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 Michael Laitman

The Path of Kabbalah

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 OKRKKRT QMG\
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BGCP

LZEN FRMFF
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KCN[
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FBKZC KPK FTC[
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZEF FNDP OFZCB
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BZCRN BZGCF QKC
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP[RF \GI\V\F
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNC[ FEGYRF \GZZGT\F
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KTXPBM FNCYF
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZE KRPKS
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FJPN FNTPNP
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CCGSPG FCKS
50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BCF ONGTN FHF ONGTF QKC FP
53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \TEN NTP FRGPB
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TCJN NTP NGTVN
59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[

76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZGBN \GZCI\F
76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FBKZCF \ZJP
83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FZJPC \GYCE
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TZF \ZMF
93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FP[RF \eRMv ]
97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OGK OGK KKIC KPKRV SIK \KKRC
99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ KGNKD
101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GRGXZF QGYK\
104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LZEC \MNN EXKM
108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KRIGZ ZM[
112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GPEY\FF LKNF\C Z[D
117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GPNGTF CGNK[
120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGYK\ ZPDC UGDF
123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[
139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DICG FNKV\C
139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNC[ FEGCT
149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKDIF \GTP[P
157 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIFG ZGB \NCY
160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QGYK\ KTXPBM DI
166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[

172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEPG \E ,FNCY

172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KCKJYKKCGB ZYIPM FNCY
176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?FR[K OBF { \GEFKN FYKHF
178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FTKDF FNCYF \T
182 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FRG[ F[KDF
184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FPGEY FTE LKZVFN
186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[

EGPKNF KETX
195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GPXT \B EPGN OEBF
195 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGPKNF \GEGB
202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OMI EKPN\
205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGPKNF \CKCS
212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EGPKNF QVGB
216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF
228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NCGYP N[ GMZE \NKI\
231 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NCGYP N[ GRING[P
237 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[

245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNCYF \PMGIC OKZGTK[ FZ[T

245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ZGTK[
258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ZGTK[
266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ZGTK[
272 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ZGTK[
277 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ZGTK[
282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ZGTK[
288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ZGTK[
294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ZGTK[
299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ZGTK[
307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ZGTK[
312 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GCG[\G \GNB[
322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FBKZCF FRCPC EGSK KD[GP :IVSR
329 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GZGB FZ[T :IVSR
332 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GNT\FF \GDZEP :IVSR
335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \GMNPF \ZKVS :IVSR
339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM :IVSR

345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OKD[GP IGN

347 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FNCYF EGPKN \GZGYP
 BGCP
FNCYF EGPKNC \KPKRVF FVKB[F
:"FRGP\ NMG NSV LN F[T\ BN .KRV NT OKZIB OKFNB LN FKFK BN"
N[ GEGSKC .\GRGP\ ZKKXNG \GKGPE ,OKNKNB ZGXKN ZGSKB NI \GEFKC
GRB[ FP NM GKVN ,\GEFKF N[ Z\GKC KSKSCF QGZYKTF QGPJ FH ZGSKB
.GRRGKPE KZV YZ BGF OKBGZ
KEK NT ,OK[P KNC UB OK\TNG ,QKTEGKC FH QGZYKT WPGB \GZGEF L[PC
\KGGH \B \GR[N \NGMKF KM ,\TEN GRIMGR[ ZIBN ,\BHG ,GR\BP OKCZ
,OGK=OGK KKIC OKK[Y OT \GEEGP\FC NKTK KNM [P[N FKG[T ,FKBZF
GR\[DZF ,GRK\GCGD\ \B \TCGY[ ,GH BKF GRN[ FKBZF \KGGH[ OG[P
\K\KPBF \GBKXPF ,QM OB ,KFP .GRKKI \GBKXP \B ZCE N[ GVGSCG
?OEBF \B \CCGSF
OKB[Z ,FNCYF \B \GEFKF FRKVXF QFC[ ,OKR[ KVNB ZIBN
ORG[NC KGZYF GF[PN JZV ,\GBKXP NNM QKB KM ZPGN OKNCGYP
,GK\G[DZFC[ ,GHM FZGXC OEBF NT NTGV FH IGM .QGKNTF IGMF ,"G\GPXT"
\GRMN DFGR BGF F\GB[ ,\PKKGSP \GBKXP \RGP\N OEBF G\GB FPEP
."KN[ ONGTF"
NGMK BGF ,OEBF N[ \GKPKRVF GK\GRGM\NG ,F[KIF KZCKBN OB\FC
\GPKKYG ,\GKCKJYKKCGS QRF GK\G[GI\ NM .\GRG[ \GRGP\ \GBZNG [GIN
FBZKK ,ZH=KI N[ N[PN ,OKZIB F[GI\ KZCKBC .GKNB SIKC YZG LB
,LM KEM ET OKRG[ GN[ F[GI\F KZCKB[ QM\K .QKJGNIN FRG[ "ONGTF"
G\GBC GRC [DR\FN KNCG ,ZIB EPKPC LB ,"QBM" OKKY ORPB BGF[
.CIZPF
,\GK[KB QF GRK\G[GI\ NM KM ,FECGTF \ZFCF O[N YZ ZPBR FH NM
.QPHF UGNIC \GR\[FN \GKG[TG
,QGKNTF IGMF N[ GK\GRGM\N \GCZY\P OEBF N[ GK\GRGM\[ NMM
,BSKD EIP \PBN \CZY\PG "KN[ ONGTF" N[ \KRGKPEF FRGP\F \MNGF
.OEBF N[ \GKMGRBF \GRGM\F KEK NT \GIV \\GGTP BKF ,BSKD LEKBPG
[MGZF OEBF KZF ,OHKBGZJNB BKF QGKNTF IGMF N[ G\RGM\[ \GKF
LZEF .BKF[ KVM \GBKXPF \B [IG ,QGKNTF IGMF OT EIB\P GH FRGM\
BKF ,\GBKXPF N[ FRGMRF FKBZN CZY\FN OEBF NGMK FC[ FEKIKF

7
 BGCP 8

,\GBKXPF FRCPC \YSGT BKF YZ[ ZIBP ,FNCYF EGPKN \GTXPBC

.OEBF DK[F BN QKKET G\GB[
BNF N[ FBKZY KFGH QM[ ,CG\MF \B YZ EGPNN YKVSP FH QKB LB
\GCZY\FN OKRMGP \GKFN ,\K\KPBF FKBZN QRGGM\FN OD OKCKKI .TGEK
.GR\BP \Z\SR OKK\RKC Z[B ,Z\GK \K\KPB F[GI\N
,BZGCF ,QGKNTF IGMF YZ BXPR GN FXGIP .GMG\C ,OEBC BXPR NGMF
,GPXT GKNT FTV[F YZ BGF [KDZP OEB[ FP .FZGX OG[C [DZGP GRKB[
\G[GI\F \BXG\ KVN YZ .BZGCF N[ GEXP ,GN[ F[GI\F KZCB NT
,"GFP" BN { YGKE Z\KN ;BZGCF \GFP \B [IRN OEBF NGMK ,FNBF
.G\GB G[KDZK[ FXGZ BGF EXKM ,OEBN FBZ\P BGF EXKM BNB
FMKZX FC[IPF ZPGNM ,QGMR QGGMP \GKFN CKKI FNCYF EGPKN QMN
Z[B ,OEBF N[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\F \GEPNR[ ,LM NT \EYGPP \GKFN
.GRPP \GZ\SR QKKET
ZBG\P[ FP NM ,\GP[ ,\GZKVS ,OKVGXZV O\GB NM ,\GPNGTF NM
OEBF .GRGYK\ \EKP KV NT GC FND\KG ,GPXT OEBC OKKY FH NM { FNCYC
;OKYKEXG OKT[Z ,OKMBNP QMG ,LNPF EGE ,QGZFBG F[P \B GMG\C FNDK
\GNKP NM .’GMG "[EYPF \KC" ,"OKN[GZK" \GBZYRF FD[FF \GDZE \B
\B OEBF N[ F[GI\F \GPZ NTG ,OEBF \GIGM NT \GZCEP FZG\F
.BZGCF
OGK=OGKF KKIC GRIRB OD OKZCEP FH NT YZG ,FZG\C ZCGEP LM NT YZ
G\TV[F \B YZ OK[KDZP ,ZGPBMG ,GRK\G[GI\ NT OKZCEP GRB KZF .GRN[
EIB NM NT BZGCF \TV[F Z[BP Z\GK GRKB GR\GB CCGSF NM .BZGCF N[
.GR\BP
,UGB[N GRKNT ,ONGTF N[ \K\KPBF FRGP\F \B [KDZFN KEM ,QMN
GRB GKNT[ FP \B GRPXT LG\C BGXPN ,FNCYF KZVS \BKZY KEM LG\
.U[IR OZJ LB ,GRMG\C ZCM OKKY CG\M[ FP NM QM[ ,ZVSC OKBZGY
GMG\C [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,OEBF N[ KRIGZF KGRK[F \EKPN OB\FC
FCZF \GCK[IF QBMP .EPGN BGF GRPP[ ZVSC ZBG\P Z[B NM \B
ZC QGTP[ KCZ) "ZFGH" :OKK\KPB FNCY \GZGYPP EGPKNN \SIGKPF
FEGFK CZF KC\MG ,(BKZGN YIXK KCZ KYGNBF) K"ZBF KC\M ,(KBIGK
.(ONGSF NTC) DN[B
9 BGCP

OFKNT[ ,OKB[GRF EIB BGF ZGCTN EPGT OEBF[ KRIGZF KGRK[F

DK[FN Q\KR OFKVN YZ .OKJTGP GKF BN OFKZCEG ,FNCYF KPMI GC\M
KEKN TKDFNG ,\GRGM\G \G[DZF ,\G[GI\ N[ QGYK\ Z\GKC FIGJCF LZEC
.\KRIGZ \GNT\F
ZVSC KM ,FC[IP KEM LG\ EGPNN BGF ,\GPEY\FN EKIKF KTXPBF
,OKVGXZVF ,FNBF \GPNGTF NM .KMG\C O[ KB OKKY FH NMG ,KNT ZCGEP
.KMG\C UG[IN LKZX KRB Z[B ,KK\GRGM\ QF FNB NM
\K[IGP FZGXC [KDZB QM ,GNBF \GRGM\F NT FJKN[ [GMZB[ NMM
NMGB BN ONGTN ,"KN FXGIP" KZF[ .KMG\C NTGV BZGCF EXKM ,Z\GK
."LGRZMF LKK[TPP" ;KMG\C GK\GNGTV KVN YZ BNB ,,G\GB [KDZFN
,GRN[ \GK\KPBF \GRGM\F \B OKEPGNG OKC[GK EIKC GRNGM[ ZIBPG
BZGCF \NGTV \B OKZYGI EIKC GRNGM ,GRKRKTN \GVG[I QRKB OKK\RKC[
KGSKR FE[G \IB FC[IPG ,\V\G[P \IB FZJP GRN [K ,ZPGNM .GRMG\C
.GRPXT GRB { EIB
OT \ENGR QFP[ ,FVKB[FG FC[IPF ,FZJPF N[ \GV\G[ \ZXGR QMN
QKB[ F[GI\ ,\GV\G[P \GRGM\ N[ ,U\G[P UGD N[ F[GI\ QPHF
BZGC OKKYG ,"OEB" \BZYRF \IB \G[K \PKKY BNB \GRG[ \GKG[K
.FN[ EKIK
,GRN[ \GRGM\F KGRK[ KVNM ,OKRV KVNM \RGGMPF FC[IPF LG\P YZ
,FZG\C FJG[VF FBKZYF OGYPC YZ ,GRMG\C BZGCF [GVKI KVNM
\BZYRF ,QGYK\ N[ IGM \NTC FJK[M FZG\F ,"QKNC\ FZG\"F FND\P
ZGB \B ,BZGCF \[GI\ \B OEBC FPKZHP BKF[ QGGKM ,"OKKIF OS"
.\GPN[FG IXRF
ZGBPF" ,ZGBF \B L[GP ,FNCYF N[ OKK\KPBF OKZVSC EGPKN
.\KNDR FBKZCF \ZJPG U[IR BZGCF HBG ,"CJGPN ZKHIPF

,FH ZVSC NGNMF ZPGIF \B LGZTNG JYNN GIZJ Z[B KEKPN\ NMN
.K\EG\ FRG\R
QPJKKN NBMKP Z"E CZF
Œłª  º
 \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KCN[
| BZCRN BZGCF QKC | LZEF FNDP OFZCB | FBKZC KPK FTC[
FNCYF | CNC[ FEGYRF \GZZGT\F | FP[RF \GI\V\F
FP | CCGSPG FCKS | FJPN FNTPNP | LZE KRPKS | KTXPBM
NTP NGTVN | \TEN NTP FRGPB | BCF ONGTN FHF ONGTF QKC
\GCG[\G \GNB[ | TCJN

FBKZC KPK FTC[

NT L[GIG GFGCG GFG\ F\KF WZBFG :WZBF \BG OKP[F \B OKFNB BZC \K[BZC"
"OKPF KRV NT \VIZP OKFNB IGZG OGF\ KRV
(’B ,B \K[BZC)

\B TPG[ BGF Z[BM ,GR\BP EIB NM .\K[BZC ZVS NKI\P LM

GRTP[ OKR[F LZGBN .\PKKGSP FRGP\ GRGKPEC FBGZ ,FNBF OKJV[PF
QKB NNM LZEC NCB .J[VF \PZC FZG\F KYZV N[ OKRG[ OK[GZKV FPM
.\GIG\V \GNB[ FZK\GP[ ,\J[VGP \GR[ZVC YV\SFN OKRMGP GRB
FP NT .\KTEP F[KDC ,\KDGN FRKICP FZG\F \B I\RN OKXGZ GRIRB
?FP LZGXN ,ZYKTCG ,FZG\F GRN \ZVSP F[TPN
NT BNG G\BKZC LZE NT ,QGKNTF ONGTF NT OKZCEP [EGYF KZVS NM
ONGTF LG\P GRN[ ONGTF \BKZCC OKYSGT OF QM KZIB YZ .ZIB ZCE
\B OKEPNP BNB ,"O[" BXPR[ FP NT OKZVSP BN OF .QGKNTF
ONGTF N[ \K\DZEF \GND\F .BGFF ONGTF \B \GBZN EXKM OEBF
GB ,OEBF N[ \KRIGZ FKNT FKGZY ,GRKNTP BXPR[ FP N[ ,QGKNTF
GRKKRT[ TEP BKF FNCYF \PMGI .OEBF N[ "\KRIGZF FKNTF \GDZE"
:\GV[ ZVSPC FNCYF \[P\[P GZGBK\ LZGXNG ,QGKNTF ONGTF FRCP
\V[" .\GVPG OKPK[Z\ ,OKVGXZV ,\GZKVS N[ FV[ { "FNCYF \V["
OD QR[KG .\KZGVKS FV[C QGKNTF ONGTF \B GRN \ZB\P[ ,"FZG\F

13
 LZEN FRMF 14

FSRR FCF .OK[ZEPCG EGPN\C \GDGFRF "OKRKEF \V["G "FEDBF \V["

.FNCYF \PMGI \V[N FZG\F \V[ \B ODZ\N
,GN[ FRCPF ,QGKNTF ONGTF \BKZC LKNF\ \B GRN \ZB\P FZG\F
ZCGEP BN[ BNB .OEBF \BKZC LKNF\ \B LM ZIBG ,\GI\V\FF \KRMG\
FP[R BZYRF ,NCYN QGXZF N[ G\BKZCC ZCGEP .GRN[ ONGTFP OEBC QBM
DRGTC ,FP[RF \B ,FBKZCF \B ,FHF QGXZF \B BNPN KEM ,OEB GB
YZ OKKY FECNP .FEKIKF FBKZCF GRKF DGRT\N QGXZF .KIXRG JNIGP
NCYN QGXZF N[ \GRG[ \GPXGT BNB GRKB ,BZGCF ECNP ,NMF QMN .BZGCF
GRKB ,OKPXTFG OKZGXKF NM QKC NECFF NM :GRN[ ONGTC OD LM .DGRT\
\B \GTCGY OXTC QFG ,FBRF NCYN QGXZF N[ \GRG[ \GPZC BNB
.ZGXKG ZGXK NM N[ \GRGM\F
[KDZ\ FBKZCF[ ET ,OG\ ET FBRFC FBKZCF \B BNPN FXGZ BZGCF
FH { BZGCF N[ GCXP ZPGNM .BZGCF N[ CXPF OF[ ,IXRFG \GPN[F \B
,GN[ \GPN[F IGMP .EKIKG ON[GP BZGCF .GRN YKRTFN FXGZ BGF[ FP
\GPN[ F\GB \B YKRTFN ,GCXP \B OKBZCRN YKRTFN FXGZ BGF
\NGMKF ,BZGCF N[ \GPN[F \D[F { FBKZCF \ZJP QMN .FBKZCN
.FN YKRTFN UBG[ BZGCF[ FP \B NCYN
.FR[ OKVNB \TC[M L[PC \G[GRBF NT OKZCGT FBKZCF KPK \TC[
FNKI\ ,\G[GRBF OMNFPC[ ,NGI KPK \[[N OKGG[ FR[ OKVNB \[[
GVGSCG .OK[Y OKXPBPC FPXT \B \RY\P ,TEGPC LM ZIBG ,QKTEGK BNC
,\C[F OGK ,KTKC[F OGKN GB ,KTKC[F UNBN \G[GRBF FTKDP ZCE N[
\GRGM\F \B BNPP TV[G FBRF N[ QGKNTF ZGBF ,BZGCF ZGB GC[ CXP
.\GRYG\PF
GRN[ ONGTF \B \NFRP[ \MZTPF .FNCYC FCZ \GTP[P TC[ ZVSPN
FTC[N YNI\P GRN[ ONGTC NMF LM LG\P .OKYNI FTC[P \CMZGP
\CMZGP OEBF \P[R .ONGTF \GPGB OKTC[ ,TGC[F KPK \TC[ :OKTC[NG
.FR[ OKTC[M OKM[PR OEBF KKI ODG ,OKYNI OKTC[P
GRB .QGYK\ \GR[ KVNB \[[ { OKPK F[[P \CMZGP \G[GRBF LZE NM
KNNMF ONGTF QGYK\ (\KZCTF FZKVSN 5765) F"S[\F \R[C OKEPGT
OKR[C .ZG[T KRVN YZ ZPGNM ,(1995) 5755 F"R[\F \R[C NIF TEGPC
,GRPXT \B QY\N LZJXR FNGM \G[GRBF QMG GRIRB ,6000 ET GRN GZ\GR[
.GRN[ FEGCTF NT FZGP\F \B NCYR KTKC[F UNBCG
15 FBKZC KPK FTC[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\ZJPN LZEF \B ZXYN GRKEKC [K OB ,GNB[\ KBEG GNB \GZG[ BZYPN

CZT\FN BGF \G[TN OKNDGSP GRIRB[ EKIKF ZCEF ,QMCG .FBKZCF
TKDFN OKNDGSP[ FNB .G\GB HZHNG FR[ OKVNB \TC[N QRMG\[ ,LKNF\C
ONGTF NB FBKXKN OKZIB KRVN GTKDK ,KNBGEKCKERKB QVGBC FHF LKNF\N
QGYK\F LKNF\ OD .\PN[GPFG FRGKNTF \GBKXPF \[DZFNG ,QGKNTF
[DZGP BGF ,OKKPXT \GIGMC ,TEGP QVGBC G\GB OKZCGT Z[BM { GPXT
.\YSGV K\NC \GMP \DKVSM BNG \KJRPGZ FVKB[M ,FZKXKM

QG[BZF FBKZCF OGK

QKC OKFNB NECKG CGJ KM ZGBF \B OKFNB BZKG :ZGB KFKG ZGB KFK OKFNB ZPBKG"
ZYC KFKG CZT KFKG FNKN BZY L[ING OGK ZGBN OKFNB BZYKG :L[IF QKCG ZGBF
":EIB OGK
(’F=’D ,B \K[BZC)

OEB CKKI QGYK\F LKNF\C ."L[GIF QKCG ZGBF QKC OKFNB NECKG"
TXCN CKKI OEB[ FRG[BZF FNGTVF QMNG ,BZGCF \GNGTVN \GPEKFN
,\GTZNG ,"OKP[" ,\GCGJN GK\GRGXZG GK\GC[IP NM \B YNIN BKF
KZVS \ZHTC .TZF \RCF GTP[P[ ,"TZF \ZMF" KGZY FH LKNF\ ."WZB"
OEBF NKI\P ,OKNCGYP \XGCY N[ \K\ZCI FCKCSG FNCYF \PMGI
QKC FNECF .\GKP[DN GNKBG ,\GKRIGZN \GMKK[ GN[ \GRGM\ GNKB I\RN
QG[BZF OGKF BGF FH ETX .QGYK\F \BZYN QG[BZ ETX BKF \GRGM\F
.GPXT LG\C OEBF \BKZC N[

KR[F OGKF
\B OKFNB [TKG :OKPN OKP QKC NKECP KFKG OKPF LG\C TKYZ KFK OKFNB ZPBKG"
:QM KFKG TKYZN NTP Z[B OKPF QKCG TKYZN \I\P Z[B OKPF QKC NECKG TKYZF
":KR[ OGK ZYC KFKG CZT KFKG OKP[ TKYZN OKFNB BZYKG
(’I=’G ,B \K[BZC)

\GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F \B GMG\C EKZVF OEBF[ ZIBN

QGYK\F .QFN[ QGYK\F \MBNPC NKI\FN CKKI BGF ,\GKJSKBGZJNBFP
.BZGCF N[ EIGKP ZGB \ZHTC F[TR
OEB Z[BM .OKESI ZGBG FPMGI ZGB { ZGB KDGS KR[ OKBXGK BZGCFP
BGF ,NCYN \KJSKBGDB FRGM\ ,"WZB" ,FPMGI ZGB \RGM\C [P\[P
KGZY[ OKESI ZGB \RGM\C GNKBG .GTCJ LZEPM ,GMG\C NMF DVGS
 LZEN FRMF 16

WZBN \ZEGI ,FTV[FF \RGM\ ,OKP .FTV[FF \RGM\ [MGZ BGF ,"OKP"
.OKKIF \IKPX \NGMK \B FC \ZXGKG
FZGXC GC [P\[FN \Z[VBPG ,OHKBGDBF \B \RY\P FTV[FF \RGM\
,QYG\PF OHKBGDBF \ZHTC .\NGHF \NTG\NG GPXT OEBF \NTG\N ,FRGMR
\B FBGZ BGF .BZGCF \BG QGKNTF ONGTF \B [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF
NDGSP OEBF .FBKZCF \ZJPN GMZE \BG GN[ OKPEGYF OKNGDNKDF
UGDP \ZCGT[ ,\KIXR FP[R LG\C BYGGE OKPEGYF GKNGDND NM \B \GBZN
\GNGCDN ZCTP ZCE \GBZN NMGK BN ,G\P[R \B QYK\ BN[ OEB .UGDN
.GRN[ ONGTF

K[KN[F OGKF
:QM KFKG F[CKF FBZ\G EIB OGYP NB OKP[F \I\P OKPF GGYK OKFNB ZPBKG"
":CGJ KM OKFNB BZKG OKPK BZY OKPF FGYPNG WZB F[CKN OKFNB BZYKG
(’K=’J ,B \K[BZC)

\GI\V\FN FKGBZG FPKB\P \K[TR WZBF ,OKPF \ZHTC QGYK\ ZIBN

\B QFG OKPF \GRGM\ \B QF FMG\C \CN[P BKF .FKNT OKKI \GZGX
TYZYP \GIV BN ,OKKIF \B OK\KPP OPXTN[M OKP .FPEBF \GRGM\
LG\C BZCRF \GRGM\G BZGCF \GRGM\ QGYK\ NT ZCEP YGSVF .FIKIX
\GRGM\ N[ QGMRF CGNK[FG [GPK[F NT SSGCPF ,OEBF \P[R
.("WZB") \GKJSKBGDBG ("OKP[") \GKJSKBGZJNB
KGZY GRN[ KZGYPF KJSKBGDBF TCJF ."KTXPB GY" KGZY FHF QGYK\F
,OHKBGZJNB ,OKP :BZGCF \GRGM\ \B NPSP QKPK GY ."NBP[" ,KXZB GY
ZGICN" KEM ,ZGXKN LKZX OEBF[ FP BGF KTXPB GYF .FTV[FF \GRGM\
OT FCN[NG ,\YKKGEPF "OKPF" \GPM \B \IYN ,ZPGNM ,"OKKIC
ZCE GZXKG FH \B FH GPKN[K ,FNBF OKGGYF KR[[ GHM FZGXC "WZBF"
.[EI
[KDZPF ,KRIGZ OEB { "OKKIF WT" IPXK GNBF \GRGM\F K\[ CGNK[P
OT FFEHK FH OEB .Z[GBCG IXRN \GPNGTF NMC KIG ,FBKZCF NM \B
\B ZKEDPG [KDZP BGF .GN[ KRPHF KSKVF UGDF OT BNG \KIXRF G\P[R
OT \GFEHFP ,FHF ZCTPF .KTZB [GCNM GVGD \BG ,\KIXR FP[RM GPXT
KVN TXC\PG ,QKJGNIN KDGNGMKSV ZCTP BGF ,UGDF OT OGYPC FP[RF
.FRKCF \RGM\ \[KMZ \EKP
17 FBKZC KPK FTC[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

KTKCZF OGKF
\\BN GKFG FNKNF QKCG OGKF QKC NKECFN OKP[F TKYZC \ZBP KFK OKFNB ZPBKG"
":QM KFKG WZBF NT ZKBFN OKP[F TKYZC \ZGBPN GKFG :OKR[G OKPKNG OKETGPNG
(G"J=E"K ,B \K[BZC)

KCN[ GZXGR ZPGNM ,IZKG [P[ ,WZB \MNF KCMGM GTKVGF KTKCZF OGKC
QFG ,\KNNMF FBKZCC QF TXC\P QGYK\F .OKR[ ,OK[EGI ,OKPK :QGYK\F
GB "OEB" \BZYR FPXT FBKZCF .Z\GKC ZKTHF UBG FKYNIP YNI NMC
FP[R NM ."OEB KRC" GB \GKJZV \GP[R OKBZYR FKCKMZPG ,"FP[R"
.\KNNMF FP[RF \ZCGT[ QGYK\F KCN[ O\GB \B \ZCGT \KJZV

K[KPIF OGKF
TKYZ KRV NT WZBF NT UVGTK UGTG FKI [VR WZ[ OKPF GXZ[K ,OKFNB ZPBKG"
GXZ[ Z[B \[PGZF FKIF [VR NMG OKNGEDF OKRKR\F \B OKFNB BZCKG :OKP[F
":CGJ KM OKFNB BZKG GFKRKPN URM UGT NM \BG OFKRKPN OKPF
(B"M=’M ,B \K[BZC)

\GRGXZ ,OKP[F \GNMKF ,"\GNMKF"M FBKZCC OGK NM ZB\P "ZFGHF"

\GRGM\C FP[RF N[ \GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F QGYK\ \EKP KVN[ ,OKKRYKZ
OK[RB .QGKNTF ZGBC FDZEFC \GNMKFF OKBNP\P ,\GKJSKBGZJNB
QGKNTF ZGBF \B ,OKKGSP QVGBC OK[I ,KRKNY \GGP N[ FKGGI GZCT[
.\KXZB BN ,FPKFEP FIP[G FGGN[ \[GI\ NT OKZVSP LM ZIBG
QGYK\ ZPD \DZEN \GP[RF NM \B BKCP \GRYKZF N[ K\DZEF KGNKP
NM[ OG[P ,ONTR BGFG ,QPHF EPKP OKKY BN QGKNTF ONGTC .\GPN[G
ZGVKS NMG ,OKRPHN FYGNI QKB FZG\F KZGVKSC OD .OKPN[ OKCXPF
OEBF[ ,OKZCEF L[PFC FBZR QMN .CCGSPG FCKS N[ Z[YC YZ ZG[Y
ONGTN NVRG BJI ,\GZGVS "\GT[" L[PN YZ KI ,K[K[F OGKC BZCR
.ONGTF NM EZK G\B EIKG .QG\I\F

K[K[F OGKF
OKP[F UGTCG OKF \DEC GEZKG GR\GPEM GRPNXC OEB F[TR OKFNB ZPBKG"
"WZBF NMCG FPFCCG
(G"M ,B \K[BZC)

OKFNB ONXC" :ZPBR FZG\C ?"GPNXCG G\GPEC" BZC [GZKV FP

FRYPG FP[RF LG\ NB FRPP EZGK[ ,"FRKC" N[ YNI BGF ONX ."BZC
 LZEN FRMF 18

FID[FF QGRDRP BGF FRKC UGXZV ,\GZIB OKNPC .BZGCF \GRGM\ \B FN

FP NM .QRGYK\ ZES NTG QFKMZE NT ,\GP[RF NM NT KBZIB[ ,FRGKNTF
\GMKZX[ \GP[RF NM N[ USGB BKF "\GMNP" .FRKCC GZGYP { GRN FZGY[
LG\ NB SRMR ,FRKC LG\P EIGKP QGRDRP BXGK ,\GMNP \B QY\N KEM .QGYK\
\NCYP \GMNPC FP[R NM[ ,FH FRCP .QGYK\ TXCN FN Z[VBPG \GMNP
.BZGCF ONX ,\GRGM\ N[ USGB BGFG ,"ONX" KGZY ,FNTPNP
ZPGNM ,FBKZCC \GBXPKF \[DZF BNN ,FBKZCF \KRMG\ NT TEKP BNN
QBN ,DFR\FN EXKM OKTEGK GRB QKB ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \[GI\ BNN
NM GKFK OEBN[ KEM .\G[TN GR\BP [ZER FP OKRKCP BN UBG ,OEY\FN
FDZEF \CKKI ,\KRIGZ \GPEY\F LZGXN GN \G[GZEF ,GNNF \GRGM\F
N[ GEKYV\ GFH .EXKMG \G[TN FP GRN \GZGFN ,FRKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF
NMN OZGDG GR\P[RC [CN\P FH QGRDRP .FRKC N[ ZHTF QGRDRP ,ONX
.OEBF GRMG\C BZCR ONXF \ZHTC[ ZPBR QMN .OK[GZEF OKRGYK\F

KTKC[F OGKF
"G\MBNP KTKC[F OGKC OKFNB NMKG ,OBCX NMG WZBFG OKP[F GNGMKG"
(’B ,C \K[BZC)

,GNB \GRGM\ \ZHTC .FRKCF \GRGM\ \[KMZC \EYP\P OEBF \EGCT

\B OEBF TXKC OKPTV [[ .FGCD Z\GKG Z\GK FNGTG ,GPXT \B QY\P BGF
\[[ .EGSK ,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI :GMG\C FNBF OKRGYK\F
OKVNB \[[" GB "OKPK F[[" OKBZYR ,FNBF OKK\DZEFF OKRGYK\F
."FBKZC \GR[
KZIB NCB .FPXT \B QY\N \NDGSP FRRKB ,\GMNP ,FRGZIBF FZKVSF
TKPJFN \NDGSP BKF ,\GPEGYF \GZKVSF [[ N[ QFK\GRGM\ \JKNY
L[PC ZXGRG ZCXR[ FP NM[ ,BKF KTKC[F OGKF \GFP QMN .FMG\C Q\GB
CXPC KM ,EIGKP OGK \BZYR \C[ .\GMNPF LG\ NB SRMR ,OKPKF \[[
BGF [ZERF KEKIKF KBR\FG .QGKNTF ZGBC \GP[RF KGNKP TXC\P FHF
\ZKP[ KYGIC KNPS KGJKC KEKN BC[ ZCE ,FHF LKNF\N "TKZVFN BN"
.\C[F
19 LZEF FNDP OFZCB | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

LZEF FNDP OFZCB

:LBZB Z[B WZBF NB LKCB \KCPG L\ENGPPG LXZBP LN LN OZCB NB ’F ZPBKG"
ZCE Z[BM OZCB LNKG |...~ :FMZC FKFG LP[ FNEDBG LMZCBG NGED KGDN L[TBG
IYKG :QZIP G\BXC FR[ OKTC[G OKR[ [PI QC OZCBG JGN G\B LNKG ’F GKNB
Z[B [VRF \BG G[MZ Z[B O[GMZ NM \BG GKIB QC JGN \BG G\[B KZ[ \B OZCB
ZPBKG OZCB NB ’F BZKG |...~ :QTRM FXZB GBCKG QTRM FXZB \MNN GBXKG QZIC G[T
WZBC CTZ KFKG |...~ :GKNB FBZRF ’FN ICHP O[ QCKG \BHF WZBF \B Q\B LTZHN
":WZBC CTZF ECM KM O[ ZGDN FPKZXP OZCB EZKG
(’K ;’H ;’F=’B ,CK \K[BZC)

FKNB ,OKZXPN ZPGNM ,FCGJ WZBN FZKDF NT \ZCEP FZG\F OBF

?OFZCBC ZIC BZGCF TGEP ?\EZN OFZCB \B CKKIP GPXTC BZGCF
TZ\[P[ ZGHBC GKI[ OKC[G\F ZB[ GPM QPH G\GBC FKF OFZCB KZF[
FNKI\ .FPKZXP EZK EKKP BN OD OFZCB .OKKZFR ETG FKZGSN IZHPP
.GK\GTSP \B OKKS ,NGMKCM ,FHCG ,BZGCN QCZGY CKZYF ,NB=\KC ET LNF
OBF FNB[F \NB[R .OKZXPN EZK HB YZG ,CTZ FKF[ ZPBR FH KZIB
?GN FZGF BZGCF BP[ GB ,OKZXPN \MNN G\GB IKZMF CTZF
FCZF FRG[ BKF QKB[ IMGGKR ,KZGJSKF ZGVKS NBM FZG\N SIKK\R OB
GRC BNB ,ZCTC \YSGT BN FZG\F LB .OKZIB OKPT N[ FKZGJSKFFP
GRKNT FPG ,GRIRB FPG KP ZZCN FBC BKF ;GR\BP EIBG EIB NMC ,GRPXT
OEBC .BGF Z[BC OEB NMNG ,OEBF NB YZ FRGV BZGCF .GRKKIC \G[TN
WGI .GC NNMR GRN[ ONGTF ODG ,\GPNGTF NMC ,OKKY[ FP NM NNMR
NMG OGYKF ,FBKZCF N[ FDKXR BGF OEBF .BZGCF YZ OKKY OEBFP
.\GPNGTF ZB[
,OFZCB ,OEBF N[ \PKGSP FRGM\N ZPGNM ,OFZCBN FRGV BZGCF
LXZBP LN LN" :GN ZPGBG (OKKGD QGPF CB) "OTF CB" F\GTP[P[
LN LN" .(’B ,CK \K[BZC) "LBZB Z[B WZBN LKCB \KCPG L\ENGPPG
BX ZPGNM ,LN LN .QGXZ QG[NP ,WZB .LXZBP ,QBMP BX ,ZPGNM { "LXZBP
.OKPTF ZB[ NM QKC ZDG KI[ EGGRM ,\TM KGZ[ F\B GC CXPFP
"OFZCB" \BZYR[ ,OEBF N[ \PKKGSP FRGM\N SIKK\P BZGCF
:GN ZPGBG
.OEBC "OKPT" \GBZYRF ,\GRGM\F ZB[ NM GPM BKF ,LC GHF FRGM\F
CKKI F\B .OFZCB \BZYRF ,GHF \EIGKPF FRGM\F \B LC NKECP KRB
\GRGXZF NMP ZZI\[FN ,LN[ CXPFP ZPGNM ,L\ENGPP ,LXZBP \BXN
 LZEN FRMF 20

