Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 13

,QWURGXFHUHLQ-DYD


/LPEDMXODIRVWLQYHQWDWLQGH-DPHV*RVWOLQJGH6XQ0,FURV\VWHPVLQVDVSHFLILFDWLLOHVDX
SXEOLFDWLQ9HUVLXQHDRILFLDOD-DYDDIRVWGLVWULEXLWDLQ
&HOHPDLUDVSDQGLWHPHGLLGHSURJUDPDUH

-'.6XQ
9LVXDO-0LFURVRIW
/DWWH%RUODQG
Visual Café for Java (Symantec), 
9LVXDO$JHIRU-DYD ,%0 

&DUDFWHULVWLFL

• HVWHLQGHSHQGHQWGHSHULIHULFVLSODWIRUPD
• DUHUHVWULFWLLFHPDUHVFVHFXULWDWHDLQUHWHD
• HVWHXQOLPEDMGHSURJUDPDUHRULHQWDWSHRELHFWH
• HVWHIRDUWHDVHPQDWRUFX&
• HVWHFRPSDWLELOFXOXFUXOGLVWULEXLWLQUHWHOH

-DYDVL322
'HILQLWLDOXL-RKQ:LUWK  
3URJUDP GDWH!LQVWUXFWLXQL!

'HILQLWLD322
3URJUDP RELHFWHBFHBLQWHUDFWLRQHD]D!
RELHFW! SURSULHWDWL!PHWRGH!

2ELHFWHOH
5HSUH]LQWDHOHPHQWHOHSURJUDPHORU22VXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHGH
• SURSULHWDWL GDWHOHDVRFLDWH YDULDELOHGHLQVWDQWD 
• PHWRGH FRUHVSRQGHQWXOIXQFWLLORUGLQOLPEDMHOHSURFHGXUDOH

&ODVHOH
6XQWXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXLQVWDQWLHUHDXQXLDVDXDPDLPXOWRURELHFWH

FODVVQXPHBFODVD!^
SURSULHWDWL!
PHWRGH!
`

3DFKHWH
3XWHUHDVLDWUDFWLYLWDWHDOLPEDMXOXL-DYDFRQVWDLQSDFKHWHOHGHFODVHSUHGHILQLWH3DFKHWHOHDXQXPH
structurate pe schema de directoare în care sînt stocate cODVHOH
FRPSLODWH

,QWHUID D-DYD$3, $SSOLFDWLRQ3RJUDPPLQJ,QWHUIDFH 
,QWHUID D$3,HVWHLQGLVSHQVDELO vQSURJUDPDUHDvQOLPEDMXO-DYDúLHVWHFRVWLWXLW GLQWURVHULHGH
SDFKHWHFDUHFRQ LQFODVHúLLQWHUIH HSHQWUXFRQVWUXLUHDDSOLFD LLORUúLPLQLDSOLFD LLORU DSSOOHWXULORU 

3DFKHWHOHGLQ$3,VXQWXUP WRDUHOH
 MDYDODQJ
 MDYDDSSOHW
 MDYDLR
 MDYDQHW
 MDYDDZW
 MDYDDZWLPDJH
 MDYDDZWSHHU
 MDYDXWLO

$FHVWHSDFKHWHDF URUGHVFULHUHVXFFLQW XUPHD] SRWILLPSRUWDWHvQDSOLFD LLSULQFRPDQGDLPSRUW

MDYDODQJ
$FHVWSDFKHWHVWHLPSRUWDWDXWRPDWvQILHFDUHFODV 3DFKHWXOFRQ LQHFODVHOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUH
HOHPHQWHORUIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHOLPEDMXOXL-DYDFXPDUIL2EMHFW VXSHUFODVDDEVWUDFW SHQWUXRULFH
FODV -DYD 3URFHVV FRQWUROXOSURFHVHORU 7KUHDG VXSHUFODVDILUHORUGHH[HFX LH %RROHDQ&KDUDFWHU
6WULQJ1XPEHU,QWHJHU/RQJ)ORDW'RXEOHHWF


MDYDXWLO
&RQVWLWXLHELEOLRWHFDGHXWLOLWDUHVLVWHP'DWH GDWDFDOHQGDULVWLF 5DQGRP QXPHUHDOHDWRDUH 
LQWHUID D(QXPHUDWLRQ RELHFWXOFHRLPSOHPHQWHD] SRDWHJHQHUDRVHFYHQ GHHOHPHQWHFHYRUSXWHD
fi furnizate unul câte unul).

