A report on energy, its production and consumption in

World and Pakistan

Energy
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to do work. The common symbol for
energy is the uppercase letter E.
Energy is the property of every physical system ,describing its ability to perform
work. When energy is released it is converted to either work or another form of energy
such that sum of work and other forms of energy is conserved.
Units
Joule:-
The joule (pronounced DJOOL) is the standard unit of energy in electronics and
general scientific applications.
One joule is defined as the amount of energy exerted when a force of one newton
is applied over a displacement of one meter.
One joule is the equivalent of one watt of power radiated or dissipated for one
second.
One joule is the work done need to lift a 1 kg mass to a height of 10.194 cm or
work needed to bring to a halt of 1 kg mass moving at speed of 1 m/s.
Erg :-
The erg is the standard unit of energy in the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) or
small-unit metric system.
It is an amount of energy equivalent to that expended by a force of one dyne
acting over a distance of one centimeter 1 erg = 10-7 J =1gcm²/s²
Calorie:-
It is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of distilled water by
1 kelvin(K) at sea level and at normal temperature (15°) 1 cal = 4.184 J
Btu:-
It represents the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of
one pound of pure liquid water by one degree Fahrenheit at the temperature at which
water has its greatest density (39 degrees Fahrenheit).
 A Btu is equivalent to approximately 1055 joules (or 1055 watt-seconds) and 252
calorie.
Tonne of oil equivalent:-
The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy the amount of energy released
by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ.
1 toe = 7.4 barrel of oil equivalent (boe). This is a volumetric unit of energy.
Tonne petroleum equivalent:-
1 tonne petroleum equivalent (TPE) energy is equal to 45.217 GJ.

Types of energy resources:-

There are generally three types of energy or energy resources.

i. Non-renewable energy resource
ii. Renewable energy resource

1. Non-renewable energy resource:

An energy resource that is not replaced or is replaced only very slowly by natural
processes is called non-renewable energy resource.
Primary examples of non-renewable energy resources are the fossil fuels--oil,
natural gas, and coal.
Fossil fuels are continually produced by the decay of plant and animal matter, but
the rate of their production is extremely slow, very much slower than the rate at
which we use them. Any non-renewable energy resources that we use are not
replaced in a reasonable amount of time (our lifetime, our children's lifetime,...)
and are thus considered "used up", not available to us again.

2. Renewable energy resource:

An energy resource that is replaced rapidly by natural processes. Some
examples of renewable energy resources are sunlight, hydropower (water falling
through a dam), solar energy, wave power and wind power .Water above the dam
is continually replaced by rainfall.
 World production of electricity by source and consumption
Per capita (in kwh)

In the world 38.3% energy is obtained by burning of coal , wood and vegetation ,19%
through hydro power , 17.5% by nuclear , 14.9% by gas , 9.9% by oil , 0.4% by wind ,
solar etc.
In USA 11753 kwh is the consumption per capita ,In JAPAN 6176 kwh , In
SINGAPORE 889 kwh ,In MALYSIA 1146 kwh , In IRAN 724 kwh , THILAND 636
kwh , In CHINA 448 kwh , In PAKISTAN 340 , In INDIA 292 kwh.
There are 2.5 billion people in the world without access of electricity.
Conclusion;-
We have seen that as we move to the developed countries the electricity
consumption is increasing per capita.
The china has low consumption per capita due to its abundant population it does
not mean that china is not developed. This is the same case for some other countries like
India.
Five Years of Energy Consumption by sector
(2003-2008)

The total energy consumption in the country during 2002-3 was 52655 GWH(Gega Watt
Hour). Where as the total energy consumption during the year 2007-8 was 73400 GWH.
The energy consume by the major sectors during the year 2002-3 and 2007-8 is tabled
below,
Sector 2002-3(%) 2007-8(%) Status(%)
Commercial 6.1% 7.5% 1.4% (INC.)
Industrial 30.7% 28.2% 2.5% (DEC.)
Agricultural 11.4% 11.5% 0.1% (INC.)
Domestic 44.9% 45.9% 1% (INC.)
Bulk supplies 6.3% 5.9% 0.4% (DEC.)
Others 0.6% 0.8% 0.2% (INC.).
This table shows that we consume the major portion of energy for house hold purposes
which is about 45%. Moreover it is increasing day by day.

The others row shows energy consumed for street lights and for traction etc. which have
been increased by 0.2% (from 0.6% to 0.8%).A number of roads and streets have been
enlightened in this time interval.
Agricultural which is participating abundantly in the GDPA of the country is consuming
only 11.5% with a increase of 0.1% only.
Our industry is consuming energy up to 28.2% with a decrease of 2.5%. The decrease
in consumption of energy in industrial unit is due to wrong policies which our
government has made. The new industrial units are not establishing due to these wrong
policies.
Five years of Coal Consumption by sector

Coal is very important mineral source of energy. In Pakistan it is generally not of good
quality. So it was firstly used in brick kilns for making bricks, but in recent it is
frequently used in cement industry also. Infect more then 50% coal is used in cement
industry. Detail consumption of coal in 2002-3 to 2007-8 is tabled below.
Total coal consumption in 2002-3=4.89 million tone
Total coal consumption in 2007-8=10.11 million tone

Sector 2002-3(%) 2007-8(%) Inc./Dec. (%)

Power 4.2% 1.6% 2.6% (DEC.)
Coke use 22.9% 4.6% 18.3% (DEC.)
Domestic 0% 0% 0%
Brick kilns 53.3% 37.2% 16.1% (DEC.)
Cement 19.6% 56.6% 37% (INC.)
Conclusion:-
It can be observed from above data that more then 93% coal was used in brick
kilns and in cement industry.
Its use for power production has been decreased up to 2.6% from the year 2002-3
to 2007-8 due to the reason that some of the coal power stations were locked Due to its
cheap quality and high production price.
Petroleum products consumption by sector in 2007-8

Total consumption=18.08 million tones

Transport=51.9%
Agricultural=0.6%
Industry=5.9%
Domestic=0.7%
Power=39.2%
Other Government=1.7%

Natural gas consumption(by sector) in 2007-8

Total consumption=1275 billion cu. Ft.
Commercial=2.7%
Domestic=16%
Transport (CNG)=5.6%
Power=33.7%
Fertilizer (feed Stock)=3.1%
Fertilizer (fuel)=12.6%
Cement=1%
General industry=25.3%