\KKF GC CXPFP ,BXGPF CXPP \BXN ,\GZIB OKNKPC .\ENGR O\B[

.GRPP \BXN CKKI F\B NCB ,TZ BNG CGJ BN BGF FH CXP .\BZCR[M
OKK[ZG[F OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF LG\C BXPR BZGCF ,"LKCB \KCPG"
QGXZ G\GBN ZPGNM ,"LBZB Z[B WZBF NB" \BXN CKKI F\B OFPG ,LN[
,\GRG[ \GRGM\NG KZPDN OKRG[ \GRGXZN TKDFN CKKI F\B .LN FBZB KRB[
.FND\B KRB OFC .LN FBZB[
BGF OFCG ,GN FBZK BZGCF O\GB[ ,\GRGXZ GTP[P ,"LBZB Z[B"
,LZEF \B \G[TN G\GB CKKIN KEM YZ OFZCBN FND\P BZGCF .TKVGK
KRVN TKVG\ FBKZCF NM FH CXPC .\GPN[C GKRVN FND\K BGF FVGSC[
BZGCF \DZE \BG \GPN[G \GKIXR :\GMGVF \GRGM\ DK[K BGFG ,OFZCB
.GPXTC
OTV YZ GNG [KDZF GB [KDZP GR\BP EIB NMG ,EIB NMN FND\P BZGCF
NT CG[IN ,\ZIB FZGXC \GKIN KPKRV QGXZ ,KPKRV IGM ,KPKRV NGY ,OKKIC
JBNG \GJGHF NMPG OKKIF \ZD[P \BXN ,Z\GK OKXGIRG OKKIXR OKZCE
.OMG\P YRHN GF[MKBG ,OFKNTP OPGZ\FN JBN
,FR[ 5000 KRVN KI[ KP NTM OFZCB NT ZVSN QKKRT QKB ,OFZCBN Z[B
\BXPR[ ,OFZCB \RGM\C EYP\R[ KGXZ .FRV GKNBG BZGCF BXP G\GB[G
GR\GB L[GP F\GTXPBCG ,FKNB FRGV BZGCF EXKM QICR ;GR\BP EIB NMC
GC Z[BG ,O\BZCR GRPP[ ZPGIFP ,OMN[ \GRGXZFP GBX" :ZPGBG
,OEBN FZGP BN BZGCF .OMN FBZB G\GB ,ZIB QGXZN GMNG EKP\ O\KKI
FNKI\ CKKI BGF[ ,GN ZPGB BGF BNB .\KRIGZ \GNT\FN LKZX BGF[
,GRN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF N[ FDZEPF \K\I\N GRKKF ,OKZXPN \EZN
.Z\GKC OKHTF
ZGCTN KEM ,FNTPN UGB[N LKZX BGF[ ,OFZCBN ZPGB BN BZGCF
ZPGNM .BNPN NMGK BGF G\GBG GKRVN FND\K BZGCF GC ,ZIBF QGXZN
CN[ \B ZGCTK BGF Z[BM TKDK ,OFZCB N[ Z\GKC ON[GP CXPF
BGF BNB .OKZXP \B ZGCTN CKKI BGF[ ,ZPGB GRKB GNKVB BGF .OKZXP
,CG[KF QP NKDZ OEBC ZCGEP KZF .ZKCS K\NC KGGKX GFH !O[N LN ,ZPGB
,QBX FTGZM G\KKIPN ECGT ,G\IV[P YKIC GN[ OGK=OGKF KKI \B KIF
OKEGZK OKCXP ZGCTN T\VN IZMGP BGF ,KRIGZF CXPN TKDFN KEMG
FRGC BGF ,FPKZXP \EZN QKRGTP BN OEBF ."OKZXP" OKBZYR[ ,Z\GKC
.GPGYPC ZB[R BGF HBG ,GKNB GCN O[[ FH NT BZGCN FEGPG ,ICHP
21 LZEF FNDP OFZCB | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

LB ,BZGCN CZY\P BGF[ GN FPER O[ ,NB=\KCN EEGR ORPB OFZCB

.O[P G\GB [ZDP BZGCF
L[PKFN NKI\P OFZCB .\GKRIGZN FPMF OEBM ,NB \KCN EER OFZCB
O[ .FNCYN TKDK[ UB QM\KKG ,OFC QKKTP ,B[GRC OKYSGTF OKZVSF NB
FNTP BGF[ QPHC .NB=\KC ZPGNM ,OK=F‘ NBF \KC GFH[ GN FPER BFK
OK[ZGE \PBC FP ,\TEN KPXT ZGZKC KEK NT ,NKI\P BGF[MG ,’FN FNGT
T\VN ,GN[ KPKRVF NGYF GNKVBG ,BZGCF GRPP [ZGE FPG ,OKKIF GRPP
.CTZ [I BGF
\GKPKRVC GYSTCG ,FNGT G\GNTFC K\KPB CTZ [KDZFN NKI\P BGF
[ZDP[ ET ,NGED LM NM FHF CTZF .\KRIGZF G\GPEY\F OT EIK ,GPXT
OKIRGPF OKZVSF N[ \KRG[BZF FBKZYF \TC ,ZPGNM .OKZXPN G\GB
CTZC OKKGNPF ,OKZCGDG OKMNGF OKZGSK [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF ,GKRVN
Z\GK ,OKKPKRVF GK\G[DZC ,GPXT \B \GBZN NKI\P BGF .Z\GK NGED KRIGZ
FFH ,GH F[DZF[ ,LM KEM ET ,JGTV GN FBZR ONGTFG ,SDG NV[ Z\GKG
.OKNV[ KMF \GRGXZN GRKKF ,OKZXPN FEKZKF QPHC F[DZFN
QKBG .G\GI\V\FN KRGKIG CGJ CN[ BGF ,GPXT \B OEBF \[DZF QPH
.FVGV[ GB FFGCD ,FCGJ OBG FTGZD OB ,F[DZFF CKJN NNM \GCK[I
QKB ,BZGCF N[ \[ZGVPF G\BZGFN OB\FC ,OKZXPC FKKF[F KETNC
UBG ,EGBP OKRJY OEB N[ GK\GRGXZ .OKRGMR \GRGXZ DK[FN NDGSP OEBF
ET OEBF \B BKCFN OKNGMK OF ,G\NGMK NGCD FXY \B I\PK Z[BM
KPM [KDZFNG ,\ZMGPFG FTGEKF FZG\C YGSTN ZPGNM ,ECNC NB=\KC
ONGTFG QETF QD GRTPN QMGP ZCM NGMKCMG ,OK=F‘ NBF \KCC ZCM BXPR[
OEGY OEBF \B BKCFN ,LZGX FBGZ FZG\F .LM ZCEF QKB F[TPN .BCF
GK\GRGXZ NM[G ,ZGPD JSKBGDB BGF[ F[DZFN ET ,TZF \ZMFN ET NM
G\GB QKCP ,FHF CXPF \B ZCGT BGF OB .\GKRIGZN QKJGNIN OKKMVF
GC OD[ QKCPG JNGY GFKZF ,OKZVSC CG\M LM[ KRVP YZ BNG ,G\GB ZKMPG
BYGGE GPXT NT EGCTN CKKI OEBF ,GDBF \ZMFN TKDFN KEM .BXPR FH
N[ QGYK\N UGB[N NKI\P BGF LM YZG ,K[IGP QVGBC ,\K[DZ FZGXC
.Z\GKC L[GPP CN[ BKF ,TZM KPXTF GDBF \ZMF ,ZPGNM .GPXT
USGK) G\IV[PNG CYTKN BNB ,OFZCBN \ETGKP BN OKZXP \GND
NTGVC LB ,FR[ 400 L[PKFN FZGPB F\KF \GNDF .OKZXPN GEZK[ (GKIBG
BN[ NNDC[ ,"\GZDB { OMI KZV" GZVSC C\M ONGSF NTC .\GIV FM[PR
\GNDC \C[N OKZXPP BXK[ OTF NM IZMGF ,OKZXPC GC[KG GRK\PF
 LZEN FRMF 22

\B GBNKP BN OF[ ,NNDC BYGGE ,FR[ 2000 ZCM \M[PRF GH ,FBCF

\GRGM\F QFPG F\B KP [GIN KEM .FR[ OKK\BPM EGT OKZXPC O\CK[K
\B \GGIN CKKI OEB .\GKRIGZF \B ,\XYPC \GIVN ,[KDZFN [K ,LN[
BGCCG .UGSF ET OKZZGCP \GKFN \G[DZF NTG ,OPG\ ET GNNF \G[DZF
.OKZXP \BKXKN FMGH OEB ,\TF
\B EGPNN NKI\P OEB Z[BM .QG[BZF CN[F BNB GRKB "OFZCB"
NKI\F OZJ Z\GK TGZD GPXT \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,FNCYF \PMGI
GHF \K\NI\FF FSKRMF :\GTP[PF .\VNGI GH F[DZF NCB ,GKEGPKNC
FSKRMC .NB \KC NB OFZCB ZHGI CG[ FKZIBNG ,FRJY BKF OKZXPN
BGF ,ZPGNM .G\IV[P NM NB UZXN EKVYP OFZCB OKZXPN FKR[F
LZEF N[ FZGZC FZMF GC [K ZCMG ,OKCZ \GRGXZ ZCX ZCM GC[ ,CN[C
BXPR ZCM BGF FH CN[C .\GKRIGZ \BZYN OEY\FN CKKI BGF FC
N[ \PKKGSP \GPM N[ FJKNYG ,\KRIGZ \GI\V\F N[ \PKKGSP FDZEC
FMGH BGF FH KZIB YZ .QM\KK BN ZCEF FKETNC[ ,OKKNCY OKC\M
.OKZXPN FEKZKN
ET BNG NB \KC ET YZ TKDF ONGB ,EKP G\ENGPG GXZBP LNF OFZCB
OEBF \B IKZMFN Q\KR CTZ KEK NT YZ .TKDFN [YKC FKNB[ ,OKZXP
.OEY\FN
,LXZB" BKF G\GFP NM ,GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZC BXPR OEB Z[BM
\GIVN LM ,FNBF OKCXPFP \BXN NDGSP BN BGF ."LKCB \KCG ,L\ENGP
,\ZIB CG[IN Z[VB[ GPXTN ZB\P BN BGFG ,GN[ TCJF FH ,C[GI BGF
OKKY BN[ FP \B ZB\N OKNDGSP BN GRIRB .\ZIB NGTVN BN[ KBEGG
OKNGDNDC GB FGGFC GRB BN UBG G[KDZF BN ONGTP GRK\GCB[ FP \B ,GRC
.OKPEGYF
,OK[EI \GRGXZ [GCKM NB GR\GB OEYNG FHF CXPFP GR\GB WNIN
YGPT GRC OKKGCI[ GNBF \GRGXZF \B GRMG\C \GNDN ,OKZXP [GCKM
OKXTFNG I\VN Q\KR CTZF \B .ZKEB KRIGZ "CTZ" KEK NT YZ Q\KR ,EGBP
\B OKBZGY[ FEKPC .ORKPC OKEIGKP OKZVSG CZ OT ,FXGCYC YZ
,FRGMRF LZEFP \GJSNG \GTJN NY ,QGMRF ZESC BN GNKVB ,OKZVSF
\GKFN \CKKI .\KRIGZF \GI\V\FC FP QPHN FZKXT BGF ZCEF [GZKVG
BGF OB ,OEBF N[ KEKP\ ZGZKCG LKZEPF=CZF N[ \KEKP\ FID[F
FPKEY G\GB UIGE GPXT BZGCF ,\GKRIGZ YZ [ZGE BGF OBG .QGMR LNGF
.CTZF KEK NT
23 LZEF FNDP OFZCB | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\GRGM\ NMN SKSCF NGMKCM BKF[ ,\KRIGZ FRGM\ BKF "OFZCB"

FRGV ,QG[BZ ZCEM ,FKNB[ ,OEBF N[ \KNNM \KRIGZ FRGM\ KFGH .OEBF
,FKNB O\GB GIN[[ KRVP BN ,OK[RB OKBC FNCYF \PMGIN .BZGCF
OFC ZZGTG O\GB UGIEN NKI\F ;FNKI\ BZGCF FRV OFKNB[ KRVP BNB
OKJNG[ CTZG FCFB" ZPBR[ GPM .OEY\FN GNIF OF HB YZ .CTZ
."ONGTC
F[DZFF .OEBF \B \M[GP BKF YZ ,GF[PC QGZSKIF N[ F[DZF
TKC[FN FXGZ F\B" :ZPGBG BZGCF FRGV GKNBG ,OFZCB \BZYR \BHF
GH F[DZFP ZGCTN LKNT HB ,QM OB ?\PBF \B DK[FNG LN[ \G[DZF \B
KP YGECN CKKI F\B ,GRKKF .OKZXP OKBZYR[ ,OKZIB KZPDN \G[DZN
,ORGYK\ KEK NT .OKRVCP OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF \B ZGYING ,\PBC F\B
O\GBC BYGGE FND\P BZGCF ."LKRVN FND\B ,\GRGXZC ,OFCG ,K\GB DK[\
.OKRY\KP OF QM KZIB .OKZXP OKBZYRF ,\GRGXZ
GTZH KM GN IKJCFG ,OKKP[C[ OKCMGMC JKCFN OFZCBN ZPB BZGCF
ZGB N[ \GXGXKR OF OKCMGMF .YRTG NGED { OKKP[C[ OKCMGMM FKFK GPTG
\TC OEBF USGB ,GNB \GXGXKR .\KNNMF FP[RF FZC[R OFKNT ,ZHGI
\B JYNP OEBF .FNTPN GRN[ ONGTFP G\KKNT OT ,\KRIGZF G\EGCT
QF[ ,\GXGXKRF QMN .FNT\P O\ZHTCG O\GB QY\P ,G\GKPKRVC \GXGXKRF
IKJCF BZGCF QMNG ."OKCMGM" \GBZYR ,FNTPN \GNGTF \GZKTH \GP[R
.GN[ GKFK { FNB NM ,GH LZEC LNK OB[ OFZCBN
,OEB BGF BKCR ."BKCR" BGZYN Z[VB ,\ZIB FDZEPC ,OFZCB G\GBN
YZ[ ,OKBKCR [K .BZGC OT ZK[K ZGCKIC BXPR BGF FC[ ,FDZEP DK[F[
FDZEC QGKNTF IMF OT Z[YC OKBXPR GRKKF ,BZGCF OT "OKZCEP"
OT ZGZC TDPC SRMR Z[B ,OEBF N[ KPKRVF NGYF GFH ."ZGCKE" \BZYR[
KZIBG OKBGZ YZ[ OKBKCR [K ,"OKTPG["G "OKBGZ"[ OKBKCR [K .BZGCF
BZGCF OT OFKZ[Y FPM ET \GBZN Q\KR ,OKBKCR ZVSC .OKTPG[ FH
OEB CN[ FHKBCG ,OKBKCRF KRVN FND\P BGF K\PG FZGX GHKBC ;OKRGGDP
.FBGCR N[ \PKKGSP FDZEN TKDFN NDGSP
EIB NM .OEBF LG\C QF ,GRK\GCB N[ \GDZEF NM GPM ,FBGCRF \GDZE
NM \B ZGCTN GRKNT .GRN[ ONGTC G\GKFC ,QNGM \B ZGCTN CKKI GR\BP
NM \B GRN FBKCP FZG\F .FVGS ETG F\NKI\P ,FZG\C \RKKGXPF LZEF
KZCE \B NCYN Z[VB .\EIGKP FZGXC F\GB \ZVSPG ,\BHF \KRMG\F
,FHG ,OKK\ZD[ OKKI KZGVKSP \GRGP\M GB ,KZGJSKF ZGVKSM FZG\F
 LZEN FRMF 24

GRKB FHF ZVSFG ,"BZGCF N[ GK\GP[" BKF FNGM FZG\F .KGD[ QCGPM
,OEBF KEK NT D[GP \GKFN CKKI FZG\C ZPBR[ FP NM ."\GZVS"
,\GPN[C BZGCF \B GPXT LG\C FNDP OEBF HBG ,UGSF ETG G\NKI\P
FBKZCF \ZJP FGGFP[ FP ,G\GI\V\F N[ \KVGSF FEGYRN ET TKDPG
.F\K[BZP BZGCF \C[IPG

FZKXKF ZVS
ZVS .FZKXK ZVSC OFZCB C\M "BZGCF N[ GK\GP[" NTG GHF LZEF NT
BZCR FPMGI \GCK\R C"NC" :\GJ[VC ZPBR O[G .QG[N KZGXKYC CG\M FH
FMNFM QKCFN KEM ."ZGPD Z\SFG FKGND KXI ,FKGND FZGXC ;FHF ONGTF
EGPNN [K "FZKXKF" ZVSP FRG[BZF FR[PF \B ,QG[BZF JV[PF \B
BGF .QVGXC NGMKCM ,QG[N KZGXKYC C\MR FHF ZVSF ,ZGPBM .OKR[ FPM
\ZDSPC KI[ OEBN BNG ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEF Q\GBC BXPR[ KPN ,CG\M
.ECNC GK[GI \[PI
NB \GZK[K OFKC\MC OKRGV ,GRRPHN OKCGZYF EIGKPC ,OKNCGYP ZB[
,OKKGSP FNCY ZVS C\MR GC ZGEFP YGIZ Z\GK ZGEF[ NMM .GRN[ ZGEF
FBZGF [K ,K"ZBFP NIF ,GRN[ ZGEC .\GND\FN \GMH Z\GK ZVSN [K LM
,FH KRIGZ GXN OB\FC .ONGM \B EPNNG NMF \GNDN FNTPNP FZK[K
NMC .\IGV OK[GZKVC LZGXF[ LM ,Z\GK FNY FV[C OKZVSF OKCG\M
ZPGIF KM UB ,ZCE QKCFN NGMK BN F\B GKETNC .FZGP [ZER QKKET ,FZYP
.\YVSP FEKPC ZKFC
.OFZCB \BZYR[ ,LN[ \EIGKP FRGM\N ,LKNB FRGV BZGCF[ IKRR
\GSRN ."BZGC" KGZY ,LKNB FRGV GNKBM[ ,[I F\B[ ,KPKRV NGY G\GB
FZG\F \BZGY LMN { LPXT \B ,OKKPKRVF \GNGYF \B ,FH \B ZZCN
.Z\GK BNG
25 BZCRN BZGCF QKC | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

BZCRN BZGCF QKC

FYKIEFN Q\KR BN Z[BM ONGB ,OEB NMC \PKKY "?KRB KP" FNB[F
N[ G\NB[M ,"?BGF KP" :BZGCF NT \NB[R BKF[ ,ZCEF \GTP[P ,EGT
\NB[R "?BGF KP" FNB[F ."?FZKCF NTC BGF KP" :GRKCB OFZCB
.K[GRBF "KRB"N ZGYPF \B FGGFPG OEBF LG\C BXPR BZGCF[ OG[P
FCG[\F ,"KRB KP" FNB[F NT GPXTN \GRTN FSRK OEBF[ NMM ,QMNG
YZ BGF OEBF N[ "KRB"F QM[ ,BZGCC BXPKFN UKSG\ GH FNB[N
.GRPP FBXG\
,F[GT BGF[ FP NM ,OXTC ,GN[ \GTGR\F NM ,OEBF N[ GK\GRGXZ NM
OEBF[ FP NM .FH \B JGNYN OKNDGSP GRRKB GRIRB .BZGCF KEKC BZCR
QF FNB NM ,GPXT NTG BZGCF NT ZPGB BGF[ FP GNKVBG ,C[GI ,ZPGB
BGF NGMF ."KRB" OG[ QKB ?"KRB" QMKF ,QM OB .BZGCF N[ GK\GNGTV
[CN\P BZGCF .BZGCF KEKC QKJGNIN QG\R BZCRF ,TCJF N[ FBXG\
KP" FNB[F QMN .F[GT ,BZGCF ,BGF OK[TPF NM \BG ,OEBF LG\C
BZGCFP FRG[ OEBF .BZGCF \JKN[N WGIP YZ OKKY\FN FNGMK "KRB
.G\DZEN TKDFNG ,GN \GPEKFN YYG\[P BGF[ ,LMC YZ
TV[N OB\FC ,\GRFKN BZCRF N[ QGXZF G\GFPC BGF "NCYN QGXZF"
,FBRF NCYN QGXZM G\GB OK[KDZP GRIRB .BZGCFP OKM[PRF DGRT\NG
KGZY GRKB BGF ,NCYN QGXZ O\S [KDZP OEBF OB .DRT\R[ FXGZ BZGCFG
OB ZPGNM .86="OK=F‘ NB"="TCJF" FKZJPKDCG ,TCJF GFH BNB ,BZCR
QFC QKB[ \GKZCF ZB[N FPGE BGF ,G\GB DKFRPF TCJF KVN NTGV BGF
.NTPP KYGNB YNI BKF[ ,"CNC[ FEGYR" ,FP[R N[ WGXKR GNKVB
EIGKPC BZCR[ ,"FBKZCF ZHR" ,"BZCR" BGF[ ZPGN OEBF NGMK K\P
QGXZF NT Z[BM YZ ?WZBF NT \GKZCF ZB[M BNG ,BZGCF KEK NT
KGN\ FH ZCEG .FH QGXZC [P\[FN EXKM \KRIGZ FRGGM [K ,GN[ \GRFKN
.GPXT OEBC
FH NM ,OKENK EKNGFN ,Q\I\FN ,QG[KN ,NGMBN ,\G\[N GRN[ QGXZF
\GR[N QM[ NM BNG ,FHP ONT\FN Z[VB KB .BZGCF BZC[ TCJFP BGF
LZE \GRCN ,KN[ NCYN QGXZF NT FRGGM \GRCN K\NGMKC \BH OT .FH \B
YZ FKGN\ ,FN[ \GYPTF ,GHF FRGGMF \EKPG ,FHF QGXZC [GPK[N FRGMR
,KN[ TCJC [GPK[N FRGMR FJK[ [VIN LKZX KRB ."BZCR" \BZYRG ,KC
 LZEN FRMF 26

.GC [P\[FN EXKM \TEN KEKYV\G ,BZGCF QP BGF TCJF .KN[ \GRGXZC
ZG\C GC [GPK[F ,GN[ TCJF KVNM OEBF N[ SIKF BKF CNC[ FEGYRF
GPXT CNFG ."FTV[F" FNCYC \BZYRF ,FRK\R N[ FRGGM OT QYG\P QGXZ
.ECNC OKDGRT\N FVKB[F ,OEBF N[ GK\GRGXZ BGF
YNI\PG ,TCJF \ZDSPC NCDGP ,BZCR KGZY BZGCN WGIP[ FP NM
.(OEBF) ZCEPG KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :NCYN QGXZF NEGD KVNG \GDZE TCZBN
FRGGM \ZHTC ,TCJC [P\[FN NDGSP OEBF YZ ,\GDZEF TCZB LG\P
.CNC[ FEGYRF FKGZY GHF FRGM\FG GPXTC ZXGK BGF F\GB[ \EIGKP
GPXT NJCP OEBF Z[BM NI ,[ZG[E \GKCT ,Za@ATF ,QG[BZF CN[F
\B \GNTFN ,FDZEFC ,BZCRF CKKI ,LM ZIB .BZGCC SSGP\PG ,QKJGNIN
QKCN GRKC OKKYF ZTVF NT GPXT \GIGMC ZCD\FNG ,NKXBPF \DZEN GPXT
.BZGCF
OTG ,GPXT LG\C BZGCF \B ,NGMKCM ,FRGC OEBF ,FRGGMF \ZHTC
.BZGCF BGF GN[ "KRB"F[ OG[P ,GN[ "KRB"F \B [KDZP BGF ,\BH
N[ "KRB"F \B OKDK[P GRB ,GKNB FZGXF \BGG[FC ,BZGCF \D[FC
.GRPXT
KBPXT ZB[KK G\D[FC ,BZCRF[ LM BZCRF \B BGZCN FXGZ BZGCF
,BZGCF \B \IB OTV :OKKPTV BZGCF \DZE \B NGMKCM DK[K LMCG ,\PBC
.GFGPM NTGV[ KPM ,GPXT \B \IB OTVG
BZGCF N[ \\N QGXZN ,QKJGNIN GNEGDC FGG[ BZCRF N[ NCYN QGXZF
ZB[R BZCRFG ,ECGB GRKB ,FNM\P GRKB NCYN QGXZF .(TKV[FN QGXZF)
LMC .BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT GK\GRGXZ NMC [P\[P BGF[ LMC ,KBPXT
BGF[ \GPM ZB[R[ KV NT UB ,BZCRF[ BKF FZJPF .OKGG\[P OF
.\K\KPB \GPN[ DK[K ,NCYN QGXZM
BGZCN FKF CKKI BGF .ON[GP BN BZCR BGZCN FKF NGMK BN BZGCF
DK[FN \GZ[VB GN \\NG ,BZCR BGZCN ?\BH \G[TN LKB .GN FGG[F BZCR
,FZGZC F[DZF FTKVGP HBG .\GPN[ KGZY FH { GPXTC BZGCF \DZE \B
GRKB BGF[ GPXTC FNDP BZCRF .ZCE EGT QKB BZCRFPG BZGCFP WGI[
GPM ,BZCR QKB EGT NM "BZGC" GRKB BZGCF OD LMG ,BZGCF BNN OKKY
.ENK FN [K[M YZ "BPKB" \BZYR BPKB GRN[ ONGTC[
.\GKRIGZN QGXZ [K[ KBR\C YZ ,\GKRIGZN SRMKFN Z[VB ,QM OB
OKVIGE[ ,IKRR ?\GKRIGZ KFP GNKVB \TEN KNC ,G\GB NCYN QMKFP NCB
27 BZCRN BZGCF QKC | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

,ZCE N[ GVGSC NCB ,\GKRIGZC QGXZG QKKRT GRC ZZGTN KEM ,JTP GR\GB
OKXGZ GRKKFG ,GRTEK GNKB .ZCE OG[ OKTEGK GRRKB GRIRB ,\PBF QTPN
.Z\GK NY GRN FKF { \PKKGSP FEKPC \BH
OT \GKRIGZN OKSRMR GRKKF GNKB[ OG[P .FRGGMCG ,GR\BP Z\SR FH NM
KEM .FHF QGXZF \B \GR[N OKNGMK GRKKF BN ONGTN ,GRN[ NCYN QGXZF
,\TEN OEGY ,G[GZKV "\GXZN" NCB .F\GB \GXZN LKZX ,\GKRIGZN SRMKFN
,\GKRIGZF \B LPP GIYK[M ,HBG "!CGJ FH FPM ,GF" :[KDZFN ,\GSRN
\B F[GT G\GYN\SFG ZGBF \GJ[V\F" :YGI OKKY KM .FC \GXZN NKI\\
,F[YCC BZGCF NB \GRVN [K ,\GKRIGZ DK[FN KEM ."GEKYV\N KGBZ KNMF
BNG ,TKV[FN QGXZF QTPN NCB ,\GKRIGZF \B \GNDN ,\EIGKP FNKV\C
,FRGMR FZGXC FHF QGXZC [P\[FN [K ,QM KZIB .\KPXT FBRF O[N
.\KEGPKN \ZDSPC NCGYP N[ FRGMR FMZEFC
FRKB \GKRIGZF .\GKRIGZN EGBP YYG\[FN LKZX ,NM OEGY ,ZPGNM
Z\GK GC[ ,QPH TKDP \TM .BZGCFP \M[PR BKF BNB ,FZKICM OEBN \R\KR
NTGV OEBF .FKNB QGXZ KRPKS \GNDPG \GKRIGZN \GRMGP \GP[R Z\GKG
OEBF \B OKMKNGP ,FNCYF \PMGI EGPKN KRVN .GN[ QGXZF KVN EKP\
BYGGE ,NGMKCM ,BZGCF ,ZVS I\GV OEBF Z[BM ,LM ZIBG ,FNTPNP
.\MNN G\GB \EPNP GPB[ ,YGRK\N FPGE ZCEF .GRPP YIZ\FN NKI\P
\MNGF { ETX ETX GRPP \YIZ\P BKF LM ZIBG ,GC FYKHIP BKF FNKI\C
,\GKRIGZN OEY\P OEBF ,FHM QVGBC .F\BZYN LNGF BGF[ QPHC ,FZGIB
.\GBPXT Z\GKG Z\GK [MGZ GEGTC
;NGTVN NGMK KRB O\GTXPBC YZ .KN[ \G[DZF NT YZG LB LP\SFN KNT
KK\GRGXZ \B [PPN NMGB BN .KN[ "KRB"F \GNGCD \B OKZKEDP OF KM
FPB\FC \GKFN OKMKZX OEBF N[ OK[TPF QMNG .GF[NM SKSC BNN
F[DZF ZCM FKF\ GH ,\GKRIGZ DK[K BGF Z[BMG .KGZ[ BGF GC[ CXPN
."KRB"F N[ \ZIB
\GNGTV N[ FBXG\ QF \GKPKRVF GK\G[DZF[ FNDPG LNGF OEBF
.OFKRKC FZK\S OG[ QKBG ,OF EI { BZGCFG BGF ,OXTC LB ,BZGCF
\GEIB" KGZY FH ZCE .CCGSPG FCKS GNKVB QKB .ZCEF G\GB OKXGZ OFKR[
EXP .\PBC GRIRB[ FP KVN OKKIC NGTVN OKCKKI GRIRB LB ."FDZEPF
OFC[ ,\KRIGZF FEGCTF NT OKBNVR FNCY KZPBP OKBZGY GRIRB ,EIB
OKCKKI GRIRB ,GRN[ OKKRIGZF OKKIC KR[ EXPG ,"EIB GP[G BGF"
.TDZM OKBXPR GRB FC[ FDZEF F\GB KVN DFR\FN
 LZEN FRMF 28

,"\GKRIGZC ZETF QKB" :\ZIB QG[NCG ,ONTR GRKB \GKRIGZC ZCE OG[
NT UB ,KC ZB[R BGF QPH G\GBC ,K\GB CHGT GF[P \PBC Z[BM ,ZPGNM
,G[GZKV "\GKRIGZC ZETF QKB" .KN[ \KIMGRF F[DZFC EGT KGZ[ GRKB[ KV
F[TPN Z[BM ,QGYK\F ZPDN ET K\P[RC ZDBRG ZB[R ,ZCGT[ CXP NM[
OKCXPF ZB[ .\KSIK FMGPR KMF GB ,FFGCD KMF FDZEC GB KGZ[ KRB
TZF ZXKF .KPXTN O\GB QKKPEN GNKVB NDGSP KRRKB KRBG ,OK[DZGP ORKB
OEBF HBG ,FNTPNP YZ FBC GN[ FNGBDF[ ,\TEN LKZX OEBF N[
.OEY\P
29 FP[RF \GI\V\F | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

FP[RF \GI\V\F
FFKPM FRG[BZC GR[I GC[ OGYPC G\NKI\ { FP[RF KGNKDN TSPF
."CNC[ FEGYRF" FKGZYF ,\GKRIGZN
OEBF N[ G\ZHI \B \[ZGEF ,"\KZ@aATF FP[RF" BKF GH FEGYR
\M[GPG ,BZGCF NB \M[PR FP[RF .TCJF YGI KVN ,GN[ KRIGZF [ZG[N
BZGCF[ QGGKM ,G\GB OKM[GP QBN TEGK GRKB OEBF .OEBF \B FKZIB
OGYPN G\GB \VIGE ,GHF FP[RF \EGYR[ BNB .OKK\RKC GRPP Z\SR
.\K\KPB "FP[R" GH QKB QKKET KM UB ,GF[NM
\CIZ\P GN[ FEGYRF ,\KRIGZ GPXT NT NGTVN NKI\P OEBF Z[BM
,"FZGI[" \Z\GR BKF OKK\RKC NCB .FNGED Z\GKG Z\GK \KKFRG ,FDZEFC
KFGHG ,GF[P KVNM ZCGDG LNGF[ QGZSI Z\GKG Z\GK [KDZP OEBF[ OG[P
,FKGBZF FEKPN ET ,UGS=UGS ,\CIZ\P OEBC[ FEGYRF Z[BMG .FM@r +I
z
LG\N ,HBG ,"\\N FRGGMF" \B ,\BHF FEGYR CKCS "LSP" [MGZ BGF
OKKGXP[ OKKRIGZF \GRGXZF NM \B QKKPPF ,ZGBF SRMR GHF FEGYRF
B"H ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :ZGBF \GRGM\ KVN ,OKYNI F[KPIN FMG\C
.FP[R [MGZ OEBFG ,\GMNPG
QGXZF { "\GMNP"CG ,DGRT\ NCYN Z\GKC QJYF QGXZF BXPR "Z\M"C
Z[BP FRJY BKF "FPMGI"CG "Z\M"C[ FNCYF \RGM\ .Z\GKC NGEDF
N[ \GRGXZ"N OKC[IR "FPMGI"FG "Z\M"F ,LM OG[PG ,\GRGXZF ZB[C
."\GRJY" KGZY OEBC FH CXP { "(FRK\R) FTV[F
NM GPM GFKZF ,OKKRVGD=OKKP[D \GRGXZ YZ [K FHF ONGTC OEBN OB
GC FTKVGP[M YZ ,TKDP GN[ BCF CXPF .FP[R BNN ,FPEBF KRV NT KI
FRKB[ ,\GKRIGZN FMK[P KF[GHKB [KDZP BGF HBG ,"CNC[ FEGYRF"
.KFP \GKRIGZ TEGK GRRKB KM UB ,IGRP GN \R\GR
ZCGT BGF ,FNCYF KEGPKNC OKXPBP OEBF TKY[P ,QMP ZIBN OB
LSP NCYP BGF ,CNC[ FZGI[F FEGYRF OGYPC FH CN[C .OGSIPF \B
."[VRF ZGB OT B\NDND" KGZY[ ,[ZG[E \GKCT OT
FXGZ BN OEBF ,Za@ATF CXPC ,GRPNGTN FPGEC ."Za@AT" KGZY FH CXP
FFGCD FDZEPC BXPRF ,UGXZV LG\C ,"GPB OIZ"C BXPRG ,OGNM
FT[\ L[PC I\V\P Za@ATF ,L[PFC .\GZKSPC G\GB NEDP[ ,GRPP
\ZKVSC \GBXPR[ ,\GKJZV \GZKVS T[\ [GMZN GTP[P[ ,OK[EGI
 LZEN FRMF 30

\GMNP) "[VRE FEKIK"N ETG ,(\GMNPC[ Z\M) "[VRE [VR"P ,\GMNPF

.(\GMNPC[
"IGZF ZGB" OT FPMGI KNM [MGZG ,ENGR BGF .Za@AT \GKFN NEI BGF LM
\M[PRG "FYKRK" \BZYR \BH FVGY\ .’B \GKCT OT ,(FEKIK ET [VRP)
GB) "\GRJY" KGZYF CXP UGXZVF DK[P LMC ."OK[EGI 24" ,OKK\R[
,"Za@AT"FP NECR "YRGK"F .’B \GKCTC ON[ LSP BGF[ ,("OKKRKTG B\NDND"
FZGXC TV[F \B "YRGK" ,OGNM FXZ BN[ Za@ATFP FRG[C ,BGF[ LMC
.GPBP YRGKF YGRK\ GPM ,GN[P QGXZ OT ,\KBPXT
,\PKK\SP \S&GF Z[BM ?YGRK\F ZGCT QGHP \GKFN CNIF LVGF EXKM
OE" ,FEKNF OE BXGK FEKNF QPHC .Za@ATF \GI\V\FN NXGRP OBF N[ FPE
FRGGM NM KZSI ,OKBPJ \GRGXZN LVGF BGF .QY\N Z[VB KB G\GB[ ,"BPJ
KZIB[ ,"KYR OE" BZYR[ ,OEC YNI [K LB ."TKV[FN FRGGM" GB ,\\N
BXPR GC[ OGYPF ,"EGSK"F \ZKVSP FNGT BGF .CNIN LVGF FEKNF
.UGXZVF N[ "\ZBV\"F \ZKVSC BXPR[ ,"FHI"F NB ,"OIZ"F
OKKY\P { OKKRIGZF OKYGIF NM { KRIGZF ONGTC [IZ\P[ FP NM
,ZGCKTF LKNF\ NM EGPKNC .G\GZXGGKF OT EKP ,GRPNGTC OD GKNBP
QKCFN Z[VB ,OKKRIGZF OKVGXZVF \NKEDG FYKRKF ,FEKNF ,\GI\V\FF
.OFN \GCKSF \BG GRN[ ONGTC[ OKMKNF\F \B YKGEPC
NCYP UGXZVF ."\GNED" UGXZV BGF ,"FYKRKF" KZIB BCF CXPF
ZGB" ’EG ’D ,’C \GKCTC[ (F&o ,OJGI ,QHGB) V"IBC ,FRKC N[ OKNMC
N[ \GZGBC ,FPB\FC ,OKBNP\P OKNMFG ,"QKIGP" KGZYF ,"FPMGI
.FEKIKG ,FKI ,FP[R
BZGCN TKZVFN BN YZ BNB ,FPGBP \G[TN LKZX GRKB GR\BP [KB
\BXN ZGSB ,FZYP NMC .GRC NTGV BGF GC[ QVGBN Z[Y KNC ,GRC NGTVN
BGF KHB ,FHM WPBP \G[TN NDGSP OEB OB .BZGCF \DFRF \GNGCDP
[YCN ZCM NDGSP OEBF ,"FYKRK" CXPC GNKBG ."KRIGZ Za@AT" BZYKK
YGYH OEBF ,"FYKRK" N[ OKK\R[ KZIB .BZGCF OT IK[=GE NFRN ,GF[P
YNIF[ ,FPMGIF ZGBP JTP GN \\N ZCM Z[VBG ,FMZEFNG LGRKIN
."FP[RF ZGB" KGZY GC[ QG[BZF
CXPC BZCRF QKCN BZGCF QKC[ OKKRIGZF OKSIKF \MZTP NM
OBF QKC ,GRN[ ONGTC[ OKSIKF \MZTP GPM YGKEC FKGRC ,"\GRJY"
Z[VB ,\GKP[D OKSIK \GMZTPC \GTKVGP[ \GKTCF NM \B .QCF QKCN
31 FP[RF \GI\V\F | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