MDYDDZW
3DFKHWXO$:7 $SSOLFDWLRQ:LQGRZ7RRONLW FRQ LQHLQVWUXPHQWHOHSURJUDP ULLIHUHVWUHORUúLLQWHUID D
JUDILF FXXWLOL]DWRUXO *8,–*UDSKLFV8VHU,QWHUIDFH &XDFHVWSDFKHWVHSRWLPSOHPHQWDFDGUH
)UDPH3DQHO PHQLXULFDVHWHGHGDLDORJ 'LDORJ)LOH'LDORJ %XWWRQ&KHFNER[&KHFNER[*URXS
&KRLFH/LVW7H[W)LHOG7H[W$UHD/DEHOHWF

MDYDDSSOHW
3DFKHWXOHVWHQHFHVDUSHQWUXSURJUDPDUHDPLQLDSOLFD LLRORU&RQ LQHFODVD$SSOHWúLLQWHUIH HOH
$SSOHW&RQWH[W$SSOHW6WXE QHFHVDULPSOHPHQW ULLXQXRUSURJUDPHORUGHYL]XDOL]DUHDDSSOHWXULORU 
$XGLR&OLS

MDYDDZWLPDJH
&ODVHOHGLQDFHVWSDFKHW &RORU0RGHO&URS,PDJH)LOWHU'LUHFW&RORU0RGHO,PDJH)LOWHU
,QGH[&RORU0RGHO3L[HO*UDEEHU5*%,PDJH)LOWHUHWF VXQWGHGLFDWHSUHOXFU ULLRELHFWHORU
LPDJLQH

MDYDDZWSHHU
&RQ LQHQXPDLLQWHUIH HQHFHVDUHSHQWUXLPSOHPHQWDUHDHOHPHQWHORUJUDILFHGHSHQGHQWHGHSODWIRUP 
GLQ$:7
MDYDLR
3DFKHWXOFRQ LQHRELHFWHOHQHFHVDUHSURJUDP ULLRSHUD LLORUGHLQWUDUHLHúLUHLQWHUIH HOHSHQWUXIOX[XUL
GHLQWUDUHLHúLUHúLILúLHUH

MDYDQHW
3DFKHWXOHVWHXWLOvQSURJUDPDUHDGLVWULEXLW RELHFWHOHSRWLQWHUDF LRQDFXSURWRFRDOHSUHFXPVRFNHWV
7HOQHW)73+773HWF

,QFOXGHUHDXQXLSDFKHWGHFODVHVHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOLQVWUXFWLXQLLLPSRUW

LPSRUWMDYDDZW 
LPSRUWMDYDDSSOHW

XQGHDZWHVWHXQDFURQLPGHOD$SSOLFDWLRQ:LQGRZ7RRONLW

6HFXULWDWHDLQ-DYD
3URJUDPHOHVXUVDVXQWFRPSLODWHVLVHREWLQHIRUPDWXOE\WHFRGH,QDLQWHGHDILH[HFXWDWGHFDWUH
LQWHUSUHWRU -90-DYD9LUWXDO0DFKLQH FRGXOHVWHYHULILFDWGLQ
SXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDXUPDWRDUHORUFULWHULL

• GHSDVLUHDVWLYHLLQDPEHOHFDSHWH
• FRQYHUVLLLOHJDOHGHGDWH
• YDORULVLSDUDPHWULLQFRUHFWL
• PRGLILFDUHDFODVHORU
• XWLOL]DUHDHURQDWDDFODVHORU
• YLRODULGHDFFHV
• DOWHDFWLYLWDWLVXVSHFWH


