yel!ioouv env U1tap~Tt rou; 600 I!1tOPOUV 1tepto06'tepo, va me- 9av90uv 600 'to ouva't6 j3a9U'tepa. Bp{OlCOUV 1tOAATt ouopet« m11lJ.EYaA11 OPI!Tt rou atcova 'touC; lCt a<pou j3PlolCouv ouopei«, va etore l3£j3atot 1t0le; lCa1to'te 9a j3pouv lCat 'tEXV11. IIotoC; I!1tOpet va 1tpoj3M'l'et O"1'\lJ.Epa 'tt el00c; 't£Xv11 au e{vat; ea dvat 1tW'tOle; lCa'tt eV'ta'ttlC6 lCat j3a9U, I!ta ~apO"11 yta ~O)v'tavouc;. 'Eva aep01tAavO, orov oopovo 'tT)C; Eu.aOac;, a1tavO) a1t6 'tOY IIap9evc.ova, avaoivet !ita opuovtc lCatVOupta 1tOU Oev 'tTl auvEAaj3e alC61!a lCavdc;. H Aer0<p6poc; }:uyypou lCUMX ~pa lCat vux'ta 1tpOC; 't11V axt1'! rou <Pa.ATtPOU 'touC; veoYEvv11'touC; lCat aVElC<ppao'tOuc; alC61!a pu91!0uc; ev6c; ouva'tou AUptOI!Ou 1tOU yupeuet ouva'touc; 1tOt11'tEC;. Mta ato6Tl'ttJCit I!op<pc.ove'tat au96pl!11'ta IJ.EC; orov aepa 1tOU aVa1tVE-

OUIJ.E. (1929, o. 69-70) •

Ka'tapXTtv j3M1toUIJ.e I!ta O"tOl1tTlPTt e~ioCOOTl 'to)V q>UAroV (<<ay6pta lCat xoptrour»), lCa'tt 1tOU Oev Tt'tav alC61!11 yevtlCa a1t00elC't6. Ot V£Ot yta 'touC; 01tO{OUC; lCwet A6y0, avf1lCouv ee I!ta O\lCOVOl!tlCa ave't11 't~11, 6Xt 't600 e1t£tOTt e{vat 1tOAu'tEAeta va doat POlllaMo 1tato{ lCat Y'Ul!vaoI!£VO, IJ.E «~Ol11pa xpc.ol!a'ta», au.a a1tAOuo'ta'ta e1t£tOTt eM yive'tat A6y0c; yta au'tolCiv11'ta xm aep01tMXva ...

To au'tolCiv11'to 1tOU 'tPEXet elCa't6 XtAt61J.E'tpa env cbpa oto XEpta ev6C; vsopoo lCa'talC't11'tTt; I!1tOpoulJ.E va 'to geropTtoouI!e lCat oov Eva

47

HM>ETHPIA

ucocpwo a1t6'IU:O 't11~ E~Uflvl1OTl~ rou 'tEXVOM>ytlCOU 1tOAtnOflOu 1t0'U ElCaVW ot q>O'U'tO'UptO'tE~I, aAAa alC6fll1 1tEptOO6'tEPO, EXOV't~ 'U1t6'1'1l n~ EUl1VtlCE~ cr;tV91'llCE~ l5ta~i.<OO'Il~, ow Eva 1tPOVOfllOUXO 'tp61t0 a1t6- Aa'UOTl~ rou E~l1VtlCoU rordou, flta Em'tax'UVOTl 'tcov 1tapa01:aOECOV lCat 't11~ ~wfJ~. 0 EAU'tl1~ alC6fll1 'to 1974 9ufla'tat n~ ElCl5pOtlE~ 1t0'U ElCWE o'ta vta'ta eou us mrtoxtvnto, 'U1toypaflfl{~ov'ta~ 'to YEyov6~ 6n XaPl1 01:0 yopy6 a'U't6 tlEOO, fl1tOPOUOE lCWEi~ OE flta tlEpa tlEoa vo 1tfJ.EtlCat vn Emo'tpE\jlEt A6y0'U XfJ.pl1 01:0~ ~Aq>oU~ (EAU'tT]~ 1974, 0. 259-60).

To 9Efla 't11~ a'U'to1C1vl1non1dt~ ElCl5poflTt~ cruvl5EE'tat aflEoa lCat ue 'tT] AE<Oq>6po l:'Uyypou. To xcop{o 61t0'U 11 fl6At~ ao<pw .. 'too'tpcof.1fv1l AEroq>6po~ waq>EpE'tat 01:0 E).ev8epo 1rVeVJ1.a, cruvl5uaoflEvo flE 'to 1toi.l1fla "AEc0q>6pO~ l:uyypou 1930" rou l:E<j>EPl1, ElCWE 'tOY 8Eo'tolCa vc mWEA- 9Et oio 9Efla 'to 1964 lCat vu l5cOOEt flta E~TtY1l0Tl2.

To a'U'to1Ci.VT]'to, wa1t601taO'to 6pywo Y1(l 'tT]v lCa'talC'tT]OTl 't11~ EAAl1Vt1dt~ q>U<J11~' 'to aep01tAavO 1tavco ceto 'tOY TIap9EvcOva: uou ~waEPxov'tat 01:0 vou ot q>o'U'tO'UptO'tE~. Ot q>O'U'tO'UptO'tE~ evvoooeov vo YlCPEfli.oO'UV 'ta uooeeto, n~ ~t~AlO91'llCE~ vn lCa'ta01:pE'IIo'UV n~ apxat- 6'tT]'tE~, l5{vov't~ 'to 1tapa&tYfla OE clA.AE~ 1tp<Ot01tOpi.E~ 61t~ lCat 0't0'U~ 'U1tEPPEaAt01:E~. 0 eeO'tOlC~ 6fl~ 1t0'U &v EXEt 't6.cret~ 't600 pt~o01taonlC~ 600 q>a{VE'tat OE 1tpcO'tT] 6'1'1l, a1tO~AE1tE1 01:0 cruylCEPOOfl6' ouvl5'Ua~Et 'to aep01tAavO flE 'tOY TIap9EvcOva. 'y otepo aM 60a Ei1tE yta 'tT] l5Uvafll1 'tT]~ 1tapal5oOTl~, Tt'tw E1t6flEVO vo fll1 ~l1'ta rnv lCa'tao'tpoq>it trov flVT]flEicov lCat 'tcov flO'UOEi.COV.

TIPE1tEt 0' a'U't6 'to OTlflE{O vo 1tpoo~O'UflE EmOTl~ lCat 'to 9Efla 'tT]~ q>Um1dt~ PcOflll~ 'tcov VECOV, ~amlCa 'tT]~ uyEi.a~ l5T]Aal51't, 1t0'U El5cO 9E<OpEi.'tat oev l5El50flEVO ava1t601tao'tO yta rnv 1tpOlC01t1'! 't11~ VEa~ YEVta~. 'Exo'UflE 0' a'U't6 'to OTlflEio 'tT]V 1tPcbtT] cruVEtl5T]'tTt avaq>opa OE lCan 1t0'U 9a a1tO'tEAEOEt Eva crUv9T]fla yta 'tT] YEVta rou Tptav'ta, lCat 1t0'U EPXE'tat oov a'U96Pfll1't11 av'ti.l5paOTl 0't11 oCOfla'ttlCTt xoxouoipi« 't11~ q>tM09EVT]~ xrn WatfltlCTt~ 1tP01lYOUflEVT]~ YEVta~. l:'tT] YEVEaAoyta 'tcov 'UytcOV l1PcOcov rou fl'U9to'tOPTtfla'tO~ 'tT]~ YEVta~ 9a crufl~aAEt lCat 0 8EO'tOlCa~ ue.ro Aprm.

1 ~'to 7tpdrto ~1(XVt<PEc:rtO tou q>O\l'tO\lptoj.1ou (1909) 0 T.M MaptvE'tt &!I..c.oVE: «E)l£iC; &!MbvO\lfl£ on 'to 9a\lj.1ao't6 fl€pOC; rou K6oj.10\l7tM>\l'rlO'tTIKE fl£ j.1ta Katvoupta 0j.10p<pt<x: env OJ.1op<pux 'tTIC; 'tax'6'tTl'tac;. 'Eva a\l'toKiVTI'to KOUpOac; ue 'to Ka7t6 c:rtOA.toj.L£vo ue xov'tpOUC; OCilA.1'!VEC; oo» <p{~ta, fl£ EKPllK'ttK6 xvdrto [ ... l, Eva a\l'toKiVTI'to 7tO\l j.10\l'YKp{~£t .Kat j.10t(X~Et va 'tPEXEt 7tUvCil (J£ tva 7tOA.\lP6M>, E{vat roo 6j.1opq>O a7t6 'tTl NtlCTl 'tTIC; ~o9palCTlC;». 'Otav 0 Maptv£tt EroaKE<p'tTI-

48

HM'ETHPIA

KE t11V A9i)va, 11£ Illa <pa.cnatlldt lpO'lYtO'\}Platlldt EKOt'IMoort, 'to 1933, 0 E>EO'tOKa.C; O"E Eva avu7t6ypaq>o O"X6Al6 rou oro 7tEPWOlK6 I&a (/':, 1933, 0". 202-3) ElproVEt>t11KE tnv «OIlOPq>la. t11C; 'taxut11'tac;» Kat 'ta mrtoxtvrrtu, E~1]y6>V'tac; 6'tl fiXE ~E7tEpaatE{ ma «1] A!l'tpfia rou Il1]X~lO"Il0U» 7to'\} 11:\ a\)'t1'l 'tEAlKa. ceroteAoUO"E Illa a7t67tElpa va7tVtyd 1] «a't0lllldt EAE'\}9Ep{a».

2. BA. 'tcOpa r. E>EO'tOKa.c; Kat r. l£q>Ep1]C;, A.u17A.Orpatpfa, 1975,0". 17-18. :E'tov tOw 't6IlO, 0". 136-38, O11Il0cnEt>E'tCXl Kat 'to 7tOt1]lla 'to'\} l£q>Ep1] "AEr0q>6poC; 1:\)yypou B''', 11£ 1]lI£poll1]Vta «25.11.1935», 67to\) ~A.E7to'\}lI£ 6n 1] AEr0q>6poC; XP1]crill£'IfE Kal yta rnv a.q>l~1] rou rEropyiO'\} B'.

14 «0\ OTII.l£PtvE~ 1tV£Ulla:nKE~ av('tyKE~ tTl~ EAAa&x~ &v EmtpE7tOUV ma 'tTlv EUKOA.Tl Epyacria tOU 7taA.l.OU KaA.OU KatPOU», a7tocpa.{vEtat 0 eEOtoK~ (1929, o, 55). Min OEA.l&x 7tpOYtUtEpa 0 lal.O~ EiXE ~A.c.OOEt on 0 1l0VtEPVtOIl6~ a7t6 uovo; tOU &v i)tav apKEt6~ yta v« XEtpOKpOtOUI.l£ £Va EPYO. ME to va ~MbVEt Ilta to £Va Kat Ilta to auo, 0 6£0- tOK~ KataatKaSEt rnv EUKOA.{a OE 6AE~ tt~ KatEu9UvoEt~, avaq>Ep6- 1lEV0~ Kat oto 7tapEA.96v Kat cto IlEAAOV. MV etvm ~auou 0 7tpciYto~ 7tOU EmOTIllaivEt tOY Kivwvo 'tTl~ EUKOA.ia~. H 7tPOXEtp6'tTlta ata 7tOA.tttKa 600 Kat ota KaAAttEXVtKa, Tl Em7t0A.at6'tTlta, TlIl7taya7tOvtta, Tl a7ta'tTl, Tl A.oYOKA.Om't etvm EA.attcbllata 7tOU ot mo EuauvEi~tOt 'EA.A.TlVE~ atavooUI.l£VOt ta KatW1Kaoav 7taVtOtE. H 7tPOTlYOUI.l£VTl 7tOtTltt-

Ki) YEVta, IlE tTlv 7tp6q>aOTl tTl~ EtA.tKplvEta~ Kat tTl~ aKatavlKTltTl~ avaylCTl~ EKq>paOTl~, EiXE 7tapaaup9Ei a7t6 rnv 'EuKoA.la' tOU ato9i)llato~, a7t6 rnv Em&PlltKi) Euato9ricria Kat EiXE 7tpoq>amotEl to a'YXo~ 'tTl~ son;~ yta rnv atTlIlEAEta tOU uq>Ou~. H tEXVTl i)tav tcbpa yta tOU~ ] VEOU~ Katt mo {3a9U, Ilta 7tP~Tl u7tEu9uVTl, a7tOtEAEOlla Ilta~ Emllovi)~ 1t1.0 KomaOttKi)~. Tov Kal3aq>Tl, 7tOU 7tEptq>POVOUOE to 'aio9rilla' Kat rnv 7tpoXEtp6tTlta, &v tOY Eixav aK61lTl aVaKaA.u'!'Et ot VEOt OE .auti) rou tTl ataotaOTl. Tnv ayv6'tTlta rou A.6you 'tTl auvaEav ue 'tTl q>paan-

1Ci) a7tA.6'tTlta· uovo 7tOU, a7toOO1Ctllasovta~ rnv 'EUKOA.ia', tpaj3ouoav ima 7tpO~ rnv EPIlTlttKi) EKOOXi) 'tTl~ aI.l£06'tTlta~ rou A.6you, aKOA.oU- 9cbvta~ rnv KatEU9vv'ti)pta MaA.aPIlE-BaAEpu. ME tOY iaw tp67t0 7tOU OtTlv 7tOA.tttKi) oi ootot 'tTl~ YEVta~ tOU Tptavta, yta va avttata90uv OtTl q>ti)Vta teov KEpaOOK67trov Kat troy Ka7t1'IA.rov, KA.EiVOVtat a7t6 a.~W7tpE7tEta OE Ilta. ataOTl a.VtawtEAEta~ xrn a.7tOxi)~, ot A.OYOtExvE~ tcbpa., 7tPOKEtIlEVOU vo ataM~ouv Eva YEO ap61l0 yta. rnv noinon, a.7tOq>EUYOUV to 'A.UptOIl6', rnv a.to9rillatoA.oyia., to 7tp6XEtpO ypa'l'lIlO Kat STltouv Ka.taq>Uyto OtOV EAEq>avttvO 7tUPYo.

49

HACIIETHPIA

'Orcv E~qxxviOt'llKE 'll I1:p0qn'J, 0 naA.a~~ E&ooE tOtaitEp'll 7tpOOOxi1 oro YEyov6c" 6tt 0 7tOt'llti1c" 'tTlc" E<pap~O~E (J' a'Uti1v (J'U(Jt'll~a'ttKa 'tTlV apxi1 'tTlc" Ou(JKOAiac". A'U96p~'llta 0 naAa~ac", 7tEpvcbvtac" a7t6 rov 7tOt'llti1 (JtOV avayvoot'll, (J'l)crxEti~Et to Ota~'ll~a am6 rou l£<ptP'll ~ rnv 7tpOCJ7ta9Eta 7tO'U MattEi avti(JtotXa to 7toi'll~a a7t6 rov avayvroern. «AAAa xpEta~Etat vo ~o'll9i1CJ'll 07tCOOOiJ7tOtE Kat 0 7tOt'llti1c" to (J'l)vEpya~6~o avayvoo'tTl 1'1 aKpoatiJ tou», EtOo7tOlOUCJE 0 naA.a~ac". «'O~coc" ta 7tpay~ata E~EAi(J(Jovtat, ~yaivo'Uv a7t6 ta 6pta to'Uc". Ot <XptcrtOKpa'ttKoi (J'ttX07tAEXtEc" 'tTlc" <pUAi1c" rou l£<ptP'll Kat 'tTl ~oi19Et~ autiJ &v 9EO>POUV a7tapai'tTlt'll. Btvm ccv vo. ~'llv ~'lltouv 'Ifli<PO'Uc,,». (Nea ECJ1:{a, 1931, Kat Nea ECJ1:{a, M"f.T', 1972, (J. 1563).

A'Uti1 'll tEAE'Utaia ~'ll, 7to'U EPXEtat a7tpo(J06K'llta vo ~ac" 9WioEt Evav K6(J~o Oo(JoA'll'Viac" 7tEpt(J(J6tEPO 7tapa ~ta avtolOteM (JXECJ'll 7tOt'llti1-avayvoo'tTl, ~ota~et, ~c" ornv a<ptAEta'tTlc", va ~a~et to oaXt'\)Ao oenv 7tA'll'Yil rou l£<ptP'll. AAA.<l &v Eivat 'll (J'tty~i1 vu 9i~o'U~ rn (JXECJ'll rou l£<pEP'll ue to 'xowo'. E>EAffi ~ovaxa vn 'U7tEv9u~i(JO> 6'tt 0 eeOtOK~ ~tAcbvtac" crta 1931 yta'tTl I1:p0qn'J, EKavE Myo yta'«OucrKoAia» (JE ~ta EVtEAcbc" avtige'tTl eKti~'llCJ'll a7t6 rou naA.a~a: 'll I1:poqn'J «~avoiyet 7tpOO7t'ttKEc" 7tpoc" ~ta tEXV'll 7ttO EvtOV'll Kat 7ttO ~(JtiJ, aAAa Kat 7ttO Atti1, mo a'UO't'llPi1, 7ttO WOKOA'll» (H Ilpona; 16Iouvto'U 1931 = F, eeOtOK~ Kat r.l£<ptP'llc", Alll]Aorpatp{a, 1975, (J. 180).

50

MEPm: aEYTEPO

MEOAOnKEl:

KAI AIl:E>HTlKEl: ZYMnl:EIl:

MapTVp{e; uu»; yea; ovve{01JC1T/;

15 n<xpa 'to YE"fov6r, on 'to EJ.eV(}epo 1rVeVJl.a'tou 8£o'toKa BEv <XV<Xyvrop{<m1KE 'tTl cmYJ,l1'1 'tTlr, Ml~omEucn'lr, rou <X7t6 7tOAAoUr, VEOUr, O'W '~<XVt<PEO''tO', K<Xt 7t<xpa 'to YEyov6r, 6'tl <X~<PtO'~11't1'l911KE <X~EO'ror, <X7t6 'tour, 7taAt6'tEPOUr, AoYO'tEXVEr, Kat <X7t6 'tOUr, tBEOAoytKOUr, <xvn7t<XAoUr" 'to KE{~VO <XU't6 roO''t60'0 BEv EXEt aAAo 6~ot6 'tOU, 7tOU V<X ~<xr, OiVEt 60'0 <xu't6 ~t<X OAoKAllP~ <xu'tooUVetMlO'1l 'tllr, VE<Xr, o~aoor, Aoyo'tEXvolv, 7tOU E~<pwi~oV'tat Kat 7tpoot<xypa<pOuv ue 't6O'1l <XO'<paAEta 'tOY 7tpOYP<X~~<X'tl0'~6 'tOUr, yt<X 'to ~AOV. ri<x 'tOY tOt<Xi'tEPO <xu't6 Myo XPllO't~07toillO'<X 'tou'to 'to V'tOKOU~_amr~-yta~ 7t<xvop<X~tK1'I W<XO'1C61t1l0'1l 'tTlr, K<X'tOO't<XO'1lr, 'trov yp<x~~a'tO>V, 67tror, mv E~Ae7t<XV 't6'tE ~EPtKOi VEOt, K<Xt yt<x ~t<X ~u90~E'tPllO'11 ttov <PtAOOO~tolV 'tllr, YEVlar, 'tOU Tptclv't<X 0"t<X 7tpcb't<x 'tTlr, <p<XVEP~<X't<X.

A7t6 'tTl 0''tty~1'I <XU't1'IK<xt nep<x 9<x OtEUpUVOU~ 'tTlv 07t'ttK1'l yrovi<x 7tpor, rnv K<X'tEU9uvO'1l 'tTlr, 't6'tE 7tOAt'tt~tK1'lr, 7tp<xy~<X'ttK6'tTl'tar" npooKo~i~ov't<Xr, ~<XP'tUpiEr, 7tOU EPXOV't<xt K<Xt <X7t6 aAAer, K<X'tEU9uVO'Etr" oiXror, 6~ror, vo E"fK<X't<XAehI'OU~ OptcmKa 'tOY 8£o'toKa, E<p6O'O 'tou'tor, o O'UYYP<X<PE<Xr" ~<x~i ~E 'tOY TEp~aKll, 'tOY l:e<PEPll, 'tOY K<xp<XV'tolVll, <X7to'tEAei ~i<x <X7t6 'ttr, 7tt0 EK<PP<XO"ttKEr, Kat <X7t6 7tpcb'to XEpt 1t1lYEr, yt<X rnv waAucn'I ~ar" Kupiror, E7tEt01'l &v 7tEptopi<m1KE <m1 AoyO'tEXVlK1'l 7t<xp<xyroy1'l, <XAAa'tllv 7tAatmO>O'E K<Xt ue 7tAoUO't<X ap9poyp<x<pi<x.

Ti evvoooue JI.E 'yeVla 'Wv Tptavra'

16 ME 'YEVta 'tOU Tptav't<X', oro 0''tEv6'tEPO v611~<X, ~7tOpOU~ V<X EVV01'l0'0U~ Ka7tror, <pElOroAa, 'tOUr, VEOUr, 7tOU O'UVEpyaO''tTlKW 0"t0 7tEpto-

51

IMlOAOnKEl: KAI AIl:E>HTIKEl: ZYMm:EIl:

0\1c6 Ta Nea Tpaj1j1am, Kat J.l6VO 'tOU<; VEOU<;. 0 opo; XPl1O"tJ.101tOt1't9TlKE a.6pto'ta. Kat YEVtKa a.1t6 'tOY 8EO'tOKa Ka.t Ka.9tEpcb6TJKE J.lEOa. 0't0 1tEpt~aA.A.OV 't11<; oJ.laoa.<; 'tOU 1tEptoOtKOU a.U'tOU'. l:'t0 EUpU'tEPO 6J.lro<; V 611 uo; Kat J,lE A.ty6'tEPO J.ltKp6'JIUXl1 Ota9E01l, 9a. 1tEPtA.a~OUJ,lE 0't1l YEVta 600u<; VEOU<; ropiJ.la.oa.v avaJ,lEoa. oro 1930 Ka.t 'to '40, 61tro<; EXOUJ,lE Kt6A.a.<; 1tP0EtOo1t0t1'lOEt (KE<paA.a.to 1).

MEVEt roO"'t600 a.va.J.l<PtO~1't't1l'to on OU'tE 11 J.lia. OU'tE 11 aA.A.l1 EPJ.ll1- vEia. J.l1tOPOUV va. ixovoaorqoouv, E<p600v &v o't1lpi/;ov'tat OE EVa. xpt't1'tpto evnxauevrco, 'Emo't1lJ.l0VtlC6'. A<pO"l) 6J.lro<; 0 opo; EXEt emxpc't1'tOEt, lCa.t 't11 O'ttyJ.l1't 1tOU 1ta.i/;Et EYfi ~a.mlC6 p6A.o J,lE0a. 0't11 J.lEA.E'tl1 J.lU<;, 1tOU J.laA.to'ta. Emypa<pE'ta.t J,lE 'tOY 6po a.u't6, & J.la.<; J.lEVEt aA.A.o 1ta.pa v« KOt'ta~ouJ,lE 1tcix; va. 1tEptypa'lfOuJ,lE 'to 1tEptEX6J.lEV6 'tOU, OXJ'tE va. unv 1tpOlCU'lfOUV 1ta.PEPJ.ll1VEiE<; ro<; 1tpo<; 'tou<; 0't6xou<; J.la.<;.

Km, yta. v' apXioouJ,lE, 1tPE1tEt vo ava.p0>"t1190uJ,lE 'tt EXOUJ,lE vo cetoxoutooous a.1t6 't11 XP1't01l rou 1tPOOOtoptOJ.lou rou 1tEptEX0J,lEVOU rou 6pou 'yEVta rou Tptav'ta.'.

M1't1tro<; EiVat a.1ta.pai't1l'to va. yiVEt a.U't6 a.1t6 J.lta. avaYK1l J,lE9000A.oytK1'!<; <ppov'ttOa.<;, 1tOU xapl1 OE opiousvc lCpt't1'!pta. aa. J.la.<; Em'tpE'lfEt vo optoooue 'ta. opio lCat rnv ElC'tU01l EV6<; lCa.M1.'tEXVtlCOU <patVOJ,lEvOU Kat vo 'to ~OOUJ,lE a.1tOO1tcOV'tU<; 'to cm6 'ta. E'tEpoyEVil O'tOlXEia.; 'H J.l1't- 1tro<; clVat ava.ylCa.io, 1tpOlCEtJ,lEvOU vu 1tq)tXap~OUJ,lE Evav 1tOA.m~tlC6 XcOpO J,lE<; O'tOV 01tOiO xwoovnn Ka.t Epyat;OV'ta.t uepucoi A.oYO'tEXVE<;; Koa yta. 'tOU<; Wo A.6yOU<;, <pUO"tKa, lCa.t yt' aAA.oU<; a.lC6J.l11· aMa, 1tp01tUv't6<;, E1tEt01't J,lE rqv Ka.'ta 1tPOoEyyt01l EO'tro 1tEPt'Ypa.<p1't 'tOU 1tEPtEXOJ,lEvOU 'tOU opon YEVta 'tOU Tptav'ta. ytV6J.lUO'tE lCa'tOXOt ey6<; OUYKpO't1lJ,lEVOU oUVOA.oU &OOJ,lEvrov, 'ta. onotc E1ta.U~avouv n<; Em'tOU'tOu 1tpOOA.a.J.l~aV0OOE<; yta. J.lta. 1tA.l1pEa'tEpl1 avayvffiO"1l 'troY lCEtJ.1EvroV 't1l<; YEVtU<; a.u't1'!<;. Ka.'ta 'tp61t0 av&:MYyo, <pUO"tlCa, EiVat a.1tUpa.i't1l'tO vu EXOUJ,lE E1tiyvffi01l 'troY pEUJ.la'trov, trov YEV1.cOV 1tOU a.V1'tlCOUV £pya. aA.A.rov E1tOXcOV. To Ka9E EPYO etvoa o<ppa.ytOJ,lEvO Ka.t XPOVOA.oY1lJ,lEvO a.Ota.J.l<PtO~1't't1l'ta. a.1t6 'to PEUJ.la.1't 't1l YEVta 1tOU 'to E~a.A.E, Ka.t J,lE 'tp61t0 <pa.YEp61't lCpUJ.lJ,lEvO <t>EPEt E1tavro'tOU au't1'! 't1l O1'tA.roo1llCUpt6't1l'tU<;. 'Btcn, 61tro<; Eiva.t a.1tapa.i'tl1'to va ~EPOUJ,lE 'to 'EiBo<;' 0't0 onoto Eva. EPYO a.v1'!KEt, aAA.o 't600 etvoi a.1ta.pai't1l'to v« OtEUlCptvioouJ,lE 'to PEUJ,la. lCa.t 't1l YEVta onoo a.v1'!lCEt. Ano lCEi Ka.t 7tEpa. 'ta. lCpt't1'!pta. 1tOU 9a. £XouJ,lE a.1tOlC't1'!OEt, 9a. J.lU<;Em'tpE'lfOUV vo a.1tOJ.la.KPUVOUJ,lE 1ta.pEiOa.lC'ta. EPYa. a.1t6 'tOY 1CUlCA.o ttov eVOta.<pEp6v'trov J.lU<; lCat vo &a.mO'tcOOOUJ,lE noio, aA.A.a EPYa. a.1tO'tEAoUV ~a.tpEOEt<;.

A<; 1tapOUJ,lE, yta.1ta.pa&tyJ.la. env OOVaela'tOU NilCOU Ka./;av't/;aK1l, Eva. EJ.lJ,lE'tPO EPYO 33.333 otixrov, 1tOU OrtJ.lOO"tEil't1llCE 'to 1938, J,lE0a. OE

52

raEOAOTIK& KAI A~HTIK& ZYMill:Ell:

Xp6vux &rlA.a01'l (lKI . .l1't~ 'tTl~ YEV\~ rou Tptovro, orov 6m 't(l O\(lKpmKa 'tTl~ yvropi(J~(l't(l etvoi E~qxxvE(J't(l't(l. 0 (l1tA.TlPOqx)PTl'tO~ 1tap(l'tTlPTl't1'\~ 6a ~1tOpOU(JE va 9Erop1't(JE\ 'to 'E1tO~' (l'U't6 (JW ~\(l1tapEKKA.\<J1l (l1t6 n~ YEV\KE~ 'ta(JE\~ 'tTl~ ~OV'tEPV(l~ 1toiTl<J1l~, ~\(l (lV't\KA.{~(lK(l \(J't0P\K1't. t'tTlV 1tp(ly~(l't\K6'tTl't(l 6~co~ OEV 1tp6KE\'t(l\ Y\(l ~\(l 1tpa~Tl 'tE'tO\O'\) Etoo'\)~ 1tapa ~OvaX(l yt(l EPYO EV6~ w9pcfuto'\) ~\(l~ 1tpOYEVE(J'tEPTl~ YEV\~, EKEiV1l~ 1t0'\) rop\~a~E\ ornv 1tpOml &KaE'ti(l rou (l\(OV(l, K(l\ 1t0'\) yt(l 01t0\(l01'i1tO'tE (l\'t\(l 0 av9pom~ (l'\)'t6~ 1tp(ly~(l'to1toiTl(JE 'to EPYO rou ue (lV(l(J'tOA.1't ~\(l~ E\KO(JaE'ti(l~ 'to'\)A.aX\(J'tOV. It(l vo xptvooue oiX~ 1tapEP~T\VE~ 'to EPYO K(l\ yt(l v« 'to O\(l~acro'\)~ ue 'tp61t0 '\)1tEu9'Uvo, &v ~itopou~ 1t(lpa vo ~EK\v1't(JO'\)~ ceto 'tTl 0\(l1t1(J't0><J1l (l'\)'t1'\.

H ~Tl 'YEV\a' K'\)KA.oCPOPEi E,\)PE~ (J't0 EA.e158epo nvevJla'to'\) 9EQ'tOKa. 0 6po~ o\(loi&'t(l\ OA.oEv(l1tEp\(J(J6'tEpo 't(l XP6v\(l EKciV(l (J'tTlV EUUOO', 6(J0 K(l\ (J'tTlV E'\)Pcfut1l. Tou EiXE &O(J'E\ KUpO~ 0 Albert Thibaudet crn~ \(J'tOP\KE~ tou ~A.E'tE~ K(l\ E\O\Ka ornv Histoire de la litterature franfaise de 1780 a nos jours, 1tO'\) K'\)KA.oqx)PTl(JE ~'ta 'to 9av(l't6 rou, 'to 19373• AV(lyvropi~ov't~ rn XPT\m~6't1l't(l rou opou, Ev(l mo 1tp6~<p<X'to~ ~A.E'tTl't1't~, 0 Robert Escarpit, (J'toEYXEtplo\6 too KOlvwvLOAoyla 'fTl~ AOrO't'exv{a~ (~E'taq>p(l<J1l a.n. no't(l~\avo'\), 1972), Em<JT\~(llvE\ 6~ K(l\ rou K\vWvo'\)~ 1t0'\) 1tPOKU1t'tO,\)V (l1t6 ~\(l (l~(l(Jav\(J'tTl xp1't<J1l 'tT\~ EvvO\~ (l'\)'t1't~, K(l\ (l1tO'tPE1tE\ (l1t6 'to,\)~ 1tE\p(l(J~ou~

1. vo E<p<XP~O(J'touv 0\ YEVtE~ ue K'\)KA.\K6't1l't(l (JE 0\(l<J't1't~(l't(l K(lVOVtKa,

2. V(l't(l'\)'t\(J'touv oi A.oYO'tEXVtK~ YEvtE~ ue 't\~ ~\OA.oytKE~ YEV\E~,

3. vo XPTlm~01totT\9ci 'to E'tO~ YEVv1't(JEro¢'.

TEA.tKa 0 Escarpit (J,\)~~O'\)A.EUEt v« 1tpo'tt~1't(Jo'\)~ 'tOY 6po 'o~ao(l', (equipe, groupe).

t'tTl O\K1't ~~ 1tEpi1t'tO><J1l, (l1tOq>EUYOV't(l~ YEV\K6'tEPO,\)~ Opt(J~ou~, K(lt (l1tO~A.E1tOV't(l~ oto cruyKEKP\~VO ~1't'tTl~(l 1t0'\) ~(l~ (l1t(l(JX,0A.E1, ue 'tT\V EKq>P(l<JTl YEvta rou Tptav't(l ~1tOpOU~ v« (JKEq>'tOU~ ~t(l o~aOa A.oYO'tExvdlv 1t0'\) 1t(lpo'\)ma~ov't(l\ VEO\, ue 1tpO>'t01tOP\(lKE~ q>\A.ooo~iE~, ~ O\U9E<J1l v« Ep90'\)v (JE p1't~Tl us 'to 1t(lpEA.96v 1't 'to'\)A.aX\(J'tov v« O\(lq>oP01tO\Tl90uv ceto (l'\)'t6 K(l\ (l1t6 rnv K(l'tE(J'tTl~VTl 't~T\' nou (l1t0~A.E- 7tow (JE 9E~(l't(l K(lt ~opq>E~ VEE~ K(l\ O~O\oYEVEi~, (J'tTlP\Y~VE~ (JE E~- 7tE\piE~ KOtvE£, ~\CO~EYE<; ~E Ka7tO\(l (J'\)yyEVEt(l. t' (l'\)'t1't rnv o~ao(l VECOV 7tpOOXCOpouv K(l\ A.Tl~tapX\Ka A.ty6'tEPO veot, 1t0'\) 6~~ y{vov't(l\ OEK'toi, Eqx)(JOV (J'\)~~'tExO'UV crn<; iOtE~ EmO\~Et£ ue 'to'\)<; VEO'\)<;, K(l\ 7t0,\) 0\ VEO\ &v EX0'UV K(lVEv(l A.6y0 v« 'to~ (l1tOKA.El(Jo'UV. To crUvOA.o

53

IaEOAOnIrnI: KAI AII:eHTIKEI: ZYMru:EII:

AOYO'tEXVIDV 1tOU a1tap'ti~ouv rnv E'tcrt OXTlJ.la'ttO'!1EvTI oJ.laoo., ~EK1Va yta ve Ka'taK'ti)O'E1 'to E()acpoc; J.lE J.l1a ()la()lKama E~a1tACOOTlC;, 61tou au'ti) TI KaM1'tEXVlKi) ueiovorrrm (1'1 1tpOYto1topia) EK'tom~El 'tOUC; 1taA16'tEPOUC; Ka11tTlyaivE1 vu a1tOKa'taO''ti)O'El J.lta YEa 't~TI. ~crtKa, J.lE 'to 1tEpaO'J.la tou XP6vou, 6't<lV 01 1tPOYt01t6P01 eO. EXOUV yiVE1 Kupiap'1.,01 'tOU E()acpouc; Kat TI 'tEXVTI 'tOUC; eO. EXE1 EmKpa'ti)O'E1 Ka1 ()EV eO. a1to'tEAEi ma J.l1a EKCPP<lO'Tl 1tPOYt01tOp1aKi) J.ltac; J.lElov6'tTl'tac; , eO. EXEt i)~ EJ.lcpav10''tEi J.l1a YEa oJ.la()a. Am6 O'uJ.l~aiVE1 Y1a 'tTl YEv1a rou Tpuxv'ta YUp<o otov 1t6AeJ.l0.

