AFFIDEVIT

I Here by declare that I Ku. NEERAJ

PRASAD Student of M.Sc.(Zoology) III
Semester at Dr.R.M.L. P.G. College, Bagdona
(Sarni) .
That
I attend as a tranee of Teacher Training from
Shanti Nikunj Public Higher Secondry
School Shakti Nagar Shobhapur Colony from
01/09/2010 to 30/10/2010.
Therefore I made myself the Project & it is true
& best of my knowledge.
 SIGNATURE
NAME:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certifying that Ku. Neeraj Prasad D/o. Shri

Sukhdev Prasad a student of Dr.R.M.L. P.G. College, Bagdona
(Sarni) Class M.Sc.(Zoology)III semester .
She duly attends & completed Internership period from

01/09/2010 to 30/10/2010. From Our Institute.

(Seal & Signature Of Institute)

 CERTIFICATE OF TEACHERS DIRECTOR

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT KU.NEERAJ PRASAD

STUDENT OF DR. R.M.L. P.G. COLLEGE BAGDONA
(SARNI) M.SC (ZOOLOGY) III SEMESTER.
HAS BEEN DULY ATTENDS TEACHER TRAINING
IN SHANTI NIKUNJ PUBLIC HIGHER SECONDRY
SCHOOL SHAKTI NAGAR SHOBHAPUR COLONY &
MADE PROJECT UNDER GUIDENCE OF MR.MANOJ
BARODE. & MY SUPERVISION.
DURING TRAINING PERIOD HER PERFORMANCE
ARE GOOD.
I WISH HER EVERY SUCCESS IN LIFE.
 (Seal & Signature of Director)
Shanti Nikunj P.H.S.School, Shobhapur

SHANTI NIKUNJ PUBLIC HIGHER

SECONDRY SCHOOL
SHAKTI NAGAR SHOBHAPUR COLONY, DISTT.-BETUL (M.P.) 460449

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified That Ku.Neeraj Prasad D/o. Shri

Sukhdev Prasad has been Working as internership M.Sc.
(Zoology)III Semester In our School Dated 01/09/2010 to
30/10/2010.
Her teaching methods & performance are good.
Wishes all the best.

Place: Shobhapur Colony Principal

Dated: …………………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Ku. Neeraj Prasad Student of M.Sc. (Zoology) III Semester

Dr.R.M.L.P.G.College Bagdona (Sarni).
I given my acknowledgement after complete my training. I want to
thanks Principal Mrs. Krishna Sikkewal, Dr.R.M.L.P.G.College
Bagdona(Sarni). & I greatfull to Mr. Manoj Barode HOD Zoology
Department & Miss Kalpana Khan for there valuable guidance & given
me chance to attend me in Shanti Nikunj Public Higher secondry
School, Shobhapur Colony. I also Thanks to Mr. S. Chandra,
Principal of this School. Who give me that permission to attend this
Institute for Internership training.

Thanks.
 dk;ZLFky dk Áf'k{k.k dk Ák:i

1 Áfrosnu dk 'kh"kZd & School Education

2 fo|kFkhZ dk uke & dq- uhjt Álkn
3 laLFkk dk uke & 'kkafr fudqat ifCyd gk;j
lsds.Mjh
Ldqy]’kksHkkiqj dkyksuh
4 d{kk dk uke & ,e-,llh- tqykWth r`rh; lsesLVj
5 f'k{kd funsZ'kd dk uke& Jh eukst cjksns
HOD (Zoology)
6 egkfo|ky; dk uke & MkW- jke euksgj ykfg;k ih-th-
egkfo|ky; cxMksuk] lkjuh
 'kiFk i=

eSa dq- uhjt Álkn d{kk ,e-,llh- tqykWth r`rh; lsesLVj

MkW jke euksgj ykfg;k egkfo|ky; ;g dFku djrk gWw fd
laLFkk 'kkafr fudqat ifCyd gk;j lsds.Mjh Ldqy]
’kksHkkiqj dkyksuh esa eSaus O;fDrxr :i ls mifLFkr jgdj
Áf'k{k.k ÁkIr fd;k ,oa ÁLrqr Áfrosnu esjs }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k gSA

fnukad %& -----------------------------

gLrk{kj
 uke %&
------------------------------------------
d{kk%&
--------------------------------------------

f'k{kd funsZ'kd dk Áek.k i=

Áekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd ÁLrqr dk;ZLFky dk

Áf'k{k.k dk Áfrosnu ftldk 'kh"kZd ’kkyk f'k{kk gSA ;g
dq- uhjt izlkn us laLFkk esa Áf'k{k.k ÁkIr djus ds i'pkr~
esjs ekxZ n'kZu esa rS;kj fd;k gSA
fnukad %& --------------------------------------
gLrk{kj

f'k{kd dk uke & eukst cjksns

HOD (Political Science)
dk;ZLFky dk Áf'k{k.k dk Ák:i dk;ZLFky dk
Áf'k{k.k ekfld Áfrosnu

1 fo|kFkhZ dk uke & dq- uhjt izlkn

2 d{kk dk uke & ,e-,llh-tqykWth r`rh; lsesLVj
3 firk dk uke & Jh lq[knso izlkn
4 irk & ek-Dok-1931] 'kfDruxj]
'kksHkkiqj dkyksuh
ftyk & cSrwy ¼e-Á-½
eksckbZy ua- 09755873654
5 egkfo|ky; dk uke & MkW-jke euksgj ykfg;k ih-th-
Egkfo|ky;]cxMksuk]lkjuh
6 d{kk funsZ'kd dk uke & iks- etksu cjksns
7 dk;ZLFky dk uke & 'kkafr futqat ifCyd gk;j lsd.Mjh
,oa irk Ldqy ’kksHkkiqj dkyksuh
ftyk&cSrwy
Áxfr Áfrosnu ekg vxLr &
Áf'k{k.k ds nkSjku lkSik x;k dk;Z 80Áfr'kr
ÁFke ekg esa visf{kr dk;Ziw.kZ fd;k x;kA

