I];]O[ hC[ZF

.DFD[ DCNL sVP;Pf

EFU o 5
1. B.Tdp_p A. B.lzk•_ A.k._p ATp]$p f.
2. Aby g aTgug AÂbpk (A.k.) _p dkpA°bdp¨ B.Tdp_p
A.k.
3. ABÁdA° dAkydu_ (A.dy. k.) \u [hıkyg.
4. Mp[y_° S>fl [ (k.A.)_u rM]$d[dp¨ lpS>[ [gb L$fu.
5. fı[p°° cyg°gp_° dpNÆ] $iÆ_.
6. ˘]$e fp°N_p¨ ]$]$w _° riap dmu.
7. dı∆ ]°$ klgpdp¨ Bdpd A.k.\u dygpL$p [ A_° 3 lpS>[p°.
8. bpmL$p °_° _°L $u _u [Agud Ap`p°, Ny_plp°\u bQphp°.
9. dp°lÂb[° Bdpd A.k.q]$gp°_° `gV$p hu ]°$ R>°.
10. dp°luÂb° A°lg°b•[ S>.Abyf pS>°A (A.f.).
11. Tylzf dpV°$_u ]y$A p.
12. dpfp iuApAp°_° L$lu]$p ° L°$ Nub[ bp°l[p_\u ]y$f fl°.....
13. Bdpd A.k.A° iap Ap`u.......
14. dp°A du_p°_p A•b_° ≈ l°f _ L$fp°......
15. Bdpd° Tdp_p A._p° lL$u L$u ]$p °ı[.....
16. dp•gp Agu (A.k.)_p° kpQp° ]$p °ı[.
17. Ap¨ky_u qL≠$d[.
18. ATp]$p fu_u aTug[.
19. df_pf h[u k]$L $p ° Ap`hp_p° khpb.
20. dp-bp` dpV$°_u _dpT.
21. A°hu budpfu L°$ [bubp° [°_p BgpS>\u gpQpf \B ≈ e –epf°
`Y$hp_u _dpT
22. budpfu\u [¨]y$fı[ \hp_u ]$p °Ap.
23. [f[ lpS>[ `yfu \hp_p° Adg.
24. ]y$A p `fuQe: ]y$ApA° k_de Ly$f•i .
25. ]$p °ApA° k°dp[.
26. ]y$A pA° eı[iuf.
27. rTepf[° _pluep.
28. B.lzk•_ A.k._u `rh” L$b∞_u rTepf[_p° khpb.
29. ABÁdp (A.dy.k) _u rhgpe[ hNf Apdpg L$byg _lu¨ \pe.
 ‚L$fZ - 1
B.Tdp_p A. B.lzk•_ A.k._p ATp]$p f.
[dpd Ap°gdp, dfpS>°A° [L$gu]$ (dyS>[lu]$p°) My]$ ATp]$pfu L$f[p A_°
B.Tdp_p A.k._u bpfNpldp¨ `lp¢Qhp dpV°$ ATp]$pfu_° hkugp° b_ph[p.
_S>adp¨ lz¨ L°$V$gpL$ Apgud° ]$u__u kp\° B.lzk•_ A.k._u rTepf[ dpV$°
`N`pmp S>[p° l[p°. fı[p `f Ad° A°L$ S>¡ep ([hf•T) `lp¢√ep, S>ep¨\u L$fbgp_y¨
A¨[f Qpf afkM\u h^y _\u.
A°L$ Apgud° ]$u_° d_° afdpÏeÿ L°$ Apiyfp_p¨ q]$hk° A°L$ S>ygyk Alv\u
ku_pT_u (dp[d) L$f[y¨ L$f[y¨ L$fbgp ≈ e R>°. L°$V$gpL$ Ap°gdpA° L$ufpd A_°
dyS>[lu]$ Ap S>ygykdp¨ kp\° ≈ °X$p[p A_° dp[d L$f[p. `R>u[° byTyNÆ Apgud°
afdpÏey¨ L°$ A°L$ hM[ Apiyfp_p q]$hk° lz̈ [hf•T\u A°L$ dp[du S>ygykdp¨ ≈ °X$pep°
A_° L$fbgp [fa S>B flep° l[p°. [° Tdp_p_p¨ dy— L$u, A_° `fl°TNpf Apgud
Ap¨Mdp¨ Ap¨ky kp\° dp[d L$fu flep l[p.
[° Apgud° ]$u_° afdpÏey¨ L°$ A°L$ hM[ Apiyfp_p q]$hk° k•e]$ blÍ$gAp°gyd
(A.f.) L$°V$gpL$ [pgub° BÎd_u kp\° dp[du S>ygyk_p Bı[uL$bpg dpV°$ [hf•T
S>[p l[p.
k•.blÍ$g Ap°g|d(A.f.) S>° `rh” A_° bpATd[ A_° ApAgd° ]$u__p¨
bg¨]$ ]$fS>≈ `f lp°hp R>[p ATp]$pfp°_u h√Q° dp[ddp¨ ipdug \[p.
A°L$ hM[ Aphp S> dp•L$p D`f k•.blÍ$g Ap°gyd (A.f.) A°L$ dp[du S>ygykdp¨
b° Bø[uepf ATp]$pfp°_u h√Q° S>B_° kM[ dp[d L$fhp gp¡ep A_° ≈ fp°L$[pf
fX$[p l[p. [pgub° BÎd (ıVy$X$fiV) [°d_u Apk`pk Np°W$hpB Nep A_° X$f gpN[p°
l[p° L°$ b°lÍ$g Ap°gyd A.f. `X$u _ ≈ e.
 S>epf° dp[du S>ygyk `yÍ$ \ey¨ [p° k•.blÍ$gAp°gyd A.f. A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ S>epf° lz̈
dp[du S>ygyk_u _S>]$uL$ `lp°√ep°, [p° d° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ lTf[ bL$ue[yâ pl (A.[.a.i.)
dp[du S>ygykdp¨ M|â p `N°, DOpX$p dp\° dp\y r`V$u flep R>°. Tpfp° -L$[pf fX$[p
fX$[p dp[d L$fu flep R>°. d° Ap ≈ °ey¨ [p° lz b°Bø[uepf B.Tdp_p A._u rM]$d[dp¨
Ap S>ygykdp¨ ≈ °X$pB Nep° A_° dp[d L$fhp gp¡ep. (dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_p
A.k. cpN-2 `°.268-269).
B.Tdp_p A.k. My]$ afdph° R>° L°$ ""Ae S>]π$° dTgyd lz¨ Ap`_p Nddp¨ khpf
kp¨S> fX$[p° flui, A_° NuepÆ h Tpfu L$f[p¨ Lf[p Ap¨kyAp°_p b]$g° My__p Ap¨ky
hlphui (rTepf[° _pluep).
Aphp° Ap`Z° `Z ip°l]$pA° L$fbgp_p Nddp¨ Ap¨ky hlphuA°......
B.lzk•_ A._p dkpA°b hL$[_p Bdpd_u Tbp_dp¨ ApcmuA°. rTepf[°
_pluepdp¨ B.Tdp_pA. afdph° R>°. My_\u _lpe°gp dTgyd D`f kgpd.
ATp]$pfp° [kÏhyf L$fp°,Bdpd A._p¨ SyÁgp D`f L°$ B.lzk•_ L°$V$gp Tødu l[p.
Ap`_y¨ `yÍ$ ifuf gp°lu gylpZ l[y.... S>epf° B.lzk•_ A.k. Í$øk[u dpV°$ B.kS>≈ ]$
A. `pk° Aph° R>°.. [p° B.kS>≈ ]$ A.k. r`[p_° Ap°mMu _\u iL$[p. L°$hu fu[°
Ap°mMu iL°$ ? `yÍ$ b]$_ M|_ Apgy]$p l[y¨, gp°lu gylpZ l[y.
B.Tdp_p A. afdph° R>° L°$ dy≈ ÆA°gp A_° kyL$pe°gp lp°Wp°$_° kgpd. L°$V$gp
‡epkp l[p,B.lzk•_ A.k..qfhpe[dp¨ dm° R>°, L°$ AguAL$bf A.k. S>¨N L$f[p
L$f[p ‡epk_u [X$`_° L$pfZ° `pR>p Aph° R>° A_° L$l° R>° L°$ bpbp! ‡epk. Bdpd A.
`p°[p_u Tbp_ q]$L$fp_p¨ dp° dp¨ Ap`° R>°. AguAL$bf A. A° [f[ S> `p°[p_p dp¢ _°
lV$phu gu^y. bpbp [dpfu Tbp_ [p° dpfp L$f[p h^pf° kyL$u R>°.
ATp]$pfp°, dTgyd Bdpd A. 71 Afikpfp° Ly$Vy¨$buAp°_p gpip_° D`pX$ep
`R>u,kb∞_p° ≈ d `uB_°,`p°[p_p bpmL$p°_° cyøep ‡epkp R>p°X$u_° S>¨N_p d°]$p_dp¨
Aphu ≈ e R>°... i°f° My]$p_p gpg° ]y$Ì d_p°_° Agu A._u blp]y$fu_u ep]$ ]°$hX$phu
]$u^u...... ApMf° AphpS>° Ly$]$f[ Aphu... bk,Ae _ak° dy[dBfl p! [pfp fb
[fa `gV$u Aph... B.lzk•_ A.k.[ghpf Áep_ L$fu, cpN°gy gÌL$f _T]$uL$
ApÏey¨. Qpf° [fa\u lzdgpAp° \B f¸ p l[p. L$p°B `’\f [p° L$p°B [ghpf [p° L$p°B
_°Tp hX°$ [p° L$p°B [uf hX°$ lzdgp° L$fu f¸ y¨ l[y¨... B.lzk•_ _p¨ ifuf D`f A°V$gp [uf
l[p L°$ S>epf° Ap` Op°X$p `f\u _uQ° ApÏep [p° Ap`_ÿ ifuf [ufp° D`f
l[y¨......B.lzk•_ A.k. ilu] $\B Nep. A°L$ Ap¨^u DW$u... S>du__° TgTgp°
ApÏep°. AhpS> Ny¨∆ Agp L$p°[°gg lzk•_p° b° L$fbgp Agp Tp°b°lg lzk•_p° b°
L$fbgp.
kghp[yâ pl° Agg lzk•_ A.k. h gA_[yâ pl° Agp AA]$pA°lud AS>dB_.
‚L$fZ - 2
Abyg aTgug AÂbpk (A.k.)_p dkpA°bdp¨
B.Tdp_p A.k.
Adpfp L$pagpdp¨ A°L$ b¨_° `N\u A`¨N Ap•f[ Ddfp lS> dpV°$ Aphu l[u. [°Z°
kap A_° dfhp h√Q° kAu L$fhpdp¨ Myfiu_p° klpfp° gB_° MybS> dl°_[\u Ap
AAdpg b≈ Ïep. bpL$u_p AAdpg b≈ hhp `Z [°_° bu≈ _p° klpfp° g°hp°
`X$[p°.
9 du rTÎlS> (Afap_p q]$hk°) Ad° Tp°lf_u _dpT `R>u Afap_u ]y$Ap `Y$u.
`R>u Ad° L$pagphpmpAp°A° dS>guk° ATp `Y$hp_y¨ iÍ$ L$eyÆ A_° dkpA°b° Abyg
aTgug AÂbpk (A.) `Y$u flep l[p.
[dpd L$pagphpmpA° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ A°L$ _yfp_u Ql°fphpmp A°L$ byTyÆNhpf A°lfpd_p¨
rgbpkdp¨ Adpfu h√Q° Aphu_° b°ku Nep A_° lTf[ AÂbpk A.k._p
dkpA°b D`f NuepÆ-h Tpfu L$fhp gp¡ep, gp°L$p°_y¨ ¬ep_ ^ud° ^ud° [°d_p [fa Ney
–epf° Apgud° ]$u_° `p°[p_y¨ ıh`_ bep_ L$eyØ L°$ lTf[ bL$ue[yâ pl A.k.L°$ S>°d_p
L$]$dp°_u dpV$u D`f Adpfu ≈ _ au]$p \pe. [°Ap°A° d_° afdpÏey¨ L°$ [d° Afap_p
q]$hk° lTf[ Abyg aTgug AÂbpk Agd]$pf A._u ilp]$[_p¨ dkpA°b
`Y$≈ °, lz¨ `Z Ap dS>gukdp¨ Aphui.
Bdpd A.Dcp \B_° gp°L$p°\u ]y$f S>[p l[p. S>epf° [° A`¨N Ap•f[° aqfep]$ L$fu
L°$ ApL$p `pR>p afp°, A_° `p°[p_p `N [fa Bipfp° L$ep£ (L°$ d_° riap Ap`p°.)
lTf[ hgue° Aıf A.A° Bipfpdp¨ L$ley¨ L°$ BfiipAâ pl kpÍ$ \B S>i°. A_°
`R>u M•dp_u blpf QpÎep Nep.
Adpfp° ]$p°ı[ bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ [° S> kde° [° Ap•f[ kp∆ \B NB A_° [°_u
[dpd [L$gua ]|$f \B NB A°V$g° ky^u L°$ [°Z° [dpd lS>_p ApAdpg L$p°B_u `Z
d]$]$ hNf ≈ [° b≈ Ïep. AÎlÁ]$p°rgâ pl –epf `R>u [°_u L$p°B A`¨N[p bpL$u _
flu.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_p A.k. cpN-2 `°.265-266).
Aphp° Ap`Z° `Z dS>guk° ATp rbR>phuA° A_° dp•gp Abyg aTgug
AÂbpk Agd]$pf A.k._u ilp]$[_p¨ dkpA°b `Y$uA° A_° Bdpd° Tdp_p
A.k._u bpfNpldp¨ `yfkp° Ap`uA° A_° Mp[y_° S>fl [ S>.Tlfp k.A._u
rM]$d[dp¨ `yfkp° Ap`uA° (Alv dkpA°b° Abyg aTgug AÂbpk `Y$hp
Ny≈ fui R>°. Sy>Ap° Alhpg° L$fbgp).
‚L$fZ - 3
ABÁdA° dAkydu_ (A.dy.k.) \u [hıkyg.
Abyg hap iufpTu L$l° R>° L°$ d_° Aby Agu BÎepk_p¨ L•$]$Mp_pdp¨ kø[u\u L•$]$
L$fu g°hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. A_° d_° A° hp[_u ≈ Z \B L°$ [° d_° L$– g L$fhp_p° Bfp]$p°
fpM° R>°. dpV°$ d° Agu BÂ_ug lzk•_ Te_yg Apb°]$u_ (A.k.)_p° hkugp° Ap`u
Aâ pl_u bpfNpldp¨ ]y$Ap L$fu. `R>u S>epf° lz kyB Nep° [p° ıh‡_dp¨ fkygyâ pl
(k.)_° ≈ °ep.
Ap` (k.) afdpÏey L°$ d_° dpfu ]$uL$fu ap[°dp (k.)_° A_° dpfp bfl ° afT¨]$p°
B.lzk_, B.lzk•_ (A.k.)_° Aâ pl_u bpfNpldp¨ L$p°B cp•[uL (]y$fiehu) QuS>
dpV°$ hkugp° _ b_php°.bÎL°$ Ad_° ApM°f[_p dpV°$ hkugp° b_php° A_° S>° L$p°B
Aâ pl_p aTg_p° Dd°]$hpf lp°e [°_° ≈ °BA° L°$ [° Ad_° hkugp° b_ph° A_° Abyg
lk_ Agu BÂ_° Abu [pgub (A.k.) dpfp cpB R>°. S>° gp°L$p°A° [pfp D`f TyÎd
L$epÆ [°_p° b]$gp° [°Ap° (A.k.) g°i°. d° AT>Æ L$fu ep fkygyâ pl (k.) S>°Ap°A°
S>.T°lfp (k.) `f TyÎd L$ep£ [°_p D`f Agu (A) A° kb∞ L$eyÆ. S>°Ap°A° Agu
(A) _u dufpk Nıb L$fu, [°_p D`f `Z Ap` (A) A° kb∞ L$eyÆ. [p° `R>u [°Ap°
dpfp D`f \e°gp TyÎdp°_p° b]$gp° L$B fu[° g°i°?.
fkygyâ pl (k.) A° dpfp [fa ApÚ eÆ\u _S>f L$fu A_° L$ley A° b^u bpb[
dpfp TuÁd° l[u. A_° [°_p D`f kb∞ L$fhp_p° dpfp° lzL$d l[p°, S>°_p° d° A°d_° lzLd
L$ep£ l[p°, S>°_p° d° A°d_p\u hpe]$p° gu^p° l[p°,A_° Agu (A.) A° lL$L_° A]$p L$ep£
R>°, `f¨[y Ap L$pd dpV°$ A° hpe]$p D`f Adg L$fhp° S>Í$fu _\u A_° hpe \pe A°
iøk D`f S>° Adpfp ]$p°ı[p° A_° iuApAp°\u ]y$fu Bø[uepf L$f° L$pfZL°$ Agu
(A.k.) [°Ap°\u A°d_p iuApAp°_p° b]$gp° g°i°.
A_° Agu BÂ_yg lzk•_ Te_yg Apb°]$u_ (A.)_° bp]$iplp° A_° i°[p__p¨
if\u _≈ [ d°mhhp dpV°$ hkugp° b_php°, A_° dp°lÁd]$ bu_ Agu (A.) A_°
S>Aafbu_ dp°lÁd]$ (A.)_° ApM°f[ dpV°$ hkugp° b_php° (A°L$ fuhpe[ dyS>b
S>° L$p°B Aâ pl_u Bbp]$[ A_° [°_u> dl°fbp_u A_° fTp B√R>°).
dykp BÂ_° ≈ af (A.)_° [dpfu kgpd[u dpV°$ hkugp° b_php°A_° Agu BÂ_°
dykp A.k._° [dpfu _≈ [ dpV°$ hkugp° b_php° (fuhpe[dp¨ R>° L°$ fuTL$_p¨ _pTug
\hp bpb[°) A_° Agu BÂ_° dp°lÁd]$ (A.k.)_° dyı[lbp[ A_° dp°du_ cpB
kp\° _°L$u_° A]$p L$fhp dpV°$ hkugp° b_php° A_° S>° L$p°B Aâ pl_u B[pA[ B√R>[p°
lp°e [p° [° lk_ BÂ_° Agu (A.)_° ApM°f[ dpV°$ hkugp° b_ph°.
`f¨[y S>epf° [pfu Nf]$_ D`f [ghpf lp°e,L$– g \hp ky^u `lp¢Qu≈ –epf°
l.lyS>S>[ (A.k.)_° ep]$ L$fu_° [y [pfu Nf]$_ [fa [pfp lp\\u Bipfp° L$f A_°
l.lzS>S>[ (A.)\u Bı[Npkp L$f (d]$]$ dp¨N). [° [pfu `_plNpl R>°. S>° A°d_p\u
Bı[°Npkp L$f° A_° L$l° ""ep dÏgpe ep kpl°b Tdp_ A_p dp°Nuky_ b°L$''.
Abyg hap L$l° R>° L°$ ""d° øhpb_u lpg[dp¨ l.lzS>S>[ (A.)_° afuep]$ L$fu A_°
L$ley ""ep kpl°bTTdp_ A_p¨ dp°Nuky_ b°L$'' –epf° d° ≈ °ey L°$ A° _yfp_u ÏesL$[
Apkdp_ [fa\u D[fu flep l[p. [°Ap° Op°X$p D`f khpf l[p. A_° [°d_p
lp\dp¨ A°L$ A°hy M¨S>f l[y S>°dp¨\u _yf a°gpB f¸ y l[y. d° ATÆ L$fu dp•gp d_° Ap
Tpgud gp°L$p°_p¨ if\u kyfnu[ fpMp°.
dpfp if_° ]y$f L$fu ]$ep°. dp•gpA° afdpÏey [pÍ$ L$pd d° Afi≈ d Ap`u ]$u^y R>°.
Abyhap iufp∆ L$l° R>° ""dpÍ$ øhpb `yÍ$ \B Ney A_° khpf `X$u [p° BÎepk° d_°
bp°gpÏep° A_° L$¸ ¨y L°$ '' fp”° [° L$p°_p\u d]$]$ dp¨Nu l[u. d° L¸ y: A° iøkue[\u
d]$]$ dp¨Nu l[u. L°$ S>° ]$f°L$_u afuep]°$ `lp°Q° R>°. A_° [°Ap° ]$f°L$ dykub[_p° BgpS>
R>°. (bfL$p[° lTf[ hgue° Aıf A.k. `°S> _¨.279)

