Chapter 1 Networking Concepts

Chapter 1
Networking Concepts
Objectives Network Types
What is Networking? Protocols
Networking Devices OSI & TCP/IP Model
Network Topologies Encapsulation Process
Network Media
Objectives
Students should be able to:
Describe how networks impact our daily lives.
Explain the function of protocols in network communications.
Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe
network functionality.
Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models:
The TCP/IP model and the OSI model.
Identify devices used in networking.
Understand the role of protocols in networking.
Define LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN and VPN.
INB23204 NFRC Chapter1 Networking Concepts 2
What is Networking?
Networking - the interconnection of
workstations, peripherals,
terminals and other devices.
Whatis.com: “In information
technology, networking is the
construction, design, and use of
network, including the physical
(cabling, hub, bridge, switch,
router, and so forth), the selection
and use of telecommunication
protocol and computer software for
using and managing the network,
and the establishment of operation
policies and procedures related to
the network.”
Impact of Network
Network supporting the way we live
Early data networks were limited to exchanging character-based
information between connected computer systems.
Current networks have evolved to carry voice, video streams, text, and
graphics between many different types of devices.
Resources available through the Internet
Example of communications: blog, instant messaging and etc.
Network supporting the way we learn
online courses can contain voice, data, and video, and are available to
the students at any time from any place.
Online discussion groups and message boards enable a student to
collaborate with the instructor, with other students in the class, or even
with students across the world.
Network supporting the way we work
Business applications can be access remotely
Elements that make up a network
Devices
These are used to
communicate with one
another
Medium
This is how the devices are
connected together
Messages
Information that travels over
the medium
Rules
Governs how messages flow
across network
Networking Devices
Networking Devices – cont’
Network devices include all the devices that connect the end-user
devices together to allow them to communicate.
They provide:
extension of cable connections,
concentration of connections,
conversion of data formats,
management of data transfers
Network Card
Are devices attached to the computer
Provide the interface between the computer & the network
Belongs to the data link Layer
Hubs
Intelligent hubs have console ports, to allow monitoring of the hubs
status and port activity.
Passive hubs just repeat any incoming signals to every port available,
therefore does not act as a line repeater.
Passive hubs just split signals to multiple ports but do not regenerate the
signals, which means that they do not extend a cable’s length. They only
allow two or more hosts to connect to the same cable segment.
Active hubs regenerate signals.
Hubs utilise star topology.
Hub Pros & Cons
Advantages
As an active hubs regenerate signals, it increases the distance that
can be spanned by the LAN (up to 100 meters per segment).
Hubs can also be connected locally to a maximum of two other
hubs, thereby increasing the number of devices that can be attached
to the LAN.
Active hubs are usually used against attenuation, which is a
decrease in the strength of the signal over distance
Disadvantages
Bandwidth is shared by all hosts i.e. 10Mbs shared by 25 ports/users.
Can create bottlenecks when used with switches.
Have no layer 3 switching capability.
Most Hubs are unable to utilise VLANS.
Switches
A switch is a multi-port bridge.
It operates at OSI data link layer 2.
It stores MAC addresses in an
internal lookup table.
Temporary switched paths are
created between the frame’s source
destination.
Can connect similar LAN with
dissimilar media
Routers
Routers are OSI network layer 3 devices
Using interface modules can connect different layer 2 technologies e.g.
Ethernet, FDDI, token ring etc…
Routers have the capability to interconnect network segments or entire
networks (WANS/MANS).
These devices examine incoming packets to determine the destination
address of the data. It then examines its internal routing table to choose
the best path for the packet through the network, and switches them to
the proper outgoing port.
Networking devices – cont’
Network topology
Network topology defines the structure of the network.
Physical topology, which is the actual layout of the wire or media.
Logical topology, which defines how the media is accessed by the
hosts for sending data.
The logical topology of a network is how the hosts communicate
across the medium.
Bus Topology
“A bus topology uses a single backbone segment (length of cable) that
all the hosts connect to directly.”
Ring Topology
“A ring topology connects one host to the next and the last host to the
first. This creates a physical ring of cable.”
Star Topology
“A star topology connects all cables to a central point of concentration.
This point is usually a hub or switch. ”
Extended Star Topology
“An extended star topology uses the star topology to be created. It
links individual stars together by linking the hubs/switches. It will
extend the length and size of the network.”
Hierarchical Topology
“A hierarchical topology is created similar to an extended star but
instead of linking the hubs/switches together, the system is linked
to a computer that controls the traffic on the topology.”
Mesh Topology
“A mesh topology is used when there can be absolutely no break in
communications, for example the control systems of a nuclear power
plant. So as you can see in the graphic, each host has its own
connections to all other hosts. This also reflects the design of the
Internet, which has multiple paths to any one location.”
There are also full mesh and partial mesh topologies.
Network Media
this is the channel over which a message travels from source to
destination.
Three main types:
Media Example Encoding
Cooper Twisted-pair cable Electrical pulses
Fiber-optic Glass or plastic fibers in a vinyl coating Light pulses
Wireless Connect local users through air Electromagnetic waves
Factor needs to be considered when choosing the media:
The distance
The environment
The bandwidth required
The cost of installation
The cost of connectors and compatible equipment
Network Media – cont’
Network Types - Local Area Networks (LANs)
•LANs is a group of end devices and users under the control of a
common administration.