vkxkeh ekg dh ;kstuk &u;s tkuus dh bPNk Ápqj

ek=k esa
8 laLFkk }kjk fu/kkZfjr Áfrfuf/k@laLFkk Áeq[k }kjk
fo|kFkhZ ds laca/k esa vkdyu vPNkA
le; ikcanh & larks"ktud
os"kHkw"kk ,oa O;ogkj & vPNk
laLFkk ds fu;eksa dk ikyu & 100 Áfr'kr
9 vkoafVr dk;Z ds Áfr mRrjnkf;Ro laokn {kerk &
vPNk
10 O;fDrRo esa fdl Ádkj ds lq/kkj dh vko';drk gS fo|
kFkhZ }kjk buds fy;s fd;s x;s dk;Z & larks"ktud
Á;kl@lq/kkj dh Áxfr & larks"ktud
11 vkoafVr dk;Z ds Áfr & u;s tkuus dh bPNk Ápqj
ek=k esa
lh[kus dh {kerk

fnukad %& -------------------------------------

gLrk{kj

laLFkk Áeq[k@laLFkk
dk l{ke vf/kdkjh
Áfrfuf/k lhy lfgr

ÁLrkouk
 loZ ÁFke f’k{kk dks vkReKku oa vkRe Ádk’k ds lk/ku
ds :I esa tkuk tkrk gSA vko’;drkuqlkj /khjs&/khjs f’k{kk
dk vFkZ ,oa Lo:Ik cnyrk x;k loZÁFke ;quku esa euq";
dks jktuSfrd ekufld] ’kkfjjhd rFkk uSfrd lkSUn;Z gsrq
f’k{kk Ánku dh tkrh FkhA Áphu dky esa jkse esa f’k{kk
dk mn~ns’; dsoy ohj lSfud iSnk djuk FkkA v/qfud le; esa
f’k{kk us xfr’khy :Ik /kkj.k dj fy;k gS ,oa f’k{kk dks
thou Ik;Zar pyus okyh ÁfØ;k crk;k x;k gS] tks f’k{kk dk
O;kid vFkZ ÁdV djrk gSA
vk/kqfud dky esa f’k{kk ’kCn dk Á;ksx rhu :iksa esa fd;k
tkrk gSA %&
1 Kku gsrqA
2 Ekuo ds ’kkjhfjd ,oa okufld fodkl gsrqA
vkt f'k{kk dh vko';drk fnu Áfrfnu O;fDrRo fodkl esa
vfr vko';d gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ge ekuo fodkl ,oa jk"Vª
dk fodkl dj ldrs gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ge vkt dh tujs'ku
dk fodkl rFkk lekt dk fodkl dj ldrs gSA
vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kk lekt ds ÁR;sd oxZ ds
fy,s lgk;rk Ánku djrs gSA
 vkt lalkj esa f'k{kk dk Lo:i cMsa ek=k esa fodkl fd;k
tk jgk gSA vkt f'k{kk dk fodkl dk ifjp; nsus ds fy, dbZ
f'k{kk fon~ fon~oku gS f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls vkt fo'o Áxfr
djrs gq, vkleku dh cqyafn;ksa dks Nq jgk gSA vFkkZr~
f'k{kk euq"; dk O;kid iSekus esa fodkl esa lgk;d gS rFkk
f'k{kk lekt ds fodkl ds fy, lgk;rk Hkh Ánku djrh gSA
f'k{kk ds fodkl ls ge gj oxZ lekt] jktuhfr rFkk foKku
esa lgk;rk Ánku djrh gSA
vkt f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ge ekuo ds ukSfrd O;ogkj ,oa
uSfrd] lkekftd dk;Z esa lgk;d gSA
vkt fo'o esa f'k{kk uSfrd O;ogkj esa lgk;rk Ánku djrh
gSA

f’k{kk dh ifjHkk"kk

f’k{kk ds mi;qDr vFkZ dks Li"V djus gsrq fofHkUu

fo)kuksa dh ifjHkk"kk,a fuEu gS%&
1 Økcsy ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ,d ÁfØ;k gS ftlesa ckyd
viuh tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA
 2 Lkqdjkr ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ls vfHkizk; gj O;fDr ds
efLr"d esa fufgr lalkj ds lkoZekU; fopkjksa dks
izdk’k esa ykuk gSA
3 fo".kq iqjk.k ds vuqlkj fo|k og gS tks eqfDr
fnyk;sA
4 foosdkuan ds vuqlkj euq"; dh varfuZfgr iw.kZrk
dks vfHkO;Dr djuk gh f’k{kk gSA
5 ,p-,p- gkuZ ds vuqlkj f’k{kk ,d ,slh Áfdz;k gS ftlds
}kjk euq"; izd`fr lekt rFkk fo’o ds pje Lo:I ds lkFk
vuqdqyu LFkkfir djrk gSA
6 VSxksj ds vuqlkj f’k{kk O;fDr dh oSfDrdrk dk
iw.kZ fodkl gS ftlls ;g viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj ekuo
thou esa ;ksxnku dj ldsaA

f'k{kk dh Ád`fr rFkk vko';drk

f'k{kk ekuo fodkl dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gSA

f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ekuo bPNk'kfDr dh /kkjk ij lkFkZd
fu;a=.k ik;k tk ldrk gSA f'k{kk 'kCn laxzg ;k 'kCn
lewg dh Le`fr u gksdj dbZ 'kfDr;ksa ds fodklkRed :i
esa gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kk ls gh O;fDr lgh :i esa u
ns[kdj fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl ds :i esa ns[kk
tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kk }kjk ekuo lgh :i ls fpUru djuk
fl[krk gSA rF;ksa dk laxzg djuk f'k{kk ugh gS cfYd
eu esa ,dkxzrk mRiUu djuk gh f'k{kk gSA f'k{kk
Js"B ekuko dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA pfj= dks Js"B cukrh
gSA pfj= dks laLdkj ;qDr djrh gSA f'k{kk ekuo dks
ekuo cukrh gSA f'k{kk ,d lk/ku gS tks ekuo ds
vkarfjd xq.kksa dk fodkl djrh gSA bl rjg dgk tk ldrk
gS fd O;fDr ds ftou esa f'k{kk ,slk ifjorZu ykrh gS ]
ftlls og vxzlj gks ldrk gSA f'k{kk thoui;Zar pyus
okyh ÁfØ;k gSA

f'k{kk dh vko';drk

tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd O;fDr dks f'k{kk dh vko';drk

gksrh gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk euq"; ekuo u gksdj i'kq ds
leku gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds vHkko esa euq"; ml rjg
gksrk gS tSls fcuk irokj ds uko tks ikuh ds cgko esa
cgrh jgrh gS ftldh fn'kk dks ifjofrZr ugh fd;k tk ldrkA