‚L$fZ - 4
Mp[y_° S>fl [ (k.A.)_u rM]$d[dp¨ lpS>[ [gb L$f u.
qL$[pb dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_dp¨ dı∆ ]$_p Mp]$ud k•.AÂ]y$g flud\u Ap ‚k¨N
gMhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.
rl.k¨.1323 dp¨ A°L$ ce¨L$f fp°NQpmp° a°gpep° l[p°. A°L$ q]$hk lz¨ dı∆ ]°$
S>dL$fp_dp¨ Nep° [p° d° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ A°L$ A≈ Œep° dpZk dı∆ ]$dp¨ b°W$p° R>°. d° `|R>ey¨ [d°
L$p°Z R>p°? A_° iy¨ L$fp° R>p°?
[° dpZk° b[pÏey¨ L°$ lz¨ [°lfp__p° fl°hpku Ry>¨. dpÍ$ _pd Agu AL$bf R>°. lz¨ A°L$
h°`pfu Ry>¨ A_° gp°L$p°_° D^pf dpg Ap`[p° l[p°. fp°NQpmpdp¨ Ap dpZkp° dfu Nep
A_° dpfp° b^p° dpg D^pfdp¨ QpÎep° Nep°, A°V$g° ky^u L°$ dyX$u `Z M–d \B NB.
dS>byf \B_° Alv ApÏep° Ry>¨. L$]$pQ lTf[ lzS>S>[ BÂ_ug lk_ (A.k.)_u dpfp
`f _Tf° L$fd \B ≈ e.
Ap dpZk ”Z dlu_p ky^u dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_dp¨ flep°. cyM kl_ L$fu g°[p°
A_° Bbp]$[dp¨ `p°[p_p° kde `kpf L$f[p°. ”Z dlu_p `R>u [°Z° d_° L$ley L°$ lh°
dpÍ$ \p°Xy¨$ L$pd \B Ney¨ R>°. lh° lz¨ L$fbgp A° dp°Aâ p ≈ h Ry>¨. `R>u [° Qpgu_° L$fbgp
Nep° A_° ”Z dlu_p `R>u `pR>p° ApÏep° A_° L$l°hp gp¡ep° L°$ d_° lzL$d \ep° R>° L°$
dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_dp¨ dpÍ$ L$pd \B S>i°. `R>u [° Alv fp°L$pep° A_° Bbp]$[ A_°
]y$Apdp¨ dıÍ$a fl°[p° A_° A°lg°b•[ (A.dy.k.)_u bpfNpldp¨ ]y$Ap L$f[p° l[p°.
luS>fu 1323 dpl° fdTp__u R>Ã$u fp”° [° Ly$d\u [°lfp_ S>hp B√R>[p° l[p°. [°Z°
bep_ L$eyÆ L°$ dpfu lpS>[ `yfu \B NB R>°. d° [°_° rh_¨[u L$fu L°$ ApS>_u fp[ [d° dpf°
–ep¨ fp°L$ph A_° khpf° [l°fp_ QpÎep ≈ h.
[°dZ° dpfu hp[ dp_u gu^u. fp”u_p [°Ap° dpfp Of° fp°L$pep. d° Myb S> Bıfpf
L$ep£,[p° [°dZ° dpfu hp[ dp_u gu^u A_° `p°[p_p° ‚k¨N bep_ L$ep£.
lz¨ dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$f_dp¨ fp°L$pep° l[p°. d° A°L$ iøk_° L$ley l[y L°$ [° dpfp dpV°$ ]$ffp°S>
A°L$ fp°V$u gph°. d° L$ley¨ l[y L°$ lz¨ fp°V$u_p `•kp A°L$u kp\° Ap`u ]$Bi. [° dpfp dpV°$
]$ffp°S> A°L$ fp°V$u gph[p°. `R>u [°Z° fp°V$u Ap`hp_u _p `pX$u ]$u^u L°$ [dpÍ$ D^pf_ÿ
bug dp°Vy$ \B Ney¨ R>°. lh° [d_° lz̈ lh° D^pf fp°V$u _lv Ap`y. OZp kde ky^u dpfu
`pk° Mphp_u L$p°B`Z QuS> _ l[u A°V$g° ky^uL°$ Opk MpB_° kde `kpf L$f[p°.
^ud° ^ud° dpfu [rbe[ Mfpb \[u NB. lz¨ rbdpf `X$u Nep° Qpghp_u [pL$p[ `Z
_ l[u. AX$^u fp[_p° kde l[p°.
bpfu L°$ S>° `lpX$_u [fa l[u, –ep¨\u A°L$ A∆ b ‚L$pf_u fp°i_u Aphu flu
l[u. fp°i_u A°V$gu b^u l[u L°$ `lpX$ QdL$u flep° l[p°. fp°i_u h^[u flu,
AQp_L$ d_° Al°kpk \ep° L°$ dpfp Ap°fX$p_u blpf L$p°B ÏesL$[ Dcp R>°. A_° Ap
_yf [°d_p\u ‚L$pri[ \B fley R>°. d° Dcp \B_° ]$fhp≈ ° Mp°Îep°. A°L$ bpATd[
k•e]$ dpfp Í$ddp¨ ApÏep¨ A_° kgpd L$fu. d° kgpd_p° S>hpb Ap‡ep°. dpfp\u
[°d_u kp\° hp[ L$fhp_u rl¨d[ `Z _ \B. d_° [°d_u ATd[ ≈ °[p eL$u_ \B
Ney L°$ [°Ap° lTf[ bL$ue[yâ pl Í$lu au]$p R>°.
Ap` A. d° d_° afdpÏey L°$ [° dpfu ]$p]$udp¨ k•e]$pA° [pl°fp lTf[
ap[°d[yTTl°fp_u bpfNpldp¨ aqfep]$ L$fu. (lpS>[ dp¨Nu) Mp[y_° S>fl [ (A.k.)A°
[pfu rkapfui fkyg k._° L$fu. fkyg k.A.h.A° [pfu lpS>[ `yfu L$fhp_ÿ d_°
L$ley¨ R>°. –epf `R>u Ap` A° afdpÏey L°$ [y¨ S>Î]$u \u [pfp h[_ Of° `lp¢Qu ≈ . [pfu
`–_u A_° bpmL$p° [pfu fpl ≈ yA° R>°. A_° [°Ap° dyÌ L°$gudp¨ R>°. [y¨ –ep¨ S>Bi A°V$g°
[pÍ$ L$pd \B S>i°.
d° L$ley¨ L°$ ApL$p! Ap dı∆ ]$_p° Mp]$ud A¨^ R>°. [d° [°_° riapA Ap`p°. Ap`
A.k. A° afdpÏey¨, _lv. b°l[f A° S R>° L°$ [° A¨^ fl°. `R>u afdpÏey¨ L°$ Aphp°
Ap`Z° dı∆ ]$dp¨ S>BA° A_° _dpT `Y$uA°. d° L$ley¨ L°$ Ap`_p L$]$dp°_u rdÀ$u D`f
dpfu ≈ _ Ly$fbp_,S>°hp° Ap`_p° lzL$d.
`R>u Ad° dı∆ ]$dp¨ Nep, –ep¨ d° b° khpgp° `yR>ep –epf `R>u d° ≈ °ey¨ [p° Bdpd
A.k. –ep¨ _ l[p. `f¨[y d_° AhpS> k¨cmp[p° l[p° L°$ [d° Of° ≈ h, [dpfu `–_u
A_° bpmL$p° fpl ≈ °h° R>°.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_ A.k. cpN-2/`°S>.272 \u
275).
‚L$fZ - 5
fı[p°° cy g°gp_° dpNÆ]$iÆ _.
ANf L$p°B eL$u_ A_° Mygyk_u kp\° d]$]$ dpV°$ AhpS> Ap`° [p° l.bL$ue[yâ pl
Í$lu au]$p d]$]$ dpV°$ `lp¢Q° R>°.
ApL$p AÂ]y$fflud iufpTu Adpfp Tdp_p_p ]$p_uÌd¨]$ Apgud° ]$u_ l[p. S>°dZ°
OZu qL$[pbp° gMu R>°,S>°dp¨ qL$[pb dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_dp¨ Ap ‚k¨N gM°gp° R>°.
 ApL$p Agu AıNf k•a bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ iufpT_p¨ A°L$ X$p°L$V$f° A°L$ Bfp_u
Ap•f[_° dyıgud b_phu_° [°_u kp\° ip]$u L$fu, A_° [°_° `l°gu S> hM[ lS> L$fhp
dpV°$ kp\° gu^u. d° [°Zu_° L$ley L°$ lS>_p¨ ApAdpg b≈ hhp lTf[ hgue° Aıf
A.]$f hj£ dL$L$p Aph° R>°.
ANf [y¨ dpfp\u L°$ L$pagp\u AgN `X$u ≈ A\hp fı[p° cygu ≈ [p° Ap`
A.k. (B.Tdp_p A.k.) \u d]$]$ dp¨NS>°. BfiipAâ pl [° [_° L$pagp ky^u
`lp¢QpX$u ]°$i°.
‚k¨Np°`p[ Ap Bfp_u Ap•f[ Afap[_p¨ d°]$p_dp¨ cygu `X$u NB. L$pagp_p ]$f°L$
dpZkp° A_° [°_p ip•lf° L°$V$gpe L$gpL$ ky^u [°_° ip°^hp_p° ‚e–_ L$ep£, `f¨[y [°
dmu _lv, A_° [°_p L$p°B kdpQpf `Z d˛ep _lv.
L$pagp_p [dpd gp°L$p° \pL$u_° M•dpdp¨ `f[ ApÏep. AQp_L$ b° L$gpL$ `R>u
X$p°L$V$f_u `–_u M•dp¨dp¨ ]$pMg \B. [°_° `yR>ey¨ L°$ [y L$ep¨ l[u?
[° Ap•f[° S>hpb Ap‡ep° L°$ lz̈ fı[p° cygu `X$u NB l[u. S>° fu[° X$p°L$V$f kpl°b° d_°
b[pÏey¨ l[ÿ, [° fu[° d° B.Tdp_p A._u bpfNpl dp¨ d]$]$ dpV°$ aqfep] L$fu,dp•gp
[Ìfua gpÏep .≈ ° L°$ lz̈ apfku A_° Afbu cpjp ≈ Z[u _ l[u. `f¨[y [°dZ° dpfu
dp[©cpjpdp¨ dpfu kp\° hp[ L$fu A_° d_° M•dp ky^u dyL$u Nep.A°V$g° [d° ≈ h A_°
[°Ap°_p° iyæ$uep A]$p L$fp°. [° Ap•f[° Bipfp° L$ep£ [° [fa Ad° Nep,`f¨[y L$p°B _Tf
_ ApÏeÿ. X$p°L$V$f_u `–_u S> Bdpd A.k._° ≈ °B flu l[u, bu≈ _° [°Ap° ]°$Mpep
_lv. (dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_ A.k. cpN.2 /`°.270-271)
 ‚L$fZ -6
˘]$e fp°N_p¨ ]$]$w _° riap dmu.
Adpfp lS>_p L$pagpdp¨ A°L$ 80 hjÆ_p¨ h©¬^ dpZk l[p. [°d_y¨ _pd lk_ l[y¨.
h©¬^phı\p_° L$pfZ° kap A_° dfhp h√Q° kAu A_° [hpa _pA°b hNf L$fu
iL$[p _ l[p. [°Ap° dpV°$ QY$hy A_° D[fhy `Z dyÌ L°$g gpN[y l[y.S>°\u [°d_°
_uQ°_p Ap°fX$pdp¨ D[pfp° Ap‡ep° l[p°. S>°\u [°d_° [L$gua Ap°R>u `X°$.
A°L$ fp”° Ad° L$pagp_p L$pd fp°L$pe°gp l[p, A_° [° h©¬^ dpZk Í$ddp¨ A°L$gp
l[p. fp[_p kde° ˘]$e_u rbdpfudp¨ k`X$pB Nep.
[°Ap° bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ ˘]$edp¨ A°V$gp° kM[ ]y$Mphp° \ep° l[p° L°$ d_° dpÍ$ dp•[
]°$Mphp gp¡ey l[y¨. AQp_L$ d_° ep]$ ApÏey¨ L$° l.bL$ue[yâ pl Í$lu au]$p (A.[.a.i.)
`pk° d]$]$ dp¨Ny. A°V$g° d° Bdpd A.k._° kgpd L$fu A_° fX$[p fX$[p aqfep]$ L$fu
L°$ b^p d_° Í$ddp¨ A°L$gp° R>p°X$u_° QpÎep Nep R>°, A_° [d° `Z d_° cygphu ]$u^p°. lz¨
fX$[p fX$[p aqfep]$ L$f[p° flep°.
AQp_L$ dpfp Í$d_p° ]$fhp≈ ° MyÎep° A_° A°L$ Ap]$du _yfp_u iL$gp°-kyf[ hpmp
dpfp Í$ddp¨ ]$pMg \ep. [°d_p S>dZp Npg `f Mybkyf[ [g l[y¨. d_° eL$u_ \B
Ney¨ L°$ ApS> l.hgue° Aıf A. R>°.
[°dZ° d_° kgpd L$fu A_° `yR>ey¨ L°$ lk_ [d_° ˘]$efp°N_u rbdpfu R>°. Ap
kpL$f_p° V$yL$X$p° Îep° A_° [°_° MpB ≈ h. kp≈ \B S>ip°.
d° ≈ °ey L°$ ApL$p_p¨ lp\dp¨ duıfu (kpL$f)_p° Vy$L$X$p° R>°.d° [° Vy$L$X$p° gu^p°, A_°
[°dp¨\u \p°X$p° MpB gu^p°. dpfu ˘]$efp°N_u rbdpfu Qpgu NB, A_° d_° gpN[y¨ l[y¨
L°$ dpfp S>hp_u `pR>u Aphu.
dpfp ]$p°ı[ bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ _hpB_u hp[ A° R>° L°$ Ap fp[ `R>u Ap 80 hjÆ_p
h©¬^ dpZk° [dpd ApAdpg `p°[p_u ≈ [° b≈ Ïep A°V$gy S> _lv b≈ fdp¨\u
[p°lap A_° S>° QuS>_u S>Í$f[ l[u, [° Qu≈ ° `Z ≈ [° Mfu]$u_° gpÏep¨.
 h^°gp° kpL$f_p° Vy$L$X$p° S>° rbdpf_° `Z Mphp Ap‡ep° Aâ pl [.A° [°_° `Z qiap
Ap`u.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_p(A.) cpN-2 / `°S>. 276-277).