'LIHUHQWHIDWDGH&

• SURJUDPXOHVWHROLVWDGHFODVH
• QXH[LVWDIXQFWLLLQGHSHQGHQWH
• QXH[LVWDYDULDELOHH[WHUQH
• QXH[LVWDSRLQWHUL
• QXH[LVWDDSHOXULH[WHUQH
• QXH[LVWDPRVWHQLUHPXOWLSOD
• QXH[LVWDILVLHUHKHDGHU K 
• QXH[LVWDGHVWUXFWRULH[LVWDXQJDUEDJJHFROOHFWRUFDUHGLVSRQLELOL]HD]DDXWRPDWVSDWLXOGH
PHPRULHFDUHQXPDLHVWHQHFHVDU
• H[LVWDSURJUDPHFDUHQXDXIXQFWLDPDLQ 
• HVWHSRVLELODWUDWDUHDH[FHSWLLORU
• SRWILDSOLFDWLLVWDQGDORQH LQWHUSUHWRU VDXDSSOHWXUL EURZVHUFXPDVLQDYLUWXDOD-DYD 


0RVWHQLUHD
2FODVDSRDWHPRVWHQLSURSULHWDWLOHVLPHWRGHOHDOWHLFODVH

FODVVQXPH!H[WHQGVQXPHBFODVDBSDULQWH!^
`


,QWHUIHWH
&ODVHDEVWUDFWHFHQXSRWFRQWLQHGDWHVDXGHILQLWLLGHPHWRGH(VWHSHUPLVDGRDUGHFODUDUHDPHWRGHORU

LQWHUIDFHQXPHBLQWHUIDWD!^
PHWRGHVLYDULDELOHVWDWLFH!
`
FODVVQXPHBFODVD!LPSOHPHQWVQXPHBLQWHUIDWD!^
FRUSXOBFODVHL!
`


7LSXULSULPLWLYHGHGDWH

,Q-DYDGLPHQVLXQLOHWLSXULORUGHGDWHVXQWDFHOHDúLSHRULFHSODWIRUP SHQWUXDVHDVLJXUDSRUWDELOLWDWHD

7LSXO 'LPHQVLXQH 9DORDUH 9DORDUH 9DORDUH &ODVD


SULPLWLY  PLQLP  PD[LP  LPSOLFLW 
ERROHDQ QHSUHFL]DW    IDOVH %RROHDQ
FKDU ELW 8QLFRGH 8QLFRGH  ‘?[ &KDUDFWHU
QXOO 
E\WH ELW 
 

E\WH  %\WH
VKRUW ELW    – VKRUW  6KRUW
LQW ELW      –  ,QWHJHU
ORQJ ELW    – / /RQJ
IORDW ELW ,((( ,((( I )ORDW
GRXEOH ELW ,((( ,((( G 'RXEOH
YRLG     9RLG

     %LJ,QWHJHU 
     %LJ'HFLPDO
1RWH


 GLPHQVLXQHDSHQWUXERROHDQWUHEXLHV DVLJXUHVWRFDUHDOLWHUDOLORUWUXHúLIDOVH

  &ODVD%LJ,QWHJHUSHUPLWHDFHOHDúLRSHUD LLFDúLFXLQWGDUQXPHUHOHSRWILGHRULFHGLPHQVLXQH
&ODVD%LJ'HFLPDOSHUPLWHDFHOHDúLRSHUD LLFDúLFXIORDWGDUSUHFL]LDSRDWHILRULFDUH
8WLOL]DUHDFODVHORU%LJ,QWHJHUúL%LJ'HFLPDOFUHúWHSUHFL]LDFDOFXOHORUGDUVFDGHYLWH]DGHH[HFX LH
,PSRUWDQW7RDWHWLSXULOHDULWPHWLFHVXQWWRDWHFXVHPQ


2ELHFWWLSSULPLWLY

FKDUF 
[
DORFDUHLQLW

&KDUDFWHUUQXPDLUHIHULQWD
&KDUDFWHU& QHZ&KDUDFWHU F DORFDUHLQLW
&KDUDFWHU& QHZ&KDUDFWHU
[
LGHP
7LSXULOHUHIHULQWD
XWLOL]DWHSHQWUXDUHIHULXQRELHFWGLQLQWHULRUXODOWXLRELHFW
R UHIHULQWDFDWUHRFODVD
R UHIHULQWDFDWUHRLQWHUIDWD
R UHIHULQWDFDWUHXQWDEORX