,OKKRIGZ \GPNGTC \GPKKY\PF ,\GPGE \GMZTP N[ Q\ZMF LG\P ZG\VN

.BZCRN BZGCF QKC
NKI\K ,FTKDK KEK NT ,BGF[ KEM ,FRGGMC \GTZVF OEBN ING[ BZGCF
OKKIC \GTZVFG OKNG[MP GKF BN GNKB .GKNB CZY\FN QGXZ I\VN
,BZGCF NB FVKB[ OG[ OK[KDZP GRKKF BN ,FHF ONGTC[ OKKP[DF
.OEY\FN GRKEKC FNGT FKF BN ONGTNG
FP[R \Z\GR F\KF BKF ,\ZC[R F\KF BN QG[BZF OEBF \P[R GNKB
.FPXT \B QY\N EGBP F[Y\P F\KFG ,\RYG\P K\NCG ,FEKIK \IB
KZIBN YZG ,GZC[R[ FP[R KYNI N[ GKEIK OZGCKIC OM\SP QGYK\F
.BZGCF OT FP[RF KYNI NM GEIB\K ZGCKIF
,BZGCFP NCYP BGF[ OKCXPN ,OEBF SIK QGYK\C \PM\SP FEGCTF
.GK\GNGTV NM \YEXFG ,BZGCF OT EGIK BKF GHF FEGCTF \BXG\G
FKNB FVKB[F \B ECBP BGF ,\GKRIGZN OEY\FN NKI\P OEBF[M
,NCYN QGXZ ,OHKBGDB GN OKVKSGP CG[[ ,ZPGN Z\GK QGMR .OKYZVN
Q\KR BN FHM FZYPC .EEGP\FN NDGSP GRKB ZCM BGF GEDRMG FNTPNP
ZG[KPFP OHKBGDBF \B CG[G CG[ ZKCTFN BNB ,ZCE OG[ \G[TN
FEGCTFG EGPKNF \GTXPBC \BHG ,KRIGZF ZG[KPN KP[D=KZPGIF
.FXGCYC \KVG\K[F
FBC BKF[ ZGMH]NG ,F\GB I\RN GKNT OEBN FBC[ FC[IP NM
FZJPN EGDKRC \EPGT BN BKF[ YGECN ,F\GB DGGSN GKNT .BZGCFP
LNB[ GB ,GHF FC[IPN ZCI\B OBF" :NGB[N GKNTG ,UBG[ BGF FKNB[
FXGZ BGF[ GB ,FMK[P KEK NT KN BZGY BZGCF FHF FZYPC OBF ?FEDR
CG[I LB ,OKRG[ OKZYP KR[C ZCGEP ORPB "?FKKIE KEK NT K\GB ZZGTN
.GKNB K\GB CZYN FXGZ BZGCF OFKR[C[ ZGMHN
 LZEN FRMF 32

CNC[ FEGYRF \GZZGT\F

OEB QKC[ OKSIKF \MZTP \ZKYIC LGZM FNCYF \PMGI EGPKN
LG\P TCGR[ FP NM F[TPNG ,GK\GRGXZG OEBF \GC[IP NM \GCZN ,BZGCN
KRVN EGT ,GRPNGTC GNKVB .KGZ[ BGF FC FDZEPF F\GBC ,OEB N[ G\D[F
OEBF ,FRMFF QPHC EGT .FD[F \GDZEP \GPKKY ,KRIGZF ONGTN FBKXKF
QKB KM UB ,OKKRIGZF OKD[GPF QKC OKSIKFG OKZ[YF \B QKCFN NKI\P
.OKK\KPBF FD[FNG F[GI\N ,NNM FGG\[P FH
G\DZEPN FNT" BKF FRGGMF "QGTP[ KCZN NB[G" :"ZFGH"C ZPBR[M
[DVR OEBF[ OKZPGB[M LMN FPGEC ."NB[G ,KBIGK ZC QGTP[ KCZ N[
FBGZ QMNG ,QGTP[ KCZ N[ G\PZN FNGT OEBF[ FRGGMF ,QGTP[ KCZ OT
.GFGPM QKCPG
BGF ,FKNB TKDP OEBF OBG ,O[ Q\KR \KRIGZ FDZEP NMN ,FHM QVGBC
,N[PN ,KGZY BGF FDZEPF F\GBP YNI YZ DK[P BGF OB .FP[C KGZY
YNI BGF GR\BP EIB NM[ \GKF ,OEB N[ GKRC OKBZYR GRNGM LM ."FRKC"
QVGBC FHF YNIF N[ \KRIGZ FD[FN TKDFN GR\CGIG ,"OEB" FDZEPF N[
.KBPXT
DK[P BGF .FC [IZ\PF \B [KDZP \PKKGSP FDZEPN FNGTF OEB
FFGCD FDZEPN TKDK BGF OB .BZGCF \B FNDP QFKVNG ,FK\GRGM\ \B
.\PEGY FDZEPC FBZ[ FRGP\F FR\[\ ,Z\GK
.FDZEP NMN JZS ,OKJZS 125 QKZYP[ TGRNGY \KCC FV ZCGEP QKB
,\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FDZEPN FNGT[ ,OEBFG JG[V QGKNT ZGB YZ OKPKKY
YNI [I OEBF GNB \GRGM\ \GTXPBC ,\GPKKGSP \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ [MGZG
."ONGTF" GZGCT KGZY FHF YNIF .QGKNTF ZGBFP
\GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\C QGKNTF ZGBF N[ OGTH YNI OK[I GRIRB OD ,LM
."GRN[ ONGTF" GNBF \G[GI\F NGNMP \B OKRMPG ,GRN[
LG\P .BZGCF N[ ,\GZIB GB GNB \GRGM\ NCYN QGXZF YZ OKKY
OK[RB .\PKKGSP \GPE GB FRGP\ FBGZ OEBF ,\G[MZRF \GRGM\F
QKC OKKY[ NECFF \GZPNG ,BZGCF N[ \GRGM\ Q\GB OKDK[P OKRG[
,GRN[ ONGTC GPM ,\GRG[ \GKGGHP ,FRGP\F F\GB OKBGZ OF ,OFK\GRGXZ
.OKRKKE\PF OK[RBF ZVSPM BGF ,\GTEF ZVSP GC[
33 CNC[ FEGYRF \GZZGT\F | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

ONGTC" QRGC\FN GR\BP EIB NM OKBKCP ,OKRG[ \GRGKTZG \GC[IP

BGF LM .FFH \Z\GR \KNNMF FRGP\F \BH OTG ,\ZIB FZGXC "GRN[
\ZZG[ \BH \GZPNG ,OEBN OEBP \GRG[ QF[ \GKGGIF KCDN OD ,ZCEF
.OKZCEF N[ O\KKBZ QVGBN Z[BC ,OKTE \GPKP\
GRN[ QGXZF GB ,GRN[ \GRGM\F KVN GFTZ \B [KB QKCFN GR\NGMKC QKB
KVN ,GFTZ \B [KB QKCFN GRKNT .FHP FH OKYIZ\P YZ GRB LM QM[ ,NCYN
.\GKRIGZF \GDZEPC OKDK[P GRB[ ,BZGCF N[ \GRGM\ Q\GB
OT ZPGNM ,ECNC OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ OT ENGR QG[BZF OEBF
[P\[FN NGMK FKF QM[ QET QDC OKXTF NMC NVKJ BGF ."FTV[FE OKNM"
\B QY\N NGMK FKF EXKM ,LM OB .GN[ OKKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGXZF NMC
,GNXB OKPKKY GKF BN OB ,(FNCYE OKNM) GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF
.GMG\C O\GB [I BN OB ,YGKE Z\KNG
,BGJIN CKKI FKF BGF .FNKI\MNP QRMG\ QG[BZF OEBF N[ GBJI
,(FNCYE OKNM) OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF OT CCZT\FNG { \TEF WTP OGTJN
[IZ\K QMP ZIBNG .FNCYE OKNMG ,FTV[FE OKNM N[ CGCZT ZXGGKK[ KEM
.FNCYE OKNMF N[ K\DZEF QGYK\
NTGVC BNB ,[BZP OKRRM\P BJI QM[ ,BJIC ZCGEP QKB QKT \KBZPN
.FTKEK ZSGI LG\P OBG ,FTKEK LG\P OB ,"YGIF NT FZKCT"C ZCGEP
?FZKCT TXCN FXZ BGF OBF .BN ?FZKCT TXCN EPGT BGF[ TEK OEB OBF
.ZCT ,QMB ?YGIF NT ZCT BGF OBF LB .BN
FZJPC F[TR NMF BNB ,FZYPC [IZ\P BN NGYNYF \GKRIGZC
.CGCZT KEK NT ,OHKBGZJNBF OT GEIBNG OHKBGDBF \B QY\N :\PKKGSP
,O[ TKVGF[ KJSKBGZJNB WGXKR ,KNM ,KJSKBGDB QGXZ NMC FKF BN GNKB
OHKBGDBF \B QY\N FKF Q\KR BN ,QG[BZF OEBF BJI N[ TDZC BYGGE
.KRGKIG ,KIZMF BGF OEB N[ GBJI QMN .\KRIGZ \GNT\FNG
ZZGTPG ,WGICP ZKBP ,UKYPF ZGBF .JNIGP KRIGZ L[GIC OKBXPR GRB
LG\N FPKRV SRMKFN NDGSP GRKB LB ,NCYN QGXZF \B ,OHKBGDBF \B
.\GKRIGZN OEBF \B ZZGTP BGF LMG .OHKBGDBF
\DZEN BNB ,\GKRIGZN BYGGE GBN ,\VSGR FEKPC OEBF \B ZZGTN KEM
LG\N ,NGMKCM ,SRMKFN UKYPF ZGBFP YNI CKKI ,\PKKGSP \K[KB FD[F
FEGYR"F \B ,FH CN[C \KJSKBGDBF FP[RC OKZZGTP LM O[N .OEBF
FEGYRF \BZYR BKFG ,FNTPNP "FR\P" FRKF GH FEGYR ."CNC[
 LZEN FRMF 34

UGXZV N[ "OKKZGIBF \EGYR" ,Z\GK FGCD KRIGZ JYKKCGB N[ FRGZIBF

.FGCD Z\GK
LSPN ,KNMN JZV ZCE OG[ QKB ,FJPN FNTPNP OKRRGC\P OB
OKGGY F[GN[ OR[K ,FNTPN FJPNP OKRRGC\P OB LB .\GPK[ZNG
NM NT FDZEFC JN\[FNG ZGCDN OEBF NT .KTXPBG KNBP[ ,KRPK :FP[RN
\B NNGM FH LKNF\ .GKXPBPN OB\FC O\GB EIBNG ,OFP EIB
G\B EEGP\FN \NGMKF \BG ,NBP[ GY N[ "KPXT QTPN" QGXZF \GZCD\F
GYF LG\N BZGCF ZGB N[ FNCYF \BG ,QKPK GY N[ FTV[FF \ZHTC
.BZCRF \RGM\N BZGCF \RGM\ QKC OKN[PF ,KTXPBF
KGVXG QCGP NMF ,BZGCF EXP .\PKKGSP FKZJPKS=KB \PKKY QBM
NMNG ,OKJZV KJZVN QRMG\ NGMF { ;GRGYK\G OEBF BJI \GCZN ,[BZP
EXP GNKBG .QGYK\ ZPDC BXPR ZCM NMF ,F[TPN .OGYP [K ZCE
.Z\SRC \PKKYF \GKYGIF \B FNKD OZJ OEBFG .Z\SR NMF { OEBF
WIGN TEGR BNF Z[BM ,"\TEN NTP FRGPB"C \MNN GKNT ,OEY\FN KEM
Z[YC \GKFNG ,BZGCF \B \GNDN OKXPBP TKY[FN G\GB EEGTPG ,GKNT
.G\B YGEFG UKXZ
OHKBGDBF \BVPG ,BZGCFP GRK\GRGM\C OKNECR GRIRB[ OG[P LB
BGF QKB QM[ ,BZGCN Z[Y\FN EIVP UB KNGBG ,[[GI GFKZF ,OEBC[
.ZGFJ OHKBGZJNB GFP { QM[ NMG ,CGJF ZXKF GFP TEGK
ZGBP OKRFRG ,QGYK\ ZPDC OKBXPR ONGM .KGRK[ OG[ QKB BZGCF EXP
OHKBGDBF N[C [KDZFN NKI\P OEB[ NCSF BGF ,FR\[P[ ZCEF .BZGCF
,UGS=QKB ONGT ETG \KRG[BZF FEGYRFP ,G\GB QY\N GK\GRGKSRG ,GN[
.FRK\RN FNCYP ZPGNM
\KJSKBGZJNBF FEGYRF \B NCYK BN ,GRN[ ONGTC BXPR[ OEB OB
F[TP TXCN \GZ[VB OG[ GN QKB ,FNTPNP \KRIGZF FRGM\F \B ,GHF
.KRIGZ
[VR OKKZGIB" GC ZXGR ,OEB N[ \KRIGZF FEKNF TDZC[ CG\M
\BZYRF ,FPXT FP[RF N[ FRGZIB FDZEP O\GTP[P[ ,"F[GEYE
OHKBGDBF LG\C ZPGNM ,OEBF "CN"C \PYGPPG ,OGXPXF NNDC "FEGYR"
.GN[
BN GK\GRGXZG ,FKIM ZPGNM ,KIF \DZEC BXPR OEBF ,GH FEGYR BNN
ZIB L[PKFN OKNGMK FNBM OK[RB .FHF ONGTF \ZDSPN ZCTP OKBXGK
35 CNC[ FEGYRF \GZZGT\F | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

EK\TF NT BCR\FN ,FZGBMNG ,\GKRIGZ \GKVGSGNKV GB ,\GRG[ \GKZGBK\

NB O\GB Z[GY GRKB ZCE OG[ LB .EIGKPC OK[KDZ \GKFN GNKVBG
CXPFP OEBF \B BKXGFN \NDGSP ,CNC[ FEGYRF YZ KZF[ .\GKRIGZF
KR[ OKBZR \KRGXKI FRKICP .KRIGZ CXPN GBKCFNG ,KGZ[ BGF GC KRVGDF
\GKRIGZ \GRGM\ \PB\FC BXPR[ KP YZ LB ,OKPGE FNB OK[RB KDGS
QKICFN NGMK { UGXZVN FI\V\F ZCM GN[ CNC[ FEGYRF[M ,BZGCF OT
.OFKRKC NECFC
OKKI KNGDND L[PC OEBF CN LG\C BXPKFN GH FEGYR FNGNT OK\TN
NGMK OEBF ,\PKKY FRKB \BHF FEGYRF OB .\GI\V\F BNN LB ,OKCZ
,OKVZD JJZ[NG NMF OG[ZN ,FNCY EGPNNG ,FXGCYC \GEIB OKR[ \C[N
FZGP \GKFN KEM ,FXGCYN TKDP BGF[ \GKFN NGMK .FHN ZCTP BN LB
,BZGCF OT EGIKBN HT QGXZ GC QKB OB LB .’EMG TEKC \GBD\FNG ,FNCYN
FRKICP G\GB JGNV\ FPXT FXGCYFG ,CZ QPH EPTP YKHIK BN BGF
.OEBF CNC FEGYRF OGKYC KGN\ NMF ,ZPGNM .FXGIF ,\KRIGZ
FRRKB[ CNC[ FEGYR [GMZN Q\KR OB ,KN[ FZGPF \B K\NB[ Z[BM
TV[GP FC NMF KM FBGZG ,FXGCYN SRMR OEBF OB KM KN CK[F ,\PKKY
,YGIZP GTKDF OK[RBF KMG ,BZGCF \B BGXPN QGXZ ,EIB QGXZP
YCER KHB ,OKRKPB \GZGYPP FZGP KVP OKEPGNG ,FH NT YZ OKZCEPG
.GHF FEGYRF \B GC QKB[ ,TEGK BGF KM UB ,KNNMF QGXZC OEB G\GB
OD LM .CNC[ FEGYR N[ F\TVGFN BKCFN NDGSP ,EIGKPC HT QGXZ[ TGEK
.K"ZBF TCY
\XGCY N[ EIGBPF QGXZF LG\C NNM\K ,EEGC OEB N[ QGXZ[ KEM
KM ,FNCYF EGPKNN JNIGP QVGBC N[C \GKFN FH QGXZ LKZX ,OKEPGNF
.OEBN OEBP FK\GRGM\C FRG[ BKF ,\PKKY \BHF FEGYRF[M GNKVB
BNGS\ BN[ FEGCT ,LGZT QING[ \B ZCKI GZBY USGK KCZ KM ,N[PN TGEK
\JK[[ OG[P ,Q[K BGF { K"ZBF NXB FNCYF KZGTK[ QPHC LB ,HVC
.G\P[R FRCPN FPKB\F BN K"ZBF
K"ZBF \NCY \B \GKTCJCG \GNYC GRKCF[ OK[RB GKF[ ,GKNBP QCGP
Y\R\FN G[Y\FG ,NNM F\GB GRKCF BN[ GKFG ,(\KRBKZGNF FNCYF)
NGEDN C[IR 1570=1522 GZKCGEZGY F[P KCZ) Y"PZF N[ G\JK[P
GPKT BKCF K"ZBF .(\VXN [GEYF K"ZBF N[ GTKDF ET \VXC OKNCGYPF
\B EGPNN ,OGKM Q\KR F\ZHTCG ,FNCYF EGPKN \JK[C K\GFP KGRK[
,Y"PZF \JK[C FNCYF .FJPNP ZPGNM ,\G[VRF ,OKNMF EXP FNCYF
 LZEN FRMF 36

.BZGCF EXP ZPGNM ,\GZGBF EXP ONGTF EGPKNC FYST ,\BH \PGTN
.ZGBF \GJ[V\FC TKKSPF ,LSPF EXP F\GB OKEPGN ,OGKM GRIRB GNKBG
BXP BN LB ,OKRG[ \GZGYP KVN FNCY EPN KM ZVSP ,FH ZVS N[ GZCIP
.ONGSF NTCG K"ZBF KZVS \B GN GBZF FNTPNP Z[B ET ,\GCG[\
FDZEPF" GNKBG .KEK\TF CXPF ,BZGCF BKF "FRGKNT FDZEP"
GKF GNKBM \GI\VR \GDZEPF NM .KIMGRF GCXPG BZCRF GFH "FRG\I\F
GC \GND\P ,ZPGNM ,\sZVR HBG OEBF LG\C \BXPR[ \NVGYP FVKRP
.G\GPEY\F \EKPN OB\FC
?FR\[P EXKM ?FR\[P QPHF OBF ?KI D[GP GFH OBF ?QPH GFP
QGT[ FDZEP NMN OBF ?GMG\C KNGB GB OEBN WGIP OKKY BGF OBF
?FN[P
Q\GR BN OEBF[ ET .\GVKNYF \NGTV N[ FBXG\ BGF "QPH"F D[GP
,GKNT OKZCGTF OKTGZKBFG \GKG[IZ\FF NM NT ,FBNP FPMSF BZGCN
QGYK\ ZPD ZPGNM ,BNP QGYK\ ZIBN ONTR QPHF ."QPHF" \B [I BGF
BXPR NMFG ,ZCE OG[ \GR[N LZGX QKB[M ,OEBF \P[R N[ KJZV
.\JNIGP FIGRPC
\GMNPF[ ZIBN .UGS QKBE \GMNPC QGZSKIF KGNKD OT ENGR QPHF D[GP
OGXPXF .QGYK\N ETGKPF YKZ OGYP ZXGR ,’B OGXPXC FPXT \B FPXPX
EKP TKDFN OKNGMK BN OKEGDKRFG ,\GPN[N EDGRP QGZSKI[ QGGKMP ,TXGC
KR[ .GRN[ ONGTC "OGYP"FG "QPH"F \B ZXK[ FH BGFG ,U\G[P FRMPN
GB OGYPF KGRK[ \GTXPBC FHN FH CZY\FN OKNGMK GNNF OKEGDKRF
.OGYP BNG QPH BN GKF BN ’B OGXPX KRVN .QPHF
FKF Q\KR ,OEBF CNN ZG[Y FKF[ ,EIGKP QGT[ OKBKXPP GKF GNKB
\B ZPGNM ,OEBF KRC \GP[R N[ OKKRIGZF OKKIF ZKX \B \GBZN
KGXPF QGT[F \BH \PGTN .\GDZEC FKNTF { OKKRIGZF OKCXPF \GR\[F
OKKRIGZF OKKIF ZKX NT FR\[P BN[ ,OPGEF N[ QPH GRN FBZP
ZCTN (GRN[ ONGTF) OPGEF N[ \KRIGZF \GPEY\FF CXY \B UY[PG
.FBKZCF \ZJP
37 KTXPBM FNCYF | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

KTXPBM FNCYF
L[GP ,EGPKNF LKNF\C QMNG ,OKKRIGZ \GPNGT FRKKRT FNCYF \PMGI
OKC\MG ,OKCG\MG ,OKBKCR ,FZG\ EGPKN .OKKRIGZ \GZGB OEBF GKNB
,ZGBF \PXGT LB ,\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FZBF QKPHP BGF OD ,OKZIB OKCZ
O\GB NM EGPKNP OKRGP \GZ[T FNGED ,FNCYF \PMGI EGPKNC FKGCIF
.OKC\M
,QGMRF FBZGFF CK\RN OB\FC EPGN BGF[ BEGGN OEBF NT ,\BH OT
,Z\GK EPGN BGF[ NMM .FMGVF FBXG\N TKDFN BGF EK\T ,QM BN OB[
LMG ,Z\GK NGED T[Z BYGGE GBNG ,Z\GK NGED YKEX GPXT [KDZP BGF LM
[EGI NMG ,OK[EGI ZVSP FHP EPGN F\B[ ,L[VRC FGG[ .Z\GK GN NY
.Z\GKG Z\GK TZ F[TR LRKF[ [KDZP F\B
!\PBF \BH NCB { BN NNMG NNM ?FPKTR F[GI\ FHN BGZYN Q\KR OBF
ZCGEP[ KZF ,QPHF UYGR[ NMM ,Z\GKG Z\GK CGJ LPXT [KDZP LRKF OB
\TXC\P FH NECF SKSC NT .ZY[ \BH NMC LB ,OKTR ZY[ ORPB .ZY[C
"OK\C=KNTC" :QKJGNIN \GEDGRP \GXGCY K\[N OKEPGNF N[ FYGNI
."FZG\=KNTC"G
ONGTF[ OK[KDZPG ,EGPKNFP OKXGZP[ FNB OF "OK\CF=KNTC"
ONGTC CGJ OFN FKFK[ QGIJKC KZGEI OFG ,OKRV OFN ZKBP ZCM FHF
.BCF
OKXGZ FNCYF \ZG\ \ZHTC[ ,OK[RB OF "FZG\=KNTC" ,O\PGTN
KR[C[ O[M [PP ,GHN GH \GEDGRPF OK[RB \GXGCY K\[ QF GNB .QY\KFN
.\GRG[ FEGCT \GRMG\ \GRY\GP \GKFN \GNGMK OKC[IP
.BCF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC ZM[ \NCY QTPN FEGCT NT \GRT[R \G\EF NM
BNB ,ZM[N \GCK[I SIKKP GRKB[ KP YZ \GKFN NGMK NCGYP ,\BH \PGTN
OZVSP NED ZGEN ZGEP LB ,FNBM OKCZ QKB ORPB .\PBF \D[FN Z\GI
,OKZYP [K .K\GTP[P QVGBC OZVSP FNT ,OKRGZIBF \GZGECG ,LNGFG
HBG ,\PBF \ZKYIN G\VKB[C \PKKGSP FEGYRN ET TKDP OEB OFC[
.\GP[R KNGDND EGPKNC ZBC\\ LMN FCKSF .FDZEFC FVZP
LG\C OKBXPRF OKKPKRV OKCXP OF ,FHF ONGTF \GCZN ,\GPNGTF NM
LG\C BXPR OEBF BN ,ZPGNM .GN FXGIP ZIB OGYP OG[C BNG ,OEBF
 LZEN FRMF 38

YZ BXPR OEBN WGIPG ,OEBF LG\C OKBXPR \GPNGTF BNB ,\GPNGTF

."JG[V QGKNT ZGB" ,BZGCF
\GBKXPC ,GF[NM OGKY LG\C BXPR BGF[ ,TRMG[P GRN[ ONGTC OEBF
JZV ,WGIC ZCE OG[ QKB .FKN[B YZ BGF FH NM LB .OEGY ZCM FBZCR[
NT [DZGP BGF[ ,\BHM FZGXC GRK[GI NT TKV[P FH ZGB .BZGCF ZGBN
FPG ,QKKPEN OKNGMK GRIRB[ FP NMG ,KIG IPGX ,HD ,NHGR ,YXGPM GRKEK
\B GRN OKR\GR[ ,GRN[ OK[GIF LG\C FRCR NGMF ,GRCKCS OKBGZ[
ZCE OG[ QKB WGIC[ ,BKF \PBF LB .GRN FXGIP BXPR NGMF[ F[DZFF
.BZGCF ECNP
JNIGPF EGDKRF BKFG ,NCGYP DK[P[ NV[F \EGYR BGF "FHF ONGTF"
,FH CXPC OEBF NT TKV[PF TCJF IGM ."OKZXP \GND" \BZYRG ,BZGCN
,OGYP OG[N OEY\FN GN Z[VBP GRKB[ ,GN[ KJSKBGDBF TCJF IGM
,TZF KPKRVF IGMF GFH ."FTZV" KGZY ,GPXTN YZ DGBENG CG[IN BNB
.\GMKZBC FZG\F \ZCEP GKNT[
,Z\GKC ON[GPFG OZF CXPF \B [KDZFN OEBN Z[VBP BN OHKBGDBF
,FTZV ."F[P" KGZY ,FHF CXPFP \BXN OEBF \B IKZMP[ IGMF GNKBG
,OEB N[ OKKRIGZ OKCXP OF ,"OKZXP \BKXK" NT CG\MF NMG F[P
.GK\G[DZFC
.FZMF ZSGI ,\JNIGP FPEZ\ .FDZEPF NV[ BGF KGG[MTF GRCXP
CXP GFH .\PBC GRIRB FVKBG ,GRIRB KP NNM OK[KDZP GRB QKB ,FH CXPC
,TZM BNG CGJM BN ,\GKRIGZ GC OK[I GRB QKBG "FHF ONGTF"P Z\GK \GIR
.FZGX OG[C
QKC FPB\F \PKKY \BH NMCG ,KZGJSKF ZGVKS \ZVSP BN FZG\F
\GPNGTF NM \KKRC[ KRVP ,\BH .\K[GRBF FKZGJSKFF QKCN ,FC CG\MF
UY\[P ,EIB KRIGZ ONGTC FZGY[ FP NM :QGZYKT G\GB NT \\\[GP
KGJKC KEKN BC FH[ ET ,FBNF QMG ,GRPP QG\I\ ONGTC FBZPCM
.GRPNGTC
BGF ,\GPNGTF NM LZE ,G\KKNT \GDZEPC ZGCTN OEBF NT[ FP NM
ONGTC .JZVC GRN[ ONGTCG ,NNMC \GPNGTFP EIB NMC ,KRJZV QVGBC ZCGT
KJSKBGDBF ZPGIF \GTXPBCG ,KGG[MTF GRCXPC FKNTF \TXC\P GRN[
.GRPNGTC KGXPF
39 KTXPBM FNCYF | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

."KP[DF URTC TGDRN CKKI KRIGZ [ZG[ NM" GKVN[ ,KRIGZ TCJ YGI OKKY
ONGTC \GRCNG ,N[N\[FN CKKI ,KRIGZ IGM NM ,KRIGZ ZGYP NM ,ZPGNM
,KNKN[ IGM OKKY \GNKXBF ONGTC ,N[PN .\KVGSF G\GP[D\F \B GRN[
O[D\FN OKCKKI OF GRPNGTC OD HB ,"F[P" ,KCGKI IGM GEDRMG ,"FTZV"
.\GIVN \IB OTV
ONGTC O[D\F ZCM ,KRIGZF ONGTC FZGY GB FZY[ FP NM ,QGZYKTC
ONGTN FBKXKG \GPPGZ\F ,FK]N@TG ,IK[PF \BKC JTPN ,NMF .GRN[
\KRIGZF \GPPGZ\FN OKPEGYF OKRPHF NCB .ZB[R[ FP NM FH .KRIGZF
.Z\GKC OKCBGMFG OKMG[IF ,OK[YF OKRPHF OF
\GND" KGZY[ CXPN SRMR ,FNCYF \ZHTC G\GKPKRV NT "ECGT"[ OEB
BGF OEGY[ ,GK\GRGM\C "EZGK" BGF[ GN FPER FH LKNF\C ."OKZXP
TCJF \B FNDP BGF GH LZEC .Z\GK TZ F[TR BGF \TMG ,Z\GK CGJ FKF
NCYP OEBF ,FNCYF N[ QGMR EGPKNG ZGBF \TV[F \I\ ,L[PFC .GN[
YYG\[P ZCM BGF .KRIGZF ONGTN SRMKFNG FH OGSIP ZGCTN HT QGXZ
GK\GRGM\C FRG[ \GKFN YKSVFNG GF[PC \GIVN BZGCN \GPEFN
.BZGCF \GRGM\P
 LZEN FRMF 40

LZE KRPKS
,ECNC GH BN[ ,G\PFE\N \GNDN OEB KG[T ,\KRIGZF GMZE LNFPC
.GCXPC FDKSR GB FZKXT FNI ,LVKFN BNB ,\KRIGZ I\V\P GRKB BGF[
,FH CN[ BYGGE NCB .QJYG LNGF KRIGZ ONGTN CZY\FN KGMKSF[ FBZR
EKTP ,\GYKXPF \GTZVFF OT EEGP\FN GR\NGMKC QKB KM ,OK[I GRB GC[
OKPEY\P GRB[ IMGGKR ,JY TDZN ZGXTR YZ OB .FPK[ZP \GPEY\F NT
,OKPKKYF GRK[GIC GRCXP \B OKEEGP GRB QM[ ,NEDG LNGF CXYC
GRB[ KGRK[G QGYK\ NM .OFN[ QGYK\F NGNSP \K[BZC OKBXPRF
[ZER LM O[N ,ONGB ."TKV[FN" FRGGMF \[KMZN GR\GB CZYP ,OKTXCP
\GNDN OEBF NT .OKRG[ OKRVGBC ,OKKGRK[ N[ \GCZ \GZ[T ZGCTN OEBF
ZPGI GFP ,"NCYN QGXZF" GFP ,FXGZ BGF YGKEC FP ,GN[ "KRB"F KP
.\GGPFG OKKIF \GTP[P KFPG ,FBKZCF
\GGPG ,ZGBF \B [KDZFN O\GTP[P { OKKIF[ ,FRYSPN TKDP OEBF
OKCXP ZCGT OEBF .GK[GIC BZGCF \[DZF ZETF ,L[GI \[DZF BGF
."CGJ" GFPG "TZ" GFP \K\KPB FZMFN TKDP[ ET ,OKRG[G OKCZ
FRG[ FPC .QGNKGGF BGF ,GRN[ ONGTFP ZGBF \B ZK\SP[ ,OGSIPF
NM[ LMC ,OGSIPFP KZPDN FRG[ LSPF \RGM\ ?LSPFP OGSIPF
GPXT OEBF BNB ,G\GB ZK\SP GRKB EIB UBG ,LSPF KRVN BXPR ZGBF
.\KPXT FBRF O[N ZGBF \B NCYN BN[ ,GRGXZ IGMC G\GB FIGE
ZGBF \B ZK\SPG ,KN FXGIP OGSIPF QGNKGGF BXPR ,LSPN EGDKRC
FZMF LG\P ,GPXT LG\C OEBF EKPTP LSPF \B NCB .KRPP QGKNTF
.GMG\N SRMKFN ZGBN \\N BN[ ,KJSKBGDB QGXZ KEK NT ,\KPKRV FRCFG
.BZGCN TKV[FN ,\\N FRGGM LG\P YZ FH KZF ,SRMKFN ZGBN F[ZK OB
GPXTC NDGSP ,LSPF \ZHTC ,OEBF KM ,QGNKGGC LZGX QKB ,LSP [K Z[BM
.ZGBN EDR\FN

?\GDZEP 125=P FKGRCF ,GRMZE \YNI\P LKB

,GRRGYK\ O[N LB .FD[F \GDZEP 125 QR[K UGS=QKB ONGT QKCN GRKRKC
ZGCTN ,ZPGNM ." ’C OGXPX" EPKP ,\GNKXBF ONGT ET YZ TKDFN LKZX
2000" L[PR OFP EIB NM Z[B ,FZKXKG FBKZC ,FK[T \GPNGT LZE
ZCM G[IZ\K QM KZIB GBGCK[ OKRGYK\F ."FR[ 6000" NMF LSCG ,"FR[
41 LZE KRPKS | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\PMGIC OKZGTK[ FZ[T" FBZ) ." ’C OGXPX" NTP " ’B OGXPX" EPKPC
.(ZVSC[ "FNCYF
QKVRB ZKTH ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :OKYNI F[KPIP FKGRC GR\P[R
,OFN[ NCYN QGXZF NEGDC FHP FH OKNECR FNB .\GMNPG (B"H)
"OJGI" ,"QHGB"G (FPMGIG Z\M) "OKKRKTG B\NDND" :OKKR[N OKYNI\PG
KGZY Z\M ,\GZIB OKNKPC .(\GMNPG B"H ,FRKC) V"IB OKBZYRF ,"F&o"G
KGZY B"H ,"QHGB" FKGZY FRKC ,"OKKRKT" FKGZY FPMGI ,"B\NDND"
DGRT\ NCYP FP[RF N[ QG[BZF YNIF ."F&o" FKGZY \GMNPG ,"OJGI"
.FP[RG FP[R NM FKGRC LM .FNCY LG\P KR[FG ,FTV[FP ,FRK\RP
,FTV[FE OKNM OF[ ,(T"GD) OKKRKTG B\NDNDF \B YZ QY\N GRKNT
ONGTF NTP \GNT\FC FNKI\P \KRIGZF GRMZE .TKV[FN ,\\N \GRGXZ
ONGTN OKNGT GRIRB[ LMC .T"GD N[ K\DZEF QGYK\ BKF FKNT .GRN[
OKZ[BP GRIRB (T"KC) FK[T ,FZKXK ,FBKZC \GPNGT LZE \GNKXBF
.OKRYG\P GRN[ FTV[FE OKNMF[ ,OXTC
Q\KR \BH NMC FP .QY\N OKNDGSP GRB QKB ,V"IB ,FNCYE OKNMF \B
T"KC \GPNGTP ,V"IBF ,GRN[ FNCYF KNM \B FDZEFC \GNTFN ?\G[TN
KNTC OF[ ,FBKZCF ONGTP[ OKV"IBF OKNGT OEGY .\GNKXBF ONGTN
Z\GKF ,FZKXKF ONGTP OKV"IBF OFKZIB ,Z\GKC JTGPF OHKBGDBF
OKV"IBF ,Z\GKC OKKJSKBGDBF OKNMF OKNGT UGSCNG ,OKKJSKBGDB
,OPXT \GRGXZF ,OKNMF \B OKRY\P GRB QKB ,F[TPN .FK[TF ONGTP
\GRGXZC O\GB OKNKNMPG ,OFN OKPBG\F T"GDN O\GB OKZCIP YZ BNB
.OKKJSKBGZJNBF ,OKR\GRF
KGZY QGYK\F .ZGB N[ \VSGR \GPM OKNCYP GRIRB ,QGYK\ NM OT
:\GPGYPF \[GN[P FKNT ,YGKE Z\KNG ,\GKNT [GN[ [K NGMF LSC ."FKNT"
.FBKZCF ONGTG FZKXKF ONGT ,FK[TF ONGT
NCYN \GRGXZ OKGGFP ORKB ,\GNKXBF ONGTN OKNGT[ ,OKV"IB
."QCBF CN" ,OEBF N[ "KRB"F ORKB OFG ,("FNCYE OKNM") OKK\KPB
YZ BGF QGYK\ ZCGT[ FP .FHF YNIF \B QY\N NDGSP BN GPXTC OEBF
.Z\GK NGED QGYK\ OD [ZER BN OEBFP ."FKNTE V"IB" KGZY[ ,QJY YNI
."QCBF CN" \B QY\K GPXTC BZGCF ,OKK\SK FH QGYK\[ TDZC
GKNT FP ,[KDZFNG \GBZN GKNT ,QY\N CKKI BGF FP ,TEKK OEBF[ KEM
B\GZT\B" \GKGZYF ,OEBC \GKGN\ QRKB[ ,\GKNT \GPKKY LM O[N .QY\N
 LZEN FRMF 42