‚L$fZ - 7
dı∆ ]°$ klgpdp¨ Bdpd A.\u dygpL$p[ A_° 3 lpS>[p°.
qL$[pb AÂL$fueyg l°kp_dp¨ dflzd _lphfi]$u (A.f.)A° S>gugyg L$÷ Apgud°
]$u_ k•.byTyNÆhpf dflzd k•.AÂ]y$â pl L$Th•_u\u Ap ‚k¨N gM° R>°. d.L$Th•_u
(A.f.) Ap ‚k¨N hZÆh[p L$l° R>°,L°$
lz¨ A°L$ hM[ dpfp Ly$Vy¨$b kp\° rTepf[ dpV°$ Nep°. d¨Nmhpf_p q]$hk° _S>a°
Aifa\u dı∆ ]°$ Ly$ap Nep. rd”p°_p° rhQpf l[p° L°$ Ap S> q]$hk° `pR>p _S>a°
Aifa QpÎep S>BA°. d° L$leÿ L°$ by^hpf_u fp[ dı∆ ]°$ klgp QpÎep S>BA°.d°
L$ley¨ L°$ by^hpf_u fp[ dı∆ ]°$ klgp S>BA°. by^hpf_u fp”° ApAdpg klfp
(fZ) dp¨ dykpafu L$fhp rd”p° [•epf _ \ep.
lz¨ ”Z ÏesL$[_u kp\° dı∆ ]°$ klgp [fa fhp_p \ep°. dNfub A_° Bip_u
_dpT S>dpA[\u A]$p L$fu. `R>u ]y$Ap A_° AAdpg b≈ hu gphhpdp¨ dÌNyg
\ep. AQp_L$ d° kde ≈ °ep° [p° fp[_p° OZp° b^p° kde `kpf \B Nep°. d°
rhQpeyÆ L°$ Ly$ap `pRy>¨ afhy¨ ≈ °BA°.
A°L$ A∆ b ‚L$pf_p° ce dlkyk \ep° L°$ Ap ”Z Ap•f[ A_° A°L$ Afb_°
gB_° Ap A¨^L$pf A_° h°fp_ dpN£ Ly$ap [fa L°$hu fu[° `pR>p afhy¨? D`fp¨[ [° kde°
A[ep _pd_p° A°L$ gy¨V$pfp° afpf l[p° A_° fı[pdp¨ `kpf \[p gp°L$p°_p¨ dpg
kpdp__° gyV$ug°[p° [°_° L$pfZ° `Z d_° Myb X$f gp¡ep° l[p°.
[°\u d° l.hgue° Aıf (A.[.a.i.)_u bpfNpldp¨ d]$]$ dpV$° aqfep]$ L$fu, d]$]$
dp¨Nu.
 AQp_L$ dpfu _S>f dı∆ ]$dp¨ dL$pd° hgue° Aıf (A.) `f `X$u,–ep¨\u A°hy¨
_yf _uL$m[y¨ l[y L°$ ≈ Z° kyfS>_u [dpd qL$fZp° –ep¨ A°L$”u[ \B NB R>°.
lz¨ [f[ S> [° dL$pd [fa Nep° –ep¨ A°L$ bp ATd[ byTyNÆhpf_° ≈ °ep, L°$ S>°Ap°
d°lfpbdp¨ Bbp]$[ L$fu flep l[p. lÿ [°d_u `pk° b°ku_° ]y$Ap A_° rTepf[dp¨
dÌNyg \B Nep°. [°Ap° `Z rTæ$° Bgpludp¨ dÌNyg l[p¨, `f¨[y lz̈ S>epf° lTf[
bL$ue[yâ pl `f kgpd dp°L$g[p°, [p° [°Ap° S>hpbdp¨ L$l°[p L°$ h AgËL$p°dyıkgpd.
d_° q]gdp¨ Nyıkp° Aph[p° L°$ lz¨ B.Tdp_p A.D`f kgpd dp°L$gy¨ Ry>¨ A_° Ap iøk
[°_p° S>hpb Ap`° R>°.
Ap `rh” lı[uA° dpfp [fa afu_° L$ley¨ L°$ B–d°_p_\u Bbp]$[ L$fp°,]y$Ap `Y$p°
d¢ AL$bf L$bpbyhpmp_° L$lu ]$u^y¨ R>° L°$ [° [d° S>epf° Qplip° –epf° dı∆ ]°$ Ly$ap
`lp¢QpX$u ]°$i° A_° S>dhp_ÿ `Z S>dpX$i°. S>epf° Ap `rh” lı[uA° d_° Ap iÂ]$p°
L$lep [p° dpfp q]$gdp¨ [°d_p ‚–e° dp°lÂb[ \B NB.d¢ A°d_p\u ”Z khpg L$epÆ.
(1) [¨N]$ı[u\u Ry>V$L$pfp° A_° fuTL$dp¨ h^pfp°.Ap`° [° lpS>[ L$bygu.
(2) lz¨ dfu ≈ h [p° dpfu L$b∞ L$fbgpdp¨ b_°. Ap`° [° `Z Lbyg LeyÆ.
(3) dpf° –ep¨ _°L$ afT¨]$_u rhgp]$[ \pe. Ap`° Ap lpS>[_° L$byg _ L$fu A_° _p
`pX$u. lz̈ `Z Mpdp°i \B Nep°, A_° Bıfpf _ L$ep£ A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ d° eyhp_udp¨ A°L$
Ap•f[ kp\° ip]$u L$fhp_u B√R>p L$fu l[u. `f¨[y [° Ap•f[ d_° dm[u _ l[u. d°
Bdpd f°Tp A.k._p lfd (fp°Tp)dp¨ ]y$Ap L$fu L°$ dpfu Ap Ap•f[ kp\° ip]$u \B
≈ e [p° lz¨ Ap•gp]$ _lv dp¨Ny.
–epf `R>u dpfu `–_uA° [° byTyNÆhpf\u 3 lpS>[ dp¨Nu.
(1) [° dpfu `l°gp d©– ey `pd° A_° lz¨ [°_° L$a_ Ap`y.
(2) qfTL$dp¨ rhipm[p.
(3) L$fbgp A\hp dÌl]°$ dyL$]$]$kdp¨ L$b∞ b_°. Ap`° [°_u ”Z°e lpS>[p°_° L$byg
L$fu. [°_u ”Z°e ApfTy `yfu \B.(d° L$a_ ]$a_ Ap‡ey, dÌl]$dp¨ L$b∞ b_u, qfTL$dp¨
`Z h^pfp° \ep°).
dpfu bu∆ `–_u S>° `Z dpfu kp\° l[u. [°Z° `Z 3 lpS>[ dp¨Nu.
(1) [°Z° [°_u hlz_u riap dpV°$ rh_¨[u L$fu, [p° Ap` (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ [°_°
dpfp S>]$° π AdS>]$ lTf[ dykp BÂ_° S>Aaf A.k. riap Ap`i°.
(2) dpfp q]$L$fp_° dpg-]$p•g[ _kub \pe. Ap`° Ap lpS>[ Lbyg L$fu.
(3) [yg° Dd∞ Ap`°. [° lpS>[ `Z Lbyg L$fu.
d° My]$ ≈ °ey¨ L°$ dpfu `–_u_u hlz_° L$pTd•_dp¨ riap dmu A_° [°_p q]$L$fp_° dpg-
]$p•g[ _kub \ep° A_° [° 95 hjÆ_u Dd∞° d©– ey `pdu.
k•e]$ AÂ]y$â pl L$Th•_u afdph°R>° L°$ S>epf° Ad° ]y$Ap A_° rTepf[ A_° Ap
hp[Qu[ `yfu L$epÆ `R>u blpf _uL$˛ep [p° dpfu `–_uA° d_° `|R>ey¨ L°$ [d° Ap°møep
L°$ Ap ApL$p L$p°Z l[p? d¢ L$ley¨, _lv. [°Z° L$ley¨ L°$ Ap ApL$p lTf[ hgue° Aıf
(A.k.) l[p. lz¨ [f[ S> `pR>p° A° S>¡ep `f Nep° [p° _ [p° fp°i_u l[u A_°
dı∆ ]$dp¨ A^p¨Í$ l[ÿ. lz̈ [° kde° dy[hS>S>°l \ep° L°$ [° B.Tdp_p A.k. l[p. A_° [°
_yf [°d_p\u ‚L$pri[ \B fley l[y¨.
S>epf° Ad° dı∆ ]$\u blpf _uL$˛ep [p° A°L$ _heyhp_ ApÏep° A_° [°Z° L$¸ y L°$
lz¨ [d_° dı∆ ]°$ Ly$ap ky^u `lp¢QpX$u ]$D? d° `yRey¨ L°$ [d° L$p°Z R>p°? [p° [°Z° S>hpb
Ap‡ep° L°$ lz Agu AL$bf b°lpfu Ry>¨. S>epf° d° Ap _pd kp¨c˛ey¨ [p° q]$gdp¨ rhQpf
ApÏep° L°$ Bdpd A.k. A° [p° Agu AL$bf L$bpbyhpgp _pd Ap‡ey l[y. [°\u lz
`f°ip_ \ep°. [°\u d° afu\u `|R>ey¨ L°$ Ap`° iy¨ _pd L$ley¨?
[°Z° L$ley L°$ dpÍ$ _pd AguAL$bf b°lpfu R>°. A_° lz¨ ld]$p_dp¨ L$bpbuep_
rhı[pfdp¨ flz Ry>¨.
[° ApL$pA° d_° afdpÏey¨ R>° L°$ lz¨ [d_° dı∆ ]°$ Ly$ap ky^u dyL$u ≈ h.
 ApMf° [° _heyhp_ A_° Qpf bu≈ rM]$d[Ny≈ fp°A° Ad_° ‡epf A_°
dp°lÂb[_u kp\° dı∆ ]°$ Ly$ap `lp¢QpX$u ]$u^p.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_p(A.)
cpN-2 / `°S>.249 - 252).

‚L$fZ - 8
bpmL$p °_° _°L $u _u [Agud Ap`p°,Ny_plp°\u bQphp°.
dpfp hpgu]°$ byTyNÆhpf (r`[p) bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ [° kde° fTpipl `lghu Tpgud
bp]$ipl_u lzLy$d[ l[u. [° S>bfS>ı[u\u eyhp_p°_° gÌL$fdp¨ c[w L$fhp[p° A_° [°
eyhp_p°_° kl_ _ \pe [°hu [L$gua Ap`[p°. A°V$gy S> _lv `f¨[y ap•Sdp¨ [°Ap°_° ]$u_°
Bıgpd\u ]y$f L$fhp_u `Z L$p°iui L$f[p°. [° kde° dpfp hpgu]$_u ep [p° ip]$u
_lp°[u \B ep [°Ap° kpl°b° Ahgp]$ _ l[p.
[°Ap° A°L$ ‚L$pf_u dykub[p°dp¨ l[p L°$ kpl°b° Ahgp]$ b_° ep _ b_°? L$pfZL°$
ANf Ap•gp]$ \i° [p° Tpgud bp]$ip]$ [°_° S>bfS>ı[u\u ap•S>dp¨ ipdug L$fu ]°$i°
A_° dTlb° Bıgpd\u ]|$f L$fu ]°$i°, iy¨ L$fhy?
dpfp hpgu]$ L$l° R>° L°$ d° 40 fp[p° _T]$uL$_p¨ fZdp¨ `kpf L$fu L°$ lz iy¨ L$Í$? kpl°b°
Ahgp]$ b_y¨ ep _ b_y? B.Tdp_p A.k.\u d]$]$ dp¨Nu. 40 du fp[ Aphu `lp¢Qu.
[° fp”° ‚k¨Np°`p[ M|bS> W¨$X$u l[u. `f¨[y lz¨ L$p°iuj L$fu_° 40du fp”° klfp
(fZdp¨) dy_p≈ [dp¨ dÌNyg l[p°.
AQp_L$ d° ≈ °eyL°$ A¨^pfu fp[dp¨ A°L$ _yf _S>f Aphu fley l[ÿ. S>° dpfu [fa
Aphu fley l[y¨. [° A°L$ _yfp_u iøk R>° S>°_p ifufdp¨\u Ap _yf _uL$mu fley l[ÿ.
lz dy_p≈ [dp¨ dÌNyg l[p°. [°Ap° dpfu _S>]$uL$ ApÏep. d_° _pd gB_° bp°gpÏep°
A_° L$¸ y L°$ Ae ATuTyâ pl Alv [y¨ ip dpV°$ ApÏep° R>°? d¢ S>hpbdp¨ L$¸ y L°$ lz
B.Tdp_p A.k.\u d]$]$ dpV°$ ApÏep° Ry>¨. [°dZ° afdpÏey¨ L°$ lz S> [pfp Tdp_p_p°
Bdpd Ry>¨, b[ph [y iy¨ Qpl° R>°?
d° L¸ y L°$ [d° Tdp_p_p¨ Bdpd R>p° [p° dpfu dyÌ L°$gu_° Ap` ≈ Zp° R>p°.
Ap` A.k.A° afdpÏeyy¨ L°$ [y¨ A° ≈ Zhp Qpl° R>° L°$ hNf Ap•gp]_p° flz̈ L°$ kpl°b
Ahgp]$ b_y, [p° ly¨ [_° b[phy Ry>¨, L°$ [pf° `p¨Q afT¨]$ \i°. [y¨ hpe]$p° L$f L°$ [y [°_°
lzLy$d[_u ıLy$gp°dp¨ _lu dp°L$g° [p° lz¨ [pfu kp\° hpe]$p° L$fÿ Ry>¨ L$° [pfp q]$L$fpAp°_°
lzLy$d[ af∆ ep[ gÌL$fu [pgud dpV°$ _lu gB ≈ e.
S>° fu[° lTf[° afdpÏey¨ l[ÿ [° fu[° Aâ pl° d_° `p¨Q afT¨]$p° A[p L$epÆ. d° [°_° Of°
b°W$p gM[p hp¨Q[p iuMÏey¨$. dp°A∆ Tp° A° l[p° L°$ A°L$`Z afT¨]$_° kfL$pf gÌL$fu
[pgud dpV°$ _ gB NB.]$f°L$ L$p°B_° L$p°B L$pfZkf bQu S>[p°.
Alu¨ A° ep]$ fl° L$° [° Tdp_pdp¨ Aphu `f°ip_u l[u.ANf ApS>_p¨ kdedp¨
lzLy$d[_u ıLy$gdp¨ Aphu dyÌ L°$gu _ lp°e A_° ]$u_° Bıgpd\u ]|$f _ L$f[u lp°e [p°
bpmL$p°_° ıLy$gdp¨ dp°L$ghp ≈ °BA°.
""Ae Bdp_ gph_pfpAp° [dpfp _ak_° A_° [dpfp bpg-b√Qp_° S>lfl d_u
ApN\u bQphp°, S>°_y¨ bm[Z dpZkp° A_° `’\fp° R>°.(ky.66 Ape[ _¨.6).
D`f_u Ape[_u [akufdp¨ dp°Adu_p°_° Aâ pl afdph° R>°,[d° [dpfu `–_u
bpmL$p° A_° [dpfp Of_p¨ dpZkp°_° lgpg A_° lfpd_p dkpA°g iuMhp° A_°
S>lfl d_u ApN\u bQphp°,S>°_y¨ H^Z d_yÛ ep° A_° N¨^L$_p `’\fp° R>°.
dp-bp`_° ≈ °BA° L°$ [°d_u Ap•gp]$ _° ıLy$g-L$p°g°≈ °dp¨ byfpBAp°\u bQph°.
(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd Tdp_p cpN-2 `°S>.260-262).
‚L$fZ - 9
dp°lÂb[° Bdpd A.k.q]$gp°_° `gV$p hu ]°$ R>°.
 _S>dyıkpL$ub qL$[pb_p g°ML$ dp°l]$π]$uk° _yfu (A.f.) Ap hpL°$Ap° gM° R>°. [°_p°
Mygpkp° A° R>° L°$ i°M AÂ]y$g hlpb BÂ_° A°ld]$ BÂ_° Agu i°fp_u qL$[pb
ghpL°$Dg Afihpfdp¨ gM° R>° L°$ dy— L$u `fl°TNpf, Tplu]$ i•M lk_ BfpL$u\u A°L$
hM[ Abyg AÂbpk Ly$f•iu A_° lz̈ d˛ep°, [p° [°dZ° L$ley L°$ lz¨ [d_° A°L$ hpL°$Ap°
k¨cmphy L°$ S>°\u [d° dpfu eyhp_u\u ApS> ky^u lpg[ kd∆ S>ip°.
lz¨ dpfu eyhp_u_p q]$hkp°dp¨ Ny_pl_p¨ L$pep£dp¨ dÌNyg fl°[p°. A°L$ q]$hk lz¨ dı∆ ]$
[fa Nep° A_° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ A°L$ iøk Myfiu D`f b°ku_° Bdpd dl]$u A.k.A_° [°_p¨
Tylzf_p lpgp[ bep_ L$fu flep R>°. (lz̈ –ep¨ b°ku Nep°). [°d_p bep__°
kp¨cmu_° dpÍ$ q]$g Myi \ey. dpfp q]$gdp¨ Bdpd° Tdp_ A.k._u dp°lÂb[ `•]$p
\B.
d¢ lTf[_u dp°lÂb[dp¨ ApMy hjÆ ]y$Ap L$fu, L°$ d_° Bdpd A.k._u rTepf[
_kub \pe. ApMy hjÆ kuS>]$pdp¨ Aâ pl [.\u ]y$Ap L$f[p° L°$ Ae Aâ pl d_°
Bdpd A.k._u dygpL$p[_p° dp•L$p A[p L$f.
A°L$ q]$hk dNfub_p kde° A°L$ kplb Adpdp° bp¨^°gp AS>du rgbpkdp¨
dı∆ ]$dp¨ ]$pMg \ep. A_° dpfp Mcp `f lp\ fpMu_° d_° `|R>ey¨ L°$ d_° dmhp_u
[_° iy¨ lpS>[ R>°? d° L$¸ y Ap` L$p°Z R>p°? afdpÏey¨ lz̈ dl]$u Ry>¨. Ap kp¨cm[p d°
[°d_p\u dykpa°lp° L$ep£.[°d_p lp\p°_° QyÁep A_° afdpÏey¨ L°$ [d° dpfp Of°
Aphp°.[°dZ° L$leÿ kpÍ$ `f¨[y dL$p_ Mpgu lp°e A_° –ep¨ L$p°B _ Aph° [°hÿ lp°e A°V$g°
d° Mpgu dL$p__u Ïehı\p L$fu.
Bdpd A.k.–ep¨ fp°L$pep A_° OZu bpb[p°_u [pgud Ap`u.(BÎd A[p L$eyØ)
A_° lzL$d Ap‡ep° L°$ A°L$ q]$hk fp°Tp° fpMp° A_° bu≈ q]$hk° fp°Tp° _ fpMp°. ]$ffp°T
fp”° 500 fL$p[ _dpT `X$p° A_° kyhp dpV°$ rbı[f D`f _ ≈ h S>ep¨ ky^u L°$ JO
Npgub _ Aph° A_° S>epf° Bdpd A.k. S>[p l[p¨ –epf° L$ley¨ L°$ d¢ [d_° BÎd A[p
L$eyØ R>°,[° `|f¨[y R>°. lh° [d°bu≈ `pk° _ S>[p. –epf `R>u lz¨ Bdpd A._° Í$øk[ L$fhp
blpf _uL$˛ep° ]$fhpS>° `lp¢√ep –epf° Bdpd A.k.A° L$¸ y bk [d° Alv flp°. A_°
Bdpd A.k.–ep¨\u [ifua gB Nep.(Bfap_° Bdpd[ hpL°$Ap° -71 `°.449
rlfi]$u).
Aphp° ]y$Ap L$fuA° Aâ pl [._u bpfNpldp¨ Ae Aâ pl Adpfp q]$gp°_°
A°lg°b•[ (A.dy.k.)_u dp°lÂb[\u dy_Ïhf L$fu ]°$. (B.Apdu_).