7LSXULGHDSOLFDWLL-DYD

7RDWHDSOLFDWLLOH-DYDVXQWSURJUDPHFHFXSULQGROLVWDGHFODVH,QXUPDFRPSLODULLUH]XOWDXQFRGGH
RFWHWLE\WHFRGHFDUHSRDWHILH[HFXWDWSHRPDVLQDLQGHSHQGHQWDVDXSUHOXDWDGHFDWUHXQEURZVHU
GHSHUHWHD([LVWDGHFLGRXDPDULFDWHJRULLGHDSOLFDWLL

• DSOLFDWLLVWDQGDORQH
• DSSOHWXUL PLQLDSOLFDWLL 

,QDPEHOHFDWHJRULLH[HFXWLDHVWHLQVRWLWDGHLQWHUSUHWDUHDFRGXOXLJHQHUDW6SUHGHRVHELUHGH
SURJUDPHOHVFUVHLQOLPEDMHQDWLYH &3$6&$/HWF FDUHVXQWWUDGXVHLQOLPEDMXOPDVLQLLVLDSRL
H[HFXWLDHVWHGLUHFWDSURJUDPHOH-DYDDVXQWGHFLUFDRULPDLOHQWH
&UHVWHUHDGHYLWH]DHVWHGHDVWHSWDWGHODLQWHUSUHWRDUHRSWLPL]DWHVDXGHODFRPSLODWRDUHOH-,7 -XVW,Q
7LPH FDUHVLDXIDFXWDSDULWLD2DOWDSRVLELOLWDWHHVWHUHOL]DUHDGHSURFHVRDUHFDUHVDSRDWDH[HFXWD
FRPHQ]LOHH[SULPDWHLQE\WHFRGH


'H]YROWDUHDGHDSOLFDWLL-DYD

-'. 6XQ FRQWLQH

MDYDFFRPSLODWRU-DYDSHQWUXDJHQHUDE\WHFRGH
MDYDLQWHUSUHWRU-DYDSHQWUXDH[HFXWDE\WHFRGHXOSURGXVGHMDYDF

MUHLQWHUSUHWRU-DYDIRORVLWGHXWLOL]DWRULLILQDOLSHQWUXH[HFXWLDSURJUDPHORU
MGEGHSDQDWRUVLPEROLF-DYDIRDUWHDVHPDQDWRUFXGE[GLQ81,;
MDYDGRFJHQHUDWRUGHGRFXPHQWDWLH+70/SHQWUXFRGXOVXUVD-DYD
DSSOHWYLHZHUYL]XDOL]DWRUGHDSSOHWXULIDUDDQHFHVLWDSUH]HQWDXQXLQDYLJDWRU:HE
native2ascii convertor de fisiere scrise în cod non8QLFRGH/DWLQ
MDUDUKLYDWRUde fisiere .class, imagini si sunet întrRVLQJXUDDUKLYD-DYD XWLOLQFD]XODSSOHW
XULORUFDQGSULQWURVLQJXUDWUDQ]DFWLH+773VHDGXFODFOLHQW
WRDWHUHVXUVHOHU-DYDDVRFLDWHXQXLILVLHU+70/


$SOLFDWLLVWDQGDORQH

6XQWDSOLFDWLLOHFHVHH[HFXWDGHXQLQWHUSUHWRU-DYD&ODVDFDUHUHSUH]LQWDRDSOLFDWLHVWDQGDORQHWUHEXLH
VDDLEDGHILQLWDPHWRGDPDLQ FXFDUHYDLQFHSHH[HFXWLD
([HPSOX

FODVV$SOLFDWLH
^
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJV>@ 
^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 0XOWVXFFHVLQVHPHVWUXO,, 
`
`

