EEE223 Signals & Systems

Fall 2010

Lecture 5
Outline
• CT Impulse (continued)
• Systems
• With and without memory
• Invertible and inverse systems
• Causal systems
• Stable systems
• Time invariant systems
• Linear systems
CT unit impulse

• Sampling property:

x (t )  (t  to )  x (to )  (t  to )
CT unit impulse

• Derivatives of CT signals:

0 1 2 3 4

-1
Systems

• Transform input signals to output

signals
OR
• Input signals cause systems to
respond in certain ways resulting in
other output signals
Interconnections of systems

• Series or cascade
• Parallel
• Series – parallel
• Feedback interconnections
Properties: Memory

• Without memory: Output ONLY

depends on input at the same time,
e.g.
y(t) = 2x(t) + x2(t)
• With memory: t
y (t )  

x ( ) d
Properties: Memory

• Simple delay: (memory)

y[n] = x[n-2] n

• Accumulator y[n]   x[k ]

k  
• What if output depends on
FUTURE values?
Properties: Invertibility

• Distinct inputs lead to distinct

outputs (observe output, deduce
input)
• Then inverse systems possible
• Encoding – decoding
• Modulation – demodulation
Properties: Invertibility

y(t) = 2x(t) w(t) = ½ y(t)

n
y[n]   x[k ]
k  
w[n]=y[n]-y[n-1]

Not invertible: y(t) = 0, y[n] = x [n]

2
Properties: Causality

• Output depends only on present

and past values of input
y[n] = x[n] + x[n-1] Causal
y(t) = x(t+1) Non-causal
• Memoryless systems are causal
What about y[n] = x[-n] ?
Properties: Stability
• Bounded input leads to bounded
output
y[n] = 1.05 y[n-1] + x[n] ????
y[n] = nx[n] ???
tx(t)?? ex(t) ??
• Find counterexamples for
instability
Properties: Time Invariance

• Time shift in input leads to

identical time shift in the output
x[n-no] -> y[n-no]
Or
x(t-to) -> y(t-to)
Properties: Time Invariance

y[n] = nx[n]??
y(t) = Cos(x(t))
Properties: Linearity

• Obeys principle of superposition

• Additivity
x1 + x2 -> y1 + y2
• Homogeneity
ax -> ay
Properties: Linearity

• Combining both properties, linear

iff:
ax1+bx2 -> ay1 + by2
Properties: Linearity

• What about:
y[n] = x[n] + 2 ???

• Incrementally linear
Enough for today!