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Physical Layer Performance (Chapter 11) : Harri Holma, Senior Research Engineer IP Mobility Networks Nokia Networks
Physical Layer Performance (Chapter 11) : Harri Holma, Senior Research Engineer IP Mobility Networks Nokia Networks
Physical Layer Performance (Chapter 11) : Harri Holma, Senior Research Engineer IP Mobility Networks Nokia Networks
(Chapter 11)
165
Capacity is
160 downlink limited
155
150
Uplink load curve with RX
145 diversity for 144 kbps
00
00
00
00
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
11
12
13
Load per sector [kbps]
Mobile
Mobile
Receiver
Receiver Interference
Interference Processing
Processing Power
Powercontrol
control
transmission
transmission
sensitivity
sensitivity margin
margin gain
gain headroom
headroom
power
power
Maximum
Maximum
allowed
allowedpath
path
loss [dB]
loss [dB]
Required
Required Propagation
Propagationmodel
model
coverage
coverage (environment)
(environment)
probability
probability Mapping
MappingdBdBtotokm.
km.
Maximum
Maximum
cell
cellrange
range[km]
[km]
5 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
GSM Co-siting
GSM900 / GSM1800 / WCDMA / WCDMA / WCDMA /
speech speech speech 144 kbps 384 kbps
M obile transmission power 33 dBm 30 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm 21 dBm
R eceiv er sensitiv ity 1 −110 dBm −110 dBm −124 dBm −117 dBm −113 dBm
2
Interference margin 1.0 dB 0.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
3
F ast fading margin 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB 2.0 dB
4
B ase station antenna gain 16.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi 18.0 dBi
5
B ody loss 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB — —
6
M obile antenna gain 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 0.0 dBi 2.0 dBi 2.0 dBi
R elativ e gain from lower frequency 11.0 dB 1.0 dB — — —
compared to U M T S frequency 7
M axim um path loss 164.0 dB 154.0 dB 156.0 dB 154.0 dB 150.0 dB
SRC : 158.5 dB SRC: 156.5 dB SRC : 152.5 dB
1
W C D M A sensitivity assumes 4.0 dB base station noise figure and E b/N 0 of 5.0 dB for 12.2 kbps speech, 1.5 dB for 144 kbps and
1.0 dB for 384 kbps data. G SM sensitivity is assumed to be –110 dB m with receive antenna diversity.
2
144 kbps full coverage
T he W C D M A interference margin corresponds to 37% loading of the pole capacity. A n interference margin of 1.0 dB is reserved
for G SM 900 because the small amount of spectrum in 900 M H z does not allow large reuse factors. with GSM1800 sites
3
T he fast fading margin for W C D M A includes the macro diversity gain against fast fading.
4
T he antenna gain assumes three-sector configuration in both G SM and W C D M A .
5
T he body loss accounts for the loss when the terminal is close to the user’ s head.
6
7
A 2.0 dB i antenna gain is assumed for the data terminal.
T he attenuation in 900 M H z is assumed to be 11.0 dB lower than in U M T S band and in G SM 1800 band 1.0 dB lower than in
Downlink coverage of
U M T S band. high bit rates is better
than uplink coverage
SRC = Nokia's Smart Radio Concept
6 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
Uplink Coverage of Different Bit Rates
3.5
Continuous high bit rate
3 coverage in uplink is challenging
➪ Coverage solutions are important
2.5
Range [km]
1.5
0.5
0
32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 1024 kbps 2048 kbps
E b/N 0
I T U P edestrian A (less multipath div ersity ) 11.3dB
I T U V ehicular A (more multipath div ersity ) 8.5dB
M ultipath div ersity gain 2.8dB
(1) Record mobile tx power with (2) Record mobile tx power with
2-rx base station reception 4-rx base station reception
13 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
Measurements Parameters
Bit
Bitrate
rate 88kbps
kbps
FER
FERtarget
targetininthe
theouter
outerloop
loop 1%
1%
Channel
Channelestimation
estimationand
andRake
Rakeallocation
allocation From
Frompilot
pilotsymbols
symbols
Number
Numberof
ofRake
Rakefingers
fingersper
perconnection
connection 88