‚L$fZ - 10
dp°luÂb° A°lg°b•[ S>.AbyfpS>°A (A.f.)
Aâ pdp dS>guku (A.f.) A° b°lpÍ$g Afihpfdp¨ Ap ‚k¨N_° gøep° R>°. Ap
‚k¨N rlâ p_p gp°L$p°dp¨ dÌlzf \ep° l[p°.
i°M Tplu]$, Apbu]$ idky]$π]$u_ afdph° R>° L° rlâ pdp¨ A°L$ lpL$ud l[p°, S>°_°
dfTp_° kNuf L$l° R>°. [° dp°V$p° _pk°bu A_° A°lgb•[ (A.dy.k.)_p° ]y$Ì d_ l[p°.
gp°L$p°A° [°_u L$p_c¨c°fZu L$fu L°$ AbyfpS>°A L°$V$gpL$ klpbp_° kpfp _\u
NZ[p. [° hp[ `f [°Z° AbyfpS>°A_° lpTf L$fhp_p° lzL$d L$ep£. buQpfp
AbyfpS>°A_° A°V$gp b^p dpepÆ L°$ [°d_p ]$p¨[ [|V$u Nep. [°d_u ∆ c_° bp¨^u ]$u^u.
[°d_p _pL$dp¨ hv^p `pX$u_° ]$p°fu [°dp¨ bp¨^u_° [°d_° luâ p_u il°fp°dp¨ a°fÏep¨ A°V$g°
ky^u L°$ Tødu dp°Adu_ S>° AX$^p df°gp S>°hp \B Nep A_° S>du_ D`f b°lp°i `X$u
Nep. Tpgud bp]$ipl° [°d_° L$– g L$fu ]°$hp_p° lzL$d L$ep£ `f¨[y AdyL$ gp°L$p°A°
cgpdZ L$fu L°$ Ap h©¬^ dpZk A°V$gp° Tødu R>°, L°$ [° dp•[_u _S>]$uL$ R>° A_° ≈ [°S>
dfu S>i°. [°\u [°_° Opeg lpg[dp¨ R>p°X$u ]$u^p°. Of_p¨ kÊ ep° [°d_° D`pX$u_° Of°
gB Nep.
 b^p gp°L$p°_° eL$u_ l[y¨ L°$ fp[dp¨ S> [° dfu S>i°. `f¨[y kyÂl \B [p° [°Ap°
[¨]y$fı[p°_u S>°d _dpT `Y$u flep l[p. b^p ]$p¨[ `Z kgpd[ l[p. b^p Tødp°
dV$u Nep l[p. A°V$g° ky^u L°$ ifuf D`f Tødp°_p r_ip_ `Z flep _ l[p. Ap
≈ °B_° gp°L$p°_u _hpB_p° `pf _ flep°. gp°L$p°A° khpg L$epÆ, Ap [¨]y$fı[u L°$hu fu[°
`f[ Aphu (Ap` [p° dfhp_u AZu D`f l[p¨).
[p° [°dZ° (AbyfpS>°A°) L$leÿ dp•[ kpd° Aphu QyL$u l[u. ]$ugdp¨ A_° q]$gdp¨
My]$p\u A_° dpfp dp•gp kpl°byTTdp_ (A.)\u afuep]$ L$f[p° flep°. S>epf° MybS>
A¨^pfu fp[ \B [p° d° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ `yÍ$ Of _yfp_u \B Neÿ. A°L$p A°L$ lTf[ [Ìfua
gpÏep, A_° dpfp Q°lfp D`f lp\ a°fÏep° A_° afdpÏeÿ L°$ blpf ≈ A_° [pÍ$ L$pd
L$f. Aâ pl ([Apgp) A° [_° [¨]y$fı[u Ap`u. –epf `R>u lz A°V$gp° [¨]y$fı[ \B
Nep° L°$ [d° ≈ °B flep R>p°.
iÁky]$u_ dp°lÁd]$ afdph° R>° L°$ My]$p_u L$kd MpB_° L$lz Ry>, L°$ AbyfpS>°A
L$dTp°f,auL$L$p f¨N_p¨ h©¬^ dpZk l[p. S>°_p ı_p_Ofdp¨ lz ]$ffp°S> S>[p° `f¨[y [°
khpf° S>epf° d° bu≈ _° kp\° S>B_° ≈ °ep [p° [°Ap° kpl°b Ly$Ïh[, [¨]y$fı[, gpg
(Nygpbu) Q°lfp° A_° ≈ Z° 20 hjÆ_p¨ eyhp_ dpgyd `X$[p l[p. A_° –epf `R>u
∆ ¨]$Nucf [°Ap° Aphp S> ([¨]y$fı[) flep¨.
S>epf° Ap kdpQpf il°fdp dilzf \ep [p° [° lpL$ud° AbyfpS>°A_° bp°gpÏep
A_° Ap lpg[ ≈ °B_° [°d_p° fp°b [°_p lpL$ud D`f [pfu \ep° L°$ L$pg° [p° L°$hp l[p
A_° ApS>° L°$hp \B Nep. [° S> kde\u [°_p Adgdp¨ `qfh[Æ_ ApÏeÿ. [° lpL$ud
`l°gp dL$pd° lTf[ kpl°byTTdp_ [fa `uW$ ]$B_° b°W$[p° l[p°. [°_p b]$g° lh° [°
[fa dp¢ fpMu_° b°khp gp¡ep° A_° rlâ p_p¨ dp°Adu_p° kp\° kpfu fu[° h[Æ_ L$fhp
gp¡ep°.`R>u \p°X$p S> q]$hkdp¨ [° lpL$ud dfu Nep°. (Bfap_° Bdpd[ (rlfi]$u) ‚k¨N
-60 `°.423).
‚L$fZ - 11
 Tylzf dpV°$_u ]y$Ap.
Bdpd A._p¨ S>Î]$u Tylzf dpV°$ Ap ]y$Ap hpf¨hpf `Y$p°.
Ap` lTf[ (A.k.) afdpÏey¨ Ap ]y$Ap_° `Y$ep L$fp°........
dpfp S>]°π AdS>]$ fkyg° My]$p (k.A.h)A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ Ap ]y$Ap dpl° fdTp_dp¨
`Y$ep L$fp°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ A° R>° L°$ [°_u kp° V$L$p L$bygue[ Tylzf° Bdpd° Tdp_
(A.k.)_p¨ Tdp_pdp¨ \i°. lL$uL$[dp¨ Ap ]y$Ap A°hu R>°, S>° Adpfp S>g]$u Tylzf dpV°$
`Y$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ B.Tdp_p A.k._p¨ Tylzf\u `l°gp A° AiL$e R>° L°$ ]$f°L$ aL$uf
Nfubu A_° [¨N]$ı[u\u _≈ [ d°mh°, L$p°B Ap]$du L•$]$dp¨ _ lp°e, dykgdp_p°_p¨
[dpd L$pep£_u ky^pfZp \pe. A° _pdyÁL$u_ R>° L°$ [dpd gp°L$p°_u Í$lp_u rkap[
rkap[° Bgpludp¨ a°fhpB ≈ e, [dpd døgyL°$ My]$p Aâ pl_u afdp¨bf]$pf b_u
≈ e, [dpd gp°L$p°_y¨ L$TÆ A]$p \B ≈ e. Ap ]y$ApAp°_u L$bygue[ Bdpd A._p¨ Tylzf
\L$u \i°.
Ap S> L$pfZ R>° L°$ Ap` lTf[ (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ Adpfp iuApAp°_° L$lu
]$p° L°$ Ap ]y$Ap h^pf° `Y°$ L$pfZL°$ Ap ]y$Ap S>Î]u Tylzf kp\° k¨b¨r^[ R>°.(dygpL$p[
bp Bdpd Tdp_p cpN-2 `°S>.246-247)
Aâ plyÁdl A]$πMug Agp A°lgug L$p°byffuıkp°Í$f........
‚L$fZ - 12
dpfp iuApAp°_° L$lu]$p° L°$ Nub[,bp°l[p_ \u ]y$f fl°.....
lp∆ ApL$p [hL$gu dÌl]$_p cfp°kp`p” ÏesL$[ l[p. [°Ap° bep_ L$f° R>°.
ff du fS>b rlS>fu 1404 by^_p q]$hk° lz¨ _dpT° kyÂl `Y$u_°, [AL$ubp[ b≈ hu
gphu k|B Nep°. ıh`_dp¨ d¢ ≈ °ey¨ L°$ dykpafMp_pdp¨ Sy>_u -`yfpZu dı∆ ]$dp¨ MpL°$
riap `f d° kf fpøey R>° A_° gNcN 1 L$gpL$ ky^u kuS>]$pdp¨ fX$[p fX$[p Bdpd
A.k._p¨ Tylzf dpV°$ ]y$Ap L$fu flep° Ry>¨.
 S>epf° kuS>]$p\u kf DW$pÏey¨ [p° dpfu S>dZu bpSy> A°L$ ÏesL$[ b°W$p b°W$p Tylzf
dpV° ]y$Ap L$fu flep R>°. AQp_L$ d° ≈ °ey¨ L°$ dı∆ ]$_u qL$Âgp [fa_u q]$hpg apV$u
NB. A_° l.bL$ue[yâ pl Í$lu h Afhplp°_p au]$p dı∆ ]$dp¨ ]$pMg \ep. `f¨[y A°V$gy¨
fX$u flep l[p L°$ Ap¨Mdp¨\u Apky¨ hl°[p l[p. Bdpd A.k.A° d_° Nm° gNpX$ep°.
OZuhpf ky^u Ad° fX$[p flep d¢ `|R>ey¨ Ap` ApV$gy b^y ip dpV°$ fX$p° R>p°?
Ap` A.k.A° S>° afdpÏey¨ [° `l°gp L$f[p AgN l[y. `l°gp afdph[p L°$ lz¨ dpfu
S>]$π° dTgyd B.lzk•_ A.k.dpV°$ fXÿ$ Ry>¨. `f¨[y Ap hM[° afdpÏeÿ L°$ Ap _p dpV°$ (Ap`
A.k.A° –ep¨ b°W°$gp iuApAp° A_° ]$p°ı[p° [fa Bipfp° L$fu L$ley¨) fX$u flep° Ry>¨.
Ap (dpfp iuAp) dpfp Tylzf dpV°$ fX$u fX$u_° ]y$Ap L$f° R>°. A_° `R>u b°ku_°
gp°L$p°_u Nub[ L$f° R>°. gp°L$p° D`f [lp°d[p° gNpX°$ R>° A_° d_° Mfpb L$pep£_p TfuA°
[L$gua `lp¢QpX°$ R>°.A_° dpfp q]$g_° S>gph° (]y$:Mu L$f°) R>°.
Apd_p D`f Aakp°k L$Í$ Ry>¨.[°d_p dpV°$ fXy$ Ry>¨.iÿ L$Í$? [°d_p (iuAp) dpV°$
]y$Ap L$Í$ Ry> L°$ Ae `fhfq]$Npf! [ÿ A°d_p Ny_pl_° dpa L$fu ]°$, [°d_° L$p°B
dykub[dp¨ dyÂ[°gp _lu¨ L$f[p°.
S>ep¨ ky^u [pfp\u dyÁL$u_ (iL$e) lp°e, dpfp° Ap `•Npd (dpfp iuAp A_°
]$p°ı[p°_°) `lp¢QpX$u ]°$, L°$ l¨d°ip Nub[ L$fhp\u A_° gp°L$p° D`f [lp°d[ gNphhp\u
Bfikp_ Ly$‰_u _S>]$uL$ `lp¢Qu ≈ e R>°. ANf Ap L$pd\u ]y$f _lv flp° A_° [p•bp
_lv L$fp° [p° b°iL$ Adpfp ]$p°ı[ A_° iuAp li° [p° `Z lz¨ [°d_p `f l]$ ≈ fu
L$fui (kTp Ap`ui) A°V$gp ky^u L°$ ANf dp•[ Aphu NB [p° [°_° ∆ h[p L$fu_°
A°lL$pd° Bgplu ‚dpZ° l]$ ≈ fu L$fui.
B.Tdp_p A. A° afdpÏey¨ L°$ [°_° (iuAp ]$p°ı[_°) L$lp° L°$ iÿ dp°lÂb[ A_°
rd”[p_p° [L$p≈ ° A° R>° L°$ `p°[p_p ]$p°ı[_° ]y$:M `lp¢QpX°$, Nddp¨ dyÂ[°gp L$f°? Nub[
A_° bp°l[p_ S>°hp Ny_plp° L$fu_° Ad_° ]y:M `lp°QpX°$? [ÿ My]$ Nub[ L$f° L°$ L$p°B_p\u
Nub[ kp¨cm° [p° [ÿ [pfp ]$p°ı[_p ]$pd__° `p°[p_p lp\\u R>p°X°$ R>°. Aâ pl [.\u
dpau dp¨Np°. My]$pA° L$fud\u [p•bp L$fp°. My]$ph¨]$° L$fud [p•bp L$fhphpmp_° ]$p°ı[ fpM°
R>°. Nub[ L$fhphpmp A_° [lp°d[ gNpX$_pfpAp° kp\° _ b°kp°. Aphp gp°L$p° kp\°
b°khy A°hy (Ny_pl_° `p”) R>° L°$ ≈ Z° ifpb_u dl°augdp¨ b°W$p lp°e.Aâ pl
([.)\u ]y$Ap L$fuA° Ap`Z_° b^p_° Ap Ny_pl° L$bufp\u bQhp_u [p•auL$
Ap`°.(dygpL$p[ bp B.Tdp_ (A.) cp-2 `°S>.233 \u 235).