ME au't6 'to EUPU'tEPO v6T1J.la. 1tOU KaAU1t'tEl J.lta O'U'YKEKptJ.1EvTl to'tOptKi) 1tEpi1t'tCOOTl Kat ()EV a1tO~AE1tE1 O'E Eva opiouo eE<opTl'ttK6 Kat a1t6AmO (Kat a1tOKAElO''ttKa yta vo O'UVEVVOOUJ.l<lO"tE), J.l1tOpei va yiVE1 xpi)O'TI 'tTIC; EKcppaO'TlC; 'YEVla 'tOU Tpurvru'. XaPTl 0" au'ti) rn ()lEUPUVO'TI 'tOU 1tEP1EX6J.lEV0U, & J.1EvOUV ~<o OU'tE EKEiVOl1tOU eEIDpTlO'<lV 'KAiKa' 'tTIV oJ.laoo. auyKEV'tP<O!1EVTI yup<o 0''t0 1tEp1O()lK6 Ta Nea rpappatd, OU'tE 01 1t01Tl'tEC; 1tOU avi)Kouv O''tTIV aplO''tEpi) 1tcipa't~TI Kat 1tOU a1t0J.lOv6:JeTIK<lV O'UO"tTIJ.la'ttKa Ka'ta 'tTl J.lE't~1Ki) 1tEpiooo. ME'tTlV 1tEp1- ypacp1') 1tOU ()iv<o Earo, J.l1tOpei vo 1KaV01t01TleEi Kat TI aJ.lCP10'~i)'tTI0'TI 'tOU opou O''tTIV 1tEplOp10''tt Ki) EKOOXi) 'tOU, J.lE 'tOY 'tp61to 1tOU TI <lJ.lCP10'~i)'tTlO'TI EytVE Ka'ta 'tTl ()lapKEla 'tTlC; ()lK'ta'topiac; ton ME't~a a1t6 'tOY B. Bcptxo, 1tOU 't1'tA0cp6PTlO'E rn J.lEAE'tTl rou H J.l.ffanoAepl1C11 pa~ ..wron;xvfa (1939), a1tocpEuyov'tac; orov 'ti'tAo Ka:1 0"t0 KEiJ.lEVo rnv EKcppaO'Tl 'YEV1a'. 0 BapiKac; O''tTIv apxi) K16'AaC; 'tTIC; J.lEAE'tTlC; rou (1tOU a1tocpeUyE1 vc 'tTl xapaK'tTIpiO'El 'OOKlJ.llO' ,.,1tpo'ttJ.lIDv'tac; 'to «l:XE()lO yta J.lEAE'tTl»), u1toypaJ.lJ.li~E1 'tOY «'tEJ.laX10'J.l6» 'tTIC; AoYO'tEXV1Ki)C; 1tapay<O'Y1ic;:

H 1tVEUJ.la'ttKi) J.lac; ~<O1'l a1')J.lEpa EXE1 X<Op10''tEi O'E a1tElpia J.l1KpIDV cpEOU()roV. To KaeEVa ~E1 'tTl ()1Ki) 'tOU <lV~ap'tTl'tTI ~<O1'l. (1939,0'.7)

Aiyo 1tapaKa't<O Ka'taYYEAAE1 J.l1a «oJ.la()a» 1tOU «cpav'ta~E'ta1 'toy Eam6 'tTIC; 1tVEuJ.la'ttK6 TlYE'tTl rou E8vouC;» (0'.8)".

l:TlJ.lEplV6 J.lac; 10''tOP1K6 Kae1')Kov etvm, cpucrtKa (Ka1 aUJ.lcp<ova J.lE <xu't6 1tOU EVVOOUJ.lE J.lE 'YEVla'), TI J.lEAE'tTl 6'1.,1 uovo 'tTIC; J.l1ac; au'ti)c; OJ.la()ac;, aMa 'tOU O'UV6AoU au'tIDv 't<OV 0J.la()rov, J.lE 'tTl cppov'tioo. vn ()laAeuKaVeEi Ka1 TI ()laAeK't1Ki) OXEO'TI 1tOU 1tpaYJ.la'tlKa U1ti)P~E Ka1 E1tE()PaO'E aJ.l01~aia E1ttXv<O 't0UC;.

1 AC; Et1tr09Ei a!l£oroc; 6n (l""\)V119i~E'tat vo ~cX~o'I>V ornv 1tEptoxft ,.uac; YEVlcXc;, "(ta Myo'UC; ~OA.ftc;, av8pc07to'UC; nou &v otxov'tat 1tclv'to'tE 1tp68ulla rrrv lCa'tcX'ta-

54

IM!OAOnKEl: KAI An:9HTIKEl: ZYMm:En:

~11 a.u't1'!. np~. r. l:£(jlEP11:

H v£6t£P11 1tOl11t1.K1'! YEV£o. a.1tOteAeitat a.1t6 a.v9pcfutou<; 1tOA:U a.v6110l0U<; Kat 1tOU ette ~picncoVtat a.K61111 ernv a.pxil eit£ & 11' EVlila.<pEpOUV. 'Etc:n 61tro<; etvm ta.1tpo.YI1a.ta., a.v ilgeAe vu ypo.'lfElKa.vei<; yt' a.u't1'1v, 9a. £1tp£1t£ vo ata9a.vEtat os I1la. rl VTtOTl OI1®l K1'!11E KOlV£<; £mlil<b!;£l<;, 1tpo.YI1a. 1tOU £'YOO tOUMXlcrtO aev a.la9a.vOl1at lil6wu. ("Mov6wyo<;", 1939, 1974, A' cr. 481)

Etvm <pa.v£p6 6t1. aev 7tEpa.ae a.1t6 to YOU tOU l:£(jlEP11 11 EVO£X611EV11 1t£pi- 1ttCOOTl va. «ypo.\jI£l Ka.v£i<; yt' a.u't1'!v» liiXro<; va a.viJK£l o' a.u't1'1v. A1t6 to 1939 IlEXPl criJI1EPa. 7tEpa.cra.v a.PK£to. Xp6Vla..

2 TTt cruva.vtoo I1E to £llilK6 v61111a. 1tOU £X£l Kat criJI1EPa. orov KA£OlVa. na.po.crxo, Motoa; A', 1920, cr. 44, 61tOU yiv£tat MYyoc;, 0"£ a.vtllila.crtOAill1E tou<; «v£ou;», yta. «rnv 1t£pa.cr).ltvr) <plWI..oytK1'! YEV£o.».

3 0 A. T£p~o.1C1l<; a.va.<pEpa to £pyo oro o.p9po tOU "nVEUI1a.t1.KOi 11'Y£t£<;", Neoe.U77VlKtX tpouucaa; 91a.voua.piou 1937, cr. 2, Ka.l ~£to.~£l to 61..0 ~iltTll1a. oto &.p9po tOU "Ava.yorf1'l", Neoe.U77VlKtX rpU#Jla.ta, 3 A1tplAiou 1937, cr. 2' 1ta.paM~tat 6t1., 1ta.po. tTlv «a.u9atp£aia.», 11 «U1tOlilmp£OTI 0"£ YEVe£<;» £~U1t1lp£t£{ tTl l1£A£tTI.

4 Kpa.toovta.<; yta. KPl't1'!pW to £to<; Y£vviJaero<;, 111t0POUI1E va. to1t09£'t1'!croul1E 1tMl 1tMl tOY l:£(jlEP11 Ka.l to r. 9£I1EA11 (y£VVTtl.lEv0u<;tO 1900), 1tpO~EVOOvta.<;

&.crtOXou<; crucrx£tl<Jl1ou<;. .

a. 0 A. Apyupiou, 1tOU a.<ptEpOOO"£ 1toAAt<; 1tPOcr1tM£l£<; yta. va. auyKEVtPOOael 1t£PWlilKo. tOU 11E0"01t0A£110U, ~lo1toi11O"£ to 1tOAUtlI10 a.ut6 UAlK6 lCUp{ro<; 0"£ Wo Ol1lAi£<;: "Ta.ael<; t11<; KptttK1'!<; O"K£'II11<; cro I1Ecro1t6AeI10", ceo cruAAOytK6 t6110 H KpmK11 C1tTJ veotepn E..U.a&x, Etatpeia. DtouaOOv N£o£U11VlKOU nOAlt1.<JI1ou Ka.l rEVlKil<; na.l&ia.<;, I. l:xoAiI MoopdltTI, 1981' Ka.l "EPI111VEUt1.K£<; 1tpOcr£'Y'Yicr£l<; Ka.l pu9I1lcrtlK£<; 1tpoto.O"£l<; Yla. tTl AOYOt£Xv{a.", Tpauuato: xa:

Ttzveq, teUX11 58 Kat 59, 1989 (£mOTl<; emv ilila. Etatpeia., Ott) O"apo. "'EU11VE<; I1a.P~lcrt£<;", 1984). Ot lila.mcrtOOa£l<; tOU EVlcrxOOUV t1.<; lilK£<; 110u.

5 Ov611a.cra.v 'KA{Ka.' rnv 0110.00 tOU 1t£PWlilKOU Ta. NEa rpU#Jlata ocoi 9£0)Pil9TtKa.v a.1tOKAelcrI.lEvOl a.1t6 t11V a.v90wyia. ee I1Eto.<PPa.OTI Le domaine grec rou R. Levesque, na.pic:n-Ao~&.V11, 1946. BA. a.vt1.Bpa.ael<; tOU I.M. na.vaytoot6- 1touwu (NEa Botta; MB/, 1947, cr. 1463) Ka.l rou KA. na.pa.crxou (a.utOU, Ka.l td>pa. crta.l1po{3).1'/Jlata ).orotezviaq, 1964,0".210-20).

6 na.pa.9£tOl 0A6KA11P11 tTl cnc£\jlTt tOU B. Ba.p{Ka.:

H AoyOtexv{a. 110.<;, £aoo Kat Aiya. Xp6Vla., 1ta.pOUc:no.~£l tOUto to <pa.lV611£YO: I1la. 011a.&x a.v9pcfutoov, Ka.to. ta. o.Ua. {O"ro<; O"o~a.poov Kat ~wcr£~a.crtOlV, ~a.KOWUgei, I1E rnv £ml1oyiJ £v6<; 1to.90u<; 1tOU oi 'lfUXia.tPOl 9a. to OVOl1o.~a.v£ uovoucvto, va. <pa.vto.~£O"a.l tOY £a.ut6 tll<; 1tV£ul1a.t1.K6 11yEtTt tou £9vou<;, va. 1ta.{pV£l 6AE<; t1.<; 1t6~£<; 1tOU a.1tattei Eva. t£tow ~{00I1a., va. Xoopi~£ta.l os <pa.Vta.crtlKo. crtpa.t61t£00 Ka.l va. liiv£1. OOVlClXOOt1.K£<; l1o.X£<;, vo a.Uto'i>~p{~£ta.l Kat va. a.UtO£1ta.lV£{tat, aa.v£l~611£V'i1 tTl <ppa.aeol..oyia. tTI<; oenv 1tpOOtTt 1t£pi1ttCOOTl a.1t6 ta. Xa.I1a.ltu1t£ia. roo n£lpatro<;, Kat 0"tTt O£Ut£P11 a.1t6 tl<; P£KAo.l1E<; tou KlV11l1a.toyP&.!pou, xm 6Aa. a.Uto. I1E I1la. 1tpo.YI1a.t1. £K1tA11Xt1.K1'! O"O~a.pO<p{J.v£la., 1tOU 9a. l11topouae 1tpo<; O"tlYI1i1 va. ~£y£Ao.cr£l Kill tOY mo Wamcrto 1ta.Pa.t11P11til· A£I1£ 1tpO<; crtlYI1i1, yta.ti Eva. Ko.1tro<; rtpoaeXt1.K6t£po KO{ta.YI1a. £UKOAa. 9a. l11topoucr£ va. a.1tOKaAU-

55

~OAOnKE~KAIA~HTIKE~Z~~

W£t 6tt oro aa90~ 6A.o~ IXut6~ 0 96pullo~, &v eivm 7tIXpa I1tIX "l1£t~U 11~" ureopto, 7tOU IX7tollA.£1t£t, KIXt 7tp£7t£t VIX 0110AoyftcrOUI1£ 7tCO<; &v to KIXtOp9rov£t 7tclvtOt£, VIX £K7tA.ft~£t tOU~ wp£A.ei~. H £A.A.£t'll11 07tatIXcr6it7tOt£ y£vtK6t£PTl~ IX7tftx.TI<fTI~ KaV£t OOt£ 6A.0~ IXut6~ 0 9iIXO'o~ VIX <pIXvta~£t l17tpocrta crtIX l1attIX tOU KOWOU eo» 611tAo~ U7t£p<pUmKrov 117t£117t£OroV 7tOU £~IXKOAoU90uv, eto 7t£icrl1IX tTl~ TlA.td~ tou~, VIX 7tIXi~ouv tt~ KOUK~, Kat VIX 7tpollcUA.ouv rnv IX7tIXitTI<fTI, U7tOttl1roVt~ £tm Kat rn VOTlI10crUVT\ troy tpitrov, VIX tOu~ 7tlXipvouv at cUA.ot crtIX croJlapa. (1939,.0'. 8-9)

17 H 4T1 Auyo'OO''tou, J,I£ 'tTIv waO''tw:nK1'l 'tTl<; £mBpaO'Tl O''tTIv £1.£'06£PTI 1)u:WtlI:llmll 'tCJ)V 7tOAt'nO'~\1(eOv qxx\vo~vCJ)V, 1)tIlK61t't£t optO''ttl(a 'to 1)taAoYO waJ,l£O'Il O"tll O'OO'tIlAtO''ttKa Kilt 'til Q)tA£A£'06ep1l P£'O~Il't1l eou 1l00'tt0'~O'O. 0 fuaAoYOC; ax£ &bcret ~Pt £KaVTI 'tTl O"tty~1'I yovt~6't1l't1l Il1tO't£AtO'~Il'tIl. H 4T1 Auyo'OO''tou Kilt TI UAo1toiTlO'Tl IlU't1'lC; 'tTl<; KIl'tIlO''taA'ttK1'lc; 1tOAt'ttK1'lC; rou M£'too;a O"tOV «TI£p{ T'07tOu» v6~0 (22.2.1938), ytll VIl ~Tlv 1t<Xp£VOXAet't1lt 1l1t6 'tou<; IlPtO"t~po'O<; TI 7tOP£{Il1tpO<; 'til £AATlvtKa 1t£1tpCJ)~VIl, EX£t OPYIlVtKEC; O'UVE1t£t£C; ytll 'tTl 0'0O'tIlAtO''ttK1'I 1tapa'tOO;TI, 1tOU, Il1tAo'OO"tIl'tIl, q>t~cOv£'tIlt, aAAa Kilt ytll 'tTIV t&OAoy{1l rou ClO"ttO'~'O, 7tOU xavEt, 1l1t6 'tTl O"ttY~1'I 'to'O'tTI Kilt ~XPt 'tTIV Cl1t£A£t>- 6EPCJ)O'TI, 'to 6q>£Ao<; 1tOU 'tTl<; 1tp60'q>£p£ 0 1)taAoYoc; J,I£ rn ~IlP~tO''ttK1'l O'KE'I"1. H AoYO't£Xv{1l tou ClO"ttO'~o'O 61l 1tATlPcOcrEt J,I£ 1t<Xp1l1tAav1'!0'£t<; Kilt J,I£ 1)tIlVOTl'ttKO'OC; IlKpCJ)'tTlPtIlO'~O'O<; 'ttC; O'UVE1t£t£<; 'tTI<; IlcrUOO'tTI<; ~OVOKPIl'tOpillC; 'tTI<;. at AoyO'tEXV£<; 1lU't0{, ~t~VOt ytll 60'1l &v Eq>1:IlVIl* O''tll Ilu'tta 'touC;, KIlAAtEP'YTIO'IlV 'to '1tV£'O~Il' Kilt env 'K1l61lp1'I' 'tEXVTI q>tPVOV'tIl<; 0" IlU'tO'O<; 'tOUC; {1)tOUC; 'tOJ,l£iC; Il1tO't£AtO'~Il't1l 1tOA.'O ~tKp6't£PIl 1l1t6 6,'tt 61l ~1tOpOOOW 0'£ O'Uv61'IK£C; eA£U6epOU 1)taA6you.

Til Xp6vtll £A£'06£pou 1)taA6you ~ouv, E'tO't, 1t£ptOptO'~1l w~oo 0"t0 '30 Kilt 'to '36. Au'ta 'til Xp6Vtll, 0 A. KllpW'tcOvllC; 't1l1t£ptEyPIl'11£, 1tOA'O Ilpy6't£pll, J,I£ p61)tvll XpcbJ!Il'tIlI, £veO, 1l1t6 rn 1)tK1'l roo 1tA£upa o 9£O'tOKac;, Kt 1lU't6<; 1toM Ilpy6't£pll, 'to 1958, e{& 'to 1)tUO"tTl~Il1tOU 1tpoTlyei'tllt 'tTl<; 4T1C; A uyo'OO"tou J,I£ 'tp61to 1tATlPEO''t£pO, O'IlV '~'O~CJ)O'TI', tapTI 0"t0 «~CJ)V'tllv6 fu<Uoyo» WUJJ£O'Il 0"ttC; IlVti6et£<; 'tacret<;2.

H ~'O~CJ)O'TI £let 'tTl p{~1l 'tTIC; O"tTIV OP~TI'ttK1'l 1)telO'()uO'Tl 'tCJ)V ~IlP~tO"ttKcOv t&eOv, 61tCJ)<; £{XW crxTl~Il'ttO"t£i 0''tTI l:oPt£'ttK1'l PCJ)O'{Il. H £1tIlVUO"taO'Tl Kilt TI WIl'tp01t1'l 'tTI<; ClO"ttK1'lc; 't~TlC; etvm 'to KtVTIt1'!ptO crUv- 6TI~1l. Bvcvrtov IlU'teOV 'tCJ)V IlVIl'tP£1t'ttKeOV taO'£CJ)v 0 B£Vt~EAoC; eix£ pam rn BouA'fl VIl 'I"1q>iO'£t 'to «I1)teOvwo» (1929), 1tOU 1l1tlly6p£u£ 'tTl

56

IMlOAODKEI KAI AIIeHTIKEI ZYMm:EU::

<>taaoOTl nov «KO~~OUV\OnKrov \a£rov» ornv EA.A.aaa, n~{J)provtac; touc; 7tapa~atec; ~ !pUAaK\OTI Kat ~opia. I1ap'6A.o to ~apu 7tap£~~at\o~6 rou Kpatouc; OtOV toJlfu t{J)V \&rov, 0\ ~apl;\anKtc; \&eC; KUKA.oeopoocev OA.oEva £uputepa'. To. 7t£pWa\Ka AvartvV11l171 (a\£u8uvt1'\c; 011. rA.T\v6C;, 1926-8), Ilponoxopoi (\aput1'\c; 0 I1ttpOC; I1\Kp6C;, 1930-1), Neo: npanon6pol (1931-6), aKoA.ou8ouoav ~\a taKt\KI'l tal;\KI'lc; 7taA.T\C; oro £m7t£oo tT\C; 7ta\&iac; Kat tT\C; A.oyot£xviac;. 7tpOl;£Volvtac; ~yaA.T\ avT\auxia oto q>\A.eA.eu8£po aano~64a. AKP\~olc; t6t£ 0 I\o)pyoC; eeoroKaC; 80. £~7t\ot£utci orov l£q>tpT\ touc; q>6~ouC; rou yta tT\ a\£ioaUOTl t{J)V ap\Ot£polv \&rov otov £A.A.~v\K6 Xropo:

Tou; t£A.eutaiouc; KatpOUC; to. KO~~OUV\anKa ~~ata &v ouvcvtOUV ma Kal-ua oo~ap1'l t a e 0 A. 0 Y \ K 1'1 avtiat(X(1T\ orov t67to ~ac;, £l;a\tiac; tT\C; O\Ktp1'lC; T\tto7ta8etac; 7tOU KatEx£\ t{J)V 'l'ropoKcbcrtawa. (1931, r. E>£OtOKac; Kat r. l£q>tpT\C;, A.u.T7A.orpaqJla, 1975, c. 63)

H a\amat{J)OTl aut1'\ a7t0t£A.ci Kat to a7tOq>amanK6 £pt8\o~a 7tOU me£t to 8£OtoKa 7tpOC; tOV l:. M£Aa Ka\ 7tOU tOV m8et vc yiVet 0 oeeoA.oYT\t1'\c; tOU q>\A.eA.eu8£pou \&aA.\O~ou. M6vo 7tOU, 7tapa tT\v apx\KI'l rou 7tp68£0TI vo q>pal;et to ap6~o 7tapaA.A.T\A.a Otouc; KO~~OUV\Ottc; Kat Otouc; q>aaiot£c;, t£A.\Ka 0 E>£OtOKac; rou 7t£pWa\KOU IOta ~7taiv£\ <1tT\ J.lo\paia 7top£ia tOU £UP{J)7ta'iKOU q>\A.eA.eu8£p\o~oU, 7tOU, tov Katp6 £K£tVO, 7t£pva ~\a EvtOVT\ \&OAoytKl'l xpton Ka\ avoiy£\ to ap6~0 ornv £7t\KpatT\OTI tOU q>amo~ou ornv Eupol7tT\'. AA.Aa o» KO\tal;OU~ KaA.Utepa tT\v taKnKl'l 7tOU aKoA.ou8£i 0 E>£OtOKac; evevrtov tOU q>amo~ou, 80. a\a7t\atcbcrou~ 6n yt' aut6v 0 q>amo~6c; &v eiva\ Evac; rlvauvoC; 1tou £K~A.cbv£ta\ ~oa a1t6 rnv £A.A.T\v\KI'l1tpay~anK6tTlta, aA.M ~\a a1t£\A.1'I7tOU l;£K\va ~aKp\a a7t6 tT\v £A.A.T\VtK1'\ £7t\Kpat£\a Ka\ 1tOU teA.\Ka J.l1top£i vo £m~A.T\8ei a1t' tl;{J) Kat ornv EUUOO. Avti8£ta, 0 avti1taA.oc;, 7tOU a1tot£A.ei yt' am6v ~\(X £mK£i~vT\ a7t£\A.1'I 6A.rov t{J)V al;\olv tou q>\A.eA.eu8£p\o~oU !to I1v£u~a, T\ lata), Kat 7tOU £v£ap£U£\ ~oa etov £A.A.T\VtK6 Xropo, £iva\ 0 KO~~ouv\o~6C;. H ~aA.T\ any~1'I yta to

. 1t£pWa\K6 Iota tpx£ta\, otov 0 8. rA.T\v6c; ~~om£uet ~\(i o£\pa t£ooaProv ap8prov ue to y£v\K6 titA.o "I1v£u~anKEc; ~Opq>Ec; tT\C; avtiap(X(1T\C;" (NtOl Ilponoxopot, B', 1932, o. 349-51, 398-400, 424-6, r-, 1933, c, 5-8, 49-53, tropa auyK£vtp~a at\C; E1(},£1('ft~ qeA,{&~, 8', 1975, o. 50-94). To tpito a7t6 to. ap8pa tT\C; Oetpac;, ue titA.o "H £mat1'l~T\", KatayytA.A.e\ rnv Kata7ti£OTI evovrtov t{J)V q>O\t1'\tolv Ka\ tT\C; eAeu8£pT\C; OKt'l'T\C;.

57

~OAOnKEl: KAI AIl:8HTIKEl: ZYMID:EU:

To 'tEAE'lYtaio acpop6. ornv 'tEXVTI. Btvct 8E1lEA.tco~vo ornv apXTt «To EPYO 't1'\~ 'tEXVll~ ~EKtV6.Et a1t6 mv oll6.oa Kat 0' a"ll'tTt ~avay"llpv6.», Kat O't1'\pi~E'tat O'tOV opiouo:

H 'tEXVTI ato9r]'t01totEi n~ av6.YKE~ 'tCOV KOtVCOvtKeOV oll6.<5rov Kat 'ta O"llVato91'jlla'ta nou yEVvtOUV'tat a1t' a"ll'tE~ Kat n~ ucovozoiet IlE 't1'\ 1l0Pcpit 1t0"ll OiVEt o'ta Ol]llto"llpYitlla't6. 't1'\~ 1'1 a1tA.oU01:Epa: l] 'tEXVTI ato9r]'t01totEi'tl] O"llVEiOl]Ol] 'tCOV KOtVCOVtKWV OIl6.<5rov llE'ta OtK6. 't1'\~ EtOtK6. Kat 'tEXVtK6. ~oa. (Neoi npanonooot; B', 1933, o. 7, EI(A£I('re; ucl(&:;, fl.', 1975, o. 78-9).

H 'tEXVl] 'tl]~ E1tavao'ta't1'\~VTI~ KotVcovi~ etvoi «pEaA.tOnKit, vo'to"llpaA.tonKit, 9E'ttKTt, 1tA.ouma OE 1tEptEX61J.EV0». H 'tExVl] 't1'\~ 't~l]~ 1t0"ll 1tcla oro «xaIl6» 't1'\~, 't1'\~ aonKit~ IlE 6.A.A.a A.6yta, a1toq>EuYEt 't1'\v 1tpaYlla'ttK6'tl]'ta, yivE'tat «cpOPllaA.to'ttKTt Kat OtaKoolll]nKit». ME't6. cero 'tt~ OOYllanKE~ a'lYtE~ ~E~atcOaEt~, E~E't6.~Et O"llV01tnK6. 't1'\ VEOEA.A.l]vtKit A.oyo'tExvia, Ka'taOtK6.~Et 'tOY l:tKEA.tav6 IlE rn &A.q>tKit IOEa, 'tOY Ka~roL't~6.lcrI IlE 'to «1lE'taKoIlIl0"llvtOIl6» rou, 'tOY Ka~6.Cj)l] IlE 'tOY «upVTlnK6 cpoPllaA.tOIl6».

Ot 1tapa'tl]PTtOEt~ a"ll'tE~ ron rA.l]VOU, 1tOA.U xalll]A.6'tEpE~ a1t6 n~ tKav6't1'\'tE~ rou Kat "ll1tayopE"ll!lEvE~ ceto 't1'\V av6.ylClJ Ilt~ ~taanKit~ 1tapEIl~aOl]~, Ota'tU1tCOvav IlEPtKOU~ axl]llanKOU~ OOyllanollou~, £veO 1tap6.A.A.l]A.a EKcpp6.~avE IlEptK6. O"llIl1tEp6.olla'ta yta 1tp60co1ta Kat Ka'tao't6.oEt~· av6.llEoa 0't0"ll~ 1tpcO'tO"ll~ Kat o'ta OEU'tEpa avoty6'tav Eva aYEcpUpCO'to K£v6' a"ll't6 'to KEV6 aKpt~~ ea E1tPE1tE vo YEllioEt 0 rA.l]v6~, yta vo OcOaEt 0't1'\ O"llVOA.tKit tou otamo'tCOOlj 't1'\V a1tapai't1'\'t1'\ 1tEtOnK6't1'\'ta Kat 't1'\ llEeOOOA.oytKit eEIlEA.iCOOlj.

o KapavtooV1]<; EOWE tT]V alC6M>uEhl1tEplypa<p1\ ma 1954:

Oi 1tpomroetaEl<; a'lYt1'!<; tT]<; avayEvv1]OT]<; 1'Itav 1tEpi1tou ot e;1'I<;: Eva cdeEhllla ata9Ep6t1]ta<; lCat av600u tT]<; ~cm'I<;. IJ.E atm6oo~1] 1tPOO1ttllC'fl1tOU t1]V ev{axUE Illa ollaollC'fl matT] 1t0><; 1t6AEIl0<; ma &v 9a ~avay{vEl lCat 1tc.oc; Il1tOpo'liaE ma to 1tVE'Illla va 1tPOxcop1'laEl ~tyvolamo orov a1tEpavto l)p61l0 to>V 1tE1tPO>llfvO>v tou. Mla Ematpo<p1\ 1'1 lCal atpo<p1\, av 9EAEtE, 1tpo<; rn q>U0T], 1tOU OEV EiXE tT] OT]llama tT]<; qroy'fl<;, fi>.UJ. tT]<; avalCaA.u'1"1<; ev6<; 9a'lillato<;. (1958, a. 147)

2 H llap,tUpia tOU 9EOtOlCa. E{Vat 7t0A.U ElC<ppamtlC'fl:

o llap~l0l16<; EIl1tawE a7t6tOlla OtT] ~cm'lIla<; IJ.E tT] promlC'fl tOU qromoyvroIlia, IJ.E Eva llaX1]tllC6 1tVE'Illla OorllatllCo'li EmOtT]lloVlallo'li, fi>.UJ. lCat 9p1]OlCEU'tllC'fl<; a7t0lcaA.U'I"1<;' 61tou V6Ill~E lCavEi<; 6tl auvu7tli.pxouv ot EmppoE<;

58

tOU A£vtv Kat too Tp6tcrKt, tOU TOA0t6t Kat tOU rK6pn, trov llpootKcOV oO()(ppaYIlUtOW tOU 1t£paa)i£vou atcOva Kat trt<; mo 1l0VtEpva<; tEXV1l<;. A1to rnv aA.A.llll£pul, 0 t&:aA.t0Jl6<; tow VEavtKcOv Ila<; Xp6vrov 1'ltav Ilta OtUllaptupia Kat Ilta ulluva evovrtov tOW 1tpcOtOW EKOrtMbaEOW rou OAoKAllProttallou, 1tOU upXt~av va aXllllat{~OVtat ern Pooma Kat va 1tpOKaAoUv, avtavaKA.acrttKa, ta cpamattKU nv1'lllata trt<; Eupc01trt<; (1961, a. 116).

3 0 A. navaEAllVO<; E~1l'YE{ a1'lll£pa (Tote nov 'ovuap£, 1974, a. 182 K.E.) rnv tpaytKl'! Em7ttCOO111tOu EiXE -eo tOtcOvullO ernv KOtvrovtKl'!Kat 1tVEullattKl'! ~oo1'l, avoiyovta<; £Va XUOJla avull£aa Ott<; avti9EtE<; 1tapat~Et<;, OuaxEpa{vovta<; Etm to OtaAoYO 1tOU EiXE apX{aEt yta en YEVtKl'!1tPOK01r1'!.

4 rta to 1tOAtttK6 Kat tOroA.oytK61tAaimo tow 1t£ptOOtKcOv f3A. A. EAE¢Vtrt<;, H E1rayye).{a TT/q aovvaf1/q E1ravamaC1T/q, 1976. rta trt OpOOrt EtOtKU tOW 1t£PtOOtKcOv Kat rn uUyKPOUart tow t&:cbv, f3A. mv avaAUCJ1l tou Tooou Boopvn, "Mta EmU1C61t1lart tow 1tVEUllattKcOv ~tcOv ornv EAAaOa KatU rnv 7tEpioOo 1930-1936", EmgeWpT/C1T/ TtxVT/q, IE', 1962, a. 518-35. rta Kav£va an6 ta 1t£ptOOtKU 1tOU ava<!>EPro OEV KavEt Myo 0 r. Xat~{V1l<;, "nEptOOtKU tOU ll£a01tOMIlou", ArrA.oeM.T/vzK'lf Em(Je(/)pT/C1T/, B' 1946, a. 177-8, 1tOU 1t£ptOp{~Etat oe E1taiVOU<; yta ta Nea rp~aTa, rn Nea Eatia Kat 1tOU 1l6At<; ava<ptPEt 1t£ptOOtKU artllavttKU 61t~ 0 KVK"AoqKat MalrEoovzK"Eq Hp,tpeq.

5 Tnv OAtCJ9rtp6trtta rou Bp61lou autou 1tOU EiXE EmartllavEt t6tE 0 ~. nllv6<;, anavtcOvta<; aE up9po tOU K. Tautaou ("H 9Eart trt<; t&:oKpatia<; OtOV KOtVOOVtK6 aYcOva", I&a, A', a. 361-6), 61tou E&:tXVE rn c:rtJYYEVEta trov 9EaEOOV tOU <PtAEAE'69EpoU t&:aAtOJlOU Il£ rn <ptAoao<p{a roo G. Gentile ("0 <paUtOttK6<; t&:aAlOJl6<; CJtrt" EU<lOa", Neo: Ilparcon6pol, tEUX0<; 7, 1933, a. 213-5). Mta Il£Mtrt yta rn <pamattK1'lKatUAll~ll tOU IptAEAEU9EptallOU emv Eupc01t1l, etvct tou Ernst Nolte, Die Krise des libetslen systems und die faschistischen Bewegungen, M6vaxo, 1968 (Il£talppaallfvo ttaAtKU: La crisi dei regimi libersli e i movimenti fascisti, MtA.<lvo, 1970)

'To ZDeOAO}'lK"O jJ£'C{J)1CO" 'fOV J.lap~z(JJ.lov

18 I1ev U1tapXEt 6j.1~ aj.1<pt~oAia 6'tt a' a'U'tn 'tTjv EKpTjKnK1'\ StUOOcrTj 'to)V j.1ap~tanKrov tocrov orov 'toj!£a 'tTj<; 'tEXVTj<;, Tj EAATjVtK1'\ StCxV6TjcrTj Stv j.11t6pEaE va a1to<pUYEt 'tTj a1taaj.1c.oStK6'tTj'ta. 0 BapVaATj<;, oe j.1ta SUXOoXn ap9pOlv 'tOU, STjj.1omEuj!£vOlv omv A vayevvnon, cruxva a<i>1'lVEt aKaA.U1t'tO tva xaaj.1a avaj.1Eaa a'tt<; aj.1<Pta~Tj'tnaEt<; 'tOU Kat (J'tt<; apXE<; 1tOU EmKaAci'tat. Ka1totE<; <p<>PE<; Tj E1tavaa'tanK6'tTj'ta too 1tEptopi1;E'tat oe j.1ta copiorn av'tippTjcrTj ("rr6AEj.10<; Kat TEXVTj", AvayevV1]C1T/, A', 1927, a. 317-26). J\A.AE<; <P0PE<;, ~EK:\vrov'ta<; a1t6 'tTj j.1ap~t(J'ttc 1(1'1 9EOlpia 'tTj<; 'tEXVTj<; ouv EK<ppacrTj 'tTj<; apxouaa<; 'ta~Tj<; Kat onv 1tpoi6v j.1ta<; E1tt'taYn<;, Staj.1ap'tupE'tat yta 'tTj 9EaTj rou AOYO'tEXVTj !lEaa <J'tTjV aanK1'\ xowevte ("TEXVTj Kat Ko\VOlVtKE<; cruV91'IKE<;", AvayeVV7JC17J, B', 1928, a. 441-2). EKEi 1tOU Tj E1taVaa'tanK6'tTj'ta rou oerc-

59

lC't6. ~UX mo <X1to't£A£CJl.l<X'tt!C1i 9EP~11, £iv<Xt orn O'U'}'lC£lCptJ.LEv11 lC<X't<X1tOAt~11O'1l <xvti9£'trov t&cbv, 61troc;. M)Y0'\) X6.p11, 6't<XV xptvsi 't1lV TplAoyla 'l'OV 1rVEVf.J,a'rO~ rou E. TI<X1t<Xvou'tO'o'\) (Avayevv1]O'1], B', 1928, 0'. 482 x.e.), 61t0'\) <XlCOAo'\)9£i &rtA.<X&ft ~t<X ~9000 £py<xcri<x~ 1t0'\) £iX£ ~P£t em't'\)X11~V1l £q><Xp~OrfllC<Xt 0"t0 0 IoM»Jlo~ Xmpf~ fJ,E'raq>vO'l1C1't (1925). l:'to «Mnviedo 6py<xv0 't1l~ 1tpoXrop11J.LEv11~ Ot<xv6110'1l~» Ilptotoxopot rou TI. TItlCpOU (61t0'\) 11 ~£M't11 rou iOto'\) "TI6.vro oro 1t£pt£X6~vo lCat 0''t11 cp6p~<x 't1l~ 'tExv11~", B', 1931,0'.327-31'), lC<Xt 0"t0 «M11vt6.'ttlCO 6py<xv0 ttov 1tpro'to1t6prov 't11~ EAA6.0<x~», Neo: npononooo; 'to «to£OAOY\lC6 ~E'tCJ)1tO»2 1tAo'U'ti~£'tat, o» 6X\ ue ~\<X Ot<XA£lC'ttlC1'l1tO'\) cppov'ti~£\ 't\~ A£1t'tO~p£t£~ lCat 't1l 9£~Airocr1'J 'to'\)~ ornv W11V\!C1i 1tpay~<X'ttlC6't1l't<X, 'to'\)Aa.XtO"to ue lC£i~v<x ~Ev<x3 lC<Xt£AA11vtlC6. 1t0'\) J.1<XP't'Upouv mo X<XP<Xxrn pion lCE~ 9EO'£\~.

TIp\V 1tpoXrop1'lO'o'\)~ O"t11v <XV6.A'\)O'1l ~6.~ov't~ <XV'tt~'tCJ)1t£~ 'tt~ 0-60 <XV'ttM'lI£t~ 't1l~ 'tEXV11~ orn O"\)Y1C£lCP\~V11 1tP~11 £1t6.vro, &rtMx&ft ceo Xcbpo 't11~ ~\~A\OlCPtcri~, 9EA110'<X vo 0''t<x9cb 1C6.1tcoc; ornv \&OAOytlC1'l 1tpou1t69£0'1l 't11~ J.1<Xp~\O''t\1C1'l~ <XV'tiA11'l11l~, '\)1t09E'tOV't<X~ 6'tt 11 6.AA11 , rou <XO''ttO'~ou, £iv<x\ mo 1tpom't1'J. It<x vo txo'\)~ ~\<X <X1C6~<x O'<XcpEO"t£P11 £\lC6v<x 't1l~ 1C<X't6.O"t<X0'1l~ 9£ropcb rocpEA\~O V<X OOU~ <X1t6 lCOV't6. 'tOY 'tp61t0 ue 'tOY onoto ElCptV<XV To 'fXIJI; nov xaie: 0\ 0-60 <xv'ti1taA£~ 1t<xp<X't~~ 6't<XV 'to 1tOt11'ttlC6 EPYO rou B6.pV<xA11 ~<XV<X't,\)1tc.09r!1C£ 'to 1932, ornv A91'Jva.