1 vurZfufgr 'kfDr;ksa dks igpkuus esaA

2 ekufo; xq.kksa dks igpkuus esaA

 3 viuh laLd`fr dks igpkuus esaA

4 O;fDr ds ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd fodkl esaA

5 viuh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dh leqfpr

laraf"V esaA

6 bl rjg thou ds gj {ks= esa f'k{kk dk vR;ar

egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA vfirq f'k{kk dh vksj
/;ku vkdf"kZr djus esa gh gekjk dk;Z iw.kZ ugh
gks tkrk gesa f'k{kk ds Li:i dks ifj"d`r djds ykxq
djuk pkfg,A

f'k{kk ds O;fDr ,oa lekt laca/kh dk;Z

1 ekufo; xq.kksa dk fodkl

 f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDr dks ?k`.kk }s"k] Øks/k
rFkk ykyp vkfn ls NqVdkjk fey tkrk gSA blls mlesa
lnHkkouk Áse lgdkfjrk n;k vkfn dk fodkl gksrk gSA

2 uSfrd mRFkku
f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDr ds pfj= dks mPp LFkku
Ánku fd;k tkrk gSA f'kf{kr O;fDr vPNs&cqjs dk;ksZ
esa vklkuh ls Hksn dj ldrk gSA blls og cqjh Áoqfr ls
cp dj nqljksa dks cpk ldrk gSA

3 varfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl

f'k{kk euq"; dk varfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl djrh
gSA ftlls og viuh dYiuk }kjk fodkl esa ufou ;ksxnku
ns ldsaA f'k{kk }kjk O;fDr dh vkarfjd 'kfDr dk iw.kZ
ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA

4 O;fDrRo dk laiw.kZ fodkl

f'k{kk }kjk O;fDr dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] vk/;kfRed
rFkk laosxkRed fodkl gksrk gSA

5 Hkkoh thou ds fy, rS;kjh

 f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDr dk lokZafx.k fodkl djds mls
gj {ks= esa l{ke cukrh gSA blls O;fDr dk O;fDrxr
lkekftd jktuSfrd ikfjokfjd thou lq[ke; ,oa vkuaniwoZd
O;rhr gksrk gSA

lekt laca/kh dk;Z

f'k{kk ds lekt laca/kh dk;Z fuEu gS%&

1 lkekftd Hkkouk dk fodkl
O;fDr dks lekt ls i`Fkd ugh fd;k tk ldrkA mls
Áse ijksidkj n;k HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,
tSlk fd ,p-ekmZu us dgk fd v/;kid dks ;g tkuuk t:jh gS
fd og lkekftd ÁfØ;k dks mu O;fDrh;ksa dks le>kus
dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djsaA tks mls le>us esa vleFkZ
gSA

2 lkekftd mUufr esa ennxkj

f'k{kk lkekftd fØ;kvksa rF;ksa dk ys[kktks[kk
lkfgR; ds :i esa j[krh gSA vr% vkus okyh ih<+h mldh
dfe;ksa dks le>dj mls nwj djus dk Á;Ru djrh gS] ftlds
dkj.k ekuo ls ysdj vk/kqfud voLFkk rd dh Á.kfr jgrh
gSA

3 lkekftd fu;eksa dk Kku

 euq"; lkekftd Ák.kh gSA blfy, O;fDr gsrq ;g
vko';d gS fd og lekt ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djsA blesa
f'k{kk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gsA

4 lkfgR; dk Kku
f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gh euq"; dks gekjh Ákphu
laLd`fr rFkk ijEijk dk Kku gks ldrk gSA

5 dqjhfr;ksa ds fuokj.k esa ennxkj

f'k{kk dh enn ls lekt esa QSyh dqfjfr;ksa dks nqj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA euq"; dks va/kfo'okl ls nqj fd;k tk
ldrk gSA mlls gksus okys nq'ifj.kkeksa ls voxr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA

jk"Vª laca/kh dk;Z

1 jk"Vªh; ,drk
ns'k esa tkfrokn rFkk /keZ ds fy vk;s fnu >xMs
gks tkrs gSA f'k{kk ls gh muls nqj jgk tk ldrk gSA
f'k{kk ds }kjk lcesa Hkkjrh;rk dk Hkko txk;k tk ldrk
gSA

2 lkoZtfud fgr
O;fDr cgqr LokFkhZ gks pqdk gSA f'k{kk ds
ek/;e ls mls ;g le>k;k tk ldrk gS fd lcds fg es gh mldk
 Hkh fgr gksxk A vr,o O;fDr dks LokFkZ Hkko
NksM sj lkoZtfud fgr ds ckjs esa lkspuk pkfg,A

3 jk"Vªh; vk; laca/kh Kku

vk/kqfud f'k{kk dk dksbZ mn~ns'; ugh gSA vxj
f'k{kk dks iqLrdh; :i u nsdj O;olkf;d f'k{kk dk :i ns
rks csjkstxkj O;fDr Lo;a dqN O;olk; dj ldrs gSA ftlls
ns'k dk cks> gYdk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; vk;
esa Hkh o`f) gks ldsA

4 dq'ky ukxfjd
f'k{kk }kjk ;ksX; ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k laHko gS
D;ksafd fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh vk/kkj'khyk mlds ukxfjd
gh gSA f'k{kk ds }kjk gj O;fDr dks mlds drZO; ,oa
vf/kdkjksa dk Kku djk;k tk ldrk gSA

Ákphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mn~ns';

Ákphu ;qx esa Hkkjr /keZ Á/kku ns'k FkkA

QyLo:i ml ;qx esa thou ds gj {ks= esa /keZ dh xgjh
Nki yxh gqbZ FkhA ;gla rd dh tUe fookg ,oa e`R;q
vkfn lHkh laLdkjksa dks /kkfeZd d`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
gh fd;k tkrk FkkA /keZ rFkk f'k{kk ds bl ?kfuLB
laca/k dks Li"V djus ds fy;s ge fuEu iafDr;ksa esa
Ákphu Hkkjr dh f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa ij Ádk'k Mky
jgs gS&
1 ifo=rk ,oa thou dh ln~Hkkouk
ckyd ds ef"r"d esa ifo=rk ,oa /kkfeZd thou dh
Hkkoukvksa dks fodlhr djuk f'k{kk dk ÁFke mn~ms';
FkkA f'k{kk dk vkjEHk gksus ls iwoZ ÁR;sd ckyd ds
laLdkj dh iwfrZ djuk] f'k{kk ÁkIr djrs le; dbZ rjg ds
o`r /kkj.k djuk Ákr% ,oa lka;dky bZ'oj dh efgek ds
xq.kxku djuk xq: ds dqy esa jgrs gq, /kkfeZd R;kSgkj
dk ekuuk vkfn lHkh ckrsa ckyd ds efLr"d esa
ifo=rk ,oa /kkfeZd Hkkouk dks fodlhr djds mls
v/;kfRed n`f"V ls fodlhr cukrh gSA

2 pfj= fuekZ.k

Ákphu f'k{kk dk ÁkFkfed mn~ns'; pjh= fuekZ.k

djuk FkkA ml ;qx esa nk'kZfudksa dks vVy fo'okl
Fkk fd flQZ fy[kuk&i<+uk gh f'k{kk ugh gS] cfYd
uSfrd Hkkoukvksa dks fodflr djds pfj= dk fuekZ.k
djuk ije vko';d gSA euqLe`fr ls fy[kk gS fd ,slk O;fDr
tks lnpfj= gks pkgs mls osnksa dk Kku Hkys gh de
gks ml O;fDr ls dgh vPNk gS tks osnksa dk iafMr
gksrs gq, Hkh 'kq) thou O;frr u djrk gksA

3 O;fDrRo dk fodkl

ckyd dk O;fDrRo dks iw.kZ:is.k fodlhr djuk

Ákphu f'k{kk dk rhljk mn~ns'; le>k tkrk FkkA blfy,
ÁR;sd ckyd esa vkRe lEeku dh Hkkouk fodlhr djuk
ije vk';d le>k tkrk FkkA blfy, ÁR;sd ckyd esa bl egku
xq.k dks fodflr djus ds fy, vkRe&fo'okl
vkRe&fuHkZjrk vkRe&fu;a=.k ,oa foosd rFkk fu.kZ;
vkfn dbZ xq.kksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dks iw.kZr% fodflr
djus dk vFkd Á;Ru fd;k tkrk FkkA

4 ukxfjd rFkk lkekftd drZO;ksa dk fodkl

Hkkjr dh Ákphu f'k{kk dk pkSFkk mn~ns'; Fkk
ukxfjd rFkk lkekftd drZO;ksa dk fodkl djukA bl
mn~ns'; dks ÁkIr djus gsrq bl ckr ij cy fn;k tkrk Fkk
fd euq"; lektksi;ksxh cus] LokFkhZ ughA vr% ckyd
dks ekrk firk iq= ,oa iRuh ds vfrfjDr ns'k ;k lekt ds
Áfr Hkh vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk fl[kk;k tkrk
FkkA dgus dk vfHkÁk; ;g gS fd rkRdkyhu f'k{kk ,sls
ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k djrh Fkh tks vius drZO;ksa dk
 ikyu djrs gq, lekt dh mUufr esa Hkh ;Fkk'kfDr
;ksxnku nsa ldsA

lkekftd dq'kyrk ,oa lq[k dh mUufr

lkekftd dq'kyrk ,oa lq[k dh mUufr ds fy,s f'k{kk
nh tkrh gSA

3 orZeku Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ds mfpr mn~ns';

dh fuekZ.k

orZeku Hkkjr esa gekjh turkfU=; ljdkj ] f'k{kk

'kkfL=;ksa nk'kZfudksa ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa us f'k{kk
dks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr djus vkSj u;s turkf=d
lekt dks lQy cukus ds fy,s f'k{kk ds mfpr mn~ns';ksa
ds fuekZ.k dh vko';drk vuqHko dhA vr% ljdkj us
fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk xBu fd;k] ek/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx dk
xBu fd;k rFkk O;olkf;d f'k{kk eaMy dk xBu fd;kA
lkFk gh dksBkjh vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k ftUgksus f'k{kk
dks ,d u;s eqdke ij igwWpk fn;k rFkk f'k{kk dh vyx
gh ifjHkk"kk nhA

f'k{kk dk egRo
 f'k{kk dkegRo dbZ n`f"V;ksa ls gSA bldk
dk;Z{ks= bruk O;kid gS fd blds varxZr os lHkh dk;Z
vk tkrs gS ftudks iwjk djus ls O;fDr vius thou dks
lq[kh ,oa lQy cukrs gq, lkekftd dk;ksZ dks mfpr le; ij
iqjk djus ds ;ksX; cu tkrk gSA laf{Ir :i esa f'k{kk
ekufo; thou esa O;fDr dks tgka ,d rjQ okrkoj.k ls
vuqdwyu djus ,oa vko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu djrs gq,
HkkSfrd laiUurk dks ÁkIr djds pfj=oku] cqf)eku
lkglh rFkk mRre ukxjhd ds :i esa mldk lkokZfxd
fodkl dkrh gSA ogh mlesa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk
Hkh fodkl djrh gSAla{ksi esa f'k{kk lkekU; ,oa
jk"Vªh; thou esa brus dk;Z djrh gS fd ftlls O;fDr vkSj
lekt fujarj mUufr ds f'k[kj ij p<+rs jgrk gSA