3HQWUXDSXWHDH[HFXWDDFHDVWDDSOLFDWLHVHSDUFXUJHWDSHOH

• VHHGLWHD]DXQILVLHUWH[WFXFRQWLQXWXOGHPDLVXV
• VHVDOYHD]DFXQXPHOHFODVHL$SOLFDWLHMDYD
• VHFRPSLOHD]DVLVHFRQVWUXLHVWH EXLOG FODVD

MDYDF$SOLFDWLHMDYD

GDFDQXH[LVWDHURULHVWHFUHDWILVLHUXO$SOLFDWLHFODVV 
• VHH[HFXWDDSOLFDWLD FODVD$SOLFDWLH FXLQWHUSUHWRUXOVWDQGDORQH

MDYD$SOLFDWLH

5H]XOWDWXOH[HFXWLHLHVWHDILVDUHD

0XOWVXFFHVLQVHPHVWUXO,,

$QDOL]DDSOLFDWLHL
&RQWLQHRVLQJXUDFODVD

FODVV$SOLFDWLH^

`

&ODVD$SOLFDWLHFRQWLQHPHWRGDPDLQ GHFODUDWD

SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJV>@ 

SXEOLFSHQWUXDSXWHDILH[HFXWDWDDSOLFDWLD
VWDWLFPHWRGDQXYDSXWHDILPRGLILFDWDGHVXEFODVH
0HWRGDDUHVLDUJXPHQWH6WULQJDUJV>@XQYHFWRUGHVLUXUL

1XPDUXOGHDUJXPHQWHHVWHGDWGHYDORDUHDDUJVOHQJWK$UJXPHQWHOHSRWILDILVDWHFDLQH[HPSOXO
XUPDWRU

FODVV$SOLFDWLH
^
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJV>@ 
^
LQWL
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 1XPDUXOGHDUJXPHQWHHVWHDUJVOHQJWK 
IRU L LDUJVOHQJWKL 
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ LDUJV>L@ 
`
`

2SHUDWRUXODSOLFDWVLUXULORUDUHFDUH]XOWDWFRQFDWHQDUHDDFHVWRUD

,16758&7,81,
LI
LI QRWD!  
System.out.println(“Promovat”);
HOVH
System.out.println(“Nepromovat”);

2SHUDWRUXOFRQGL LRQDO
H[SUHVLHERROHDQD!"H[SUHVLH!H[SUHVLH!

System.out.println( nota>=5?“Promovat”:”Nepromovat” );

$VRFLHUHHOVH

LI QRWD!  
LI QRWD!  
System.out.println(“Promovate ambele discipline”);
HOVH
System.out.println(“Nepromovata disciplina 2”);


LI QRWD!  ^
LI QRWD!  
 System.out.println(“Promovate ambele discipline”);
`
HOVH
System.out.println(“Disciplina 1 nepromovata”);



&RQVWUXF LDLIHOVHLIH
if(nota < 5) System.out.println(“Nepromovat”);
HOVHLI QRWD System.out.println(“Mediocru”);
HOVHLI QRWD!  QRWD 
System.out.println(“Bine”);
else if (nota ==10 ) System.out.println(“Exceptional”);
HOVH
6\VWHPRXWprintln(“)RDUWHELQH”);



,QVWUXFWLXQLFRPSXVH

LI QRWD!  
System.out.println(“PURPRYDW”);
HOVH^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 1HSURPRYDW 
6\VWHPRXWSULQW 5HSHWLWLR  
6\VWHPRXWSULQW PDWHUVWXGLRUXPHVW 
`


F?SJ?DVD?&XUVXULB$6$?&XUVXOBB,QWUR!MDYDFQRWDMDYD

F?SJ?DVD?&XUVXULB$6$?&XUVXOBB,QWUR!MDYDQRWD
1HSURPRYDW
5HSHWLWLRPDWHUVWXGLRUXPHVW
F?SJ?DVD?&XUVXULB$6$?&XUVXOBB,QWUR!


VZLWFK

VZLWFK QRWD ^
case 10: System.out.println(“Exceptional”);
  EUHDN
case 9: System.out.println(“Foarte bine”);
  EUHDN
FDVH
FDVH: System.out.println(“%LQH”);
  EUHDN
FDVHFDVH: System.out.println(“0HGLRFUX”);
  EUHDN
GHIDXOW System.out.println(“Nepromovat”);
  EUHDN
`


ZKLOH
ZKLOH H[SUHVLHERROHDQD! 
LQVWUXFWLXQH!