1;' a'l>1:6 1:0 6.p9po 0 n. nt1(p61O, wilauxoIO yta nIO crxfuEtIO wcilJ.eaa OTTJV

1:txVTt Kat 1:0 ltpOAztapt6.1:0, Kav£t 1tapatTIpil~ oo» rnv ~i11O:

Ot KO'OIpt£IO '110V1:tpv£IO' 110PcptIO £ivat aKa1:6.A111t1:£IO 6Xt 116vo 01:11 116.~a Kat 01:0'1>10 {OtO'l>IO 1:0'1>10 avol11t, 1t0'l> 1:PtxO'llV 1:a aaAta 1:0'1>10 I11tPOIO a' £vw £~1tp£atovt01:tK6 A.X. 1'1 CPOU1:0'l>pt01:tK6 1tivaKa. Kat 1tOA'O lp'IlatK6.. BAt- 1tO'I>11£ A.X. O1:a KaAa Ka90'Ol1£Va £Va l1aKpo'l>A.6 K£cp6.A.t a' £Va 1top1:pai'to, £Va 1:E1:p6.yrovo myo'Ovt, £Va O1:pa~ 1tap6.9upo 1'1 Kat £Va oA.6KA11po X6.olO, A.oyflIO Ko7tflIO YP(1!1~IO, 1t0'l> 0'01:£ oc» a{VtYl1a 1tPOIO A'OO'l, 0'61:£ Kat aw. YP{cpoIO &v O1:tKOV1:at. ncbc; va £I11tV£'Oao'llV aU1:6. 1:a 1tP6.l1a1:a acpo'O £ivat aKa1:aA111t1:a; Kat 1tcbc; vu l111v £{vat aKa1:aA11ma, acpo'O &v A.£v£ n1t01:a. [ ... ] Tt 1taet va 1t£t tva I11tOUO'to 11£ (J1t~ (J1toVOuAtKil milA11 1'1 £Va 1tOp1:pa{1:0 11' £Va 116.1:t 01:0 KO'61:£A.o; nan {aa 11£ 1:t1:0tO'l>IO ~rocpp£VtaI10'OIO txO'llV lp1:00£t ot '110V1:tpVOt'. Av 6110010 11 iota O1:pa~t6. O1tOVOuAtKil milA11 Kat 1:0 K£cp6.A.t 1:0 XCllI1£vo !!fua 01:0'1>10 cbJ.tO'l>IO, Kat 11 X£PO'OKA.a 1t0'l> ~p{(JK£- 1:at (J£ OoowaAoyta 11£ 6A.o 1:' 6.A.A.o acbJ.ux, 1tapama{ Vet £Va yvax:rc6 ~ 1to'Ol1£ 1:pa1t£~{tTll1£ 1:a XapaKtTlpt01:tK6. yvrop{al1a1:<l, 1:61:£10 11 116.~a Ka1:aA.a~a{vEt 1tOAU KaA.6., 1t00l0 a'l>ti1 etvoa 11 tKlppaO'l (expression) 1tO'I> tx£t 1:0 6.v9pOO1t6110Ippo 'ttpalO, 0 atl1a1:opO'l>lplX1:111O, 0 Kapxap{alO. AV1:ia1:polpa

60

IMlOAOJ1KEI KAI AIIeHTIKEI ZYMru:EII

1tru..t va. A.&yO\) Xa.PTl 6A<> to K'6pw 7tA.a.VO m~vo a1t' to tEpa.O"nO ll7tpa.tao rou Ep'Ya.tTl J.1E rnv \)IjfOOj.lf.VTl 'Ypo91.a.. Eivat vu 1l1W l((ltaM~Et Tl Ila.~a ytati 7tp6KEttat Kat vn IlTlv Ev9o\)maO"tEl. [ ... J Ev EO"Xa.tTl avaAUO"Et, n Ila.~a EXEt to \)7tEPOXO t~tK6 mO"ent~pt6 tTl<; 7tO\) ernv avCtylCTl rnv Ka.J.1Et vo; ~p(O"1CEt aK61lTl 1Ct a\)96PIlTlta to Bp61l0 tTl<;. Ilooo Ila.AAoV o» to atcren~pw a\)t6 Bta<prottO"tEi.

2 H q>6PIlO\)Aa otov titA<> a.p9po\) J.1E \)7to'Ypa!pil «H :Ewtaxn~ Emtpo~»:

"To t&OAO'YtK6 IlEtro7to. H 'Ypallll~ Ila<;», Neo: flpOJT01rOpOI, A', 1932, 0". 152' EKEl Bta~a.~o\)J.1E:

Flour 9Eropia; tTl 9Eropia rou MapStO"llou-AEVWtO"Il0U, J.1E <protEw6 7tpaxnK6 7tapa.&t'Ylla rn &Ka7tEvta.xpoVTl vtlCTlq>6pa Ecp<XPIlO~ tTl<; ceo 116 t1)<; 'Y1l<;. Iloiu tEXVTl; Tnv tEXVTl KElVTl 7tO\) IltA.a.Et O"tt<; 1la.~E<; oA6ljf\lxa, &ixvovta<; 7ta.vta tTl 1l6vTl aA~9Eta 'Yta to 7tpoAEtapta.to. Tnv tEXVTl 7tO\) EK<ppa.~Et to\)<; 1lJ.l6AEtltO\)<; 7t690\)<; Kat tt<; ViKE<; troy EKJ.1EtaAAE\)OJ.1Evrov 7tpoAEtapirov roo a.AAO\) K60"1l0\) Kat troy O"\lVEtB1)trov 7tpoAEtapirov tTl<; E~.

3 '01tro<; to EtOtKa. yta tTlv EUa.oa 'YPallllEvO a.p9po rou Aowato"a.pO"lCt, Ilptotosopo: 1931,0".321.

"To ({'WI; nov xaiei ': "Neot Ilptotonopot" xca "IOta"

19 'Otov £7tw£K069rtK£ To oox; nOV «cdei, YP<Xqrt11KW UPK£'tE<; xprnKE<;. AXA<x ea npoo~ovl!£ llOV<XXU 060 un' UU'tEc;. 7tOV !La<; evl)\u<pepovv \I)H~i't£pu ytu 'tt<; 9EO£\<; 7tOV V7too't11pi~ovv Kat ytu 'tu :n:ePWI)\K<X 7tOV wtio'tOtXu 'tt<; v7toO't1lpi~ouv. Tou A01l!L~K11 ITwOEA.11VO\) (Neo: IIpO)tosopoi, A', 1933, 0. 32-3) KU\ rou r. eeO'tOK<X (Iota, A', 1933, 0. 101-6).

H 1l6V1l EYVOtU roo ITuvOEA.11VOV, 'to 1933\ etvoi KU't<X 7t600 0 B6.pVaA.11<; etvm 7tpOA.e'tup\uK6<; nOl11'tTt<;. d£v- \)7t<XPX£\ a!Lcp\~oA.ia, «stvm Eva<; 7t0\11'ti)<; 7t0\) aVTJK£\ oro npoA.e'tap\<X'to»· aU<x O£ 7tOW ~a91l6 0 iow<; Il7tOpei vn £KCPP<X~£\ 'to 7tpOA.e'tUP\<X'tO Kat Ka't<X 7t600 1l7t0POUV 0\ npOA.e't<XplO\ v« 'tOY anol)£x'touv; 1:X£'t\K<X IlE 't11V npIDt11 EPIDt11011 0 ITwOEA.11vo<; I)\Umo'trovE\:

o B<xpvaA.1l<; av Bev Eivat -Kat Bev Eivat- 7t0\11'ti)<; 7tPOA.e't<XPW<; J.LE 'tll O'tEvTJ O1l!Laoia 't11<; A.£~11<; - etvci 6!LW<; 0 nO\11'ti)<; 7tO\) EKcpp<x~e\ rnv a7tOGUvge'tlKTJ 7tVOTJ 7tOV 'to 7tpOA.e'tapl<X'tO OKopn<XEl o1)J.LEpa 0't11 xcilpa !LU<; Kat 7tw'tou, !!Eou orqv uO'ttKTJ xowevt«, T11I)\a.A.U01l Kat 'tllv a7tooUv9E01l av'tTJ 't11<; ao'ttKTJ<; xowovtce; 0 B<XpVaA.11<; rnv EKCPP<X~E\ J.LE u:n:ePOX11 Ila£o'tpia Kat 'tllv \)1to~11- 9£l. To 7tpoA.e'tap\<X'to O'tO epyo 'tOV 'tpa~6.El yta GUIlf.L<XXOV<; rou 'tt<; 1!£0aiE<; Ka'tamE~6J.LEvE<; 't~El<;. 1:'t11 xropa f.La<; 1l7t6 'tt<; 't<x~e\<;

61

ldEOAOrIKEI: KAI AImHTIKEl: ZYMnmIl:

aU'tE~ 'tpa~Tl~£ 'to BapvaATl 1Ct au't6 etvoa lCan u,roAoy(en~o lCat 0Tl~avnlC6. BE~ata 'to EP'YO 'tOU B6.pvaATl ota'tTlp£i 'ta OTl~aOta 'tTl~ 't~tlCt'I~ 'tOU lCa'tayOY'(t'I~. AU't6 crw~aiv£t yta'ti £ivat EP'YO ~Cllv'tav6 ~t 1tT\yaio. Kat <IX; 'tE'tOto 6~~ dvat 1tOA.U ~u1tT\p£'ttlC6 yta 'to 1tpoAE'tapta'to, a1t6 1tOAAa 'I'£UnlCa <ptAoAoytlCa lCa't<X<JlC£Uacr~a'ta, 1tOU <J'tTl Xc.opa ~ 1t£pacrav£ yta 1tOA.U lCatp6 ~ "1tPOAE'taptalCt'I 'tEXVTl". h.£v unopet <pucrtlCa vo 'Vat 1tp0A.£'taptalCt'I 'tEXVTl, o.n &v etvoa lCav 'tEXVTl·

Kt o» 0 auplav6~ 1tpoAE'tapto~ 1totTl'tt'l~ &v 9a XPTlen~01tOlt'lcr£l yta alcr91lnlC6 1tp6'tu1t0 'to EP'YO 'tOU BapvaA.Tl &v OTl~atV£l 1t~ &v Ex.El vc m<p£A.Tl9£t 1tOAAa a1t' au't6, 1Ct alC6~a 1t£ptcrcr6tEPO &v OTl~atvEl ~ 'to EP'YO am6 &v avt'\lCEl <J't0 £A.A.TlVllC6 1tpoAE'tapla'to. To 1tpoAE'tapta'to OlElCOtlC£t 'ta lCaAa <J'tolx£ia 1Ct au'tcOv 'tCllV acr'tcOv lCaAAl't£XVcOV 'tTl~ acrnlCt'I~ av600u.

EmOTl~ 0 navcrEA.TlVo~ ~£'ta~El lCat ~1l'YEt n cru~~A.t~ouv 'ta 1tp6- croma'tou EPYOU (0 npO~Tl9E~ 'tTl crlCE'I'1l, 0 Xpl<J't6~ 'to cruvaicr91l~a, 0 Mc4t~ 'tTlv ,\>A.Tl, Tl Apl<J'tEa mv «a1t6A.l>'t1l tOEa»). I\a 'tTlv 'tEIVTl 'tOU Epyou, 1tOU Ex.El «a1t£lpa lCaAAl't£XVllCa 1tpo't£pt'l~a'ta», 0 lCplnlC6~ ava~ 'to Myo <JE aA.A.Tl EUlCalpia.

H lCptn1Ct'\'tOU geO'tOlCa stvm, o» ~1tOpOU~ vo 'to 1tOU~ avn9En- 1Ct'\. Ka'taOllCa~EllCal n~ £1t<XVa<J'tanlC~ l~, £'ten 6~ OlOXE't£uov'tal orov 1tOtTl'tllC6 A.6yo 'tOU BapVaA.Tl, lCa'taOllCa~El cru'YXp6v~ lCat 'tOY iOtO 'tOY 1tOlTlttl, 1tOU etvm YEPO~ lCat lCa9£ aA.A.o 1t<Xpa 1tpoyc01tOptalC6~. Tn EmXElpt'l~a'ta rou SEO'tolCa £ival 1tp6xEtpa, or <J't610t 'tOU, av'ti9E'til, 1tOA.U crof3apot.

o B6.pvaA.Tlc;, A.E£\ 0 eEO'tOlC~ «YEVVt'l9TllC£ yta vu ytVEl Ev~ lCaA.6~ A.uptlC6~ 1tOtTlttl~, oiX~ £~atPE'tt1Ct'\ 1tVot'l, Ev~ 1tOlTlttl~ 'tTl~ crElP~ rou Aa~1tpou nop<pi>pa».

AAAa 0 x. BapvaATl~ 9EA.TlcrE va ytVEl1tpo<pt'\'tTl~ lCat va crcb<JEt rnv av9pom6't1l'ta lCat 'ta A.a<J1tCll<JE. [ ... J ME Ouo-'tpia 1tatOllCa ~l~aeo, 1tOU &v EA.a~£ rov lC61t0 ou't£ lCav va 'ta aVa1t'tu~Et lCa1t~ cro~apa. ue ~PllCE~ 90pu~cb&\~, OTl~oenoypa<pllCE~ xotvoeoxtec, ~ ~p\lCa ayopaia a<J'tEta lCal a<p90vTl XUMtoAoy(a, 0 lC. BopvcA.Tl~ AUVEl OptcrnlCa 'ta mo ~a9ta lCat mo 1tEpi1tAolCa 1tpo~A.t'I~a'ta

62

IbEOAOf1KEI KAI Au:eHTIKEl: ZYMm:EII

't'Tl~ avOpcbmvl1~ mcb!nl~, aVa1tOOO'Y'\)p{~E1. O'a 1l0A.'\)~EvtO'\)~ otpcncb't~ n~ OPl1O'KEiEc;, 'ta <p1.A.OO'O<p1.KU O"OO't'I')lla'ta, 'ta 1tOpi.O'lla'ta 'tOW E1t1.O"t'TIIlOV1.Kc.OV EPE'\)Vc.Ov, Ka'tap'YEi. 'ta llE'YaA.U'tEpa 1tVEUlla'ta 'troY atc.Ovrov. (0'. 105)

l:'tl1V 1tapa1tuvro KPi.O"11 rou eEO'tOKU 1tp£1tE1. va'1tpoO'£~O'\)IlE 6't1. a,\)'t6~ OEropE{ a1tap6&K't'Tl rnv 1.&OA.oy{a roo BapVaA.l1, K'\)pi.~ E1tE1.5Tj 51.a'tEi.vE'ta1. 6n £XE1. A.UO'E1. «OP1.O''t1.KU» 6A.a 'ta 1tpo~A.Tjlla'ta 't11~ avOpro- 1t6't'Tl'ta~, E1tE1.5Tj, IlE aA.A.a A.6yta, 0 &>Ylla't1.0'1l6~ rou BupVaA.l1 &v a<pTjVE1. 1tEp1.0c.Op1.a yta ll1.a 1tEpa1.'t£pro E~£A.1.~l1 't'Tl~ mc£'IfI1~ Kat a1toKA.EiE1. aA.A.E~ OErop{E~, £~ro a1t6 'tOY 1.O"top1.K6 '\)1..1.0'116. na 'tOY eEO'tOKU, 0 &>yllanO'll6~ a'U't6~ Eiva1.ll1.a "EUKOA.l1" A.UO"11, Ka1. ~ ll11v 'to A.£yE1. Pl1'tu.

To aA.A.o E1t1.XEiP'lIla 't'Tl~ Kp{O"11~ rou £XE1. llE'YaA.u'tEPl1 O"11llama yta 'to v611lla 't'Tl~ 1tPIDt01tOp{~, £'to'l. 61t~ Oa KaA.A.1.EP'Y118E{ a1t6 't~ Wo 1tapa't~E1.~. 0 eEO'tOK~ all<p1.O'~l1'tEi. 'tOY 1tPIDto1top1.aK6 xapaK'tTjpa 1l1.~ 1t0{110"11~ oov rou BapVaA.l1:

H O''t1.xo'\)py{a a'\)'tTj 't'Tl~ E1tavaO''tanKTj~ 1tpo1ta'Yuv5a~, 11 5TjOEV 1tPIDto1top1.aKTj 1tO{110"11, etvoa £va~ 'tpaytK6~ ~E1tE0'1l6~ 'troY EA.A.l1V1.Kc.OV 'YPUllllu'trov, 1t0'\) 1t0't£ &v ~p£811Kav O'E 1t1.0 'ta1tE1.vu Em1tEoo.

H Kap51.u roo EiVat 'YEpaO'lJ.Evl1, Ko'\)paO'lJ.Evl1, 'tpollEPu <p'troxTj Ka1. ~EpTj.

A1tO a'\)'t£~ 't1.~ 3uo <ppuO'El.~ ~A.t1t0'\)1lE 'tOY 8EO'tOKU, O"t'TIv 1tpcb't'Tl, ve.

EVVOE{ on 1t0{ 110"11 't£'t01.O'\) Ei.oo'\)~ &v Il1tOPEi. vc 'Vat 1tPIDto1t0p1.aKTj· 0"tTl &u'tEPl1, vo ~p{mcE1. 6n 111t0{110"11 rou BUpVaA.l1 &v Ei.va1. VEaV1.KTj, 61t~ Oa apIlO~E 0" tvav 1tpIDto1t6po· a'\)'t6 ~ a<pTjVE1. vo Ka'taA.a~o,\)- 1lE. To vonuo 1tO'\) '\)1tOA.avOWEl. oto KEifJ£VO rou 8EO'tOKtx, Kat 1t0'\) &v ~p{O'KE1. 't11 O'a<pTj rou £K<ppaO"11 (Oa 't11 ~PE1. oro E1t6IlEVO 'tEUxO~ rou i.31.0'\) 1t£P1.081.KOU, 61t~ Oa OOUIlE) 1tp£1tE1. va 'to O"Uv5uuO'o'\)llE IlE 't1.~ E1t1.<P'\)~El.~ 1t0'\) 0 t51.O~ dXE 31.a't'\)1tc.OcrEl. 't£O'O'Epa xp6v1.a vropi.'tEpa yta 'tOY ~a~u<p11. 0 8EO'tOK~ avl1O"UXOUO'E 't6'tE yta n~ 't1.!lE~ 1tpIDt01t6po'\) 1t0'\) 01. V£01. a1tt51.5av oA.otva 1tEp1.0'0'6'tEPO O''tOV Ka~u<p11 Kat 1t0'\) 0 {a1.0~ n~ £~PtO'KE aO"Ull~i~aO''tE~ IlE 'tl1v 1t0i.110"11 'troY v£rov. H 1toil10"11 roo Ka~u<pl1 EtVa1. 'YEPOV't1.KTj, EtVat 'to «KOpu<prolla 't% 'tuO"11~ 't11~ EA.A.l1V1.KTj~ 1t0{110"11~ 1tpO~ 'to Ouva'to» (1929, cr. 67). 'EA.E'YE EmO"11~:

63

o x. Ka~aq>ll<; etvoa £Va 'tEA.o<; 1Ct 11 1tpClYto1topia etvea ~ta apxil. Eivat SUo lC60~ot av'ti9E'tOt lCat a<n>~~i~aO'tot. H ~6VT1 EmBpa01l 1tOU ~1tOpEi vn E~ao1C1'JoEt 0 x, Ka~aqn,<; OE ~ta ~rov'tavil 'YEvEa 9a Eivat ~ta EmOpci.aTl apVTI'ttlCil (1929, o. 65-6).

Kat 0 BapVaAl1<;, 1tapa rn pt~tlCa Ota<P<>PE'tt1C1'J 't1X01l 't11<; 1toil1aiJ<; 'tOU, etvoa lCat ~Et yta 'tOY 6EO'tOlCa Eva<; 1tOtl1'tiJ<; 'YEPO<;, 1tOU &v exEt ti1to'ta 'to xowo ue env 1tPClYt01topta1C1'J 'tEXVTI.

o A. n<xvotA:r1Vo~ tOO>crE Ilt<X cruv<XP1t<Xcr'ttKiJ £tK6v<x tTl~ t6t£ SpeXcr1l~ tOU, Y£VtKeX K<Xt co» cruVteXKtTl tOU 1t£ptoStKOU Neo: Ilpanosopo: BA£1t£t rnv t6t£ totoplc I1E to <xio9rlll<X 1tOU S{vo\JV t<X 1t£p<XO!1Ev<X 1tPcXyll<Xt<X 1lE0<x <X1t6 tTl cr1l11Eptvfl1t£{pa. I:to {Sto ~t~Aio, TOTE nov 'oooape, 1974,0.207-8, IltAci K<Xt yt<X tt~ crxto£t~ tOU I1E tOY r. 9£OtOKeX, Xap<XKtTlPtcr'ttK~ yt<X to 1'Ieo~ Kat tOOV Suo.

'Nz6'fTJ '

20 l:'t1l O"lCE'IfIl 'tOU 6Eo'tolCa 11 MOta 't1l<; vt6't1l<;, 'trov vta'trov (ap'Y6'tEpo, ~<; rn otlC'ta'topia rou ME't~a, 9a alCouO'tEi lCat 11 'vEoA.aia'), etvat o'tEva 0E~11 ue rnv MOta 't1l<; 1tpClYto1topia<;. 8a OOU~ 6'tt 'to 9E~a 't1l<; Vt6't1l<; 9a a1tOlC'tiJOEt ~ta tOtai'tEPl1 9E01l omv tOEOA.oy{a ~ta<; ~aAl1<; ~piOa<; 't1l<; 'YEVteX<;, ue E1tt1t'tcOOEt<; lCa90ptO"'ttlCE<; lCat 0"'t1l ;wycr 'tExvia. 0 8EO'tOlCa<; etvoi a1t6 'tou<; 1tpmou<;, o» 6Xt 0 1tpmo<;, 1tOU~A.a~~WEt 'to 9E~a au't6, oivov'teX<; rou 1tpcOt~a rn 9E01l 1tOU aP'Y6'tEpa lCat ot aAA.ot 9a rou 1tpOOOcOOouv (EAE60epo 7rVeVjla). To 9E~a E1tavEPXE'tat 0't0 ap9po rou "Nt6't1l", O1l~OmEU~O 0't0 1tEptootlC6 I&a O'ta 1933 (A', 1933, o, 263-5). Kupto<; 0't6xo<; rou Eivat 1taAt ot lCO~~OUVt- 0'tE<;, a1t6 'tt<; 9EOEt<; 'tCllV onoteev 0 6Eo'tolCa<; 1tpoo1ta9Ei vn Ota<p<>po1totilOEt 600 y{VE'tat mo Opto'ttlCa 'tt<; aO"'ttlCE<; q>tAEAEU9EPE<; 9EoEt<;.

o 8Eo'tolCa<; av'ttopaoE SUo lCa'tEu9uvoEt<;: l11tpoYt1l etvoa 0 oo'Y~a'tto~6<;, 1tOU ornv 1tEpi1t'tCOOTl au'tiJ Eivat yta 'tOY 8Eo'tolCa Eva 1CUlCAro~a O'toxao~cOv lCAEtO't6, avEmOElC'to ~ AUoEroV. 'Evcv 1tap6~otO 'tp61t0 aV'tt~E'tc01tt01l<; 't11<; ~roiJ<; 'tOY Eq>ap~6~ouv ~ovaxa av9pCll1tot «1tOU &v E{vat txevotvu OlCEq>tOUVE a1twro 0"'t1l ~rov'taviJ, 1tOAU~Opq>ll lCat aEtlCiVl1'tl1 1tpa'Y~a'ttlC6't11'ta, ot oaolCaAOt, 1tOU q>uAalCioavE yta 1tav'ta 'to 1tVEU~a 'tou<; ~o' OE q>6p~<; VElCPE<; lCat OE aAUytO'tE<;, ~E1tEpaO~EvE<; 9Erop{E<;». Auto! ot av9pCll1tot, lCat EVVoEi 'tou<; ~ap~tO'tE<;, U1tOO't1lp{~ouv on eivat «E1tavaO'ta'tE<;» lCat «1tpClYto1t6pot».

64

IMlOAOnKEl: KAI AIl:C3HTIKEl: ZYMOl:EIl:

H UA.A.l1 lCa'tEU8uvcrTI evovttov 't11~ o7tola~ O''tPEq>E'tat 11 E7tllCptcrTI rou 0EO'tOlCU eivm 11 «pourtvo», 11 «'j.lE'tpt6't11'ta», 11 «0''tacrtJ.l6't11'ta», 0 «oaO'lCaA.tO'J.l6~» rou ocnouoo. 0 0EO'tOlCU~ lCa'ta,,(,,(EA.AEt 'tcbpa rnv «7taA.tu lCOtvCOVt1C1'l [ ... ] 0pYWO>crTI», 7tOU «E7ta'l'E vu etvoi O1lJ.ltouPYuc1'l lCt UPXtO'E va O'am~Et».

H ~co1'l E1Vat alCptl3~ 'to <XV't18E'to a7t6 'tou~ 0'60 7tEptOptO'J.lOU~ 7tOU 8E'tOUV 0 J.lap~tO'J.l6~ lCat 0 O"tumJ.lo~ aO''tt0'J.l6~: ~Eq>EUyEt a7t6 'to ooYJ.lartouo, 7tOU j.lE mv apx.1'l 't11~ UA.tO''ttlC1'l~ at'ttolCpa'tla~ 7tpOOtlCU~Et 'ta 7tw'ta o{X~ vc aq>ilvEt 7tEpt8cbpta yta J.lta Otaq>0pE'ttlC1'l a7t6 rnv npolCa80ptO'J.1Evl1 ElCl3acrTl, EAEU8EPl1. H ~co1'l ~Eq>EUYEt q>umlCu E7tlcrTl~ xrn a7t6 'ta crx1'lJ.la'ta rou 7tapEA.86v't0~, 'ta VElCPU mo yta 7tw'ta. H J.l6vl1 O'6vaJ.ll1, 7t0t>' J.l7topcl vu 0'UJ.ll3a010'Et j.lE 'tTl ~co1'llCat vc I3pE8El 1tEpa a7t6 'tou~ ooYJ.la'ttlCou~ 7tEptOptO'J.lOU~ xm a7t6 rnv aO''tt1C1'l a7to'tEA.J.lU'tO>crTl, E1Vat 11 vtorn,

IJPE7tEt vo EJ.l7tVEUO'OUj.lE 0''tTl vicrn 'to J.liO'o~ lCat 'tTlv a1tEx8Eta 'tTl~ pou'tlv~, 't11~ j.lE'tpt6'tTl'ta~, 'tTl~ 0''tacrtJ.l6'tTl't~, rou OOO'lCaA.tO'J.lou. IJPE7tEt vu 't11~ j.lE'taOcbcrouj.lE 'to 7tVEUJ.la 'tTl~ 7tEPt1tE'tEt~, 'tTlv ayu- 7t1l rou ayvoo'tou, rou lCtVOUVOU, 'tcov YEwalcov aycbvcov, 'tcov j.lEyaAcoV 7tpayJ.lu'tcov. No rnv 7tPOE'tOtJ.lUO'oUj.lE 'lfUXOA.oytlCU vc ~1'lO'Et j.lE~ O''tt~ 8UEA.AE~ 7tOU Epxov'tat, J.lE 'to J.lE'tC07tO 'I'1lA.U, J.lE 'to 7tVEUJ.la EAEU8EPO 7tpO~ 6AE~ 'tt~ j.lEptE~, ue ~cov'tavE~ lCat alCJ.laiE~ 'tt~ O1lJ.ltOUPytlCE~ tlC<xv6'tTl'tE~ 'tTl~. IJPE7tEt ot tOE E ~ vu EVO'aplCO>- 80UVE O'E 'tOA.J.ll1pu Epya lCat YEVvaiE~ 7tP~Et~.

H vt6'tTl 'tau't{~E'tat E'tm j.lE rnv EJ.l7tpalCtrt 01lJ.ltOupytlC6'tTl'ta, j.lE'tTlv 't6A.J.l11 J.lta~ aA.A.aYil~. 001ly6~ 't11~ clvat 'to 7tVEUJ.la 'tTl~ 7tEPt7tttEt~. To a{O'81lJ.la 'tTl~ 7tEPt1tE'tEt~, EOcO -ea 'to OOUj.lE lCat 7tapa1tEpa- EylCEt'tat O"tl1V 't6A.J.l11 vo aV'ttj.lE'tcom~Et lCavEi~ 'to J.1EA.A.oV OlX~ vc VOtU~E'tat 7tOA.U yta 'tt~ lCa'taO"tUO'Et~ 7tOU 'tOY 7tEptJ.1EVOUV. IJEpt1tE'tEta Eivat J.lta

, aA.A.ay1'l 7tOU OEV J.l7tOpEi vn 7tpOE~0q>A.118Ei· 'tau'tl~E'tat, O'UJ.lq>cova J.lE aut1'l rnv epunvetc, ue rnv EAEu8Epla, lCat, O'E uO''ta'tl1 aVaAUcrTl, ue tov <XV'ttooYJ.la'tt0'J.l6'.

To ap8po tou 0EO'tOlCU ornv I&a apXl~Et ue «to 8appaMo O'aAmO'J.la: T67t0 O"tou~ VEOU~». To O'aAmO'J.la aU't6 7tPE7tEt v« alCOUO"t1llCE E7taVEtA.l1J.lJ.1Eva lCat lCa'tU 'tp67t0 aplCE'tu l1Xl1p6 ceto 'to 1933 J.1EXpt 'tt~ ElCA.oYE~ 'tou 1936, J.1EO'a 0"t0 xcbpo rou av1'lO'Uxou aO"ttO'J.lou (xoa rou ESVtlCOU EVom.lCOU K6J.lJ.la't0~), aq>Ou 0 N{lCO~ Kapl3ouV1l~ O1lJ.lOcrlEUE omv E<i>1lj.lEp{OO Pl'ocmal1T17~, 't11~ 26 Invoocptou 1936, Eva up8po ue 'tOY

65

IAEOAOI1KEl: KAI Au;eHTIKEl: ZYMru:.EIl:

ti1:A.o "Ot aA116tvOt vsot", 67toU !!EO'a O'ta {J).).a U7toO''t1'\Pt~£ on mO'CI} a7t6 au't1'\ 'tTl J.l.avia yta to. vuxta ~ptO'K6tav 0 navaytcbtTl~ KavW6- 1tOUA.o~ Kat to OOKtJ.l.t6 tOU H l(olv{J)via tT/~ enox7f~ J.i~. H aK6A.ou6rt 1tEptKO~ a7t6 to apepo eO. J.I.~ &OO£t J.l.ta £VtOVTJ y£uO'TJ 'tTI~ £7tOXTt~:

A7t6 tOU~ tOtXOU~ 'tTI~ A8l1v~, rou n£tpaux Kat {J)..)..cov J.l.£prov tOU t61tOU J.I.~, 67t~ Kat a7t6 J.l.£ptKcX 1tPO£KA.oytKcX J.l.1taAK6vUl, aKouO't11Kav, KatcX n~ t£A.eutat£~ £~OOJ.l.cX&~ J.l.£YcXA.e~ Kat £mJ.l.OV£~ Kpauye~ yta vfuu~, 1tpO~ veou~, a1t6 "veou;" - 6~ ot tOWt £~£~atCl}vav J.I.£ tp67to 1tapa 1tOI..U vecvnco Kat J.l.£tpanolOTJ, to'~ yta vc <patvovtat mo mO't£utoi. "'EpX£tat 11 vea y£v£cX" yta vc OtOl1;a "to. KopcXna tOU OtXaO'J.l.OU". Ot veoi, oi veoi, 1tOU ~OOPVtKcX avaKcXI..U'l'av ts« <p6tvo1tcopw6 &tl..w6 1t~ eiVat veoi, Kat£~(vouv£ va J.I.~ O'cOOouv, vn O'cOOouv£ 'tTl xcilpa, to eevo~, J.I.£ n~ 1tatOtK~ tOU~ avaKpauy~. Kat eappei Kavei~ 1t~ 0 ayae6~ Kat OtcX<pavo~ qx.r>tav6~ X£tJ.l.CI}VtcXnKo~ ay£p~ 'tTI~ A9ftv~ Kat 'tTI~ EI..I..cX~ J.l.flO'ttyroV£'tat a7t6 KcX1tOWV KaK611Xo Kat av£m8UJ.l.11'to av'ttt..w.o uicvTt~ "T~o~we'tO'~" 1tOU 'tupavvcX a7t6 xp6vta 'tou~ I..aO~ 1tOU Ka'tOlICOUV£ O"tTJv avnKpwTt 6x6rt tou Iovtou Kat rou AOptanKou.

1 K~ lXpy6tEpa, lCat ~aa oro lCl..tJUl eou MEtru;a typlX<fl£ to ap9po "Ta vtata lC' 1'1 1p\l1..1't" (Neoe.U71VlK'a rpap.J,la1:a, 27 Ck~poulXptou 1937) 0 A. T£p~alCTI~. Btvat q>aV£p1't 1'1 7tpoamWEta tOU va U1tOO't1lpt~Et rn &Uv~1'I trov vtatrov, UltO"fP~l1t~ovt~ ~ rnv tota attYI11't lCat opu:r~a «lp\ll..£ttlCa» £l..attcbl1ata. 2 Kata I1lXptupta tou Bl..utTI (1974, a. 272), 0 Kav£ll61toul..o~ I1E tOY K. Taatao lCat tOY I. 0£oSropalC61toul..o, «(l(J1Coooav 1ttXvro crtou~ vtou~ I1tav aOtwptI..ovilCTltTI y01'ltcia». H I('OlVll.IV{a 'CT/q E1Coz7fq J,laq, 01l11Oat£\l~0 to 1932, 7tpotpXEtat a1t6 tt~ 1tapa06aEt~ tOU alCaOTIl1ailCou ttou~ 1930-1, lCat &v 1t£pttXEt tlC01l~ 1tpOtPO~ eto 1tVeUl1a 1tOU evvoet 0 K. KIXp~uVTJ~, crta ttaaEpa ~P1'l ' rou (A' "'Bevo~ lCat EevtlCtaI16~", B' "i\tOl1ov lCat atol1tlCu:r116~", 1"' "Kotv1't yvcbl11'1", I!.' "l:up~ - 11600"). To 1tp6~1..1'II1a 1tOU avttl1£'trom~Et 0 Kav£ll61tOuI..o~ civat oi axt~ tOU at6110u I1E env xowevtc, To avnro1tO 1tOU txro \l1t6'1f11 110u, 1tPOEPX6I1£VO a1t6 tTl ~t~l..to91'tlCTl tOU I. MEtru;a. tXEt rnv rupWP(J)(JTJ: «Eu; tOY ru;t6ttl1ov Kuptov IcoWVTJ MEtru;a I1Et' ~atpttOU aE~aGI10U lCat ~aeut~tTI~ ElCttl11'taE~. AUyoucrto~ 1932».

ttep« anD TOV I(OJ.ll.lOVVl(JJ.lO

21 H ot'l'a 1tpoooounO'J.l.ou Tt'tav ma rooo ev'toVTJ avcXJ.l.£O'a O'tou~ veou~, Kat ot 1tpOO&unK~ t~ yta 'tou~ Ka'tam£O'J.l.Evo~ 1tOU ~cXyya-

66

lL\EOAOI1KEI KAI AlIeHTIKEI ZYMru:EU:

f...aV ot j.1ap!;t<YtEc; Eixav 1tapEt 'tE'tOtEC; I)ta(:J'taOEtC;, cOO'tE 0 1tpoo&mtoj.16C; vu j.10ta~Et lCan 'to alCa't6p60Yt0 t!;o> ceto 'to «t&OAoytlC6 !!E't0>1t0» tou j.1ap!;t0j.10U lCOO ceto 'to lCAij.1a 1tOU am6 EiXE 1tP0!;EV1'tcret. AlC6j.1a lCat o t&w..t<m'JC; 8EO'tOlCcl.c; 6Xt uovo &v j.11tOpoucre vu aYV01'1cret nc; optorePEC; 6EOEtC;, aAM a1t6 amEC; E1tatpVE EpE6iOj.1a'ta yta 'ttC; tI)EOAoytlCEC; 6EOEtC; 1tOU U1tO<m'JPt~E 0 il)lOC; o'ta ap6pa 'tOU (0 j.1ap!;toj.16C; e!;a.A.AoU j.1E rpono Ej.1j.1EOO 60. 'tpo<poI)O'tOUOE lCat rnv 1tE~oypacpia 'tOU). Oo't6oo, avaj.1Eoa 0'tT\ OOyj.1an1C1'\ U1to'ta~ 'to>v j.1ap!;t<YtO>v lCOO omv a.pVT\0T\ 'tT\C; "E1taVaO'taOT\C;" U1t1'1PXE j.1ta EupEia lCAij.1alCa a1t0XPO>OEO>V, 1tOU ot 1tEpt006'tEpEC; 'touc;, yta 'tT\V alCpi~Eta, cruyKEV'tprovOV'tav 1tapa1tAEUpa j.1a.A.AoV <YtOV 1tp00&unoj.16 1tapa<Ytov E6vt0j.16. TIapa.A.A.T\f...a j.1E 'to. EmOT\j.1a 6pyava 'to>V lC0j.1j.10Uvt<YtO>v, llpan01r6pOllCOO Neot Ilpanosopot; lCUlCAo<pOPOUOE 't6'tE lCOO 'to 1tEplOl)tlC6 'tOU A. MEf...aXPtvOU 0 KVKAO~ ('tEUX0C; 1, 'to Notj.1~pw 1931), 1tOU <ptAo!;evoUOE EmOT\C; cruvEpyama tou Ba.pvw..T\ lCOO'tOU Pcl.v'tou-Dttepou. A1to 'tOY Iovoucoto 1933 !!EXpt 'tOY Iavouapw 1934 1)T\j.10OtEU'tT\lCE lCat 'to 1tEpwl)tlC6 IfJJ.lepa (I)ElCa'tpia tEUXT\), 1tOU <Ytt-yacre 1tpOO&unlCOUc;, A{YO 1'\ 1tOA.U j.1ap!;t<Yttc; lCOO oootcAt<Yttc;. H j.1T\ al5ta.A.'A.alC'tT\ <Ytcl.crrt 'tOU 1tEPlOl)tlCOU, T\ EAEu6Epia 'tOU a1ttvovn O'tO l56yj.1a l5rtj.1lOUpYT\oav EuvOtlCtc; cruV61'\lCE<; yta vo cruvEpyaO'tOUV lCat cruyypa<pEic; 1tOU I)t<l<pOpEnlCa 6a tj.1EVav j.1<llCpta. l:'tT\ crUv'ta!;T\ ~piCJ1COUj.1E E'tm cruV'tPO<Ptooj.1tvouc; os tva xowo 1tp6ypCXlJ.lla 'tOUC;:

A. epUAo, TI. Kapa~{a, K. AEUlC01tap{15rt (U1tEU6UVOC;), r. MT\Atcl.l>rt, ~. MtXaA.61tOAo, K. Oupcl.VT\, K. TIaylCaA.o, T. TIa1tatcrcbvT\, KA.. TIapaoxo.