f'k{kk n'kZu dk {ks=

ftl rjg f'k{kk ekuo ds thou gsrq vko';d gS mlh rjg

n'kZu Hkh vfr vko';d gSA n'kZu gh f'k{kk dk dsUnz
fcUnq gSA n'kZu ds ek/;e ls gh f'k{kk dk Lo:i f'k{kk
ds mn~ns';] ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k fof/k rFkk Nk= ds
drZO; vkfn dks fuf'pr Lo:i Ánku fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{kk
rFkk n'kZu esa ?kfu"B laca/k gSAn'kZu dk dk;Z
fufgr lR; dks tku ysus ij O;fDr leL;k dks gy dj ysrk
gS ij f'k{kk gh O;fDr dks og {kerk Ánku djrh gS ftlds
}kjk og leL;k dk lek/kku dj lR; dks Kkr djrk gSA

f'k{kk n'kZu dh vko';drk

gj f'k{kk dh ;g dkeuk gksrh gS fd og vius dk;Z

esa lQyrk ÁkIr djsaA f'k{kd vius dk;Z esa rHkh lQy
gksaxs tc og f'k{kk ds Li:i dks Bhd rjg ls le>s f'k{kd
dk Li:i f'k{kk&n'kZu r; djrk gSA vr% f'k{kd gsrq ;g
vko';d gks tkrk gS fd og f'k{kk n'kZu ÁkIr djsaA
ÁR;sd v/;kid fdlh fo"ks'k fo"k; dk v/;kiu djrk gS
og mlesa fuiq.kZ gksrk gS mldk mls iw.kZ Kku
gksrk gSA f'k{kd dk f'k{kRo blh esa fufgr gS fd og
ckyd ds laiw.kZ thou ds jgL;ksa ls ifjfpr gks rFkk
thou ds fo"k; dks lqiw.kZ Kku dh 'kk[kk ds :i esa gh
i<+k;sa rHkh og lQy f'k{kd gks ldrk gSA

,d vPNk f'k{kd viuh f'k{k.k fof/k dks le;kuqlkj

ifjofrZr djrk jgrk gSA f'k{k.kfof/k esa ifjorZu ykus
esa n'kZu dh egRoiw.kZ Hkqfedk jgrh gSAfdlh ,d
f'k{k.k fof/k dks ges'kk djuk Bhd ugh jgrk le; ds lkFk
&lkFk f'k{k.k fof/k esa ifjorZu djuk vfrvko';d gsrk
gSA
 cgqr ls f'k{kd f'k{k.k laca/kh leL;kvksa ls
vufHkK jgrs gS tSlk py jgk gS mls oSlk gh pykrs jgrs
gSA mlesa fdlh Hkh rjg dk ifjorZu ugh djuk pkgrs
Hkys gh mlesa Nk= dk ykHk gks ;k uk gksA dHkh
dHkh f'k{kk dh ijaijkxr fof/k esa dbZ rjg dh leL;k
mRiUu gks tkrh gSA vr% f'k{kd dks bldk Kku gksuk
vfrvko';d gksrk gSA

f'k{kk ds fofHkUu vaxksa ij n'kZu dk

ÁHkko
 dbZ rjg ds ÁHkko iMrs gS tksfd fuEu gS
%&
 mn~ns'; ij ÁHkko iMrk gSA
 ikB~;Øe ij dbZ rjg dk cnyko gksrk gSA mls
le>us dh vko;;drk gksrh gS
 f'k{k.k fof/k ij n'kZu ls ÁHkko iMrk gSA
 f'k{k.k ij ÁHkko iMrk gSA
 Nk= ij Hkh dbZ rjg dk ÁHkko iMrk gSA
mls fdlh ckr dks le>us esa lgk;d
 ewY;kadu dk ÁHkko iMrk gSA

f'k{kk ds fl)kar
 f'k{kk n'kZu eqyHkwr fl)kar fuEu gS%&
 ckyd dh f'k{kk mlds ekr`Hkk"kk ls gksuh pkfg,A
 f'k{kk ÁkIr djrs le; Nk= dks Lora=rk feyuh
pkfg,A
 ckyd dh f'k{kk uxjksa ls nwj Ád`fr dh xksn esa
gksuh pkfg,A
 f'k{kk dk vk/kkj fons'kh ugh gksuk pkfg;sA
 Nk=ksa dks djds fl[kus dk Kku nsuk pkfg,A
 f'k{kk dk laca/k jk"Vª ds thou ls gksuk pkfg;sA
 f'k{kk dk eqy mn~ns'; jkstxkj ÁkIr djuk ugh
gksuk pkfg,A
 O;ogkfjd f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk Lojkstxkj dh
f'k{kk Hkh nsuk pkfg,A
 ikB~;Øe esa Hkkjrh; n'kZu ,oa lkekftd vkn'kZ
Hkh 'kkehy gksuk pkfg,sA

f'k{k.k i)fr

f'k{kk dks okLrfodrk ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A

ckyd dk fodkl mldh :fp;ksa ,oa vkosxksa ds vk/kkj ij
gksrk gSA f'k{kd dks dbZ rjg dh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk
Á;ksx dj f'k{kk nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd dksbZ t:jh ugh
gksrk gS fd lHkh Nk=ksa dks ,d gh fof/k ls ikB le>
 esa vk, blfy, fuEu fof/k;ksa dk Hkh Á;ksx f'k{kd dks
djuk pkfg,%&

