33.

53: a) The time taken to travel from point A to point B is just:

d1 d 2 h12  x 2 h22  (l  x) 2
t    .
v1 v 2 v1 v2
Taking the derivative with respect to x of the time and setting it to zero yields:
d  h1  x h22  (l  x) 2 
2 2
dt x (l  x)
0     .
dx dt  v1 v2  v1 h1  x
2 2
v2 h22  (l  x) 2

c c n1 x n2 (l  x)
But v1  and v2     n1 sin 1  n2 sin  2 .
n1 n2 h12  x 2 h22  (l  x) 2