‚L$fZ - 13
Bdpd A.k.A° iap Ap`u.......
Adu_ _pd° A°L$ X$p°L$V$f l[p. [° OZp b^p ‚L$pf_p Ap°`f°i_ L$f[p. Tødp°_p°
BgpS> L$f[p. [° bep_ L$f° R>° L°$,
A°L$ q]$hk A°L$ TÏhpf dpfu `pk° ApÏep° A_° d_° L$l°hp gp¡ep° L°$ dpfp
lp\,`N A_° ∆ c D`f QuQL$_p¨ ]$pZp (ap°X$L$uAp°) _uL$mu R>°,A_° d_° Myb S>
[L$gua \pe R>°. ANf iL$e lp°e [p° dpfp° BgpS> L$fp°, Ap°`f°i_ L$fp°.
S>epf° d° rbdpf_° [`pıep°, [p° lz¨ kd∆ Nep° L°$ Ap fp°N_u kpfhpf dpfp\u
iL$e _\u, A_° bu∆ [fa [°_u ]$]Æ$cfu lpg[ ≈ °B_° d_° ]$ep Aph[u l[u. d°
dpfu Ap°auk b¨^ L$fu A_° [° ]$]w_° gB_° bN]$p]$dp¨ BkpB `pk° Nep° S>°
ı`°Ì epguıV$ l[p°. [°Z° `Z ]$]$w_u ∆ ZhV$`|hÆL$ [`pk L$fu A_° L$ley L°$ Ap
rbdpfu [p° M[f_pL$ A_° ∆ hg°Z R>°. Ap rbdpfu_p° A°L$ dp” BgpS> Ap°`f°i_
R>°. `f¨[y Ap°`f°i_ ]$fduep_ ∆ h_y¨ ≈ °Md R>°, A_° Ap°`f°i_ `R>u bQu `Z
≈ e [p° [° ∆ h_cf dy¨Np° A_° `N°\u A`¨N fli°.
]$]$w fX$u fX$u_° L$l°[p° l[p° L°$ Apkp_ BgpS> b[php°. X$p°L$V$f° L$ley L°$ Ap°`f°i_
rkhpe bu≈ ° L$p°B BgpS> _\u.
 ApMf° lz¨ A_° [° ]$]$w bu≈ OZp b^p X$p°LV$fp° `pk° Nep, `f¨[y b^p X$p°L$V$f° `l°gp
X$p°L$V$f S>°hp° S> S>hpb Ap‡ep° L°$ Ap°`f°i_ rkhpe L$p°B BgpS> _\u. A_°
Ap°`f°i_dp¨ ≈ __y¨ ≈ °Md R>°.
lz¨ A_° [° ]$]$w L$pTd•_ `pR>p ApÏep¨. q]$hk° q]$hk° ]$]$w_u [L$guadp¨ h^pfp° \[p°
S>[p° l[p° A_° BgpS \u `Z _p DÁdu]$ \B Q|L$ep l[p.
d° [°_° r]$gpkp° Ap‡ep° A_° [°_° My]$p lpauT L$lu_° lz¨ dpfp Of° `pR>p°
ApÏep°,`f¨[y `|fu fp[ `f°ip_udp¨ `kpf \B. khpf° S>epf° lz̈ dpfp ]$hpMp_° Nep°
A_° l∆ ]$fhp≈ ° Mp°Îep°,–ep¨ [p° [° ]$]$w Myilpg lpg[dp¨ dpfu `pk° ApÏep° A_°
Aâ pl_u lÁ]$p° k_p L$fu flep° l[p°, A_° Aâ pl_p° iyæ$ A]$p L$f[p° l[p°. A_° [°
kghp[ `Y$[p° l[p° (kghp[)
d° `yR>ey¨ : iy¨ hp[ R>°?
[°Z° L$¸ y : Sy>Ap° L$p°B rbdpfu_u Akf dp•Sy>]$ _\u.
d° L$¸ y : [y L$pg° S>° rbdpf l[p°° [° rbdpf dpZk S> R>p°?
[°Z° L$¸ y: lp lz¨ L$pg° S>° rbdpf l[p° [° S> Ry>¨.
[°Z° L$¸ y L°$ lz̈ S>epf° Ap`_p\u Ry>V$p° `X$ep° –epf° r]$gdp¨ rhQpf ApÏep° L°$ d©– ey
rkhpe L$p°B BgpS> _\u. Qpgp° Nyıg L$Í$ A_° `pL$ `rh” \B_° A°L$ rTepf[ `Y$y¨$.
[° rhQpf\u lz̈ bp\Í$ddp¨ Nep° A_° Nyıg° rTepf[ L$eyØ A_° B.dykp BÂ_°
S>Aaf A.k. (B.L$pTud A.k.)_p¨ `rh” fp°Tpdp¨ Nep°, AQp_L$ –ep¨ A°L$ Afb
byTyNÆhpf ]$pMg \ep A_° dpfu bpSy>dp¨ b°ku Nep A_° [°dZ° [°d_p° lp\ dpfp
ifuf D`f a°fÏep° [p° dpfp ifufdp¨\u [dpd rbdpfu Qpgu NB. dpfp lp\ Tbp_
A_° `N kp≈ \B Nep. d° [°d_p° ]$pd_ `L$X$u gu^p° A_° fX$hp gp¡ep° A_° `yR>ey¨
L°$ Ap` L$p°Z R>p°? L°$ S>°Z° d_° riap Ap`u? gp°L$p° c°Np \B Nep. ApMf° Ap S>
lpgdp¨ Bdpd A.dpfp° ]$pd_ R>p°X$phu gu^p° A_° dpfu> Ap¨Mp°\u NpA°b \B Nep
([°Ap° B.Tdp_p A.k.l[p).
 `R>u lz¨ [°_° gB_° bN]$p]$_p¨ [° ı`°Ì epguıV$ `pk° Nep° L°$ S>°\u [° `Z Ap
dp°A∆ Tp_° ≈ Z°. [°Z° [`pk L$fu [p° ifuf `f A°L$ `Z TMd _ l[y¨ A_° Aâ pl
[. A° [°_° riap Ap`u R>°. (dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_ A. cp-2 /`°S>.219 \u
222).
‚L$fZ - 14
dp°Adu_p°_p¨ A•b_° ≈ l°f _ L$fp°......
S>° gp°L$p° lTf[ bL$ue[yâ pl (A.[.a.i.)_u bpfNpldp¨ lpS>f \hp B√R>° R>°
A_° [°d_u dygpL$p[_u [dfl p L$f° R>°. [°Ap°_° ≈ °BA° L°$ [°Ap° S>ep¨ ky^u iL$e lp°e
–ep¨ ky^u Bdpd° Tdp_p A.k.kp\° Í$lp_u k¨`LÆ$ fpM°.
]$p.[. A° dpZk L°$ S>° gp°L$p°_u byfpB L$f°, Nub[ L$f°, [p°ld[ dyL°$ `R>u B.Tdp_p
A.k.\u dp°lÂb[ A_° ]$p°ı[u_u DÁdu]$ fpM°? A° Bdpd L°$ S>° k—pÍ$g Ap°eyb
A_° N„apÍ$Tp°_yb_p Afukp kdp_ R>°. A° Bdpd A.k.S>° Ap fu[° ]y$Ap L$f°
R>°...""ep d_ ATlfg S>dug h k[fg L$bul Ae [° L°$ S>° Bfikp__u MybuAp°_°
≈ l°f L$f° R>° A_° byfpBAp°_° Ry>`ph° R>°.
Bdpd° Tdp_p A._u ]$p°ı[u dpV°$ Bfikp_° A° L$p°iuj L$fhu ≈ °BA° L°$ `p°[p_u A¨]$f
kpfu kua[p° `•]$p Lf° A°V$g° L°$ gp°L$p°_p (dp°Adu_p°_p¨) A•bp°_° ≈ l°f _ L$f°, [°_u
cygp°_° dpa L$f°, [°d_u MybuAp°_° ≈ l°f L$f°.
A°L$ fp”° L°$V$gpL$ ]$p°ı[p° A°L$ dpg]$pf iøk_° –ep¨ dl°dp_ bfiep. B.Tdp_p
A.k._p A°L$ Qplhp hpmpA° L$leÿ L°$ ]y$ApA° [hıkyg `Y$$uA° L°$ S>°\u B.Tdp_p
A.k._u fl°dcfu _S>f Ap`Zp D`f `X°$. b^p ]$p°ı[p°A° Ap hp[ dp_u gu^u.
]y$ApA° [hıkyg Ap dS>gukdp¨ `X$p[u l[u. dS>gukdp¨ MybS> Í$lp_uËe[
l[u.
A°L$ ]$p°ı[° ]y$ApA° [hıkyg_u ]$frdep_ MybS> Bıfpf L$ep£ L°$ Ap ]y$Ap_u
dS>gukdp¨ B.Tdp_p A.k. [ifua gph° A_° Adpfu ]y$Apdp¨ ipdug \pe.
 A°L$ bu≈ ]$p°ı[° bep_ L$eyÆ L°$ d_° \ey¨ L°$ Ap` lTf[ (A.) dL$p__u l]$ ky^u
ApÏep¨ R>°. `f¨[y dL$p__u A¨]$f ]$pMg \[p _\u. [°Z° 5|R>ey¨ L°$ dp•gp Ap` dL$p__u
A¨]$f L°$d [ifua _\u gph[p A_° Adpfu Ap dS>guk_° Ap`_p `rh” _yf\u
fp°i_ ip dpV°$ _\u L$f[p? [°_p S>hpbdp¨ dp•gpA° afdpÏey L°$ Ap dL$p__u
rdÎL$uËe[dp¨ BiL$pg R>°, [°\u lz¨ [°dp¨ ]$pMg _lv \B iLy$ [p° [° dpZk° L$ley¨ L°$ [p°
`R>u Adpf° b^pA° `Z Alv¨\u [yf¨[ S> _uL$mu S>hy¨ ≈ °BA° _°?
Ap` lTf[ (A.k.) A° afdpÏey¨ _lv. lz̈ S>° rhgpe[ fpMy Ry> [°_p \L$u [d_°
f≈ Ap`y Ry> L°$ [dpfp° dL$k]$ R>° –ep¨ ky^u [d° fp°L$ph, A_° dL$p_ dprgL$_u
b°BTT[u _ L$f[p A_° lz̈ [d_° hp[ `Z L$fui A_° [d° ]$p°ı[p°_° `Z b[phu
iL$ip° A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ dL$p__p dprgL$_° ep]$ ]°$hX$php° A_° [°_p dL$p__u Bıgpl
\pe A_° [dpfp [fa\u [°_p `f lzS>S>[ `Z [dpd \B ≈ e.L$]$pQ [°Z° Nag[\u
(cyg\u) L$pd L$eyÆ lp°e.
Ap hpL°$Ap\u A° hp[ ı`Ù $ \pe R>° L°$ Ap` lTf[ (A.) A°L$ d]£$ dp°Adu_ S>°
Nıbu dL$p_dp¨ fl° R>°, [°_u b°BTT[u \pe [°_° ep°¡e kdS>[p _\u A_° kpl°b°
dL$p__p¨ ]$p°ı[p°_° Ap hpL°$Ap° A°V$gp dpV°$ bep_ Lf° R>° L°$ kpl°b° dL$p__° Ny_pl\u
Q°[h° A_° Nag[dp¨\u S>NpX°$.
Ap S> L$pfZ° B.Tdp_p A.k._p¨ ]$p°ı[p°_° ≈ °BA° L°$ [°Ap° dp°Adu_p°_p A•b_°
Ry>`ph° A_° gp°L$p°_u cygp°_° dpa L$f°.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd Tdp_ A.k. cpN-
2/`°S>.151 \u 153).
‚L$fZ - 15
Bdpd° Tdp_p A._p° lL$uL$u ]$p°ı[.....
`l°gp_p Tdp_pdp¨ dı∆ ]$ S>dL$fp_ _p_u dı∆ ]$ l[u.h^pf° gp°L$p° [°dp¨ b°ku
`Z _ iL$[p A_° dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_ ky^u S>hp_p° fı[p° `Z L$pQp° l[p° A_° –ep¨
ky^u `lp¢Qhpdp¨ [L$gua `X$[u.
 [°\u blz \p°X$p B.Tdp_p A._p¨ Qplhp hpmp ib° ≈ yÁAp_p dı∆ ]$dp¨ c°Np
\[p. bpL$u_p q]$hkp°dp¨ dı∆ ]$ Mpgu fl°[u.
A°L$ h©¬^ Ap•f[ L°$ S>° `pL$p° `pL$uTp q]$g_u l[u. S>°_° ıh`_dp¨ B.Tdp_p A._u
rTepf[ _kub \B l[u. dı∆ ]°$ TdL$fp_ lh° rhipm (dp°Vu) b_u QyL$u l[u. A°L$
q]$hk Ap h©¬^ Ap•f[ Ap rhipm dı∆ ]°$ S>dL$fp_dp¨ Aphu [p° ≈ °ey L°$ k¢L$X$p° A_°
l≈ fp°_u k¨øepdp¨ ib° ≈ yÁAp_p¨ gp°L$p° dı∆ ]$dp¨ c°Np \ep R>°. [°lgugp°
[ıbul_u AhpS> Aphu flu R>°. dı∆ ]$dp¨ gp°L$p° Bbp]$[dp¨ dÌNyg R>°. B.Tdp_p
A.k.\u [hıkyg L$fu flep R>°. [dpd gp°L$p° B.Tdp_p A.k.\u dp°lÂb[ A_°
AL$u]$[_p° BTlpf L$fu flep R>°.
[° h©¬^ Ap•f[ Myi \B A_° rhQpfhp gpNu L°$ AglÁ]$p°rgâ pl! Bdpd
A.k._p¨ Qplhphpmp gp°L$p°_u k¨øep L°$V$gu b^u R>°. L°$V$gp b^p gp°L$p° l.lzS>S>[
BÂ_ug lk_ A.k.\u dp°lÂb[ A_° AL$u]$[_p° BTlpf L$f° R>°. [° Ap•f[
dı∆ ]$dp¨ ]$pMg \B A_° dı∆ ]$_p ApAdpg b≈ hu gphu. `R>u [°Z° rTepf[°
Apg° epku_ `Y$u, A_° \p°X$p° kde `p°[p_u Tbp_dp¨ B.Tdp__u bpfNpldp¨
lpS>[ dp¨Nu.
`R>u q]$g\u Bdpd A.k._° L$l°hp gpNu L°$ dp•gp lz¨ MybS> Myi Ry>¨. A°V$gp dpV°$ L$°
OZp b^p gp°L$p° Ap`_p Qplhpmp A_° dp°rlÂbp° dı∆ ]$dp¨ c°Np \ep R>° A_°
Ap`_p\u dp°lÂb[ A_° AL$u]$[_p° BTlpf L$f° R>°. –epf `R>u [° Ap•f[ dı∆ ]$_p¨
blpf A°L$ Í$ddp¨ Apfpd L$fhp_p Bfp]$p\u k|B NB. [°Z° ıh`__u lpg[dp¨ ≈ °eÿ L°$
B.Tdp_p A.k.dı∆ ]$dp¨ ]$pMg \ep A_° gp°L$p°_u h√Q° Qpgu flep R>°. lz¨ dpfp
Í$ddp¨\u ]$p°X$u_° dp•gp `pk° NB, A_° kgpd L$fu. dp•gpA° S>hpb Ap‡ep°.d° L$ley¨
dp•gp Ap`_p L$]$dp°_u dpV$u D`f Adpfu ≈ _ Ly$fbp_. AglÁ]$p°rgâ pl Ap`_p
L°$V$gp b^p Qplhphpmp Ap dı∆ ]$dp¨ dp•Sy>]$ R>°.
 Ap` lTf[° (A.) A°L$ W¨$X$p° r_kpkp° _pøep°(Aakp°k ÏeL$[ L$ep£) A_°
afdpÏey¨ L°$ Ap b^p gp°L$p° Alv dpfp dpV°$ _\u ApÏep¨ .Aphp° Ap`Z° [°d_u `pk°
S>BA° A_° `yR>uA° L°$ [°Ap° ip dpV°$ ApÏep R>°?
[°S> kde° lz¨ A_° Bdpd A. A°L$ dpZk `pk° Nep, Bdpd A.A° A°L$ A°L$
iøk_° `yR>[p l[p L°$ [d° Alv ip dpV°$ ApÏep R>p°?
A°L$ iøk° L$ley¨ ApL$p lz¨ rbdpf Ry>¨,X$p°L$V$fp° A° d_° dpfp BgpS>_u _p `pX$u ]$u^u
R>° L°$ dpfp rbdpfu_p° L$p°B BgpS> _\u.
A°L$ bu≈ Ap]$duA° L$ley¨ lz cpX$p_ÿ dL$p_dp¨ flz Ry>¨, lz Of_y¨ dL$p_ Mfu]$hp Qplz¨
Ry>¨.
”u≈ Ap]du A° L$ley¨ : ApL$p lz¨ L$TÆ]$pf Ry>¨, dpfu D`f L$TÆ h^u Nep° R>°.L$TÆ
Ap`_pfp `f°ip_ L$f° R>°.
Qp°\u ˜ uA° L$ley: d_° dpfp° ip•lf (`r[) MybS> `f°ip_ L$f° R>°.
`qfZpd A° ApÏey¨ L°$ ]$f°L$ Bfikp_ `p°[p_u L$p°B_° L$p°B ]y$fiehu lpS>[ gB_°
`p°[p_u _ak_u dp°lÂb[dp¨ Alv dı∆ ]$dp¨ ApÏep R°>. (Bdpd A.k._u
dp°lÂb[_p L$pfZ° [°Ap° _\u ApÏep `f¨[y ]yfiehu dyÌ L°$gu_p¨ L$pfZ° Alv ApÏep
R>°.)
lTf[° [° h©¬^ Ap•f[_° k¨bp¢^u_° L$leÿ L°$ Ap gp°L$p° Alv dpfp dpV°$ _\u
ApÏep. dpfp hkugp\u lpS>[ [gb L$fhp ApÏep R>°. Ap gp°L$p°_° R>p°X$u_° bu≈
OZp gp°L$p°dp¨ L°$V$gpL$ [p° A°hp `Z R>° L°$ S>°d_° dpfp hySy>]$_ÿ eL$u_ `Z _\u.
Ap fu[° Qpg[p Qpg[p Ad° dı∆ ]$dp¨ A°L$ dpZk [fa Nep. S>° dı∆ ]$_p¨
M|Zpdp¨ b°W$p l[p. Bdpd A.k.A° L$ley¨ L°$ Qpgp° Ap`Z° [°_° `Z `yR>uA°. ıh`_dp¨
lz¨ A_° Bdpd A.k.[° iøk `pk° Nep. [°Z° dp\p_° `p°[p_p b¨_° Np°W$Z `f fpM°gy¨
l[y¨. A°L$ M|Zpdp¨ b°W$p b°W$p [° Apd [°d ≈ °B flep l[p. ≈ Z° L°$ Mp°hpe°gu ÏesL$[_°
ip°^u flep lp°e.
 S>epf° [°_u _S>f dp•gp `f `X$u [p° [f[S> `p°[p_u S>¡epA°\u ]$p°X$u_° Bdpd
A.k._p L$]$dp°dp¨ `X$u Nep A_° L$l°hp gp¡ep, dpfp dp-bp` Ap`_p `f Ly$fbp_.
Ap` L$ep¨ l[p? Ap`_p° Bfi[°Tpf L$f[p L$f[p _S>]$uL$ l[y, L°$ dpfu Í$l _uL$mu ≈ e.
Bdpd A.k.k° [°_p° lp\ `L$X$ep°. [°Z° dp•gp_p lp\p°_° QyÁep. [° dp•gp_p
lp\p°_° Qydu flep l[p° A_° ≈ fp° L$[pf fX$[p° l[p°. dp•gpA° `|R>ey¨ L°$ Ap` Alv ip
dpV°$ ApÏep R>p°? [p° [°Z° S>hpb _ Ap‡ep° `f¨[y [°_p fX$hpdp¨ h^pfp° \B Nep°. [°
h^pf° fX$u flep° l[p°. Bdpd A.k.A° [°_° bu∆ hpf `yR>ey¨ [p° [°Z° fX$[p fX$[p
S>hpb Ap‡ep°, dp•gp d° Ap`_p\u Ap`_u dygpL$p[ rkhpe bu∆ L$p°B QuS> dp¨Nu
R>°? dp•gp ! lz aL$[ Ap`_u Tuepf[ Qplz Ry>¨, dp•gp Ap` S> dpfu S>fl [ R>p°, dp•gp
Ap` S> dpfu ]y$r_ep A_° ApM°f[ R>p°. lz̈ Ap`_u dygpL$p[_u A°L$ `m `Z Aâ pl
rkhpe L$p°B_° Ap`hp [•epf _\u.
–epf `R>u Bdpd A. dpfu [fa aepÆ A_° L$leÿ L°$ Ap dpZk S>°hp dpfp
Qplhphpmp Ap dı∆ ]$dp blz S> \p°X$p R>°.(dygpL$p[ bp Bdpd° Tdp_ cpN-2
/`°S>.151 \u 153).
‚L$fZ - 16
dp•gp Agu (A.k.)_p° kpQp° ]$p°ı[
"S>hprlÍ$g Aøbpf'dp¨ d_pqL$b _pd_u qL$[pbdp¨\u R>°,L°$ dsıS>]°$ Ly$apdp¨
S>_pb° AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ A._u Mu]$d[dp¨ A°L$ Ly$aphpkuA° ATÆ> L$fu L°$ ep
dp•gp! lz Ap`_p° ]$p°ı[ Ry ¨,Ap`° S>hpb Ap‡ep° : [y¨ ]$p°ı[u_p° ]$php° L$f° R>°. `f¨[y
ApS>° dpfp kpQp ]$p°ı[_p° lz̈ [_° `qfQe L$fphui. Qpg A_° ≈ ° L°$ Adpfp lL$uL$u
]$p°ı[p° L°$hp lp°e R>°!
A°d L$lu Ap` [°_° gB il°f_u blpf ApÏep. A° `R>u Ap`° afdpÏey¨ "Ap¨Mp°
b¨^ L$f' [°Z° Ap¨Mp° b¨^ L$fu. `gdp¨ afu Ap`° afdpÏey¨ Ap¨M Mp°g. S>epf° [°Z°
Ap¨Mp° Mp°gu –epf° A≈ ebu kp\° [°Z° S>p°ey¨ L°$ `p°[° L$p°B A≈ Œep il°fdp¨ Aphu
`lp¢√ep° R>°. [°_p AS>b_p° A¨[ Aph° [° `l°gp S> Ap`° afdpÏey¨ L°$ dpfu kp\°
il°fdp¨ Qpg. [_° A°L$ A°hp° dpZk ]°$MpXy¨$ L°$ S>° d_° Tbp_\u A_° rS>Nf\u ]$p°ı[
fpM° R>°. A°d afdphu Ap` [°_p° lp\ `L$X$u il°fdp¨ gB Nep. b≈ fdp¨ S>B Ap`°