1 Hkze.k ds lkFk&lkFk i<+kukA

2 okn&fookn ,o Á'uksRrjh fof/k dk Á;ksx djukA
3 fØ;k fof/k dk Á;ksx djukA

f'k{kd dk ifjp; &

orZeku le; esa f'k{kd fdlh Hkh ifjp; ds fy, eksgrkt ugh
gS f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls ge ekuo fodkl ,oa ukSfrd O;ogkj
esa lgk;rk Ánku djrh gSA f'k{kd dk bfrgkl ;g gS fd
f'k{kd nhid ds mtkys dh rjg gS tks ekuo fodkl esa
lgk;rk Ánku djrk gSA

f'k{kd ekuo tkfr ds fy;s ,oa lekt ds oxZ ds fy, lgk;rk

Ánku djrk gSA

vkt f'k{kd dk ifjp; nsus ds fy;s flQZ eSa MkW-

jk/kkd`".ku loZiYyh dk uke ysuk pkgrk gWw tk fd
iqjs fo'o esa vius Kku ds ek/;e ls iwjs jk"Vª ,oa lekt ds
gj oxZ ds fy;s fodkl esa bUgksus lgk;rk Ánku dh gSA
 MkW jk/kk d`".ku loZiYyh f'k{kd oxZ esa loZeku
gSA vkt iqjs fo'o esa f'k{kdx.k ds ek/;e ls iqjs fo'o esa
Kku dk Ápkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls gj lekt ds fodkl
esa ,oa jk"Vª dh Áxfr ds fy, ges'kk vxzlj gSA

f'k{kk D;k gS \ &

f'k{kk ,d ,slh i)fr gS tks ekuo fodkl ,oa ekuo ds uSfrd

O;ogkj ,oa jk"Vª dh Áxfr esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

vkt f'k{kk dk O;kid :i ls Á;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS f'k{kk

ds fy, gj ns'k vxzlj Á;Ru dj jgk gS f'k{kk dk O;kid
Ák:i rS;kj dj jgs gS vFkkZr~ iqjs fo'o esa f'k{kk gh ,d
,slk ek/;e gS tks jk"Vª dh Áxfr ,oa fo'o esa vkfFkZd
fLFkfr dk lapkyu djrk gSA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{kd ds fodkl

esa ,oa ukSfrd O;ogkj esa lgk;rk Ánku djrh gSA vr%
f'k{kk dk fodkl gj ekuo tkfr gj lekt oxZ dk dY;k.k
djrh gSA vr% f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls iqjs fo'o esa 'kkafr
cuh jgrh gSA f'k{kk Kku dk }kj gSA f'k{kk fo'o esa
'kkafr ds fy, Á;Ruf'ky cuh gqbZ gSA f'k{kk vkt iqjs
fo'o esa fon~eku gSA
 f'k{kd dh ifjHkk"kk

f'k{kd og fo)ku gS tks nhid dh rjg va/ksjs dks nwj

djds mtkyk djrk gS mlh rjg ls f'k{kd Hkh cPpksa dks
vKku :ih va/ksjs ls nwj djds Kku :ih mtkys dh vksj ys
dj tkrk gSA
vFkok
f'k{kd cPpksa dks va/ksjs ls nwj djds mls uSfrd Kku
Ánku djrk gSA
vxj ge ;g Hkh dgs fd ekrk&firk ds ckn xq: dks egRo
ns rks ;g vfr';ksfDr ugh gksxkA

mn~ns';

f'k{kd eq[; mn~ns'; cPpksa dks uSfrd Kku Ánku djuk

gS A f'k{kd cPpksa dk Hkfo"; mTtoy djrk gS rkfd
mudk 'kkfjfjd Kku uSfrd Kku] O;ogkj lekt dk fodkl
rFkk mUgs lekt dk vknj djuk fl[kkrk gSA

 f'k{kd cPpksa dks uSfrd Kku] O;ogkj lekt dk vknj

djuk fl[kkrk gSA
 f'k{kd ekuo ds lokZafxd fodkl esa lgk;d gSA
  f'k{kd jk"Vª ,oa lekt ds fodkl esa lgk;dA
 iqjs txr esa f'k{kd dks ,d vkn'kZ ekuk x;k gSA
 f'k{kd dks iqjs lEeku ls ns[kk tkrk gSA
 f'k{kdksa ds lEeku esa f'k{kd fnol euk;k tkrk gSA
 f'k{kd cPpksa ds lokZfx.k fodkl djrk gSA
 f'k{kd ,slh iqath gS tks Kku ckaVrk gSA
 f'k{kd loZrqY; ekuk tkrk gSA

f'k{kd dk ykHk

f'k{kd ls fofHkUu ykHk ÁkIr gksrk gSA

 f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds O;ogkj esa Kku c<rk gSA
 f'k{kd Kku dh iqath gSA
 f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls Kku dks c<kok feyrk gs rFkk
Áfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk dh rS;kjh Hkh gks tkrh gSA
 f'k{kdksa dks Hkh cPpksa ls dqN u;k fl[kus dks feyrk
gSA
 f'k{kd dks Hkh laiw.kZ tkudkjh ÁkIr gks tkrh gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kd gh lEiw.kZ Kku dk
leqg gSA vFkkZr~ f'k{kd dks loZrqY; ekuk x;k gSA

f'k{kd dh pqukSfr;ka
 orZeku le; esa f'k{kd dks dbZ rjg dh pqukSfr;ksa dh
lkeuk Hkh djuk iMrk gS %&

1 vkus tkus dh pqukSrh %&

;fn f'k{kd dh nqj njkt ds xkWo esa iksLVhax gks tkrh
gSA rks muds vkus tkus dh leL;k gksrh gSA

2 ;krk;kr dh ijs'kkfu;ka
orZeku le; esa Hkh f'k{kdksa ds vkus tkus dh leL;k
cuh jgrh gSA cPpksa ds fy, dks ljdkj vkus tkus ds fy,
okgu vkfn dh O;oLFkk dj nh tkrh gS ijUrq f'k{kdksa
ds fy, ,slh dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk ugh dh tkrh gSA

3 le; dh ikcanh
laLFkk Áeq[k }kjk le; dh ikcanh jgrh gSa ftlls dh
f'k{kd dks le; dk ikyu djuk iMrk gSA

