EEE 498/598 Overview of Electrical Engineering

EEE 498/598
Overview of Electrical
Engineering
Lecture 10:
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions to
Maxwell’s Equations
1
Lecture 10 Objectives
 To study uniform plane wave solutions to
Maxwell’s equations:
 In the time domain for a lossless medium.
 In the frequency domain for a lossy
medium.
Lecture 10
2
Overview of Waves
 A wave is a pattern of values in space that
appear to move as time evolves.
 A wave is a solution to a wave equation.
 Examples of waves include water waves,

sound waves, seismic waves, and voltage
and current waves on transmission lines.
Lecture 10
3
Overview of Waves (Cont’d)
 Wave phenomena result from an exchange between
two different forms of energy such that the time rate
of change in one form leads to a spatial change in the
other.
 Waves possess
 no mass
 energy
 momentum
 velocity
Lecture 10
4
Time-Domain Maxwell’s
Equations in Differential Form
Kc  Ki
B
  E  K    D  qev
t
D
 H  J    B  qmv
t
Jc  Ji
Lecture 10
5
Time-Domain Maxwell’s Equations in
Differential Form for a Simple Medium
D E B  H Jc  E Kc m H
H qev
  E   m H  K i   E 
t 
E qmv
 H   E  J i  H 
t 
Lecture 10
6
Time-Domain Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form for a
Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless Medium
J i  K i  0 qev  qmv  0    m  0
H
  E   E  0
t
E
 H   H  0
t
Lecture 10
7
Time-Domain Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form for a
Simple, Source-Free, and Lossless Medium
 Obviously, there must be a source for the

field somewhere.
 However, we are looking at the properties
of waves in a region far from the source.
Lecture 10
8
Derivation of Wave Equations for Electromagnetic Waves
in a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless Medium
0
    E     E    E2
   H   E 2
     2
t t
0
    H     H    2 H
   E   H 2
    2
t t
Lecture 10
9
Wave Equations for Electromagnetic
Waves in a Simple, Source-Free, Lossless
Medium
 The wave equations
 E2
are not independent.
 E   2  0
2
t  Usually we solve the

electric field wave
 H
2
equation and
 H   2  0
2
t determine H from E
using Faraday’s law.
Lecture 10
10
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions in
the Time Domain
 A uniform plane wave is an electromagnetic wave in
which the electric and magnetic fields and the direction
of propagation are mutually orthogonal, and their
amplitudes and phases are constant over planes
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
 Let us examine a possible plane wave solution given by
E  aˆ x E x  z , t 
Lecture 10
11
Uniform Plane Wave Solutions

in the Time Domain (Cont’d)
The wave equation for this field simplifies to
 The general solution to this wave equation is
 Ex
2
 Ex
2
  0
z 2
t 2
E x  z , t   p1  z  v p t   p2  z  v p t 
Lecture 10
12
the Time Domain (Cont’d)
 The functions p1(z-vpt) and p2 (z+vpt)
represent uniform waves propagating in the
+z and -z directions respectively.
 Once the electric field has been determined
from the wave equation, the magnetic field
must follow from Maxwell’s equations.
Lecture 10
13
 The velocity of propagation is determined solely by the medium:
 The functions p1 and p2 are determined by the source and the other boundary conditions.
1
vp 

Lecture 10
14
 Here we must have
H  aˆ y H y  z , t 
where
H y  z , t    p1  z  v p t   p2  z  v p t 
1

Lecture 10
15
  is the intrinsic impedance of the medium given by



 Like the velocity of propagation, the intrinsic
impedance is independent of the source and is
determined only by the properties of the medium.
Lecture 10
16
 In free space (vacuum):
v p  c  3  10 m/s
8
  120  377
Lecture 10
17
 Strictly speaking, uniform plane waves can be
produced only by sources of infinite extent.
 However, point sources create spherical
waves. Locally, a spherical wave looks like a
plane wave.
 Thus, an understanding of plane waves is very
important in the study of electromagnetics.
Lecture 10
18
 Assuming that the source is sinusoidal. We have
 
p1  z  v p t   C1 cos  z  v p t    C1 cos t  z 
v 
 p 
 
p2  z  v p t   C2 cos  z  v p t    C2 cos t  z 
v 
 p 


vp
Lecture 10
19
 The electric and magnetic fields are given
by
E x  z , t   C1 cos t  z   C2 cos t  z 
1
H y  z , t    C1 cos t  z   C2 cos t  z 