Network Types - Wide-area networks (WANs)
Network Types - Metropolitan-Area Networks
(MANs)
A MAN is a network that spans a metropolitan area such as a city or
suburban area.
A MAN usually consists of two or more LANs in a common
geographic area.
For example, a bank with multiple branches may utilize a MAN.
Network Types - Storage-Area
Networks (SANs)
A SAN is a dedicated, high-performance network
used to move data between servers and storage
resources.
SANs offer the following features:
• Performance – SANs enable concurrent access of disk or tape
arrays by two or more servers at high speeds, providing enhanced
system performance.
• Availability – SANs have disaster tolerance built in, because data
can be mirrored using a SAN up to 10 kilometers (km) or 6.2 miles
away.
• Scalability – Like a LAN/WAN, it can use a variety of
technologies. This allows easy relocation of backup data,
operations, file migration, and data replication between systems.
Network Types - Virtual Private Network (VPN)
VPN is a private network that is constructed within a public
network infrastructure such as the global Internet.
Using VPN, a telecommuter can access the network of the company
headquarters through the Internet by building a secure tunnel
between the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the
headquarters.
It is a service that offers secure, reliable connectivity over a shared
public network infrastructure such as the Internet.
Benefits of VPNs
The following are the three main types of VPNs:
Access VPNs – Access VPNs provide remote access to a mobile
worker and small office/home office (SOHO) to the headquarters of
the Intranet or Extranet over a shared infrastructure.
Intranet VPNs – Intranet VPNs link regional and remote offices to the
headquarters of the internal network over a shared infrastructure
using dedicated connections. Allow access only to the employees of
the enterprise.
Extranet VPNs – Extranet VPNs link business partners to the
headquarters of the network over a shared infrastructure using
dedicated connections. Allow access to users outside the enterprise.
Network Protocols
Protocol suites are collections of protocols that enable network
communication from one host through the network to another host.
A protocol is a formal description of a set of rules and conventions that
govern a particular aspect of how devices on a network communicate.
Protocols determine the format, timing, sequencing, and error control
in data communication.
Without protocols, the computer cannot make or rebuild the stream of
incoming bits from another computer into the original format.
Network Protocols – cont’
Organizations that standardize the protocols;
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE),
American National Standards Institute (ANSI),
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA),
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), formerly known as
the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et
Télégraphique (CCITT).
Example of the protocols:
HTTP
Transport Protocols – TCP
Internetwork Protocols – IP
Network Access Protocols
Using Layered Model
The concept of layers is used to describe communication from
one computer to another.
Benefits include
assists in protocol design
fosters competition
changes in one layer do not affect other layers
provides a common language
Protocol and Reference Models
A protocol model
provides a model that
closely matches the
structure of a particular
protocol suite.
E.g: TCP/IP
A reference model
provides a common
reference for
maintaining consistency
within all types of
network protocols and
services.
E.g: OSI model
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
Provides an abstract description of the network communication
process.
Developed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to
provide a road map nonproprietary protocol development.
The model explains how packets travel through the various layers to
another device on a network:
It breaks network communication into smaller, more manageable
parts.
It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor
development and support.
It allows different types of network hardware and software to
communicate with each other.
It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers.
It divides network communication into smaller parts to make
learning it easier to understand
OSI Model - cont
OSI Layers functions
OSI Layers functions – cont’
TCP/IP model
Defines the four communication functions that protocols perform.
TCP/IP is an open standard.
Although some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model, the layers of the two models do
not correspond exactly.
TCP/IP model - example
Some of the most commonly used application layer protocols include the following:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Domain Name System (DNS)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
The common transport layer
protocols include:
Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
The primary protocol of the Internet layer is:
Internet Protocol (IP)
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
Similarities: Differences:
– both have layers TCP/IP combines the presentation
– both have application layers, and session layer into its application
though they include very different layer
services TCP/IP combines the OSI data link
– both have comparable transport and physical layers
and network layers
TCP/IP has fewer layers
– packet-switched technology is
assumed TCP/IP protocols are the standards
– networking professionals need to around which the Internet
know both developed, so the TCP/IP model
gains credibility just because of its
protocols.
Protocol Data Unit and Encapsulation
Encapsulation - the process of adding control information as it
passes through the layered model.
Decapsulation - the process of removing the extra information and
sending only the original application data up to the destination
application layer.
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) – the generic term for data but different
at each level.
The different names for PDUs:
Data - Application layer PDU
Segment - Transport Layer PDU
Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the
medium
Detailed encapsulation process
Networks must perform the following five conversion steps in order to
encapsulate data:
1. Build the data.
2. Package the data for end-to-end transport.
3. Add the network IP address to the header.
4. Add the data link layer header and trailer.
5. Convert to bits for transmission.
Summary
Communication in data network require device and a destination
device with a medium connecting the two.
The devices that handle messages and the media that carry them
comply with communication rules called protocols.
Layered model describe the various steps that must occur for
successful communication.
OSI and TCP/IP models are the most common models used in
networking and can serve as a guide to the different protocols and
devices used at each layer.
Application data is sent down the protocol stacks and is
encapsulated at each layer with addressing and control
information.
The data is segmented into pieces, addressed and then encoded on
the media. The process is reversed at the destination.

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