FH ZCE .OK[EGI K[BZG OKDI ,\G\C[ :(FNTPNP \GZZGT\F) "BNKTNE

GRKB ,GN[ FTV[FE OKNMF \B ZCM QYK\ BGF[ OG[P YZ OEBN Q\KR
.\GNKXBF ONGTC BXPRG ,GPXTN FPGBP [ZGE
FKNTE V"IB N[ UGZKX FKF\ ,FRG[BZF FKNTF GB ,FRG[BZF FNGTVF
ONGT N[ V"IB UGZKX KEK NT TXGC\ FKR[F FKNTF .FBKZCF ONGT N[
FNT OEBF[ ZIBN .FK[TF ONGT N[ V"IB UGZKXC ,\K[KN[FG ,FZKXKF
ZPD TKDPG "QCBF CN" N[ QGYK\F [IZ\P ,GNNF \GDZEPF [GN[ \B
.QGYK\F
DGRT\F .(FTV[F) FRK\RP GB FNCYP :OKRVGB KR[C \GRFKN Z[VB
OKNMC [DZGP FNCYP DGRT\FG ,FTV[FE OKNMC [DZGP (FTV[F) FRK\RP
.GRC OKNYNGYP FTV[FE OKNMF QFG FNCYE OKNMF QF NCB .FNCYE
,\\N NMGB GC[ QVGBC ,FTV[FE OKNMF \B QY\N BGF Z\GKC NYF ZCEF
QY\N Z\GK NY .GN Q\GR KRB[ KP N[ G\BRFN BNB ,KPXT DGRT\ QTPN BN
OKBXPR ,(ZIBF QTPN) FZJPFG (FRK\RF) F[TPF[ QGGKM ,LM FH \B
.QGGKMF G\GBC
.FNCY F[TP KEK NT YZ \GRFKN OKZ[VBP (V"IB) FNCYE OKNMF
NCYPF N[ FNCYF \NGTV[ LMN OGZDN [K .F[Y Z\GK FCZF O\GB QY\N
OG[P ,BZGCF OT Z\GK YGEF ZGCKI [ZGE FHF QGYK\F .ZIBF \B DRT\
.K[GRBF GDBF ,"KRB"F N[ G\GFP LZE ZCGT FH QGYK\[
,Z\GKC OKMHF \GRGXZF) T"GDF QGYK\ KZIB YZ OKRYG\P V"IBF QMN
,\GZIB OKNPC .FDZEFCG ("OKKRKTG B\NDND" GB "NBZ[K" OKBZYR[
KM ,K[GY \GIVC \KZ[VB T"GD N[ OKNM OT \GNKXBF ONGTN FKNT
.FRGGMN EDGRP F[TPF V"IBF QGYK\C
ONGTF[ NMM :BZGCF ZGB NT "OKEGDZV" QKTP OF \GPNGTF \[PI NM
OKEGDZVF ,\GPNGTF \[PI .ZGBF \B Z\GK ZK\SP BGF LM ,Z\GK LGPR
,GRN[ ONGTFP ZGBF \B KZPDN ZK\SPF ,OGSIPC OKPKK\SP GNNF
OKKIF OGKYN KIZMFF ,"YKYE ZR" KGZYF ,QJY WGXKR YZ ZEGI GKNB[
OT ,LSP KNC \GKIN NMGR[ KEM ,LM OKZCEF \B F[T BZGCF .GRPNGTC
.LSPF [ZER BN ,ZGBF ZETFCG ,"YKYE ZR" G\GB
BGF .EGBP OKCZ OKYNIN YNI\P ,"YKYEF ZR"F G\GB ,FH [NI ZGB
,OKKY\FN ZPGIF NM \B IKZMP ,\GNGYNGP HKHP ,OKPGJB "CCGSP"
43 LZE KRPKS | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

,IPGX ,OPGE ,OGKYF \GDZE NM \B FKKIPG ,\GI\V\FN G\GB OEYP

.ZCEP ,GR\DZE \BG ,KI
OEBF [MGZ ,FXGCYG FZGP=CZ \ZDSPC EGPKN \ZHTC ,\BH NMC OB
EDR\FN NDGSP GFKZF ,[ZG[E \GKCT ,Z\GKC QJYF NCYN QGXZF NT LSP
."YKYE ZR" N[ GZGB NMP Z\GK NGED BGF[ ,"[VRF ZGB" ,Z\GKC QJYF ZGBN
,FH FZYPC ,LSPF .GPXTN G\GB NCYN BNG ,FHF ZGBC BXPKFN NGMK BGF
.(KRIGZF ONGTN FHF ONGTFP ZCTPF) OGSIP GPM EYV\P
BN BGF ,I"[ 100 GKRVN IKRR OB .CGRDN BN LRGI OEBF .GRKKIC GPM FH
BGF ,GKNT ZCD\FN LRGI BN[ ,FHP NGED OGMS GKRVN IRGK[ TDZC NCB .CGRDK
.YKVSP GRKB NCKY[ LGRKIF KM ,KG\KVC EGPTN NMGK BN
QTPN NTGV OEBF ,[VRF ZGB BXPR GC[ OGYPC :\GKRIGZC OD LM
.\\N \RP NT FRFR ,TDPC G\B BXPR ,G\GB [KDZP ,K[GY NM KNC BZGCF
FHF CXPF .\KPXT FBRF O[N FNCYP GKNT ZPG[F LSP GN [K GH FDZEPN
.FK[TF ONGT KGZY
NT LSP [MGZ OEBF ,\VSGR FTKDKCG ,EGPKNF \ZHTC ,QMP ZIBN
ZGB" \B NCYN NDGSPG ," ’B \GKCT"C OHKBGDB { Z\GK NGED OHKBGDB
IKRR ,"CGRDN BN" KRVP FRDF ZCM GN [K ,FHN OB\FC .\\N KEM "IGZF
.FZKXKF ONGTN FK[TF ONGTP ZGCTN Z[VB GH FEGYRC .I"[ 1000 ET
ONGTN ZGCTK OEB ," ’C \GKCT"C OHKBGDB NT LSP \[KMZC ,QVGB G\GBC
.FBKZCF
,ZPGNM .ZIBFP "EGDZV"F NVGR ,ZIB ONGTN EIB ONGTP ZCTPC LM
EGDZVF .ONGT G\GB N[ G\GKCTN OKB\PF ,LSP [MZR EGDZVF OGYPC
\B OKKYN GPXTC NDGSP OEBF .EGT LZGX GC QKB HBG ,OEBF LG\C TNCR
FNT\P BGF ,YGIC LZGX EGT GN QKB .BXPR BGF GC[ ,ONGTF N[ YGIF
.TEGPC G\GB OKKYPG ,GKNT
F[KPI [GMZN OKCKKI GRIRB ,OKYNI F[KPIP FKGRC GR\P[R[ \GKF
:OHKBGDBF \GKCTN OB\FC ,O\PXGTC FHP FH OKRG[F ,OKMSP
,OGSIPF \B ZCGT OEBF ,"[ZG[" \DZEC \GKCT OT LSP \[KMZC .B
;FK[TF ONGT N[ \KRIGZF FDZEN SRMRG
;FZKXKF ONGT \DZEN \GNTN \GZ[VB Q\GR ’B \GKCTC LSP .C
;FBKZCF ONGT \DZEN FP[RF \B FNTP ’C \GKCT OT LSP .D
;\GNKXBF ONGTN FBKZCF ONGTP FP[RF \B FNTP ’D \GKCTC LSP .E
 LZEN FRMF 44

FNCYC "FP[R") FP[RF=OEBF \B FNTP ’E \GKCTC LSP ,UGSCNG .F

,"QGPEY OEB" ONGTP FBNFG ;"QGPEY OEB" ONGTN ("OEB" BKF
."UGS=QKB" ONGTN FP[RF FNGT
,OTV NMC .\GZKVS [PIP OKNGNMF ,OKVGXZV F[KPI [K ONGT NMC
UGXZV ,F[EI FDZEP [MGZ BGF ,\G[EI \GZKVS [PI [MGZ OEB[
\GYKRTP \GRG[BZF \GZKVSF [PI KHB ,FK[TF ONGTC ZCGEP OB .[EI
.FK[TF ONGTE \GMNP UGXZV \B DK[FN \GZ[VB
,"FK[TF ONGT N[ QKVRB ZKTH" UGXZVN \GNTP \GBCF \GZKVSF [PI
LM ZIB ,"FK[TF ONGT N[ FRKC" UGXZVN \GNTP \GVSGRF \GZKVSF [PI
\GZKVSF [PI OTG ,"FK[TF ONGT N[ FPMGI" UGXZVN \GZKVS [PI EGT
."FK[TF ONGT N[ Z\M"F UGXZV \B FDK[P FP[RF ,\GRGZIBF
,FK[T ONGT N[ [ZG[ \GKCTP OKMSPF \B FP[RF F[MZ ,GH LZEC
,FMK[PP BKF FPGE QVGBC .FZKXKF ONGT N[ ’B \GKCT N[ LSPN FZCTG
.\GDZEPF 125 NM \B ,\GPNGTF NM \B ZGCT\[ ET
G\P[R \ZCGT ,[ZG[ \GKCT OT FK[TF ONGTC BXPR OEBF[ QPHC
\M[PR GH FVGY\ .(FRKC) GPKB OIZC "Za@AT"M ,\GI\V\F \GDZEP FPM
.GRPNGTC F[KB N[ FRGKZF L[PM ,"OK[EGI FT[\"
FK[TF ONGTP ,’B \GKCTN [ZG[ \GKCTP ZCTP BKF FP[RF \EKN
ONGTC ,LM ZIB .GRN[ ONGTC OEB \EKNN \PBG\F ,FZKXKF ONGTN
LG\C ."OKK\R[" L[PC "FYKRK" LKNF\C \BXPR OEBF \P[R ,FBKZCF
\B FDZEFC FC NKEDP[ ,ZGB \NCYPG "FNED" FP[RF ,FHF CN[F
.LSPF
YZ FN [K) "\GRJY" CXPC QKKET \BXPR FP[RF FBKZCF ONGTC NCB
K\DZEF LKNF\ N[ G\NKI\ BGF \GNKXBF ONGTN ZCTPFG ,(T"GD N[ OKNM
D"K" ET LKNF\F L[PR LM .V"IB N[ OKNM \[KMZ ,"FP[RF \GNED"C
,OKMSP ZCM FN [K[M ,\GNKXBC \KBPXT \K[TR FP[RF[ ET ,"FR[
,"TKV[FN \RP NT" ,\\N \RP NT NCYN FNKI\P BKF O\GTXPBC[
."FKNTE V"IB" OKBZYRF FNCYE OKNM \VZXPG
(QKVRB ZKTH) ZMH OKBZYRF ,OKVGXZV KR[ OR[K \GNKXBF ONGTC
OKKGN\F ,FH KVNM FH OKRG[ OKCXPC OKBXPR OF .(\GMNP) BCYGRG
DGGKH" OKRGMP FNB OKCXP .("\GNED" GB "\GRJY") FP[RF N[ FCXPC
."KRIGZ
45 LZE KRPKS | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

GB ,BXPR F\B GC OGYPF BGF[ ,"WZB" D[GPF OKKY KRIGZF ONGTC

QGXZP FKGRC GRN[ FP[RF ."QGXZ" QG[NP WZB .LNGF F\B GKNB[ OGYPF
\GRGXZ OR[K .("\GXZB") OKRJY \GRGXZ KRKP GMG\C[ ,("WZB") NGED EIB
\BZYRF WZB FR[K ."WZBN WGI" OD OKRGMPF ,"ONGTF \GPGB" OKBZYRF
,\BHF WZBF KRM[ .BZGCN Z\GKC CGZYF QGXZF BKF[ ,"NBZ[K WZB"
WZB" \B \GXGZ ,FKZGSG OKZXP ,(QEZK) QEZKF ZCT OF[ ,"N"GI \GXZB"
.BZGCF BXPR FC KM "NBZ[K
"NBZ[K" OKBZYR[ ,Z\GKC OKMHF \GRGXZFP NKI\P QGYK\F LKNF\
WZB"N Z\GKC OKCGZYF OF ,EIB EXP .(T"GD) "OKKRKTG B\NDND" GB
LZT" YGI NNDC \BHG ,Z\GKC OKYGIZF OD OF ,KR[ EXP LB ,"NBZ[K
."OKNMN \GZGB QKC LGVF
CKKI BGF KM ,DNVGP JSKBGDB \GKFN CKKI OEBF ,BZGCN CG[N KEM
BXPR ,GKNMC JSKBGDB BGF[ KP .OKKIC NGED GF[P GN ZSI[ [KDZFN
\B UKNIK Z[BM GNKBG .OKKJSKBGDBF GK\GRGXZ N[C BZGCFP YGIZ
Z\GKC CGZYF \GKFN LGVFK ,GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF OKNMF NT GK\GRGGM
.GKNB
\B QKKPN JBN JBN ,EPGN BGF ,FNCY EGPNN NKI\P OEB Z[BM
\GRGXZFP GNKB OT TCGY BGF QGKPF ZIBN .O\GKCT \EKP KVN GK\GRGXZ
QKCFN NKI\P BGF ,GK\GRGXZ NT ECGT BGF[MG .QY\NG EGCTN NKI\FN GKNT
.\KRIGZF FVPC GPGYKP QMKF
 LZEN FRMF 46

FJPN FNTPNP
FNTPNP OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \GN[N\[FF EGPKN GZYKT FNCYF EGPKN
ONGTC OKBXPR GRB[ ZIBP[ \R\GR \TEF .KP[DF GRPNGTN ET ,FJPN
FJPNP ,\KRIGZF LZEF FNTPC SVJN EXKM EGPNN GRKNT FKF ,KP[DF
.GPXT BZGCF \DZE ,\KVGSF FDZEF \D[FN ET ,FNTPN
OKNCGYPF F\GB GC\M ,ONGMN \V\G[P FKF\ GH FBZGF[ KEM BNB
G\GB FH F[TPN .FNTPN FJPNP BNG FJPN FNTPNP \GN[N\[FM
FEKIBG Z\GK \KNNM BKF FJPN FNTPNP \GN[N\[F[ ,LMN JZV ,ZCE
.ONGMN
.FNTPN FJPNP \GKRIGZ DK[FG GRN[ ONGTC KI[ OEB BGF NCGYPF
OG[ .DK[F OZJ OEBF[ ZCE NT CG\M BN OKNCGYPF KC\MP EIB UBC
BNG GF[NM QGKNT IGM KEKC QCBC JZIR BN ,"OKKP[P GRKNB NVR" BN ZVS
\B C\MG C[K[ NCGYPC ZCGEP EKP\ .UNY KCD NT BZGCF KEKC C\MR
.\GKRIGZF GK\GZKYI
GKZIBG OFZCB GKZIB ,GK\GD[F \B C\MF NT FNTF QG[BZF OEB
ZYIP ."FZG\" BZY BGF ,ONGTF \BKZCG BZGCF ZCEC GK\GD[FN[ ,F[P
FJPNP FKNTF ONGB .FNTP KVNM GRN[ ONGTFP ,FNTPN FJPNP F[TR FH
QR[K[ KBEG .KR[ FZYPN EIB FZYPC FPGE FRKBG ,\K[KB BKF FNTPN
BNB .FKNTC OKCN[G \GDZE ,OKKNNM OKYGI ,\GV\G[P \GJK[G OKMZE
.FRG[ QVGBC ZCGT EIB NM ,\GV\G[P Q\GKF \GZPN ,OKMZEF \B[
OFK\GD[FG OFK\G[DZF \B GC\M ,OFKZIB GBC[ OKNCGYPF
O[Z NCGYP NM .’GMG EGPN\ ,FR[P :OKVSGR OKZVSC \GKRIGZF
.KRIGZF ONGTN GRPP \BXN LZEF NTG ,GRPNGT NT GZYIP \B OKCG\MC
,"FZG\" KNNMF O[C GB ,"OK[GEY OKZVS" OKBZGY GRIRB GNB OKZVSN
FBKXKN \GKIRF KZVS ,FNB OKZVS \GKFC ,FBZGF ,ZGB OKNKPF [ZG[P
.KRIGZF ONGTN
FNTPNP ,\GPNGT F[KPI LZE ,ZGBF N[N\[P GRPP .BZGC [K
FK[TF ONGTN \I\P .FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB :FJPN
ONGTF ,GRPNGT QKCN \GPNGTF NM QKC FEKZVPF FXKIP ,OGSIPF BXPR
\PKKY ,FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC \GPNGTN \GNKXB ONGT QKC OD .FHF
47 FJPN FNTPNP | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

OKKY QGPEY OEB ONGTN UGS=QKB ONGT QKCG ,"BSZV" \BZYR[ FXKIP
."OGXPXF"
GRB GC OGYPF ,QG\I\F CXPF ETG ,UGS=QKB ONGT ,QGKNTF CXPFP
F[KPIP KGRC OFP EIB NMG ,\GPNGT F[KPI ,BGVKB ,OKPKKY ,OKBXPR
QKC ,\GDZEP 125 NGMF LSC ,\GZKVS [PIP KGRC UGXZV NMG ,OKVGXZV
.DK[FN OKCKKI GRB G\GB ,QGKNTF ,KEK\TF GRCXPN KIMGRF GRCXP
GNB .GRMG\C QF BNB ,[K[P BNG QCBP \GKG[T QRKB GNB \GDZEP
GF[P FRK[ OEB[ FEKPC .GRN[ \KRIGZ ,\KPKRV \GI\V\F N[ \GDZEP
QMG ,\VSGR FDZEP FNGT ,GF[P EGT FRK[ ,\IB FDZEP FNGT BGF ,GMG\C
.BZGCN OEBF \GG\[F \GPZ QF \GDZEPF NM .FBNF
GNKBG ,BZGCN OEBF QKC \JNIGP FZGX \GG\[F BGF UGS=QKB ONGT
ONGTF QKC[ \GDZEPF NM .BZGCN JNIGPF EGDKRF BGF GRN[ ONGTF
KCN[ ,BZGCN OEBF N[ \GG\[FF \GEKP QF ,UGS=QKB ONGT QKCN GRN[
.BZGCN \GCZY\FF
\B DK[FNG [GIN NMGR G\ZHTC[ ,USGR F[DZF KNM \GRCN BKF GR\ZJP
GRN OKC\GM FH NTG ,GRKRVN EGT F[TR LM .BZGCF \BG KRIGZF ONGTF
NKI\P ,GPXT KGRK[C YZ .BZGCF KGNKDN \ZIB LZE \PKKY BN .OKNCGYPF
CG\MN NGMK BGF LM NTG ,BZGCF \B ,KRIGZF ONGTF \B [KDZFN OEBF
.OKZIBN TEKP ZGSPNG
,FHF ONGTC GR\GKF QPHC[ ,BKF BZGCF GRN CKXP F\GB[ ,FZJPF
\B OTV 125 ,FDZEFC QY\R F\ZHTCG .GRPXT NT \PKKGSP FEGCT F[TR
,GRN[ ONGTC KSKVF UGDC OKBXPR GRB[ QPHC[ LM ,\GKPKRVF GRK\GRGM\
.UGS=QKB ONGTC GKFK \GKPKRVF GRK\GRGM\G GRN[ FP[RF
F[TK BN EGT NM .BZGCN \GPEKFN CKKI OEBF ,FHF ONGTC GKKI L[PC
QGMR ZCEF .G\PK[PC IKNXK[ ET CG[G CG[ ONGTF NB ZGHIK BGF ,\BH
OKXINF NMN FCKSF \BH .NNMM \G[GRBF KCDNG ,JZVC OEB NM KCDN
G\GB IKZMFN { UZF BNN OEBF \B OKEYGVF ,\GPKTR K\NCF \G[DZFFG
FXGZ GF[KP[ ,\GTP[P KZSI ORKB OKZGSKF[ ,NCSC QGKDKF [K[ QKCFN
.OEBFP \NTG\ GHKB O\ZHTC YKVFN
 LZEN FRMF 48

CCGSPG FCKS
FBZR ONGTF OKPTVN .NGDZ\G EGPKN OXTC BGF ,GRNXB [IZ\P[ FP
BXGP QKBG ONGTF UGS TKDF[ C[GI BGF[ ,LM KEM ET ZPG LG[I OEBN
FNB KMG ,LM FH QKB[ OKBGZ GRIRB ,NGDZ\FG EGPKNF L[PFC NCB .O[P
OKXGIRG OKYKGEP OKNKDZ\ ,FNTPNP GRKNB OKING[[ OKNKDZ\ YZ OF
Q\KR Z\GK ZIGBP YZG ,FP QPH ZGCTM YZ Z[VB O\GB QKCFN .EGBP
.QGYK\F KRVN[ CN[C OKXGIR OF FPM ET ,LKZTFN
,GRMZEC EPTP YKHIFN ,Z[VBF \EKPC ,OKMKZX GRIRB LM OG[P
OKR\KR OB .\GRG\[T ECBN KNC ,GRN[ \GPEY\FF \ZJPC YGCENG
NDGSP GRKBG ,[B \GCFNN TNYR[ [KDZP[ ,OEBF OFC[ ,FNBM OKCXP
NTC BN BGF[ CG[ GN \GBZFN KEM FH KZF ,GPXT OT ZCE OG[ \G[TN
.FJKN[ NM GEKC QKB[G ,\KCF
ZXYN Z[VB NCB ,O\GB UGYTN GB GNNF OKCXPFP JP\[FN Z[VB KB
NNMKFN [K LM O[N .\GIV GCKBMKG Z\GK ZFP GZCTK OF[ KEM ,O\GB
.\G[TN LIGMC[ FP NM \G[TN ,BGZYN ,EGPNN ,OKEPGN \XGCYC
FCKCSF OBF ?FCKCSN CKDP BGF LKB { \KPKRV FEGCTC YSGTF OEB
\[DZF GRC ZZGTP ,FIV[PC ,FEGCTC FZGY[ FP OKPTVN ?G\GB FRKCP
OK\KPTF \B ,NFRPF \B OKPK[BP GRIRB .CKZFG \GZXF ZGYPN \GRKGT
OKC[GI ,OKSTGM ,OKXINR GRIRB .’GMG OKENKF \B ,DGHF KRC \B ,FEGCTN
,FNTPNP GRN Q\KR ,[IZ\F[ FP NM[ OK[KDZP GRB ,L[PFC .KVGS FH[
.\G[DZF \ZES GRC ZKCTFN KEM
.\PHDGP UBG FRGMR LM NM BN FZGXC CXPF \B GRMZTF GRK\[DZFC
NGMF ,ZXY QPH EGTC[ BNB .ZCT NGMF .ONGTC Z\GKC TGZDM G\GB GRKBZ
TGZDF .GRN CJKK QM ,FNBF OKCXPFP JNPKFN OKEYR[ NMM .CG[ ZHGI
.CG[G CG[ [EIP GC N[C\FNG ,FH CXPC BXPKFN BGF NMP
,GKKIC OKTZ OKCXP GKF[ ZGMHN LKZX BGF ,OEBN CGJ Z[BM
TZ KZIB BC CGJ ,CGJ KZIB BC TZ :CCGSPG FCKS NBM QKKRTN SIKK\FNG
NKI\P F\B .\GKIXRN ,\GPN[N OEBF \B CZYP FH ZCE .FNKNI ZHGIG
BN EIBF :TCJPF G\GB N[ OKEEX KR[ NT GPM [IZ\PF NT NM\SFN
HBG ,BKF[ \GPM \GBKXPF \B NCYN [K .ZIBF KETNC OKKY\FN NGMK
,CGJN C[IKFN YXGP \GIV EGSK FKFK BN TZN .CGJM NCY\K TZF OD
49 CCGSPG FCKS | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

,L[GIM NCY\P TZF ,GRN[ OKRYG\P BNF (OKNMF) \G[DZC YZ[ QGGKM
CGJF \B OKNCYP GRKKF ,(TKV[FN R"PTC) \GRYG\P \GRGGMC GNKBG
.ZGBM (L[GIF) TZF \BG (ZGBF)
\GYYG\[F ,FGGBD) GN[ \GKTCJF \GRGM\FP NCGS BN OEBF EGT NM
\[DZF \B FGGI BN BGF EGT NM ,(OKKRVGD OKDGRT\N ,FJKN[N ,USMN
\KRIGZF \GPEY\FN OGSIPF QF[ QKCP BGF QKBG ,GNB NMC F[GCF
FP[N[ FZJPF QTPN \GEYV\P QRKB \GRGM\F Q\GB ,FH CXPC KZF ,GN[
BN[ ET[ ,QKCFNG GRMG\C [K[ FP NMP NGCSN BNB ,FZKZC QKB .GBZCR
BN { GR\GRGXZN OKRGEBN LGVFN GRN GZ[VBK[ ,\GIGM FNTPNP GTKVGK
.CGJ GRN FKFK
.FRGMR FZGXC OFC [P\[FN LKZX NCB ,EKP[FN ZGSB \GRGXZF \B
O\GB \GRVFN [K ,ZYKTC .BZGCF OT ZGCKI DK[FN Q\KR BN OFKETNC
YZ ,\KNKN[ FRGM\ OG[ QKB ,G\BKZC TCJP ,OEBC .[ZERF QGGKMN
.KNKN[ \GKFN NGMK GNNF \GRGM\C [GPK[F
ZPGN LKZX[ QG[BZF ZCEF ,GRKKIC GF[NM CXPC OKNY\R GRIRB[ TDZC
OT Z[YF \B ECBN BN[ KEM ,\BH ."LN F[GT BZGCF FP FBZ" :BGF
FZHIG FNKVR TRGP FHM Z[Y ,\BHF FC[IPC YKHIP OEBF OB .BZGCF
KFGH ,GRN[ \G[DZFFP QKJGNIN ONTR BZGCF OB QM[ .FMGPR Z\GK FDZEN
,FXGCYN ,FEGCTN ,ZVSN ZCI\FN LKZX OEBF ,FHM FZYPC .FNKVR
.QGMRF QGGKMF NB FCGJN KGRK[ FBZK BGF FP QPH ZGCTMG
OB .FBCF FDZEPN FKNTM GRNXB NCY\FN LKZX CXPG CXP NM LB
QGKSKR NM .LMP JP\[FN Z[VB KB ,QGYK\ ZGCTN FP[RF N[ FRPH TKDF
.OKZGSKF QPH \B LKZBP YZ ,JP\[FN
OKKRVGD \GRGXZ YZ GC OKND\P ,OGSIPF \B ZCGT BN OEBF EGT NM
,OGSIPF \B GZCTCG OGSIPC ,OGSIPN CGZY .OKK[GRB \GRGXZG
.QGXZ OG[C BXPR GRKB GPXT OEBF .BZGCF N[ GK\GRGXZ OEBN OKND\P
OT FPMSF BGF ,FZKIC \GMH OEBN [K GC[ EKIKF QGXZF ,ZGPBM
.BZGCF \ID[F
 LZEN FRMF 50

BCF ONGTN FHF ONGTF QKC FP

GRN QKB .OKZIB \GPNGT OD OKPKKY ,EIB CIZPC ,GR\KB EIK[ QM\KK
EPKPC OKBXPR FNB \GPNGT ,QMB .OFC OKNY\R BN GRIRBG ,O\B TDP
OKNDGSP FKFR BN ONGTN ,GRN[ TCJF \GNGCDC YZ ZB[KR OBG ,ZIB
,OKPN[G OKK\KPB \GPNGT ,GNNF OKZIBF \GPNGTC[ FBZR .O\GNDN
\GCKSF ,GRN[ ONGTC [IZ\P[ FP NMN \GCKSFG OK[ZG[F OKKGXP
GRN[ \GNGTVF \GBXG\ OD KNGBG ,GR\BP EIB NM N[ \GGPNG OKKIN
.FHF ONGTC
OFN FRYPF ,USGR [GI [GMZN GIKNXF[ ,OK[RB GRCZYC OKBXPR
\CIZF .OGKM GRN \KBZRF \GBKXPFP Z\GK FCIZ \GBKXP [GIN \GZ[VB
FP NM \B \GBZNG ,QPHF EPKP NTP \GNTN OFN \Z[VBP ,OK[GIF \NCDP
FNB OK[RB .O\GP ZIBN [IZ\K[ FPG ,FHF ONGTC O\ENGF OGKN OEY[
FRGP\F \B \GBZN ,GRN[ \G[GI\F \ZDSPN WGIP BXPKFN OKNDGSP
GRB .\GBXG\G \GCKS QKC Z[YN \NGMK KNTC OFG ,FBKZCF NM N[ \K\KPBF
\B OKBGZ BN GRB .GHF FRGP\FP IKRHG QJY YNI YZ QKCFN OKNDGSP GRPXT
.GRK\GNGTV \GMN[F \B QM[ NM ,GRN FZGY[ FP NMN \GCKSF
KZCKB \B I\VN GIKNXF OF[ BNB ,GRGPM OEB KRC OF FNB OK[RB
\B NCYN \NGMK OFN [K KM ,OKNCGYP OKBZYR ,OF .OKVSGRF OK[GIF
NB \BXN \Z[VBPF FJK[F .BZGCF IGM ,\KVGSRKB FBRF ,QGKNTF TEKF
\PMGI \BZY ,GRN[ OK[GIF \GNCDPP ,GRN[ TCJF \GNGCDN WGIP
BXPR[ FP NM \B QKCFNG NCYN OEB NMN \Z[VBP BKF[ QGGKMP ,FNCYF
GRK[GIN YZ \KPER[ ,\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B DK[FNG ,GRPNGTN ZCTP
KRVP \Z\SR BKF[ QGGKMP ,Z\SRF \PMGI \BZYR FNCYF .GRN \KRGXKIM
.OK[GIF \[PI \ZDSPC YZ OKKY\PG ,FHF ONGTN ENGR[ KP
GK\GRGM\N OK[EI \GRGXZG \GRGM\ NCYN OEBN \Z[VBP GHF FJK[F
.FNGM \GBKXPF N[ \K\KPB F[GI\ NCYN NMGK BGF OMG\CG ,\GENGPF
QKCFN NDGSP OEB NM ,FYKPTPG \KRKXZ ,\CMZGP FJK[F[ KV NT UB
F[GI\ OEBF DK[K OZJC KM OKRTGJ OKNCGYPF ,QM NT Z\K .F\GB O[KKNG
ONGTF \GNGCDN WGIP NB G\BKXK KRVNG ,GN[ OGKYF N[ FBNPG \K\KPB
.CG[G CG[ FHF ONGTC ENGGKFN CKKI FKFK BGF ,GKKI LNFPC KP[DF
\TC KRIGZF ONGTCG GRN[ ONGTC ,OK[IG OKKI[ OK[RB OF OKNCGYP
,OFKZCEN .OFN[ \GRCG\FG TEKF \B GRN OKZKCTPF OFG ,\IB FRGTCG
51 BCF ONGTN FHF ONGTF QKC FP | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

FPGEC[ ,\GPNGT ,OKZIB OKCZ \GPNGT EGT OKPKKY ,GRN[ ONGTF ECNP
QG\I\F ONGTF ,GRN[ ONGTF Z[BM ,FH LG\C FH OKBXPRF OKNDTPN
.OKNDTPF NM N[ OZGCJC ,Z\GKC QJYF KHMZPF NDTPC BXPR ,Z\GKC
.OGYK OKBZGY GRB ,FHF QJYF NDTPN
GB ,OKNDTP F[KPI [K NMF LSC ."ONGT" KGZY OKNDTPFP EIB NM
OKNDTPF \BG ,G\GB YZ [GIN NDGSP ,OKKGSP NDTPC BXPR[ KP .\GPNGT
,OKKRGXKIF OKNDTPF \B BN LB ,OKRG\I\F \GPNGTF OF[ ,OKKPKRVF
,Z\GKC QG\I\F NDTPF LG\C ,GRN[ ONGTC ,QMN .OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF OF[
,GN[ OK[GIF \ZHTC OEBF OB ,NCB .ECNC G\GB YZ [GIN OKNDGSP GRB
G\GB QF ,[I BGF ,Z\GK FGCD NDTP BGF[ ,KRIGZF ONGTN \GNTN IKNXP
.GRPP OKMGPRF OKNDTPF NM \B QFG
NMN OKTEGP OF QMNG ,NKCYPC \GPNGT FPMC OKNCGYP OKKI LM
,OEBF .GRPNGTC OKTGZKBFG \GKG[IZ\FF N[ \GMN[FFG \GCKSF
,OKVSGR F[KI KZCKB NCYP BGF[ FEKPCG ,FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC
NM ,HBG .\NNGMFG FCIZF FRGP\F \B GK\G[GI\ NMC "\GBZN" NKI\P
FNDP OEBF ,QM[ ,QFKNBP \GZGZC \GMVGF GN[ \GNGTVFG \GC[IPF
.KRIGZF [ZG[F \B ,QFN[ ZGYPF \B
FND\PF \GBKXPF \RGP\ \CIZ\P ,\KRIGZ FDZEP NMCG ,OTV NMC
\MVGF BKF[ QGGKMP ,"KN[ ONGTF" GB "FHF ONGTF" \BZYR BKFG ,OEBN
FNDK[ ,FRGP\FP USGR TJY ZPGNM ,DK[F OZJ[ FPG ;OEBF N[ GPNGTN
FDZEC[ LM NT HPZPF O[ ,"BCF ONGTF" KGZY ,FBCF \KRIGZF FDZEC
\B FNDK BGF ,TDZ EGTC DK[K[ QM\KK F\GB[ ,GN[ \KEK\TF \KRIGZF
.GHF FRGP\F
,GN[ \K\KPBG FZGZC FRCFG ,KRIGZF ONGTF NB FBKXKF \JK[
BN KRIGZF ONGTC[ QGGKMP :\KZYKTG FEKIK \KRIGZ FRGM\ NT \GSSGCP
N[ ONGT BGF KRIGZF ONGTF[ QGGKMPG ,\GNGCDG OKKP[D OKVGD OKPKKY
NECFC OKEEPR OKKRIGZ OKPXT QKC OKNECFF KHB ,\GVKB[G \GRGM\
\GRGM\F NMC OKPBG\ OKKRIGZ OKJYKKCGB KR[ OB .OFK\GRGM\C[
\GVKB[ { OKJYKKCGB KR[ OBG .EIB UGDN OKEIB\P OF ,OFN[
\EKPC OKCGZY GB OKYIGZP OKC[IR OF ,FHP FH OKNECR { \GKRIGZ
.OFKRKC \GRGM\F \PB\F
FVKB[F ,GCG ,\GVKB[F FE[ BNB ,KSKV=KP[D CIZP GRKB KRIGZ CIZP
GH BKF ,Z\GKC F\GIRF FVKB[FG ,BZGCF NB FVKB[F BKF Z\GKC FRGKNTF
 LZEN FRMF 52

\GKRIGZ \GDZE [PI \GPKKY ,GNB \GEDGRP \GVKB[ K\[ QKC .FN \EDGRPF
GK\GRGM\ KGRK[N OB\FC ,TGRN NDGSP OEBF .\GPNGT \GBZYRF ,\GKZYKT
N[ \GRGXZN OKGG\[P GK\GRGXZ[ TDZC .FNBF \GPNGTF LG\C GK\GVKB[G
.\GKPKRVF GK\G[GI\C Q\KB EIB\P BGF ,\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FDZE
FVKB[ N[ FDZE ,Z\GKC F\GIRF \KRIGZF FDZEC ENGR OEBF
EGT ,OEBF \ZJP[ BNB .FHF ONGTF \BZYRF ,\JNIGP \KJSKBGDB
\GDZEF NM \B ZGCTN ,OKKP[DF OKKICG KSKVF UGDC [CGNP G\GKFC
FDZEF BGF[ ,BZGCF OT GK\GRGM\C DHP\FNG ,\GPNGTF N[ \GKRIGZF
,BZGCN FZGXF \GG\[F TGXKC ZIBN ,OEBF ,LM .Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF
\ZJP GH ,BZGCF GPM \GKFN .\GVKB[FG \GPNGTF NM \B GPXTC NGNMK
.FBKZCF
FZGY[ FP \B OK[I GRIRB GRN[ ONGTC OD ,QGKNTF ONGTN FPGEC
NT ,KRGXKI GF[P [GIN KEM .\GRGM\F KGFKH QGZYT KVN ,"GRN FXGIP"
ZCEF FPGE .[I BGF[ FTVG\N \GFHF \GRGM\ KNTC \GKFN F[KIF ZCKB
N[ ZE\ G\GB NT QGGMP \GKFN LKZX ,\ZGE[\ JGNYN KEM[ ,GKEZ JNYPN
\GFH GK\GRGM\[ ,OKCZ KRP EIB ,KVKXVSF ZE[C [GIK BGF HBG ,NDF
\B YZ ,GRN[ FCKCSF LG\P OK[I GRIRB OD ,QVGB G\GBC .GN[ \GRGM\N
.GRN[ OK[GIF \MZTP \B \GPBG\[ \GTVG\F
\B YZ BNB ,GRN FXGIP BXPRF \B GNKVB OK[I GRRKB ,QM NT Z\K
KRGXKIF NGYF \B OKJNGY GRRKB ,BPDGEN .\GKRGXKI \GTV[FN GRK\GCGD\
QP FBXG\M ,GRN[ QHGBF N[ FRZCPPF \HGH\ \B OK[I BNB ,GPXT
NDF \B OK[KDZP GRRKB ,\BH LZEC .NGYF ZGYPP BC[ ,KZKGGBF UEFF
GRN[ F[KIF KZCKB NM .NDF WINN GRN[ QHGBF \CGD\ \B BNB ,GPXT
,GF[NM KRGXKI KGZKDN GRN[ \GCGD\F \B YZ OKJNGY GRIRB[ ,LM OKKGRC
.GRPXT \B OK[I GRB ZCE N[ GVGSC ,ZPGNM
\GKFN OKCKKI GRIRB ,KRGXKI KGZKD NT GHM FZGXC CKDFN KEM OD[ ,BNB
GNKBG ,QGCNT NT CKDP OEB ,BPDGEN .KGZKDF \RGM\N FFH FRGM\ KNTC
CKDFN NDGSP GRRKB OEB .GHF FRGM\F GC QKB[ QGGKMP ,CKDK BN ZCMT
\B \GPBG\F \GRGM\ NTC GRRKB[ QGGKMP ,OKKRIGZ \GIGM N[ OKKGZKDN
KHB ,\GKRIGZF \GRGM\F \B [GMZK[ FEKPC .FNBF OKKGZKDF \GRGM\
OKFHF ,OKKRIGZF \GIGMF \B JGNYN NKI\K EKKP ,GKEZ JNYPN FPGEC
,\G[EI \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ \NCY \ZHTC YZ .NCYK[ \GKRIGZF \GRGM\N
.KRIGZF ONGTF ,[EIF ONGTF \B [GIN OEBF Z[MGK
53 \TEN NTP FRGPB | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\TEN NTP FRGPB