H crUV'ta!;T\ O'tO 1tpol'tO 'tEUX0C; EiXE I5rtA.cOOet 6n 60. aVnj.1E'to>m~E «to. crUyxpova ~ronlCa 1tpO~A1'\j.1a'ta j.1E rnv aVT\crux{a 1tOU xapalC'tT\p{~Et 'tT\v E1t0X1'\ j.1a<; lCOO u' Eva ~a6ta I)te6vtlCtonlC6 1tVEuj.1a». To Mato tou 1933 avalCo{vO>crE j.1ta «l)taj.1ap'tupia» evovrtov 'tT\C; va~to'ttlC1'\C; «lCa'ta1tieOT\C;» o'tT\ rEpj.1avia, cruYlCEV'tpo>vov'ta<; E!;1'\v'ta 1tEv'tE u1toypa<P£C;, lC0j.1j.10UVt<YtO>v, oomw..to'tO>v lCat j.11'\. H apVT\OT\ 6j.10><; 'tOU 1tEpwl)tlCOU vo U1tO'tayEi 0'tT\ ypaj.1j.11'\ 'to>v lC0j.1j.10UVtO'tO>v 1tPOlCa.A.eOE I)ta<pOpEC; E1tt6EOEtC; 'tOU 6pyavou Neo: Ilponoxopot; 1tOU xapalC't1'\ptOE to IfJJ.lEpa; OU'tE A{YO OU'tE 1tOAU, oev <pamcrnlC6 1tEpwl)tlC6. Fr' aU't6 T\ crUv'ta!;T\ tou IfJJ.lEpa 15rtj.10crie'l'E, 'to l:E1t'tEj.1~PW rou 1933, j.1ta "d1'\A.rocrrt 1tpOC; touc; 'NEOUC; TIpOYto1t6pouC;''', 61tOU I)telCl)tlCEi mv EAEu6Epia 'to>V covepyato>v vo etvoa j.1ap!;t<YtEc; j.1E 'tOY 'tp61tO 1tOU amoi vOj.1i~ouv op66:

Tt 6EAOUV ve j.1ac; a1toI)Ei!;ouv oi "NEOt Ilpertonopot": 'On I)Ev Eij.1a<YtE lC0j.1j.10UVtO'tEC;; Au't6 'to E{1taj.1E uovoi j.1ac;, on OUI5t1tO'tE £ixaj.1E crxtcrrt j.1E 'touC; 'EA.A.T\VEC; lC0j.1j.10UVtO'tEC;, j.1E rn voorpoztc

67

IMlOAOnKEI: KAI AU:8HTlKEI: ZYMill:EII:

roi»; xm 'tl1V 't<llC't1lCTt 'tOUe;. 8EAOUV V<ll!ac; 1tOUV 6't1 &v Eil!<lCJ'tE OU'tE l!<lp~tCJ'tEe; lC<l'tU 'tOY rpono 'tOUe;; Kt <lu't6 &lC't6. Eivm "(f:"(0- v6e; 6't1 &V I3rfllC<l!!E <l1t6 'tTJV <llC<lOTJl!i<l 'tOUe; xrn ceto 'to 1tEpi«>l1- uo '1t<l'tUpt' <l1t' 61tOU 1tPOEPXOV't<lt 1tOAAOi <l1t' <lU'tOUe; xm 0 x, MEMe; (If/Jl.E:pa, A', 1933, CJ. 288)

ME'tU ceto 't11 ()tUAUCJTJ rou 1tEptO()tlCOu, 0 lC<l6EV<le; <l1t6 'toue; CJUVEP"(U'tEe; 'tPU~l1~E 'to ()tlC6 rou ()P6l!0. H 1tOpEi<l 6l!roc; <lv6pOO1trov 1tOU u«>11- V<lV mCJro 'toue; l!t(l El!1tEtpi<l l!<lp~tCJ'ttlCTt lCat &v Tt6EAaV u' <lU't6 vc 1tEPUCJOUV oro <lV'ti1t<lAO CJ'tP<l't61tE()O, Tt't<lV <lVElC<l6EV l!1<l ()uCJlCOAl1 u1t66ECJTJ. K<l'tu 'tOY i()tO rpono 1tOU 1t<lAt6'tEP<l 0 K<l1;<lv't1;ulCl1e; ()ftArovE 6't11tEP<lCJE otov '!!E't<llCOl!l!ouvtCJl!6 '1, 0 TEp1;u1CTJe; <lp,,(6'tEP<l lC<l't<l~UAAEt 1tPOCJ1t(X6EtEe; "fl<l vo: ~pE6Ei 1tEP<l <l1t6 rnv lCOl!l!ouvtCJ't1lCTt E1t<lVUeJ't<lCJTJ, 61troc; l!1t0POU!!E vn ()t(l1ttCJ'tcOOOU!!E ()t(l~u1;ov'tac; 'to up6po 'tOU "EAEu6Ep<l tOOVtlCU", rou 1932 (0 Kvdp~, B', 'tEUXOe; 5, CJ. 232-7).

o TEp1;ulCl1e; 6EropEi «XPErolC01tl1l!Evo» 'to ««>tAEAEu6EptCJl!6», lCat E~l1"(Ei 'toue; M"(oue; "fl<l 'toue; onotouq, lC<l'tU 't11 "(Voll!l1 tou, 0 l!<lp~tCJl!6~ ~E1tEPVU 'tOY aCJ't1CJl!6, 1tOU <llC6l!11 C1'tTJpi1;E't<lt eJ't<l CJ<l1ttCJ!!EV<llCat U1tOlCpt't1lCU t()Eol()l1 «11 OtlCO,,(EVEt<l, 11 n<l'tpi()<l, x' 11 ElClCAl1at<l». 0 l!ap~tCJl!6e; 6l!roc;. 1t<lP<lCJup!!Evoe; <l1t6 'tOY E1ttC1'tTJl!OVtlC6 UAtCJl!6, ElC<lVE 'to CJ«>UAl!<l vo <l1tolCAEiCJEt ceto 't11 6Eropi<l rou 'to «CJuV<ltCJ6TJl!<l'ttlC6 1t<lpu"(ov't<l». M6vo XUPl1 orov <Ilp6tv't, 6't<lV ()t<l()66TJlC<lV Ot 6EropiEe; rou, l!1t0POUCJE «vc EtCJ<lX6Ei lCt 0 1t<lP<l"(VroptCJILEvOe; 'llUXtlC6e; 1t<lpu,,(ovrce; oro «>rotEtv6 lCUlCAo 'tTJe; UAtCJ't11Cfte; 1tP<l,,(l!<l't1lC6'tl1'tac;». napu 'tOY El!1tAOU'ttCJl!6 1tOU E«>EPE l1'IIUxavMuCJTJ 6l!roc; oro l!<lp~tCJl!6, «0 l!<lP~tCJl!6e; E!!EtvE eJ'tuml!Oe;». «H E1tteJ'tTtl!l1 'tOY 1tPOCJ1tEP<lCJE».

AV<l«>OptlCU ILE rnv EAAl1Vt1Cft 1tP<l,,(l!<l't1lC6't11't<l, 0 TEp1;u1CTJe; ()t<l1tteJ'trovEt 6't1 «roc; x6Ee; <llC6l!11l!6voe; 0 lCol!l!ouVtCJl!6e; (lCat 0 '1LE't<llCOl!l!OUviouo;') <l1t<lpt6l!OUCJE 01t<lOOUe; <l1t6 'tTJV 't~11 'troY ()tavoou!!Evrov. Kat ()taAEx'toue; l!MteJ't<l. 0 CJUv'tl1Pl1'ttCJl!6e; ECJOO1t<ltvE' <111:6 av<ltl!i<l Tt lCat Ellit'lfl1 <lu't01tE1toi6TJCJTJe;». Km ~<l«>VtlCU ~'YitlCE V<ll!tATtCJEt 0 MEMc;, ILE 'tOY E>EO'tOlCU 1tOU 'tOY <llCOAou6TJCJE lC<lt 1tOU 1tOPEUE't<lt 'tolp<l 1tp0e; 'tOY «E6VtlCoCJom<lAtCJl!6», ()ixroc; vu U1t01t'tEU'tEi 6't1 <lu'tTt 11 t&oAo"(i<l0OTJ"(Ei CJE AUCJEte; 61troc; 'tTJe; q>amCJ't11Cfte; I'taAiac;. 0 TEp1;u1CTJe; OTJA.cOVEt, reAEtolVov't<le;, 6't1 lCot'tu1;Et ILE El!1ttCJ'toaUvl1 1tpOe; 't11 «CJom<lAOTJl!olCp<l'tl<l», «E1tavUeJ't(l(JTJ <ro'fXPOVtCJ!!EVl1lC<lt ILE 't<lX't11Cft lCotvo~OUAEU't11Cft».

1 0 K(l~(lv't~6.Kl1~ EiXE &rU.LOmE'If£t rnv 1tP6Ytl1 jlOP<!>1'I too KEijlEVO"\) AC11C1]nK71, ue 'ti'tA.o "Salvatores Dei", ernv AvartVV7JC171 'to 1927, 1t(lpo"\)m6.~ov't~ 'to

68

~OAOnKEl: KAI AIl:9HTIKEl: ZYMm:EIl:

ccrv «J.1E'tUKOIiIiOuVlaW(6». To Em9E'to emuaE (~A.. Kat B. PciYtro;, "'Evu IiE'tUKOIiIiOUVla'tlK6 '1tla'tEUOl', Acr1(l1'tlKli", Avavevvnon, B/, 1927, a. 127 K.E.) Apy6'tEPU ° tow,> ° rA.11v6,>, 1tOU fiXE q>lA.oSEVr,aEl 'to KEiJ.1Evo 'tOU Ku~uV't~6.K1l cto 1tEPW01K6 'tOU, cr'tl'> "I1VEWU'tlKEiO liopq>EiO 't11'> uv'ttOpuCJ1l'>" (1932, 'toopu ET<:AeT<:'Ott; aeA,l{kt;, /:1', 1975, a. 88) O''tlYIi6.'tl~E 'to «!J.E'tUKOlillouvlO'Ii6» liu~i J.1E 'to eo»'touplaIi6: «IiUO'KIXpEj.LEv11 E1tuvucr'tU'tlK6't11'tU Kat [ ... J or,9EV 1tpoES6q>A.11CJ1l 'tOU UUplO» ...

22 AVE<pEpa J.1EXpt a'ttYJ.1TJ~ aplCE't<X a'totxEia 1tOU ~01l80uv vc aY'ttA11- <p'touJ.1E J.1E tpono 'tElCJ.111pt<.oJ.iEvo, o» lCat J.111 ~av'tA11'ttlC6, 'tt~ OtaO'tuoeu; 't11~ tOEOAoyt1C1'J~ ~UJ.1COOTJ~ 1tOU a1to'tEAri 't11v tOeOAOytlCTJ 1tPO\l1t6- 8EOll 6A.11~ 't11~ J.1E'tE1tEt'ta AOyO'tEXVtlCti~ Opaat11pt6t11ta~. H EWOta 't11~ '1tpOOOOU' trov EA.A.11VtlCroV ypaJ.1J.1u'trov, 11 8EOll 'trov EAATJVroV A.o,,{O'tExvrov anevav'tt O'tt~ 'tuaEt~ lCat a'tt~ Emopua£t~ 1tOU 1tPOEPXOV'tat a1to 'to Ou'ttlCO 1tOAt'tt0J.10, ot avuylC£~ avaVECOOTJ~ rcov 'J.10P<Prov', oe aXEOll J.1£ 'tt~ vee~ avuylC£~ aYavECOOTJ~ 'trov 8£J.1u'trov, OW au'tu EXOUV 't11 ~a- 8U'tEP11 <pu'tpa 'tou~ ornv to£oA.oyta 'tTJ~ E1tOXTJ~. Ot J.1ap'tupiE~ nou npocxouioo, Oey av'tA.TJ8TJlCav alto 1tOAt'ttlCOU~ Myou~ av8p6>1trov 't11~ 1)pu<rll~, aAM alt6 lC£tJ.1Eva AOYOtEXVroV, lCat J.1aA.tO'ta a1t6 tou; ovttzpoO'CJ)1t£U'ttlCO'tEPOU~, 1tOU E1tat~aV OllJ.1av'ttlC6 pOA.o 0'tTJ otaJ.1op<PCOOTJ 'troY xapalC't11ptO''ttlCrov yvroPtO'J.1u'trov 'tTJ~ Y£VtU~ 'tou~. Apy6'tEpa, J.1E 't11 <piJ.1roO'11 ron lCOtVroVtlCOU 1tpO~AllJ.1a'ttaJ.10u, aplCE'toi O'uyypa<pEi~ 't11~ iOta~ Y£Vt~ EOc.oaaY 't11V £v'tU1tCOOTJ o'tt 11 A.oyo't£xvia lCtvEi'tat a' EVa £m1tEOo U1tEpuvro au'trov rcov 1tpo~A11J.1a'ttaJ.1rov lCat 6tt J.11topEi vo ~flaEt . uVE'ta oiXro~ au'tou~, TJ J.1uUOV, yta va O'E~Etat auO''t11Po'tEpa rou; VOJ.1ou~ 'tTJ~ lCat rnv au'tO'tEAEtU 't11~, o<pdAEt vo lCUV£t alCpt~~ au'to. H <pumoA.oyt1C1'J a1to ano\jlT\ emxowcevtce; tOerov lCa'tuO''taOll 1tOU xuptnpXOUO'E ~ 'to 1936 O''tTJv EAAuoa dval alCpt~~ au'tTJ 1tOU £mXEtpro vo. a1tEtlCoviaro aUVapJ.10Aoyrov'ta~ J.1EptlCa a1to ta oxopmo y£yov6'ta 't11~ . 'to't£ JCiv11Oll~ lOeroV.

rta vu J.111 O''taJ.1at1'\O'ro O'E OtlCu uou Ilovuxa O'UIl1tEpUalla'ta, 8Ec.opro O'lComJ.10 va 1tpoO'lCoJ.1iaro lCat £v'tU1trocr£t~ av8p6>1trov 1tOU, aVTJlCov'ta~ 0'£ 1tpoy£v£O'tEp£C; Y£VtEC;, ~PE8TJlCaY 8£a'tE~ aJ.iE'toXot lCat aVlotO't£AEiC; 'trov y6vtJ.1rov £lCdvrov XP6vrov: tou rpU1tUP11lCat tou S£v61touA.ou.

o rpU1tap11~ a1tav'trov'ta~ oe Ilta Ep£uva rou Kc.oat1'\ M1taO'tta (H Ilpsoia; 4 Muprtcu 1932, a. 1) E1tatpV£ a<poPllfl ceto 'tt~ lCOtVroVtlCE~ 'taO'£t~ J.iEoa att~ osote; ~PE8TJlC£ va ~£l, yta vo 1tEt:

69

I~OAOIiKEI: KAI AU:8HTIKEI: ZYMQmII:

MXOlla\ tnv a7to'Jl1.v to)V O"omaA.unOOv, on <X\ oucovounccd ouveTtK<X\, 0\ 6pO\ tllC; 7tapayOY)'1'Jc;, £7t\OpOUV O"'I1llavnK<bc; xm O\all()pq>OOvouv KataO"taO"£\c; Ka\ 118\Kac; K<x\ 7tV£Ullat\Kac;. Aut6 ~A.\O"ta VOlli~co on etvoa 0 KavOOV. &V a7toKA.Eico 61lme; 0\6A.OU OUt£ 8£ropOO £O"q>a~v rnv KapA.atKTtV 8£ropiav tcov npoxov.

Ka\ 01l0A.0YouO"£:

H £7tOXTt 11 \O\KTt Ilac; ue t\C; 1l\~EP\EC; tllC;, IlE env 6A.llV Kax£~iav 7tOU rnv £xapaKtTtP\~£, Ilac; fixe t60"0v a7toyollt£UO"£\, <bat£ vu unv EXCOIl£V £Vo\aq>epovta om£ 7tOA.\nKa, oore KOWCOV\Ka, aA.A.a vn £upiO"KCOIlEV O\E~OOoV Ka\ A.Utpromv £\C; Iliav tExvllv 67tou 11 q>6Plla Kupime; £VO\Eq>£P£· EKallvall£V tEXVllv o\a tnv tExvllv.

o E£V67touA.0C;, a7t6 tll O\KTt tOU 7tA.Eupa, 0"£ Il\a cruv£vt£u~l1 7tOU EO<OO£ O"tO M. l:KOUA.OUOll (NeoeAA1JVllCa rpaJ.lJ.lam, 18 AuyouO"tou 1935), 01l0A.oyouO"£:

~\aKpivco vo e7t\Kpat£i EVac; q>\A.EA.Eu8£p\0"1l6C;. H £A.Eu8£pia rou at61l0u £iva\ iO"me; to xapaKt11P\O"nK6 tOU \OeOA.oytKOU 7t£P\£X6- uevou tllC; crUnpoVllC; A.oyot£Xviac; Ilac;·

0\ o\amO"t<ba£\c; 7tOU o\<XtU7tOOvouv, 7tPW rnv 411 A'\1"(ouO"tou, 0 Fpu- 7tapllc;, ~Ttvta 0'60 £tOOv, K<x\ 0 S£v67toUA.oC;, £~Ttvta OKtOO, 8a E7tp£7t£ vo Kavouv mo O\O"taKnKouc; IlEP\KOUC; av8p<b7touC; 7tOU aK61l11 crTtllEpa ouO"avaox£touv yta tnv taxa 7tOA.\t\Ko7toillO"'11 tCOV 1l0p<pCOt1.KWv npoPA.llllatrov. To ~Tttlllla stvm 6n autoi 0\ O"7topao\Koi o\avooullEvO\ ~ouv aK61l11 IlE rnv £VtU7tCOO"'l1 7tOU O"t£P£<b811K£ £m M£t~a,6n 11 a7toXTt a7t6 mv \OeoA.oyta Eiva\ to O\aKpmK6 yvOOp\O"lla tllC; '7tV£Ullat\K1'Ic;' ~roTtC;, oixme; va U7t07tt£u80uv on 60"0\ £mKaA.OUvt<X\ Il\a 7tap6- 1l00a '7tV£ullanK6t11ta' £iv<X\ £7t£\0Tt Oev avtEXOUV O"t11v '7tV£UllanK6- tllta' tllC; crUyKP\O"'I1C; K<x\ tllC; avalJftpllO"'11C;.

Btvrn 7t0A.U 0"'I11lavnK6, K<x\ IlE Ka7to\O tp67t0 7tapTtyopo, to YEYov6C; 6n £vac; a7t6 touC;£7t1,q>av£iC; £K7tp60"C07touC; tllC; Y£V\ac;, 0 K. f>. ~l1llapac;, 8a OIlOA.oyTto"£\ to 1965, 0"£ 1l\<X A.<X8paia u7too"'l1Il£icoo"'l1, env £~TtC; a7toOpallat07totllIJfVll aM8na:

H Y£v£a 1l0U UO"tEpllO"£ 7toO"onKa ornv £V£P'Y11nKTt 7tDA.mKTt 7t<Xpoooto tllC;, yta tpEic; O\aOOX\KOUC; aA.A.E7taA.llA.oUC;, A.6yOUC;: tllv O\K-

70

IAEOAOnKEl: KAI An:6HTIKEl: ZY"Mm:En:

tatopia rou I. MEt~a, tOY BEUtEPO 1taYK6crl-nO 1t6AE!10 Kat ta 1t£ptcrtattKa 1tOU aKoAou6T\crav omv Euaoo. na toUto icrc.oc; 0\ VE6tEPOt E1tA11macrav 1tp66u!1a oe Katt 1tOU 6u!1i~u 'crtpatEuoj..l£vnv 1tOAmlC'l't notnow', Kata rnv E1tttUX11~ £K<ppa01l £V~ Aoyiou tOU PCOflavttcr!1ou. (IVf.l1COmal(a, 1965, cr. 63)

Ilportottopia xca xotvotma

23 0 tBEOAoytK6~ opyacr!16~, 11 E1tttaKttKTt avay1C1l Pt~tlC'l't~ avav£ro- 01l~ t<OV Ko\VO)Vl.](cOV Oo!1cOV, !lETt oiXc.oc; E1tavacrt(l<J1l, oo"youv oe !lE- 9600u~ 1tOU uopeonoiowrca £vtova, avaAoya !lE to ~amK6 1tpocravatOAtcr!16, avaAoya o"AaOTt ue to av E!11tV£Ovtat a1t6 tt~ 1tpocrOo~ tOU <PtAEAEu6£pou acrttcr!1ou Tt a1t6 tOY 1tpoypa!1!1attcr!16 t11~ !1ap~tcrttlC'l't~ E1tavacrtattK6t11ta~. M.V U1tapXEt a!1<pt~oAia on ot cruVUOTtcrEt~, 1tOU Eivat Euaicr6TltE~ oe 1tap6!10\£~ E1tttay£~ avavt<OO1l~ Kat Kata~aAAoUV 1tpocr1ta9EtE~ 1tpO~ autTt rnv KatEu6uv01l, BEv Ex0UV, 1tocrOttKa, mv iOta E1tt<pWua ue to crUvOAo t11~ KO\v6t11t~ omv osoto avTtKouv. A1t6 to y£yov6~ Kat uovo en aut~ ot cruvEtOTtcru~ a1tOtEAouv !1ta 1tpo11Yj..l£V11 Katacrt(l<J1l a1t£vavtt crtt~ crUVOAtKt~ cruV9itKE~, !-ua atX!1Tt, BEv cru!11ti1ttOUV 1tocrOttKa ue to crUVOAo t11~ Ko\V6t11t~. Av 1ttcrt£'Vou!lE 6tt xovovucc 11 1tp<Ot01tOpia avtt1tpocrCJ)1t£'l)U tacru~ t11~ KO\vCOV{~ a1t6 t11v onoto 1tPO£PXEtat (Kat yt' aut6 OEV u1tapxu a!1<pt~oA{a), t6tE !11t<r pooue vo avap<Ot119ou!lE 1tota cruyKEKPt~ ta01l t11~ KOtvrovi~ evn- 1tpocr<01t£uu. H Y£v\1l rou Tptavta EK<ppa~u !1ta KOtV6t11ta; Iloie; 'H 1tP£1tEt !1aAAoV vu 1ttcrt£'Vou!lE 6tt j..l£cra crt1l 'y£V\a' Xropouv cruyypa<pcl~ 1tOU EK<ppa~ouv 1toUa1tAt~ Kat Ota<pOpEttK£~ KOtv6t11tE~;

H 9Eropia 1tOU 9E!lEAtcOVEtat crt1l OtaKpt01l tCOV t~E<OV £XEt £tOt!111 t11V a1t6Kpt01l: :\>1tapxOUV 1tp<Oto1t6pOt Kat y£v\Ka, uepixot AoyOt£XVE~ 1tOU avta1tOKp{VOVtat £itE crtt~ avaYKE~ t11~ acrttlC'l't~ t~11~ EitE aAAOt crtt~ avaYKE~ t11~ EpyattKit~ t~11~, tOU 1tpOAEtaptatou. Ot 1tp<Ot01t6- POt Kat oi AOyOt£XVE~ t11~ acrttlC'l't~ t~11~ £ivat 1tapaK!1taKOi, E1t£tOTt 11 ta~11 tOU~ oro cruvoM t% ~ao{~Et 1tpO~ tOY a<pavtcr!16, ~p{crKE'tat crt11v 1tapaK!1Tt t11~ Kat '1tapa!1tMW. 1tptv 1t£9aVEt". Avti9Eta, ot 1tprotonopoi Kat O! AoyOt£XVE~ rou 1tpoAEtaptatOu, t11~ t~11~ 1tOU aupw 9a e1ttKpatitcru ue :.c11V E1tttuxia t11~ £1tavacrta01l~ ~picrKOVtat Ot11v aK!1Tt t<OV Ouv<'q.l£cOv to~.

To a1tAo1tOt11j..l£vo aut6 crxTt!1a, 1tOU ot K0!1!10UVtcrt£~ to U1tocrt11pi~ouv Ooy!1attKa, o"A.<lOTt Xropi~ vu crt11pi~ovtat crnv E!11t£tptlC'l't otam-

71

I&:OAonKEl: KAI AU:eHTIKEl: Znml:EIl:

O'tCOOTl l(at OE OUYI(El(ptf.1EVa &Oof.1EVa, ot EI(7tp60{J)1tm 'tOU acrnof.1ou, 600 l(at vc: 'to af.1«>top11'touoav, OEV f.17topouoav v« 'to ayvoTtoouv. Mxopooue vo: 7touf.1E on, tJ-EXpt<; Ev6<; pa8f.1ou, 'to emxpotouocv, 7tapa&x6f.1EVm 6n 0 ao'ttof.16<; ei.XE f.1E 'to tJ-Epo<; rou n<; EI(AeI('tE<; EI(<PPOOEt<; 't11<; 'tExv11<;, EVro 'to 7tpoAe'tapul.'to 'tt<; EI(A.OOXEUtJ-EVE<; f.10p<pE<; 'tExv11<;.

Tropa 7tOU 11 aOtaA.~ia 'tTl<; f.1ap~tonI(Tt<; at081l'ttI(Tt<; rcov Xp6vc.ov exetvrov EXet optctucn ~E7tEpao'tEi oro Oun1(6 xropo l(at 7tOU ot f.1EAE'tE<; yta rn f.1al;a l(at rnv emxotvcovtn EXOUV E7tE~Epyao'tei. al(ptpcb<; 'ta 8Ef.1a'ta aU'ta, 'to 6A.o I;Tt't11f.1a f.17tOpei vc 't07t08E'tTl8Ei E7tavc.o OE c.optf.16'tEpe; paoet<;.

Ot Neot Ilpanonopoi tou 1932 flO'llV ~ta a't1'\All 1tO'll EmypulpE'tat "To ltapa~tAllt6 rou xoouou nou ltE6aivEt".

'lv'rcilrI(Evn:na'l(al 'eAfr'

24 l:'t11v Af.1EptI(Tt l(al ornv AyyA.ia oi 1(0Wc.oVtI(E<; f.1EAE'tE<; yta rnv 'tExv11 a1(oA.ou81l0av f.1ta nopeto au't6vof.111 arctvav'tt 0't11 f.1ap~to'ttI(Tt 0I(E'Ifll' xap11 6f.1ffi<; otu; Ef.17tEtptI(E<;, 8E'ttKtOnKE<; 'tOOEt<; 't11<; af.1Eptl(aVtK1'\<; 7tat&ia<;, 'tEA.tl(a oi f.1EAE'tE<; aU'tE<; &v Ppiol(ov'tat 7tOA.U f.1al(pta a7t6 rn f.1ap~tonK1'\ 7tPOO7t'ttI(Tt, 600 I(t c» l(a'tt'tE'toW f.11tOpei va <pavei 7tapaOo~o OE 7tPcb't1l 6'1fll. Kt au't6 E7tEtOT), a» 0't11 f.1ap~tcrnI(Tt 01(E'Ifll EYWE f.1taE7tE~Epyama 't11<; EvvOta<; 'W'tEA.tYI(Ev'tma', on<; l(am'taA.tO'ttI(E<; XroPE<; EYWE, av'ttO'totxa, l(a'tt 'to 7tapa1tA.Ttmo ava<poptl(a f.1E 'tt<; 'EAi't'. ME 'W'tEA.tYI(Ev'tma' 600 Kat f.1E 'EA.l't' EVVOOUf.lt f.ltwv6't11'tE<; 7tOU opow xrn EXOUV OptOf.1EVE<; A.et'tOUpyiE<; f.1EOa oro OUVOA.O f.1ta<; oUYI(EI(PttJ-Ev11<; xowornrc«;

A7tO<pEUYOV't!X<; vc 8i~c.o 7tPOpA.Ttf.1a'ta 8Ec.oP11'ttKa, 7tapa f.16VO l(a'ta 'to EMXto'to tJ-E'tpo 1tOU ota<pc.o'til;ouv rnv E~E'taI;6f.ltV11 1tpaYf.1a'ttI(6't11- to; 1tPE7tEt va OtEul(pwioc.o on exetvo 7tOU Otaxc.opil;Et rnv W'tEA.tYI(EV'tma a7t6 rnv EA.i't eivci 11 OtaOtl(ama f.lt 't11v onoto yiVE'tat 11 EmA.oyTt f.1ta<; f.1tI(PTt<; of.1aoo<; arctvav'tt 0't0 OUVOA.o. Eav etvoa l(a1tffi<; apoA.o vn OUYI(EV'tprooOUf.1E o'totxda yta 't11 Otaotl(aoia 1tOU a<popa n<; EA.t't' (KA.11pOV0f.1tI(6'tTl'ta 't~tI(Tt, 7tapaOo01l, affinites electives K.'t.A..), yta 't11 OtaOtKama 7tOU ava<pEpE'tat O't11V W'tEA.tYI(Ev'tma f.1a<; etvoa apI(E't6, yta ve f.111v a7t0f.1aKpuv80uf.1E a1t6 'ta XP6vta 7tOU f.1a<; a1taOXoA.ouv l(at a1t6 'tOY eA.A11VtK6 xcbpo, va al(ouoouf.lt 'ta iota 'ta I(Eif.ltva 'tTl<; E7t0XTt<;. H AA.e~avopa AA.a<pOul;ou 0't1l f.ltAE'tTl 'tTl<; "npOpA.TJf.1a'ta 'tTl<; 1tpoAe'ta-

72

LlEOAOI1KEI: KAI AII:9HTIKEI: ZY~II:

PtuK1'!~ Aoyo,tf:xvi~" (0 KVK,w;, B', 1933,0".25-33) KU1:U7ttaVE1:at IlE 1:0V opiouo 1:0U 1tpoAe1:aplOu AoY01:EXVTI, IlE aAAa A6ytu 1:0U EK1tp60"0>- 1tOU 1:TI~ tv'tEAtYKEV1:O"tu 1tOU Eivat AOY01:ExvtK6c; 1tupuY0Y'(6C;. nu vu UV1:u1toKpivE1:at O"1:t~ KOtvroVtKE~ uvaYKEC;, 0 1tpoAe1:aplO~ AOY01:EXVTl~ eivm UpKE1:6 vo. «EXEt 1tP0Ae1:uptuK1'1 'l'uxoAoyiu, 1:~tK1'! O"uvdOTJO"TI, aOXE1:U o» KU1:aYE'tUt U1t' rnv 1:~Tl1:rov 1tp0Ae1:upirov». H OtUOtKUmu E7ttAo'Yil~ Jl1tU{VEt O"E Aet1:oupyiu, 'tTl O"1:tYJl1'11toU 0 KUAAt1:EXV1l~ ~EK6~Et u1t6 1:TI Jla~u Kat OtUCPOP01tOtEi'tat. ITroc;;

o KUAAt1:EXVTlC;-1tpOAe1:aptO~ ;EXropi~Et U1t' 1:0 uvuyvrocr1:tK6 1:0U KOlV6 Kat JlE 'tTIV OtUVOTl1:tK1'! 1:0U KUAAtEpYEtU. rta vo o"uAAa~Et KUt VU EKq>pa~Et 'tTIV O"E U7tEP1:U1:0 ~U9Jl6 O"UYKEXUJlEvTl, oA61:EAU UO"UO"'tTIJlU1:01toiTl1:TI 'lfUXOAoyiU Jltu~ 1:~TI~ 1tOU UK6JlU OEV EXEt ~EKU9uptO"JlEVTl1:U~tK1'! O"UVEiOTJO"TI KUt KotvroVtKa tOUVtKa (JltAaJlE ytU 1:Tl q>upota Jla~u) 0 KUAAt1:EXVTl~ 1tpoAe1:aptoc; 1tPE1tEt 0 iolOC; VU U1tOK1:i]O"Et JltU o"1:Epea, IlE E7ttO"'tTIJlOVtK1'! ~aO"Tl, KOO"Jl09Eropto, 0TlAuo1'11:Tlv Jlup~to"1:tK1'1 9Eropiu 1tOU etvoa Tl Jl6vTl 1tOU UYKUAta~Et U1t6 6AeC; 1:t~ IlEptEC; -<ptAOO"Oq>tKa, xoivovix« K.1:.A.- 1:Tl ~ro1'l Kat 1:U ~Tl1:i]JlU1:U 1:TI~ 1tpOAe1:uptUK1'1~ 1:a~TI~. ~{xroc; O"1:Epea yvcix:rrJ 1:TJ~ JlUp~to"1:tK1'1~ 9Eropiu~, oixroc; 1:TlV UAtO"1:\K1'1 UV1:iATl'I'1l ytu 1:0V K60"Jlo Kat 'tTIV uv9p6mtvTJ ~ro1'l, 1tOU U1tOK1:a 0 KaAAt- 1:EXVTlC; IlE E7ttO"1:TlJlOVtKEC; IlEAE1:E~, Bev Jl1topd vu &ooet EPYO 1tOU v« 1tATJO"ta~Et 1:0V 1:U1tO 1:0V Ku9upa 1tP0Ae1:uptUK6.

I:' um6 1:0V optO"Jl6, 61tOU 1:0 crUVOAo 'tTI~ Kotvrovi~, TJ Jla~u, 1:Uun~E1:at IlE 1:0 1tPoAe1:upta1:0, TJ AAacpou~ou Jl~ OiVEt EvU noptpedto 1:0U KaMt 1:EXVTJ O"E Jlta KU1:aO"'tUO"TI 'tOwt K1'! " 61tOU Bev JlEVOUV ltEpt9roptu OU1:E ytU 1:TJV UAA01:pi(J)(JTJ OU1:E ytU 'tTl ypUq>ElOKPU1:iu. 0EAro VU 1tro: 0"1:1W TlprotK1'1 UV1:iATJ'I'1l 1:0U Jlap~tO"JlOU 61tOU ~Et TJ AAuq>ou~ou Kat, JlU~{ 1:Tl~, 0 VEOq>ronO"1:0C; Jlui'~tO"Jl6~ 1:TJ~ EMaoo~, Bev uq>iO"'tU1:Ut KUJlta U1tO'l'iu ytu 1:0V KOJlJlU1:tK6 1tUPEJl~U1:tO"Jl6 O"1:TJV Epyumu 1:0U AoY01:EXVll, ytu 'tTl IlE1:U1:po1ti]1:0U KaMt1:EXVTJ U1t6 1:~tK6 Aet1:oupy6 O"E yPUq>EtOKPU1:tK6 JlEO"oAU~Tl1:1'1, KUt 1:EAtKa TI U1to'l'iu OEV 1tpoXropd O"1:TlV OOUVTJp61:EPTl ytu EVUV 1tpOAe1:aplO AoY01:EXVTI ltEpi1t1:(J)(JTJ, O"1:TJV UAAD- 1:piOlO"Tl, O"'tTIV U1tOJlaKpuVO"TI OTJAuo1'11:0U AOY01:EXVTI U1t6 1:0 crUvoAo.

nu v« JlTlV UJlq>t~aMOUIlE O"XE1:tKa IlE 1:TlV UV1:t1tp00"0)1tEU1:tK61:Tl1:U trov U1t6'IfErov 1:TlC; AAaq>ou~ou O"E uvucpopa 1tpO~ 1:0 K6JlJlU, UVUq>EPro 1:0 KUplO ap9po 1tOU oi Neoi IIpon01'6pOl UVE9EO"UV O"1:TlV AAaq>ou~ou va YPa'l'Et,1lE rl1:Ao "H 9EO"TI JlUC; 1tavro O"'tTI AoY01:EXviu" (1:EUX0C; 6, Ioovioc

73

IaEOAOnKEI: KAI AU:eHTIKEl: ZYMru:EU:

1935, a. 121-3). l:,' a.'U't6 'to 1tPO'YP<XJl~a.'ttK6 KEi~O &v yiVE'tat A6yo~ uovo "fla. 1tPOAE'ta.pta.'tO, Kat, E~~aa., "fla. 'tOY Ka.Mt'tEXVTI (tV'tEAtyK£Vrotc), a.Ma. P11'ta. Kat E1tiCJTI~a. "fla. «1tprot01tOpta.1C1'\ AOyO'tExvia.». Ta. ru;tcOjla.'ta. 1tOU a'ta.~a.'tOUV 'tTIV 1tpOaOXTt ~~ EiVa.t &60. To 1tPoYro:

na. va. M1~toupYitaEt ait~pa. tvo. a.A.119tVa. Buva.'t6 EPYO, 0 AOyO'tExv11~ 1tPE1tEt (JUVEt011'ta. vo 1tpoaxcoPTtaEt orov £1ta.va.a'ta.'ttK6 a.yrova. 'tOU 1tpOAE'ta.pta.'tou "fla. 'tTIv 'tEAEtCO'tt1C1'\ a.1tEAEU9EpCOOTl 'tTI~ U1tOOoUACO~VTI~ a.v9pCI}1t6't11'ta.~.