Lecture 10
20
 The argument of the cosine function is
the called the instantaneous phase of the
field:
  z , t   t  z
Lecture 10
21
 The speed with which a constant value of
instantaneous phase travels is called the phase
velocity. For a lossless medium, it is equal to and
denoted by the same symbol as the velocity of
propagation.
t   0
t   z   0  z 

dz  1
vp   
dt  
Lecture 10
22
 The distance along the direction of
propagation over which the instantaneous
phase changes by 2 radians for a fixed
value of time is the wavelength.
2
  2   

Lecture 10
23
 The Function vs. position at a fixed time
wavelength is 1
0.8
also the 0.6
0.4

distance 0.2
between every
0
-0.2
other zero -0.4
-0.6
crossing of the -0.8
-1
sinusoid. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Lecture 10
24
 Relationship between wavelength and
frequency in free space:
c

f
 Relationship between wavelength and
frequency in a material medium:
vp

f Lecture 10
25
  is the phase constant and is given by

    
vp
rad/m
Lecture 10
26
 In free space (vacuum):
 2
    0 0   k 0 
c 0
free space wavenumber

(rad/m)
Lecture 10
27
Time-Harmonic Analysis
 Sinusoidal steady-state (or time-harmonic)
analysis is very useful in electrical engineering
because an arbitrary waveform can be represented
by a superposition of sinusoids of different
frequencies using Fourier analysis.
 If the waveform is periodic, it can be represented
using a Fourier series.
 If the waveform is not periodic, it can be
represented using a Fourier transform.
Lecture 10
28
Time-Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form
for a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
  E   j H E  0
  H  j E H  0

     j   j

m
     j   j

Lecture 10
29
Derivation of Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic
Waves in a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
    E     E    E2
  j  H   2  E
0  2
    H     H    H 2
 j  E    H 2
 2
Lecture 10
30
Helmholtz Equations for Electromagnetic Waves
in a Simple, Source-Free, Possibly Lossy Medium
 The Helmholtz
equations are not
 E  E  0
2 2
independent.
 Usually we solve the
electric field equation
 H  H  0
2 2 and determine H from
E using Faraday’s law.
Lecture 10
31
the Frequency Domain
 Assuming a plane wave solution of the form
E  aˆ x E x  z 
 The Helmholtz equation simplifies to
2
d Ex
2
  Ex  0
2
dz
Lecture 10
32
the Frequency Domain (Cont’d)
 The propagation constant is a complex
number that can be written as
      j     j
2
attenuation
constant phase constant
(m )
-1
(Np/m) (rad/m)
Lecture 10
33
  is the attenuation constant and has
units of nepers per meter (Np/m).
  is the phase constant and has units of
radians per meter (rad/m).
 Note that in general for a lossy medium
   
Lecture 10
34
 The general solution to this wave equation is
E x  z   C1e  z
 C2 e  z
 z  j z z j z
 C1e e  C2 e e
Ex  z 

Ex  z 

• wave traveling in
• wave traveling in
the +z-direction the -z-direction
Lecture 10
35
 Converting the phasor representation of E
back into the time domain, we have
E x z , t  Re E x z e 
     j t
 C1e cos t  z   C2 e cos t  z 

 z z
• We have assumed that C1 and C2 are real.
Lecture 10
36
 The corresponding magnetic field for the uniform
plane wave is obtained using Faraday’s law:
 E
  E  j H  H 
j
Lecture 10
37
 Evaluating H we have
1

H y  z   C1e  C2 e

 z z

1

 Ex  z   Ex  z 

 

Lecture 10
38
 We note that the intrinsic impedance  is
a complex number for lossy media.
j
 e
Lecture 10
39
 Converting the phasor representation of H
back into the time domain, we have

H y  z , t   Re H y  z  e j t

 e cost  z   
C1  z

e cost  z   
C2  z


Lecture 10
40
 We note that in a lossy medium, the
electric field and the magnetic field are
no longer in phase.
 The magnetic field lags the electric field
by an angle of .
Lecture 10
41
 Note that we have  Uniform plane
E  H  aˆ z waves are a type of
 These form a right- transverse
handed coordinate electromagnetic
system (TEM) wave.
âE
â z âH
Lecture 10
42
 Relationships between the phasor
representations of electric and magnetic
fields in uniform plane waves: unit vector in
1 direction of
H  aˆ p  E propagation