Z[BM LB .KPXT KGNKPG YGVKS BGF ,GKKI LZGBN OEB [YCP[ FP NM
YYG\[FN NKI\P BGF ,LZGXF KE YVSP GRKB KGZ[ BGF GC[ CXPF
FRKF GBZGCN OEBF \GYYG\[F .BZGCF ,K\KPBF GCXP ZGYP \D[FN
GKNT ,FDK[FN KEM .GPXT \B ZKMFNG EGPNN G\VKB[C FRGKNTF FDZE#F
QKCN GRKC NG[MP FGGFPF ,GN[ OHKBGDBF NGP OKRV NB OKRV CXKK\FN
.BZGCF
ECNCG ,EIB NM OT IIG[N QMGP ONGSF NTC FKF ,\BH Z[VBN KEM
[PK[ Z\GK ZIGBP[ ,QG\KT ZGBN BKXGF UB BGF .OKEKPN\ GKNB GTKDK[
,BGF SYGEZVF .OK[RB GTKDF BN JTPM ,ONGB ."FZG\ Q\P" ZVSN SKSC
OKCZ [K \TMG ,OKEKPN\ GKF BN LB OKNCGYP OKZGP GKF OTV[
,CXPF .OKPEGYF \GZGECM OKNCGYP ZCM QKB NCB ,EGPNN OKRKKRGTPF
,QGZSKI [K :FKZGJSKFC FRG[BZF OTVF GH ZXGR ,OGKM OKKGZ[ GRB GC[
L[GI LG\N GR\GB OKYIGE FNTPNP GNKBG ,FJPNP OXT\PG LNGFF LZGX
TDZC KM ,BGF G[GZKV[ OG[P ,EGBP KGXZ CXP GFH .Z\GK EGT YGPT KRIGZ
FKF\[ ,FCG[\ FNTPNP NCYR ,KGIKE KNC KZF ,K\KPB QGXZ GRN FKFK[
.GRRGXZ \B YGKEC \PBG\
OKZGSKF \EKP KEK NT \TCYR ,BZGCN OEBF QKC[ FCFBF \PXGT
\GEGF ,\GYYG\[FG ,KNMC ZGBF ZETF \BVP OKZGSK ;\GYYG\[FFG
,ZCEF [GZKV .GC \GYCEKFF \TC BZGCF ZGB KEK NT KGNKPF \[GI\N
FCG[\ NCYK BGF ,OKK\KPB \GRGXZ GPXTC ZGCXN OEBF NMGK OB[
.F\GBR
F\GB [KDZFNG ,\GKRIGZN WGZVN OKSRPF ,OK[RB OKNY\R GC[ ,K[GYF
\B OKR\GR OF QKB[ ,BGF QFKRKPN \GKVGSGNKV N[ KRGKT EGPKN \ZHTC
,GRN[ KJSKBGDBF TCJF N[ ZXG\ BNB GRKB NM[F KM ,FECGTN O\TE
OK[RB .NM[C \GKRIGZF \B DK[FN \GZ[VB OG[ OFN QKB ,QMNG
GRKNT NCGYP QM[ ,GH LZEC \MNN ,CGZN ,OKJGR FNCY EGPNN OKNKI\PF
.NMN \PEGY \TEF[ ,CG[IN
BGF ,"\TEFP FNTPN" N[ LZEC LNGF OEBF[M ,QM KZIB ONGBG
,DGRT\ NMP \GRFKN QGXZ ,GEGSKC BGF KJSKBGDBF KNMF[ ,QKCFN NKI\P
 LZEN FRMF 54

GRGXZ ,KRIGZF KNMF ,\BH \PGTN BZGCC ZG[Y[ DGRT\FP BYGGE GBNG
.OEBF KEKP ,BZGCN DGRT\ OGZDN [BZP QGGMP
LB .GRNM[C GRKCFN OKNE\[PG ,FEKY[C GC OKBZGY ,ZVS OKI\GV GRB
OGSIPF \B ZGCTN UB Q\KR BN .GC CG\M Z[B \B [KDZFN Q\KR BN NM[C
FRCFF \GTXPBC ,KRIGZF ONGTF QKCN FHF ONGTF QKC EKZVPF ,KRIGZF
.FECN
TEKP OKECTP O\GKFC ,OKKR[P OF ,GR\TEG\ UBG ,GRN[ NM[F
.ECNC ZHT ZK[MP BGF NM[F .O\P[DFNG \GRGXZF KGNKPN OKTKKSPG
QKICK EKP ,FRCF BNG F[DZF NNM[N BGF ZYKTF KM ,QKCK OEBF[ TDZCG
.QGPKBCG NDZFC FRGPJ FKTCF .KRIGZF ONGTN NKCGPF NKC[C
,FNKI\ QKCFN YYG\[P BGF .GK\G[GI\ NT LGPSN NDZGF BN OEBF
BGF FP O[N ,NG[MPF BGF NM[F OB LB .NGTVNG [KDZFN QM KZIB YZG
NTVR ZPGNM ,\TEF NTP LNR[ FHC NCB ,G\GB I\VRG NKEDR[ KEM ?GRN Q\KR
NM NTG ,FKKTJG KGSKR NT \\\[GP "\TEF NTP" LZEF .F[DZFF \ZHTC
\GCKSR \B \GBZN NKI\FNG ,GPXT \GIGMC OGYNG NGVKN ,FC LNFP[ KP
.\KRIGZF G\GPEY\FC FNTPNP \R\KR[ FZHTM OGKPGKF
O\ZJPG ,OFKPGEG TZF QG[N ,TZF QKT QGDM ,BZGCF BZC OKCZ \GIGM
.GPXTC JGN[N OEBF \B EPNN :\IB
GNKVB ,ZPGNM ."LKYGNB ’F OT \MN TRXFG" :ZPGB CFHF NNM
OK[RBP QM[ NMG ,GK\GZJP \B TKRXFN OEB CKKI ,GPXT GN[ OHKBGDBFP
,FNKNI ,GB ,\GDFR\FC FCKCSFP FRG[ \GKFN LZGX QKB \BH OT .OKZIB
OK[RB \XKIPC G\GKFC ,OEBF[ BNB ,EIB NM OT IIG[NP TRPKFN
QKPHFN NGNT ,FH NNM NT FZKP[ KB .\GKNNM \GIK[ YZ NFRN CKKI ,OKZH
EIK OKEPGN[ OK[RB CZYC GNKVB .Z\GKC OKKNKN[ \GIGM N[ FTV[F
OF QM[ ,GFTZN [KB O\CFBG BZGCN O\CFB NT ZCEN LZGX QKB ,FNCY
.\K[KBF O\[GI\G \KJZVF O\TE \B YZ LMC GBJCK
\GIGM N[ O\TV[FN \GEGF ,\ZXGR FNCY OKEPGNF OK[RB \XGCY
OGK KEPG ,\V\G[P OKKI \ZJP OK[MGZ OF ;BZGCF \GIGM ,OKRGKNT
CZY\FN EXKM ,YZ BKF FNB[F .OFKRKT EDRN \ZFC\PG FZJPF \MNGF
.Z\GK ZKFP CXYC FKNB
,\K\I\C OKKGXP GRB :BZGCF QKCN GRKRKC EGBP ZGZC DZEP GR[K
OKCN[F ONGSC \GNTN GRKNTG ;Z\GKC FRGKNTF FEGYRC BXPR BZGCFG
55 \TEN NTP FRGPB | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\IB .\GRG[ \GNT\F KMZE \GPKKY .BZGCN ET KIMGRF GRPGYPP ,FHF

\GZZGT\FC .(FJPNP \GZZGT\F) "B\\NE B\GZT\B" KEK NT ,BKF QFP
YYG\[FN OEBF NKI\P ,FNTPNP FTV[FFP FBXG\M FBC[ ,GH
EGPNN NKI\P ,OKZVS BZGY BGF .\KRIGZ FKNTNG FD[FN GPXTC
CKCS FXGCYM EMN\FN OKDFGR GKF OKNCGYPF KEKPN\ .EGTG FXGCYC
QGXZ FZHIC NCYNG ,KNNMF LG\KFF ZGMN OFK\GRGXZ \B ZGSPN ,FZGPF
ZCI NMC .KJZVF=KRG[BZF ORGXZP OKRGP \GZ[T NGED BGF[ ,EIGBP
GMZE \B ZXYN OEBN TKKSK Z[B ,LZT=ZYK "IGM" OKBGZ GKF FXGCYN
.FHF ONGTC OKNGDND \GZ[TC \KRIGZF
KM ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C ,F"RY UKTSC C\M ONGSF NTC
Z[B \B GMG\P BKXGFN OKKG[T ,ZVS G\GB CKCS OKC[GKF ,OKEKPN\
.LMC OKXGZ OF FP O[N GRKCK[ ECNCG ,OCNC[ CBMF [YCP
GKF ZCTC .OKZIBF NM KRVC GPXT NJCN OFP EIBG EIB NM NT
GKF BNG ,\GEGTSC OFKEKPN\ OT EIK OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF OKSRM\P
FH ZCE .GSRM\F FP[N[ \KRIGZF FZJPF \B ,\IB FYEN GNG ,OKIMG[
GNMGK FKZCI[ KEM ,FXGCYF \KKRC N[ OKRG[BZF OKCN[C EGT F[TR
FCZYN OD FNKCGP ,Z\GK ZIGBP[ ,FCZY ,FHN FH \KSKV CZY\FN
\GYYG\[FG ,EIK \GKFN FXGCYF KZCIP EIBG EIB NM UB[K OB .\KRIGZ
.FZFPC [PP\K FH LZGX KZF ,GCNC [BM ZTC\ \GKRIGZN
"BNKTNE B\GZT\B" ,FKR[ LZE OD [K ,FJPNP \GZZGT\FF EXNG
.OEBF \B OPGZPG FNTP GPXTC BZGCF ,FC[ LZE ,(FNTPNP \GZZGT\F)
FKNT BKF FNTPNP \GZZGT\F[ ,BGF GNNF OKMZEF K\[ QKC NECFF
FNB .\GK[KB \GVKB[N Z[Y BNN ,GRN[ ONGTF NM N[ \KJKBG FTGCY
OBG .FNCY EGPKNN OKBKCP O\GB ,\K[KB \GYYG\[FG FVKB[ OKNDP[
OKNKI\P OKRGKNTF \GIGMF[ KZF ,OFN Q\KR[ FPC OK[P\[P ORKB
,G\EGCTN \GRKXZF BGNPC SIKK\FN OEBF CKKI QMN .OFP \BH TGC\N
.FNTPNP GN OKYKRTP[ \GKGRPEHFNG
GRY\N Q\KR[ OHKBGDBF GFH ."QCBF CN" { "QKXGXR C"N" GRC OKPKKY
\B QY\N GKEKC YZ KM ,"IK[P" FRGMPF KNNMF ZGBF N[ GBGC ZIBN YZ
OHKBGDBF N[ FH YNI QGYK\N \GYYG\[F \GNDN YZ GRKNT .OHKBGDBF
IK[P FP[G FTVG\ [IZ\\ EKKP ,FHM QGXZ GRC ZXGGKK[ TDZCG ,GRPNGTC
.FHF ONGTF KNCIP GR\GB NBDK BGFG
 LZEN FRMF 56

TCJN NTP NGTVN

O\GTXPBC[ ,OKKRIGZ \GIGM [GMZK BN EGT NM ,FZKIC [VGI OEBN QKB
EGDKRC NGTVN [VGIF BGF FZKIC [VGI .TCJFP FNTPN NGTVN NMGK
.GK\GJNIFC K[VGI OEBF ,HB YZG HB .OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZN
BZCRF BGF[ ,\GRFKN QGXZ ,OKCN[ FTCZBC BZC ,BZGCFP BXGKF ZGBF
.GRN[ ONGTN TKDP[ ET ,"O[D\FN" FDZEFC NKI\P FH EKIK BZCR .EKIKF
\GDZEPC ."FP[R" KGZY YKYNI NMG ,OKYKYNI KRGPFN WVR\P BGF QBM
\PKKY LM O[N .QFN[ \GRGM\F \B FDZEFC \GP[RF \GR[P ,FKNTF
,OGYPN OGYPP \GP[RF \B UZF BNN FZKCTPF \EIGKP FDFRF \MZTP
.Q\GNNMC GRYG\KG ,GH \B GH GPKN[K ,GHN GH GZHTK[ KEM
OKNGTF OK[RB KEKC GC\MR ,FNCYFG FZG\F ,[EGYF KZVS NM
GZCT OKCZ .\GKIRF GRN OKC\GM OF GNB \GDZEPPG ,\GKRIGZ \GDZEPC
OKB[Z ONGM BN OFKVNG ,OKPKKGSP OKBR\ OKPKKY LB ,GNB \GDZEPC
GNCKYG FRGZIBF FDZEPF \B GDK[F[ OKNCGYP F[GN[ YZ OR[K .CG\MN
,"ZFGHF" ZVS \B ZCKI[ ,QGTP[ KCZ :FJK[F \B ZB\N ,NTGVC \G[Z
"ZFGHF" ZVSN OK[GZV C\M[ ,("ONGSF NTC") DN[B CZFG ,K"ZBF
.K"ZBF KZVSNG
OFC BZGYF OEBN \Z[VBPF FZGXC ,OKCG\M GNBF OKZVSF NM
DK[P OEBF[ FEKPC .GK\GRGM\ NMC BZGCF N[ G\PZN \GG\[FNG ,\GNTN
.K[VGI F[TR BGF .QF[NM \GNCDF EGT GKNT \GNI BN ,BZGCF \GRGM\ \B
LVGF ,BZGCN GK\GRGM\C FGG\[PF OEB LB ,EKIK ORPB BGF BZGCF ZGB
.OKZIBN ZGBF ZGYP GPXTC \GKFN
FJPNP \GDZEPC OEBF \KKNTN SIKK\FN OKJTPP FNCYF KZVS
\GI\V\FF LZGXN Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF GFH GRZGCT KM UB ,FNTPN
LG\PG ,OKNCGYP GIN[[ OKC\MP LG\P EGPNN Q\KR FH B[GR .\KRIGZF
,GRRGCBEN ,JTGP ,FGGNR ZPGI F[TPN OF FNB NM .GC\M[ OKZPBP
K"ZBF KC\M ,"ZFGHF" ZVS) OKZVSC KHMZP I\R .OPXT OKZVSN
\GDZEPF \GN[N\[F EGPKNN [EYGP ("\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"G
.FJPN FNTPNP
\KRG[BZ FVKIE OEBN \\N LKZX FHF ZPGIF NM[ ,BKF LMN FCKSF
FD[F ZIBN ."FHF ONGTF" KGZYF CXPF \D[FC GN TKKS\[ ,BN G\G
57 TCJN NTP NGTVN | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

OEBF[M .KRIGZF ONGTF NB OGSIPF LZE \BXN OEBF NMGK GH \KRG[BZ

\GN[N\[F NT OKZVSPF ,GNNF OKZVSF NM ,KRIGZF ONGTF LG\C BXPKK
GN \GKFN OKMVGF ,\GZKVSFG OKVGXZVF ,\GPNGTF \KKRC ,FJPN FNTPNP
GPM ZCEF G\GB BKF ,F[TPN[ ,FNTPN FJPNP FKNTN \GKIRF KVEM
.\GN[N\[FF
Z[T EGPN\" KVN EPGNG KF[NM \KRIGZ FDZEC BXPR[ OEBN
,NNM FR[P FH QKB ,Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEP \GRGM\ NT ,"\GZKVSF
FKNTF NT GB FJPN FNTPNP \GPNGTF \GN[N\[F NT EPGN BGF OB
,Z\GK FFGCDF FDZEPF \GRGM\ \B EPNK[ ,BGF CG[IF .FNTPN FJPNP
BN QKKET FP ,\KR[G ,\GG\[FNG UGB[N [K FP NB ,\TEN KEM ,\K[BZ
.GMG\C QYK\
,BZGCN KF[NM FEKPC FGG\[PF ,OEB N[ G\P[R CXP BGF "ONGT"
,FP[RF CXP BGF "FHF ONGTF" .ZGBC FBNP G\P[R ,\BHF FEKPCG
CXP BGF ONGT .D[GP YZ BGF "FHF ONGTF" .ZCE OG[C FBNPR BN[
FP[RF[ G[GZKV ,"FHF ONGTF" KGZYF ,FP[RF CXP .FP[R ,KNM ,\GMNP
KGZY GRKB[ ,"FHF ONGTF" CXP .JNIGP L[GIC FKKGXPG ,KZPDN \KRYKZ
F[TPN KM ,KRIGZ NGMKCM ,K\TEG\ BGF \BH \GZPN ,"KRIGZ ONGT" QKKET
FRICF ZCM [K OEBN ,FH CXPC .KRIGZF ONGTN FSKRMF US NT CXP GFH
G\DZE NV[C ZKMP BGFG ,BGF KPG ,BKF FP ,\GKRIGZN Z[BC FZGZC
.\GKRIGZN SIKC
\B F[GT BGF GC[ ,FH BGF OEBF \GI\V\FC K\GTP[PF CN[F
\EZN ,\GZIB OKNKPC ,BGF[ ,"FHF ONGTF" CXPN KIMGRF GCXPP LZEF
\B OEBF UGIEK QMP ZIBN .ZGZCG EI QVGBC FH CXP [GING OKZXPN
.KRIGZF ONGTF NB ,"FHF ONGTF" CXPP ,ECNC GK\GIGM \GTXPBC ,GPXT
QM[ ,GKF BNM \GDGPR GK\GKTC NM ,KRIGZF ONGTN SRMR OEB GC[ TDZC
IGMF OT YGEF Z[Y [MZ OEBF .OEBN QKZ[KPC BZGCF ZKBP \TM
OKZ[Y\P GRB[ O[M [PP ,G\B Z[Y\PG ZK[K TDPC G\B BXPR ,QGKNTF
,GRN[ ONGTF \DZEPC GC GZZGT\F[ \GNB[F NM .GRN[ ONGTC FHN FH
.\IB \CC \GZZC\P ,\GMGZB JCI\F QFC[G
FCGD\M .KNM BKF FNB[ QM[ ,\GVSGR \GNB[ \GVSGG\P FDZE NMC
\KRIGZF FDZEPF \NKI\P .\GIGMG TEK ,\GCG[\ \GBC GNB \GNB[N
OEB \P[R" ,\GZGYPC CG\M .\GKTC EGT QKB ,LNKBG Z\GKC FRG\I\F
CG[ .OEY\FN EXKM G\GB \EPNP FPXT OEBF \P[R ,ZPGNM ."GREPN\
 LZEN FRMF 58

\KRIGZF FRKEPF KCIZC GPXT JGGRP NGMKCM \TMG ,L[GIC KGZ[ BGF QKB
.QVXPG FVP \ZHTC
N[ KPKRVF FCXP BGFG ,FZ\SF BKF[ ,FPNTF QG[NP BC "ONGT" CXP
,KMG\CG KCKCSP BXPR[ BZGCFPG ,KN[ "KRB"FP ,FP[RFP WGI .FP[RF
N[ \GVY\[F YZ BGF ,KCKCS OKKY[ KN FPER[ FP NM .ZCE OKKY BN
BN ,\GRYG\P K\GRGM\ GKF GNKB .OK[GIC KN[ \GRYG\P BNF \GRGM\F
CXPF GFH .ZGBC KNMF KGNKP ,KYR KRIGZ ZGB ECNP ZCE [KDZP K\KKF
.UGS=QKB ONGTC
\EKP KVNG ,\KYNI \RYG\P FP[RF GC[ ,OKKRKC CXP BGF "ONGT"
[K[ F[KDZP BKF ,\RYG\P FRKB[ FEKPC .BZGCF \B F[KDZP QGYK\F
KGZYF GF[P ,FTV[FCG ,IGMC ,\GNGMKC BZGCN EDGRPF GF[P FCKCS
QKC ,NGMKCM \BXPR FP[RF ,FH FZYPC .(FBPGJ \GIGM) "BZIB BZJS"
.F[GEYG FBPGJ :\GIGM KR[
FZ\SF [KDZFN Q\KR BN[ KRVP ,QKDGZKSN Z\SRG FNDR BZGCF FH CXPC
\TEN KNC ,L[GIC KGZ[ F\B[ \TEN QKB[ KVM ,OKKGSP KGNKD QKB OB
.ZGB [K[
BGF FZ\SFF \EKP KVNG BZGCF \B [KDZP OEBF KGNKDF \EKP KVN
FZ\SF [K GRN[ ONGTC OB .OKKJSKGDBF FBPGJF \GIGM [KDZP
.BZGCN OKEDGRPF \GIGMC KZPDN BNP\P OEBF ,BZGCF N[ \JNIGP
\GIGMN FBGG[FC OKIKRH OF ,GRN[ OHKBGDBF \GCZN ,FNB \GIGM
.OKKRIGZF FBPGJF
FND\P BZGCF[ NMMG ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEF ONGSC SVJP OEBF[ NMM
FNB OKEDGRP \GIGM .BZGCN OKEDGRPF \GIGMF OD OKNED LM ,GKNB
\GIGMF .\GNKXBF ONGT ETG FHF ONGTFP ,LZEF LZGB NMN OKBXPR
,(BZIB BZJSF \GIGM) OKBPJF \GIGMFG ,(BZGCF \GIGM) OK[GEYF
.FNBN FNB NKCYPC OKBXPR
59 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

"\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KCN["

\GCG[\G \GNB[

EGPKNF LZE
?FNCY OKEPGN FP O[N
\B YZ BN BGZYN GRKNT ,FNCYF EGPKN N[ G\KNM\ KFP \TEN KEM
QKC[ Z[YF NT OD BNB ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF NT OKNCGYPF KZCSF
.GRN[ ONGTF QKCN OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
FZXGR[ FBKZCC YSGT EIB YNI .OKYNI KR[ QKC NKECFN Q\KR FNCYC
,BZCR NMF QVGB FHKBC :("FBKZCF \C[IP") BZGCF N[ FC[IPF LG\P
GC[ "GRN[ ONGTF" KGZY[ CXPN TKDF[ ET FJPN FNTPNP N[N\[FG
."\GPNGTF \GN[N\[F" KGZY FH YNI .OKPKKY GRB
.FBKZCC EKIKF IGMF BGF FH ZGB .ZGB BXGK BZGCFP[ ZPBR FH YNIC
OKSIKF .GKNT DRT\FN ,G\GB NCYN QGXZF BGF[ KNM GPXTN FRGC ZGBF
EKIKF ZCEF .FBKZCF NMN SKSC OKGGFP KNMF QKCN ZGBF QKC OKKEEFF
GBKCFN KEM ,G\GB FR[P ,QPHF NM GKNT TKV[P ZGBFG ,KNMF BGF BZCR[
.Z\GKC ON[GPF ,Z\GKC CGJF CXPN
,BKF FCKSF ?FNKI\MNP ON[GP KNM FRGC BZGCF QKB ,QM OB ,TGEP
[KDZFN OKRMGP \GKFN FNKI\ OKCKKI ,ON[GPF CXPC BXPKFN KEM[
CXPF \B ,KEDRF CXPF \B ZGCTN OKCKKI ,FH CXP [KDZFN KEMG .FH CXP
.\KNM\C ON[GP K\NCF
\GYIZ\F ,FEKZK BGF ’B YNI .OKYNI KR[P \CMZGP FBKZC NM QMN
Z[BMG ."GRN[ ONGTF" :Z\GKC TGZDF CXPN ET FJPN BZGCFP ,\GPN[FP
\PN[FN Z\GKC OKCGJF OKBR\F OKZXGR ,GRN[ ONGTF NB TKDP BZCRF
.OEBF \DZE
OD OF ,Z\GKC OKTGZDF OKBR\F ?Z\GKC OKCGJF OKBR\F OFP
\GRGM\ OT BZCR OEBF ,ZPGNM .FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FN Z\GKC OKCGJF
FZKIC [VGI KEM LG\ ,QM KZIB .BZGCN QKJGNIN \GEDGRP ,Z\GKC \GIGE
,FNTPN FJPNP FKNTF \B NKI\P BGF ,FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC ,OKKGSP
.FNTPNP G\P[R FN[N\[F QFC[ ,\GDZEPF Q\GBC YGKEC
 LZEN FRMF 60

BGF OBG ,FZKIC [VGI OEBN Q\KR QVGB FHKBC ZZCR ,OKZCEF L[PFC
FZKIC [VGI ,OXTC ,[K GR\BP KPNG GC [P\[P OEBF LKB ,NNMC OKKY
OKNGTF ,OKNCGYPN YZ KMG ,GDBF KECT GRNGM[ IMGGKR ,QM GPM .K\KPB
OKNCYP OF ORGYK\ \EKP KVN KMG ,FZKIC [VGI [K ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTN
.ONGTF \B DKFRFN \NGMKF \B OFKEKN
NT OKEPN GRB ,N"H K"ZBF KC\MC ,"ZFGH"C ,\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\C
.GRN[ ONGTN ET BZGCFP ZGBF \GN[N\[F
\DZE NB GRN[ ONGTFP FZHIC OEBF \KKNT \B ZB\PF ,KR[F YNIF
\EGCT" \BZYR GH FEGCT .KEPN \NVZGTP FZGXC OKZVSC ZMHGP ,BZGCF
.BZGCN G\ZGX \B OEBF FGG[P F\ZHTC[ ,"O[F
IKMGFN Q\KR LKBG ,BZGCF \B [KDZFN \KETNCF LZEF BKF FNCYF OBF
?\BH
\B FNKI\ LN FBZB[ QKKRGTP KZF F\B .\KETNC LZE ,QMB ,KFGH
KPXTC K\YEC KM ,TEGK KPXT KRB .\MNN LZE GHKBC JKNI\ HBG ,BZGCF
KZCEN QKPBFN LKZX LRKB ,\BH OT .FEKIKFG \IBF LZEF GH[ ,K\KBZG
KRGKDF ZCE OG[ QKB[ ,IMGGK\ EKPG ,EGPNN NKI\FN JG[V LKNT .FNB
NM \B CKXPG ,GRN[ ONGTF N[ FBNPF FRGP\F \B ZB\PF ,Z\GK KTEPG
Z[BP Z\GK K\GBKXP ZCE QKB ,QPGYPC \GZIBF "\GPMGI"FG OKTEPF
O\GBXPKFG ,OKZIBF OKTEPF NM N[ \GI\V\FF KZIB BYGGEG .FNCYF
N[ \K\KPBFG FEKIKF FPMGIF FNTPNP FND\P ,OG\S KGCPC OGKF
."\PBF \PMGI" \BZYR FNCYF QMN .FBKZCF
?ONGTF \B NKX\ FNCYF OBF
NTP KGXP[ ,KRIGZ IGM BKF FNCYF ."ZFGHF" ZVS QTGJ YGKEC LM
GRB GC[ CXPFP .ONGTF QGYK\ O[N G\GB LG[PN GRKNTG GRN[ ONGTF
.GRKEK=GPC GRPXT \B WNIN OKNDGSP GRRKB ,OKRG\R
\GKJSKP \GYKRMJG OKMZE OKSRP GRCKCS OK[RB[ ,OKBGZ GRB
,JY TDZN GNG ,OFN Z[VBPF ,FTDZF ZPGI N[ DGS F[TPN QF[ ,QFKRKPN
\B ZG\VN OKIKNXP ORKB OF ONGB .OFKRVC \GCXKRF \GKTCFP IGZCN
\ZJPP QKJGNIN OEBF \B Y\RP FH YGSKT[ BKF LMN FCKSF .\GKTCF
[IM\P OEBF ,ZPGNM .OEY\FN LKZX BGF GKNB[ OGYPFP ,OKKIF
.BZGCF G\GB CKXF GC[ ,FHF ONGTFP Y\R\PG ,FHF ONGTC GPGKYN KZPDN
.Y\R\P BGF GNKBG ,OKKGSP QVGBC ,G\GB NKCGFN FXGZ BZGCF
61 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

ZXK TGEP ?OEBN FZGY FH TGEP :\GCZ \GNB[ \GZZGT\P FH QKKRTC

TGEP ?GRKEKC O\GB Q\RG "\GY\R\F" OKZ[VBPF FNBM OKTXPB BZGCF
OKZ\GV BN LB ,FBGVZF \ZHTC \GPKKGSP \GKTCP ZJVKFN OKNGMK GRIRB
?FNCYF \GTXPBC GNB \GKTC
,OKTXPB KRKP NM OTG OKPS OT OKN[FN NMG\ BN ONGTN \G[GRBF
.FBKZCF \ZJPP OEBF \B KZPDN OKY\RP[

\KRIGZ \GI\V\F
?G\GI\V\FC BZCR ZCGT OKCXP GNKB
CXPF ."UGS=QKB ONGT" FNCYC KGZY[ ,BZCR N[ EKIK CXP ZXK BZGCF
\GDHP\FN TKDK BZCRF GCG OKKGRK[ OG[ KNC ,FZGX F\GBC EKP\ OKKY FHF
FH CXP FND\P OFK\G[GI\C ,OKBZCRN Z[BC LB .BZGCF OT FBNP
.UGSG TXPB ,FNI\F GN [K QMNG ,FDZEFC
"OKKRKCF CXP" .FBKZCF \T[C FHF CXPF OGKYM \C[IR "FNI\F"F
BZGCF N[ BNP KGNKD TKDP UGSCNG FHF ONGTC BZGCF Z\SF BGF
.OKBZCRN
.’D CXP ,’C CXP ,’B CXP OB\FC OKBZYR FNB OKCXP
JNG[ JNIGPF CGJF .TZ N[ KGJKCN OGYP NNM QKB ’D=G ’B OKCXPC
,OKKRKCF CXP { ’C CXPC .BZCRN SIKC BZGCF N[ FEKIKF FRGM\M
.Z\SGP CGJ EPGT OFKRVN[ \GZPN ,TZ N[ \GIMGR OK[KDZP OKBZCRF
BNB ,CGJ N[ KGNKD KEK NT BN LB ,FDZEFC FND\P CGJF ,OKKRKCF CXPC
OG[P ,\BH NM .GKZIBP EPGTF CGJF \ZMFG TZF KGRKD OKND\PG OKMNGF
TZF \GNV[ KGNKD LZE YZ BNB ,JNIGPF CGJF KGNKDN \ZIB FJK[ QKB[
.GRPP TCGRF YHRFG

?OEBF N[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF \GDZE QFP

,ZCEP ,KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :QF OEBF N[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF \GDZE
.KRIGZ
.QKP ,NMGB QGDM ,ECNC OKKPFC OKDGRT\N OEBF \MK[P :OPGEF \DZE .B
.Z[GT ,USMN FMK[P :IPGXF \DZE .C
.EGCM ,FJKN[N QGXZ :KIF \DZE .D
.ONGTF \ZMF ,\KPXT \GTEGP ,TEPN FMK[P :ZCEPF \DZE .E
 LZEN FRMF 62

GH QKB F[TPN .\GKRIGZN FVKB[ FTKVGP GH FDZEC :KRIGZF \DZE .F

WGIP ZCM \BXPR \GYYG\[FF \ZJP QM[ ,NT=\DZE BNB ,FDZE
.FHF ONGTN

?\KRIGZF \GPEY\FF \BJC\P FPC

QKPK ,OKMGVF OKCXP KR[C \GBXPKFP \CMZGP \KRIGZ \GPEY\F
QF { NBP[C OTVG QKPKC OTV { OKNDZP QG[NP "OKKNDZ" .QKDGZKSN ,NBP[G
.FTKEKG FRGPBC TEKP OEBN \GBKXPPF

?OEBF N[ \KRIGZF FD[FF \DZE FKGN\ FPC

\KRIGZF FD[FF \DZE ,OKXPBP YZG OKXPBP [ZGEF ZCE NMC GPM
.FZJPF \B DK[FN KEM NGCSN QMGP OEB FC[ FEKPC ,FKGN\

FP QM KZIBG ?OEBF N[ \KIMGRF \KRIGZF FDZEF \B \GR[N Z[VB LKB

?FP[RN FZYK
LKB FR[P FH QKBG ,OEBF GB FP[RF ,FBKZCF ,K\NI\FF FCXPC
TKDFNG ,FPXT \GIGMC QGYK\ ZGCTN FMKZX BKF .\RYG\P FRKB ,FN BZYR
F\B[ FEGCT KNM LN [K[ ,LPXTN ZB\ .QGYK\F ZPD N[ \KRIGZ FDZEN
YZG ,KNMF \B QY\N LKNT FNKI\ .QKY\ GRKB FHF KNMFG ,GC EGCTN ZGPB
.GC [P\[FN NDGSP BF\ HB
,FHF NYNGYPF KNMF \B QY\N Q\KR LKB YGKEC GRN FZKCSP FZG\F
.BZGCFP GRNCKY[ GRN[ FP[RF BKF[
LNFPC .QG\I\FG QGKNTF { \GPNGTF KR[ QKC BXPR OEBF QGYK\F QPHC
ZCEFG ,OK[GZEF QGKSKRFG TEKF \B OEBF \P[R \NCYP QGYK\F
\GRGM\ NCYP ,\G[EI \G[GI\ [GIN NKI\P OEB[ ,BGF Z\GKC CG[IF
NCYP BGF ,QGYK\F LKNF\ \B OKKSP OEB Z[BM .\GZIB \GKRIGZ
GC BXPKFNG ,QGKNTF ONGTN SRMKFN GN \GZ[VBP[ ,\GKRIGZ \GRGM\
.\GPN[G IXR KKI ,FGGN[ ,TDGZ N[ \KRIGZ FDZEC
BNG FNCYF \PMGIC BN ,ZGYP OG[C \ZBG\P FRKB GH \KRIGZF FDZE
\B GZCT[ FNB YZ .OKNPC GHF F[GI\F \B ZB\N Q\KR BN QM[ ,FZG\C
FDZEN TKDFN OKIKNXP ,"QGYK\F ZPD"N OKTKDPG QGYK\F \GDZE NM
.ZGYP OG[C ZBG\ BN[ OGI\ BXPR QGYK\F ZPDN ZCTP .GHF \KRIGZF
."FZG\ KZ\S" OKBXPR O[G
63 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