A<p<>u Aot1t6v 11 AOyO'tExvia. El vm 1Ct a.'U'tft £Va. a.1t6 'ta. ~'tCl}1ta. 'tOU ~ya.AoU a.'U'tou a.yrova. [Pt~t1C1'\ a.Ua.Yit 'tTI~ KOtVCOVt1C1'\~ a.v9pcfJmVTI~ ~coit~ ue 'to ~a.p~ta~6], ElVa.t voneo 1t~ Kt a.u'tTt 1tPE1tEt vo 'Vat opya.v~, "fla.ti Ka.v£V~ a.yrov~ &v yivE'tat KO'U'tOUpou.

H a.vti9ECJTI ~ta.~ 1ta.p6~ot~ 9Ecopi~ ue 'tTl 9Ecopla. '11 'tEXVTI "fla. 'tTIv 'tEXVTI' a.1tooi&'tat aUaa~a. ernv «a.CJ'tt1C1'\ 1ta.Pa.'tru;11», ue 'to Em~a.puvnxo ~a.A.tma. on 11 a.vtOto'tEAEta. 'tTI~ a.CJ'tt1C1'\~ 'tEXVTI~ etvm ts« 'l'EUOo~, E<p6aov &v U1ta.PXEt OU'tE «OUO£'tEP11» OU'tE «Ka.9a.pTt» 'tEXVTI Ka.t a.cpou 0 a.1toYrEPO~ aKo1t6~ 'tcov a.a'trov stvm «vo xcoplaouvE ~E 'tOY a.1tpoCJ1tEpa.mo 'toixo env 'tEXVTI a.1t6 'tTl ~coit».

1 l:'tov ayyA.oO'W;rovl1l:6 xcbpo 'to etlla 'trov El..i't Ka't~X£1 Ilta t5tai't£P11 e~O'1l. 'Eva &iYlla 't1l~ O"teXell11~ 1tO'll1tap6Ilota etll~'ta eXyyt~av, lJ.E'ta<ppa~o 0'£ EI..A.11Vl1C1't yA.cbaO'a riVat rou 'EA.to't 11 ~ "H 't~11Kat 11 'El..h':' (lJ.E'tcX<ppaO'1l A. n~pol3t't~-Av5po'll'tO'o1tOUA.o'll), Ev9VVTI, 'truxo~ 37, 1975,0'. 32-41, 1tO'Il1tP~PX£'tat a1t6 'tOY 't61lo Notes towards the Definition of Culture, Aov5ivo 1948. H ~'t1l ypeX<p't1lK£ IJ.E aq>oPlln 'to I3tl3A.io tou K. Mannheim, Man and Society, Aov5ivo 1940 ('ta I3tl3A.toypaq>tKeX a'll'teX O"talx£ia napaA.rl<p't1lKav 0"t1l lJ.E'teX<ppaO'1l), Kat 'Il1toO''t1lpi~£t rnv aveXY1C1l 'trov 'tW;tKcOV 5taKpiO'£rov. BA.. O'X£'tlKeX R. Williams, Culture and Society 1780-1950, Hannondsworth ('Penguin'), 1968,0'.227-38, 61to'll ~XO'll1J.E rnv to"t0pt1C1't 't01tOet't1l0'1l 't1l~ av'tlIJ.E'tcOmO'1l~ amnc; rou 'EA.to't.

H sponosopta 'r71~ e,U,7JVlK71~ lV1'EA.r1l"EV1'CTla: «H -rtZV1J an6 1'0 A.a6 ria 1'0 A.a6»

25 na.pa. rnv U1t6OXECJTI1toU oivouv Ol NEOl Ilpanosopo: erov 1tp6).ay6

74

~AOnKEl: KAI AU:ElHTIKEI: ZYMnmu:

'tou~ Tj AA.aq)()t)/;ou &v KWEt f..6yo YUI «1tPOYt01tOptalCl't A.oyo'tExvia». A u'tTJ Tj 1tapaAEt'lfll SEV o<pEiAE'tat oe aaUVE1tEta, aAAa a1tEvav'tia~ omv iSta 'tTj A.oytlCl't 'tTj~ ~ap~tanlCl't~ 8Eropia~, 1tOU, 'tami./;ov'ta~ 'tTjv 1tOAmlCl't 1tpOYto1topia ue rnv KaAAt'tEXVtlCl't, Ka8ta'ta 1tEpt't-rTJ rnv tStai'tEpTj au/;TJ'tTjaTj 1twro a'tTj &U'tEPTj.

'Eva 1tA.ana Staoo~vo E1ttxEipTj~a rmv ~ap~ta'tci>v, 1tOU 1(UKA.o<p6- pnoe Eupu'ta'ta Kat ornv EAAUSa, EXEt yta a<pE'tTjpia 'tTj Stama'tO)aTj on Tj 1tapaK~TJ 'tTj~ 'tEXVT\~ O<pEiAE'tat ernv 1tapaK~TJ 'tTj~ 't~Tj~ ue rnv onoto 'tau'tt/;E'tat, STjAaSil 'tTj~ aanlCl't~ 't~Tj~, 1tOU etvm ~ta 't~Tj Ka'taStKaa~EvTj vo 1tE8wEt YPTJyopa. H 1tpoAE'taptalCl't 'tEXVT\, 'tEXVTj E1tavaa'tanlCl't, xapTj oro uovo YE"(ov6~ on etvoi ~ta 'tEXVT\ 1tOU 'tau'tt/;E'tat ~ rnv 'l/UxoA.oyia Kat 'tTj auVdSTjaTj rcov 1tpoAE'taptrov, ~ta~ 't~Tj~ us aAA.a A6yta YE~a'tTj~ i;roTJ, 1tOU 'tci>pa mavaa'ta'td Kat 1tp6KEt'tat vu E7rt~TJaEt ~'ta a1tO 'tOY aana~6, Tj 'tEXVT\ au'tiJ etvoa YE~a'tTj 1&OAOytlCl't uyEia Kat &v ~1topEi 1tapa va etvoa 1tPOYt01toptalCl't ooo KatTj 't~Tj a1t6 rnv oxotn 1tPOEPXE'tat. XapTj a' aU-rTJ 'tTj A.oytlCl't, Tj ~ap~tanlCl't 1t0- AtnKTJ 7tpOYto1topia 'tau'tt/;E'tat au't6~a'ta Kat E~ ooiouoo ue 'tTjv 1tpCO't01tOptaKTJ 'tEXVTj. H E1taVaa'taaTj, eeooov etvm Ka80AtKTJ, au~1tEPt~~aVEt 6AE~ n~ EKSTjAci>aEt~, SiX~ vn E~atPEaEt <pUatKa rnv 'tEXVTj, 1tOU yt' au't6 etvea ava1t6<pEuK'ta E1tavaa'tanlCl't Kat 1tPOYt01toptalCl't.

l:;' am6 'to onueto, 1tEptaa6'tEpo a1t6 ~, VEE~, ~ap'tupiE~, yta vu ~1tOU~ KaAu'tEpa oro 1tVEU~a 'tTj~ E1tOXTJ~ Kat a'tTj Sta~aXTj ava~aa an~ avn9EnKE~ avnATJ'l'Et~ Kat t&OA.oyiE~, ~a~ etvct opxeto vu au~Tj90u~ n~ Sta~'tptKa av'ti8E'tE~ ~'t~u 'tou~ KPt'ttKE~ yta To oox; nov KalEI (KE<p. 19). H ypa~~TJ 'tTj~ ~ap~tanlCl't~ KpmlCl't~ etvoa Tj E1tavaa'tanK6'tTj'ta Kat Tj a'tEVil av'ta1t6KptaTj ornv 1tpOAE'taptalCl't t&OAOyia. 0 <PtAEAEU9EPO~ aana~6~, a1t6 'tTj StKTJ rou 1tAEUpa, Kat ~E 'tTj ~aOAa~TjaTj tou 8eO'tOKa, ~tA.oUaE yta OOy~anKa a1to<p8Ey~a'ta 1tOU 1tp01tayavSl/;ov'tat a~aaUVta'ta, Kat Ka'taYYEAvE rnv KapSta rnv KOUpaa~vTj rou 1tOtTj-rTJ, 1tOU, ~aa a' au'tE~ n~ auV8TJK~ Koupaa~Tj~ 'tExvO'tpom~, &v ~1tOpOUaE vc StEKStKci StaKat~a'ta 1tpOYto1topia~ yta rnv 'tEXVT\ rou, H 1tpOYto1topia avilKEt a'ta vta'ta, 1tW'tO'tE aU~<pcovn ue 'to 8Eo'toKa (KE<p. 20).

A<pou Kava~ Eva aA~a 1tpO~ 'ta ~1tpoa'ta, oto 1935, ~ KWOU~ 1(\ Eva &U'tEPO yta vu pi~ou~ ~ta ~a'tta oro 'tEUXO~ 1tOU ot NEOI Ilptotonopot a<ptEproaav ceo BapvaATj ('tEUXO~ 2, <l>E~pouapto~ 1935). ~EV etvoa 1tp69EaTJ uou va emuetvooue a' tvo» 1tOtTj-rTJ 1tOU ~E<pEUyEt ceto 'to 8E~a ~a~· 0 'tp61t0~ 6~~ 1tOU 0 1tOtTj-rTJ~ am6~ 9EroPTJ9TjKE E1taVaa'ta'tTj~ 'to 1935 a<popa a~aa orov 1tpO~ATj~a'tta~6 Kat 1tPE1tEt vo ~a~

75

a1taOXOA:t'lOEl, EO'tO) J.lE ouvroutu,

To 'tEUX0<; 7tEPlEXEl, av6.J.lEoa OE 6.AJ..o "\)A.lK6, Eva xapl'to)~vO ava~vl1o'tlK6 6.pepo rou N. Kap~ouvl1, "Otev 0 B6.pvaA.l1<; q>avEpcOertKE ocnv 1toil1 011 " , Kat 't11 yVO)O't~ ~EM'tl1 rou rA.l1VOU "0 1tOll1't~<; K. B6.pvaA.l1<;" (nopa O'tl<; EICA£lcrt; CTEM&;, B',1975, 0. 124-37). H'tEAt"\)'taia 'tou'tl1 ~EM'tl1 aq>op6. l~lai'tEpa ornv 1tOll1'tlK~ Epyaoia ron B6.PVaA.l11tPlV rnv «OPlO'tl~ J.lE'tao'tpo~ », Fic rn J.lE'tE7tEl'ta 1tapayO)~ 0 rA.l1v6<; 7tEplopi~E'tal uovo OE A.6yta E1talVE'tlK6. Kat YEVlK6., Ka'taMyov'ta<; O'tOV Emypa~~a'tlK6 xapaK'tl1plo~6: «0 B6.pvaA.l1<; etvm 0 J.lE'Y6.A.0<; XaA.ao't~<;», ~A.a~ E1taVam6.'tTI<;, 6Xl 6~<o<; xrn OlK006~o<; ~oa oro XolpO 'tTI<; ~ap~lO'tl~<; lOCoAoyia<;. H J.lEAE'tTI 'tEAtlolVEl J.lE 'to EPcil't1l~a:

M1tOPEi va etvoa 0 B6.pvaA.l1<; 0 1tOll1~<; 'tTI<; ~6.~a<;; 0 1tOll1~<; rou CTTIJ.lEPlVOU 1tpOAt'tapl6.'tO"\) 1t0"\) ~6.XE'tal;

Kal ue rnv 1tap6'tpuvCTTI:

Na 1tO"\)A.lE'tat q>'t1lv6., yta va 'ta ~~eouv 6A.a ['ta ~laAtx't6. KO~~6.na Ol 1tPOAt't6.PlOl], va 1tO'tlo'touv ~' a"\)'t6. Yla va ~"\)va~olOEl ~oa rouq 11 Ka'taA."\)'tlK~ op~~.

To 'tl~11'tlK6 'tEUX0<; ytv6'tav E"\)Kalpia Kat Yla Eva ~l~aK'tlK6 KUPlO 6.pepo, av"\)1t6ypaq>o, J.lE 'tl'tA.0 "H 'tEXVl1 Kat Ol ~6.~E<;".l:u~q>O)va ~E 'tOY apepoyp6.q>o, 0 B6.pvaA.l1<; «Bptoxetm Kal J.lE 't11 OKE'IfTl roo Kal J.lE 'to o"\)vaioel1~a rou Kat ~E 'ta Epya rou ~Eoa ornv E1tav6.0'ta0l1». Ot «aO'tlKE<; q>6P~E~ 't11<; 'tEXVl1<;, Ol paq>lv6.'tE<; 'tEXVO'tP07tlE<; 't11<; 1tapaK~~<;» ~EV ~lA.OUV 0't11 "'"\)X~ rou 1tA.~eo"\)<;. A1t6 'tl1V 6.A.A.11 1tAt"\)p6., 11 aO'tlK~ 't~11 'tpoq>ooo'tEi «rn ~EY6.A.l1 ~6.~a rou Epya~6J.lEvo"\) A.aOU» «J.lE XOV'tpOKo~~va ovoootc, 1tapaA."\)'tlK6. 't11<; 'If"UX~<; rou avayvo>cruceto». To KUplO aU't6 6.pepo 'tEAtlolVEl J.lE 'tl1v 1tp60KA.l1CTTI: «TExvi'tE<; rou A.6yo"\) Kat K6.8£ 'tEXVl1<;, ~uyo>cr'tE 'ta 1tA.~81l».

Bpioxouccte oro 1935. To E'tO<; ~A.a~~ 1t0"\) ea E~q>avlo'touV ornv EA,A,6.~a E1taVao'ta'tlKE<; ~Opq>E<; 'tEXVl1<;, 61t0)<; 0 "\)1tEPPWA.lO~6<;. Ot KO~~01JVlO'tE<;, a1to~ovo)~VOl 'tTl O'tlY~~ aU't~ ~oa omv aU't6.pKEta 'tTI<; ~lK~<; 'to"\)<; al081l'tlK~<; xm 't11<; ~lK~~ tou; Evvola<; 't11~ 1tp<O't01tOpia<;, ~EV a1to'tl~OUV 'tl<; Ka'taK't~oEl~ 't11<; ao'tll(~<; 1tp<O'to1tQpia<; Yl' mrro 1t0"\) a~i~ow 1tpay~a'tlK6.. fia 1tp<O't01tOplaK~ 'tEXVl1 EXOW va ~Ei~ow ~ov6.xa ~la ayO)vlO'tll(~ 1toil1CTTI, 1t0"\) 0 ao'tl0~6<; ~EV EXEl

76

I~OAOnKEl: KAI AIl:ElHTIKEl: ZYMm:EIl:

lw.S6AOU OtuSEcrTl v« 't11C; avayvropio'Et npocovt« lCaAAt'tEXVtlC1'\C; nproroxoptce; (1tpuYJla 1tOU alCptproc; ElCavE 0 8EO'tOlCUC;, Ecr'tro xrn a» OEV E~UV'tA11crE 6Aa 'ta acrnlCu E1ttXEtp1'\Jla'ta). Fiu rnv ropa 11 crTlJlama 't11C; 1tpro't01topta1C1'\c; E~6PJll1crTlC;, 1tOU crUV'tEAEi'tat a1t6 'tOY l:E<pEPl1, 'tOY EJl- 1tEtpilCO, 'tOY EAU'tl1 Ota<pEUYEt a1t6 'tl1v 1tpocrox1'\ 't11C; aptcr'tEp1'\C; nporto- 1topiac;. H 1tapu't~l1 aU't1'\, E1ttJ.!Evov'tac; SptaJlPEU'ttlCU orov E1ttlCEiJlEVO Suva'to 't11C; acr'ttlC1'\c; AOYO'tExviac;, 1tapat'tEi'tat a1t6 lCUSE cropap1'\ avnJlE'tolmcrTl 't11C; acrn1C1'\c; 1tpro'to1topiac; lCat XavEt 'tl1v E1ta<p1'\ JlE 'tOY av'ti1taAo. T11 crnYJl1'\, Ot1Aao1'\, 1tOU Sa E1tPE1tE vo avalCatvtcr'tEi lCat 11 iOta, Sev EXEt v« avaoEi~Et yui 1tpro'to1t6po 1tOtl1't1'\ 1tapu tvo» E1taVacr'tu'tl1 1tOtl1't1'\ 1taAaJltlCou 'tU1tou. To Eoa<poc; 1tOU aVE1tav6pSro'ta Sa XUcrEt, Sa 'to lCaAU'I'Et 11 acrnlC1'\ nprotonoptu. 'Otov Evac; 1tOtl1't1'\c; ouv 'tOY Ptroo Sa 1tpocr1ta81'\crEt vu YE<pUPolcrEt 'tl1v a1t6cr'tacrTl, 'to optotepo J.!E't0)1t0 &v Sa lCEpoicrEt 'to EOO<pOC; 1tOU av1'\lCEt ctnv acr'ttlC1'\ 1tpro't01tOpia, aAAa Sa EYlCa'taAEi'l'Et 'to otlC6 rou: 0 Pi'tcroc; Sa PPESEi, oixroc; vc 'to U1t01t'tEuSEi, uovo; 'tOU, J.!Ecra orov UAAO Xolpo, JlE 6AEc; nc; orpcernytlCEC; crUVE1tEtEC; yta 'to crUvoAo rcov 0Jloi&a'trov tou (lCE<p. 44, 45,51). H EAMoa E~UAAOU Sa EXEt Jl1tEt oro JlE'ta~u or«; tOtU~oUcrEC; cruV81'\lCEC; 't11C; JlE't~tlC1'lC; OtlC'ta'topiac;.

H lCOJlJlOUVtcr'tt1C1'\ 1tpro'to1topia, a1toppo<pt1J.!EVl1 a1t6 'tOY 1tOAt'ttlC6 CY:'(rova 'tllC;, EXavE 'tl1v EUlCatpia, ooo 1'l'taY alC6Jl11lCatp6c;, Ot1AnOl'J npw rnv 411 Auyoucr'tou, vn Ot1JltOUPY1'1crEt Jlta lCaMt'tEXVtlC1'l1tpro'to1top{a. rUV'tEAEcrE ornv aopuVEtu 't11C;, avuJlEcra oe UAAOUC; 1tapuyov'tEC;, 11 EAAEt'l'l1lCaAAt'tEXVtKrov 'taAEv'trov, Kat aU't6 stvoa 'to pamK6 JlEtOVEK'tllJlU 't11C;' crUV'tEAEcrE 6Jlroc; crTlJlaVnKU Kat 11 cr'tpo<p1'\ 1tOU E1tatpvE 11 KOJlJlOUVtcr'tt1C1'\ atcr811n1C1'\ JlE 'to Ilpcrto rUVEOptO ttov roPtE'ttKroV ruyypa<pEW cr'tl1 M6crxa, 'to 1934'.

To (nJveliptO ceuto EiXE ~yaA.11 um'lX11011 <J' 6A.o 'tOY K6<JJlO Kat e<pEpE 0'UmU<J'ttKEC; (nJVE1t£tEC; ytu 't11 A.oyO'tEXVtK1'l1toA.t'ttKil 'tCOV KOJlJlO'UVtcrtcOV J.LE<Ja Kat E~CO U1t6 't11 :Eoj3tE'ttKil Poxrtc. Eixuv 1tupuj3pE9Ei oov 'EA.A.11VEC; 1tapU'tllP11'tEC; 0 rA.11v6C; (av'tu1t6Kpt011 <J't11v E<p1lJlEpiliu Neo; K6ujloq), KUt 0 BapVuA.11C;. BA.. 1tA.11Po<pOptaK6 ap9po <J'tu Neoe?J..1Jv1ICeX rpeXjljlata 14 Io'UA.io'U 1935, JlE <pCO'toypacpiEC; 'tcov Gide, Pasternak, Gorki. Ot Neo: Ilpononopot UCPtEPcocraY JltU «EK'tUK'tll EKoo011 :EE1t'tEJlj3P11», &ixvov'tac; ~yaA.11 E'totJl6'tll'tu <J't1lv a1tooox1'l rmv Emm'lJlCOV 9E<JECOV tou :EuvElipio'U, 1t0'U Ku'tuliiKU<JE 'to 'uovrepvtouo', lillA.uli1'l 't11v 1tPUYJlu'ttKa 1tpcoto1toptaKil 'tEXVll, Kat Ka9tEpcocrE 'tOY 'KOtvCOVtK6 PEUA.t<JJl6', 'tOY 'socrealizm'. To acptl\pCOJla BapVaA.11, rou Em011Jlo'U Jt£ptOlitKOU Neo:

Ilptatoxopot, tlicoJ.1Evo J.LE<JU <J' a'U't1'l 'tll Iituoox1'l yeyov6'tcov, epXE'tUt (JaY JltU 1tP~l1 too ilitO'U 1t£ptOlitKOU, 1t0'U Emj3Ej3atcOvEt ytu rnv ltpom'lA.cocr1l 'tcov EA.A.1'l-

77

vrov KOIlIlOUVto'tOOv o'ta VEa allo't11pu 1tPoypulllla'ta. 0 BupvaA.11~, IlE uA.A.a A.6yta, atu911KE Ilta EU'tllX1'\~ crUll1t'tOOO1l, nou av'ta1toKptv6'tav att~ 1tEPtatOOEt~ 't11~ att'Yll1'\~ (6a EiXE EVOta<pEpOV, yta va 1tA.11mUOOllllE 'tTl aKE\jITI tou BapVaA.11, vn IlEAEt1'\OOllllE rn OEtpu ap6prov 1tOll 0 iOlO~ eypaljfE 1twro oro EPYO tou To ({JOX; 1rOV xaiei, O'tTIv E<pTIIlEPil)a Ave';tlp17rroq, 'to 1935). To 'tl atOiXtOE 11 'crUll- 1t't0001l' allt1'\ orov BUPVaA.11 !!EvEt KUtt 'to avEl;aKpi~OO'to. BA.. OXE'ttKU 'tt~ OKE"'Et~ 1tOll Ota'tU1tOOOE 1twro 0' all't1'\ 't11v a1topia Kat 0 A. APYllpioll, "np6XEtpO Otuypalllla 't11~ 1tOt11'tlK1'\~ 1topEia~ tou BupvaA.11", Hploavoq, 'tEUXO~ 1, 1975, EtOtKU 0'tTI o, 85.

'000 yta 'to a<pt£POOlla 1tOll EKavav oi Neo: Ilponoxopoi 'to r.e1t'tEIl~PlO 1934 oro I:UVEOplO 'trov I:o~tE'tlKOOV I:ll11pa<p£rov, att~ oapuv'ta OEA.iOE~ eou auyKEvtprove OUO A.6yoll~ rou rK6pKt1tOll 1'\'tav 0 «Ka't' E~oX1'\v 1tpoAE'taptaK6~ auyypa<pEa~», Kat OUO E1ti01lllrov 6EroP11'tlKOOV, rou Zv'tUVO~ Kat tou PUV'tEK. 0 Zv'tUVO~ 1'\'tav YPCllllla'tE~ 'tTI~ K.E. rou K.K. Kat aVE1t'tll~E rn 6Eoopia tou I:'tuA.tv yta 'tOll~ Oll11Pa<pEi~, 'tOll~ "1l11XavtKOU~ 'trov 'lfUXOOv", rou; A.{yOll~ 011A.a01'l OtaA.EX'tOU~, 1tOll EIl1tVEOUV IlE 'ta Epya 'tOll~ "KaAa ataeitlla'ta" at11 Ilu~a. A1t6 rnv EK6E01l tou KapA. PW'tEK "H Kpi01l roo Kam'taA.tOIlOU Kat 111taYK60Ilta' A.oyo'tExvia", OtaA.£yov'tat A.iYE~ OEA.iOE~ (0. 395-8), EVOO 11 avaKoivOOO1l all't1'\, 01lIlaV'tlK6'ta'tTI yta m OO~lE'tlK1'\ 1tOA.t'ttK1'\, ExEtIlE'YUA.11 EK'tClOTl (E<p'tU 1tpaYlla'tlKU KE<pUA.ata), Kat 'tEAEtOOvEt IlE 'to 1tEpi<pTIIlO: «James Joyce 1'\ oomaA.tattK6~ PEaA.t0ll6~;», 61tOll 0 T~6ll~ 1'\'tav KU'tl 1tOA.U OKO'tEtv6 Kat ClIlClp'troA.6 yta Ollyypa<pEi~ 1tpll 'tOll~ 1'\'tav 'tEAEi~ UyvOOatO 'to EPYO rou, Ta Ollv61'llla'ta Kat ot <p6PIlOllA.E~ 1tO'\} EmKpU'tTIOaV 0'tTI I:o~lE'tlK1'\ Pooma, eo» a1tO'tEAEOlla'tOll OllVEOpiOll, Ka'to1t'tpi~ouv 1tOA.U OX11lla'tlKU 'ta ~11t1'\lla'ta 1tOll 6i'Y11Kav 0' EKEiv11 'tTIV 1tEpio'ta01l. Tn 1tpaK'ttKu rou OllVEOpioll, 1tEpi1tOll E<p'taK6atE~ OEA.iOE~, 1'\'tav OuatupE'ta 0'tTI pooma. Mta llEyaA.11 EmA.oy1'l ata t'taA.tKU, Rivoluzione e letteratura, IlE EmllEAEta G. Kraiski Kat IlE EIl1tEptata't~ EtOayOO'YlK1'\ 1l£A.E'tTI tou V. Strada, O11Il0atEU'tTIKE oro M1tapt 'to 1967. H EtOayOJY1'l 'teAEtOOvEtllE 'ta A.6yta EV6~ 'IlOV'tEPVOU' POOOll 1tOt11't1'\, 1tOll 1t£6avE OE 00~lE'tlK6 atpa't61tE00 'to 1928:

Ka61'IKOV 'tTI~ oomaA.to'tlK1'\~ KOlVrovi~ Eivat vu E'tOl~Et 'tOY avayvOOO't11, 0Ev ll1topEi vn 1tPoypalllla'tioEt, ypa<pElOKpa'tlKU, 't11 YEvv1101l EV6~ Oll'Y'YPa<pEa. np~. 1tapa1tA.1'\ma atUOTl OE crU'YXPovo 'EA.A.11Va 1tOt11't1'\: M. AvayvOOatuKTI~, "I:uv61'lIla'ta Kat 1tpaYlla'ttK6't11'ta", Kpmrdf, B', 1960", c, 229-33 (=Y1rfp Ira! lra'Ta, 9EooaA.oviKTI 1965, o, 52-60).

26 H KOI.lJlOUvtCJ'ttlC1't 1t<lPlXtro;'Tl evvooooe, O'I)(JI.aCJ'ttKcl, v« Kava 7tpcot07tOptaK1'! Ao'YOt£xv{a 1.1£ tOY BapvaA.'Tl. N£6t£pou~ 7tOt'TltE~, 7tOU vo ~£cp£UyOUV a7t6 to crapKooll6 Kat tTl crlXttpa, £Kt6~ a7t6 rnv aBtlC1't 7t£pi.7ttCOO'T\ ton PavtOU, 7tOU 9a ~£tacrOU!l£, &v tiX£ vu avaBcl~a. Ilptv epeovnoocue tt~ a7t67t£tp£~ 7tpCO't07tOpi.~ oe lXA.Ao tB£OAoytK6 Xcbpo, Kat £<p6crov oi £7tavacrtat'TlIlEvOt KOIlIlOUVtcrtE~ £txav tnv 7tpocrox1'! crtpall!!Ev'Tl7tpo~ ttl Pcooia, 7tpE7tE1. va avapCO'tt190u!l£ o», ornv 7tEpi.7ttco-

78

IMiOAOIlKEI KAI An:eHTIKEI ZYMnIEII

0'Tl 1t0'\) 'to Tt8£Aav Kat 'to Tt~£pav, Tt'tav O£ 8EO'Tl vo £KJ.LE'taAAemOUv OrJ,.1\O'\)PY\K(X Ka1tO\a1tpOYt01topta1d! ~8000 prom1d!~ 1tpOEAe'\)O'Tl~.

H 1tPOYt01topta1d! 'tEXVTl, 61t~ 'tTIv £VVOOUJ.LE KOtVa, £iX£ Ka'taOtKao't£i a1t6 'tTl OO~t£n1d! 1tOAm1d! 'to 1934. no't600 &v E1ta'\)£ vo tOXU£\ TI 1toiTlO'Tl rou MaytaK6<poKt, uio 1toiTloTl £1taVao'tanKTt 't600 orov KO\vIDVtK6 600 xm otov m081l'1:tK6 'to~a: 0 MaytaK6<paK\ Tt'tav 0 xu- 80AtKa £1tavao'ta'tTI~vo~ 1tO\TI'tTt~, 1t0'\) a1t6 'to o'\)'ttK6 eootouotouo £iX£ orceionomset VEO,\)~ 'tp61t0,\)~ EK<ppaO'Tl~ 1t0'\) 'taipta~av otnv £1tavao'ta'ttKTt ron opaO'Tl. M£ 'tTl Ot1d! rou 1totTln1d! ~8000 £iX£ 01tAto't£i Kat 0 TOUPKO~ Na~i~ XtK~'t· 1t£pi1t'tCOOTJ 1t0'\) EO£tXV£ on ~\a ~£ooy£ta1d! £KOoXTt rou pcxnxoo <pO'\)'tOUPtO~OU ~1tOpOUO£ vc EX£t 1tpaKn1d! £<pap~o'Yit. A1t6 rnv nuTl 6~~ 1tAeupa 'ta Aiya 1t0'\) Tt'tav "(VIDO'ta "(\a 'to <pomo'\)pto~6 cmv E~ 1tPOEPxov'tav a1t6 'tTl <pammt1d! I'taAia, 1tpO~£vo>v'ta~ £'\)~Tt'YTI't£~ £m<pUMXl;£t~. To 8E~a rou <pomo'\)pto~Ou J.LE 'ta SUo ota<pOp£nKa KavaAta OWXE't£,\)a1't~ rou ornv EAAaOn, ~1top£i vo ~~ ~OTleftO£\ K\ am6 oro vc £P£UVTtoo'\)J.LE 'to ~TlXav\0~6 'tIDV 1tpO>'t01tOptO>v O'tTIv E~.

l:'tTIV I'taAia 0 A~avop\V6~ ~.T. Map\vE'tn 00Tt'YTI0£ rnv cvceepe- 1tnKTt OP~Tt eou <po'\)'to'\)PtO~ou, 1t0'\) 0 io\O~ iop'\)o£ (~aVt<pEo'tO rou <pOmoupto~ou, 1909), 1tpO~ £8v\K\OnKE~ O\£KOt1d!O£\~, J.LE (J'\)veft~a'ta 61t~ "0 1t6Ae~0~ £ivat TI 'U"(£ia rou K60~0'\)", Km aAAa 1t(lp6~ota 1t0'\) £K8£\a~ouv rn ~iaa. T£AtKa, oi 'ta(J£\~ a'\)'tE~ oOTt'YTIoav 'tOY MO'\)OOAivt vo £vaYKaAtm£i 'to <pO'\)'t0'\)pto~6, a<pO-6 1tp\v 0 ~amo~6~ £iX£ atOnX't£i 7tOAAa a7t6 'tTl 8£IDpia rou 7t£pi ~ia~ Km £8VtKtO~OU. 0 MO'\)OOAivt £"(\v£ 0 '1tpci>'to~ <pO'\)'toUPtmit~ 'tTI~ I'taAi~'. AAAa, 61t~ Tt'tav £7t6J.LEYO, 6'tav 0 <pO'\)'toupto~6~ J.LE'ta'tpa1t1'lK£ ce £1tiO'Tl~TI 't£xvTl rou <pamanKOU 1Cpa'to'\)~, Tt'tav ma ~aKpta a7t6 'tTIv 1tPOYto1topta1d! too Aet'to'\)pyia. ~auo'\), £ixav eto J.LE't~u IDpt~Met O'tTIv Eupci>1t1'l a~ 1tp0YtQ- 7tOpi£~ (v'tav'ta, '\)1t£pp£aAto~6~), 1t0'\) (J'\)v£'tEAeoav oo't£ aUv'to~a vo gerop",8£i ~£1t£pao~o~ 0 <pO'\)'t0'\)pto~6~. It' am6, orev 'to 1933 EytV£ diTlv A8Ttva ~ta £K0TtACOO'!l <po'\)w'UptOnKTt, ue 1tpOYtaYIDVto'tTt'tov MaptVE'tn, £1ti0'Tl~0 a1t£o'taA~VO rou t'taAtKOu Kpa'to~, TI £KOTtACOOTJ aX£ a7t6A'\)'tTI a1to't'\)xia avaJ.LEoa mo'\)~ 'EUTlv~ OtavoouJ.LEVo,\)~. OtOoma.A.tm~ rou 1t£PWOtKOU If/J.I£pa X'tu1t1'Ioav 'tOY Map\vE'tn "(\a 'tt~ axEO£t~ rou J.LE 'to <pamo~6, Km £7t£\0Tt Tt'tav ma Ka'tt 'to ~£1t£paa~vo:

H <pOmo'\)ptan1d! 1tap£Aeov'toAoyia J.LE 'tt~ 'tpO~1t£'t£~ rou ESoxci>'ta'to'\) Mopwern it<tav aVEKa8£v KOU<pW 1tpa~a, 'I'£U'ttKO, oiX~ am'\XTlO'Tl. (If/J.I£pa, A', 1933, 0.30)

79

LillOAOnKEl: KAI AIl:0HTIKEl: ZYMmEIl:

~' Eva E1tiaTl~ avu7t6ypacpo ap9palCt (aUU ypaJl~o a7t6 'tOY eEOroxc, e» &: JlE ~E'YEMl 'to ucpo~), 'to 7tEpWOtlC6 Iota X'tU7tOUcrE «mv rucpA:fllCat ucr'tEptJdJ A.a'tpEia 'tOU Jl11XavtcrJlou», 7tOU ElC9Eta~Et 0 eoutouptcrJl6~. 'Ooo yta rnv oJlopcpta 'tTl~ 'taxu't11't~, 0 eEO'tolCa~ 7tOU 'to 1929 rnv EiXE 9Erop'licrEt 'tatptacr't6 EpE9tcrJla yta 'ta vta'ta, 'tc.Opa 'tTl YEA.oto- 7tOtEi. «<Xop'tacraJlE a7t6 'taxu't11'ta lCat xop'tacraJlE oucr'tUX~ 7tOAU YP'liyopa xm 7tOAU EUlCOA.a», Iota, A', 1933, cr. 203).

H mo oucr't11Jla'ttlC'li Em9EaTl evevrtov ·'tou cpou'tOUptcrJlou, JlE rnv EUlCatpia 'tTl~ E1ticrlCE'I"1~ rou MaptVE't'tt oenv A81iva, 'lip9E a7t6 tOY AtJl{AWXOUPJlOU~tO, 7tOU ue ro 'lfEUOOlVUJlO Av'tpEa~ ZEIYf~ O1lJlocriE'IfE Eva <pUAMlOW 'tptUv'ta B00 crEAi&ov: 0 qJOV1:OvplGj.l6<; ato rpm<; 'l'OV uap~lGj.lOV (1933). H lCptnJdJ rou yivE'tat 7tPCf.'YJla'ttlCa oro cproc; roo Jlap~tcrJlou: lCa'ta'Y'YEAAEt 't11 ouvEpyacria roo Mcpwern JlE 'tOY MOOOOAivt. 0 cpomoupt0Jl6~ Eivat Eva 7tpoi6v 'YV'limo 'tTl~ lCpiaTl~ 7tOU 7tEpva 11 acr'ttJdJ 't~11, lCat 11 7tpO~OA'li 'tOU oto J.1EAAoV etvoi Jlta 7tp6cpacr11 yta vo Jl11V av'ttJlE'tomicrEt 'tt~ Eu9UvE~ rou aflJlEpa. H E7tavama'ttlC6'tTl'ta rou EiVat uovo cpatVoJlEVtK'li. «H cpou'toUPtcr'ttK'li 119tlC'li OEV etvm 't17tO'tE aAAO 7tapa 11 Jl<lcr1Ca 'tTl~ M'ttJdJ~ 119tJdJ~» (cr. 11). «EKaJlE rnv E7tavamCf.<JTl 'tTl~ JlOpcp1i~» (cr. 12), 6Xt 't'!1~ oucri~. 'Ooo yta'tTlv ata91l'ttJdJ rou cpou'tOUptcrJlOU, rnv oJlopcpta 't11~ 'taxu't11'ta~ lCat 't11~ 'tEXVOA.oyia~, ama 'li'tav «Jl7tOUPJl7toUA'li9pE~» (cr.22). ~'t0 aUV6A.o 0 XOUPJlOU~tO~ lCa't~tlCa~Et 'to lCiVllJla a7tocpamcrnlCa, otxroc; ve 'to OUOXEticrEt lCa96A.ou JlE'tO peootK6 cpou'touptcrJl6, yta 'tOY osoto a7t~ AEyEt ~tacrnKa 6'tt xaP11 ornv E7tavaO'taaTl a7tOK'ta'tO «7tpaYJla'ttK6 7tEptEX6JlEV6 rou» (cr. 31)'. 'Eva~ Cf.cr'tEptcrKO~ 7tapa1tEJl7tEt o' Eva ap9po rou 0'tTl Nea Botta (If", 1933, cr. 138-45), 7tOU acrxoAEi'tat JlE 'tTl peootJdJ JlE'tE7tCf.Vama'ttJdJ Aoyo'tEXvia, oiXroc; 6Jlroc; vo KUvEt A6y0 yta cpomouptcrJl6.

nOAAE~ a7tOpiE~ acp1ivEt Eva 7tA1lpocpoptaK6 ap9po, ypaJlJ.1Evo ee yi..cbcrcra ypacpEtOKpa'ttJdJ, JlE U7tOYPacp1i «P» (po EU1lvtK6'li JlaAAOV m A.a'ttvtlC6;), cr'ta NeoeAJ.TfVlKa rpaj.lj.lma, 21 IouAiou 1935, 7tOU EmypacpE'tat "01 atcr91l'ttlCE~ 9EropiE~ m1l cpamcrnJdJ I'taAta". Am6 'to KEiJlEvo JltMl JlE llE'YaA1l cro~ap6'tTl'ta yta «italianita» (ypaJlJ.1EV1l E'tm), yta atcr91l'ttlCa 7tpoypaJlJla'ta 7tOU 9a lCa'ta7tOAEJl'licrouv 'tTlv 7tapaKJl'li. TEAEtcOVEt JlE 'to ouJl1tEpMJla:

'Eva Ka9Ecr't~ cruv't'liP1laTl~, 7tEt9apx{a~ Kat 't~11~ yUPEUEt v' a7tAcbcrEt 'tOU~ Kav6VE~ 'tOU lCat ornv 'tEXV1l.

