1.

Definitions of frontal area

The total surface area of the front of a vehicle that is exposed to air flow

2. Definitions of engine displacement

Engine displacement is the volume swept by all the pistons inside the cylinders of an internal
combustion engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC). It is
commonly specified in cubic centimeters (cc), liters (l), or (mainly in North America) cubic inches.

 Engine displacement = π/4 * (cylinder diameter)2 * stroke * number of cylinders

3. Definitions of GVW

Gross Vehicle Weight is the combination of curb weight plus payload (including driver and fuel) or the
total weight of the vehicle, including passengers, fuel, cargo and attachments.

4. Brake horsepower

(bhp) A measurement of the actual usable power (not calculated power) measured at the
Output shaft (usually the crankshaft) rather than at the Driveshaft or the wheels.

5. Importance of pv diagrams.

 . To calculate the work done by the system

6. Stroke ratio
In a reciprocating piston engine, the stroke ratio, defined by either bore/stroke ratio
or stroke/bore ratio - are terms which are used to describe the relationship ratio between the diameter
of the cylinder bore, and the length of the piston stroke - within its cylinders.

7. Square engine.
An engine in which the stroke is equal to the cylinder.

8. What is an over square engine.

A piston engine is over square or short stroke if its cylinders have a greater bore (width, diameter) than
stroke (length of piston travel).

9. long stroke engine

in reciprocating piston engine whose bore diameter is smaller than the stroke; a relatively long stroke
produces higher low-end torque at the cost of increased piston speeds and reduced revving ability.
10. Friction horsepower

(FHP) The amount of power consumed by an engine in driving itself. It includes the
power absorbed in mechanical Friction and in driving auxiliaries plus, in the case of four-
stroke engines, some pumping power.

11. Firing order.

The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a multi-cylinder
reciprocating engine.

Firing orders of 6 cylinder engine. 1-5-3-6-2-4

1-6-5-4-3-2
1-2-3-4-5-6
1-4-2-5-3-6
1-4-5-2-3-6