FDZEN Z[YFC OKYE OKHPZ YZ OKPKKY EGPN\CG "ZFGHF" ZVSC

"\K[BZC F[TP" \BZYRF \Z\SR \KEGIK FDZE KFGH QM[ .GH \KRIGZ
Z[VB KB ,F[TPNG ,ECNC OKHPZ OF FNB NM NCB ."FCMZP F[TP"G
OKD[GP ,OKNP[ QGGKMP ,GNBF \GKRIGZF \G[GI\F \B OKNPC ZB\N
NTP BXPR[ FP NMG .QGYK\N EPGT[ OGI\F \B YZ OKZB\P \GK\GBG
ZB\N OD Q\KR BN ,LM OG[PG ,[GIN NNM OKNDGSP GRRKB ,QGYK\F \MZTP
GRIRB[ OKIRGPG OKD[GP \ZHTC QZKEDFN ,\KNGNKP FNBF \G[GI\F \B
.OKRKCP
.\KJSKBGZJNBG \KJSKBGDB :\GRGM\ K\[N FRGGMF "BZC \K[BZC"
FRGM\F \B OKRY\P ,"OKP[" N[ \KJSKBGZJNBF FRGM\F \ZHTC
TXC\P QGYK\F LKNF\ NM .FP[RF BKF[ ,"WZBF" N[ \KJSKBGDBF
,NB[GP O[ GFH ."OKPK FTC[" \GBZYR[ ,\GKRIGZ \GDZE TC[ LNFPC
OGK NT QBM ZCGEP QKB .GRN[ OKKXZBF OKPKN SIKK\P GRKB[ QCGPG
.GRN[ ONGTF KIRGPC [ZVN OKNKDZ GRIRB[ KVM ,L[GIG ZGB GB ,FNKNG
NM \B ZCGT[ ,OEB N[ \GKRIGZ \G[GI\ ,\GKRIGZ \GDZE NT ZCGEP
\BXPR[ ,OEBF \P[R \B \RY\P[ \MZTPC ZCGEP .QGYK\F KCN[
."\KXZB" \KRIGZ FDZEC QKKET
\DZEN "\GMNP" \ZKVS \DZEP FP[RF \B \GNTFN BKF FZJPF
\GMNP N[ \KJSKBGDBF FRGM\F \B LGVFN ZPGNM ,"FRKC" \ZKVS
OKRGYK\ FTC[ \ZHTC TXC\P FH ZCE .FRKC N[ \KJSKBGZJNB FRGM\N
."TGC[F KPK \TC[" OKBZYR[ ,OKK\DZEF
?FNCYN TKDFN GMZJXK ONGM ZCE N[ GVGSC OBF
\B \GIEN OTJ QKBG .BCF NGDNDC HB ,FHF NGDNDC BN OB .JNIFC
OFKNB ZGHIN KGBZ[ ,LM KEM ET OKPKTR ORKB GRKKI KZF[ ,FNCYN GR\KKRV
.CG[G CG[
?OEBN OKZGSKF OKR\GR FP
,\GRGZ\V [VIN OKCKKI .KIMGRF CXPF NV[ NT OKTKCXP OKZGSKF
[VIP GRKB ,NMC BNPF OEB .[EIP CXPF \B LKZTFNG ,OKMIFN OKCKKI
."CTZ"N ,YKZN \MVGF QKTN \KBZRF \GBNP\FG OKZGSKF OKBC HB ,ZCE
GN \GBZFN OKNKI\P OKZGSKF KM ,OKMIP OEBF OKZGSKFP FBXG\M
OD FBXG\ F\GBN TKDFN Z[VB OB NCB .GKKIC \G[TN FPG ,\GRVN QBN
?NGCSN TGEP ,OKZGSK BNN
 LZEN FRMF 64

OKYGI OGKY N[ LZE ,BZGCF NB \GCZY\FN LZE OEBN FBZP FNCYF

BNB ,\GGXP N[ KRMJ OGKYC ZCGEP BN ."FZG\ LZE" KGZY[ FP ,OKKRIGZ
.GH LZEC ZGICN BNB Z\GR BN .FBKZCF N[ OKKRIGZ OKYGIC
?NCS GRN IGN[N LKZX BGF GKNB FRVRG BZGCF NT CG[IR[ KEM OBF
.BZGCF NT CG[IN GR\GB WNBN BZGCF NMGK BN NCS GRKNB IGN[N BNC
?"KGVM CXPN" K\GB SKRMFN OKSRP GNKBM F[DZFN TDGRC FPG
,LKNT OKKBP GF[KP OB .OKYKKGEPG OKZGZC OKRKE OKPKKY FH B[GRC
F\B FC[ ,\KZXGRF LZEC BN QVGB OG[C NCB ,OB\FC DGFRN LKNT
,FHF ONGTC OKKY F\B[ QPH NM .FKR[F KINF \B ,LN ZJS[ KPN JK[GP
OKYGI[ OG[P \BHG .FZCIC OKNCGYPF OKYGIF KV NT DFR\FN LKNT
OF[ ,OKZCE O\GBC .GRN[ ONGTC BZGCF \GND\F \B OKBJCP FNBF
YGYHG ,CTZC TGGD OEB[ FZYPC .F[GC \PKKY BN ,KIZMF OGKY LZGXN
BNG FNTPNP BN ,F[GC \[DZF \PKKY BN ,OKKY\FN KEM OIN \VN
QGGKMP .GKNB SIKC GRNXB BNG ,GRKNB SIKC BZGCF NXB BN ,FJPNP
BN ,UGDN OKXGIRF OKZCE O\GB KCDN HB ,FH QVGBC K\GB ZXK BZGCF[
FKNBP \ZZGT\P ,OKKIZMF ORKB[ OKZCEC NCB .F[GC \[DZF \PKKY
\G[TN LKZX OEB GH FEGYRC .OKKP[DF OKYGIF IGMP ,F[GC \[DZF
OKENKF ,FZCIF KVNM ,GPXT KVNM GKNGYK[ \B (BN GB FXZK OB)
.ZIB OZGD NM KVNM GB FIV[PFG
OEBF QKC \KEEF FCFB N[ GH BKF ,Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEPF
N[ FDZEP [MGZ OEBF QMN OEGY OB YZ F\GB DK[FN Z[VB .BZGCFG
NT \KRCR Z[B FRGZIBF FGGXPFG ." ’F \BZK \GGXP" ZPBR[ GPM ,FBZK
Z[VB KB .Z\GKC FFGCDF FD[FF \DZEP ," ’F \CFB \GGXP" BKF ,FBZKF
KJSKBGDB QGXZP GRZXGR[ QGGKMP .GH KNC GH FRPKKY\\ FCFBFG FBZKF[
,GF[P TXCN OHKBGDBF \B WNBN NGMK EIV YZ ,GR\GB TKRPG NFRP[ ,EIB
.CG[IN KNC O\S GN[ \GRGXZC [P\[K BN BGF FC[ ,\BHM \ZDSPC
?FNCY EGPKNN GF[KP UGIEN Z[VB OBF
.FBKZYN ZPGI GN GR\ .\KCKSV FZGXC YZ G\GB TKRFNG QKKRTN Z[VB
?T[V F[TP F[GT NXB FRG[ BKF OBFG ,TZF \ZMF KC FND\P EXKM
QGXZM ,GPXT KRVC ZCEM FND\P TZF ZXK ,T[V F[TP F[GT NXB
OG[PG ,CGJN SIKC YZ LN[ TZF \B LN FBZP FNCYF GNKBG .KNKN[
65 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

OT IIG[\ OB .KNKN[MG TZM LN[ ZXKF \B [KDZFN NKI\P F\B ,LM

.YEGX BGF[ C[GI[ OEB FBZ\ EKP\ ,SRB GB IXGZ ,KGXP KNKNV QKKZCT
Z[BM BKF TZF \ZMF .TZF \ZMF GH QKB ,LM O\S LKRKTC TZ GF[KP OB
LG\P ,BZGCF OT GPXT \B FGG[P BGF Z[BM .GPXT KRKTC TZ BGF OEB
\PMGI KZVSP EGPKN KEK NT ,FP \EKPC BZGCF \B [I ZCM BGF[
GN FBKCP[ BKF ,\BHF F[DZFF ;UKYP ZGB GPXT NT ZZGTP[ ,FNCYF
FKFK BN ,YPGTN Z\GK GPXT \B QKCFN NKI\P[ OEB .TZF \ZMF \B
,\GTHTHP UBG \G[Y \GRGM\ GPXT LG\C FNDP ORPB BGF .YGI ZVP
BN LB ,OKT[GZPM ,OKRGDPM GN[ GNNF \GRGXZF \B FBGZ[ BNB
FXGZ BGF FP GN OKBZP ,LSP NT GPM .BNPN CKKI BGF O\GB[ \GRGXZM
GN OKBZP .BZGCF GC ZXK NMF \B[ ,QKCP BGF QPHC GCG .GCNC QRYP FPG
.GMG\C ,GPXTC ,F[TPN \BXPRF ,FBKZCF FBZP \B

ING[ BGF LEKBPG ,DRGTFG CGJF NM \B GRN YKRTFN FXGZ BZGCF EIB EXP
?FZK\S GH QKBF ,NCS GRN
YST\FN FXGZ BN OEBF ,ZPGNM ,OKZXPN \EZN FXZ BN OFZCB
FH ,OKTR BN FH ,F[Y FH ?FP O[N :C[GI BGF .\KRIGZF G\GI\V\FC
FVM[ FH GPM ,CTZ KEK NT YZ IKZMFN Z[VB OEBF \B .GDBF \B EDGR
YZ { OKZGSKFG KP[DF CTZF ,\GKRIGZN CTZF .OKZXPN \EZN OFZCB \B
,FZG\ LZE" :FZG\C ZPBR BNF .FNGTVN \BXN OEBF \B OKXNBP OF
GRN GR\KR ,FNCYF \PMGIG FZG\F .TZC GB CGJC GRKKF ."OKZGSK LZE GB
,FCGJF LZEF \B OKNCYP GRRKB OB .FCGJF LZEC OEY\R[ KEM YZ
.\KTCJF ,FTGZDF LZEC OEY\R
LKK[ GRKF ,FNBF OKKIC G\GKFC EGT[ KZF ,FP[RF OT FFEHP[ OEB
OD ,FP[RF OT FFEHP BN OEB GNNF OKKIC OB .GKNB ZCGIPG BZGCN
EIB QGXZ \GIVN \RYK\ OBF .FP[RF NB ZCI\K BN G\GP KZIB
OB ?GF[PC GKNB FBGG[FC LPXT \B \EPTF OBF ?BZGCN FBGG[FC
LN FTKDP ,FPEBF KRV NT "TZ" GB "CGJ" OGKYP[ C[GI F\B TGEP ,BN
?FR[ OKTC[ WZBF NT \KKI[ KRVP YZ ?\KRIGZ FKNT KF[GHKB

?\K\KPBF \GBKXPF BGF GRCKCS[ FP OBF

\GRGM\C OKKGRK[N OB\FC YZ FR\[P[ ,OGYKF \RGP\C OKKGC[ GRB
KPKRVF KGRK[N \GEGF YZ FR\[P GRN[ ONGTF \SKV\ .GRN[ \GKPKRVF
,JG[V ZGB YZG LB OKKY CKCSP .FR\[P BN ZCE GRCKCS .GRC NI[
 LZEN FRMF 66

YZ OKRKICP GRB ,GRN[ OK[GIF \ZHTC .BZGCF GP[G ,IKKR ,EKIB

BGF FHF ONGTF ZPGNM ."FHF ONGTF" KGZY[ ,GRPP KZTHP YKYNIC
NKI\R ,OK[GIF \B EEIR OB .Z\GKC \KNBPKRKPF BZGCF \[GI\
FND\P BZGCF[ QGGKM ,FHF ONGTF OT EIK ZVG[PF ONGTF \B [KDZFN
OKNCGYP KVP \GCZ ZPBR \K\KPBF \GBKXPF \SKV\ NT .Z\GK GRKNB
\B GZBK\G ,BZGCN GCZY\F ,\GKRIGZ \GDZEC GNT Z[B ,FD[F KNTC
SRMKFN BKF FZJPF .ZGYPN \GCZY\FC GDK[F[ FP \B ,OFK\G[DZF
.\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B [I OEBF HBG ,ZGYPF LG\ NB

?OEBN OKKI OKR\KR FP O[N

\KJSKBGDBF FDZEF OT CGNK[C ,\PKKGSP OGKY \ZGX OF OKKI
BYGGE OEY\FN FSRR[ KEM OKR\KR OKKIF .FP[RF N[ Z\GKC FMGPRFG
FEZK[ KRVN FP[RF F\KF GC CXPN ,GN[ EGDKRN UB[RG ,FH \GIR CXPP
.GRPNGTN
KZF ,UGDN F\SKRM KRVN G\P[R F\KF GC[ CXPF G\GB DK[P OEB OB
GEKYV\ \B BNKP[ KPM ,C[IR OEB G\GBG Z\GKC ON[GPF CXPF GFH
OKNGDND FPMG FPM ZIBN FHM CXPN TKDP OEBF .OKKP[DF OKKIC
,GPXTP OKKGSP YNI QY\P BGF OTV NMC ,ZPGNM .(OKRG[ OKVGDN FEKZK)
OKNGDNDFP OKKR[ GB EIBC YZ .\TEGP BN FZGXC OEY\P OTV NMCG
.\TEGP \GKFN \GKRIGZC \GPEY\FF FNGMK ,OKRGZIBF
YZV FHKBCG YKVSFN LKZX BGF FP ,GRPNGTC TXCN OEB LKZX FP
,\GEK\T KEKDP KRKP NM OK[GT[ OKCG[KIC FCG[\ BXPR BN FHN { QPH
G\GPEY\F \B OKNJCP OF KM ,FNB OKCG[KIN SRMKFN ZGSB UBG
,GN[ OKCG[KIF KVN OEY\P BGF ,FH FZYPC KZF[ .OEB N[ \KRIGZF
YGSTN O\NGMK UB NT ,OKNCGYPF LM OG[P .GN[ OHKBGDBN OB\FC
.LMP OKTRPR OFG ,OKCG[KIC YGSTN OFN ZGSB { FHC
FTKEK GNKBG ,OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ I\VN LZE BKF \KRIGZ LZE
OKKY QMN .QKJGNIN \KJSKBGDB \GPEY\F N[ LZE BKF ,FZYK FP [BZP
LNB ,ZPGNM ."\TEFP FNTPN FRGPB"M \GPEY\F ZKEDPF FNCYC D[GP
ZZCN FNKI\MNP NGMK K\KKF[ UB ,\TEF QP FNTPN FRGPB LG\ LZEC
OKPEY\P GKVN[ ,SKSCF \B SGZFN ZCEF NGNT \ZIB ,NMF \TENG
.GKEKPN\G NCGYPF
67 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\B OK[I GRIRB[ KVM ,KRIGZF ONGTF \B [GIN OKNDGSP GRRKB TGEP

?GRN[ ONGTF
.GRCKCS OKKY[ GF[PP YKYNI BGF OK[I GRIRB[ FP ,YVS BNN
,GRPXT \B ZGYIR OB ."GRN[ ONGTF" OKBZGY GRIRB FHF YKYNING
GRN[ OK[GIF \[PI :GRPXT LG\C FZKYIC OKNGTR GRIRB[ IMGGKR
GRN F\KF GNKB .GRN FXGIP ,GRCKCS BXPR[ "GF[P" [GIN GRN OKZ[VBP
FTKP[F KZE\ GNKB .QKJGNIN \ZIB FRGP\ OKBGZ GRKKF ,\ZIB FKBZ
\G[GI\ GNKB .KZPDN OKZIB OKNKNX OKTPG[ GRKKF ,OKZIB GKF GRN[
.FRG[ QVGBC OTJG IKZ OK[I GRKKF ,\GZIB GKF OTJFG IKZF
\GNCDPC OeI\@ GRKF ONGTF ZYI[ FECGTF \B NCYP KRZEGPF TEPF
.\GKCKJYKKCGS GRN[ \GEKEPFG \GIRFF NM QMNG ,OEBF N[ \G[GI\F
,GPXT ZYGIC \GKGN\ OKZYIPF \GBXG\[ ,OKRTGJ OPXT OKRTEPF
.\GKCKJYKKCGS QF OD ZPGNM
\GBKXPF N[ ,FCKCSF N[ \KJGNGSCB FRCFN TKDFN NGMK GRKB OEB
,OKZIB OKCMGMC ,\GZIB OKKI \GZGX \GPKKY[ IKRR .OKKY BGF FC[
OB\FC ,KTCJ QVGBC .GRN[P OKRG[ F[KI KZCKB KNTC OKZGXK [K O[G
QCGPMG ,OCKCS BXPR[ ONGTF \B OKZKEDP OF ,OFN[ F[KIF KZCKBN
GRIRB GC[ QVGBFP ,GRN[ ONGTFP QKJGNIN FRG[ FZGXC { O\[GI\C[
.G\GB OK[IG OKBGZ

FDKSR
NCYN NDGSP \GKFN KEM Z\GKC FMGPRF \KRIGZF FDZEN TKDFN LKZX TGEP
?FH LKNF\P TRPKFN Z[VB OBF ?BZGCF \GRGM\ \B
QVGBC ZGICN IGMG ,\GZ[VB \GKFN FMKZX ,OEBN ZPGNM ,FBKZCN
.BZGCF N[ OHKBGZJNBG FN[ OHKBGDBF :OKEDGRP \GIGM KR[ QKC K[VGI
\MNNG ,FMZE \B KBPXT QVGBC ZGICN \NDGSP \GKFN FMKZX FBKZCF
.FC
:BZGCF LKZX ,GH \GRPEHF ,OEBN ZPGNM ,FBKZCN YKRTFN KEM
FBKZCN ZGXKN ;GRPP F\GB YKIZFN ,FBKZCFP QKJGNIN Y\R\FN
.FZKIC [VGI FBKZCN Z[VBN ;OGYKF \RCFNG KGNKDN OKBR\
\B F[I[ FBKZCF[ BNB .FDZEFC FNBF OKBR\F NM \B ZXGK BZGCF
,BGF ;ZGBF \JKN[N FRG\R BKF ,\KBPXT FRKB ,(ZGBC \BNP\P) BZGCF
FBKZCF[ KEM .GN[ \GRGM\F \B FN ZKCTP ,FBKZCF NT TKV[P ,ZGBF
 LZEN FRMF 68

FRPP Y\R\FN CKKI BZGCF ,GC \GN\ BNN ,QKJGNIN \KBPXT FKF\
\KBPXT \K[TR ,ZGBFP \RYGZ\P BKF Z[BM { FBKZCF ,ZPGNM .QKJGNIN
."OGXPX" \BZYR ,KNMFP ZGBF \BKXK \NGTV .FK\GNGTV NMC
,LKNF\F N[ G\NKI\ GHG ,"BZC \K[BZC" OKNPC FNKI\P FZG\F
"ZC" FNPC FZGYP "BZC" FNPF .BZGCFP \YIZ\P FBKZCF GC[
,BZGCN WGIP FBKZCF \BXGF NT \ZCEP BKF ZPGNM ,WGI F\GTP[P[
.WZBG OKKP[ QKC \EZVR \KRIGZ FDZEN
FRKC \ZKVS { OKKP[ ."WZBF \BG OKKP[F \B OKFNB BZC \K[BZC"
FK\GRGM\ OT \GMNP \ZKVS { WZB .\GKJSKBGZJNBF FK\GRGM\ OT
QSKSC NT[ ,FNBF \GEDGRPF \GRGM\F K\[ QKC .\GKJSKBGDBF ,\GKXZBF
FZG\F .OEBF \P[R ,KGN\ CXPC \BXPR ,OGYKF \MZTP NM \NTGV
QKBG .FP[RF ,OEBF \BKZCG ,QGKNTF ONGTF ,FBKZCF \BKZCC FNKI\P
N[ ,FZG\F N[ FEGTK .GRN[ ONGTC[ OEBF \DZEC OKZGPB OKZCEF
Z[VB LKB GREPNN ,FMZEF FHF ONGTC GRN \\N BGF FNCYF \PMGI
.\KIXR \GPN[ N[ CXPN ,Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEN \GNTN
?GPNXCG G\GPEC G\GB BZC ’F OB ,FHCRG NV[ \GKFN NGMK OEB LKB
BNB ,QJY G\GB BZC BN BZGCF ?QJY OEBF \B BZGCF BZC TGEP
.BZGCN \GG\[F N[ CXP DK[K ,GPXT \GIGMC OEBF[ KEM \BHG .G\GPEC
N[ FNI\F ,"CNC[ FEGYR" YZ ,K\NI\FF CXPC OEBF NCYP LM O[N
,FNCYF EGPKN \ZHTC ,GPXTC I\VP OEBF F\GB[ FEGYR ,KRIGZ KNM
OEBF FKFK LMCG ,BZGCF N[ ZGBF NM \B GMG\N NCYN NMGK KNMF[ ET
CXPN FBGG[FC KVGYSGZYKP BGF K\NI\FF GRCXP ZPGNM .BZGCN FGG[
NTC N[ "ZFGHF" ZVSN FPEYFC C\MR FH NT) BZGCN \GG\[FF ,KVGSF
.(ONGSF
?\KRIGZ I\V\P BGF[ \TEN NGMK OEB OBF
,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FC GRKKF ,FNCYF \PMGIC YGSTN OEBF NKI\P[P
FH ZCE .[PP N[ OKNV[G OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ GC OKTKVGP ,HB YZG HB
.\KRIGZ I\V\FN NKI\F QMB BGF[ ,LMN FIMGF FGGFP
GF[NM CN[C NGMK ,\GKRIGZ \GDZEP 3=2 FNTG KRIGZ ONGTN BXK[ OEB OBF
?\DSN UB GB OGYPC LGZEN LK[PFN
\BZYN OEY\P NMF .\GNTN LK[PK BNB ,ZGXTN BNG NGVKN NGMK BN BGF
,ZGIBP OKNCYP[ \GMP \GTXPBC OB ,Z\GKC CGJF KVGSF CXPF
69 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

NMG\ G\ZHTC[ OKZPGBG ,ZVS LN OKR\GR[M { FCGJF LZEC OBG ,TCJFP

\GMPC FPKEY L\GB UGIEN LZGX FKFK BN[ ,LM ,L\GPEY\F \B HZHN
.OKZGSK LZEN FZG\ LZE QKC NECFF NM FH .\GCBGM
HBG ,GR\GB DK[\ BN FBCF FMPF[ ,LM DGFRN OKXGZ GRB FNCYF \ZHTC
,\GEKZKG \GKNT ,FZGBMN ,\GPKKY[ OKZPGB GRIRB .FNKVR OG[ FKF\ BN
FCZKY [I OEBF OTV .OEBF N[ \GKPKRV \G[GI\ YZ QF GNB LB
GYGIKZ \BG ,\GRYG\P K\NCF GK\GRGM\ \B [KDZP BGF OTVG BZGCN
.BZGCFP
[KDZP OEB ."FEKZK" ’C CXPNG "FKNT" OKBZGY GRIRB ’B CXPN QMN
OKMKK[ OKCXPF KR[ .GNNF OKCXPF KR[P EIB NMC OKRG[F GKYNI \B
OTJK[ KNC ,FDZEP \GNTN NGMK BN OEBF .UGXZV G\GBN ,FDZE F\GBN
.\KIMGR FDZEP NMC ,Z\GKC NV[F CXPF ,GN[ CXPF \B

FRGGM
?FRGMR FRGGM KFP
.DK[FN OEBF NT[ FP NMP F[YFG CG[IF ,EKIKF ZCEF BKF FRGGM
\GRG[ \GTV[F \I\ OEBC \KRCR BKF { FD[FN EGBP F[Y FRGMR FRGGM
.OEBF N[ GDBF NT BZGCF ZGB N[
,F\GB ZYGI QPHF NMG ,FRGMRF FRGGMF \B FDZEFC [CDP EPGNF
FRGGMM NGP\B GN FBZR[ FP[ ,QKICFN NKI\P BGF .F\GB NKEDPG QY\P
CG[IK BGF ZIP .FGGSGP Z\GK OHKBGDBM JG[V FND\P OGKF ,FRGMR
.FBNF QMG ,FRGMR BN BKF OD OGKF N[ FRGGMF[
?BN GB \GRGMR GRK\GRGGM OB QKICFN NMGR LKB
CZ ,FXGCY N[ \EYGPP FMZEF \I\ DK[FN Q\KR \BHF FRICFF \B
QF ,FH NT FH OKTKV[P OKZCIF .QG[BZF IGMF BKF FXGCY .OKZVSG
EIK OKZG[Y[ OK[RB OKXCY\P ,ZCE N[ GVGSC .FNKN[N QFG CGKIN
.OKKRIGZ OKYGI KVN ,FNTPNP
,FP QPH FC OKZB[R[ ZIBNG ,FXGCYN OKSRMR ,FZGBMN ,OKZH OK[RB
OKVEFR T\VN OKRVC GKF[ OK[RB[ FZGY .OKZHN OKC[IR ORKB CG[
FPN QCGP FKFK[ KNC OFKNT NTGV[ ,KNDGVKZJRX IGMC GNKBM ,FXGIF
LG\KFF ZGM .FXGCYN \\N OKZGPB GKF[ NM \B GR\R ZCM[ FNB .EXKMG
\GKIGRF UZI ,EPTP YKHIK[ KP NM ,GKVN[ KBR\F \B FDZEFC FRGC FHF
 LZEN FRMF 70

.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTN ,ZCE N[ GVGSC ,WGZVK { GN[ \KJSKBGDBF \KPKRVF

QKICP F\B ,FH LKNF\C .OEBF \GKPKRV NT \KRKXZ FEGCT \[ZER QBM
ONGTF \RCFC ,LC GNI[ OKKGRK[C ,LMG\C OKVSGR OK[GEKIC OGK NM
.OKZIBFP IYKV L\G[TKFCG ,CCGSF
UKYPF ZGBF QFC[ ,\GVGY\ QR[K QM GPM .NGED BN LB ,SZV ORPB FH
FH BGF "UKYP ZGB" ."ZIPF" \B FBGZ BN OEBFG ,KZPDN YN\SP
N[ F[GI\ FRYPG ,GK\GRGM\ \B QY\K[MN ,OEBF LG\N SRMKFN ZGPB[
.EK\TF QP ,YGIZP ZKBP BGF FT[ KVN QM[ ."ZIP"
;QGBMKEN SRMR BGFG ,EGCKBN \MNGF OK\KTN OEBF NXB EK\TF \[GI\
OEBN ZKBFN NKI\P ZGBF OB .ZGBF \TV[F N[ FBXG\ BGF IGZF CXP
.GN CJGF KM ,GKRV NT QCGP BN LGKI ZKKJXP ,FPXGT Z\KC
\GZPN ,\GSRN BKF FPK[PF .FRGGMC GNBM \G[GI\ \GYRTGP NCGYPN
OKCXPC Q\KR BN ORPB .\GK\JK[C FMBNPC LK[PFN ,OK[YF OKCXPF
TXCN FH \G[TN Q\KR[ EKIKF ZCEF LB ,\KPKRV FEGCTC LK[PFN FNB
CXPF TKDF[ KRVN OD \ZDSPF F\GBC \K[T[ FP \B \KRM@P FZGXC
.NDZF LG\P BNB FRCF \NGMK BNN OKZGTK[N BGCN ,ZZGT\FN :F[YF
.ECNC KRM@P IZGBC NGTVN NDGSP BGF GNB OKCXPC
OF ,\PEGY \KRIGZ \GXPB\F CYT OKZZGT\P FNB OKCXP OB
FGCD (\KRIGZ FDZEP) "KRIGZ UGXZV" N[ FNTPNP IGYKV \I\ OKZCGT
N[ KRIGZF FZGFF BGF ,FH UGXZV .[KDZP BN OEBF G\GB Z[B Z\GK
NM TXCN NDGSP BGF[ ,GN[ OKCGJF OKCXPC OEBN FPER ORPB .OEBF
GNNF OKCXPF NM LB ,ZC[KFN NGNT BGF[ ,OKCGJ BNF OKCXPCG ,ZCE
ET ,GN \GBZFN FZJPC OEBN OKRPHP OKCXPF \B .FNTPNP OKNFGRP
KP \TEN KEM GKRKT \B ZKBFN YKVS\[ FEKPC ,ZGBC KGN\ BGF FPM
.\PBC BGF

GEKYV\G OEBF \BKZC

\B ZV[N NBZ[K NMG\F ?OGYKC [IZ\PF NT TKV[FN NGMK OEBF OBF
?ONGTF CXP
QMKF QKCFN KEM OGYKF N[ GEGYV\ QVGBG FRCP \B OKEPGN GRIRB
NT .G\GR[N UBG OGYKF NT TKV[FNG CZT\FN OEBF NDGSP ,YGKEC EXKMG
TKV[FN NDGSP BGF QKB ,OEBF BXK GRPP[ ZGYPF ,GN[ KRIGZF [ZG[F
71 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

\DZEP Z\GK F\GIR FDZEC BXPR BGF KZF[ .QKVKYTC BNB ,QKZ[KPC
.KRIGZF G[ZG[ N[ \ZHDR LB G\GKFC ,G[ZG[
,GN[ [ZG[N GK\GRGM\C FGG\[P OEB GC[ QGYK\F \ZHTC[ BNB
[GIN OGYPC :FNTPNP NCYP BGF[ FP KCDN F[DZFF \B FR[P BGF
FRCFG \GPN[ ,TDGZ ,FGGN[ [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,CBMG OGK OGK KK[Y
.\NNGM
\B FNDR ,FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC[ KEM ,FHF ONGTC GR\GB ZXK BZGCF
ONGTN BKCK BN NBZ[K OT OB .GRNZGDN OKRGEB FKFRG ,QGKNTF ONGTF
,ONGTF CXP \B ZV[N IKNXK BN BGF ,OKKRIGZ \GPNGT NT TEKF \B
OKZIBF OKPTF NMN ZKCTFN CKKI NBZ[K OT .Z\GK Z[GBP G\G[TNG
.FNCYF \PMGI \B
OD KGJKC KEKN BC ZCEFG ,O\ZMF \\C FHC OK[I OKZIB OKPT
BNPR[ { \GKTCF NMN EIB QGZ\KV YZ [K .NBZ[K OT KVNM OFN[ FBR[C
GR\GKF QKKRT .GH FZJPN ZICR[ OTM ,FHF ONGTC GRN[ FPK[PF \B
ET .BZGCF QKCN OKPTF NNM QKC Z[Y ZGXKR[ ,LMN QGGMP "ZICR OT"
GR\GB UGIEN GMK[PK ,ONGTF KPTG BZGCF ,OKEEXF KR[ ,QM F[TR BN[
.LMN IGMC
,OKR[F \GVNGI[ NMMG ,G\NGTV \B NTGV QPHF ,NHPF \KCZPN[ BNB
NNM N[ \KP[DF { \KRGXKIFG ,\KPKRVF { \KRIGZF FNGBDF TDZ CZY\P
O[M ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"C ONGSF NTC ZPB[ KVM ,\G[GRBF
,OEBF \P[R LM ,GKNT TEK BNN FHF ONGTC OKKY\FN NGMK GRKB OEBF[
TEK [GMZ\ BN OB ,QGKNTF ONGTC OKKY\FN NMG\ BN ,UGDF \GP ZIBN
.ONGT G\GB NT
ONGTC IGRG GKN[ OGKY GRN YVSP YZ BN ,FNCYF \PMGI EGPKN QMN
.BCF ONGTC ON[G KIXR OGKY OD IKJCP BNB ,FHF

?"\GKZYP" FR[K OBF

,FCZY FYE QKB ,EIP .KEKP\ QKKRT BKF \GKZYPF ,OEBN TDGRF NMC
\GKZYPF NM ,LEKBPG .FC [IZ\FN EPGT[ FP \B \GVXN NMGK OEB[
OEB N[ KPKRVF ONGTF \B CJKF OKZKMP GRKKF GNKB .KGHKIN \R\KR
GK\GRGM\ NM \B ,OKRGPZGFF ,GN[ OKRDF \B ,GK\GRGZ[M \B ,OKKGSP
\B [BZP \GHIN OKNGMK GRKKF ,GKNT FZCIF \TV[F \BG ,GKTKRPG
 LZEN FRMF 72

\B GTCYK ,OF YZG ,FNB OKRG\R KR[[ QGGKMP ,GK\GCGD\ \BG G\GDFR\F
.KEK\TF GCXP
BZGCF[ OEB FMGH EXKM \BH NMCG ,BZGCF \GC[IP NT ZCEN GRN BN
?GKNB FRVK
Y\R\F JG[V OEB G\GB .OEB G\GB N[ \GMHC NNM ZCGEP QKB
."QG[BZF OEB \ZKC[" LKNF\C FZC[R GH[ QPHC ,\KNNMF FP[RFP
TKV[P ZGBF QMN ,\GKMGRB N[ Z\GK YHI KGJKC [K FHM OEB NXB ,ZPGNM
\BHC .\B[ Z\KC FBKZCF \ZJPN G\GB UIGEG ,Z\GK KGND QVGBC GKNT
.GKNB BZGCF \KKRV KGJKCN FBC
?GRN[ OGYKF \RCFC GR\GB NKCDF BZGCF TGEP
,ON[ BNG \GIR ,NCDGP G\GB ZXK[ FH BGF BZGCF[ QGTJN NGMK OEBF
GRIRB QFC[ \G[Y \GCKSR LG\ NB ,FHF F[YF ONGTF NB G\GB EKZGFG
F\GBZ \EGYRP ?FH \B F[T BGF FPN ,BKF FNB[F .TDZ NMC OKNCGS
NDGSP FKF ON[GP BZGC EXKM" :KZPDN FRG[ FNB[F FNCYF \PMGI N[
."?\PN[GP FRKB[ FBKZC ZGXKN
?OEBF KRC N[G FBKZCF N[ \GPN[F ZSGI NT BZGCF TEK OBF
\GIGMC[ KEM FRGGMC OK\GIR GRZXGR ,GRPXT GRBG ,OKKI GRB GC[ ONGTF
OKXPBPF \ZHTC ZPGNM ,BZGCF N[ \KRIGZF FDZEN TKDFN NMGR GRPXT
,\GKIZMF GRMZEC OKKRKCF \GDZE NM .GN OKPGE F[TKR GRN[ OKKRIGZF
\GPN[ \MZTFN ,\GRGMRF \G[GI\F \B GRMG\C \GZXGK[ GNB QF[ QGGKMP
.QGYK\F ZPDC FBRFNG BZGCF
?FHF ONGTC QGYK\ \ZCGT FP[RF OBF
LZEC GB OKZGSKF LZEC ,GR\BP EIB NM KKIC ,FHF ONGTC TDZ NMC
\GPN[ NB ,FBKZCF \ZJP NB ,FKNBP \CZY\P OEBF \P[R ,FZG\F
\B QY\NG ,GRKCFN GRIRB OKNKI\P LM ,Z\GK TGZD GRCXP[ NMM .BZGCF
.FNCYF \PMGI \GTXPBC Z\GK ZFP GRPXT
\B GN YKRTF BN \BH OTG ,G\GPECG GPNXC OEB ZXK BZGCF[ QM\K LKB
?FTV[F { \KZYKTF \RKKVBPF BZGCF=\RGM\
NCYN \RP NT NCYN QGXZFG BZGCF NXB TKV[FN QGXZF QKC[ EGDKRF
\IB BGF ,KP[DF OGKYF N[ KZYKTF \GPEY\FF IGMM ,OEBF NXB
LKZX ,BZCRN BZGCF QKC[ OKSIKF \B QKCFN KEM .\GKTCC[ \G[YF QP
73 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

.OKKIF ZGCKTC G[IZ\F[ OKMKNF\F \B ,OKKNNM OKGGYC \GIVN ,QKCFN

QKKRGTPFG ,OKNGED OKNCGYP N[ OFKZVSC OKZBG\P FNBF OKMKNF\F
\GPNGTF NM \B ,CN[ KZIB CN[ \GNDN NGMK ,OKZCEF N[ OYPGTN \EZN
.\TM LN FZSI G\RCF[ ,BZGCF N[ QGKDKFF \B GNKVB ,OKPKKYF
DK[R F\GB[ ,KRIGZ DGRT\ \[DZFN TKDFN BKF GRN[ \GI\V\FF \ZJP
YGIZP OKZKBP[ OKDGRT\ GB OKKTDZ OKDGRT\ ZIB [GVKIF OXT .TEGPC
.\GPN[N UGB[N OEBF \B OKIKZMP ,Z\GK FNGED O\PXGT \BHN KBG
ZGYP OGYP NMC BGXPN \GZ[VB GN [K { ZFP I\V\P[ ENK LM OG[P
Z\GKC OKJG[VF OKZCEF .OK[EI \GZGYP QPHF NM [VING OKDGRT\N
."ENK GPM IP[" ,OKZPGB GRIRB KEMC BNG .IGP[N GN OKPZGD

?OFN[ OHKBGDBF \EKP QKCN OKRG[F \GZGEF QKC Z[YF FP

.FHP FH OKRG[ \GZGEFG FP[R N[ OKKGSP DGSC QKKVB\P ZGE NM
.OHKBGDB N[ KNBPKRKP KBNP OT \GP[R ONGTN GEZK \GPEGY \GVGY\C
OFN FKF BN ,\GRGXZG \GKMGRB OKNNG[P JTPM GKF \GVGY\ Q\GB K[RB
.ZCE JTPM FZY BN \GCZ OKR[ \GBP L[PC .\GI\V\FN WKZP\
,OHKBGDB \GZCJXF FNI ,ZGEN ZGEP \GP[RF NGDND LKNF\CG ,\GK\DZEFC
YZ NCYN FZJPC ,OFP WNIKFN QGXZFG ,OKZGSKKF GZCD ,\BH OT EIKG
.OKDGRT\
.F[TPN FMNF ,FPGXT \GZKFPC TR ZCM NMF ,FHF ZGEF KRKT NGP NB
ONGTF NT FJKN[C YV\SP GRKB CG[G ,NMF FXGZ OEBF FHF ONGTC
\BHF FJKN[F \B .OKZIBF \GPNGTC FJKN[ OD GN F[GZE BNB ,FHF
IZMF [K LM O[N .GRN[ ONGTF \GNGCDP BXKK OB YZ ,[GMZN NGMK BGF
NTG ,OHKBGZJNBN ,TDZM OEBF \B TKRP[ ,KTCJF OHKBGDBF \B \GR[N
LKZX QGXZF NCB ,EIGKP QGZ[KM LMN [ZER BN .BZGCN \GG\[FN LM KEK
\GTKDP[ \GP[RF \B OKBNPP FNB OKYHI \GRGXZ .EGBP YHI \GKFN
(EGBP \GSDG \GI\GVP ,\IB FRGTCG \TC QF[) OKRGZIBF \GZGEC
.OKPEGYF \GZGEF N[ \GP[RFP Q\GB OKNKECPG

G\GB NNG[ BGF TGEP ,DGRT\ GN YKRTFN KEM BZCRF \B ZXK BZGCF OB
?GR\BP
G\GB NCYN CZS GPXTC BZCRF .DGRT\F \B GRPTP NN[ BZGCF BN
ON[GP QVGBC ZXGR BZCRF ."ORKIC" NGMKCM ,"OGN[\ BNN" GR\RKFC
BZCRF .ZIB QVGBC BGZCN NGMK BN BZGCF KZF[ ,GPXT BZGCF GPM
 LZEN FRMF 74

BNN OKDGRT\F \B NCYN CZKS[ ,LM KEM ET BZGCFP YIZ\FN QBP

.FZGP\
?FZGP\ BNN OKDGRT\ NCYN CZSN \NGMKF \B BZCRN Q\R BZGCF TGEP
UB BXPRF ,FZKICF [VGI \B BZCRFP NGN[N NGMK BN BZGCF[ KRVP
\GEKIKC BN ,EEPR YGIKZF KRIGZF ONGTC[ KRVPG ;BZGCF NXB BGF
\NCY OXTC LMKVNG ,(FZGXF KGRK[) \GRGM\F KGRK[C BNB ,YIZP
K\NC BKF BZGCFP \GYIZ\FF ,FZGP\ CK[FN KNCP BZGCFP DGRT\F
.\TRPR
?BZCRF OXTC GFKP
GH FP[R .\KPNGT ,"\KNNM FP[R"M BZCRF \B ZKEDFN OKNGMK GRB
\NGTV OG[ BNN ,KEEX EI QVGBC BZGCF N[ ZGBF \B NCYN FCZKS
OGXPX" F\[T BKF ,BZGCF \RGM\N \GYYG\[F \GTXPBC ZPGNM .QKNPGD
OKRRSP ,\GXKIP N[ FPN[ \MZTP FZXGR GRPPG ," ’B OGXPX" { "QG[BZ
\V[C .OKKRIGZF OKNMF LG\N ZGBF \SKRM \B OKTRGPF ,OKMSP GB
."KNMF LG\P YN\SF ZGBF"G "OKNM \ZKC[" F\[TR[ OKZPGB FNCYF
FP[RF \B BKCFN KEM ,\KNNMF FP[RF N[ \GYSZ\F F[IZ\F LM ZIB
.BZGCFP Z[VBF NMM YIZF ,KVGSF CXPN ET GHF
FP[RFP YKYNI NCYPF OEB[ KEM ,BZGCF F[T OKBCF OKZCEF \B
:FKNTF \BG GN[ QGYK\F \B [EIP NKI\FN NMGK ,GHF \KNNMF
OEBF LM CYTG ,"FGGBD" KGZYF GPXTN NCYN QGXZ FP[RN Q\R BGF .B
;BZGCF \B [GIN YKSVF
N[ OKVGDC O[KCNFG ,OKRJRJY OKYKYNIN BZCRF \B YNKI BGF .C
.GRN[ ONGTF
\EGYRN C[ ,BZGCF NB BZCRF C[ GVGSC OB ,QGYK\F LKNF\ ETGR FP O[N
?BXGPF
ZSGI NT EKTP ,OKRKICP GRB GC[ CKCSP[ ONGTF ,"FHF ONGTF"
\GRGM\CG GC[ \GKNKN[F \GRGM\F NMN OZGDF ,ZCE N[ GVGSC .\KNM\F
TCJC ,GF[P \GIVN QKCFN KEM[ BNB .BZGCF QMB BGF ,GRC[ \GKNKN[F
,FBKZCF \ZJP \B GRKRKT EDRN \GG[N GRKNT ,GRN[ \GKPKRVCG GRCKCSP[
OKCXP \GKFN OKNGMK OKKRKCF KCXP KM ;FN[ KVGSF CXPF \B
LZEF \B ZGCTN KEM ,FZKICG QGXZ [VGI OEBN Q\R BZGCF .OKK\KKN[B
.BZGCN \GG\[FNG FBKZCF \KNM\ \B [PPN ,KVGSF CXPF ET GHF
75 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | \ K R I G Z F \ G I \ V \ F F K C N [

?\GKP[DC[ FNBP \GKRIGZC OKZGSKG OKDGRT\ OKNECR FPC

ZGB QKC "FBMFE DGGKH"P FBXG\ OF \GKRIGZC OKZGSKG OKDGRT\
ZSGIM GB KGNKPM OK[DZGP OF GRN[ ONGTC GNKBG .LSPF \ZHTC ,QGXZN
KGNKP ZSGI GB KGNKP N[ F[GI\F .OKKJSKBGDBF GRK\GRGXZ N[ KGNKP
KGNKP N[ GH F[DZF ."TZ"G "CGJ" GB ,"OKZGSK" GB "DGRT\" GRKVC FRGMP
,OKR[KKIM OK[P[PF ,GRN[ OK[GIF \[PIC \ZKKJXP ,KGNKP ZSGI GB
ONGTN GRSIK \B \TCGY GH FRGP\ .GRCKCSP[ ONGTF N[ \NNGM FRGP\M
.BN GB GRYNI GRKNT ZV[ OB ,FHF
LZGX ,QPHC GCG ,\PKKGSP FDZEC OKDGRT\ ZSGI OKBJCP OKZGSKF
OKEYP CN[ OKGGFP OKZGSKF QMN .Z\GK FFGCD FDZEC DGRT\ [KDZFN
OF OD BNB ,OKZGSK NNM OKPKKY BN OKKRIGZ \GPNGTC .OKDGRT\ \[DZFN
ZSGIP OKTCGR ORKB OKZGSKF[ ,BGF LMN OTJF .OKDGRT\M O[ OKSV\R
.OKCGJG OKKVGSRKB OF QMNG ,FCFBN \GYYG\[FP BNB ,DGRT\
?FIP[M { QGSB GB CBM NM FBZB OBF ,\KRIGZ FD[FN TKDB OB
F[TR[ ,ZPGN GRKNT ,F[TR[ FP NM ,\K[BZ .FZG\F QKZ[KPC FZGP LM
,GRKKF .NMF \B DKFRP BZGCF YZ .ZIB GF[KP KEKC BNG BZGCF KEKC
,FKZGJSKFC G[IZ\F[ \GRGSBF NM \BG \GKEDZJF NM \B NNGI BZGCF
OKNKI\P GRIRB ,\KRIGZF FD[FF OT YZ .THTHP TP[R ZCEF KM UB
OKTGZDF \GTZGBPN BKCF[ QGC[IF \BG ,FBKZCF \MZTP NM \B QKCFN
LZGXN KIZMF ZCEM O\GB FBZRG ,O\GXKIR \B QKCR GRB .GRN GZY[ Z\GKC
FRCFF ZSGI BYGGE ,ZTXF FCZPN .GRN[ KRIGZF QGYK\NG ,GRN[ OGKYF
ZPBR LM .\GKEDZJN GR\GB FBKCP ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FC \GXKIRF N[
\PMGIC OKZVS BZYR BNG ,FF\[R OB .K"ZBF KZVSCG "ZFGH"C [GZKVC
\B DK[FN KEM I\V\R BN ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FN LKZEPF OF[ ,FNCYF
OEB NMG ,GR\BP EIB NM FCZ \GKZHMBC YIEK BZGCF ,FBKZCF \ZJP
QKC\G TE\ QTPN ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF N[ F\GXKIRC FZMFF NB ,ONGTC
FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\GCK[I \TCGR QBMPG ,LMP SGRP GRN QKB .\G[GRBF
.OKCZC FXKVFN LZGXFG
 ZGBN \GZCI\F
| F P [ R F \ e R M]v | T Z F \ Z M F | F Z J P C \ G Y C E | F B K Z C F \ Z J P
QGYK\ | \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ KGNKD | OGK OGK KKIC KPKRV SIK \KKRC
LKNF\C Z[D | KRIGZ ZM[ | LZEC \MNN EXKM | \GRGXZF
\GNB[ | QGYK\ ZPDC UGDF | \GPNGTF CGNK[ | \GPEY\FF
\GCG[\G

FBKZCF \ZJP
,QGPEY OEB :\GPNGT F[KPI OKPKKY GRN[ ONGTF QKCN BZGCF QKC
,OGSIPF BXPR FK[TF ONGTN \I\P .FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB
\B DK[FN BKF ,FHF ONGTC GREGTC ,GR\ZJP .GRN[ ONGTF GRPP FJPNG
\[CGNPF ,GR\P[R LG\C DK[FN ZPGNM ,UGS=QKB ONGTC[ FP[RF \DZE
,\KRIGZ FDZEP NMC .BZGCF OT BNPF EGIKF \B ,FHF ONGTF N[ UGDC
OHKBGDBF[ ET ,BZGCF \GRGM\N OHKBGDBF \GRGM\ FDZEFC \GR\[P
\GRGM\N \GFH \G[TR GR\P[R \GRGM\G ,OHKBGZJNBC UNI\P GNGM
.BZGCF
,"NCYN \RP NT NCYN" :OHKBGDB N[ \GRGM\ K\[ \GNTGV GRN[ ONGTC
\GRGM\F NT OKKGRC OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF ."NCYN \RP NT (TKV[FN) \\N"G
FPK[PF ."TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN"G "TKV[FN \RP NT TKV[FN"
[GPK[F \B OXPXN BKF ,"ZIB ONGTN ZGCTN" UBG[[ KPN ,FRG[BZF
YKSVFN ZPGNM ," ’B OGXPX" FNCYC KGZYF ZCE ,GPXT N[ \GRGXZC
.OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZC ,OHKBGDBC NGTVN
EKIKF ZCEF BGF[ ,GRN[ "NCYN QGXZ"F \RGM\ \B \GR[N GR\NGMKC QKB
NCYN"P ,QGXZC[ FRGGMF \B \GR[N LKZXG Z[VB ,NCB .BZGCF BZC[
77 FBKZCF \ZJP | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

"NCYN \GXZN" QGXZF \NGTV[ ,QBMP ."BZGCF QTPN NCYN"N "KPXT QTPN
.QGXZF N[ G\RGGM YZ FR\[P BNB ,FR\[P FRKB ,FPXTN[M
,FRGGMF KGRK[ KEK NT NCYN LKB \EPNPF ,FRGGMF KGRK[N FJK[F ,QMN
,"FNCYF \PMGI" \BZYR ,ONGMP \Z\SR BKFG ,FBGZ [KB QKB F\GB[
\GCG[IG ,F[TP NM [ZG[C[ FC[IPF FCG[I ."Z\SRF \PMGI"
QF ONGSF \GDZEP 125 NMG .GK[TPC DK[FN FXGZ OEBF[ ,\GZJPF
"KPXT QTPN FNCY"P ,FP[RF \RGGM N[ K\DZEFF QGYK\F \GEKP
."BZGCF QTPN FNCY"N
YHIN ET ,(Z\M) Z\GKC [NIF QGXZFP ,NCYN QGXZF \GDZE [PI
\[PI QFG ,BZCRN BZGCFP ,FJPN FNTPNP \GMGZT ,(\GMNP) Z\GKC
.\GPNGTF
JNYKFN OKB\P F[TR LMCG ,\GPNGTF LZE GZCTC [NIR BZGCF ZGB
\NCYP FP[RF Z[BM .Z\GKC OK[NIF OKKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGXZC
FRGGMF :F\RGGM \B \GR[N FNKI\P BKF ,QGYK\F ZGB \B FNTPNP
,"BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN" FRGGMN FR\[P ,"KPXT QTPN NCYN"
.\\N \BZYRF
FTKDP ,FK\GRGXZ NM NT " ’B OGXPX" \B \NNGIP BKF[ KZIB ,FP[RF
NCYN" LB ,OHKBGDBC NGTVN ZGPD CGZKSN FTKDF LMC ."OGSIPF GY"N
.\NDGSP FRKB QKKET ,(BZGCF QTPN NCYN) "TKV[FN \RP NT
[GZKV ,"Z\M"F \DZEC \\N FN[ FRGGMF \B \RY\P FP[RF Z[BM
BKF QMG ,FN[ Z\GKC [NIF OHKBGDBF NT ZCD\FN \NDGSP BKF[ ZCEF
FDZEC .QGKNTF ZGBF KVNM FPXT \B NJCNG ,OGNM NCYN BN[ \NDGSP
NTP BXPR[ QG[BZF KRIGZF ONGTF ,FK[TF ONGTN \SRMR FP[RF ,GH
ZKBP[ QPHC ,FN[ OHKBGDBF NT ZCD\FN FNGMK FP[RF OBG .OGSIPF
.FZKXKF ONGT \DZEN FNT\P BKF ,"FPMGIF ZGB" GC
N[ Z\GK NGED IGM OT EEGP\FN F\NGMK \B FZKCDP FP[RF[ NMM
UGSCN[ ET ,FBCF \KRIGZF FDZEN OTV NMC FNT\P BKF LM ,OHKBGDB
FND\P F\GFP[ ,\KRIGZ \e[K BKF FP[R .UGS=QKB ONGTN FTKDP BKF
.GKNTP[ \GDZEPCG OGSIPF ZCTP KZIB YZ
,GF[NM [GCN OKJGT ORKB[ ,OKKGND \GRGXZC OEB YSGT KRIGZF ONGTC
\B ZGYIN NEI ,KRIGZF ONGTC BXPRF NCGYP .GRN[ ONGTF K[GCNP
BGF .OKKRIGZ OK[ZG[P KTCJ QVGBC IPX[ URT GC FBGZG ,GRN[ ONGTF
 LZEN FRMF 78

,\GCKSFG \GRGXZF NM OKIPGX GRPP[ ,[ZG[F \B BYGGE \GBZN QKKRGTP

OEB .\RYG\P FRKBG ,Z\GKC FMGPRF FDZEPC \BXPR[ FBXG\F \B BNG
ONGTF N[ OKKP[DF \GRGXZF NM \B UKNIP OKKRIGZF \GPNGTN FNGTF
ZCE NMP \GRFKN FXZ OEGY[ O[M :BZGCF ZCTN QGGMP[ QGXZC ,FHF
NTG ,\KJSKBGDB FZGXC BZGCFP \GRFKN \TM FXGZ BGF LM ,GRN[ ONGTC
."QG[KN KN IKRP BN[ ET" :ZPBR FH
,OEBF CKCS EKP\ \BXPR[ "UKYPF ZGB"F N[ FRJY FZBF ,FDZEFC
ZB[ NM NT \GKRIGZN GRGXZ ZCD\P ,F\ZHTC[ ET ,GN ZKBFN FNKI\P
\B NCYPG OGSIPF \B ZCGT BGF ,ZGBP G\GB \ZHTC UGSCNG ,GK\GRGXZ
.TKV[FN ,\\N FRGGMF
FRTP Q\KK[ ,ZCE OEBC NNGIN NDGSP BZGCF N[ QGKNTF GZGB YZ
QGXZF GC[ ,CXPN G\GB BKCKG ,\GKRIGZ DK[FN OEBF N[ GKXPBP NMN
NM \B YK\[P GEGTC ,"QG[KN GN IKRP BN[" \DZEN ET GC ZCDK \GKRIGZN
.GK\GRGXZ Z\K
NM N[ F\GIKN[ LB ,\GI\V\FF KCN[ O\GB \B \GZCGT \GP[RF NM
NM F[GT FC[ ,\GZKFPF OD BKF FRG[G ,FRG[ BKF FHF ONGTC FP[R
.FMZE \B \IB
GN OKR\KR ,GRPNGTC GF[NM OEB N[ FTGR\ NM ,QGXZ NM ,FC[IP NM
FNI ,CGZN ONGB .\GKRIGZN CZY\FNG \GNTN :FEKIKG \IB FZJP O[N
OPGEFG IPGXF ,KIF \GDZEC ,TEGP \\C ,\KTCJ FZGXC GH \GPEY\F GRC
.OEBC[
OEBF N[ FZKICF [VGI .FBKZCF \ZJP KVN QRMG\G ,[BZP TCYR NGMF
FZJP GHKBN QKCFN NKI\PG ,GC [IZ\PF NMN OKMSP BGF[ ,LMC OM\SP
NM .GKNT ZCGT[ FPC NKTV U\G[ \GKFN FXGZ GPXT BGFG ,NMF QGGMP
Q\GB YZ NCB ,OEBC OKVNGI UGS=QKB ONGT N[ \GRGXZFG \GC[IPF
.\GJNYR[ QF ,BXPR BGF FC[ \KRIGZF FDZEN \GPKB\P[ ,\GC[IP
\GNTFN NGMK BGF NCB ,OF[NM OKKGNKD NT CG[IN NDGSP BGF QKB QKKET
BGF T\VN .QGKNTF ONGTF \B [GIN G\NGMK \BG ,GK\GTKEK \PZ \B
NTPP GN FYRTGF LMCG ,UYKF CIZ ,NNMG[P GF[PN \GVXN NKI\P
.KRIGZF CIZPF N[ Z\GK CMZGP OGI\ [KDZFN \NGMK
NT ,GN[ ONGTF \VY[F \KRCRG ,OEBF N[ FTV[FF OGI\ ZHDR QBMP
GZZGT\K ,GN[ \KEK\TF \GI\V\FF BGC\ Z[BM .KI BGF FC[ \GBKXPF
79 FBKZCF \ZJP | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\GTVG\G OKPXT QKC OK[EI OKZ[Y ODG ,Z\GK \GYGPT \GC[IP OEBC
\B FZKEDPF BKF[ ,\GI\V\FF \PZC KGN\ NGMF .\GBKXPC \GPKKY[
.GC [KDZK OEBF[ ,UGS=QKB ONGTP YNI G\GB ,GMG\C JNYRF OGI\F
U\G[ \GKFN ,"UKYP ZGB" LPXT NT ZZGTN ,\GKRIGZN YYG\[FN KEM
TCJF L\GB NKCGP FC[ ,LZEF \B ZXYNG ,FBKZCF \C[IP TGXKCC
.NCGYP CZ \MZEFCG ,FXGCYC EGPKN ECNP LZE EGT QKB ,F\D[FN
YZG ,KRIGZF ONGTF QKCN GRKRKC OGSIPM \GEPGT \GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F
.\GKJSKBGZJNBC \GKJSKBGDB \GRGM\ UKNIFN ZGHTK ,ZKBP[ ZGBF
BGF LMCG ,\\N QGXZN ,NCYN GRN[ QGXZF \B ZKPP UKYPF ZGBF
ZCE EGT OKXGZ GRRKB KM OKZPGB GRIRB .OGSIPF \B GR\GB ZKCTP
GTP[P { OGSIPF ZCTP[ ,GRTEK GNKB .ECNC \GKRIGZ BNB ,\GKP[DFP
NM FKF ,\NGHN FDBEG FC[IPN \GK[KB \GNTG\P ZCTPG ,K\GFP KGRK[
.GR\BP LSIR LKNF\F
OK[DGV GRB OGSIPN ZCTP .OGSIPF ZCTP BGF Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF
,FPXTC \TEGK ZCM FP[RF ,OGSIPF KZIB[ LZEF \B ."ZGBF OK"C
,\GNGTVFG OKETXF \B F\GB EPNP[ BGFG ,ZGBF \B FNCKY[ ZIBP
GFH .OFKZVSC OKNCGYPF OKC\GM LM NT .LKZEPG FVPM FN [P[PG
BKF GRKRKTC BZGCF \GNED[ ,ZGTK[ G\GBC YZ GRN ZKBPF BZGCF ZGB
[GMZN \GZ[VB OKNCYP GRB FH \GMHC .GRN[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZF NTP
.TKV[FN ,\\N :GPXT ZGBF N[ FRGM\F \B ,JBN=JBN
OEGY ?GKNT FCGJ FC[IPN BZGCF NT FTZ FC[IP \GR[N Z[VB LKB
NT FC[IPN TKDK OEBF[ KEM ,GHMM FC ZKMFNG ,FTZ BKF[ QKCFN [K NM
EGT NM .G\GNEDC ,BZGCF ZGBC YZ \GBZN Z[VB FHF TZF \B .FRGYK\
NM[ OEBF ZGCS FNKI\ .ZGGKT BGF OEBF ,OEBN BZGCF ZGB ZKBP BN
,L[GIC ,OGSIPN \I\P ,FHF ONGTC BXPR BGF NCB ,\GCGJ GK\GC[IP
.ZGBF TKDP BN O[NG
G\GFP \B \GBZN NKI\P BGF ,UKYPF ZGBF OEB NT ZKBP Z[BM
,ZGBF GN ZKBP[ KRVN ."TZF \ZMF" BZYR FHF LKNF\F ;\K\KPBF
NCB .YEGX EKP\ BGF GPXT KRKTCG ;GPXT \B YKEXFN NE\[P OEBF
[YCN G\GB TKRP FHG ,GC[ TZF \B ZKMP OEBF BZGCF ZGB \TV[FC
.GHF FZBFF ZGYP BGF[ ,BZGCFP FZHT
 LZEN FRMF 80

.OEBF N[ GTCJ \B BZGCF FR[K ,\K\KPB OEBF N[ G\[YC OB

GN[ FRGGMF YZ FR\[P .FR\[P GRKB NCYN QGXZF ,FH LKNF\C[ BNB
,FH QVGBC ."FRK\R" BZYR FHF KGRK[FG ,"BZGCF QTPN" "KPXT QTPN"P
\GDZE 125=P \IB NMC ,BZGCF \GRGM\N FDZEFC \GR\[P OEBF \GRGM\
.ONGSF
:OKMKNF\ FPM OKPKKY\P GHM FDZEP NMC
GYC BZGCFP TGZD Z\GK KRB FPM ET FZMFF ,TZF \ZMF \ZZGT\P .B
;KN[ NBP[
;GN[ QKPK GYP ,BZGCFP NCYN YGYH KRB FZHT GHKB ,FYKEC \MZTR .C
NDGSP KRB FPM ,FYKEC KEM LG\ ,NBP[ GY NGP QKPK GY \B EKPTP KRB .D
;KTXPB GYN ZGCTN KGZY[ FP ,QKPK GYP NCYN
FPGE KN[ QGXZFP USGR YNI F[TR ,GNNF \GNGTVFP FBXG\M
NM[ ET ,FDZEPG FDZEP NMC LMG ;FBCF FDZEPN ZGCTN NGMK KRBG ,BZGCN
.BZGCF \GRGM\N GG\[K KK\GRGM\
Z[VB KB OFKETNC .GK\GRGXZ OKRKKVBPG OKTCGY OEBF N[ GK[TP \B
QMNG ,OEYGP OGYN CKKI KRB ZIP[ ,TEGK KRB ,FPDGEN .F[TP \G[TN
.BN ?KRGXZN EGDKRC FH OBF .OEYGP QG[KN LNGF KRB OGKF
KNCG ,OEGY QGXZ KNC NGTVN NDGSP BN FHF ONGTC ZCE OG[G EIB UB
.TKRPF IGMF ,FKDZRBF BGF[ ,DGRT\C QGXZF KGNKP
.LM FH QKB LB ,GRN[ QGXZF EDR GF[P OK[GT GRIRB[ ,GRN FPER OKPTVN
OB OD ,\ZIB BNG LM BYGGE \G[TN UKET[ ,QGC[I OK[GT JG[V GRIRB
OEBF ,\NTG\ FHF CG[KIC [K OB .GF[NM QGXZN EGDKRC FH[ GRN FPER
.OKKGXZ BNG OKPKTR BN GNKVB ,OKZCE NGCSN QMGP
,GKNB CGZYN FHF QGXZF \B LVGF OEBF ,OKKGSP QGXZC G\ZKIC KEK NT
NDGSP BN GR\BP EIB UB ,QVGBG OKRV OG[CG ,ONGTN .G\GB [PPN NGMKG
.LMN GN[P QGXZ GN FKFK[ KNCP GB ,TKRP IGM NCYN KNC TCXB UGYRN
FH F[TP F[GT BGF[ FPER ,ZIB OEBN CGJ GF[P F[GTF OEBN
IMGGKK ,G\C[IPG G\TE YPGTN EZK OB NCB .GPXTN FBRF \CGJ NM BNN
YZG LBG ,GPXTN CGJ \G[TN :\IB FZJP O[N YZG LB F[TR FH NM[
.\KPXT FBRGF BGF ZB[F NMG ,GPXTN
BGF GR\BP EIB NM[ ,IMGGKFN NMGR ,FNCY EGPNN NKI\R OB
NT BN OD ,[KB NT G\TE Q\GR BGF QKB ,GPXTP WGIG ,JNIGP JSKBGDB
81 FBKZCF \ZJP | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

,FKN[B NT FKGRC OEBF N[ \GC[IPF \MZTP NM QKKET ,FH CN[C .GKENK

,Z[VB ,ZIBN \\N .ZIB GF[KP QTPN GF[P \G[TN Z[VB[ GN FPERG
[KKC\FN OGYP QKB .FZGP\C GF[P NCYP OEBF FH OT EIK[ KBR\C YZ
IKGGZFN KEM OKR\GR[ GB ,DGRT\ O[N OKNCYP[ GB .GRN[ TCJF GFH .LMC
.GF[P FHP
GRN[ \GRGM\F \B UKNIFN BGF UGB[N LKZX GKNB[ EKIKF ZCEF
.BZGCF \GRGM\C
,OEBN GN NB .BZCR BGF[ KVM OEBF \B NCYN LKB \EPNP FNCYF
F[Y ORPB .ZIB OEB N[ GB ,GN[ \GRGM\F NT HDGZC GB FBR[C CKDFN
QJYF OHKBGDBN \GRNCS GN QKB KNGBG ,QGXKIF ONGTF OT TDPC \GKFN GN
[KG ,BZCKFN LKZX FKF[ KVM ,BZCR OEB NM NCB ,NY\R OFC[ OK[RBC
\GRGM\N ,GNXB \GPKKYF \GRGM\F \B \GR[N \NGHN ZGHTN NE\[FN
.\GKJSKBGZJNB
GPM ,OKZGSKM [DZGP ,GRRGXZ UB NT F[TRG ,GRIGZ \ZGPN BGF[ FP NM
FRG[ TCJP O[P BKXGFG ,SKMN GEK SKRMF OEB OB ,EGPN\C ZPBR[
\B OBG\ GRKB[ ,OKKIC ZCE NM .OKZGSK [KDZP ZCM BGF ,[VKI[ FHP
NM { ZIB GB FH ZCE \G[TN QGXZ ZSGIG ,FNIP ,TZ IGZ CXP NMG ,GRRGXZ
.OKZGSK OXTC OF FNB
NGMF ,\ZIB GB GHM FZGXCG ,GR\CGJN BGF F[TR[ FP NM[ BNB
,ON[GPG UGZX ,CGJ [KDZFN Z[VB .FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FN GR\GB OEYP
\G[GI\F \ZDSPC ,OGSIPF ZCTP OEGY .OGSIPF ZCTP ZIBN YZ
QKKET FBZR NGMFG .ZPM YG\PFG ,TZM GRN FPER CGJF ,GRN[ \G\GGTPF
KM ,FP[RF \B BNPP GRKB ZGBF[ OG[P ,ZCEF LM .GRKRKTC OKZGSKM
ZGBF ZB[R ,FPKB\P \KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM G[MZK BN \GRGXZF[ ET
.WGIC
LBNP" GZGCT BGF NCYN QGXZF ,\GKRIGZN CZY\P BN OEBF EGT NM
,UKYPF ZGBF \B GKNT L[GP BGF ,FNCYF \PMGI KEK NT NCB ,"OKKIF
TCJF KGRK[N TKZVP GPXTN NCYN GRGXZ FPM ET ,QKCP JBN=JBNG
BGF KJSKBGDBF QGXZF[ ,\TEN IMGR BGF .KJSKBGZJNBN KJSKBGDBF
LVGF "OKKIF LBNP" LMCG ,\KRIGZF G\GPEY\F N[ K\KPBF CKGBF
."\GGPF LBNP"N
 LZEN FRMF 82

\ZMF ;GC[ OHKBGDBF LG\P OEBF NKI\P ,TZF \ZMF LKNF\ \B

QGXZ GC ZZGT\P .GMG\C [GIN NIF OEBF[ ,ZGBF \GRGM\P \TCGR TZF
GPXT OEBF[ ZIBP .GPXT TZF OF[ ,FNB "OKYKHB"P WNIKFN HT
FZHTN FMGHG ,BZGCFP FZHTN [GBKKC YTGH BGF ,ZZI\[FN NDGSP GRKB
.GRGXZ NM QMB BKFG ,FRM G\[YC OB ,[YKC[
,FIV[P OKYFN ,ONGM GPM EGCTN CKKI ,\GKRIGZN CZY\FN FXGZ[ KP
,FIV[PN GK\GKGCKI\FPG FEGCTP KGRV BGF QFC[ \GT[C .OKENK EKNGFN
\D[F NT EGY[N GB ,FKHKGGNJF LSP NGP \GNCN BKF GEKC FZKZCF
.\KRIGZ FZJP
KZMHF YNIF QKC OKSIKF QP TCGR GRN[ ONGTC F[KBN ZCD QKC NECFF
GH FRG[ F[KBF N[G ZCDF N[ ONGTF \VY[F GRPNGTC .FP[RC[ KCYRFG
.OKKR[F N[ \GZJPFG \GKGCKKI\FF KRVGB QKC KRG[ [KG ,GHP
,OKKRIGZ FP[R=UGXZV NM N[ KCYRFG KZMHF YNIF ,KRIGZF ONGTC
KZMHF YNIFG ,GN[ \GRGXZF \B OZG\ KCYRF YNIF :FH \B FH OKPKN[P
N[ FD[FN BKCP EIK OFKR[ CGNK[ ,ZCE N[ GVGSCG ,GN[ OKMSPF \B
.BZGCF ZGB N[ \GND\F BKF O\BXG\[ ,\GPN[G Z[GB
,GMZEC EIB NM ETGX QFC[ ,GRKRKC[ \GKJSKBGDBF OKSIKF \GMZTPC
,UGXZV G\GBC OKKY NGMF \GKRIGZC .ZIBF QGC[I NT BC ,FH N[ GRGYK\
NGMK KRIGZF ONGTC[ JYKKCGB NM .OKEZVR OKVGDC OGYPC ,EIB UGDC
.U\G[P LZGX QTPN ,ZIB JYKKCGB OKN[P BGF OB YZ ,OKKY\FN
,\K\KPB FIV[PG ,OKRKPF QKC OKK\KPB OKSIK ,FNCYF KV NT[ ,QBMP
OB\FC HBG ,\KRIGZ QY\KFN \GXGZ[ \GP[R QKC YZ ZXGGKFN OKNGMK
GMVFKK FIV[PF LG\C OKKJSKBGDBF OKSIKF ,FRZGCT\ QF[ QGYK\N
.OKKJSKBGZJNBN
GKF GRN[ FKZGJSKFC .OKKRIGZ \GPNGTC OEY\FN FNGMK F[KBF OD
OKFGCD OKKRIGZ \GPNGTN GTKDFG ,\GNCGYP OK[R GKF[ ,\GNGED \GBKCR
OEBN LM NT ZVSN ZGSB .EIB NM N[ KPKRV QKKRT BKF \GKRIGZF .EGBP
FH NM .BZGCF KVNM [KDZP EIB NM[ FP \GREVYC ZK\SFN [KG ,ZIB
ZPD \D[FC YZ .FRG[F \KJZVF LZEF \B FHN FH GNYNYK BN[ KEM
N[ \GTZVFN OGYP EGT FKFK BN[ QGGKMP ,ONGMN NMF FND\K QGYK\F
.OHKBGDBP \TCGRF ,FBRY
83 FZJPC \GYCE | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FZJPC \GYCE
.OEB G\GB N[ NCYN QGXZN OB\FC FNCYC \K[TR ,OEBN O[ \YRTF
YCEKFN ,G\GB [KDZFN ,BZGCF \B DK[FN QGXZ [K OEBN OB ,N[PN LM
\B FBGZ GRKBG ,LZEF \NKI\C GEGT OB OD ,"NBZ[K" GP[ BZYKK ,GC
Z[BM .QGXZF BGF NMP CG[IF NCB .\GETGP GKRV QBN TEGK GB BZGCF
NT ,"FD[F NTC" GB "NCGYP" BZYR BGF ,BZGCF QGXZ \B [PPP OEBF
GECNP[ ,QKCFN OEBF NKI\P FDZEFC .\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FDZEP DK[F[
NM { OKZCI ,FEGCT ,OKCGZY ,OKENK ,F[KB .[KB QKB BZGCF ECNPG
BZGCF \GND\F .\GRG[F \GKGPEF KZGIBP CXKRF ,BZGCF OF FNB
."FD[F" \BZYR OEBN
FD[F \DZEP GN [K LM ,OEBN QCGP Z\GK \GKFN NKI\P ZCEF[ NMM
BGF HBG ;BZGCF BGF CKCSP[ FP NM[ ,GN FND\P Z[B ET ,Z\GK FFGCD
,\GC[IPF ,GC[ \GRGXZF NM[ BKFG ,Z\GK EGT FCG[I FD[F [MGZ
?OEBF QMKF ,ZCE N[ GVGSCG .BZGCF OF OD ,\GVKB[F ,\G[GI\F
QKB[ \KVGS FRYSPN TKDPG ,GMG\C FH NM \B [KDZP[ KP BGF OEBF
."BZGCC \GYKCE" \BZYR GHF F[DZFF \GND\F .BZGCF ECNP EGT
.F[KDZP[ FBKZCM BZCR OEBF ?F[DZFN FRCF QKC NECFF ,OXTC GFP
QKCFN ,DK[FN NMGK[ ,LM I\V\P GRN[ NM[F .\C[GI BN ,F[KDZP BKFG
NM[FG ,OKNGED ORKB GN[ \GRGXZF { N[PN ,ENK .OK[KDZP GRIRB[ FP \B
BGF FC FEKPC YZ ,NM[N YYHR \GZTKF EKNK .FHN OB\FC I\GVP GN[
.G[YGCP \B DK[FN LKZX
NM[F[ OG[P ,Z\GK OMI F[TR BGF LM ,Z\GK [YCP OEBF[ NMM
\GI\V\F N[ FENG\ BGF NM[F .GR[YGCP \B DK[R[ ,LMN DGBEN LKZX
.NM[F \GI\V\FN I\VP BGF YHI QGXZ .QGXZF
.QGXZF \GI\V\FN YZ BNB ,NM[F \GI\V\FN DGBEN LZGX QKB LMKVN
FXZK OB KE ,OMI \GKFN LKZX BN FNCYF \PMGI \B EPGNF OEB
YZ BNB ,NM[C \GBZN Q\KR BN KRIGZF ONGTF \B .FXZRF \B [KDZKG
.FP[RF KEK NT G[KDZFN
\GSR\FN ,O\GB [GIN ,ONGTF NM N[ OKZGSKC NNMKFN LKZX OEBF
.GNGM ONGTN LKK[F ZGB NCYN ,GN[ OKRYG\PF OKNMC LM ZIBG ,OFC
LKZX BGF ,ZIB GF[KP N[ GNCS NT ,OEBN GN TEGR FC[ OTV NMCG
 LZEN FRMF 84