4 laLFkk fu;eksa dk ikyu

ÁR;sd laLFkk ds dqN fu;e gksrs gS tks laLFkk Áeq[k
ds }kjk cuk;sa tkrs gS ftudk ikyu lcdks djuk iMrk
gSA dqN fu;e dkQh dMs gksrs gS ftUgs Hkh ikyu
djuk gksrk gSA eSa us Hkh laLFkk ds fu;eksa dk
ikyu fd;k gSA
5 i<+kus esa fnDdr
f'k{kdksa dks i<+kus esa dbZ rjg dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dk
lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA dbZ ckj lhyscl cny tkrk gS A
cPpksa ds }kjk dbZ ckj dbZ rjg ds pqukSrh iw.kZ
lokyksa ds tokc nsuk iMrk gSA

6 Áfrosnu rS;kj djuk

Áfrosnu rS;kj djus esa Hkh eq>s dbZ rjg dh fnDdrsa
vkbZ rFkk esjh enn dbZ f'k{kdksa us dhA mudh
lgk;rk ls eSaus viuk Áfronsu rS;kj fd;kA

7 dqN u;k tkuus esa dbZ fnDdrksa dk lkeuk djuk

iMkA

;ksX;rk
f'k{kd cuus ds fy;s loZÁFke euq"; esa O;ogkj
gksuk pkfg, rkfd dbZ rjg dh 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk gksuk
pkfg,A

1 ÁkFkfed 'kkyk f'k{kk ds fy, 12oha rFkk fM-,M-

vFko ch-Vh-vkbZ mRrh.kZ gksuk vfr vko';d gSA
 2 Ek/;fed f’k{kd ds fy, Lukrd rFkk ch-,M mRrh.kZ
gksuk vko’;d gSA

3 gk;j f’k{kk ds fy, LukrdksRrj rFkk ch-,M- mRrh.kZ

gksuk vfrvko’;d gSA

4 loZ f'k{kk ds fy, mPp f'k{kkfon~ gksuk pkfg,A

5 f'k{kd cuus ds fy, euq";ksa esa uSfrd O;ogkj gksuk

pkfg,A

fo"k;
eSaus bl laLFkk esa d{kk 11oha rFkk 12oh esa
f’k{k.k dk;Z fd;k d{kk esa HkkSfrdh rFkk
ck;ksykWth fo"k; i<+k;k tks fd ljy Hkk"kk ,oa cgqr
vPNk fo"k; gSA eq>s bl fo"k; dks i<+kus ds fy,
cPpksa ,oa LVkWQ ds lnL;ksa dk dkQh lg;ksx feykA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd esjs 2 efgus ds Áf'k{k.k dk;Z

esa eq>s dkQh lgk;rk Ánku dh xbZA

le;
12%30 ls 5%00 cts rd
esjs }kjk i<+k;s tkus okys le; esa esjs O;ogkj ij
[kkl /;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA

esjh lgk;rk djus ds fy, fo|ky; dk LVkWQ ds yksxksa

us cgqr dqN fd;k muds dk;Z dks eSa Hkqy ugh ldrh
A
 baVuZf'ki ds nkSjku fd;s x;s dk;ksZ dk
o.kZu fo|ky; rFkk f'k{k.k dk;ksZ dk
vuqHko

laLFkk dk uke %& 'kkafr fudqat ifCyd gk;- lsd-

Ldqy]’kksHkkiqj
dkyksuh
'kkyk dk dksM %& 662101

fo|ky; esa f'k{kdksa dh la[;k rFkk uke

laLFkk esa dqy feyk dj 12 yksxksa dk ’kS{kf.kd

LVkWQ gSA lHkh vius vius fo"k; ds egkjFkh gSA
laLFkk ds yksxksa dh tkudkjh ,oa in rFkk mudh
;ksX;rk,sa%&
1 Jh lq/kka’kq panzk Ákpk;Z ,e-,- vazxsth
2 Jh lquhy pkSgku gsM ekLVj ,e-,llh
3 Jh lquhy JhokLro ,y-Mh-Vh- xf.kr] foKku
4 Jh ckcqflag rqfj;k O;k[;krk laLd`r
5 'kadj eaMy O;k[;krk xf.kr
6 uUn fd’kksj cqvkMs O;k[;krk fgUnh
7 fdj.k lksyadh O;k[;krk HkkSfrdh
8 lfjrk fca>kMs O;k[;krk jlk;u
9 lat; esgrk O;k[;krk vdkmaV
10 eksuk iokaj ;q-Mh-Vh- lkekftd
foKku
11 dYiuk vM+yd ;q-Mh-Vh- fgUnh] xf.kr]
foKku
12 jktdqekj pkS/kjh ;q-Mh-Vh- vaxsth]
fgUnh
13 dq- uhjt izlkn ;q-Mh-Vh- HkkSfrdh]
ck;ksykWth
fo|ky; yxus o can gksus dk le;

nksigj 12%30 cts ls lk;a 5%00 cts rdA

fo|ky; esa d{kk dh la[;k

ÁFke ikyh %& 6 d{kk
f)rh; ikyh %& 10 d{kk

fo|ky; esa pyus okyh ladk;

11 oh d{kk esa %&

 D{kk X;kjgoha esa pkj ladk; dh d{kk,sa lapkfyr dh
tkrh gS xf.kr] ck;ksykWth] dkelZ rFkk vkVZA

d{kk ckjgoha esa pkj ladk; lapkfyr dh tkrh gS xf.kr]

foKku] dkelZ rFkk vkVZA

fo|k;y ds Nk=ksa dh la[;k d{kkokj

f)rh; ikyh esa Nk=ksa dh d{kk ok tkudkjh

l-Ø- d{kk Nk= Nk=k

dqy
1 lkroh 20 25 45
2 vkWBoh 25 13 38
3 Ukoeh 30 25 55
 4 nloh 25 35 60
5 X;kjgoh¼xf.kr½ 10 10 20
6 X;kjgoh¼ck;ks½ 09 05 14
7 X;kjgoh¼vkVZ½ 15 20 35
8 X;kjgoh¼dkelZ½ 06 14 20
9 Ckkjgoh¼ xf.kr½ 10 12 22
10 Ckkjgoh¼ck;ks-½ 14 12
26
11 Ckkjgoh¼vkVZ½ 12 6
18
12 Ckkjgoh¼dkelZ½ 14 06 18

