Previously on this topic…

• Actions
CIV2226 Any agent, such as imposed load, foundation movement
or temperature gradient, which may act on a structure.
Design of Concrete & Masonry
Structures • Action effects
The forces and moments, deformations, cracks and other
effects, which are produced in a structure or in its
Dr. Barry Y. Bai component members by an action.
Lecture #2 (week 2)
• Load path
30.07.2010 How the externally applied loads are transferred through
the member and into its supports
1 2

Feedbacks
• Lab groups

Chapter 2, Textbook

• Revision

Strength
Strength varies between batches

Strength Check
Histogram

Is the structure strong enough ? 80

70
Number of Specimens

60

50
Is the structure stiff enough?
40
Serviceability 30
Check 20

10

0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Strength (MPa)
 f 'c = Characteristic Strength f cm = Mean Strength
Loads
Probability Probability

Characteristic
Load
5%

Strength Loads
f 'c Mean, fcm Mean

Which one is correct? Which one is correct?

A. f cm = 40 MPa and f 'c = 45 MPa A. Characteristic Load > Mean Load
B. f cm = 40 MPa and f 'c = 40 MPa B. Characteristic Load = Mean Load
C. f cm = 45 MPa and f 'c = 40 MPa C. Characteristic Load < Mean Load

20 seconds to answer 20 seconds to answer

Load Factors – Strength Design

400

200

wu =1.2 G + 1.5 Q

G = Dead Load DL LL
Q = Live Load

L = 6000 mm a = 2000 mm
If loads are in the helping direction
wu = 0.9 G
Additional Imposed Dead Load = 1 kPa Concrete Density = 24 kN/m3
Live Load = 3 kPa
 Maximum Factored Design Load, • Action effects: BMD

Fd
A. between 35 to 40 kN/m
B. between 40 to 45 kN/m
C. between 45 to 50 kN/m
D. between 50 to 55 kN/m
E. between 55 to 60 kN/m
F. between 60 to 65 kN/m

A B C D

Un-factored Load only on AC span Load only on CD span

(WB) (WC)
Dead load Live load Dead load Live load Load only on AC span (WB) Load only on CD span (WC)
WGB (24.64 WGB (12 WGC (24.64 WGC (12 Un-factored Un-factored Un-factored Un-factored
kN/m) kN/m) kN/m) kN/m) Dead load WGB Live load WQB Dead load WGC Live load WGC
(24.64 kN/m) (12 kN/m) (24.64 kN/m) (12 kN/m)
Moment at B Factored 110.88*1.2 54*1.5 -24.64*0.9 -12*0
(kNm) Positive Total: 191.88 kNm
Factored total: 110.88*1.2+54*1.5-24.64*1.2- Moment at B
12*1.5=166.49 kNm Factored 0 0 -49.28*1.2 -24*1.5
Moment at C Negative Total: 95.14 kNm
Moment at C
(kNm) Factored total: -49.28*1.2-24*1.5=-95.14 kNm
The case if loads are in the helping direction, considerations
1.2 G + 1.5 Q for (live load, imposed dead load and load factor)
 Design moment, M*B = ?
A. between 40 to 70 kNm
B. between 70 to 100 kNm
C. between 100 to 130 kNm
D. between 130 to 160 kNm
E. between 160 to 190 kNm
F. between 190 to 220 kNm
Design moment, M*C = ?
A. between 40 to 70 kNm
B. between 70 to 100 kNm
C. between 100 to 130 kNm
D. between 130 to 160 kNm
E. between 160 to 190 kNm
F. between 190 to 220 kNm

Strength Check
Rd >= Ed (Design capacity >= Design action
effects)

Rd = φ Ru = Design action effects due to design

load
Mmax.
Ru = ultimate strength (bending, shear, ..)
MB is not the maximum positive moment now !

φ = Strength reduction factors

φ, strength reduction factors Practice Set

Next Week
• Bending = 0.8
• Shear = 0.7
• Axial compression = 0.6

Complex combination
of Loads ! # ?

How to get the action
effects ! # ?

 Three-Dimensional Finite
Structural Analysis Element Analysis

• Structural analysis of buildings may be carried out

using the advanced computer-based method.

25 26

Three-Dimensional Frame Analysis Two-Dimensional Frame Analysis

27 28

Simplified Method of Analysis of

Two-Dimensional
Continuous Beams
Frame Analysis
• Clause 7.2.1 of AS 3600 allows the use of
approximate moment and shear coefficients for
continuous beams subject to the following
restrictions:
- Spans are approximately equal with the larger of two
adjacent spans not exceeding the shorter by more than 20
%.
- Loads are uniformly distributed.
- Unit live load q does not exceed twice the unit dead load g.
- Members are of uniform cross section.

29 30
Bending moments in beams and columns
 Two spans More than two spans

31 Moment = Coef. * Fd Ln2 32

Moment = Coef. * Fd Ln2

AS3600 p.62

Serviceability Check
• Deflections
• Crack widths

Serviceability design
Long term load, w = G + ψl Q G = Dead Load
Q = Live Load
Short term load, w = G + ψs Q
Rd >= Ed (Design capacity >= Design action effects)
(HB 2.2-2003, pp 492)
Rd = φ Ru