80

IMroAODKEl: KAI AIffiHTIKEl: ZYMill:EIl:

~ta~a~ov'tae; au't6 'to apepo, EXEl lCavEie; 'tl1v 1toA:6 OUaaPEa'tl1 aia91l<11l on 0 EA.A.l1VllC6e; <pamaIl6e;, I!E env «EA.A.l1VtlC6't1l'ta» lCat 't1'lv 't~11, X'tU1taet rnv nopro,

o <pOu'tOUptaIl6e;, I!E aU'tEe; ne; cruv9t'!lCEe;, &v Il1tOpOUaE vo maaEt ornv EU6.Oa. rrroc; 61lc.oc; ~1l'YEi'tat on omv EU6.Oa &v EiXE am'\Xl1<11l OU'tE lCav 0 <pOU'tOUptaIl6e; 61tc.oc; tiXE OtallOP<Pcoeti a't1l Pcooia, 61tou tiXE yiVEt Eva .awlla I!E rnv lCOtVCOVllCl'j E1taVaa'tU<J1l, XaPl1 otov 1t0l11't1't lCat aYCOVla't1't BA.aVnllip MaytalC6<pcrlCl; l:'t1l Pcooia a1t6 env 1tPMll anYIlTJ EytVE Ilta EXeptlCl'j U1tOOoXTJ orov t'taA.tlC6 <poU'toUptaIl6'. AU't6 61lc.oc; &v EIl1t6otaE roo; Pfficroue; 1tOtl1'tEe; vo ~101tOtTJaOuv rnv EIl1tpl1anlCl'j ouva- 1111 rou eooeoopiouo», l!E'ta'tpE1tOv'tac;, 1tptV a1t' 6A.a, 'to 1t0A.ElltlC6 rou IlTJVulla oe "al1oia lCat Iliaoe; yta 'tOY 1t6A.EIlO" (MaytalC6<pcr1Ct).

na't6ao OXEnlCa I!E 'tOY MaytalC6<pcrlCl, &v ~pi(J1CCO cruYlCElCpt!!Evl1 lCat Pl1't1't am'\Xl1<11l aval!Eaa a'tOue; 'EA.A.l1VEe; lCOIlIlOUvtmEe; OU'tE npiv 'to 1934, 01t6'tav lCa'taOtlCaa'tl1lCaV ern Pcooia 0 MaytalC6<palCt lCat 11 1tpCO'to1topia IlE 'tTjv 1tp6<pa<11l 'tOU '<p0PllaA.talloU', OU'tE lCat Ua'tEpa3• l:'t11 eE<11l 'tOU 61lc.oc; ~pialCCO vn EXEt lCa1tOla am'\Xl1<11l 0 Na~ill XtlC!!E't, 1tOU a1to'tEA.Ei Eva tpcvo 'tElCIlTJPlO yta 'tOY 'tp61t0 I!E 'tOY onoto 0 E1taVaman lC6e; <pOU'tOUptaIl6e;, I!E rn l!EaoA.6.~l1<11l rou MaytalC6<pcrlCl, ll1topEi vc IlE'taaXl1llana'tE1 y6vtlla XaPl1 a'tl1 l!EaoYEtalCTJ Euata91lcria4• Ot Neo: Ilpononopo: O1lIl0crtEUOUV 'to 1toil1lla rou "H lCaPOta 1l0U" (l!E'ta<ppa<11l B. MaA.Eae;, A', 1932, a. 231), Kat A.tyo apy6'tEpa Eva apepo, "Tin va yvroptaoul!E rou; OtlCoUe; Ilae;' Na~tll XtlC!!E't, TOUplCOe; E1taVaa'ta't1le; 1tOtl1'tTJe;" (I!E u1toypa<piJ «Ava1tA.l1Pro't1'te;», A', 1931, a. 420-1). l:'tl1v 1tapoucria<11l au'tTJ 0 Ava1tA.l1pCO'tTJe; U1toypalllli~Et 'tOY «'t~tlC6 aaplCa<J1l6» 'tOU XtlC!!E't xrn 'to YEYov6e; on cruvavnouv'tat a' aU't6v 0 «E1taVaa'ta'tl1e;» IlE 'tOY «'tEXV1'tl1 », Mur aA.A.l1 uvetc auvav'tw a'ta NeoeAATfvlICa rpajljlam (1 l:E1t'tEIl~PtOU 1935, a.7, rr.x. Ml1'ta61t0uA.oe;, "H 'tOUPlCllCTJ A.oyo'tExvia"), onou lCat 1taA.t ~A.E1tOUI!E vc cruvOua~E'tat 11 1tpCO'to1topia 't11e; 'tEXV1le; I!E rnv lCOtVCOVtlCl'j E1tavamanlC6't11'ta 'tOU 1tOll1'tTJ. 'nmE A.ol1t6v, ane; 0'60 aU'tEe; 1tP01tOA.ElltlCEe; lCat npw 't11411 Auyoua'tou llap'tUpiEe; yta 'to XtlC!!E't, ~A.E1tOUI!E 6n ot 'EA.A.l1VEe; opea a1to'tilll1aav 'tl1v 1tpoa<popa 'tOU TOUplCOU 1tOtl1'tTJ: E1taVaa'ta<11l lCat 1tpCO'to1topia, 01tA.ta!!EVEe; I!E Eva aaplCaall6 EV'tEA.cOc; Ota<pOpEnlC6 ceto aU't6v 1tOU tixav lla9£t a1t6 'to BapvaA.l1'.

Cl 'E1t£t'tCl Cl7t6 'tt'i 7tA.llpo<pOpiE'i ev6'i Cl'\l't67t't1l, roo 4>cb'tou ·rto<pi>A.A.ll ("0 <pOu'tOUptO'I!6'i ernv EUU&x, 1910-1960" NE<X E(1T(a, 68, 1960,0'.846-53), Kat Cl7t6 60'Cl 9£cOpllO'a 0'K6ml!a E&b, 0 avayvclxrtTJ'i Sa ~PEt 1t£PtO'0'6'tEpa O"totxcla yta

81

UffiOAOnxE~KAI~HTIKE~ZYM~~

-ne;; "'t'Uxec;;" 'tOU !pOU'touptCJ).10U <Tt11V EA.A.a&x, crta aK6M)\)6a: <1>. Mltoul1ltoUA.i- 0Tte;;, NeoeUTfV!lCa J.L£k'rr1J.lara, F, A1tTfZI10E1Q TOV rpoVTOVP1C1J.lOV <nTfV veoeUTfV1K11 rpaJ.IJ.lme£a, 1980· 'Awa Ka'tmyuxVVll, "EUT\VlK6e;; !pO\JtOUptCJ).16e;;", E<pTU.L. H Ka9TfJ.lEPlyJ1, 17 Kat 24 Iouvioo, 1T\ JOUA.iou 1982· To t1£vrpo, 'teUxoe;; 13, 1980.

1 Tu Emx,Etpill.l.a'ta ltOU x,pT\ml1oltotEi 0 XoupI.I.OU~tOe;; l.I.ota~ouv UltayopEUJ.1Eva alt6 'tOY A. Aouva'toapma. Ilp~. C. De Michelis, II iuturismo itslisno in Russia. 1909-1929, MltcXpt, 1973, c, 191 K.E. 6ltou IitaKpivE'tat oa<pcbc;; T\ aK£'I"l 'tOU Proaou Em'tPOltOU ltnt&iac;;.

2 BA.. A.elt'tOJ.1EPEtEc;; <Tt11v £pEuva ltOU avrupepro etnv ltPOT\YOU!1EVTI OT\!1EiOlOT\. 3 ME'taltOA.el.l.tKa !1E'ta<ppao'tT\KE Eupu'ta'ta, aA.A.a ltOA.U apya yta vn <pavEi x,piJmI.l.Oe;; ernv EUT\VlKiJ ltprotoltopia. E'to ap9po rou A. ZE~ya (Au; XOUPI.I.0U~tou) ltOU ava<pEpa ("H !1E'tEltavacrta-nKiJ proamKiJ A.oyo'tEx,via", Nea Ecnfa, If", 1933,0.138-45),0 MaytaK6q>aKt E!;E'ta~E'tat ltOA.U ~taa'ttKa l1a~i !1E 'toue;; MltA.ox" IlacrtepvaK, Mm£A.t, Zal.ua-nv. Kat amiJ T\ av-n!1E'tOOmOT\ tou 9£1.1.a'toe;; alt6 'to XOUPl1ou~tO Ka'tolt'tpi~Et -ne;; 9£aEte;; rou Em'tpOltOU Aouva'toapoKt.

4 0 XtKJ.1E't YEvviJ9T\KE <Tt11 9EooaA.ovi1CT\ alt6 IloA.rovilia 1.I.T\'t£pa Kat T\ ltoiT\ail ron riVat YEllaTT\ ME06YEto.

5 K)..eivov'tac;; TT\v 1tapaypaqx>, 9£)..ro vc avaq>£pro £Yav acrtepiaKO avult6ypa!pO tou ltEptOlitKOU Ilpanonopia (ltpcbnj OE)..i&1, 'teUx. 3, Map-noe;; 1929):

ME yEvtK£C;; yp!XJ.ll.l£c;; ltP£ltEt vo !;EKa9aptcrtriKat I.I.ta ltape!;iJYT\OT\. IIp£ltEt va rovtoouue ltOlc;; T\ "aptcrtEpiJ" ltOA.mKiJ &v ltEplta'tEi ltcXv'ta J.la~i !1E TT\v KaUt'tEX,VtKiJ Kat A.oyO'tEX,VlKiJ !tproto7tOpia. AT\A.aIiiJ 0 KOI.I.I.I.0uvt01.l.6e;; &v ~T\'taet vu ev9appUVEt -ne;; ~£ee;; 'taOEte;; Kat vu ~EcrtaVEt 'ta OTtl1toUpytKa 'taAtvta mo ltOA.U alt6 'ta auv'taYJ.lanKa KpaTT\ iJ 1Ct alt6 'to q>aatCJ).16 aK6- uo; MltOpEi eto ooiltEnK6 9£a'tpo v'avot!;av Iip6J.lOt ltprotoltoptaKoi Kat <Tt11 ~roypaq>tKiJ va ev9appUv9T\Kav reXUot Kat eXUot !;£vot ltprotolt6pot ~roypcXqx>l., l1a 0 rnitpOltOe;; TT\e;; Ilat&iac;; Aouva'toapma £K<1!1E Kat KcXvEt ayrbva 'tpO!1EP6 evcXvna oro !pOu'tOUptoJ.l6 Kat ane;; v£ec;; 'taaete;;. Eivat auyypaq>£ae;; auvTT\pT\-nK6e;; Kat KcXvEt ltpoltayavlia KA.aatKtCJ).10U. 'EltEt'ta 0 <pamoI.l.6e;; £X,Et aYKaA.taOEt 'to !pOu'toupt01.l.6. Alita<popo e» 1.1.' au't6 'tOY aliuvanOE Kat 'tOU'KOIjIE TT\v oPl.I.iJ. BA.£ltOU!1E A.otlt6v alt' a\Jta 'ta A.iya ltapa&iYl.I.a'ta ltOlc;; ltME T\ aptcrtepiJ ltoA.tnKiJ ~i~Et l.I.a~i !1E TT\v ltprot01tOpia TT\e;; 't£x,vT\e;; Kat lt6'tE 6x,t Kat ltroc;;, aV'ti9E'ta, K' T\ auv'tT\PT\'ttKcOrePT\ ltoA.tnKiJ t\JX,aivEt vu ltT\yaiVEt l1a~i !1E TT\v ltprotoltOpia TT\e;; 't£x.VTle;;. Eivat <PaYEp6 ltroc;; ot Wo 1)p61.1.ot, ltoA.mKiJe;; Kat 't£x'VTle;;, &v ltcXvE ltcXv'ta l.I.a~L

EeVOl 'uovtepvoi' nOlT1-re~

27 'Eva 9£~a 1t0'\) etvct Cf1C6m~0 vn 9ty£l1tpoKa'tapK't1.K<l £&1>, 1tpo'tou ~1tOU~ oro ~it't1l~a 't1l~ avav£COO11~ 't1l~ 1to{TlOTl~, £lVat n &r!~\OUPytKit 1tapoooia ~P\KcOV /~ov't£pv{J)v' ~£v{J)v 1tO\Tl'tcOv orov £A.A.Tlv\K6 XcOpo. Av £{Vat mo KOmaO't1.K6 Kat £1t\oq>aAt~ 'to ve Ka'ta~£'tpitoo'\)~£ 'ttl o't<l9~Tl 5£K't\K6'tTl'ta~ 't{J)V EA.A.Ttv{J)v auyypaq>£{J)V avaq>op\K<l ue 't\~ ~£V£~ 1t1ly£~ 'to'\)~ EPEUVcOV't~ 'ta avayvcOa~a't<l 'to'\)~ OE ~£vTl yA.cOaoa,

82

IaEOAOnKEl: KAI AIl:8HT1KEl: ZYMOI.EIl:

etvoi, <XV'ti9E'ta., KU1tCO<; mo WE'tO vn aXTlIla.'tiaOuJ.l£ Ilta. tOEa. yt' a.mTt 'tTl a'tu9llTl OEKttK6'tTl'ta.e;, 1ta.pa.KOA.Ou96>v'ta.e; tte; IlE'ta.<ppuaue; 1tOU 9E'tOUV oe KUKA.O<popia. ot iowt at A.OyO'tEXVEe;. Em1tp6a9E'ta. Tl ueeo<ppa.crttKit EPYa.cria., o» Ka.t U1t6KEt'tat oe 1tEPWptaIlOUe; 1tOU 6A.ot Il1tOpoov va. u1toA.oyiaow, Ka.90p{~Et Kat 9EttKU Kat a.pVTl'ttKU tte;.Ouva.'t6- 'tTl'tEe; E1ta.<piJe; ue ~EVEe; 1tTlYEc; 'trov EMTtVroV 1totTl't6>v 1tOU &V EXOW rnv EUXEPEta. vo 1tpOa'tpE~OUV <J'tT'I yA.6>craa. 'tOU 1tPCO'to'tU1tOU.

na. rn OtUOoOTl rou Ba.A.Epu, 1tOU KOpU<p6>VE'tat 0' EVa. 6'1ftIlO a.<ptEPCOfla. rou 1tEPWOtKOU 0 KvlCA.opo 1945 (aEtpu VEa., 't€UXOe; 1, NOEIl~Ptoe; 1945), EXOUJ.l£ rnv Ka.'ta.'tomcrnKit EM71VlIC'If !3l!3A.lOrparp{a IIavA.ov BaA£pv'tou r. K. Ka.'tcrill1ta.A.Tl, 1956. 'Ooo yat 'toue; vE6'tEpOUe; rtXA.A.oUe;, Ilta. 1tp6XEtPTl <xva.crK61tTl0Tl &iXVEt 'tOY Paul Claudel J.l£'ta.<ppa.a~ vo a.1t6 'tOY KA.. Ila.pucrxo Tt01l oro 1tEpwotK6 Mowa (1920)'. l:XEttKU ue 'toue; raA.A.oUe; U1tEppWA.tcrtEe;, EiooJ.l£ 6tt at cruv9itKEe; 1tA.TlPo<p6PTlOTle; 1tOU Ilua'tt~a.v rnv EA.A.TlVtKTt tv'tEA.tyKEv'tma., a.vE9E'ta.V· a.IlE'tUKA.Tl'ta. a'tTlv a.a'ttKTt EA.ft tnv 1tPCO'to~oUA.ia. v« rou; KUVEt yvcocr'toue;. 0 Paul Eluard, J.l£'ta.<ppU~E'tat ceto 'tOY EA.U'tTl 'to 1936 (Tn Nea Tptuuuxta; Mupno; Kat NOEIl~pWe; 1936). 0 Aragon, nou 'to 1932 a.1to'too rnv "affaire Aragon" yta. 'toue; raA.A.oUe; KOIlllOuVta'tEe;, J.l£'ta.<ppU~E'ta.t ceto 'tOY NtKit'ta. Puv'to 'to 1932 a.KPt~6>c; ("K6K1(tVO ME'tC01tO", Neot Ilponoxopoi; 'tEUxoe; 7, 1932). H EMTlVtKTt tv'tEA.tyKEv'tma., a.YKUPO~OA.TlJ.1EvTl otov KOtVO>vtK6 PWA.ta1l6 (KE<p. 25), &v 'mwEt' 'tOY Ma.yta.K6<pcrKtB. TTlv EVOta.<pEPEt 'to up9po "c116PIla. Kat 1tEptEX6J.l£vo oto EPYO 'tEXVTle;" rou H. 'EPEIl- 1tOUPYK (Neo: Iipanoxopot, 1935, a. 126-8), a.A.A.a Ka.96A.ou Tl 1toiTlOTl, xou &tvo1ta.9Ei ero Tt01l yvCOcrt6 up9po rou XouPllou~wU 'to O1lllomEU!lEvO crtTl Nea Eana'tou 1933 (Ir', 1933, a. 138-45). A1t6'toue; A'Y'YA.oue; ~EXcopi~Et 0 T.l:. 'EA.w't, 1tOU 0 Kvdo~ tou a.<ptEpcocrE Eva. 'tEUXOe; Tt01l 'to 1933 (B', 1933, 'tEUxOe; 5), ue J.l£'ta.<ppUaEte; Kat JlEA.E'tEc;'. To E1t6JlEVo E'tOe; 'to iow 1tEPWOtK6 0TlllomEUEt 'tTl IlEA.E'tTl rou 'EA.to't "Ila.puOoOTl Ka.t 1tpoacomK6 'ta.A.Ev'to" oe J.l£'tu<pp(X.<JTl rou M.l:mEpoU (N. PWtou-N. Ka.A.a.lluPTl, B' 1934, a. 361-9). l:'to iow 1tEptoOtK6 Kat 1taA.t 0 PUV'toe; llE'ta.<ppU~Et E.L. Masters (A' 1932, 'tEUXOe; 1), Ev<XV 1tOtTltit, MlA.a.OTt, nou. 1tPE1tEt vn 9Ullt~E Ka.~u<pTl. A1t6 'toue; IlOV'tEpVOUe; I'ta.A.oue;, 0 KvICA.o~ ~llomEUEt G. Ungaretti, ue 1ta.poucria.OTl Ka.t J.l£'tu<pp(X.<JTl rou r. l:a.pa.v'tuPTl (I", 1935, 'tEUXOe; 2, a. 56-8)3. 0 KvlCA.o~ OTlllom£UEt Kat 'toue; VE0UC; I<J7t<XVoue; not Tl'tEe; 1tOU 0 Ka.~<XV't~uKTle; J.l£'tU<ppa.crE omv I(J1tavia.:

J.R, Jimenez, A. Machado, M. de Unamuno, P. Salinas, M. Villa, F.G. Lorca, R. Alberti, V. Aleixandre (0 KVICA.o~, B' 1933' at 'tEA.Eu't(XiOt 'tpEte; oro 'tEUxoe; 6-7 rou 1933, a. 237-60). 0 Ka.~a.v't~uKTle; cruIl7tEPtA.aIl~<XVE, oov

83

MEOAODKEl: KAI AIl:ElHTIK&ZYMru:EIl:

av-ra,7t600011 <PlAO~EVia~ 7tpO~ rnv K'U~£PVTlO1l 7to'U £f..l£AA.e vu 'U7tOKU'tIEt O''tO cIlpaVKo4, Kat 'tOV' A6pKa Kat 'tOY AAI.l7t£P'tt, &v ~£pO) f..l£ 7t601l EmYVCOO'll 't'% O1lj.1aO'ia~ 7tO'U fix,av Kat oov a'YO)vlO''t£~. To j.1EO'o'YElaK6 KAij.1a rou AAj.17tEP't\ OEV a<p1lO'E aOla<pOpo 'tOY EAU't11', EVro 11 7toi11011 rou A6pKa TJ'tav 7tpOOPlO'j.1Ev11 vo a7tOK'tTJO'El oAo£va 7tEplO'0'6'tEPO'U~ ea'Uj.1aO''t£C; Kat j.1lj.111't~ O"tTJV EMaOO6• H EVEP'Y6~ 7tapo'UO'ia rou A6pKa O''t11V Euaoa TJpeE Ka9uO''tEp11!J.Eva, oix,~ vc. <j>£PEl 'to 6<peA.o~ 7tO'U ea £<PEPVE't11 O''tt'Yj.1TJ nou ax.11j.1a'tl~6'tav 11 EM11V\1C1'j nponosopto, Av 0 ~. Totpxce; Kat 0 e, ~KO'UPATJ~ 7tapa~p£9'l1Kav O''tOV '6PKO' 'Yux'to A6pKa, oro ~EU'tEPO ~'Uv£op\O ~'U'Y'Ypa<p£O)v yta mv Y7tEpaO'mO''t11 't11~ KO'UA'toupa~ oro TIapim', j.1a~i us 'to'UC; 'EPEj.17tO'UP'YK, Apa'YK6v, M7tPEX,'t, ~7t£vO'EP, NEPOUOO, R. Desnos, oivov'ta~ 'to '7taprov' 'to'U~ f..l£ j.1la 7tP~11 av'tiO''ta01l~, a'U'tTJ 11 E7tElO'OOla1C1'j 7tapo'UO'ia EAATJVO)V AO'YO'tEX,VroV &v fiX,E lCaj.1la O"Uv£7tE\a O"ta EM11v\Ka 'Yp<l!J.j.1a'ta. 0 Aopxo, 'tEAllC6., j.17tTJKE cmv EMaOO f..l£'ta 'tOY 7t6A.ej.1o'.

np~. r.K. Ka'tmj.l1taA.11C;, EA.A.l1v1K'11 {31{3A.lOrparp£a llavA.ov KAmvrtA., 1959.

a :E\)cr't11j.lanK6'tEp11 epEuva 't11C; Xptottvce; Ntouvtn (Avd, 'tEUXOC; 252, 20 Iuvouuptou 1984, cr. 46-49) e!p£pE ornv Em<pUvEta j.l£ptKEC; j.l£'ta<ppacrEtC; a1t6 'tOY MaytaK6<pcrKt, 1932 ue 1936, Ortj.lOcrt£Uj.t.EvEC; crE OucreUpE'ta 'tEuX11 'tOlV 1t£PWOtKcOV Neot Ilpononooot Kat llarKOC1jJ.lOq tPIA.OA.OrzK'11 ErKVKA.ona£8ela. H X. N'touvta C1Uj.l<pOOVEi oxrrooo 6n oi j.lE'ta<ppacrEtC; au'tec; OEV eooocrav Kap1tOUC; cmv M.A.11Vt1C1') 1to{l1CJ1l 't1lC; AptCJ'tEPac;, j.l£ ~a{pECJ1l <pU(1lKa 'tOY N. pav'to.

3 rta'tov OuYKape't'tt otnv EA.A.aoa ~A.. F.M Pontani, Fortuna greca di Un-

garetti, naV'to~a 1972.

4 0 Ka~aV't~alCTlC; j.l11 ~p{(J1(ov'tac; EK06't11 yta eva ~EV'tpOO'tlK6 touo, clXE u1t0XPEoo9Ei vc. Ka'taKEpj.la't{crEl rnv av90A.oyia rou. «EmCJ1lC; j.lE'ta<ppa~oo 'ta KaA.u'tEpa a1t' 6A.ouC; 'touC; crUyXPOVOUC; 1tOt11'tec; 't1lC;. rta vo j.l1topecroo va j.l£{voo EOcO, etvoa avaylCTl va 1tA.acrapoo crE E<p11j.l[£p{&C;J ernv A9i)va (<pU(1lKa xoop{c; Kaj.ltW aj.lot~il, 1Cl av Eivat Ouva't6v xoop{C; 't' 6voj.la uouj» (TerpaKoma rpli}J.uata fOV Kat;avrt;aKT/ (1fOV llpe{3eA.aKT/, 1965, cr. 356).

5 napa1tej.l1too ero ap9po ItO\) "0 EA.u't11C; Kat 11 avave(j)(1fl rou 1tOt11'ttKOU A.6YO\)", To BT1jJ.a, 1 Iouvtou 1975. EKE{ 1tapage'too 'to 1to{l1j.la tou AA.j.l7ttpn ":E'tOv Ka1t£'tw Av'tcOv11 Ecrmv6~a", ce j.l£'ta<ppaCJ1l tou Ka~av't~alCTl, 1tpo'tclvov'tac; 'to emv 1tpocroxil teov j.l£A.£'t1l'tcOv.

6 TEA.tKa 0 A6pKa j.l1t1'lK£ CJ'tO a{j.la 't0lV EUilvrov. Mta lOtai'tEP11 j.l£U't1l yta 'tOY A6pKa ornv EA.A.aoa 9a dXE j.l£yaA.o EvOta<pepov. To ~t~A.{o tou Tneou Atyva&n, 0 AopKa xca 01 p£t;eq, 1964, a<p1.Ep<Oj.lEvo CJ'tO etj.la, E{vat yPaj.lj.t.Evo j.l£ EUYEVtKil <PlA.OOo~{a xrn 1totKiA.a O''totxda EpavtO'j.leva j.l£ Ev90\)(1laO'j.l6, Oev 1t£pleXEt 6j.l<Oc; 'tl1tO'tE 'to 0'X£'tlK6 j.l£ 'tOY 1tpO~A.11j.la'tl0'j.l6 1tO\) ~ac; a1tUO'XoA.£{ EOo). 7 BA..:E. Tcr{PKac; O''ta EA.eV8epa rpli}J.jJ.ara, 25 NOEj.l~p{O\) 1945,0'.5, Kat rou {OW\) "0 6PKOC; 'trov 1tOl11'tcOV otov t1>.r. A6pKa", Em(JeWpT]01I TtxVTJq, IE', 1962, 'tEUX0C; 89, 0'. 566-71. EuxaptCJ'tcO 'tOY K. :E. Tcr{pKa yta 't11v 1tA.11Po<pOp{a 6'tl 0

84

I6EOAOf1KEI: KAI AII:8HTIKEI: ZYMnrnII:

!la~i rou 'EAAl1Va~ 1tOtl1'tr,~, 'to ovoun rou onotou OEV ava!pEpEt oro ap9po, r,'t<lV 0 9. L!CO\)PAr,~.

8 0 EAU'tl1~ EypaljfE Eva !Cel!lEVO yta 'to A6p!Ca cr'ta 1945 ("F. G. Lorca''), TeTpaolO Ilptbto, avot~l1 1945, 1974, cr. 484-92) xrn llE'tE!ppacrE 1totr,!la'ta rou ma 1948 ("E1t'ta 1tOtr,!la'ta", Nea Batia; Mf", 1948, cr. 137-41, L1evTep1) rparpl1, 1976, cr. 169-82). L'tO !CelllEv6 'to\) tou 1945 0 EAU'tl1~ aq>l'JvEt vo !Ca'taAa~O\)!lE on a1t6 'tOY A6p!Ca 'tOY YOl1'tEUEt 0 9iacr6~ rou La Baraca, 0 cru!l!p\)p!l6~ "A.<iixou 1tOtl1'tr," IlE 'tOY \)1tEppeaAtcr!l6 crnv 1toil1crTJ rou, !Cat 11 aya1tl1 tou 1tpO~ 'tl1v t<J1tavt!Cl'J Y'1 «Eeo<; 9ava't0\)>>.

85

MEPOl: TPITO

H nPQTOnOPIA l:THN nOIHl:H

28 Eiva.t &oolCOA.o vo a.va.1tA.OOOUJ,1£ ~J,1£pa. J,1£ a.lCpilIDa. 'to 'tomo 'troY 'Ypa.~I.Ul'troV rou lCatpOU sxetvou J,1£ 'tTIv 'VUX0A.oy{a.1tOU EiXa.v a.lCpt~~ oi veot 'Yupro <no 1930. 0 8EO'tOlC~ civat ~~ata. ~ta. 1tEpi1t'tCOOTl1tOA.U OU'YlCElCPt~, lCa.t rnv ElCJ,1£'ta.A.A.eU'tTtlCa.J,1£ 600 ytv6'ta.v 1tEpt006'tEpO. AAJ..iJ. &!v ~1topEi vo 6erop119ci 'ta.u'too,,~l1 J,1£ 6A.rov 'troY verov. 0 K.8; Al1~a.P~ OE «evtx» mVa.lCa. rcov verov 'tou<; osotou; 9a. ouVa.v'tOUOE <nov ~6~0 'tou lCa.1tOto<; 1tOU 9a. ~E1CtVOUOE yta. 'tOY XcOpo 'tTI<; eA.A.l1vt- 1C1't<; A.o'Yo'tEXvia.<; 0' a.u'ta. 'ta. Xp6vta.», ~ol1911~vo<;, u1t0ge'tro, lCat a.1t6 rnv 1tpooromKTt rou ~vl't~11, a.va.<P£pEt &a.<popa. ovouceo, OE 1totnA.ou<; crx.l1~a.'tto~ou<;'. H E~eA.t~l1, C!)(J't600, 1tOU a.lCOA.ou911oE a.1t6 't6'tE xm UOrepo, ~ElCa.9a.pi~ov'ta.<; 'tOU<; 0't6xou<; lCa.t Sta.mo'tc.Ovov'ta.<; 1tOtOt a.1t6 'tOU<; <n6xou<; a.mou<; EV'tOOOOV'tat O'tTIV lCOtvl't 1topcia. 'tTI<; A.o'Yo'tExvia.<; a.1tOlC'tc.OV'ta.<; ~ta. 'YEvtlC6'tEPl1 StlCa.iCOOTl, eposonotnoe ato911'ta. 'tOY 1tiVa.lCa. a.m6. Mta. 1ta.p6~ota. aUa.y1't o<pEiA.e'tat, <pUcrtlCa., <n11 <J11J,1£ptvl't t<noptKTt 1tPOO1t'ttKTt. Meoa. 0' a.u'tit env 1tPOO1t'ttKTt, a» A.6you Xa.Pl1 o A1t6<noA.o<; MEA.a.XPtv6<;, 1tOU s,,~OcriE"'E 'to AnoUc6vlOpO 1938 (~ta. ElC1tp69EO~11 E~<pa.vt<J11, a.va.A.o'Y'l J,1£ rnv 1tEpi1t'tCOOTl 'tou Ka.~a.v't~a.1C1l ue rnv ObVcma, 1938), ElC'tOm~E'ta.t 1tpo<; 'ta. moro, a.v'ti9E'ta. £Va.<; 1tOtl1- 'tit<; 1tOU a.pXtcre 'tTl ~<X.<n11pt6'tT1'ta. rou ~oa. <nov Ilpcilto Il6A.e~0, lCa.t 1tOU civa.t OUVO~TtA.tlCO<; ue 'tOY Ka.pUCl)'ta.1C1l (~ova.xa. eva.<; Xp6vo<; tou xropi~n), 0 Ta.1C1l<; Ila.1ta.'tOc.OV11<;, ouvo&!un a.p~OVt1C(l, 1tapa. rn geA.11- ~ 'tOU, 'tou<; veou<; 1totl1'te<; <n11V 1tOpeia. 'tou<;.

o Ta.1C1l<; Ila.1ta.'torov,,<;, 1ta.p' 6A.o 6'tt ~a.pa.tVE E1ta.vro rou l1lCa.'ta.9A.t·· '1'11 'tTI<; 'YEvta.<; rou Ka.pUCl)'ta.1C1l, ~1t6PEOE vo lCa.'ta.vtKTtOEt rnv l1't't01ta.- 9na. lCat 'tOY '1t6vo' 'tTI<; lCa.911J,1£ptv6'tT1'ta.<; a.va.lCa.A.U1t'tOV'ta.<; 'tTl ~90oo 'tTI<; 9Pl1olCEU'ttKTt<; a.~a.p'tia.<;. H A.U<J111tOU 1tp6'tEtVE 0 Ila.1ta.'tOc.OV11<;, 6- 1tou e1ta.t~E lCa.1tOto p6A.o lCat 0 E~C!)'tt0~6<; 't11<; A.a.'tpeia.<; Su'ttlCOU pu9-

87

H nPQTOnOPIA I:THN nOlHI:H

I!OU, 1'I'tav lCU'tt 1t0'U &V unopoooe vn E<papl!ocr'tEi j.LE il>ta a1tO'tEA£crl!a'ta lCat a1t6 UAAo'U<; 1tOtTl'tEc;, lCat E1tOj.LEvco<; Ej.LEtVE aVE1twuATl1t'tTl. ElCEivo 1t0'U 1tPE1tEt tl>tai'tEpa v« <roylCpa't1'!cro'Uj.LE a1t6 'to EPYO rou, yta 'tt<; crXEcrEt<; 1t0'U EXEt j.LE'tTl j.LE'tE1tEt'ta I>tEAt~Tl 'tTl<; 1toiTl<JTt<;, etvoa Tl pntopi- 1C1'I OOl!1'I rrov ElC'tEVcOV 1'1 crUv'tOI!O>V EVO't1'l'troV tou, 0 ila1ta'tcrrovTl<;, ~t- 01totcOv'ta<; opiouevn 1tp6't'U1ta, E1tAacrE Eva A6yo 1tapa1tA1'Imo j.LE rnv Ol!tAo'Uj!EVTl, I>tap6pcOvov'tU<; 'tOY oe uin lCAil!alCa PTl'topt1C1'l<; a'Ucr'tTlP6- 'tTl'ta<;, 1t0'U rootooo l>iVEt 'tTlv aicr6rJ<JTt I!ta<; 1tPOcpoptlC1'I<; a'U66pI!Tl'tTl<; I>ta'tu1t{J)(JTt<;. rta vo I>pal!a't01tOt1'lcrEt 'to A6yo rou XPTlml!o1totet epo- 1t0'U<; PTl'tOptlCOU<; 'tTl<; 1taAtu<; '0I!tATl'tt1C1'l<;', 1tapuAATlAa j.LE 'tp61t0'U<; 6Ea'tptlCou<; 1t0'U 1tPOEPXOV'tat a1t6 1tOtTl'ttlCU 1tp6't'U1ta rou 170'U atcOva. No'U<; j.LE av1'lcr'UXTl 1tEptEpYEta, a1t6 'to'U<; 1tPcb'to'U<; I!E'ta<ppacr'tE<; rou 'EAlO't (<<0 EPTlI!6't01t0<;», 0 Kvdo;, 1"", 1933, 'tEUX0<; 5), 0 ila1ta'tcrro. VTt<; I>EV 'U1tUlCO'UcrE uovo orov Claudel, 61tCO<; A£yE'tat, yta vu I>tal!0p<pIDcrEt rnv a't01!t1C1'l 'to'U'0I!tATl'tt1C1'l' 'tEXVTt2.

l:'to yEVtlC6'tEPO 1tAaimo I)p~<; 'to>V VEroV 1totTl'tcOv, 0 Ka~<; lCat o Kap'Urotu1CTl<; EiVat o'UmacrnlCE<; 1tpou1to6Ecret<;, 0 eva<; wEpX6j.LEV0c;, 0 aAAo<; lCa'tEPx6j.LEV0<; ernv lCAil!alCa 'trov 'E1ttl)pacrerov' 1tWro cr't0'U<; VE- 0'1)<;. Mepucoi VEOt 1t0'U lCa'ta~uAAo'Uv 1tPO(J1tU6EtE<; ornv lCa'tEu6uv<JTt I!ta<; ww~<;, E<J'tro lCat EAaXtcr'ta y6vtl!E<; yta 'to crUVOAo aAAa 1tpayl!a'ttlCU 'U1toAoyimj.LE<; j!Ecra <J'tTlV lCpiml!Tl ElCEiVTt crnY1!1'I, Eivat 1tOtTl'tE<; 1t0'U lC'Ul!aivov'tat wUj.LEcra orov Ka~clcprt lCat 'tOY KapurotU1CTl: 0 A'AE,~avl)po<; M1t<Xpa<; j.LE 'tt<; ~vv(Jf(JEl; (1933), 0 r. Ba<p61tO'UAo<; j.LE Ta poc;a f71; Mvp-raA:T7; (1931), 0 N. Ka~JXxI)ia<; j.LE 'to Mapap.nov (1933). H <JTtj.LEptv1'! atcr6rJ'tt1C1'l a1tO'tiI!Tl<JTt a'U'tcOv 'trov 1tp0cr1ta6EtcOv 1!1tOpEi vn etvm Aty6'tEpo yevvat6&OPTl a1t6 'tTlv 1tpotiI!Tl<JTt 1t0'U &anmc09rtlCE 'tTl crnYl!1'I eou 1tpcb'tou ~a<pvtool!a't0<;3. To yeyov6<; 61!CO<; 6'tt oi lCatpoi I!a<; E&t~qv 1tco<; I>EV 1tp6lCEt'tat yta I!Ei~OVE<; 1tOtTl'tE<;, I>EV 1tPE1tEt vo E1tt(J1CtU~Et rnv tcr'topt1C1'l AEt'to'Upyia 1tO'U EiXE Tl1tapEI!~acr1'! 'to'U<; ElCEiVTt 'tTl <roylCElCptj!Evn cr'ttYl!1'I YEVtlC1'I<; aI!Tlxavia<;. rta vo avaAoytcr'touj.LE lCaAu'tEpa 'tTl &a<pOpu lCpt'tTlpirov a1t6 't6'tE j!Expt cr1'!j.LEpa, a<; crlCEcp'tOUj.LE on 0 Ka~~a-

1>tU<; ¢V't~£ 't6'tE «£1twama'tTlj.LEvo<;» 1totTl't1'!c;"'. •

'Eva ~E1tEpacrl!a 'trov I>tacr'tucrErov Kap'UrotulCTl 1tpaYl!a'to1toiouv j.LEptlCoi 1tOtTl'tE<; 1t0'U Tl1tP01too&tu 'to'U<; q>aiVE'tat vc ~E<p£UyEt a1t6 'ta <J'UVTt6tcrj.LEva EAATlVtlCU crUvopa: E> N't6po<;, 0 PUv'to<;, 0 l:apw't<XpTl<;. Ilpw 'to'U<; 1tATlmucro'Uj.LE, 1tPE1tEt v« 'U1tOYPllj.Ll!tcr'te{ Tl1tEpicr'ta<JTt on oi 1tOtTl'tE<; amoi, 1t0'U j.LE 'to EPYO 'to'U<; ElCWW o'Umacr'ttlCE<; 1tPO'tOOEt<; yta vo vt1CTl6Ei Tl a1to't£Aj.Lu't{J)(JTt tou 1tOtTl'ttlCOU 'UAtlCOu, £I!<pavi~ov'tat oov 1tpocrromlC6'tTl't£<; roptl!acrj.LEvE<; E~ro alCpt~d><; a1t6 'ta WTlVtlCU crUvopa.