jkstxkj ,oa Lojkstxkj ds volj

bl {ks= esa jkstxkj ds volj T;knk jgrs gSA rduhfd

{ks= rFkk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa jkstxkj ds volj vR;f/kd
ek=k esa jgrs gSA
1 f'k{kd dks ges'kk f'k{kk dks O;kikj dk dsUnz u eku
dj lekt lsok eku dj djuk pkfg;s ftlls f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
jg dj og viuh ftohdk rFkk cPpksa dks jkstxkj rFkk
Lojkstxkj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ns ldsA
2 'kkldh; laLFkk }kjk vfrfFk f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr ns dj
f'k{kd x.kksa dks Lojkstxkj ls tksMrs gSA
3 ljdkj ds }kjk fofHkUu inksa ij lafonk fu;qfDr nsdj ik=
O;fDr;ksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djk;k tk jgk gSA tks in
fjDr gS mu ijA
4 vHkh gkfy;k o"kZ 2010 esa e/;Áns'k ljdkj us 1500
ih-,pMh- fMxzh /kkfj;ksa dks xksn fy;k rFkk mu
fMxzh /kkfj;ksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djk;kA mUgs
LdkWyj Hkh miyC/k djkbZ xbZA
5 2010 ds ;q-ih-,l-lh esa xqatu o"k.ksZu us Hkh ijh{kk
mRrh.kZ dh tks fd vkbZ-,=,l- vkfQlj cu xbZA
6 f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls ge vkus okyh fi<+h dks mUufr dh
vksj ,oa jk"Vª dks Áxfr dh vksj ys tk ldrs gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls ge fofHkUu
'kkldh; laLFkk o ÁkbosV laLFkk esa ge jkstxkj ,oa
Lojkstxkj ÁkIr dj ldrs gSA

vFkkZr~ f'k{kd ds :i esa ge xjhc cPpksa dks f'kf{kr

cuk ldrs gSA
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd jkstxkj ,oa Lojkstxkj ÁkIr dj
ldrs gSA
milagkj
jk"Vªh; lEifRr ,oa laLd`fr;ksa dk laj{k.k vkSj
foLrkj Hkkjr dh Ákphu f'k{kk dk NBk egRoiw.kZ
mn~ns'; FkkA Áphu dky esa fgUnqvksa us vius fopkj
,oa laLd`fr ds Ápkj ds fy, f'k{kk dks mRre lk/ku ekuk
vr% ÁR;sd fgUnq vius ckyd dks ogh f'k{kk nsrk Fkk
tks mlus Lo;a ÁkIr dh FkhA

Ákphu ;qx dh f'k{kk ds mi;qDr mn~ns';ksa ij

Ádk'k Mkyus ds ckn ge bl fu"d"kZ ij vkrs gS fd
gekjh rRdkfyu f'k{kk i)fr ,slh Fkh ftlesa Hkkjrh; thou
,oa ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] uSfrd ,oa vk/;kRfed
lHkh rjg ds fodkl O;kid n`f"Vdks.k fufgr FkkA

f'k{kd gh ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tks fd iqjs fo'o esa lEeku

vknj ls tkuk tkrk gSA f'k{kd dk Lo:i O;kid ekuk x;k
gS rFkk vkt Hkh iqjs fo'okl o lEeku dk :i Ánku djrk
gSA

vFkkZr~ f'k{kd gksuk c<s xoZ dh ckr gSA vkt iqjs

fo'o esa f'k{kk dk O;kid Ápkj Álkj fd;k tk jgk gSA
 f'k{kd ds fy, dqN ;ksX;rk Hkh Ánku dh x;h gS tSls
&
1 Ák;ejh foHkkx ds fy, 12oha ikl gksuk vfrvko';d gksrk
gSA
2 ek/;fed foHkkx ds fy, 12oh rFkk Mh-,M gksuk vko';d
gSA
3 gkbZLdqy f'k{kk ds fy, Lukrd rFkk ch-,M gksuk
pkfg,A
4 mPp f'k{kk ds fy,s LukrdksRrj] ,e-fQy- rFkk ih-,pMh
dh fMxzh /kkjh gksuk pkfg, A
vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd eSaus tks Hkh f'k{kd ds :i esa
Áf'k{k.k ds nkSjku tks dqN Hkh fl[kk gS mlls gesa ;g
Kku ÁkIr gksrk gS fd f'k{kd dks Hkh vkn'kZ :i esa
ekuk x;k gSA f'k{kd gh ,d ,slk :i fn;k x;k gS tks fd
Hkxoku dh nsu gS tksfd ekuo fodkl ,oa jk"Vªfodkl
esa lgk;ek Ánku djrs gSA

vFkkZr~ f'k{kd gh ,d ,slk ek/;e gS tksfd uSfrd O;ogkj

,oa lekt oxZ ds dY;k.k esa lgk;rk Ánku djrk gSA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kk dks ek/;e cukdj jkstxkj

,oa Lojkstxkj ÁkIr dj ldrs gSA vr% vkt fo'o ds fodkl
esa f'k{kk us cM+k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
 vr% lkjs fo'o esa f'k{kd x.kksa dks rduhfd rFkk
ukWu rduhfd {ks= esa ljdkj ds }kjk c<+kok fn;k tk
jgk gSA

Þ f'k{kd dk Lo:i f'k{kk ekuk x;k gS Þ

;k
vr% f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls lHkh lekt oxZ dk dY;k.k gksrk
gSA

13 fu"d"kZ
vr% ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gS fd f'k{kd ds ek/;e ls
cPpksa dk lokZfxZ.k fodkl gksrk gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls
euq"; esa uSfrd O;ogkj dk Kku dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 vr% f'k{kd dks loZrqY; ekuk x;k gSA vFkkZr~
f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls jkstxkj rFkk Lojkstxkj ÁkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA