UNIT SAMPLE SEQUENCE REAL EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE

n=-5:15; close all;

g=[zeros(1,5) 1 zeros(1,15)]; clear all;
h=[zeros(1,10) 1 zeros(1,10)]; clf;
subplot(2,1,1); n=0:35;
stem(n,g); a=1.2;
xlabel('time index'); k=0.2;
ylabel('amplitude'); x=k*a.^+n;
title('UNIT SAMPLE SEQUENCE'); stem(n,x);
axis([-5 15 0 1.2]); xlabel('time index');
subplot(2,1,2); ylabel('amplitude');
stem(n,h); title('REAL EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE');
xlabel('time index');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('DELAYED UNIT SAMPLE SEQUENCE'); COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE
axis([-5 15 0 1.2]); close all;
clear all;
UNIT STEP SEQUENCE clf;
n=-5:15; c=-(1/2)+(pi/6)*i;
i=[zeros(1,5) ones(1,6) zeros(1,10)]; k=2;
j=[zeros(1,10) ones(1,6) zeros(1,5)]; n=0:40;
subplot(2,1,1); x=k*exp(c*n);
stem(n,i); subplot(2,1,1);
xlabel('time index'); stem(n,real(x));
ylabel('amplitude'); xlabel('time index');
title('UNIT STEP SEQUENCE'); ylabel('real part');
axis([-5 15 0 1.2]); title('COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SEQUENCE');
subplot(2,1,2); subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,j); stem(n,imag(x));
xlabel('time index'); xlabel('time index');
ylabel('amplitude'); ylabel('imaginary part');
title('DELAYED UNIT STEP SEQUENCE');
axis([5 15 0 1.2]);
 Analog butter worth high pass filter
SOME OF SINESOIDAL SIGNALS
ws=0.5;
n=0:1000; wp=0.875;
m1=0.4; rp=0.2;
m2=1; rs=40;
m3=2.5; [N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
fh=0.1; [B,A]=butter(N,wn,'HIGH','s');
f1=0.01; w=0:0.01:pi;
xh=sin(2*pi*fh*n); [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
xl=sin(2*pi*f1*n); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
y1=(1+m1*xl).*xh; an=angle(h1);
y2=(1+m2*xl).*xh; subplot(2,1,1);
y3=(1+m3*xl).*xh; plot(om/pi,m);
subplot(5,1,1); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
plot(n,xh,'m'); ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('time'); title('butterworth high pass filter');
ylabel('amplitude'); grid;
title('carrier signal'); subplot(2,1,2);
grid; plot(om/pi,an);
subplot(5,1,2); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
plot(n,xl,'g'); ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('time'); grid;
ylabel('amplitude'); Analog butter worth LOW PASS filter
title('modulating signal'); wp=0.5;
grid; ws=0.875;
subplot(5,1,3); rp=0.2;
plot(n,y1,'h'); rs=40;
xlabel('time'); [N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
ylabel('amplitude'); [B,A]=butter(N,wn,'LOW','s');
title('modulated signal'); w=0:0.01:pi;
grid; [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
subplot(5,1,4); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
plot(n,y2,'b'); an=angle(h1);
xlabel('time'); subplot(2,1,1);
ylabel('amplitude'); plot(om/pi,m);
title('critical modulated signal'); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
grid; ylabel('gain in db');
subplot(5,1,5); title('butterworth LOW pass filter');
plot(n,y3,'k'); grid;
xlabel('time'); subplot(2,1,2);
ylabel('amplitude'); plot(om/pi,an);
title('over'); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
grid; ylabel('phase in radians');
grid;
Analog butter worth BAND PASS filter ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE1 HIGHPASS FILTER
wp=[0.3 0.5]; ws=0.24;
ws=[0.1 0.8]; wp=0.35;
rp=0.2; rp=0.29;
rs=40; rs=29;
[N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s'); [N,wn]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
[B,A]=butter(N,wn,'BANDPASS','s'); [B,A]=cheby1(N,rp,wn,'HIGH','s');
w=0:0.01:pi; w=0:0.01:pi;
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w); [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h1)); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
an=angle(h1); an=angle(h1);
subplot(2,1,1); subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m); plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
ylabel('gain in db'); ylabel('gain in db');
title('BUTTERWORTH BAND PASS FILTER'); title('chebyshev_1 high pass filter');
grid; grid;
subplot(2,1,2); subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an); plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians'); ylabel('phase in radians');
grid; grid;

Analog butter worth BAND STOP filter ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE1 LOWPASS FILTER
wp=[0.1 0.6]; wp=0.24;
ws=[0.3 0.5]; ws=0.35;
rp=0.2; rp=0.29;
rs=40; rs=29;
[N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s'); [N,wn]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
[B,A]=butter(N,wn,'STOP','s'); [B,A]=cheby1(N,rp,wn,'LOW','s');
w=0:0.01:pi; w=0:0.01:pi;
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w); [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h1)); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
an=angle(h1); an=angle(h1);
subplot(2,1,1); subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m); plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
ylabel('gain in db'); ylabel('gain in db');
title('BUTTERWORTH BAND STOP FILTER'); title('chebyshev_1 low pass filter');
grid; grid;
subplot(2,1,2); subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an); plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians'); ylabel('phase in radians');
grid; grid;
ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE1 BANDPASS FILTER ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE2 HIGHPASS FILTER
wp=[0.3 0.5]; ws=0.28;
ws=[0.1 0.8]; wp=0.32;
rp=0.29; rp=0.34;
rs=29; rs=34;
[N,wn]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s'); [N,wn]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
[B,A]=cheby1(N,rp,wn,'BANDPASS','s'); [B,A]=cheby2(N,rs,wn,'HIGH','s');
w=0:0.01:pi; w=0:0.01:pi;
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w); [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h1)); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
an=angle(h1); an=angle(h1);
subplot(2,1,1); subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m); plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
ylabel('gain in db'); ylabel('gain in db');
title('chebyshev_1 BANDPASS filter'); title('chebyshev_1 high pass filter');
grid; grid;
subplot(2,1,2); subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an); plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency'); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians'); ylabel('phase in radians');
grid; grid;
ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE1 BANDSTOP FILTER
wp=[0.1 0.6]; ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE2 LOWPASS FILTER
ws=[0.3 0.5]; wp=0.28;
rp=0.2; ws=0.32;
rs=40; rp=0.34;
[N,wn]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s'); rs=34;
[B,A]=cheby1(N,rp,wn,'STOP','s'); [N,wn]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
w=0:0.01:pi; [B,A]=cheby2(N,rs,wn,'LOW','s');
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w); w=0:0.01:pi;
m=20*log10(abs(h1)); [h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
an=angle(h1); m=20*log10(abs(h1));
subplot(2,1,1); an=angle(h1);
plot(om/pi,m); subplot(2,1,1);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency'); plot(om/pi,m);
ylabel('gain in db'); xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
title('chebyshev_1 STOP filter'); ylabel('gain in db');
grid; title('chebyshev_2 low pass filter');
subplot(2,1,2); grid;
plot(om/pi,an); subplot(2,1,2);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency'); plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('phase in radians'); xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
grid; ylabel('phase in radians');
grid;
ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE2 BANDPASS FILTER
wp=[0.3 0.5];
ws=[0.1 0.8];
rp=0.29;
rs=29;
[N,wn]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
[B,A]=cheby2(N,rs,wn,'BANDPASS','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h1));
an=angle(h1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
title('chebyshev_2 BANDPASS filter');
grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');
grid;

ANALOG CHEBYSHEV TYPE2 BANDSTOP FILTER

wp=[0.1 0.6];
ws=[0.3 0.5];
rp=0.22;
rs=40;
[N,wn]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s');
[B,A]=cheby2(N,rs,wn,'STOP','s');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h1,om]=freqs(B,A,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h1));
an=angle(h1);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
xlabel('(a) normalized frequency');
ylabel('gain in db');
title('chebyshev_2 BANDSTOP filter');
grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
xlabel('(b) normalized frequency');
ylabel('phase in radians');
grid;
IIR HIGHPASS FILTERS IIR LOWPASS FILTERS
ws=0.3; wp=0.3;
wp=0.7; ws=0.7;
rp=18; rp=18;
rs=180; rs=180;
[N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs); [N,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs);
[B,A]=butter(N,wn,'HIGH'); [B,A]=butter(N,wn,'low');
k=0:0.01:pi; k=0:0.01:pi;
[H1,W]=freqz(B,A,k); [H1,W]=freqz(B,A,k);
H1=20*log10(abs(h1)); H1=20*log10(abs(h1));
subplot(3,1,1); subplot(3,1,1);
plot(k/pi,h1); plot(k/pi,h1);
title('butterworth high pass filter'); title('butterworth lowpass filter');
grid; grid;
[N1,WN1]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs); [N1,WN1]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs);
R1=40; R1=40;
[B1,A1]=cheby1(N1,R1,WN1,'HIGH'); [B1,A1]=cheby1(N1,R1,WN1,'low');
k=0:0.01:pi; k=0:0.01:pi;
[H2,W2]=freqz(B1,A1,k); [H2,W2]=freqz(B1,A1,k);
H2=20*log(abs(H2)); H2=20*log(abs(H2));
subplot(3,1,2); subplot(3,1,2);
plot(k/pi,H2); plot(k/pi,H2);
title('chebyshev type_1 highpass filter'); title('chebyshev type_1 lowpass filter');
grid; grid;
[N2,WN2]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs); [N2,WN2]=cheb2ord(wp,ws,rp,rs);
R2=40; R2=40;
[B2,A2]=cheby2(N2,R2,WN2,'HIGH'); [B2,A2]=cheby2(N2,R2,WN2,'low');
k=0:01:pi; k=0:01:pi;
[H3,W3]=freqz(B2,A2,k); [H3,W3]=freqz(B2,A2,k);
H3=20*log(abs(H3)); H3=20*log(abs(H3));
subplot(3,1,3); subplot(3,1,3);
plot(k/pi,H3); plot(k/pi,H3);
axis([0.1 -250 100]); axis([0.1 -250 100]);
title('chebyshev type-2 highpass filter'); title('chebyshev type-2 lowpass filter');
grid; grid;
 CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION
#include<stdio.h>
LINEAR CONVOLUTION int m,n,x[30],h[30],y[30],i,j,temp[30],k,x2[30],a[30];
void main()
{
#include<stdio.h> printf("Enter the length of the first sequence:\n");
int x[20],h[20],y[20],N1,N2,n,m; scanf("%d",&m);
main() printf("Enter the length of the second sequence:\n");
{ scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the length of input sequence printf("Enter the first sequence:\n");
x(n)\t:N1="); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&N1); scanf("%d",&x[i]);
printf("Enter the length of impulse response
h(n)\t:N2="); printf("Enter the second sequence:\n");
scanf("%d",&N2); for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("Enter %d samples for input sequence scanf("%d",&h[j]);
x(n):\n",N1); if(m-n!=0)
for(n=0;n<N1;n++) { if(m>n)
scanf("%d",&x[n]); {
printf("Enter %d samples for impulse for(i=n;i<m;i++)
response h(n):\n",N2);
h[i]=0;
for(n=0;n<N2;n++)
n=m;
scanf("%d",&h[n]);
}
printf("Input sequence \nx(n)=");
for(i=m;i<n;i++)
for(n=0;n<N1;n++)
x[i]=0;
printf("\t%d",x[n]);
m=n; }
printf("\nImpulse Response \nh(n)=");
y[0]=0;
for(n=0;n<N2;n++)
a[0]=h[0];
printf("\t%d",h[n]);
for(j=1;j<n;j++)
for(n=0;n<N1+N2-1;n++)
a[j]=h[n-j];
{
/*circular convolution*/
y[n]=0;
for(m=0;m<=n;m++) for(i=0;i<n;i++)
y[0]+=x[i]*a[i];
y[n]=y[n]+x[m]*h[n-m];
for(k=1;k<n;k++)
}
{
printf("\n Response of LT1 system
is\ny(n)="); y[k]=0;
for(n=0;n<N1+N2-1;n++) for(j=1;j<n;j++)
printf("\t%d",y[n]); x2[j]=a[j-1];
} x2[0]=a[n-1];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
a[i]=x2[i];
y[k]+=x[i]*x2[i];
}}
printf("The circular convolution\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",y[i]); }