88

H npOTOnOPIA l:THN nOIHl:H

'Orov au't1'111 ~EVt1Cl'l <TlY'(lCp&t1'\ait 'tOUe; l'Jp9£ 0"£ £1taq>l'J !1E rnv £AAllVt- 1Cl'I YArocrO"a lCat !1E 60"a <ptpv£t ~a~i 't11e; ~ta yArocrO"<X, 'ta a1to't£AtO"~a'ta ~1tOpEi va O"'ta911lCav 7ttpa yta 7ttpa tlCavo1totll'ttlCa oto a'to~tlC6 £m1t£- 00, &v ~1t6p£O"av 6~0l<; lCat. vo. yivouv opicnxn lC'tl'J~a xowo yta 'to <rUvo1..o.

A v ~1tOpou!1E vu 1tou!1E !1E lCa1tOta acr¢Aeta on 0 PW'toe; lCat 0 fupav't<lplle;, aO"~aA.A.ov't<X<; 0"'t0 xcbpo 't11e; £A.A.llVt1Cl'le; YArocrO"ae;, 'to ~.1Cavav !1E rnv 1tp69£0"'11 vo ~ouv rnv £1ttlCpa'touO"a lCa'taO"'taO"'l1, &v lCa'tExou!1E aplC£'ta O"'totXEia yta vc: tcrxuptO"'tou!1E lCa'tt 'to 1tap6~otO lCat yta 'tOY Ntopo, EO"'tCO xt av 'ta 1totl'J~a'ta 1tOU am6e; Or!~0cri£'I'£ oro Ilnpkn !1E 'tOY n't1..o ITOV YA-lTlOIlOV TO Xa'z (1930) xapalC't11pi~ov'tat a1t6 'tOY Kapa~'tcbvll cev «1tpoYrTl £lCMlA.coO"11 rou lCa9am6 1tOt11'ttlCOU uovrepviO"~OU»"'.

TIaAt6't£pa 0 N't,6poe; zepvooce yta U1t£pp£aA.tO"'t1'1e;. 1:l'J!1Epa stvrn OOOlCo1..o vc tOU a1t0009d au't6e; 0 xapalC't11ptO"~6e;.

1:£ 1totl'J~a'ta 1tOU &v a1tOlC'touv Eva OtlC6 'toue; a1tOlCAetO"'ttlC6 rovo ft ftxo, 0 Nropo; cruxva £~1ttO"'t£u£'tat Ota1ttO"'trocr£te; ~0JJ')e; 1tOU &v ~£q>euyouv a1t6 rnv xoworomo; AAAoU £lC<ppa~£t lCa'taO"'tooae; 1tOU lC'U~aivov'tat ava!1EO"a O"'tO O"aplCaO"~6 lCat 'tll <TlY'(lCa'ta~aO"'l1. Av 1tPOO"E~OU!1E 1totft~'ta 61t0l<; "To 1tt0 !1EYaAo xa~t" lCat "1:'t0 op6~0 apxi~ouv 6A.<X", 9a't0 OtamO"'tcOOou!1E w£'ta. To 1tpciYto a1t6 'ta 0'60 1totl'J~a'ta etVat ~ta !1EAt't11 9ava'tou, 61tou «To mo !1EYaAo xa~t» etvct lCa'tt 1tOU cru~~aiv£t ~a<pVtlCa (~ta «~1t6pa», 1tOU 'tllv 1t£ptypaq>et Ae1t'to!1Ep£talCa), lCat <ptPV£t 0"'t0 'tE1..oe;, 'to OtlC6 'tOU lCat rmv aAACOV, £vc.O exetvo; etvai 9£a't1'1e;, «fuv ~EVOe; cero null "(li», !1E a!1EiAtlC'tO ~a'tt: «3£<pcovt~voe; O"aplCacr~6e;».1:'t0 &u't£po, "1:'t0 op6~0 apxi~ouv 6A.<X", EXOU!1E Eva ~ico~a UpV11'ttlC6, 0"'t£Pll'ttlC6, 1tOU avaYYEAe'tat orov 1tpciYto O"'tixo, «3£xdAtO"~a lCUptalCa'tt1Cl1e; 1t£pt't't6'tll't<X<;», onou 11 avia EiVat cru~1tU1CVCO-

... ~ orov lCUptalCa'ttlCO 1t£pi1ta'to:·

T' avat~tlC6 av'tp6yuvo 't11e; £pya'tt<lc; o"EPV£t avaJi,£<ia' eou 'Eya 1tatMlCt.

M£ apyolCivll't11 a1t6A.<XuO"'I1

H Otaooxl'J 'tCOV Ota1ttO"'trocr£cov (1tOU &v lCa'taA.a~aivco o» £ivat 0"'11- ~aOt av£OOplC£t<X<; ft 1tp69£0"'11 a1t00"'tam01tOillO"'11e;) alCo1..ou9£i Eva pu9- ~6 OtaAet1t'ttlC6, 0"1taO"~coOtlC6 lC&1tOU lCa1tOU; !1E 1tapamc.01t11O"'11 &oo~vev, 1tOU cruyy£v£U£t !1E 'tOY £P~11'tt0"~6. M£ptlCa O"xft~a'ta A.6you (<<~11- !1Epco~voe; O"aplCaO"~6e;», «'I'£u'tta rou aVE~OU» lC.a.), 11 £VaA.A.<Xyf\ npo-

89

H TIPOTOnOPIA ITHN nOIHDI

Oc01tOU l«xt Xp6vou, 0"'t11 aUv'ta/;ll, 1tOU 1tpoo9Et£t a.opt<J'rla., ~a.p'tupouv ~lta. Pt~t1c1'\ a.UarfI crnv 1totlltt1C1't yMOOOa. 't1l~ £1tox1'\~.

o N't6po~ ~tv£\., coo't6oo, ~\.a. '1t£pi1t'tCOO1l" ~\.a. £1tt~~a.oll ornv to"'topia. 't1l~ £Mllvt1C1't~ 1toillO"1l~ ue 1tpowuO"1l lCa.\. 1tpo9to£\.~ ao"A£~. !l£v etvoi &]Aa.~1'\ yvcoo't6 lCa.'tU 1t6oo tx£\. u1t6'JfTl roo rnv £MllV\.lC1'\ lCa.'taatClO"Tl, cixn£ vn u1toA.oyio£\. ~ta. ~A£'t1l).l.tv1l a.vtt~'tc01ttO"1'\ 't1l~.

1 na.pa9EtCO alCEpata tOY mvalCa rou K.e ~TII.Lapa (a1to tTlv ElonyO>"(t1C1'\ ue-

A£tTl eeo 9EOtolCa 1929 [1973] a. A.'):

~{vco £&0 Eva.v mvalCa tCOV VE<oV to'\}~ 01t0{0'I>~ au C1'I>va.vtoUae erov 1)p6J.1o roo lCa1tOlO~ 1tO'I) 9a ~£1CtvoUae yta tOY xdlpo tTl~ eU11vt1C1'\~ A.oyot£Xv{~ 0' a'\}ta ta xp6vta. ~oo EXOW 1t£9av£t, riJJ.fJ. 11 alCtlVojroAta to'\}~ C1'I>v£Xi~£tat J.1Eaa oro KA.iJ.1a 1to'\} J.1~ a1tllC1XoA.ci: nMtcov PoOox:a.va1C1l<;' 1883- 1919, Ma.vcbl..11~ MaylCaK11<;' 1891-1918. Kat 1tpox<opcb,1ta.paA£i1tovt~ to'\}~ £A.tlxtettO'l>~ 1tIlpaOOmax:oiJ~, ot O1tOiO\ &v rlxa.v ti1tot£ mo £A.K'I>attlC6 a1t6 to'\}~ 1tp£a~ut£po'\}~ to'\}~' NilCO~ Ntx:oA.diliTt~ (1884), Cl>cbto~ no<p'liU11~ (1887), PcOJ.LO~ <fJtA.Up~ (1889), Kcbctt~ Oupc'tv11~ (1890), NIl1tOI.tcov Aa1ta- 9toYtrl~ (1893), Ta1C1l~ M1tap~ (1894), Aiv~ Ka.p~1'!~ (1894), r. ~oupa~ (1895), TaK11~ na1tat<.tcbvT)~ (1895), KA.. na.paC1Xo~ (1895), CI>tlvTt~ MtXaA.6- 1to'\}A.o~ (1895), 7tEvt£ 1tOA.U 1tpootJ.10t: TEA.A.o~ }\yp~ (1899), NilCO~ Xay£p M1to'\}cpiliTt~ (1899), A. ~pi~ (1899), M1'!tao~ nll1tllVtx:oA.tlO'l> (1900), Mapia nOA.'\}OoUP11 (1905). OJ.1~, j.I£ lCtl7tot£~ £mlCaA.u'l'Et~, I11tOprllCa.v~ va I)tax:piv£t tPEl~, lCa9a.pa: rUpco otov LtlC£l..ta.v6, M1ta.p~, Kap~1'!~, tloiJpa<;. na1tatacbvT)<;. MtXaA.61to'\}A.o~· rUpco erov Ka~, Aa1ta9toYtrl~, Iln- 1tIltocbvT)<;, na.paaxo~, }\yp~, ~pi~~' Xptattavt1C1'\ po1t1'!, M1ta.pM<;. 00Upa<;. na1tlltacbvT)~.

2 Ot }\yyA.ot Il£taqromx:oi 1tOt11t~ aa.v tOY John Donne (0 na1tatacbvT)~ Eqrtaoe apay£ oe a'l>to~ J.1Eaco rou 'EA.tot, 1to'\} to'\}~ ll£A£tTlCJ£ tl)taitepa;) E1tat~a.v J.1EYaA.o p6A.o (~A.. 1:. Po~<lv11~, "0 tptC1'l>1t6ettato~ Mayo~ tTl~ aycov{a~", TIpt1 MOV T.K. IlwraT(joJVT/ yta -ra orOOvtazpova tOV, T£tptll)ta 'E'\}9UV11~', 1976, a. 123 x.e.)- J.1ta £tl)t1C1'\ ll£A£tTl a' a'\}tn rnv x:at£u9'I>vC1Tl £ivat 6~ a1tapaitTltTl. na ta 1t£ptoptoJ.1Eva 6pta tTl~ a1t1'!X11C1Tl~ 1to'\} rlX£ 0 na1tatacbvT)~ ~A.. A. Apyuptou ett01t£ptol)tlC6 H Ivv£;reza tWxo~ 5, 1973, a. 236.

3 0 A epUA.o~, ceo 1t£ptocuc6 It1fJ£Pa. t£UXo~ 1, 1934, a. 27-8, I)tamotcov£ eeov MMpa I1ta lCatayCO'f1'l a1t6 Ka~Wvrl C1'I>V Kap'\}<otaK11, riJJ.fJ. I1tA.oUCJ£ yta (<tC1X'\}P1'! MV11C1Tl» 1to'\} £iX£ M~t a1t6 tt~ Ivv(JfC1£lq, 1933, lCat tl~ C1'I>vWa~£ Il£ to Mapap1fov, 1933, rou Ka~~aC(a.

40 Ka~~aCi~ Iptlvta~£ «£1ta.vacttatTlJ.1Evo~» orov £1ta.vacttatTlJ.1EVO M. L1t(tEpO), liTtA.aC1'! Nt1C1'\ta PavtO, 1to'\} oto 1t£ptol)tx:6 Neo: Ilpon01fOPOI, 1933,0.279 MyEl:.··

tnr C1'I>A.A.or1'! a'l>til [Mapap1fot5] OA.oIptlv£P11 etvoa 11 £ml)plXcrTl rou OupaV11. NOJ.1i~co 611(,1); 1t~ 11 C1'I>YYEv£ta rlvat mo 1tOA.U £~<ot£Pt1C1'\ 1ta.pa ti1tota tlA.I..o. 'Ia~ ri' a'\}t6 ~M1ttEl 1toM tOY YEO 1tO\11tn. &v £1t1lP£aCJ't11!C£ a1t6 tOY OuptlV11:t6ao ooo 1tapaaUp911!C£ a1t' a'l>t6v. napa.v611o£ rnv 1toi11C1Tl rou OuptlvTj, lCat' ~ox1'!v, 61t~ A.aI.l1tpa rnv liTtA.oi !Cat 0 titA.o~ tTl~ C1'I>I..-

90

H nPOTOnOPIA l:THN nOIHl:H

A.orfl~ roo, 7toi11OTl voutw.:yi~. Ma 0 Ka~~aoi~ cruyyEVEUEt 7tOA.U 7t£PtO'- 0'6tEPO J.I£ 7tot11~ O'aY tOY Kap'l>o)'tCXICIl it tOY Av9ia tll~ 7tpo'>tr)c;. lCat 000't'l>x6>c;, lCaA.UtEP11~ O"I>A.A.orfl~ ton. 0 O'I>PUv11~ &v etvm E7taYaO'tat11~vo~ 7tOt11tft~, 0 Ka~llaoi~, O'av tOY PEIl7tCO, nou E1t11p~aoE tOY O'I>pl'Lvll, EiVat E7tavaO'tatll~o~.

5 0 KapavtcOV11~ O"I>Il7tA.11pcOVEt 61l~ J.I£ ta E~1'\~ Myta tll <pp1Xm) tou a'l>t1'\: «r:i)..)..CJ. ta OtlCat~ata tll~ ta XUvEt a7t6 to uoipcdo YEyov6~ 6tt o Ntopoc, J.1' 61..11 rou rnv 7tpCO'to~'I>A.ia lCat rnv aio6rtOTl tOU lCatVOUpwu &v J.17t6PEO'E va riVEt 1'\ OEV 'l>m'lP~E 7tOt~ 7tOt11tft~». (1958, 0'. 163)

a H avat'61tCOOT\ tll~ 7tA.alC~ta~ ITOU rA.ItC0IlOV to Xli'z (llp6A.oyo~ AI..£~. Ap"f'I>Pio'l>, 'AlloPY~', 1981) ava~C07t'\lpCOOE to EVOta<pEpov yta tOY lCata ta aAA.a <XyvCOOto 7tOt11tft. 0 A. KapavtcOV11~ E7tavl'fA.9E oro atlla (Nea Batia; 110, 1981, 0', 1137-1144), o NaO'o~ BayEV~ Otat'67tCOOE £1>utOXO'l>~ xapaJCt11PtOllOU~ (,T'6- pro a7t6 tt~ apX~~ tou EA.A.11vtlCOU uoveepviouoo'', H Kafh7jJ£pzVT1, 13, 20 Auyo'6- otou 1981) lCat lla9aJ.l£ 6tt 0 Nt6po~ EiXE 0111l0~'I'£t EmOTl~ ~a ~t~A.io J.I£ titA.o Intelligence oro llapiO't, uta 1936, lCat 6tt ~9avE uta 1954. At1C1'\ 110'1> ~PE'I)va O'tllv E9vt1C1'\ Bt~A.to91'\1CIl llaptO'tou OEV ~p1'\lCE ixvo~ a7t6 ta 0'60 0111100'1£'1}Ilata rou Nropou 7tOU 011A.cOVO'I>V t67to ElCtU7tOOO'11~ t11 raUia, EVcO aVt{9Eta ~p1'\lCE J.1ta OtatPt~1'\, La crise sanguine, lCa7tOtO'l> Theodore Theodorides, 'l>7t00'tllpty~ uta 1934.

flWprot; IapavrapTlt; 1933, 1934, 1935

29 0 nolp'Yo~ lli.pavtapl1~, 8PEJl~VO~ J.1E l'taAt1C1'J 7tat&ia, JlUl1~o~ orov U7tap~tO'Jl61 Kat O'tOV l'taAtK6 'EPJll1ttO'Jl6', eo<; 7tpO~ tnv 7tOtl1tt1C1'J 8Eropia, ~1'1't1lO'E a7t£'YVcoo~a vu 7toAttoypacp118Ei oto XolpO tl1~ EA.Al1- vt1C1'J~ 7tpa'YJlattK6tl1ta~. Llta8EtOVt~ 7tVEUJlattK~ a7tOO'KE'UE~ Kat Jlta EmXEtpl1JlatOAoy{a rcov KUKAroV 't1l~ 7tpOXropl1~vl1~ ttaAt1C1'J~ VEOAaia~, fiXE O'K07t6 J.1E amo. vo avttJlEtromO'Et rrrv EAAl1Vt1C1'J Kato.O'taO'Tl Kat vo ~Ol181'lO'Et O'tl1V av6p8roail 't1l~. ncrt60'0 0" aut1'l tOU rnv EU'YEVtK1'1 <ptAoBo~ia O''UVo.Vtl1O'E Eva EJl7t6Bto 7tOU tOU EJlEtvE O'XE06v 'Yta 7twta avU1tEp~Al1tO. 0 Kapavtrovl1~, 0 osoto; yvcOPtO'E KaAo. tOY 7tOtl1t1'1 Kat Jla~ EBcooE Eva noptpcdro 7tOU &v to Ota7tVEel 7ttpa 'Yta 7ttpa 11 O"UJl7to.8Eta, JllM avotxto. Kat yt' aut6 to EJl7t60tO:

MaVtEUoUJ.1E Jlta J.1E'Ya.A11 Kat aKataviKTltl1 axEMv O"U'Y'Ypa<ptK1'1 O\lO'KoAia. Llt7tA1'l KatayO>Y1'l ~piO'KOUJ.1E O"t1lV <X<pE't1lpia 't1l~ 0\l0'KOAia~ aut1'l~: rnv a'Yrovia tOU aAl18tVOU KaUttEXVl1 yta rnv oumacrtt1C1'J 7tOtl1tt1C1'J EK<ppaO'1l, aAA.a. 0"U'YXp6veo<; Kat env tpayt1C1'J EAA£t'Vl1 'YAroamKcOv £K<ppaO'ttKcOV 7t6prov. (C/JVOlOrVOJ;.dEt;, B: 1960,0'.214-5).

91

H I1POTOnOPIA l:THN nOIm:H

Kat 1tpaYIJ-0:tUCU T\ XW..aP1'l av'ta1t6lCpUrrl avuj.L£oa oroi»; 1tOAU u'l'T\A.OU~ 0't6xou~, 1tOU E8E'tE 0 llipav'tupT\~ ornv 1toiT\a'l'l 'tOU, lCat 0'tT\ O'tu81J-T\ 'tT\~ EUT\vt1Cil~ yMfx:Jo~ 1tOU EiXE 0'tT\ OtU8Ea'l'l 'tOU, O'ta8T\lCE 'to Il£'YUA.o opulJ-a 'tT\~ ~roft~ 'tOU, 't600 ll£'YaA.u'tEpo 600 OlCE<p't6IJ-aO'tE 1tCO<; BEv ton 1'l'tav 1tUV'tO'tE avnA.T\1t't6. H mo 'tPEXUj.L£VT\ ElCO'l'lA.<OOT\ au't1'l~ 'tT\~ A.Et\lfl'l~ av'ta1t6lCptOT\~ rou ElC<ppaanlCou oPYUvou tivat 1J-t<X aio81'\OT\ lComaan1Cil~ 1tp001tu8Eta~ 1tOU yiVE'tat mo Ev'tOVT\, orov EmXEtpti oto vtu'ta tou vu EVa1t08EOEt OE A.iYE~ ~Et~ IJ-ta onYlJ-taia ElCA.aIJ-'I'T\.

H avaVE<OOT\ 1tOU <t>EPVEt oro 1totT\nlC6 6pyavo 0 llipav'tuPT\~ ~piOlCE'tat 0'tT\V iota ypalJ-lJ-1'l us 'to aVaVECO't1.lC6 £pyo 1tOU EmXEtpti O'tT\V I'taA.ia 0 Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888-1970): A.t't6'tT\'ta, aj.L£06'tT\'ta, uetouai<OOT\ rou U1t<Xp~t<XlCOU ~tol!J.a'to~ OE ElC<ppaonlCE~ Ev6'tT\'tE~ 1tOU EPXOvtm oev q><.O'tEtv6 ~u<pvtaolJ-a ue; ornv lCupiapxT\ mOl1t1'J. Mto; 1toiT\OT\ E~ ooiouoo a1too1taolJ-a'tt1Cil. 0 I.apav'tuPT\~ ~UA.A.oU mo'tEUEt crnv 'lCa8ap1'l' 1toiT\OT\ xrn on~ 8EropiE~ 1tOU ava1t'tux81'\lCav O'ta 1tEpt8roptu 'tT\~. H 1toiT\OT\ etvor IJ-ta OtaOtlCama "(ta vo 1tA.T\mUOEt 0 Uv8pcmto~ 'to a1t6A.u't0· Eva !J-EOO EmlCotvOlVia~, ~E~ata, 6xt 6IJ-ro<; IJ-E 'tOY ot1tA.av6, aA.A.a ue 'to aVElC<ppao'to:

o 1tOtT\'t1'l~ 6IJ-CO<; ElCOT\M>VE'tat o'tou~ Ot1tA.aVOU~ roo. 'Ev~ A.6yo~ 1tOU j.L£'taXEtpi~E'tat 'tOY O'tixo, etvea ioro<; lCat au't6~, 1tCO<; 0 onxo~ EiVat 'to mo aUv'tolJ-o !J-Eoov EmlCOtvOlvia~ roo E<Xu'tou IJ-a~ ue 'tTl OlCE'I'T\ IJ-~ lCat ue 'tT\ q><XV'taaia IJ-~, 61tCO<; T\ Eu8Eia etvoa T\ mo aUV'tOIJ-T\ ypalJ-lJ-1'l avuj.L£oa OE OUO OT\IJ-Eia.

A~ 1tpooeEOOuj.L£, 1tCO<; 0 O'tixo~, alCpt~cb<; "(tan ElVat 'to mo aUv't01J-0, eivoa lCat 'to EtA.tlCptvEO'tEPO !J-EOO EmlCOtvcovi~ rou E<XU'tou IJ-a~ j.L£ 'tT\ OlCE'I'T\ IJ-~ lCat 'tT\ q><XV'taaia IJ-~. (1938·I1olnJla-ra, 1961, 0.4)

at 8ECOPT\nlC~ 1tp0\")1t08EOEt~ lCat oi EIJ-1tpalC'tE~ Eq><XPIJ-OYE~ lCa'tuy<r vroa, Ei1t<Xj.L£, a1t6 'tT\V 1tOtT\n1Cil rou OuylCapE'tn. H 1tpowuOT\ au'til BEv lCpa'til81'\lCE E~auoU lCpU<P1'l. ElC't6~ a1t6 'to yf:'{OV~ 6n 0 iow~ a1tu"('YEA.VE 1tot1'llJ-a'ta rou I'taA.ou 1tOtT\'til, !J-Eoa oro O'tEV6 1tEPt~aA.A.OV 1tOU OXEn~6'tav, lCat onou 1tpOOExnlC6~ alCpoa'til~ 1'l'tav 0 EA.u'tT\~, 0 llipav'tuPT\~ 1tapouaiaoE 'tOY I'taM 0't0 1tEpwotlC6 0 KVICAOPO 1935 (I"", <Xp. 2, c, 56-8)3, j.L£'ta<ppu~ov'ta~ "La morte meditata". Aiyo <Xpy6'tEpa 0 N. KnA.aIJ-UPT\~ (Puv'to~) tiXE lCa'taOtlCUOEt 'tT\V 1tOlT\OT\ rou I.apav'tupT\ ue tT\V lCa'tT\yopia on au'til etvm 'tuxa «mo'til a1t6000T\» rou OuylC<XpE't'tt. H lCa'ta"('YEA.ia au't1'l BEv IJ-1tOPOUOE vo. U1toO'tT\ptX'tEi ue 't600 lCa'tT\'YopT\-

92

H npOTOnOPlA l:THN nonna

lla'ttKU A.&yta, uJ..:w. 1tapU 'ta\)'ta 0 Pav'tO<; E1tavTtA.OE 0' au'tit, IlE'tU a1t6 flta ~iat11 avnopa<Tl1 rou fupav'tUP11, yta va 1tEt (J'UJ.11tEPaCJlla'ttKu:

'Ooot cero 'tou<; avayv<OO'ta<; rou ~EPO'UV t'taA.tKU fl1tOPEi vc oouv av EXCI) OiKW 1'1 6Xt 6'tav A.EYCI) 1tCl)<; 1tpoo1taOd v« a1toOcOOEt tOY Ungaretti',

H yvcOfl11 tOU Pevrou, otatu1tO)JlEvr) E'tCJt E&b, aOtKti 'tOY ttaA.OOpEfl!lEVO 1tot11'tit' 0 fupavtUpT)<;, a1tA.cO<;, 13011eiJEhlKE a1t6 tOY OUYKapEt'tt yta vo ~PEt to Op61l0 tOU, 61tro<; (J'UVE~T) Kat IlE UMoU<; 1tot11tE<;' ECJtCl) Kat o» CJt1)v a<P€'t1lpia 't1l<; 1tPOO1tUOEtU<; rou XP11CJtflo1toi110E 'm)fl~OA.a' Kat A.eK'ttKOU<; (J'UvOuaoIlOU<; 1tOU avaYPu<pOvtat Kat otov OuyKapEt'tt'. o fupavtUP11<; KatEqrraoE CJt1)V AeiJva IlE flta !lEOOOO CJ'U"(KPO't1lJlEv11, 61tro<; fl1tOpoullE vo otamCJt<oooullE Kat a1t6 ta ypallJlEva 1'taA.1KU notTtIlatu rou, Ka'tu 't1lv a1t6'tofl11 E1ta<p1't tou IlE rnv EM11vtKit 1tpaYfla'ttK6- 't1lta, Ilta npaYfla'tt K6't1l'ta 1tOU rou 'tpaullu'tt~E rnv ayu1tT\ 't1l<; na'tpiOac;, au'tit 11 !lEOo&><; 13PTtKE 't1lv Eq>aPfloyTt 't1l<; <pEPVOVtac; a1to'tEA.EOfla- 'ta 1tOA.U YOvtfl6'tEpa a1t6 Ktiva 1tOU Oa EiXE OcOOEl 0 iow<; o» &v EiXE avoproOd ~CI) ceto au'tit 't1l CJ'U"(KEKpt!lEV1) 1tpaYlla'ttK6't1l'ta. 'E'tCJt ~PEO1)KE omv AeiJva, 01tOU «j3acriA.eUE 1tEpa yta 1tEpa CJ;(E06v 0 KapuoycaKlOfl6<; Kat T) aKaOrtlldiKit anOlllllT)<Tl1 't1l<; 1t0111'ttKit<; Ilac; napU&>CJ11<;», Kat ~E1tEpaCJE rnv a1tO'tEA.IlU'tCl)CJ11 au'tit, 01tro<; mcr'tEUEt 0 Kapav'tcOv11<; «(/)1)m.orvOJf.Jie;, B', 1960, 0. 213). l:'t1lv npaYfla'ttK6't1l'ta Oflro<; 0 fupaV'tUP11<; ~PE01)KE E~CI) a1to rnv a1to'teA.Jlu'tCl)CJ11 nou Afu. 0 Kapav'tcOvT)<;, OXt E1tEtOTt 0 lOW<; 't1lv ~E1tEpaCJE, aA.A.U E1tEtOTt ttuXE vo ti Vat E<pOOtaCJ!lEvo; IlE Ilta ~EV1) flEOooo, evo; I'taAoU nOt11'tit 1tOU eiXE ~E1tEpUOEl OIlOA.oYE<; Ka'tao'tuoEt<;, a'U'tE<; 1tOU aV'tt1tpooCl)1tEuov'tat a1t6 'to crepuscolarismo, 0 fupav'tupT)<;, XPT)CJtIlO1totcOv'ta<; Ka'tUA.A.T)A.a 't11 flEOooo au'tit, 1l1tOPOUOE IlE rn CJEtpU rou, KaOcb<; ~ptoK6'tav 1tEpa a1to rnv uyovT) aflT)xavia 1tOU Ka'ta1tie~E rnv EUUOa, vo CJ'U"(KPO'titOEt Ilta OtKit rou OEO>pia 'xapu<;', nou etvrn flta llE'taqn>CJtKit 1tpOEK'ta<Tl1 't1l<; U1tocr'ta<Tl1<;, Ilta 110tKO-at(01)maKTt 1tA.T)p6't11'ta, IlE 'tEA.tKO a1to'tEA.eOlla rnv uP<Tl1 rou atcreiJfla'to<; CJ'tEp11<Tl1<;6.

TIapaOE'tCl) Eva 1toi11fla 1tOU 'to ota1tEpvu au'tit 11 aioEhl<Tl1 fl11 O'tEP11- <Tl1<; KU'tt 1tOU Tt'tav xorvoopio yta 't1lv EMUOO Kat 1tOU Oa (J'Uvav'titooous orov EA.u't1l, oro Pttoo - OXt Oflro<; Kat orov l:E<pEP11. Kuptapxti 'to «nopov- (n'tA.o<;: "TIEpina'to<; O'tO 1tap6v"), etvoa ypallJlEv0 cr'ta 1934 Kat etvoa aq>tEPcof.1£vo otov Kapav'tcOv11.

93

H IIPQTOIIOPIA l:THN IIOIHl:H

EpomapuC!l 1ta.tyvioux q>tAta lCat q>tAta

an'j6ta lCOpt'tcrtcOv yuvatlCcOV xptvu lCat p600

H flviUlO'U uou Vtol8Et EVa xaot Aou~ro 'ta fla'tta

aq>Ttvro 'ta XEpta

oro mo lCa8ap6 vepo

5

avE~aivro a' Eva yaAa~to ~ouv6 (flta 8aAaaaa lC'U't'ta~ro

1tO'U ue 1tpOaEXEt)

q>'twro <Yt'T\V lCOp'Uq>it avEAmmov oopovo

Kat av'ttlCp(~ro 'ta crUWEq>a

10

1(\ avaflEaa a'ta crUwEq>a 'ta XP6vta uou alCEpata

15

H crUv'toflTl EV6'tTl'ta, oiXro<; crti~Tl 1tapaOO~alCit (oi 1ta.UcrEte; lCat ot a').)n:yEe; rovou OnAolvov'tat flE lCEq>aAa(a lCat flta 1tapEv8E<JTl), EiVat Eva &iYfla ypaq>itc; 1t0'U EmOtcOlCEt 0 llipav'tapTle; lCat flat; ~8a iaro<; vo fl1tOUflE cr'tte; ~aeu'tEpEC; 1tE1tot8itaEte; roo yupro ornv u1tap~Tl. A1to rnv evvota 1tO'U 0 (owe; a1tOlCaAoOOE «TlOovTt» (Tl EPomlCit Efl1tEtpia, crtiXOt 1- 5) ~E1(\Va flta avootlCit lCiVTl<JTl. ME'ta 'tTlv 'toflTt 'tTle; flvTtflTlC;, 1t0'U Eivat avolOuVTl, a1tEAEu8EproJ.1EvTl a1t6 'tOY 1t6vo (<<Xuov> 5), flE'ta, OnAaOTt, a1t6 Eva a'tafla'tTlfla yta va lCOt't~Et maro, 0 1tOtTln'jc; fl1ta.(VEt oto 1tapTtyopo uyp6, 1tpol'ta us 'ta fla'tta (6), 1(\ umEpa ue 'ta XEpta (7-8' «aq>itvro»: cdc- 8Tlfla EflmmocrUVTle;). A1tO 'to «yaAa~to ~uv6», 61t0'U 'tOY ECj>EPE Tl avoOtlCit lCiVTl<JTl (9), rou ~avoiYE'tat flta ElC't<X<JTl1tO'U OEV rou a'tElCE'tat ~EVTl (<<fl£ 1tpOaEXEt» 11). l:'tov oopovo, otov 01to(0 q>'tWEt o(Xro<; va lCa'ta-

. ~aUEt 1tpocrna8Eta (<<avEAma'to»), auvav'ta rnv 'UYPTt <pU<JTl, 6xt ma ornv a1tn'j 'tTle; pE'Uan'jlCa'tam<X<JTl, aAAa crE floPq>it crUWECj>O'U (14). H ~rof} roo, ue rn xpovtlCit flE'tPTlcrTt 'tTlC; (<<'ta xp6vta uou» 15), OEV ExEt u- 1toa'tEi lCavEva alCpro'tTlptaafl6 (<<alCEpata» 16) lCat 'ta'U'ti~E'tat ue 'tTl a'topytlCit UYPTt UATl (<<crUWEq>a» 15).

H yTttVTl Efl1tEtpia "TlOoVTte;", 1-4, Em'tEAEi'tat EPTtflTlV rou ·'tEAtlCOU npoopiouoc (<<EpOYttaptlCa 1tatyviota» 1). 0 EpOYttafl6e; &v EiVat ~a-

94

H I1PQTOnOPIA ITHN nOIHIB

'tEueuv6I1£Vo<;, &v a<pOpa. O'E ~ta 0'U"(1I:E1I:ptJ.Ltvrl yuvai1l:a (<<O''t1'18ta 11:0- Pt'tO'tWV yuvat1l:wv» a~ta.<popa 3). eEAl1~EVl1 11 'tPt~~EVl1 ~E'ta<popa. «xptvu 1I:at p6oo» 4, (avE~a.p'tTl'tO<; 1tMXYtO<; Myo<;: flUo<; 1tpO<PEPEt 'tTl ~'ta<popa., 6Xt 0 1totl1'til<;). Tou<; O''ti.xou<; 1-4 'tou<; a1l:0uOl 0" Eva'toVtouevo pue~6 1I:a.1t0l<; yopy6, U1tayopEu~vO a1t6 rnv a1tapi.e~l1O'1l (ouv'tEA.Ei. 1I:at 11 E1tavMl1'lfl1 «<ptAta. 1I:at <ptAta.» 2). Kat a1t6 pue~t1Cil a.1to'lfl1 o O"ttxo<; 5, «H ~vil~l1 uou VtroeEt Eva X~t», etvoi ~ta ava.1taUAa, ue apy6 pue~6. A1t6 1I:Et 1I:at 7ttpa 0 pue~6<; ytvE'tat 0''tp0l't6<;, ue optousvn O'Uxv6'tTl'ta ~O'a O"tl1V 1tapa'ta1l:'tt1l:il O'Uv'ta1l:'tt1Cil oo~il, 1tOU ~ap'tupEi ~ta 1topEta ~iXOl<; ~tO''tay~ou<; 1I:at a~<pt~oAiE<;.