Interleaving
Interleavingdepth
depth 10
10ms,
ms,11radio
radioframe
frame
Espoo:
Espoo:±45°
±45°with
with15.5
15.5dBi
dBigain
gain(Aerial)
(Aerial)
Base
Basestation
stationantennas
antennas Singapore:
Singapore:±45°
±45°with
with1818dBi
dBigain
gain(Kathrein)
(Kathrein)
Mobile
Mobilestation
stationantenna
antenna Within
Withinmeasurement
measurementvan,
van,vertical
vertical
drive 1
120 drive 2
drive 3
drive 4
Example mobile speeds Mobile s pe e d [km/h] 100
on Route B
80
60
Differential GPS is used
to make the iterations 40
comparable
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
D is tance along route [mete rs ]
15 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
Measurement Results in Espoo
Route A
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 6.95
6.95dBm
dBm 4.44
4.44dBm
dBm 2.5
2.5dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 6.95
6.95dBm
dBm 4.83
4.83dBm
dBm 2.1
2.1dB
dB
Route B
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 7.90
7.90dBm
dBm 4.59
4.59dBm
dBm 3.3
3.3dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 7.90
7.90dBm
dBm 4.86
4.86dBm
dBm 3.1
3.1dB
dB
Route C
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 5.63
5.63dBm
dBm 2.54
2.54dBm
dBm 3.0
3.0dB
dB
16 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
Measurement Results in Singapore
• Singapore measurements are done in China town
• Measurement environment is dense urban
Antenna
Antennaseparation
separation 2-rx
2-rx 4-rx
4-rx 4-rx
4-rxgain
gain
11mmseparation
separation 17.26
17.26dBm
dBm 14.56
14.56dBm
dBm 2.7
2.7dB
dB
No
Noseparation
separation 17.26
17.26dBm
dBm 14.76
14.76dBm
dBm 2.5
2.5dB
dB
-1 2
connection compared to
Power for one speech
-1 4
-1 6
-1 8 Close to BS
-2 0
-2 2 Cell edge
Intra-cell
-2 4
interference
-1 0 -5 0 5 10 15 2 0 due to 2multipath
5
Results
These figures without
Macro cell Micro cell
transmit diversity
U plink 1040 kbps 1430 kbps
D ownlink 660 kbps 1440 kbps
(1) Coherent
combining Feedback from
gain mobile to control
transmission phases
155
Uplink
150
145
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Load per sector [kbps]
-1 -1
10 10
-2 -2
FER
FER
10 10
1-path 1-path
2-path,a=(0,-10) 2-path,a=(0,-10)
2-path,a=(0,-5) 2-path,a=(0,-5)
2-path,a=(0,0) 2-path,a=(0,0)
-3
10 3-path,a=(0,-5,-10)
-3 3-path,a=(0,-5,-10)
10 3-path,a=(0,0,-5)
3-path,a=(0,0,-5)
3-path,a=(0,0,0) 3-path,a=(0,0,0)
3-path,a=(0,0,-15) 3-path,a=(0,0,-15)
4-path,a=(0,-5,-10,-15) 4-path,a=(0,-5,-10,-15)
-4 -4
10 10
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
E b/No, re ce ive d (dB ) E b/No, trans mitte d (dB )
3
2
1
[dB]
0
-1
-2
-3
-10 -6 -3 0
Relative path loss to BS1 compared to BS2 [dB]
• If the path loss to both base stations is the same, macro diversity reduces
the total required transmission power in downlink
3
2
Both transmission 1
links are taken
[dB]
0
into account -1
-2
-3
-10 -6 -3 0
Relative path loss to BS1 compared to BS2 [dB]
FER
0.1
W 1 − FER
Throughputcell =
k Eb / N 0 0.01
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Received Eb/N0
Eb / N 0
f capacity = • What is the optimum FER
1 − FER operation point for packet data
when we take into account
retransmissions?
Eb/N0 including • The smaller fcapacity, the larger the
retransmissions capacity
32 © NOKIA WCDMA Performance.PPT/ 27.11..2000
Packet Data, Link Level Performance
• Optimal FER operation point 10-30 % to maximize the capacity
3 km/h 7
20 km/h 6.5
6
f_capacity
120km/h 5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
1 0.1 0.01
FER
Optimum
FER point
Measurement
Measurementgap
gap
Compressed
mode
Normal frame Normal frame
Exact
Exactincrease
increaseininEb/N0
Eb/N0depends
dependsononservice,
service,multipath
multipathdiversity,
diversity,antenna
antennadiversity,
diversity,
mobile
mobilespeed,
speed,uplink
uplinkorordownlink,
downlink,measurement
measurementgap gaplength,
length,compressed
compressedmodemode
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents a typical value.
method (spreading factor or puncturing), and 1.5 dB represents a typical value.