ZKLOH QRWD 
QRWD 


HWF

7UDWDUHDH[FHSWLLORU,QVWUXFWLXQHDWU\
WU\^

VHFYHQWDXQGHSRDWHDSDUHRH[FHSWLH

`FDWFK ([FHSWLHH ^
WUDWDUHH[FHSWLH
`
FDWFK ([FHSWLHH ^
WUDWDUHH[FHSWLH
`
ILQDOO\^`


3ULPHOHDSOLFD LL
&LWLUHDúLDILVDUHDîn ecou a FDUDFWHUHORU

LPSRUWMDYDLR 
SXEOLFFODVVHFRXBV\VLQ^
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJY>@ ^
E\WHE
E\WH>@D QHZE\WH>@
LQWL 

WU\^

ZKLOH E E\WH 6\VWHPLQUHDG 
?Q
D>L@ E

`FDWFK ,2([FHSWLRQH ^HSULQW6WDFN7UDFH `

6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXV QHZ6WULQJ DL 
`
`

$WHQWLHWDEORXULOHLQ-DYDVXQWRELHFWH
E\WH[>@QHDORFDWFLGRDUGHFODUDWLQVWLO&
E\WH>@\GHFODUDWVWLO-DYD
E\WHY>@ QHZE\WH>@DORFDUHDOHQJWK


>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVRODMDYDHFRXBV\VLQ
DEFGHIJK
$WLLQWURGXVDEFGHIJK
>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVROD






&LWHVWHXQVLUGHFDUDFWHUH
2YDULDQWDLQFDUHVHGHILQHVWHRIXQFWLH

LPSRUWMDYDLR 
SXEOLFFODVVFLWVLU^

SXEOLFVWDWLF6WULQJFLWHVWHBVLU ^
E\WHED>@ QHZE\WH>@
LQWL 
6\VWHPRXWSULQW &LWHVWHXQVLU 
WU\^
ZKLOH E E\WH 6\VWHPLQUHDG 
?Q

D>L@ E
`FDWFK ,2([FHSWLRQH ^HSULQW6WDFN7UDFH `
UHWXUQQHZ6WULQJ DL 
`

SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJY>@ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXVVLUXOFLWHVWHBVLU 
`
`


H[BFLWHVWH

LPSRUWMDYDLR 
FODVVFLWHVWH^
SXEOLFVWDWLF6WULQJVLU 6WULQJWH[W ^
E\WHED>@ QHZE\WH>@
LQWL 
6\VWHPRXWSULQW WH[W 
WU\^
ZKLOH E E\WH 6\VWHPLQUHDG 
?Q
D>L@ E
`FDWFK ,2([FHSWLRQH ^HSULQW6WDFN7UDFH `
UHWXUQQHZ6WULQJ DL 
`
SXEOLFVWDWLFLQWLQWUHJ 6WULQJWH[W 
^
UHWXUQ,QWHJHUSDUVH,QW VLU WH[W 
`
SXEOLFVWDWLFGRXEOHUHDO 6WULQJWH[W 
^
UHWXUQ 'RXEOHYDOXH2I VLU WH[W GRXEOH9DOXH 
`
`
SXEOLFFODVVH[BFLWHVWH^
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJY>@ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXVVLUXOFLWHVWHVLU 'DWLXQ
VLU 
LQWQ FLWHVWHLQWUHJ ?QQ  
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXVQ Q 
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXV[ FLWHVWHUHDO 8QUHDO
[  
`
`

&ODVDDUHPHWRGHVWDWLFH$SHOXOORUQXPHBFODVD!QXPHBPHWRGD!



>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVRODMDYDH[BFLWHVWH
'DWLXQVLU([HPSOX
$WLLQWURGXVVLUXO([HPSOX

Q 
$WLLQWURGXVQ 
8QUHDO[ 
$WLLQWURGXV[ 
>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVROD




&UHDUHDVLXWLOL]DUHDXQXLSDFKHW-DYD SDFNDJH 
)LVLHUXOFLWHVWHMDYD

SDFNDJHFLWHVWH
LPSRUWMDYDLR 
SXEOLFFODVVFLWHVWH^

$UJXPHQWXOWH[WHVWHXQPHVDMGHDYHUWL]DUH
 SRDWHILVLXQVLUQXO 

SXEOLFVWDWLF6WULQJVLU 6WULQJWH[W ^
E\WHED>@ QHZE\WH>@
LQWL 
LI WH[W  6\VWHPRXWSULQW WH[W 
WU\^
ZKLOH E E\WH 6\VWHPLQUHDG 
?Q
D>L@ E
`FDWFK ,2([FHSWLRQH ^HSULQW6WDFN7UDFH `
UHWXUQQHZ6WULQJ DL 
`

SXEOLFVWDWLFLQWLQWUHJ 6WULQJWH[W 
^
UHWXUQ,QWHJHUSDUVH,QW VLU WH[W 
`

SXEOLFVWDWLFGRXEOHUHDO 6WULQJWH[W 
^
UHWXUQ 'RXEOHYDOXH2I VLU WH[W GRXEOH9DOXH 
`
`


)LVLHUXOH[BSDFNBFLWMDYD

LPSRUWFLWHVWH 
SXEOLFFODVVH[BSDFNBFLW^
SXEOLFVWDWLFYRLGPDLQ 6WULQJDUJY>@ ^
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXVVLUXOFLWHVWHVLU 'DWLXQ
VLU 
LQWQ FLWHVWHLQWUHJ ?Q,QWURGXFHWLXQLQWUHJ?QQ  
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXVQ Q 
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ $WLLQWURGXV[ FLWHVWHUHDO 8QUHDO
[  
6\VWHPRXWSULQWOQ 8QGRXEOHIDUDPHVDMGHDYHUWL]DUH?Q 
GRXEOH\ FLWHVWHUHDO  
6\VWHPRXWSULQW \ 

`
`

([HPSOXOGHH[HFXWLHQU



>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVRODMDYDH[BSDFNBFLW
'DWLXQVLUDEF$%&'
$WLLQWURGXVVLUXODEF$%&'

,QWURGXFHWLXQLQWUHJ
Q 
$WLLQWURGXVQ 
8QUHDO[ 
$WLLQWURGXV[ 
8QGRXEOHIDUDPHVDMGHDYHUWL]DUH


>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVROD



'DFDVHDF LRQHD] WDVWD(QWHUSHQWUXXOWLPDLQWURGXFHUHDXQXLGRXEOHI U PHVDMGHDYHUWL]DUHYD
DSDUHRH[FHS LH

([HPSOXOGHH[HFXWLHQU

>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVRODMDYDH[BSDFNBFLW
'DWLXQVLU[\]DEF
$WLLQWURGXVVLUXO[\]DEF

,QWURGXFHWLXQLQWUHJ
Q 
$WLLQWURGXVQ 
8QUHDO[ 
$WLLQWURGXV[ 
8QGRXEOHIDUDPHVDMGHDYHUWL]DUH

(QWHU
MDYDODQJ1XPEHU)RUPDW([FHSWLRQ
DWMDYDODQJ'RXEOHYDOXH2I 'RXEOHMDYD 
DWFLWHVWHFLWHVWHUHDO FLWHVWHMDYD 
DWH[BSDFNBFLWPDLQ H[BSDFNBFLWMDYD 
>SHQWLXF#VWXGSP@FRQVROD


6HSRDWHREVHUYDF H[FHS LDDDS UXWODDSHOXO'RXEOHYDOXH2I 'RXEOHMDYD FRQ LQXWXOOLQLLORU
SUHFL]DWHîQVWLY ILLQGXUP WRUXO

FLWHVWHMDYD
UHWXUQ 'RXEOHYDOXH2I VLU WH[W GRXEOH9DOXH 
H[BSDFNBFLWMDYD
GRXEOH\ FLWHVWHUHDO  


You might also like