Au't1'1l1 avUyvOlO'1l EytVE E~ u1toypa~~i.~ov'ta<; ~Pt1l:a. O''totXEi.a E1I:- . <PP!XO'1l<; 1I:at 1tEPtEXO~VOU, 1tOU uopeopocv 'tTl ~ta.O"t!XO'1l rou l:apav'ta.Pl1 O"XE'tt1l:a. ue rnv EMl1Vt1Cil E1I:<ppaO''tt1Cil1l:at eE~a'tt1Cil 't11<; O''ttY~il<;: '1I:aeapil' 1tOil1O'1l 0''tTl ypa~~il1tou ~E1I:tVa. a1t6 'to BaAEpu, 1I:at 1tapMAl1A.a eE~a ~tavol1'tt1l:6 ue ~ta av'tt~'tci>mO'1l 'tTl<; ~roil<; EV'tEA.ci><; ~t<X<pOpE'tt1Cil a1t6 E1I:EiVTl tou 1I:apuOl'ta1l:t0'~ou7.

H E~1tEtpia eon llipav'tll.pl1 ava1t'tUx81l1l:E 0" Eva xwpo eEAl1~va 1I:at Em~ova 0''tEv6, us 0''t6xo rnv Ev't!XO'1l. A1I:6~111tto 1tEptOptO'~v111l:at aO'<pU1I:'tt1Cil <pai.vE'tat 11 E~1tEtpia rou, 6'tav rn 0'U"(1I:pivou~ ue mv E'Upu'tl1'ta rrov Ev~ta<pEp6v'tOlV 1I:at ~ 'tTl ~aXl1'tt1Cil ~paO''tTlpt6't11'ta rou Nt1Cil'ta pa.v'tou, 1I:OtVOlVt1l:0U E1tavama.'tTl 1tOU 1I:a'tapyouO'E 'tOY xopuOl'ta1l:t0'~6 ue ~O'a EV'tEA.ci><; ~ta<pOPE'tt1l:a..

1 0 U1tap~tO")l6c; rou l:apavtlXp'l1 tXEt Ilia KateU9uvO"'ll spiritualiste, 1tOU a1tOKWt Elpa1tt6jlEvec; jlE to llap~tO"ttK6 u1tap~tcrIl6. BA. CJ\Y"fKEKptjltva Ivp.{JoAf! oe uux qJzA,ou()({Jla TT/q V1rap~77t; 1937, jlE E1taVtKOOO"'ll ma Aoxiuux; 1970 (~A. etOtKa to KElp. "H 'I1oovi)Kat '11 mCJt'll").

2 0 EAUtTlC;, 1974, cr. 274-5: «Ata~~ajlE Il~i rauouC; Kat ItaAoUC; 1tOt'l1ttc;, tOtahEpa tOY Ungaretti, nouto 1tEpi<P'llIlO 1toi'l1lla tOU "Memoria d' Ofelia d' Alba", 9ullallat, to Eixa lla9Et a1t' ~ro eto 1tprot6tu1to». H KPU<P1'l aya1t'l1 rou EAUtTl yta tOY OuyKapttn yiVEtat q>IlVEP1'! Kat ue ta 1tOt1'!llata 1tOU jlEttq>pacre os (JlJvepyama jlE tOY ItaM Kat OTIllomeljlE CJt'Il &Vrep77 rpalfJ11, 1976, (61tou Kat '11 jlEtaq>P!lO"'ll"Mvi)Il'l1 t'IlC; O<pt]Aiac; t'IlC; Auy1'tC;").

3 BA. crxenKa F.M. Pontani, Fortuna greca di Ungaretti, navto~a 1972, cr. 7-15. 4 0 Pontani, 6.1t. cr. 19, tXEt u1t6'1f11 tou rnv a1toAoyia tOU l:apavtap'l1, Ta Nta rpap.p.ata, I" 1937, cr. 423-4. Ta crxenKa us to PavtO, Nea 4>V.ua, A', 1937, teUX'Il 3 Kat 4, cr. 83 (61tOU Kat '11 EKtill'l1O"'1l tOU PavtOu 1tOU avaq>tpro), oro otK61lou "Duo note su Ungaretti in Grecia", Prospetti, Pci>jl'l1, teUXoC; 28,1972, cr. 53-4.

5 Aev Eivat emO"'llC; op91'! '11 a1tallaKnx:it Ipp~ tOU A. Kapavtrov'l1, tPvC1lDrvWJlleq, B' 1960, cr. 213: «AiXooc; v' aKoAou91'!aet Kallta a1t6 nc; Ka9tEpClijltvec; VEroteptO"ttKtc; crxoA.tC;» ...

95

H nPQTOnOPIA I:THN nOlHI:H

6 i\Ull ~TtYTlOTl 'tTI~ "J(apa~", otov K. Aaom9tOYtalCTl, "Kalt£1:aValCTl~-r.apav1:apll~", Ev8tjV1], 1:eUJ(o<;; 40, 1975, 0. 174-6.

7 nap61l0ta 1toillOTl ~aq>Vto.cr£ 1:0V 'EUllva avayvoi<m1. 'E1:m 1l0ta~£t vn J(aVEt 1:0V 1tpooava1:0A.tOIl6 1:0t> 0 r. eEJ.lEA.ll<;; Il1tP~ ma AmEpla, 1935: «H J(PTtOTl 1:0t> Em9E1:0t> 1t.J(. 1tapot>ma~Et Ilta o:1tpoo06lCTl'tTI 1toUE<;; q>e>PE<;; o1J~Et>~ll J.lE 1:0 1tpOOOtOptO~o: vitma KO:POtoJ(1:umo:, O1tap1:aptattKit 1l1l1:Epa [ ... J. Am6<;; 0 ~aq>Vto:attK6<;; 0\lVOvO:OIl6<;; Elt£K1:ElVE1:o:t Ko:t 0' UUE<;; YEVtKa O\l~eU~£t<;;}). (MaK£&JVlIdt; Hpep£t;, I", 1935,0.432). TEA.tKa 1l0ta~Et Ka1:atm1~o<;;: «M;V rnv KO:1:aA.a~aivO) at>tTt 'tTIv 1tOillOTl, 61lW<;; ollOA.oyOO 6n uou o:pEOEt».

o NzroJra; Pavto; xca 11 Ka(}oAzroJ enavaataan

30" 0 NiK:o~ KaAallup11~, 1tOU J.I£ 'to ovouo Ntldt'ta~ pl'tv'to~ eypa'l'E 'to. 1tpcbta 1totTJJla'tu 'tOU Kat J.I£ 'to ovouo M. l:mEpo~ 'to. KPt'ttKU rou Up- 9pa, Eq>£PE ornv EA.MOO Kat au't6~, 61tm<; Kat 0 no)pyo~ l:a.Pav'tap11~, Jlta1tOt11'ttldt E1t£!;EpyaaJ.LEv11 E!;ro a1t6 'to. EU11VtKU cnlvopa. AK61la Kat J.I£ptKU 9EJla'ta JlOtut;o'UV aKEpata aaayJ.1Eva a1t' E!;ro, 61tm<; A.6you XUP11 "To 'tpayouBt 'trov A.tJ.I£VtKcOV EPYOOV" (&1JlomEu'tTlKE O'tO 1t£ptoBtK6 Ilpononopot-zo 1931, a. 402 K.£.). "To 'tpayouBt" Bev a'tTlpit;E'tat oe ava<pOPE~ 'tTl~ EA.A.11Vtldt~ 1tpaYJla'ttK6'tTl't~, aMa, cnlJl<prova J.I£ 'to. ouJl<ppat;6p.eva, os !;EVE~ Ka'ta.O'tua£t~, oto A.tJlUvt 'tTl~ NE~ Y 6pK11~ 90. 'A.eYE~ mo 1tOA.U 1tapu otov Iletpmc, llp6KEt'tat "(to. uio yoP'Yil ava1tapua'ta- 01l 'tTl~ Komaa'ttldt~ t;roft~ 'trov Epya'tcOv 1tOU !;E<pOP'tcOvO'UV KUp~O'UVO, Kat, a1t6 't11V UAA11 1tAEUPU, 'tTl~ a1tOVlu<; rou EKJ.I£'taAA.eu'tTJ 'tou~ (<<11 KapBtu tou a<pEv't11 » ... «'t11V EXro Bet / Jlovuxa vo Bta'tut;Et / 'tpcir(ov'ta<; J.I£ 'tTl xa~va rou / rootov aurov 'tt<; EAmBE<;», anxot 55-8). To 1tOi11Jla am6, Jlat;i J.I£ aua., EV J.1EPEt 1tPO)'to'tu1troJ.1Eva O'ta 1t£ptOBtKu IIpOJronopocxsx: 0 KVKA.O;, Ka'tEA.11!;E'tO 1933 0't11 ouA.A.orfl IIo111J.lara. nO. vo EVVOTJaoUJ.I£ exrtooo 1tA.11PEO'tEpa 'tou<; ouva&t'tou<; at6xou<; 'tTl<; ouAAO"fiJ~, 1tOU EPX6tav vc avatapa!;a 'to. tEA.Jlata ron KapuO)'tanaJlou, Elvat aK6mJlO vc ExOUJ.I£ u1t6'1'11 Kat rnv Kptnldt Bp<XO't11Pt6t11ta tOU KaAaJluP11, 1tOU 'to. iBta EK£iva XP6vta etvoi EV'tOVTl Kat 1tPOKA.11'ttldt. l:'to ap9po "Ematpo<pTJ otov 1'tv9pO)1tO" (0 KVKAo;, 1, 1931-2, a. 132-6), Myou xup11, u1toa't11pi~Et 6tt «TEXV11, un11 a1t6 rnv 1tpoA.e'taptav1l [sic] Bev Jl1tOpei vu U1tUp!;Et» (a. 134), lCat Ka'taA.1lYEt O'tO ouJl1tEpooJla:

l:£ E1t0X1l 61tou 'to Jliao~ Kat 11 EA.mOO oovouv 'tt<; ~a9Utepa a.v9promVE<; xop&<;, au'tu 'ta at~Jla'ta 9a ElC<pput;a 11 'tExVTl, 11 TEXNH [ ... ], 1tOU ~ya{vEt a1t6 'ta 1tOvEJ.1Eva aro9tKu''tOU av9pc01tou co» O1tapaXttldt Kpa'U"f1l!

96

H narrononx l:THN noraza

Katt to ava'MYyo 6a u1to<Yt11pi~et OtO ap6po "TIpo~Arll.1ata 1tPOA.etaptalC1'\~ tExVll~" (Neo: Iloanoxopot; 1932), lCataBt1(a~ovta~ 6~ox; to oomaAtattlC6 peaAto~6, 1tOU lCataotpEq>et to aU~~OAo, trw lCaAAtteXVtlC1'\ e~tOOvilCeuOTl, t11 qroyf).

Tov lCatp6 1tOU 11 YEVta rou Tptavta eixe £Vtove~ e7ttq>U~et~ yta t11v 1toi11OT1 rou Ka~a<P1l (r.eq>EP11~, eeotolCa~, ~pi~~ lC.a.), 0 Pavto~ 6Xt uovo Bev tt~ au~~pt~6tav, nUa oote lCat e~1toBt~6tav a1t' autE~ yta ve &t 1tOAU 7ttO llalCpta. ~tO teUXo~ 1tOU 0 Kvdo, aq>t£proae orov AA.e~avBptV6, 0 Pavto~ Btamatrove OteVE~ OXEOet~ t11~ 1toi11OT1~ rou Kaj3a<P1l ue tOU Eliot, 1tpoA.a~a{vovt~ lCata lCa1tOtO tp61to rov r.eq>tP11 lCata ~{a &lCaetia (I', r.eq>tP11~, "K. TI. Ka~a<P1l~, ~. 'EAtOt· 1tapaU11- Aot" [o~lAia 1946] ArrAOE.u1JVlK"11 Em(JEWp1JC11J, 1"", 1947, o, 33-43). Aq>op~1't ro'o auoxetto~ou atae"lCe 11 BtamatIDOTl on t600 0 £v~ 600 lCat 0 auo~ elCq>pa~O'\lV ~ta 1tapalC~a~ouoa aottlC1'\ t~11 '. A1tO rnv au11 1tA.eupa, ~ta BtamOtIDOTl o~eia lCat yevvaia yta rnv euput11ta t11~ ouv rnv alC6Aoue", eivat O1tc'tvta av~oa Ott~ ~paxu1tp66eo~~ q>povti&~ rou xoapoc autou:

H 1toi11OT1 1tpoxropei m'}j.tepa ue ta ~apta A.6yta trov eooeoopiatcbv, u,reppeaAtatcbv lCat imagist 1tOt11tcbv, 1't ~ tt~ 1t'\l1(\lE~q>pao~ tOU KAroVtEA., ro» T.~. 'EAtot lCat rou BtlCOU ~a~ Ka~a<P1l. (0 KVK"AO~ B', 1932, o. 98)

o Pc'tvtO~ t&OA.oytlCa 1'ttav e1tavamat11!J,£vo~. 0 {Bto~ 6eropouae rnv tExVll tOO, a1t6 autl't rnv cl7to'l"l, «7tpoA.etaptalC1't». H e1tavamattlC6t11- ta rou Bev eiVat ~ovaxa telC~11ptro!J,£v1l ata ap6pa roo- EPXetat vo EV\OXUaet t11v EIl7tVeuaTt tOUlCat oe 1tot1't~ata oav am6 1tou1'tB1l avEq>epa. 'Etm 0 Pc'tvtO~ e~q>a.vi~et ~ta 1tpooromlC6t11ta 1tOU ue auvE1tEta auvtat~ pta~et <Yt11 5paa" t11~ ~ta 1tproto~ouAia 1tprot01tOptalC1't erov lCOtVIDVtlC6 to~a ~ ~ta 1tproto!X>uAia 1tprot01tOptalC1't otov lCaMttEXVtlC6 lCat et&lCa <Yt11v 1toi11OT1. Autl't 11 Bt1tA1't rou tBt6t11ta 7tprot07topi~ E1tttp£1tEt vu ytvEtat A.6yo~ yta ~1.a lCa60A1.lC1't E1tfJ.Vaat(lOTl rou PcWlou ornv EMa- 00, ~oa ata xp6Vta 1tO'\l 1tP01lyoUVtat a~oa a1t6 t11 BtlCtatop{a ro'o Met~a. Av 6~ox; 11 e1tavaatattlC1't ron t&OAoyta, 6~t~VIl orov !J,ap~1.o!J,6, E1tttPE1tEt vo lCc'tvOU~ A.6yo yta auvE1tEta att~ Wo nU11A.oe~aptcb!J,eve~ 7tA.eup~ t11~ 1tpooromlC6t11t~ rou, 11 t&oAoyta tou autl't &v E6eae 1tapro1ti~ ornv 07tttlC1't tOU yrovta, aq>Ou &v e~1t6B1.ae eov i&o ve avayvrop{aet emteUy~ata lCa1. ornv tEXVll1tOU 1C1.VOUVtav OE 1(ateuOOv~ ~taq>OpettlCE~ a1t6 tt~ ~ap~tattlCE~. Tt' am6 ~aMoU Bev

97

H npmOnOPIA ITHN nOIHDl

~iO'tacrE vu avayvrop{O£l Kat 'tI.~ Ka'taK't1'\a£t~ orov 1tOtl1't1.K6 ').6yo rou T. TIa1t<X'tOolV1l, 6nroc; Kav£l O'tO ap9po rou '''Ev~ J.1£'tacpumK6~ 1tOtl1- 't1'\~" (NEoeM.l1Vll(cX rpf4/l.la-ra,6 OK't~pio'\) 1935, o. 3). H t&oA.oyl.lC1'1 rou ceotovoute OE ~l1't1'\~a'ta 1tP01to.V'tO)V atOe,,'tI.Ko., 1tO'\} ~ta.crttKo. E- 0't0) ~talttO'tc.OOa.J.1£ OE at>'t1'\ 'tTl ~y~a'toA.l1wia., OUV'tEA.eOE cOOtE 11 ~o.- 011 rou vu ~11 (J'\}~~t~o.~E'tat J.1£ rnv Em01l~l1 KO~~'\}vtan1C1'\ 1tOA.t't1.1C1'\, aK6~11 Kat 7tptv at>'t1'\ a1tOK't1'\a£t ~aA.lytEpl1 ~ux.U.w;{a, 'to 1934 (~A.. KEep. 25). Xav6'tav E'tat ~ta £UKatp{a yta 'tTlv KO~OUVtan1C1'\ 1tOA.t't1.1C1'\ ornv EUtioo vo evOl.Of.l.a'tc.OO£l ornv t&oA.oyt1C1'\ 1tpCO'to1tOpia ~ta ~opqn'l KaA.A.t'tEXVt1C1'\~1tpCO'to1tOpi~ 1t0'\} 'tTl~ EA.£t7t£, 1tapaxropolv't~ J.1£ a'\}'t1'\ rnv a7t£ptaKE'lf£a O'to,\}~ 1tOA.t't1.KO~ av'tl.1ttl.A.o'\}~ 'ta 7tpCO'tria 'tTlC; KaA.A.t'tEXvt1C1'\~ 7tpCO't01tOp{~.

Eivat 1tapaoo~o oxreooo 00, evol oi KO~~O,\}vtO'tE~ exavav ~ta Ka- 1..1'1 E'\}Katp{a vo unv '\}O'tEP1'lOOUV os Eva ~'tCl)1tO yta 'to 01tO{o E&txvav Ev5ta.cpEpov, rnv {5ta any~1'I 0 a.crttK6~ cptA.eA.£'U9EPt0J.16~ Ka't~iKa~E aJ.1£{A.tK'ta 'tOY Po.v'to 9Eropcbv't~ 'tOY ElttKivoovo E1taVaO'to.'tTl. A'\}'t6 'to'\}A.aXtO'tov 5talttO'tolvo'\}J.1£ 5ta~o.~ov't~ mv Em9£011 1t0'\} ElttCP\>~ O'tO Ilol1'iJ.la-rcX'to'\} 0 A. Kapav'tolV11~ O'tO 7t£pw&K6 IOta ("'Ev~ '\}7tEp~V'tEPVOC; A.6yt0~", IOta, B', 1933, o, 120-6). 0 Kapav'trov,,~ 5ev avexE'tat 'tOY « KEcpa.A.a.tOKPo.'tTl» 1tO'\) 7ttl.£t J.1£ 'to'\}~ 7tpOA.e'to.pto'\}c;, Ka'tayyEA.£t 'tOY eA.eU9epo anxo roo «(orop6~ a7t6 eppaaet~ 5{X~ p'\}9~6 Kat 't~11»), rn «511~oatoypa.cpt1C1'\ 1tp6~a», 'to yeyov6~ 6't1. «to A.t~ rou 'to K<ri£l ~vo.xa ~1tPOO'to. O'tTlV EtK6va rou K~o'\} Kat rou Ka~», Ko.'tl. 'to £YKA.l1~a'tl.K6 yta 'to'\}~ 511~0't1.1C1.atEc;. Aua 0 Kapav'tolV11C; OOo'avaaxe'tri 7tp01tCtv'tCllV ~1tp6C; otov 7tpCO'to1tOptaK6 xapaK't1'\pa 'tTl~ 'texV1l~ rou Pav'to'\} ee O'tEvfI ~ap'tTlO1l J.1£ rnv 1tOA.t't1.1C1'\ rou t&oA.oyia: «omv 0.xpn 'tTl~ A.a.xavtaO~l1C; rou 1tEV~ XOP01t1l00'6vE 'tpeA.ti. rou '\}7t£p~oV'tEPvtO~'6 'ta a1C1.o.X'tpa· Kat eou ~ap~tO~o'6 'ta tvM.i.p.a'ta», A.Ey£l 0 VEOC; KPt'tl.K6C; a.yavaK'tI.O~O~.

Mta aul1 KPt't1.1C1'\ yta 'ta IlOl1'iJ.laTa, a7t<XA.A.a.y~ 6~~ a1t6 1tOA.t'tI.1C1'\ ~7ttl.9Eta., '\}1to~oA.t~ma ri'tE 6Xt, eou rEolpytO'\} MAw'\} (MaI(EOOVln%' HJdp~, A', 1932-3, o, 374-6), ~XV£l ev5tacpepov yta rnv «7t£ptypaeptK6't1l'ta», yta 'to oapKao~6, a1to'tEA.eo~ «~ta~ acruyKpo.nt'tTl~ eptA.ooocpt1C1'\c; avtKavo1to{1101l~», yta'tov «rovo ev6~ EOCO'tEPtKO'6 1t<XpaA.l1p1'l~a'to~». Acpo'6 5taW1tc.OO£l J.1£PtKE~ ElttCPU~Et~ yta OPtO~£~ EK- 511A.ci>aet~ 1tOA.t'tl.1C1'\~ t&oA.oyi~, ~{aKEt 'teA.tKo. 00 0 Pav'to~ «5ta't1'\P110E aKEpata 'ta Wo ~aatKo. a'\}'to. O'totXE{a 'tTl~ 1tO{1101lC;», 'tTl &a.J..Lap-

't'\}p{a Kat 'tTlv EtK6v.a? .

o Pav'tOC; eyKa'tEA.£t'lf£ rnv EA.A..a&x. 'to 1936, ~ta XPOvto. 1tO'\} 511Mb-

98

H I1PnTOnOPIA l:THN nOIHl:H

vet 1to'J.J..fJ.', lC<X.t 1tPOOXcOpTlO'£ £mO'Tl~a oro U1t£PPWAtO''ttlC6 1Ci.VTI~a 'tTIe; raAA.i.ae; ~XPt vo avayvroptO''tel a1t6 -tov Andre Breton ~asi ~ 'toue; Caillois, Etiemble, Peret lCat 6.AAoue;, cev vou; a1t6 eou; «O~u't£poue; lCat 'to~TlPoue; aTt~pa»·. To 1938 O11~ocrie'l'£ O"tO napim 'to geropTl'ttlC6 oo1Ci.~to Foyers d' incendie (£lCa. Denoel), Au't1'! TI ~'taYEVeO"t£PTl ap6.O'TI rou lCat 'to YEYov6<; on £~cpaviO"tTllC£ ue U1t£pp£aA.tO"ttlC6. 1totTt~a'ta O"ta Nea tPVAAa'tou 1937, O11~touP'YTIO'av rnv EV'tU1tCOO'll on 0 P6.v'toe; Tt'tav

~U1t£PPWAtO''tTte; a1t6 rnv 1tpc.O'tT\ lCt6Aae; O''ttY~Tt, ue 'ta Ilouuuxta us» 1933. 0O"t60'0 0 ialOe; 'to 1937 elX£ O11A.cOOU 6'tt «ro Ilouuuna us» NtJCit'ta PW'tou &v elvat U1t£pp£aA.tO"ttlC6.» (Nea tPVA.A.a, 't£uxoe; 3, 1937, 0'. 57). l:'t6xoe; 'tTIe; ~A<OOlle; au't1'!e; &v Tt'tav TI a1toJCitpu~TI 'troY 1tOtTl~6.'trov £lC£ivrov, aU6. ~ta &amO''tCOO'll av9pcfutou 1tOU eX£t 1tATtPTl YV<lxrrl 'troY AoyO'tEXVtlCO>V ~96arov. H 1tap~Tt'YTIO'Tl1tOU atM69T1lC£ oro xowo on 0 1tpcO'toe; P6.v'toe; it'tav U1t£pp£aA.tcr't1'le; ocpelA.e'tat 0"tTI crUyxuO'Tl1tOU U1t6.pX£t lCat 1tOU 0 P6.v'toe;·~ mlCpa atamO"trov£ 'to 1937: «l:Tt~pa vo~isouv 1tCO<; aUG X'tu1t11'tee; £tlC6v£e; lC6.vOUV U1t£pp£aA.tO"ttlC6 1toiTl~a» (6.1t.). Iho O'UYlC£lCpt~a vo~isro on uepucoi 1tTtpav yta U1t£ppeaA.tO'~6 ~ta ~90oo YOPYo>v EV'tU1to>cr£rov (vo 'tte; 1tOU~ 1tp6x£tpa £~1tp£mOVtO''ttlCee;;) 1tOU, omv 'taXU'tTI'ta 'tTIe; ataBoXTtC; 'touc;, 1tapaO'epvouv 'to A.6yo 0'£ 'to~TIpouC; O'UOX£'ttO'~ouC;, aivov'ta<; e'tm orov avayvcbO"tTl ~ta aio9rtO'Tl 1tapouoio ue 'tTIC; O'Uv£tP~tJCitc; crUv9£0'TIe; tou U1t£pp£aAtO''ttlCoU 'tp61tou. Iho oum<XO"ttlC6., 0 P6.v'tOC; lCa'ta~6.A.A.et ~6.A.TI 1tp00'1t6.9u<X, Aiyo ~'t6. 'to 1930, yta vo cruylCP0't1'!cru ~ta 1toiTlO'Tl 1Ci.VTlO'TIe;, XPTlm~o1toto>v'ta<; yt' aU't6 'to O'lC01t6 £Va av6.A.oyo UAtlC6 0'£ £v'toVTI 1Ci.vTlO'Tl, lCa9o>c; lCat eva A.6yo yopy6. £vaUacr0'6~0, 0'£ O"tevTt O'Uv6.p'tTIO'Tl ue 'tTl YEVtJCit lCiVTlO'TI. 'Htuv lCat aU't6c; £Va<; 'tp61tOC; v« av'ttap6.cret 0 veoc; 1tOtTl'tTtC; om AUptJCit alCtVTIma, otov OOpav'J't vaplCtO'mO'~ 1tOU alCtVTI'to1totel £lC£iva 'ta XP6vta 'tTIv eAATlVtJCit 1tOiTlO'Tl' ~ env EV'ta'ttlC01toiTlO'Tl 'tTIC; 1Ci.VTlO'TIC; lCat rn ~tO'ttJCitc; ap<XO"tTlpt6'tT1'ta<;, ue 6.A.A.a A.6yta ue ~ta 1tUp£'tcO&t1 sO)v't6.vta, 0 veoc; 1tOtTl't1'!e; U1t£pvtlC6. 'tOY lCapu(O'talCtO'~6.

l:'tTI O'EtP6. 1tOtTl~6.'trov ~ 'touC; EVOOlC'ttlCOUC; 't\'tAoU<; "BoTt"(~oTt toov TlXTlp6 a1tO't£A.e~a 'tTIe; apaO"tTlpt6'tTI'ta<;), "To 'tpayouat 'troY At~vtlCo>V epyrov", "Llta~A<OOll", "l:'tpOYYUATt O'U~cprovia", 0 P6.v'toe; aiv£t £v'tov£e; eixove; ~ta<; 1t6ATle; y£~6.'tTIe; 1Ci.VTlO'TI, ~ta vea lCodj.1oyovia 1tOU 'tpa~6. ~aYVTl'ttlC6. lC6.9£ £lC~A<OOll sroTte;. Y1t6.PXouv ~~ata xrn 1tOtTt·· ~o.'to. 'to1t09£'tTI~o. 0'£ 'tomo. u1to.{9pou, lCat ~6.A.tO''ta au't6. lCo.'to..6.O'eovroa av6.~O'o. O"to. 1tpcO'ta 1tOU lCoi't~av ue lCatVOupta 6p<X.O'Tl 'to Atyo.i05• 0 lCuptOe; 1tOtTl'ttlC6e; xcOpoe; rou P6.v'tou ~V£t COO"t60'0 TI 1t6ATI, TI ~aA.oU1tOATI ~ 'ttc; £mlCee; 'tTIe; cruylCpOUO'£te; O"toue; ap6~ouC; lCat O"toue;

99

H narrononx I:THN nOIHl:H

&lp.6mo'Ue; x<Opo'Ue; - 6x_t xUV'troc; oe KAaO"'tEe; 'Kap.ap£e;'. H ":E'tpo"fY\>A.il O"'Up.qlrov{a" a1t6 a'U'tiJ rnv a1to'flTl £1vat 6x_t uovo Eva 1tapaoo:wa evn- 1tpoO(J)1t£'UnK6, a')..)..6. Kat Kan 1tapa1twro, Ka9roc; O"'Uv&ua~u 1t0AA.a7tUL 1tpo06v'ta Kat £m~x£'tat 1toA.A.a1tA.Ee; avayvoo£te;. '01troc; 'to OTlA.cOv£\ Kat 0 ti'tA.oc;, 1tp69£O"TJ rou 1tmTl'tiJ £ivat vo: a1toOcOOu 't1'\V 1t£PtO"'tPOqlt!CiJ KiVTIO"TJ 'tTle; ~roiJe;, K'UKA.tlC1'!, oiXroc; OtaKo1til, y6pro a1t6 't1'\V 1tA.a't£1a 1t0'U £ivat 0 op.<p<lA.6e; 'tTle; A6iJvae; Kat 't1'\e; E')..)..6.00c; (1tpOe; 'to 'tEA.oe; rou 1tmilp.a'toe;, TI Ouovoto 1taet va y{vu Eva 1taYK60p.w aUp.iX>A.o, «'t1'\e; Kaee J.1EyaA.Tle; 1toA.t't£iae; Tl1tA.a't£ia», otixoe; 156). Pupro a1t6 EVrt» to£a't6 al;ova 1t£ptO"'tpEq>£'tat TI KiVTIO"TJ 't1'\e; ~roiJc;, J.1E av9pcb1t0'Ue; Kat 'tpoxo<jl6pa 1tav't6e; £ioo'Ue;. 0 1tmTl'tiJe;, J.1E 'to £1tavaA.ap.~av6J.1EVo pilp.a «yupi~u» oe £mp.oVTI a')..)..6. P.TI p'U9p.t!CiJ O"'Uxv6't1'\'ta, J.1E't1'\ 01.(XOOXTt YOpyIDv eucovov, 1t0'U Tlp.ta aKoA.o'U9£i rnv auTl oe O"'Uvupp.t!CiJ auxva aA.A.TlA.o'UXia, eva- 1t09tt£t 0't1'\ O"'Uv£1&1O"TJ rou avayvcbo"t1'\, apya apya !!Eoa omv £up£1a OtclpK£\a rou 1tOtilp.a'toe;, Eva aiO"9rJp.a <XVTIO"'UXiac; 1\a 'to 0"K01t6 6A.Tle; a'U'tiJe; 't1'\e; KiVTIO"TJe;·

H o'tpoyy'UA.il KiVTIO"TJ £ivat TI KiVTIO"TJ tou O"'UP.~OA.tKOU 'tpoxou 't1'\e; 'tuXTle;, 't1'\e; p.oipac;, 't1'\e; ~roiJe;, rou wop.a'toe; 1\a 't1'\ ~roiJ6. Mta 1tpcb'tTI vU~TI orov 'tpoX6 £ivat «Tl1tA.aKa rou qlrovoypaqlo'U» (29), 1t0'U p.aA.tO"'ta «mya yupi~£\ Eva 1taA.t6 'taYK6» (30), p.ta &uo<Xpp.ovia J.1Ee; oto 1tap6v (<<1taA.t6» ma 'taYK6 'tOY xoapo 'tTle; 't~a~). TIapa1tEpa 'ta a'top.a yivovtoa oqlaipa 't1'\e; po'UA.E'tae;, 1tatxviot 't1'\e; 'tUXTle;, oiXroc; a'\)"[6 vc aVaqlEpetoa PTl'ta ( ... «to 1tA.Tt90e; I E'tmp.o vo yupiOEt oa p.1taAa I -1tOWe; op6- p.oe; vo £1vat 'taxa 0 't'UX,£p6e; apt9p.6e;;» 43-5)· Ka\ ~ava Tl1tA.aKa rou qlrovoypa<pO'U.

o 'U1t6YEWe; 0'taep.6e;, 1tp60<p<l't1'\ Ka'taK't1'\O"TJ 't6't£, J.1E 'ta 1tA.il9TI1to'U p.1taivo'UV Kat Ka'ta~pox9i~ov'tat, y{v£'tat Kan 'to 'U1t£pK60p.to, 0 A&le; 1t0'U oopav{~Et 'to'Ue; av9pcb1to'Ue; (<<1tpW xa90uv J.1Ee; omv 'YTI» 37, «n 'to'Ue; O"1tPcOxV£\ K£1 Ka'to'U 0"'t1'\ 'YTI/p.aKpta a1t6 Kae£ aepa», 55-6). H tK£a1a «vo p.1tOpOUO"E vn O"'ta9£1 6A.oe; 0 K60p.oe;» (58), vo O"'tap.a'tiJoo'UV 'fa 1ta-

,V't(X, KPU~ rnv 1t<XpaA.oYTl EAmOO vo eA.£u9Epr09£i 0 w9pomoe; ceto 'to Ka'twaYKaanK6 'tP~tp.o y6pro otov 'tpoX6 rou 1t£1tProp.Evo'U, vo ~ava.- 1tOK'tiJOU 't1'\v 'If\lxil ro'o -iJ p.aA.A.oV TI 'lfUXil va eA.£ueepro9£i a1t6 rnv avaYKat6'tTl'ta 't1'\e; yiJwTle; U1tap~Tle; Kat vo aVE~t one; J.1E'taq>'UmKEe; o<p<lip£e;:

ac; EpeU TI o£tpa'trov 'lfUXcOV vo y'Upioo'Uv A.eu't£pa uOta<pOpo w ima ilK'UKA.o't£pa

y6pro ornv 1tA.a't£1a 't1'\e; Ouovoue;

100

H nPQTOnOPIA l:THN nOIHl:H

CX4; yupiO"ouv O"E lCUlCAOU~ 7tEMbptoU~ 75

O"E O"<pCdPE~ a(}"(l.A.EU'tE~ lCat ~EVE~ -

1(1. 0 <provoypa<po~ CX4; 1l1lV 1tai~E1 Eva 1taA16 'taylC6

npaio 'to ovetpo, AJ.).fx a1t6lCp10"Tl etvoa Eva~ 1A1'Y'Y1(00E0"'tEPO~ (}"'tp6- ~lAO~ (<<yupH~ouv O"a O"~oupa» 94), Eva~ aVEllo~ 0"<poop6~ (97-8).

T11 vuX'ta aUa~E1 11 Ouovoio, «A1IlVa~Ouv ElC£i 80M 'ta vEpa /lCt>lCAo'tEpa» (108-9). H «1tMlCa» (118) ~aAi~E1 'ta O"1tl'tta 't11~ Ouovoice; ME 't11 ~aA11 (1tapaiO"s"O"Tl 6't1 6Aa yupvouv yupro coo), IlE 'to xop6 (lCiV11O"TllCUlCAllC1'1) 01 aV8pO)1t01lCo1'ta~ouv vc vllC1'1O"OUV rnv avia:

1t60"0~ lCUlCAOU~ XOPEUE1 yta vo: 0"1(1.aO"E1 tnv avia

't11~ IlEpa~ 132

Houma ton 0"'tp6~lAoU aU'tou stvoa 61l~ 1l1a ava1t6opaO"'tll avaYlC11

ytati O"'t11v Ouovoux o lCa8E 01a~a't11~

11 lCa8E ll11xav1'l

etre 'to 8EAEl etee 6X1 1tPE1tE1 vc: 1t<XE1 lCulCAo'tEpa

BEv EVOta<pEpE'ta1 lCavEi~ vn lla8E1 1t010~ Ei~at 0 A.6yo~ 'troY 't60"rov y'Ilprov

165

Av 'to ?tQi11l1a aU't6 BEv etvm 11.IlE'ta<pOpa O"'t11v EU11v1lC1'I aO"'t1lC1'I 'to1toypa<pia Ev6~ ~EvOU 1tp0'tU1tOU, 1t<Xro vn m(}"'tE\j1ro 6't1 11 1tp68EO"TlIl1CX4; 0"'tpO~lA1lC1'I~ lCiV11O"Tl~ 1tOU 't60"o..,1tAoUO"1a ElC<ppa~E1 0 Pav'to~ 0"' aU't6 Oev EXElll6vo O"UIl1t'tOlf.1a't1lCE~ axEo"El~ IlE 'to riV11lla vorticism 1tOU 0 E. Pound E'YlCatviaO"E oo» lCa't1 'to 1tapau11Ao IlE 'to imagism', O<pEiAffi 0)0"'t60"0 vo 1tp00"9Eo"ro 6't1, 1tapa 'to YEyov6~ 6't1 'to 1toi11lla au't6 ~EXropi~E1 ~ O"'tllV 1tapayroy1'\ tou Pw'tou', lCat 7tapa 'to YE'Yov6~ 6't1llaprupei ~ 1tpO~ 't1~ 8Erop11't1lC~ a10"s,,'t1lCE~ 1tpo\)1t09fuE1~ 1l1a EV11llEproO"ll 6X1 lC01- V1'\, a<p1'\vE1 alCMu1t'tE~ IlEP1lCE~ aOuvalliE~ 1tOU av1'\lCOUV oto Xall11A6'tEpo E1tl7tEOO rou yAroO"O"1lCOU opywou (M~El~, ElC<ppOOE1~), 1tOU 01tO)O"01'\- 1tO'tE 1t(XPEVOXAoUV 't11V a1tp60"1Co1t't11 avarvroO"ll. nEpa 61l~ a1t6 au't£~ 't1~ AE1t't0IlEPE1E~, 1tOU E&O lCat lCE1 OEV av'tEXOUV oto <ptA600~O YEV1lC6 O"XEOto, ElCEtVO 1tOU IlEVEl etvm 11 1tpCl'Ylla't1lCa 1tPOYto1toptaK1'\ 7tapouma tou pw'tou· 1tpOYto1topia 0"'t11 1lE80oo A6you, 1tpOYto1topia otov 'tp61t0 av'ttllE'tromO"Tl~ 't11~ ~cm't~

101