[°_° A°L$ L$kpB_u ]y$L$p_ b[ph[p –ep¨\u A°L$ q]$fld_ÿ Np°Ì [ gB Aphhp L$¸ y¨ A_°
A°L$ q]$fld `Z Ap‡ep°.
[° dpZk L$kpB_u ]y$L$p_° Nep°. L$kpBA° [°_° `f]°$iu kd∆ AphL$pf Ap`[p
Npd_y¨ _pd `yRey¨. [°Z° Ly$ap_p fl°hpku [fuL°$ `p°[p_u Ap°mM Ap`u. Ly$ap_y¨ _pd
kp¨cm[p¨ S> ljpÆh°idp¨ Aphu S>B L$kpBA° [°_° bNgNuf \[p L$¸ y¨,cpB [y¨ [p°
cpf° qL$ıd[hpmp° R>°, [y¨ dpfp dp•gp_p Npd_p° fl°hpku R>°. dpfu e rL$ıd[ bg¨]$ R>°
L°$ dp•gp_p _Nf_p° _pNqfL$ dpf° Ap¨NZ° ApÏep°. ApS>° fp”° [d° dpfp dl°dp_ b_p°.
[°Z° [°_p° ‚ı[ph L$byg L$f[p L$¸ y¨, dpfp° ]$p°ı[ dpfu kp\° R>°. L$kpBA° L$ley¨ cg°,
cg°. [dp° bfl ° dpfp dl°dp_ R>p°. [° Ly$aphpkuA° S>_pb Aduf A.k._u
qM]$d[dp¨ [dpd dpdgp° bep_ L$ep£. lTf[° `Z [°_u dl°dp_u d¨Tyf L$fu.
lTf[ [°_u ]y$L$p_° Nep. bfl ° S>Z_° ≈ °B L$kpB Myi \ep° A_° `p°[p_p Of°
[°Ap°_° gB Nep°. Of° S>B `–_u_° Myi Mbf Ap`[p L$ley¨ b°Nd dl°dp_ R>°, A_° [°
e dp•gp Agu BÂ_° Abu[prgb A._p il°f_p R>°. [°Ap°_u Dd]$p dl°dp_N[u
L$fhp_u R>°, ApS>° D—ddp¨ D—d cp°S>_p° `L$php°. bubu `Z Myi Myi \B. dp•gp_p
Npd_p fl°_pfpAp°_u dl°dp_u dpV°$ DgV$c°f [•epfuAp°dp¨ Ny¨\pB NB. L$kpB_° b°
bpmL$p° l[p. [°Ap° `Z Aphu_° dl°dp_p°_° [ATud L$fu Nep.
dNfub_p° kde \[p lTf[° _dpT_u [•epfu L$fu. A°V$gpdp¨ L$p°BA° ]$fhp≈ °
MX$MX$pÏep°. L$kpBA° ]$fhpTp° Mp°Îep°. Ap¨NZ° Tprgd lpqL$d_p b° S>â p]$p° kp\°
rk`pluAp° Dcp R>°. [°Ap°A° L$ley¨, bp]$ipl_u Akp¬e rbdpfu ]y$f L$fhp lL$ud°
Agu_p ]$p°ı[_p My__u S>Í$f[ b[phu R>°. [y¨ Agu_p° ]$p°ı[ R>° A°V$g° [pÍ$ My_
Adpf° ≈ °BA° R>°.
 My]$p_p° iyæ$ R>° L°$ dp•gp_u ]$p°ı[u_p k]$L°$ dpfp My_dp¨ A°hu [pkuf Aphu L°$
L$paufp° [°_p\u k°l[ `pd° R>°. A°d L$lu [°Z° \p°X$u hpf dpV°$ Ofdp¨ S>hp_u B≈ T[
Qplu. Ofdp¨ S>B [°Z° `p°[p_u bubu_° dl°dp_p°_u Mp[f]$pfu MX°$ `N° L$fhp_u
kyQ_p Ap`u,L$¨B blp_y¨ L$fu blpf ApÏep°.
[° blpf ApÏep° [°_p bpmL$p° `Z fd[p¨ fd[p¨ ApÏep. AÂbp_° L$pr[gp°_p
lp\dp¨ ≈ °B_° fX$hp gp¡ep. [°dZ° S>epf° L$pfZ ≈ Œey¨, –epf° fX$hÿ dyL$u ]$B AS>b
rlÁd[\u L$ley¨, dp•gp_p Nygpd [p° Ad° `Z R>uA°. AÂbp≈ __p My_dp¨ ≈ ° A°hu
[pkuf lp°e [p° Adpfp My_dp¨ `Z S>Í$f lp°hu ≈ °BA°.Adpfp hpgu]$_° dyL$[ L$fp°
A_° AdpÍ$ My_ bp]$ipl dpV°$ gB ≈ Ap°.
Adpf° [p° Nd° [° ]$p°ı[p_° Agudp¨\u A°L$_y¨ My_ ≈ °BA° A°d L$lu [°Ap°A°
bpmL$p°_° `L$X$ep.bfl ° cpBAp°A° ∆ ]$ L$fu dpÍ$ My_ gB ≈ h dpfp cpB_° dyL$[ L$fp°.
ApMf° S>â p]$p° bfl ° cpBAp°_° dpfu [°Ap°_y¨ My_ gB Nep.
bp` ≈ °[p° flep° A_° bpmL$p°_u l–ep \B S> NB. bfl °_u gpip°_° A_° kfp°_°
Ry>`phu ]$B ≈ Z° L$iy¨ S> _\u bfiey¨ A°hp° h[pÆh L$fu_° dl°dp_p°_u rM]$d[dp¨ lpS>f
\ep° A_° bubu_° kyafp° rbR>phhp L$ley¨.
S>dhp b°k[u hM[° lTf[ Agu A.k.A° afdpÏeÿ, [pfp afT¨]$p°_° bp°gph lz¨
[°d_° dpfu kp\° b°kpX$u S>dpX$ui, L$pfZ L°$ dpfp afT¨]$p° `Z l¨d°ip dpfu kp\°
b°ku_° Mpe R>°.
bpmL$p°_u ≈ [ R>°. L$p°Z ≈ Z° L$ep¨e fd[p fd[p _uL$mu Nep li°. kde \B
Nep° lp°e Ap` h^y rhg¨b _ L$f[p S>du gp°. [°Ap° `R>u S>di°. L$kpBA° blp_y¨
L$f[p S>dhp AfS> NyTpfu.
_p. A° [p° _lv b_°. cg° [°Ap° Aph° –ep¨ ky^u Ap`Z° fpl ≈ °BA°, A°d L$lu
lTf[° bpmL$p° rh_p S>dhp_p° BfiL$pf L$ep£.
 L$kpB cpf° rhdpkZdp¨ `X$u Nep°. L°$hu fu[° dl°dp_p°_° kd≈ h°? [°_p Ql°fp
D`f NdNu_u A_° NcfpdZ ≈ °B Ap`° afdpÏeÿ : cpB [y¨ d_° _ Ap°mMu iL$ep°?
lz¨ S> [pfp° Bdpd A_° `°ihp Agu BÂ_° Abu [prgb (A.k.)Ry>¨. Ap kp¨cm[p¨
S> L$kpB L$]$dp°dp¨ `X$u Nep°. ]$bphu ]$u^°gp Ap¨kyAp°_° Ry>V$p dyL$u ]$u^p. L$]$d Qyd[p
L$fNep£, lzTyf NygpdTp]$pAp° Ap`_u dlp°Âb[dp¨ L$`pB Nep. dp•gp d_° A°_p° Nd
_\u. dpfu ≈ _, dpÍ$ Of bpf dpÍ$ khÆıh Ap` D`f Ly$fbp_ lp°.
dp•gp_u dygpL$p[\u [°_p° D–kpl Arch©s¬^ `pÁep°. ]$p°X$[p° ]$p°X$[p° bubu `pk°
Nep°. [°Zu_° bpmL$p°_u l–ep_u Mbf Ap`[p dp•gp_p ApNd__p kdpQpf
Ap‡ep. [°Zu `Z `p°[p_p Alp°cp¡e `f Tyd[u, ]$p°X$[u Aphu dp•gp_p L$]$dp°dp¨
`X$u. dp•gpA° L$ley¨ bpB NdNu_ _ \[u, [pfp afT¨]$p° ldZp¨ S> My]$p_p lzL$d\u
_h∆ h_ `pdi°. A° `R>u bfl ° gpi A_° kfp° d¨NpÏep. Nf]$_ `f\u My_ kpa
L$fphu Ap`_u Qp]$f° `pL$ Ap°Y$pX$ep bp]$ Ap` b° fL$p[ _dpT `X$ep. [f[ S> [°
r_∆ Æh gpip°dp¨ Í$l_p° k¨Qpf \ep° A_° gÂb•L$, ep AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ L$l°[p
bpmL$p° Dcp \B Nep A_° dhgp_u L$]$d bp°ku L$fu.
A°$ hM[° Ap`° `°gp ]$p°ı[u_p ]$ph°]$pf Ly$aphpku_° k¨bp°^u_° afdpÏey¨, [ÿ Aphu
fu[° dpfu dlp°Âb[dp¨ [pfp bpmL$p°_u Ly$fbp_u Ap`u iL°$ Mfp°? [°Z° k¨L$p°Q
`pd[p S>hpb Ap‡ep° lzTyf dpfp\u Ap _ S> \B iL°$. Ap`° afdpÏeÿ, ≈ ° Adpfp
kpQp ]$p°ı[p° Aphp lp°e R>° L°$ [°Ap° Tbp_\u A_° rS>Nf\u Ad_° ]$p°ı[ fpM° R>°.
`R>u klzA° kp\° dmu_° Mp^y¨. lTf[° [° L$kpB A_° [°_u ˜ u bpmL$p° dpV°$ ]yApA°
M•f L$fu.
S>epf° Ap` –ep¨\u S>hp gp¡ep –epf° L$kpB Ap`_p ]$pd__° hmNu `X$u
bp°Îep°. lzTyf khpf_p dpfp bpmL$p°_° b^p e ∆ h[p ≈ °i°, bp]$ipl Adp° kp•_°
dpfu _pMi°. Ap`° [°_° Appk_ Ap`[p afdpÏeÿ [y auL$f _ L$f,dykub[ hM[°
d_° ep]$ L$fS>°.
 il°f_u blpf Aphu Ap`° `°gp dpZk_° Ap¨Mp° b¨^ L$fu g°hp A_° DOpX$hp
L$ley¨, [°Z° Ap¨Mp° b¨^ L$fu A_° DOpX$u, A° hM[° ≈ °eÿ L°$ `p°[° S>ep¨\u fhp_p \ep
l[p –ep¨ Aphu_° Dcp R>°.
Alv `°gp° L$kpB buS>° q]$hk° `p°[p_p¨ bpmL$p°_° gB_° ]y$L$p_° ApÏep°. bpmL$p°_°
L$– g L$f_pf S>â p]$ –ep¨\u _uL$˝ep°. [°Z° bpmL$p°_° ≈ °B L$kpB_° `yR>ey¨ Ap bpmL$p°_°
[p° L$pg° d¢ L$– g L$fu _pøep l[p. ApS>° ∆ h[p L$ep¨\u \ep? L$kpBA° S>hpb Ap‡ep°
dpfp dhgpA° [°d_° _h∆ h_ Ap‡eÿ.Ap hp[ huS>mu h°N° `yfp il°fdp¨ ‚kfu NB
A_° S>ep¨ –ep¨ [°_uS> QQpÆAp° \hp gpNu. L°$V$gp e Ly$[ylg hi L$kpB_° ]y$L$p_° `Z
A°L$W$p \ep. hp[ h^[p h^[p bp]$ipl `pk° `lp¢Qu. bp]$ipl° Mp[fu dpV°$ [°Ap°_°
`L$X$u d¨NpÏep A_° lL$uL$[ `yR>u [°Z° [dpd OV$_p L$lu. bp]$ipl° i¨L$p L$f[p
L$ley¨,b_° S> iu fu[°? Agu Ly$apdp¨ fl° R>°. [y ed_dp¨ fl° R>°. b°D il°fp° h√Q°
dlu_pAp°_p `¨\ `X$ep° R>°.R>[p¨ lz [d_° ”Z°_° ldZp L$[g L$fphy Ry>¨. `R>u ≈ °D Ry> L°$
[dpfp° dp•gp [d_° L°$hu$ klpe L$f° R>°? A°d L$lu S>â p]$p°_° Ap ”Z° bp` b°V$pAp°_°
L$– g L$fhp_u kTp L$fu.
bp]$ipl [pf° BrÁ[lp_ S> g°hy¨ R>°, [p° d_° A°V$gu dp°lg[ Ap` L°$ dpfp dhgp_°
”Zhpf kp]$ L$fu gJ. L$kpBA° dp°lg[ dp¨Nu, bp]$ipl° dp°lg[ Ap`u. L$kpBA°
Ly$ap [fa dyM L$fu kp]$ ]$u^p° ep N°epkg dyı[Nuku_, h ep ≈ fg
dyı[∆ fu_,ArS>f_u b° dhgpe Adu$qfg dp°Ad°_u_, ep AguËep° Mrâ k_u
rd_ e]°$ lpTT Tpg°rd_ apk°L$u_$-A° Aâ pl l° aepÆ]$_° `lp°Q_pf l° gpQpfp_p
Ap^pf Adp°_° bQphhp dpV°$ Adpfp dp•gp Agu BÂ_° Agu[prgb A.k._°
dp°L$g, S>°Ap° Ap Tprgd_p TyÎd\u AdpÍ$ fnZ L$f°.
A° kde° Ap` dsıS>]°$ Ly$apdp¨ b°W$p l[p. `°gp° dpZk `Z Ap`_u qM]$d[dp¨
l[p°, Ap`° L$kpB_u aqfep]$ kp¨cmu, gÂb•L$,gÂb•L$, L$¸ y¨ A_° L$Ábf_° kp\° gB
Ap` il°f blpf Nep. L$Ábf_° Ap¨Mp° b¨^ L$fu g°hp L$ley¨. L$Ábf° Ap¨Mp° b¨^ L$fu
Ap¨Mp° Mp°ghp lzL$d L$ep£. L$Ábf° Ap¨Mp° Mp°gu. A° hM[° [°Ap° ed__u fpS>L$Q°fudp¨
l[p. Ap`° cep_L$ AhpS>° [L$buf L$lu. A° NS>Æ_p kp¨cm[p¨ S> bp]$ipl klu[
[dpd ]$fbpfuAp° b°lp°i \B Nep. L$kpB_° Ap`° afdpÏey¨ bpmL$p°_° gB Alv\u
_uL$mu ≈ . L$kpB_p S>hp bp]$ bp]$ipl A_° ]$fbpfuAp° lp°idp¨ ApÏep bp]$ipl°
Ap`_° `yR>ey¨ l° blp]$yf [dp° L$p°Z R>p°? Alv A°L$gp Aphhp_u rlÁd[ [d° L°$hu fu[°
L$fu? dpfu B≈ T[ hNf dpfp L$°]$uAp°_° L°$d cNpX$u dyL$ep? Ap`° afdpÏey dpÍ$ _pd
Agu BÂ_° Abu[prgb R>°. Ap`_y _pd kpcm[p¨ S> æ$p°r^[ \B [°Z° rk`pluAp°_°
lzL$d L$ep£ L°$ Ap S>hp__° rNfa[pf L$fp°. Qpf° [fa\u rk`pluAp°A° Ap` D`f lâ p°
L$ep£. Ap`° `Z TyrÎaL$pf\u kpd_p° L$ep£. dyX$]$pAp°_p° Y$N MX$L$pB Nep°. Qp°[fa\u
AgAdp_ AgAdp__u Quk Ny¨∆ DW$u. lTf[° afdpÏeÿ Bdp_ hNf Adp_ _lv
dm°. bp]$ipl° AfS> L$fu lz Bdp_ gphy Ry> A_° [° L$gdA° ilp]$[•__p° D√Qpf
L$fhp gp¡ep°.
[°_u kp\° S> [dpd ]$fbpf A_° kdı[ il°f_p dpZkp°°A° Bıgpd_p° ıhuL$pf
L$ep£ A_° [°_p¨ bpmL$p°_° ]$fbpfdp¨ bp°gphu Ap`° [°_u k¨cpm fpMhp bp]$ipl_°
cgpdZ L$fu. `R>u Ap` Ly$ap [ifua gB Nep.(dp-bp`_p lL$ `°S> _¨.36-42).
‚L$fZ - 17
Ap¨ky_u qL≠$d[
Aâ pdp dS>guku (f.A.) B.kp]$uL$ A.k.\u A_° [°Ap° [°d_p S>]$ lTf[ fkyg
k.A.h. \u afdph° R>°.""L$epd[_p¨ q]$hk° [dpd Ap¨M L$epd[_p¨ X$f\u fp°[u li°,
rkhpe [° Ap¨Mp° S° dykub[° B.lzk•_ A.k. `f fp°[u li°. A_° [° S>fl [dp¨ ]$pMug
\i° A_° [°_° S>fl [_u _°Ad[_u MyiMbfu ]°$hpdp¨ Aphi°.''
B.kp]$uL$ A.k. afdph° R>°. L$epd[_p¨ q]$hk° ApN_p¨ aqfÌ[pAp° A°L$ iøk_°
`L$X$u_° ]$p°TM [fa gB S>[p¨ li°. A_° [°_u `pk° L$p°B _°L$u _lv lp°e. `R>u Ap
AhpS> Aphi°... A°L$ dy_p]$u `fhfq]$Npf [fa\u AhpT Ap`[p bp°gi°. Ap d]£$
Ny_°lNpf_u A°L$ Adp_[ Adpfu `pk° R>°. dgpA°L$p Dcp flu S>i°. `R>u [°
iøk_° A°L$ `pZu]$pf dp°[u Ap`hpdp¨ Aphi°. S>°_p¨ _yf\u ApMy dlif _yfp_u
fp°i_ \B S>i°. [° iøk Ap dp°[u_° ≈ °B_° _hpB `pdi° A_° bp°gi°, bpf°Bgplp
d_° [p° Ap Adp_[_y¨ L$p°B BÎd _\u. Ae iøk Ap dp°[u A° Ap¨ky R>°, S>° A°L$
hM[ Nd° lzk•_ A.k.dp¨ [pfu Ap¨Mdp¨\u _uL$˛ey¨ l[ÿ A_° [pfp Npg `f hleÿ
l[y. lh° [ÿ Ap dp°[u_° gB_° ]$f°L$ A¨buep A_° Ahkuep `pk° ≈ A_° [°_u qL≠$d[
`|R.> [° `|R>[p `|R>[p fkyg k.A.h. A_° Agu A.k._u `pk° ApÏep° `Z L$p°BA°
`Z [°_u qL≠$d[ b[phu _lv. B.lzk•_ A.k.`pk° Aphi°. kËe]y$Ì ip°l]$p B.lzk•_
A.k.[° iøk_° ≈ °B_° Dcp \B S>i°, A_° B.lzk•_ A.k.[°_° Nm° gNpX$u ]°$i°
A_° AiÆ Bgplu_° `L$X$u_° Dcp \i°. A_° L$li° Ae bpf°Bgplu Ap dp°[u A°L$
Ap¨ky R>°,S>° Ap dp°Adu__u Ap¨Mdp¨\u dyS> dTgyd_u dykub[dp¨ _uL$˛ey¨ R>° A_°
[°_u A° qL≠$d[ R>° L°$ Ap iøk_° S>fl [ A[p L$f A_° [pfp aTgp° L$fd\u b°rlÌ[dp¨
dpfu kp\° S>¡ep Ap`. AhpS> Aphi° Ae lzk•_ A.k.Ad° [°_p [dpd Ny_pl_°
dpa L$fu ]$u^p A_° [°_p dp-bp`_° `Z bøiu ]$u^p. A_° [dpfu kp\° [dpfp
]$fS>S>° S>¡ep Ap`u.([hTuA° ATp `°S>.464).
‚L$fZ - 18
ATp]$pfu_u aTug[
AdpguA° i•M ky]$L$ A.f. dp¨ dkdyA bu_ AÂ]y$g dguL$$ B.kp]$uL$
A.k.\u qfhpe[ L$f° R>° L°$ A°lg° BfpL$dp¨\u A°L$ iøk B.kp]$uL$ A.k. `pk°
ApÏep°. Bdpd A.k.A° `|R>ey¨, [y Bdpd lzk•_ A.k_u rTepf[ dpV°$ ≈ e R>°? [°
iøk° L$ley:- _p lz¨ bkfpdp¨ flz Ry>¨, A_° rTepf[ dpV°$ ≈ h [p° gp°L$p° (Tpgud)
bp]$ipl_° QpX$u Mpe ≈ e, lzLy$d[_p¨ Mp•a_p¨ L$pfZ° _\u S>B iL$[p°.
Bdpd kpq]$L$ A.k. A° `yRey¨ i¨y [y q]g_° [p°X$u _pM_pf Adpfp S>]$π_p¨
dkpA°b `X°$ R>°? [°Z° L$ley lp. [y fX° R°? [°Z° L$¸ y lp. fX$hp_p° lpg A° lp°e R>° L°
Ad_° Mphp-`uhp_y¨ Nd[y _\u. Bdpd A.k.A° afdpÏey ""Aâ pl ([.) [pfp
NuepÆ D`f fl°d L$f°, [y Adp° fp°_pfpdp¨ iydpfp \Bi. [y¨ dp•[_p kde° Adpfp S>]°$π
[pluf_° ≈ °Bi. dg°Ly$g dp•[ [pfu riapfui L$fi°. dp [°_p q]$L$fp D`f dl°fbp_
lp°e [°_p L$f[p h^pf° dg°Ly$g dp•[ dl°fbp_ li°. –epf `R>u B.kp]$uL$ A.k. ≈ °f
≈ °f\u Tpfp° L$[pf fX$° R>°.
‚L$fZ - 19
df_pf h[u k]$L $p ° Ap`hp_p° khpb
A°L$ qfhpe[dp¨ ApÏeÿ R>°, L°$ S>epf° `Z L$p°B iøk L$p°B dfhphpmp_u r_Ëe[\u
"k]$L$p°' Ap`° R>°, [p° My]$phfi]°$ Apgd l. rS>b∞Bg_° lzL$d L$f° R>° L°$ [° rk—°f l≈ f
(70,000) aqfÌ[pAp° kp\° L°$ S>°d_p lp\p°dp¨ A°L$ A°L$ "[bL$' (\pmu) Aâ pl_u
_°Ad[p°_u lp°e R>°, [° gB_° [°_u L$bf `f ≈ e A_° [° dËe[ `f Ap ]$f°L$ aqfÌ[p°
"Aıkgpdp°$ AgËL$' L$l° R>°. A_° `R>u L$l° L°$, ""Ae Aâ pl_p ]$p°ı[ ! Ap agpZp
dp°Ard__p° "lq]$ep°' R>°, S>° [pfp dpV°$ A°Z° dp°L$Îep° R>°'', A_° A°\u A°_u L$b∞
fp°i_ \B S>i°. Aâ pl [°_° dpV°$ b°rlÌ[dp¨ lTpf il°f B_pe[ afdphi°, l≈ f
lzfp° [°_u kp\° ip]$u L$fi°,lTpf `p°ipL$p° [°_° `l°fphpi°, [°_u l≈ f lpS>[p° `yfu
\i°.(Nyg]$ı[A° _dpT h rTepf[ `°S> _¨.14).

‚L$fZ - 20
dp-bp` dpV$° _u _dpT
afT¨]$ dpV°$ dyı[lb R>° L°$ dp-bp` dpV°$ _dpT `Y°$. b° fL$A[ _dpT R>°.(1) `l°gu
fL$A[dp¨ ky.lÁ]$ `R>u 10 hM[ fÂbu¡aufgu h g° hpg°]$Ëe h rgg dp°Ad°_u_
eÏd eL|$dyg l°kpb `Y°$.
(2) bu∆ fL$A[dp¨ ky.lÁ]$ `R>u 10 hM[ fÂbu¡auf gu h hpg°]$Ëe hg° d_
]$Mg bË[u dp°Ad°_u_ hg dp°Ad°_p[ `Y°$. _dpT [dpd L$epÆ `R>u (10) hM[
fÂbuf ldπlp°dp L$dp fÂbep_u kNufp (Nyg]$ı[A° _dpT rTepf[ `°S>.15).

‚L$fZ - 21
A°hu budpfu L°$ [bubp° [°_p BgpS>\u gpQpf \B ≈ e –epf° `Y$hp_u _dpT.
[p°laA° Aldq]$epdp¨ gM° R>° L°$, kB]$ bu_ Abu a[l Ly$Ádu\u d_Ly$g R>° L°$, d_°
A°L$ hM[ A°hu rbdpfu gpNy `X$u L°$ [bubp° [°_p BgpS>\u gpQpf \B Nep. dpfp
bp`° b^p lL$udp°_° c°Np L$fu dpfu ]$hp dpV°$ L$¸ y¨. [°Ap°A° D—f Ap‡ep° L°$ Adp° ]$hp
L$fu_° gpQpf \B Nep. lh° Ap rbdpfudp¨\u My]$p Apfpd Ap`° [p° S> \pe.
Adpfp\u kpÍ$¨ \pe A°d _\u. Ap kp¨cmu lz¨ _pDd°]$ \B Nep°.
A°L$ q]$hk° dpfp q`[p_u qL$[pbdp¨\u A°L$ qL$[pb gB_° hp¨Qhp gp¡ep°, A°_p
`y¨W$p D`f gøey¨ l[ÿ L°$ l.Bdpd° ≈ Aaf° kpq]$L$ A.k.d° lTf[ fkyg (k.A.h.)
\u qfhpe[ L$fu R>° L°$, L$p°B rbdpfu lp°e [p° kyÂl_u _dpT bp]$ Qpguk (40)
hM[ Ap ]$p°Ap `Y$°$ A_° S>ep¨ rbdpfu lp°e –ep¨ lp\ a°fh° [p° lL$ [Apgp A°
rbdpfu ]y$f L$fi°.
Ap hp¨Qu khpf ky^u d¢ kb∞ L$fu A_° kyÂl \[p¨ S> kyÂl_u _dpT `X$u_° Ap
]$p°Ap Qpguk (40) hM[ `X$ep° L°$ [f[S> dpfu rbdpfu ]y$f \B NB `Z d_° Mp°a
gp¡ep° L°$ `pR>u rbdpfu \B Aphi° [p° [°\u ”Z q]$hk ky^u Ap ]$p°Ap¨ `Y$ep° `R>u
dpfp r`[p_° hp[ L$fu. [°Z° My]$p_p° iyæ$ L$ep£ A_° lL$ud_° hp[ L$fu. lL$udp°A°
Aphu_° [`pk L$fu [p° lz̈ rbgLy$g [¨]y$fı[ l[p°. [°Z° L$pfZ `yR>eÿ d¢ [dpd lL$uL$[
bep_ L$fu. A°L$ lL$ud L$paf l[p°, ]$p°Ap_u bfL$[ ≈ °B My]$p D`f Bdp_ gphu
dykgdp_ \B Nep°. [° ]$p°Ap Ap R>°.
rbsıdâ prlf fldpr_f flud.
AÎlÁ]$p° qgâ pl° fuÂbgÆ Apgdu_ hlıbp°_â plp° h
_°Adg hL$ug, [bpfL$â plp° Alk_yg Mpg°L$u_,
hgplÏg hgp Ly$Ïh[ Bâ p rbâ prlg ArgrËeg ATud.
(Nyg]$ı[ A° _dpT h rTepf[ `°S> _¨.123,124).

‚L$fZ - 22
budpfu\u [¨] y$fı[ \hp_u ]$p °Ap
l.Bdpd ≈ Aaf° kpq]$L$ (A.k.)_p cpZ°S> BıdpBg°, Bdpd (A.k.)\u
qfhpe[ L$fu R>° L°$, A°L$ hM[ dpl° fdTp_dp¨ budpf \B Nep°, budpfu blzS> h^u
NB, A°V$g° ky^u L°$ b_u lpiudhpmp kdS>ep L°$ lz¨ dfu Nep° Ry>¨. dpfu dp blzS> ]y:Mu
S>Zp[u l[u. [° hM[° l.Bdpd° ≈ Aaf° kpq]$L$ (A.k.)d° [°Zu_° L$¸ y¨ L°$ dL$p__u
R>[ D`f S>B Apkdp__u _uQ° b° (2) fL$p[ _dpT `Y$p° A_° [f[S> Ap ]$p°Ap
`Y$p°, Aâ plzÁd Bfl L$ hlÂ[l|gu hgÁeL$p° iËA_ Aâ plzÁd h Bfl u Bı[ÏlbL$l|
dyÂ[]°e_ aB]$lp°.
BıdpBg L$l° R>° L°$ dpfu dp[pA° [° ‚dpZ° Adg L$ep£ A_° d_° [¨]y$fı[u _kub
\B.(Nyg]$ı[ A° _dpT h rTepf[ `°S> _¨.121).
‚L$fZ - 23
[f[ lpS>[ `yfu \hp_p° Adg.
`l°gp lpS>[_u r_Ëe[\u b° (f) fL$A[ _dpT `Y°$. `l°gu fL$A[dp¨ Ag-
lÁ]$_p k|fp `R>u A°L$ (1) hM[ Ape[yg Ly$fku `Y°$. bu∆ (2) fL$A[dp¨ Ag-
lÁ]$ _p k|fp `R>u A°L$ (1) hM[ Bfl p AfiTg_p _p° k|fp° `Y°$, A_° _dpT M[d
L$epÆ `R>u Ly$fAp_° ifua dp\p D`f dyL$u Ap (_uQ° dyS>b_u) ]$p°Ap `Y°$ :-
Aâ plyÁd b°lL$L$° d_ AfıÎ[ly A°gp MÎL$°L$, h
b°lL$L$° Ly$Îg° Aper[_ aul°, h b°lL$L$° Ly$Îg° d_ d]$l[l|
aul° AgËL h b°lL$L$° AgËl° hgp [Af°ap° Al]$p AAf°ap°
b°lL$L$°L$ rdfiL.

`R>u _uQ°_p Bıdp° ]$k ]$k (10-10) hM[ L$l° :-

ep kËe]$u ep Aâ pl, b°lL$L$° dp°lÁd]$, b°lL$L$° Agu,

b°lL$L$° ap[°dpl, b°lL$L$ug lk_, b°lL$L$ug lyke_,
b°lL$L$° Agu, b°lL$L$° dp°lÁd]$, b°lL$L$° ≈ Aaf, b°lL$L$°
dykp, b°lL$L$° AguËe°r_ff°Tp, b°lL$L$° dp°lÁd]$°r_gÆ
S>hp]$, b°lL$L$° AguËe°r_g _L$u, b°lL$L$° lkr_g AıL$fu,
rbÎlyS>S>[°.
(Nyg]$ı[ A° _dpT h rTepf[ `°S> _¨.116).
‚L$fZ - 24
]y$Ap `fuQe : ]y$ApA° k_de Ly$f•i.
BÂ_° AÂbpk bep_ L$f° R>° L°$ A°L$ hM[ lz¨ dı∆ ]°$ fkyg (k.A.h.)dp¨ Nep°,
S>°\u _dpT° ib A]$p L$Í$ –ep¨ d° dp•gpA° L$pA°_p[ AduÍ$g dp°Ad°_u_ A.k._°
_dpTdp¨ dÌNyg ≈ °ep. _dpT° ib `R>u iap A_° h” `X$ep. `R>u Ap`° L°$V$guL$
A°hu ]y$ApAp° `Y$u S>° d° L$epf°e kp¨cmu _ l[u. d° `|R>ey¨ L°$ dpfu ≈ _ Ap`_p `f
Ly$fbp_ ! Ap L¨$B ]y$Ap l[u? dp•gpA° afdpÏey¨ L°$ A° ""]$p°ApA° k_de Lyf•i'' l[u
A_° afdpÏey¨ L$kd R>° A° My]$p_u S>°_p L$bTA° L$y]$f[dp¨ dp°lÁd]$ (k.A.h) A_°
Agu (A.k.)_u ≈ _ R>°, S>° iøk Ap ]y$Ap_° `Y$i° [°_° A°hp° khpb dmi°
≈ Z°L°$ [° lTf[ (k.A.h.)_u kp\° (gÌL$fdp¨ flu_°) S>¨N° Ap°l]$ A_° S¨N°$ [byL$
dp¨ S>°lp]$ L$fu lp°e, A_° lTf[ (k.A.h.)_u Í$bÍ$ ilu]$ \ep° lp°e. [°_° A°hu
100 lS> A_° Ddfp_p° khpb dmi°,S>° lTf[ (k.)_u kp\° b≈ hu gpÏep° lp°e.
A_° 1000 drl_p_p fp°Tp_p° khpb `Z dmi°. L$epd[_p¨ q]$hk° [°_p° li∞
ABÁdA° dAkydu_ A.dy.k._u kp\° \i° A_° My]$ph¨]°$ Apgd [°_p [dpd
Ny_pl bøiu ]°$i°. ANfQ° Apkdp__p rk[pfpAp°, fZ_p f°[u_p¨ L$Zp° A_°
[dpd h©np°_p `—p S>°V$gp L°$d _ lp°e! A_° A° iøk_°° L$b∞_p ATpb\u Adp_
dmi°. A°_u L$b∞dp¨ b°rlÌ[_p° A°L$ ]$fhp≈ ° Mp°gu ]°$hpdp¨ Aphi°.S>° lpS>[ dpV°$ Ap
]y$Ap `Y$i° B.A.(lpS>[) `yfu \i°. Ae BÂ_° AÂbpk! ANf Adpfp L$p°B ]$p°ı[
`f bgp A_° dykub[ Aph° [p° Ap ]yAp_° `Y$° _≈ [ lp¨kug \i° (Aâ pl `pk°
]y$Ap L$fuA° Aâ pl ([.) Ap`Z_° Ap ]y$Ap `Y$hp_u [p•auL$ Ap`°....) (]y$ApA°
k_de Ly$f•i dpV°$ Sy>Ap° klua° dAkydu_ `°S> - 156,
`°S> _¨-214 eykya° Tlfp cp-4 `°S> _¨-37).
‚L$fZ - 25
]$p°ApA° k°dp[.
B.dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.) \u d_Ly$g R>°L°$ ]y$Ì d__p¨ TyÎd\u bQhp dpV°$ Ap
]y$Ap blzS> D—d R>° A_° Apg° dp°lÁd]$ (A.dy.k.)_p¨ BÎddp¨_u Ry>`u QuS> R>°. dpV°$
Ap ]y$Ap `Y$u_° lpS>[p° Qplp°. b°hLy$a Tpgudp° A_° apkuL$p°_° Ap ]y$Ap iuMhpX$p°
_rl. OZp° khpb R>° A_° Ap ]y$Ap `Y$u_° lpS>[ Qpli° [° `yfu \i°.....(kluaA°
dAkydu_ lp∆ _p∆ V≤$ıV$,cph_Nf `°S _¨.140,dSdyAp `°S> _¨.500).

‚L$fZ - 26
]y$ApA° eı[iuf
 ep fkygâ pl k.Ap ]$p°Ap_u aTug[ bep_ afdphp°. S>epf° L$p°B Ap ]$p°Ap_°
`Y$hu iÍ$ L$f° R>°, –epf° Apkdp_\u [°_p dp\p ky^u bfpbf _°L$u A_° fld[
D[f° R>°.Ap ]$p°Ap AjÆ ky^u `lp¢Q° R>°. Ap ]$p°Ap_u AphpS> AjÆ_u Qpf° [fa
d^dpMuAp°_u AphpS>_u S>°d Ny¨S>° R>°, A_° Ap ]$p°Ap `Y$hphpmp D`f lL$ [Apgp
fld[_u _S>f afdph° R>°. A_° S>° iøk Ap ]$p°Ap_° ”Z hM[ `Y°$ [p° ]y$fiep A_°
ApM°f[_u S>° lpS>[ Qpl° [° `yfu \i°. My]$p [°_° L$b∞_p ATpb\u _≈ [ Ap`i°
My]$p [°_° ]$f°L$ ≈ [_u byTyNw A_° dpg BL$fpd Ap`i° A_° afdphi° L°$ Ae dpfp
b¨]$p b°luÌ[dp¨ [pfu df∆ dp¨ Aph° –ep¨ fl° A_° b°luÌ[dp¨ [°_° A°hu L$fpd[p°
B_pe[ afdphi° L°$ L$p°B Ap¨M° L$]$u ≈ °B _lv lp°e. L$p°B L$p_° kp¨cm°g _lv lp°e,
L$p°B_p `Z q]$gdp¨ A° rhj° rhQpf _lv \ep° lp°e A_° L$p°B_u ∆ c D`f A° hp[
Aphu _lv lp°e.
L$p°B ]$uhp_p_u D`f Ap ]$p°Ap `Y$hpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_y¨ ]$uhp_p`œ¨ S>[y¨ fl° A_° S>°
Ap°f[_ÿ b√Qy¨ `e]$p \hy¨ cpf° \B `X°$ [p° [°_u kpd° Ap ]p°Ap `Y$hpdp¨ Aph° [p°
Apkp_u\u b√Qy `e]$p \pe.S>° iøk Ap ]$p°Ap_° `Y$u_° kyB ≈ e A_° My]$p `pk°
khpb_u DÁdu]$p° fpM[p° lp°e [p° ]$p°Ap_p A°L$ A°L$ lfa_° b]$g° l≈ f l≈ f
afuÌ[p L°$ S>° L$fπÍ$b uËeu_ lp°e [°_° dp°L$g° A_° A°hp lp°e L°$ [°d_p Ql°fp kyeÆ A_°
`y_d_p Q¨÷ L$f[p¨ h^pf° fp°i_ lp°e A_° A° [dpd [°_p dpV°$ Bı[uNapf L$f°.
S>° iøk Ap ]$p°Ap `Y°$ A_° [°Z° `p°[p_u lep[udp¨ L$bufp Ny_pl L$epÆ lp°e A_°
Ap ]$p°Ap `Y$_pf A°S> fp”° A\hp A°S> q]$hk° dfu≈ e [p° [° ilu]$ dep£
NZpi°.(kluaA° dAkydu_ lp∆ _p∆ V≤$ıV$ 177\u 179 dS>dyAp `°S>.205).

‚L$fZ - 27
rTepf[ _pluep
 Ap A° rTepf[ R>° S>° B.Tdp_p A.k. [fa\u hpfu]$ \B R>°. k•e]$ BÂ_° [pDk
(A.f.)\u Ap rTepf[dp¨ lTf[ kpl°byg Ad∞ B.dl]$u A.k. Ap`_p S>]$π°
dTgyd B.lzk•_ A.k._u bpfNpldp¨ kgpd dp°L$g° R>° A_° Ap`_p dApA°b_°
hZÆh° R>°. ([p°laA° ApM°f[ `°S>.5,25).

‚L$fZ - 28
B.lzk•_ A.k._u `rh” L$b∞_u
rTepf[_p° khpb.
lTf[ dp°lÁd]$ bpL$uf (A.k.)_u fuhpe[ R>°.
""≈ ° gp°L$p°_° ≈ Z \B ≈ e L°$ Bdpd lzk•_ (A.k.)_u `rh” L$b∞_u Tuepf[_p°
iy¨ khpb R>° [p° [°_p ip°Mdp¨, [°_u øhpluidp¨ gp°L$p°_p pk Í̈$^pB ≈ e''.
fphuA° `|R>ey¨ : L°$V$gp° khpb R>°? Ap`° (A.k.) afdpÏey¨ S>° ip°M\u rTepf[
dpV°$ S>i°, My]$p [°_° A°L$ l≈ f L$byg \e°g lS>, A°L$ l≈ f _°L$ Ddfp,b÷_p ilu]$p°
S>°hp A°L$ l≈ f ilu]$p°_p° khpb, A°L$ l≈ f fp°T°]$pfp° khpb, A°L$ l≈ f L$byg
\A°gp k]$L$p_p° khpb, My]$p_u Myiu Mp[f A°L$ l≈ f Nygpd ApTp]$ L$fhp_p°
khpb dmi°. [° A°L$ hfk ky^u Apa[p°\u kyfnu[ fli°. S>°dp¨ kp•\u lgL$u
Apa[ ie[p_ R>°.
 My]$p [°_p dpV°$ A°L$ dp°l[fd arfÌ[p_u r_dœL$ L$fi°. S>° ApNm `pR>m X$pb°
S>dZ° D`f-_uQ° [°_ÿ Nyıg A_° L$a_dp¨ lpS>f \pe R>°. A_° [°_p dpV°$ Bı[u¡apf
L$f° R>°. [°_u L$b∞dp¨ ]$a_ \hp ky^u [°_p dpV°$ dpau dpN° R>° A_° S>_pTp_u kp\° fX°$
R>°. _S>f `lp¢Q° –ep¨ ky^u [°_u L$b∞ rhipm A_° `lp°mu \B ≈ e R>°. My]$p "L$b∞_u
cvk' \u [°_ÿ fnZ L$f° R>°. dysfiL$f A_° _L$uf [°_p dpV°$ ce A_° Mp•a_y¨ L$pfZ
_\u b_[p. [°_p dpV°$ S>fl [ ky^u A°L$ ]$fhp≈ ° Mp°gu _pMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°_ÿ
Apdpg_pdy¨ [°_p S>dZp lp\dp¨ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
L$epd[dp¨ [°_° A°L$ A°hy¨ _yf Ap`hpdp¨ Aphi° S>°_p\u `|hÆ A_° `sd
‚L$pri[ \B S>i° A_° A°L$ bp¨Nu `p°L$pfi°. Ap R>° ip°M\u Bdpd lzk•_
(A.k.)_u Tuepf[ L$f_pf TÏhpf. [° kde° L$epd[dp¨ `Z A°hy¨ L$p°B _rl lp°e S>°
A° [dfl p _ L$f° L°$ L°$hy¨ kpÍ$ \[° L°$ [° `Z Bdpd lzk•_ (A.k.)_p° TÏhpf lp°[.''
(L$pd°gyT Tuepfp[ `p_p _¨.143, b°lpÍ$g Afihpf cpN: 18 `p_p _¨.101).
‚L$fZ - 29
ABÁdp (A.dy.k) _u rhgpe[ hNf Apdpg L$byg _lu¨ \pe.
lTf[ fkyg My]$p (k.A.h) A° afdpÏey¨:
""A°L$ dpZk° S>°lp]$dp¨ cpN gu^p° A_° iyfhuf[p\u gX$[p gX$[p dfZ `pÁep°.
lyfp°_° [°_u ilp]$[_u Mbf dmu.S>fl [dp¨ ]$fhp_p°A° [°_u Í$l_p Aphhp_u Mbf
kp¨cmu. S>du__p aqfÌ[pAp°_° lzfp°_p D[fhp_u A_° S>fl [_p ]$fhp_p°_p
Aphhp_u Mbf Ap`u ]°$hpdp¨ Aphu. [°d R>[p¨ [°dp_y¨ L$p°B `Z _ ApÏey¨. [°
df_pf_u ApSy>bpSy>_p S>du__p aqfÌ[pAp°A° L$¸ y¨ iÿ \ey¨? lSy> ky^u lzfp° _
Aphu? S>fl [_p ]$fhp_ `Z _ ApÏep?
kp[dp Apkdp__u JQpBA°\u AhpS> ApÏep°: A° aqfÌ[pAp°! Apkdp__u
JQpB D`f Sy>Ap°. arfÌ[pAp°A° _S>f DW$phu_° Apkdp__u [fa ≈ °ey. [°
dpZk_p AL$u]$pAp°, [p•lu]$, fkyg° My]$p (k.A.h.) D`f
Bdp_,_dpT,TL$p[,k]$L$pAp° A_° b^p _°L$ Apdpgp° Apkdp__u _uQ° fp°L$u
fpMhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p. b^p Apkdp_p° A°L$ cÏe L$pagp_u S>°d cf°gp l[p.
`|hÆ,`rd,D—f,]$qnZ ]$f°L$ bpSy>A° dgpA°L$p S> dgpA°L$p R>°. [° b¨]$p_p
Apdpg_° gph_pfp aqfÌ[pAp° L$lu f¸ p R>° L°$ Apkdp__p ]$fhp≈ L°$d _\u
Mp°g[p, S>°\u Ad° Ap ilu]$_p Apdpg_° gB_° lpS>f \BA°. My]$p lzL$d Ap`° R>° L°$
A° aqfÌ[pAp°,≈ ° [d° ]$pMg \B iL$[p lp° [p° S>Í$f ]$pMg \ph.`f¨[y Ap
aqfÌ[pAp° Apdpg_° D`pX$u _\u iL$[p.
aqfÌ[pAp° AfS> L$f° R>° L°$ Ad° Ap Apdpg D`pX$hp_u isL$[ _\u ^fph[p.
My]$p_p [fa\u AhpS> Aph° R>° L°$ A° aqfÌ[pAp°, [d° Ap Apdpg_° D`pX$u _\u
gphu iL$[p. Ap Apdpg_° D`f gB S>hp dpV°$ hkugp° A_° khpfu ≈ °BA°. S>°\u
Ap Apdpg Apkdp_ ky^u `lp¢Q° A_° S>fl [dp¨ S>¡ep d°mh°. aqfÌ[pAp° AfS>
L$f° R>° L°$ A° Adpfp `fhfq]$Npf! [° khpfu iy¨ R>°? My]$p afdph° R>° L°$ A° aqfÌ[pAp°
! [d° iy¨ D`pX$u_° gpÏep R>p°?
[° AfS> L$f° R>° L°$ [pfu [p•lu]$, [pfp _bu D`f Bdp_. My]$p afdph° R>° L°$ Ap
Qu≈ °_u khpfu dpfp _bu_p cpB Agu (A.k.)_u rhgpe[ A_° `rh”
Bdpdp°_u rhgpe[ R>°. [° khpfu Ap Apdpgp°_° S>fl [ ky^u `lp¢QpX$i°.
aqfÌ[pAp° Ap Apdpg_° S|>A° R>°, `¨f[y [°dp¨ Agu (A.k.) A_° [°d_u `pL$uTp
Ahgp]$_u rhgpe[ ]°$Mp[u _\u. A_° _ [°Ap°_p ]y$Ì d_p° kp\° ]y$Ì d_u ]°$Mpe R>°.
My]$p [° Apdpg gph_pfp aqfÌ[pAp°_° L$l° R>°, L°$ Ap Apdpg_° Alv\u gB ≈ Ap°.
A_° dpfp dgpA°L$p_p L°$fi÷p°dp¨ S>dp L$fphu ]$p°. S>° [°_° gpeL$ R>° [° [°_° gB S>i° A_°
S>ep¨_p lL$]$pf R>° –ep¨ fpMu ]°$i°.
Ap aqfÌ[pAp° [° Apdpgp°_° [°_° gN[p L°$fi÷p° ky^u `lp¢QpX$u ]°$ R>°. `R>u My]$p_p°
AhpS> Aph° R>° A° S>lfl d_u ApN_u S>hpmpAp° Ap Apdpg_° gB gp° A_°
S>lfl ddp¨ _pMu ]$p°. A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ Ap Apdpg L$f_pf [° Apdpg_u khpfu Agu
(A.k.) A_° [°d_u `pL$uTp Ahgp]$ (A.k.)_u rhgpe[ A_° dp°lÂb[ gB_°
_\u ApÏep°. aqfÌ[pAp° [° Apdpg_° gB_° S>i°. A° S> Apdpg [° dpZk dpV°$ bgp
A_° dykub[ b_u S>i°. A°V$gp dpV°$ L°$ Ap dpZk lTf[ Agu (A.k.) A_°
[°d_u `pL$uTp Ahgp]$ (A.k.)_u dp°lÂb[ A_° rhgpe[_° gB_° _\u ApÏep°.
`R>u [° Apdpg lTf[ Agu (A.k.)_p rhfp°^u A_° [°d_p ]y$Ì d_p° kp\°
]$p°ı[u_° AhpS> Ap`i°. My]$p L$pNX$p A_° Qug S>°hp L$pmp Ql°fp_° [°_p D`f Y$p¨L$u
]°$i°. [° L$pmp Ql°fp_p dp°Y$pdp¨\u ApN _uL$mi°. [°_p b^p Apdpg bfbp]$ \B
S>i°. lTf[ Agu (A.k.)_p ]y$Ì d_p° kp\° ]$p°ı[u A_° lTf[ Agu (A.k.)_u
rhgpe[_p° BfiL$pf bpL$u flu S>i°, S° [°_° S>lfl d_u kp•\u Mfpb S>¡ep D`f
`lp¢QpX$u ]°$i°. [°_p b^p Apdpg bfbp]$ \B S>i° A_° [°_p Ny_pl OZp h^pf°
li°. Ap A° iøk R>° S>°_u lpg[ TL$p[ _ Ap`hphpmp\u h^pf° Mfpb A_°
bfbp]$ R°.''
([akuf° Bdpd° lk_ AıL$fu (A.k.) `p. 76-79, dyı[]$fLy$g hkpA°g cpN
:- 1, l.40, `p.163).