E   aˆ p  H
Lecture 10
43

Example:
 Consider
f  110 Hz  0  0.300 m
9
  2.5 0 
 α  1.191 Np/m
  0 
  33.16 rad/m
  0.01 S/m 
Ex  z, t   e cos  t   z 
  z
Lecture 10
44
1
Snapshot of Ex+(z,t) at t = 0
 z
0.8
0.6
e
0.4
0.2
Ex (z,t)
0
+
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
z/l 0
Lecture 10
45
 Properties of the wave determined by the
source:
 amplitude
 phase
 frequency
Lecture 10
46
 Properties of the wave determined by
the medium are:
• also depend on
 velocity of propagation (vp)
frequency
 intrinsic impedance( )
 propagation constant constant ( =j)
 wavelength ()
2
vp
 
f  Lecture 10
47
Dispersion
 For a signal (such as a pulse) comprising a band of frequencies, different frequency components propagate with
different velocities causing distortion of the signal. This phenomenon is called dispersion.
25
20
input signal
15
10
5
output signal
0
-5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Lecture 10
48
Plane Wave Propagation in Lossy
Media
 Assume a wave propagating in the +z-
direction:
Ex  z, t   Ex 0 e cos t  z 
  z
 We consider two special cases:

 Low-loss dielectric.
 Good (but not perfect) conductor.
Lecture 10
49
Plane Waves in a Low-Loss
Dielectric
 A lossy dielectric exhibits loss due to
molecular forces that the electric field has
to overcome in polarizing the material.
 We shall assume that

r 
    
     j    1  j  0
  
  1  j tan     r  0 1  j tan  
Lecture 10
50
Dielectric (Cont’d)
 Assume that the material is a low-loss
dielectric, i.e, the loss tangent of the
material is small:
 
tan    1

Lecture 10
51
 Assuming that the loss tangent is small, approximate
expressions for  and  can be developed.
  j   j  0 1  j tan  
1  x  1 / 2  1  x tan  

 j  0   1  j     j
2
 2 
wavenumber
    0    r k 0  k
tan  k tan 
    0  
2 2 Lecture 10
52
 The phase velocity is given by
  c
vp   
 k r
Lecture 10
53
 The intrinsic impedance is given by
 
  1  j tan   1 / 2
 
tan 
0  tan    0 j
 1  j   e 2
r  2  r
1  x  1 / 2
 1
x 1  x   e x
2 54
Lecture 10
 In most low-loss dielectrics, r is more or
less independent of frequency. Hence,
dispersion can usually be neglected.
 The approximate expression for  is used
to accurately compute the loss per unit
length.
Lecture 10
55
Plane Waves in a Good Conductor
 In a perfect conductor, the
electromagnetic field must vanish.
 In a good conductor, the electromagnetic
field experiences significant attenuation
as it propagates.
 The properties of a good conductor are
determined primarily by its conductivity.
Lecture 10
56
Plane Waves in a Good
Conductor
 For a good conductor,

 1
 
Hence, 

 j

Lecture 10
57
Conductor (Cont’d)
 
  j   j    j   j
 

 1  j 
2


2


2
Lecture 10
58
 The phase velocity is given by
 2
vp    c
 
Lecture 10
59
 The intrinsic impedance is given by
  j
  
  
j

1  j   j 45
  e
2  
Lecture 10
60
(Cont’d)
 The skin depth of material is the depth to
which a uniform plane wave can
penetrate before it is attenuated by a
factor of 1/e.
 We have
 1
e 1  

Lecture 10
61
(Cont’d)
 For a good conductor, we have
1 2
 
 
Lecture 10
62
Wave Equations for Time-Harmonic
Fields in Simple Medium
 1   Ki 
     E   k 0  r E       j 0 J i
2
 r   r 
1   Ji 
     E   k0  r E       j 0 K i
2
 r   r 
k0    0  0
Lecture 10
63

EEE 498/598 Overview of Electrical Engineering

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EEE 498/598 Overview of Electrical Engineering

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EEE 498/598

 Examples of waves include water waves,

 Obviously, there must be a source for the

t  Usually we solve the

 The general solution to this wave equation is

also the 0.6

other zero -0.4

crossing of the -0.8

free space wavenumber

 C1e cos t  z   C2 e cos t  z 

• We have assumed that C1 and C2 are real.

 We consider two special cases:

 Good (but not perfect) conductor.

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