KRC[ OG[P BNB ,GKNB TKDF BN FH NCS[ OG[P BYGGE GBN ,ZTJXFN
OKNMF KM ,BZGCF \GND\FM GNNF OKZGSKF \B OKNCYP ORKB OEBF
\ID[F \B FRGMR FZGXC OKRKCP ORKB OF .QKKET OKRYG\P ORKB OFN[
.OKBZCRF NT BZGCF
\PMGI ?TZ OK[KDZP Z[BM BZGCF \B YKEXFN OKMKZX GRIRB OBF
\B FDZEFC [KDZP ,F\GB EPGNF OEB .\PBF \PMGI FKGZY FNCYF
NGP G[VRC ZY[ \G[TN NGMK BN BGF .Z\GKG Z\GK FHT FZGXC \PBF
.FEKIKF \PBF BKF GCNC[ F[DZFF[ ,GN FND\P .BZGCF
\B FHC OK[BP OEBF[ ,LM NT FEKTP ,FPXTN[M FTZF F[DZFF
.OKNKPC LZGX QKBG ,CNF \GTXPBC OKZCEP GRB BZGCF OT .BZGCF
ZKMFN KEM ,QMN .BZGCN FEG\ \ZMF FGGFP ,FPXTN[M FCGJ F[DZF
.FCGJ F[DZFC \GKFN EKP\ LKZX KRB ,BZGCN FEG\
NCY\P ,GRN[ ONGTC \GKFN NGMK[ TZF NM[ ,TRM\[FN OKMKZX GRIRB
BNB ,FZKZC QKB ,QMN .GRN[ \GRYG\P BNF \GP[RF KEK NT YZ TZM
,GN OKET GRB[ ,TZF NM[ LM ,GRN[ OKNMF \B QY\NG ,\KRIGZ \GNT\FN
.CGJM NCY\K
FRPP[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEN FKNTCG OKNMF QGYK\C[ ,LMN YZ DGBEN GRKNT
.ONGTF NM NKC[CG GRNKC[C CGJ BGF BZGCF FPM ET FBZR ,TV[F NM BXGK
BZYRF ,FK[TF ONGT { QG[BZF KRIGZF ONGTF \GDZEPC FNGTF OEB
."T[Z" BZYR OEBF QMNG .TZM [IZ\PF \B NCYP QKKET "TZ GNGM"
FBGZ BGF { "CGJ KXIG TZ KXI" BZYRF ,FZKXKF ONGTN G\SKRMC ,L[PFC
TEGK GRKBG ,OFKRKC BXPR NGMKCMG ,CGJM OTVG TZM OTV [IZ\PF NM \B
.[IZ\PN \\N QGKX FHKB YGKEC
GN[ OKNMF QGYK\C ,OEBF Z[BM ."CGJ JTPM" BZYR FBKZCF ONGT
CGJ LB FXGZ BZGCF[ ,Z\GKG Z\GK [KDZP BGF ,FBKZCF ONGTN FNGT
."ZGPD BN YKEX" BZYR ,FBKZCF ONGT ,FH ONGTC BXPRF OEB .GRTPN
FBGZ BGF O[ { "CGJ GNGM" BZYRF ,\GNKXBF ONGTN TKDP OEBF Z[BM
BZYR \GNKXBF ONGTC BXPRF OEB QMN .TZN ZMH OG[ BNN CGJ
Z\GK \GNTN OEBF \B GIKZMK OKZGSKF[ KEM ,F[TR FH NM ."YKEX"
.FGCD Z\GKG
OEBF[ ET .BZGCN GN[ SIKF BKF OEBF \[DZF ,CXPG CXP NMC
,KZPDN CGJ \GKFN NGMK BN BZGCN GSIK ,Z\GKC \GFGCDF \GDZEPN FNTK
85 FZJPC \GYCE | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

QM\KK ,BZGCN KZPDN CGJ SIK .BZGCF \B QKJGNIN YKEXFN NGMK BN BGFG
.\GNKXBF ONGTC YZ
\BXN NE\[FN BNB ,KIMGRF TZF GCXPC ZB[KFN LKZX BN OEB
BGF LKZX ,QM KZIB YZ .GCXP \B I\RPG QIGC BGF[ KRVN BN NCB ,GRPP
GCXP \B QGICN NGMK GRKB ONGTN OEBF NCB .CGJ CXPN ZGCTN NE\[FN
G\GKFC ,F[EI FDZEPN ZCTPC YZ BNB ,GC BXPR ZCM BGF[ \TC
GCXP \B I\RNG QGICN NMGK ,ZIB ,[EI CXPC BXPR \PBC BGF[ ,IGJC
.OEGYF
GN \GRYN GXZ BN[ OG[P ,GKZGF NT HDZ\F[ ,Z[T QC ENK ,N[PN
QKCFN NDGSP BGF FP KMG .GCXP \B FRGMR LKZTFN NDGSP GRKB ,TGRVGB
NGMK BGF ,Z\GK OMIG ZDGCP G\GKFC ,Z\GK ZIGBP ?[KDZP[ QGCNTFP WGI
\BXN OEB LKZX ZYKTC .OKR[ KRVN GNXB [IZ\F[ FP NM \B QGICN
.Z\GK CGJ ,ZIB CXPN ,BZGCF \B OK[BP BGF GC[ ,CXPFP
,ZPGB FH QKB .GKBZCRN CKJFN KEM ONGTF \B BZC BZGCF[ ,ZPBR ZCM
\B F[T BZGCF .QM KRVN GRNCS[ OG[P ,GRN CKJKFN FXGZ BGF GK[MT[
.NCS OEBF[ OKZGSKF \GPMN Z[Y KNCG ,OKCG[KI BNN F[TPF
OEBC \ZZGTP YZ NCSF \EKP .OKR[ KVNB EGT NGCSN FKG[T \G[GRBF
QGYK\ YZ .QGYK\N BKCK BN ONGTN ,GPXTN[M NCSF NCB ,QGYK\N QGXZ
.CGJN BKCP KPXT
:’G \GB ,ONGSF NTC \BP "ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"C CG\M[ GPM
UGS BGF KM ,GRK\GC[IP NMG GRKRKT \B OK[FN OKMKZX GRB QBMG |...~
.ONGTF \BKZC N[ F[TPFG FRGGMF
KZF ,GKBZCRN \GRFN KEMC F\KF FBKZCF \C[IP[ QGGKM ,QRGC\FN [KG
C[I Z[B \B NCYN ,EBP ET NGED QGXZ \EKP \GP[RC BZC[ ,BGF IZMF
N[ GNED \EPC FEGEP ,FBRF NMG DGRT\ NM N[ GNED \EP KZF[ ,QFN Q\KN
.G\GB NCYN QGXZF
FNGED DGRT\F \EP FHF ZGTK[C FRF ,Z\GK NGED NCYN QGXZF[ NM[ ET
ZGTK[ \IVR FEPF F\GBC KZF ,Z\GK \GIV GNCYN QGXZF[ NMG .Z\GKC
.FNCYFP DGRT\F
NCYN QGXZ \GP[RC BGZCN IZMFC \CKKIP ,FPXTC FBKZCF \C[IP[ KZF
DRTN C[I G\NMK NM[ ,NGEDF DGRT\F \EPN OKB\PF ,Z\GKC HZVGP ZGTK[C
.EIB FRYC OKNGT NGEDF NCYN QGXZFG NGEDF DGRT\F KM .\GP[RF \B

NCB .KRGXZ \EKP KRVN FNKMBFP FRFR KRB ,\XY NGMBN FXGZ KRB OB
,BZGCF LM OG[P .FCZ FBRF KN \PZGD FNKMBF ,EGBP CTZ KRB OB
 LZEN FRMF 86

CGJF \B NCYN NGED QGXZ GRC BZC ,Q\KR YZ[ NMM GRN CKJKFN G\GXZC
GRIRB ,\BH OT .OFP \GRFKN GRN \\N C[I[ DRGTNG CGJN OB\FC ,FHF
YVSN OKNGMK BN LB ,GF[P DK[FN OKXGZ Z[BM ZGTK[ QKBN OKNCGS
.GRRGXZ \B
EGT NM .EGBP \CMZGP FNB[ ?\GKRIGZN KN[ QGXZF \B NKEDFN EXKM
GRC OKZZGT\P .\GKRIGZ [KDZFN OKNDGSP GRRKB ,OGSIPF \B GRZCT BN
[GIN NKI\P KRB Z[BM ,LM OG[PG ,\KPXT FBRFN OKK[GRB \GRGXZ YZ
ECNC GH BNG .TZ [KDZPG ,TZ FH[ QKCP KRB ,KRIGZFP \GBC[ \G[DZ
,K\C[I QMN OEGY .GRPP YIZ\P UB KRB BNB ,BZGCN CZY\P KRKB[
,GK[MTG ?BZGCN Z\GK CGZY K\KKF[ ZPGB FH OBF .TGZD LM NM BN KRB[
GB ZGIBN K\GB UIGEF BGF BZGCF OBF ,TZ KPXT \B [KDZP KRB[ FH
?GKNB K\GB L[GP BZGCF ,LVKFN
GRB EGT NM .\GKNKN[ \G[GI\ \GTXPBC BKF GRN[ \GI\V\FF
Z\GK QY\]KFN GRN \ZHGT F[GCF ,GRN[ OKNMF GRYG\ BNG ,OKJSKBGDB
BN OKZCE .F[GC BN OB ,OEB QC ZB[KFN OEBN Z[VBP FP KZF[ .NMP
OKPKTR OKZCE Z[BP ,FRGMRF LZEN Z\GK ZFP GR\GB OKRGGMP OKPKTR
.Z\GK EGT GR\GB OKNYNYP CGZN[ ,OKCGJG
.LMG\C BGF[ FZGZC FTKEKC ,G\GB BGR[N KGZY OHKBGDBFP NGCSN
\ZZGTP BKF ,OKZGSKF ZGYPP GR\GB FYKIZP ,\KNKN[ F[GI\ ,FBR[F
.BZGCF NB CZY\FN \GYYG\[FG \GPEY\F O[N CGJ IGZ CXP OEBC
OB GNKVB ,FZKCTF NGP EPTP YKHIFN NDGSP GRKB[ LMC ZKMP OEB
BGF[M ,OGYP NMPG ,F\BZYN UBG[ BGF \BH NMC .[BZP FKNT TEGK BGF
ZXTR BNB ,FRPP YIZ\FN KEM TCXB UYGR GRKB ,\CZY\P BKF[ FBGZ
OKNGMK GRB[ FP NM ,GRPXTN[M .QGYK\F OGI\N LKK[ FH NM .FN QK\PPG
.LZEF KCN[ NMC \GTJG NG[MP NMP IYN EGPNN BGF ,\G[TN OKMKZXG
TDZ EGTC ,GF[NM CXP NT ZCD\P BGF[ ,OEBN FPER OKPTVN OB GNKVB
.TCXB GNKVB HKHFN NDGSP GRKB[ GN ZZC\K
OKCXPF \B .OXTC OKPKKY ORKB "OKBJIG \GZKCT" ,QM NT Z\K
\ZMF O[N ZGCTN CKKI OEBF OKBJI GB \GZKCT OKKGZYF ,FNBF
OB .KPXTF QGYK\C \GXKIRF \[DZF O[N ,BZGCF KEKC ZXGR Z[B ,GTCJ
\BZYN F[TP F[GT BGF LMC KZF ,[IZ\PF NMN OEBF SIKK\K LM
.QGYK\F
87 FZJPC \GYCE | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

EDGR LSP OT FP[R BZC BZGCF :QG[BZF OEBF BJI ,FPDGEN

.LSPF N[ G\GEDR\F IGM NT ZCD[ ,DGRT\ FP[RN Q\R L[PFCG ,OHKBGDB
G\GB FNCKY ,TV[F NGP EPTP YKHIFN FNMK BN FP[RF ,LMP FBXG\M
,NCYN \RP NT^a FNCY BGF "BJI" .\BJGI FBXPRG ,NCYN \RP NT^a
.NCYN \RP NT NCKY QG[BZF OEBF ,TKV[FN \RP NT FNCY OGYPC
YNIF .\eKRGXKING \eKPKRVN \GYNI\PF ,\GZKVS Z[TP FKGRC FP[RF
ZGB .\eKRGXKI BZYR ,QYG\ BN QKKET[ FHG ,\eKPKRV BZYR QYG\PF
YNIF .GRPXT \B [KDZFN GRN OZGD ,FP[RF N[ KPKRVF YNIF \B BNPPF
CCGSF ,FHF ONGTF \[DZF \B GRN Q\GR ,QKKET QYG\P GRKB[ ,KRGXKIF
.GRN FXGIP ,GRCKCSP BXPR[ GF[P N[ F[DZFF \TCGR QBMP .GR\GB
OKRYG\P BNF OKNMF .KMG\C BXPR ,KCKCSP BXPR[ FP NM[ ,BKF \PBF
EKP ,\GKRIGZN SRMR[ KP NCB .FPGEP \GBKXP GRCKCS OKZXGK[ OF ,GRN[
.FPGEP BKF \GBKXPF[ [KDZFN NKI\P
GPXT BGF[ \TC ?BZGCC LZGX [KDZFN OKNKI\P GRIRB CN[ FHKBC
EPGT BGF[ QKCFN GRN Q\GR ,\BH OT EIKG OKZGSK KRKP NMN GRN OZGD
NM ,GRN[ CXPC .FZHTN BZGCF NB OKYTGH GRIRB FT[ F\GB .OFKZGIBP
FZGI[F FEGYRC BYGGE .L[GIF [DZGP FC[ ,CNC[ FEGYRC HMGZP NCSF
.BZGCF OT ZGCKIF NKI\P ,GHF
\B .OGSIPF \B ZGCTK[ ET ,OEBN YKXFN GMK[PK \GNB[F NM
.F[EI FRCFCG OK[EI OKNMC NCB ,OEB G\GB OTV NMC NB[K \GNB[F
CKKI OEBFG .FPKEY NDND\P YZ BNB ,\KRZGIB ZHGI GRKB ZCE OG[
.FNBF OKCXPF NM \B [KDZFNG ZGCTN
 LZEN FRMF 88

TZF \ZMF
F\B .GC \GYCEN YYG\[PG ,BZGCF \B CFGB F\B[ LMC KE QKB
,\KPXT FBRFC QGXZF \B ,LN[ TCJF \B ,LC[ TZF \B BGR[N OD CKKI
.GPXTC WNIKFN NDGSP OEBF QKB GRPP Z[B
TZF NM \B FBGZ ,GCXPC QRGC\P BGF GC[ ,CXPN TKDFN LKZX OEBF
\GIGMC[ ,TEGKG ,EKSVP BGF FPM QKCP BGF .UZF BNN GRPP NCGSG GC[
OKN[FN NGMK GRKB OEBF ,QPHC GCG ,TZFP NBDKFN NDGSP BGF QKB GPXT
BGF[ FBGZ ODG ,GN OZGD TZF[ OKESVFF NM \B [I BGF .GCXP OT
FRGM\F[ QGGKM ,GMG\C FNGBDN \GIGM BGXPN NDGSP FKFK BN GPXTC
.BZGCF EXP ,TCJF IGMP GC FYXGR GHF
ZVSP [KDZFN CKKI OEBF ,KRIGZF ONGTN GRN[ ONGTFP \BXN KEM
BGF ,BXPR BGF GC[ CXPF[ [GIN GKNT FNKI\ BNB OKZEDGP OKCXP
Z[BM YZ ,[IZ\FN NGMK FH ZCE .BG[RP F[YG ,QKJGNIN NCSR K\NC
,GCXP N[ ZGPDF LVKFF FRKF[ ,\GKRIGZ KFP ,JTPC GNG [KDZK BGF
BGF NGMFG ,\GKIXRFG \GPN[F ,FGGN[F ,TV[F ,CGJF NM KGXP FMG\C[
.GKNB G\GB L[GPF ,EIB IGM
CXPFP L\GB FIGE[ ,FIGEF IGMF ,LMN USGRC OKKY FHF ONGTC QBM
L[GPF IGMF ,\GIGMF KR[ Z[BM HBG .LZGCT NCSR K\NC F[TR F\T FH[
OEBFG ,OBK[N OKTKDP ,KIMGRF GCXPP G\GB FIGEF IGMFG ,KRIGZN
NBDKFN GN[ \GZ[VBF ZSGI \B ODG ,GN[ OKRGBF ZSGI \B OD QKCP
WVR\P ,GNNF OKBR\F \[GN[ OKPKKY\P GC[ CXPC .GC[ TZFP GPXTC
.G\GB NBGD BZGCFG ,OEBF LG\C GF[P
BZGCF HBG ,GCZYC[ TZN \K\KPB FBR[ [GIZN OEBF N[ G\NGMKC
BGF[ ,LMC BJC\P ZCEFG ,\GP[RF ZPG[ BGF BZGCF .GRPP G\GB NBDK
[GNYF GNKVB ,BZGCF OT ZGCKI [K OEBN OB .TZF KEKP Q\GB NKXP
.NHP ZC GFKZF ,Z\GKC
BNB ,OKPNTR ORKB ,OEBF ZCGT O\GB[ \GKRIGZC OKCXPF NM
QY\N ,OFKNB CG[N Q\KR CN[ NMC .GPXT KRVC ZCEM OKKY\FN OKVKSGP
.\GPEY\FF L[PF LZGXN OFC [P\[FNG ,Z[VBF \EKPC O\GB
\GXZN NE\[FN OKMKZX OKBZCRF OD ,TKV[P BGF BZGCF[ ZIBP
ON[GP G\GKFC ,NCYP \GKFN BZGCF NT BGR[[ ZIBPG .GFGPM TKV[FN
89 TZF \ZMF | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\B BGR[N ,OKNCYP \GKFN BGR[N OKMKZX OF OD OKBZCRF ,FNKI\MNP

,LMN FBR[F \GTXPBC YZ .KNKN[F NM TCGR GRPP KM ,OEGBP NMC TZF
.BZGCF \[GEY \I\ \GSIN BGCNG ,TZF \B QY\N Q\KR
,TZ [KDZP BGFG ,\G[KEB ,\GRYKZ N[ OKCXP OEBC OKZZGT\P OB
CXP NM .QYK\ BN QKKET[ ,FBCF G\DZEPN ZCM LKK[ GCXP[ ,ZCEF [GZKV
QGXZ"P ,"OKNM"P OKNKI\P .FNKNFP NKI\P OGKF[ GPM ,L[GIP NKI\P
\ZXGR[ OTV NMC QMN .ZGB OMG\N OKNCYPG ,O\GB OKRY\P ,"NCYN
.ZGBF \NCY BGF BCF CN[F KM ,IGP[N LKZX OEBF ,F[EI "TZ" \[DZF
,OKCXP KR[C \GBXPKF YZ KZF[ .\GPEY\F QKB \GTZ \G[GI\ BNN
."KTXPBF GY"N TKDFN \Z[VBP ,FHN FH OKEDGRPF
FNKI\ .FPK[RM GHM FTGR\ ,"OMI KZV" GZVSC ZKEDP ONGSF NTC
QGZSI FNKI\ [KDZFN [K QKKRT NMC .\GBNP\P HBG ,\GRYGZ\P \GBKZF
.ZSIF \B BNPN HB YZG HBG ,GF[PC
EGT FZEDGF[ ,GHF FMGZBF LZEF .BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFN CKKI OEB NM
\MNN \GMK[PP \GP[RF NMG ,OKR[ KVNB KRVN FNIF ,FBKZCF \C[IPC
BXKK BN ZCE OG[ ,FHF KYRTF FBKZCF C[IPC .OKCZF QFKNGDND NMC FC
OKJGIC FHN FH OKZG[Y OKZCEF NM .GN OEY\[ FCKS KNC NTGVN
YNI GF[HKBC [IZ\P[ QJY KGRK[ NMG ,EIB KI UGD BGF NGMF .OKKGPS
.GNGM NT TKV[P ,GRPP
BNB .IGZ CXP KKGRK[C \G[KDZP QRKB KIFG IPGX ,OPGEF \GRKIC
TKDFN OKCKKI ONGM KZF[ .KYGNB WGXKR GC QKB[ ,ONGTC BZCR OG[ QKB[
GH \KNM\N GTKDK ,OEBF \GCYTC .QGYK\F ZPD BKF[ FBKZCF \KNM\N
OGYPFG OKBR\F GETGR OFP EIB NMN .OPGEFG IPGXF ,KIF \GDZE OD
.\GKFN LKZX BGF OFC[
BGF TGEP QKCFN KNCP ,OKKGSP OGYPC G\GKFC BYGGE ,OEB NM
,TCJF KEK NT FBKZCF \ZJPN CZY\P ,OKETX KRKP NM G\G[TC { O[
\PMGI LZEN OKTKDP OK[RBFP YNI TGEP ,FNB[F \NB[R .GN[P LZEC
FCZF GZCT ,FNCYF \PMGIN GTKDF[ FNB ,FJG[V FCG[\F ?FNCYF
."?KI KRB FP O[N" ,"?KRB KP" :NGB[NG QKCFN KEM ,YKVSP GNCSG
NBG[ GRKB [KB .GNBM \GNB[ NBG[ GRKB ,OKNKDZ OKKI KI[ KP
BGF ,NCGS BGF OB NCB .GN TKDP FH[ TRMG[P OEBF ,GN CGJ TGEP
CKKI OEB NM .UZF KNC G\GB FEKZJP GH FNB[G ,TGEP QKCP BN
 LZEN FRMF 90

GVIEK OKZGSKF[ ,LMN QK\PFN BNG ,BZGCN CZY\FN OKEYFNG ,WPB\FN

.LMN G\GB
QF .NECF OG[ QKB ,OKKRIGZ OKZGSK QKCN GRPNGTC[ OKZGSKF QKC
.BZGCF GRC JNG[ QFC[ ,OKMZE OF OKKRIGZF QFG OKKP[DF OKZGSKF
BGF ,OKKRIGZ OKZGSKC OKKRVGDF OKZGSKF \B ZKPFN NGMK OEBF OB
(GK\GRGM\) G\ZGX \B FGG[P BGF FHF YNICG ,GN[ OKNMFP YNI QY\P
BGF ,\BH \G[TN NDGSP BN BGF OB .G\GPEY\F \B HZHP LMCG ,BZGCN
.TCJF CXYCG ,TCJF LZEC GRGYK\C OEY\P
UGDFG NKBGF LB .OKKRVGD OKZGSK GN \PZGD ,NCGYP FVY\[ FNIP
,OEBF N[ \KPKRVF F[DZFF ,\GKRIGZN SRMKFN NDGSP GRKB KDGNGKCF
{ GEKXP UGDFG ,G\GB \ZZGTPG QGYK\ \ZCGT ,\KRIGZN \MVGF BKF YZ
KDGNGKCF GVGD ,FEP\FC FFKCDP OEBF N[ G\P[R[ \TC .NGCSN LK[PP
.CZ NCSC KGZ[ \GKFN NGMK ,NCGYPF N[
\KPKRV \GNT\F BKF \GKRIGZ ?FP[RF OT EIK FNT\P UGDF QKB TGEP
UGDF QMN .KDGNGKCF UGDN ZPGNM ,KRGXKIF YNIN \MKK[ FRKBG FP[RF N[
OM\SP LMC .FPEBC ZCYKFNG TGGDN GRKEG ,KRIGZ \GKFN NGMK BN
KCZ \P[R QGDM ,\GP[R QR[K .[EI UGD NCYP (FP[RF) OEBFG ,GRGYK\
QFN QKB CG[G QPXT \B GRYK\ ZCM[ ,DN[B FEGFK KCZ ,K"ZBF ,QGTP[
\GDVGS QF ;ONGTF \B QY\N FETGR Q\EKZK BNB ,FHF ONGTN \EZN LZGX
\GNNM\F" KGZY LKNF\F .GNCSC \GB[GR LMCG ,ONGTF NMP OKZGSK
\GP[RF ZB[ NMN ZGHTN KEM ,F\GTZC \NNMR FP[R NM { "\GP[RF
.QRGYK\C
ZGCKING ,\GKRIGZN FBKZYM \GBZN GRKNT OKKP[DF OKZGSKF \B
QGYK\ OKZCGT GN[ OKZGSKF ,GH FBKZYN CG[Y OEBF[M .BZGCF OT
FP NM \B FBGZ ,NCGYP F[TRG \GKRIGZN SRMRF OEB .OKJTP\PG
FP \B YZ \GBZN FXGZ ,GEKXP NCGYPF NCB .\GBZN GN IKRP BZGCF[
NM .\GKRIGZ GH QKB \ZIB .GN CG[I BN ZB[FG ,OEY\FN GN ZGHTK[
BGF ,FH OTJPG \GNT\FF L[PFN FXKVY [ZYM NCYP BGF ,[EI CXP
BGF FC[ \KIMGRF FDZEPFP Z\GKC OKKCGKIF OKZCEF \B CBG[
.FBCF FDZEPN ZCTPN OKXGIR[ FNB ,BXPR
,B"H ,\GMNP :\GDZEP ’E NT ZCGEP \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYFC
DK[P OEBF Z[BM .(Z\M) BZGCF \D[F \GDZE QF FNB .FPMGI ,FRKC
91 TZF \ZMF | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FC[ ,LZEF LZGBN GC F[TR[ FP NM \B GN FBZP BZGCF ,BZGCF \B

GKNB SIKK\F BZGCF EXKM FBGZ OEBF .FHF ONGTN G\P[R FN[N\[F
BGFG ,ZCT OKZGSK GNKB ,YN\SFN DFGR FKF ZGBF EXKM ,CN[G CN[ NMC
.LZEF LZGBN FZY[ FP NMN FCKSF \B BXGP
,CGJ GKNB SIKK\F EKP\ BZGCF[ ,\TEN OEBF IMGR FH CN[C YZ
FTCR ,TZM GN FZY[ FP NM NCYP FKF BGF[ FECGTFG .QGC[I OG[ KNC
N[ CGJF GSIK \B GSV\[ OFG ,OKRYG\P ORKB[ OK[GI N[ CXPP
FCFB K[DZ I\VN GN OZGD ,OEBF GK[MT FBGZ[ FP NM .KNKN[M BZGCF
OKNMF \GTXPBC GC [IZ\F[ FP NM \B ZKMFN CKKI BGF QMNG ,BZGCN
.OKRYG\PF
,\GP[RF NMN GSIK \B OEBN FBZP BZGCF ,ZPDF CN[ ,BCF CN[C
CGJ FPM DK[P OEBF QBM .FHF ONGTN Q\EKZK N[ \GZGEF NM LZGBN
.OKBZCRF NM NB FGGFC BGF CGJ FPMG ,ZCTC BZGCF N[ GSIK FKF
EKIKF ZCEF .BZGCN ,UGS BNN ,\KIXR FCFB \ZZGTP \BHM FD[F
LZEC :BZGCF NB EIB NM TKDK LZE GHKBC BGF ,DK[FN NGMK BN OEBF[
.K\PG ,BZGCF \ZHTC GB \KTCJ \K[KB
YZ LKZX .\[ZERF \GMKBCG \GPMC OEBC BXPR QGXZF ,FNKI\MNP
KRB[ GB :BKF FZKZCFG .\GRGMRF \GRGGMF OT GC [P\[FN \TEN
Z\GK[ FPM DRT\FNG KPXT \B BNPN KEM KN[ \GRGXZF NMC [P\[P
NCYB[ LMC BZGCF \B YZG LB \fRF
#^N FXGZ KRB[ GB ,FTKDK OGPKRKPC
.KCZPF DGRT\F \B GRPP
\G[TN NMGK \BH .GN[ FRGGMF \B \GR[N NMGK BN ECNC GIGMC OEBF
FRGGMF KN \PZGD ,KN[ \GRGXZF NMC [P\[P KRB[ \TC OB .BZGCF YZ
\ZMFN K\TDF ZCM[ TP[P ,OHKBGDBF \B BGR[N "NCYN \RP NT"C
NT"N ,KN[ FRGGMF KGRK[C BZGCF KN CK[P FHM CXP NT .KMG\C[ TZF
."TKV[FN \RP
OGSIPF ZCTP OXTC BGF ,"FP[N" NB "FP[N BN["P FHF ZCTPF
,LSPF \[KMZ ,FEKN BZYR FHM CXP .KRIGZF ONGTN GRN[ ONGTF QKC
\GKRIGZF \NCY ZGYP .NBZ[K WZBN OKZXP QKC EKZVPF ,UGS OK \KKXI
.BZGCF { EKIKG EIB BGF
JTP\P BN NCYN QGXZF .FRGGMF \B YZ FR[P \GKRIGZN FBKXKF
KRVN .\KRIGZ FDZEP NMC [EI\FNG NGEDN LK[PP BNB ,LMP FBXG\M
 LZEN FRMF 92

QGXZF NM ,QGMR FH .\G[EI\F Z\GK QKBG ,BZCR ZCM NMF[ ZPBR QM

KN GBZF \GKRIGZN FBKXKF KRVN[ BNB ,GNEGD NM NT ,[BZP BZCR NCYN
KC OKND\P ,\KRIGZ FDZEP NMC GK[MTG ,GRPP IKRHG QJY YNI YZ
NDGSP KRB[ ZGTK[C YZ LB ,OKKJSKBGDBG OKNGED Z\GKG Z\GK \GRGXZ
.O\RGGM \B QY\N
KZF[ ,FHC \GBD\FN LKZX BGF ,GCZYC[ TZF \B [KDZP OEBF OB
.TZF \B GN GNDK[ FMH ZCM[ ,LM NT EKTP ZCEF
CXP ,BCF CXPN GPXT \B QKMFN OEBF CKKI ,FKNT CXPC G\GKFC
N[ \KPKRVF F[DZFF ,FRGGMF EGBP FCG[I ,FEKZKF QPHC .FEKZKF
KPN ,\KVGSF FBXG\N ,[IZ\PF NM N[ \KVGSF FZJPN FZG[YF ,OEBF
OHKBGDBF[ ,\TEN GRKNT .CXPF \KNM\N ,FHF CXPF \B OEBN Q\R[
Z\GKG Z\GK F[TR BGF FDZEP NMCG ,GN Kj^VGFG BZGCN GNEGDC FGG[
.KRVYG\
,GPT IIG[P F\B[ KP[ QGGKMP ,OKZIB OT ZCEN QKB CNC[ FP NT
\B GC SKRMFN NGNT F\BG ,ZGHTN NGMK GRKBG ,FPGE CXPC BGF OD BXPR
.BZGCF OT CJGPG ,FZGP=CZ OT ZCEN Z[VB .NYNGYPF LCXP
K\GKFC ,KPXT QTPN KK\GC[IP \B ZZCN KNT ,\GKRIGZN SRMKFN KEM
\GKRIGZN \BXN \NGMKF KBC ZKMFNG QFC[ TZF \B ZKMFN :FHF ONGTC
QKCN KRKC \GKMVFF \[DZFC LGZMF ,NCSF OT EEGP\FN KNT .QKKJTC
.\GKRIGZF FND\P HB YZG ,GH F[DZF KCN NMC BGR[NG ,BZGCF
GF[P N[ ZGSIP CYT ,OKTR BN "IGZ CXP" O\S FRKB TZF \ZMF
[KDZFN QPHC GCG ,BZGCF \B [KDZFN GTP[P ,TZC ZKMFN .FH TDZC
100% \B ,BZGCF N[ TCJF EDRM KJSKBGDBF TCJF N[ G\GKMVGF \B
FHF CXPF[ [KDZFN ,BZGCF N[ FTV[FF 100% \PGTN ,KN[ OHKBGDBF
.G\GB QY\N LZGXG QGXZ [KDZFN QMG ,NCSR K\NC
\B [KDZP OEBF ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEPC FKNTF \TC ,FBNFG OGSIPFP
LZGBN .FRGGMF \B ,BZGCN GN[ SIKF \B QY\N GKNT OTV NMCG ,BZGCF
\GVKNYF GC[ CXPC ZPGNM ,TZF \ZMFC \GPEY\F \D[GP LZEF
OKNM"N "FNCYE OKNM"F QGYK\ OKKY\PG ,ZGBF \PGTN \GBXPR
."FTV[FE
93 F P [ R F \ e R M]v | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FP[RF \eRMv
]
,FNKI\ OGTJN KNT ,FXGZ KRB FP TEB[ KEM ?QGXZF \B [GIN LKB
LM .GKNB YYG\[P KRBG ,EGT GRRKBG ,DGRT\ FKF .GF[NM OTJ KC Z\GR HBG
\B ZCM OTJ KNMF :ZGBF OTV IMR GC[ ,K\KPBF KNMF \GKFN CKKI
KNMFG ,ZGBF YN\SF LM ZIBG ,G\PXGT BGNPC ZGBF Q\GR[ DGRT\F
.ZGBF OTJ \B [KDZFN [EIP YYG\[P
\G[TN OKCKKI GRIRB TGEP ZZCRG ,FP[RF FKGRC LKB QICR ,FH CN[C
.GF[P FC
\NCYP ,FN[ "OKRRSP"F \[PI LZE .BZCR[ EKIKF ZCEF BKF FP[RF
.OTJG IKZ ,[G[KP ,FTKP[ ,FKBZ :OK[GIF \[PIP \G[GI\ FMG\N BKF
FP \B \PDZ\P FP[RF ."C[IP" BXPR GNNF OK[GIF \[PI KZGIBP
FEGYRC .OKZGSK GB FBRF { GRN \RCGPF FV[N ,FN FXGIP BXPR[
FP \B OK[KDZP GRB ,(OEBC[ KYGNB WGXKRF) FP[RF N[ \KTXPBF
.TZM GB CGJM BGF JNYR[
QVGBC FKGRC ,GC[ FRMG\F KZF ,TCJF KV NT \RMG\ C[IPF OB
\RMG\ C[IPF OB ."TZG CGJ" N[ \KJSKBGDBF FSKV\F \B \Z[P[
,OEBF \RKICP FRKB TZFG CGJF \SKV\ KHB ,\KJSKBGZJNB FZGXC
.BZGCF ,GN WGIP[ FP N[ G\RKICP BNB
\MZTFN TDGRF NMC ,FP[RF \eRM\N \GKGZ[VB K\[ ,BGVKB \GPKKY
FZGXC GB ,KPXT QTPN ,\KJSKBGDBF FZGXC :FZKICF QVGBNG \GBKXPF
,TV[F=ZGBF ,BZCRFG BZGCFP WGI KZF[ .BZGCF QTPN ,\KJSKBGZJNB
.OGYKF NMC \G[EI\F QKB ,KNMF QGXZFG
FTEG\F TYZC ,LM OG[P .\KJSKBGDB FZGXC OEBF \RMG\ ,G\EKNP
\BZYRF FRGP\ \[CD\P ,GN[ \KJSKBGDBF FVY[FC ,GIGPC ,GN[
."FHF ONGTF"
,KJSKBGDB EGCKT ZCGT ZGBF OB[ BNB .ZGBC YZG LB [KDZP OEBF
FTV[FF F\KF BN GNKB ."FHF ONGTF"M OEBF LG\C UY\[P BGF
,FN[ \GTZVFF \B FSKRMP F\KF BNG ,ZGBF \B \ECTP \KJSKBGDBF
\B \ZIGC F\KF UGDF N[ \KPXT FZKP[N FN[ \KRMG\C GNKB ZPGNM
ZPGNM ,FRG[ F\KF \NCY\P[ FRGP\F HB KM ,TZF \B FIGEG CGJF
FP NM \B OEBN FDKXPG FP[RF N[ "KPEYF EX"C \VY\[P[ FRGP\
 LZEN FRMF 94

,\KPXTF G\NTG\N ,OKRVCP BNG ,\KCKJYKKCGB FZGXC WGIC OKKY[

.\KCKJYKKCGS LZEC
G\GRM\ LZGXN ."BZGC" GB "ZGB" BZYR ,OEBN WGIP BXPR[ FP NM
\PMGI FETGR ,\KJSKBGZJNBN \KJSKBGDB FRGGMP ,[EIP C[IPF N[
BNN ,\GBKXPC[ \K\KPBF FRGP\F \B NCYN Z[VB F\ZHTC { FNCYF
,\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B [KDZFN NMGR FN \GEGF .OHKBGDB \CM[
OG[ GC QKB ."ZGBF OT EGIK" BZYR FHM CXP .GRN FXGIP \PKKYF
.ZGBFG FP[RF QKC \GTZVF
,KRKNY \GGP \TC OEB KRC OK[KDZP[ FP \B \XYPC ZKMHP FH CXP
OHKBGDBP YZ) KJSKBGDBF UGDFP KYNI YG\KRC OKBXPR OF Z[BM
LB .EGBP GKNB OKYYG\[PG ,ZGBF \B OFKRVN OKBGZ OF .("K\GKI"
GRPP[ .KRIGZF OHKBGDBFP GZJVR OZJ KM ,OKNDGSP ORKB G\GB DK[FN
N[ K\GKIF OHKBGDBFP OD OKZJVR NKCYPC[ KBR\C YZ ,ZJVKFN Q\KR
ZVSPC GB EIB NGDND L[PC ,\[IZ\P OEBF N[ G\EGCT NM QMN .UGDF
.KJSKBGDBF UGDF LG\C ,OKKI KNGDND
\GTZVF GNKB TER OB ,\GNYC KRIGZF OHKBGDBFP ZJVKFN Z[VB
F[KPI LZE SRMR TEKPF NM .GRN[ KPKRVF C[IPN OHKBGDBF ZKEIP
\JKN[ N[ OKZGHBF \[PI ,"\GMNP KYNI \[PI" OKBZYR[ ,OKRRSP
,WGICP TKDPF ,TEKPF NM \B OKZKPP FNBF OKXGZTF \[PI .OHKBGDBF
\GZCTGP \G\GBF NM ."GN TZ" GB "GN CGJ" :OHKBGDBN FPKB\PF FZGXN
.OEB NM NXB FRG[ BKF[ ,OKRRSP N[ \PKKGSP "\GKCT" LZE
OEBF ,Z\GK FCZ F\GKCT LM ,OKNGDND Z\GK \ZCGT FP[RF[ NMM
,\BH \PGTN .QGYK\N Z\GK QMGPG ,FZJPN Z\GK QGGMP ,Z\GK "SD" F[TR
,BNP\FN KEM FCZF [ZER BN ,\KJSKBGDB OKI\GVP ORKB[ OK[RBN
YHI BGF QM[ ,QGYK\N QMGP ZCM NGED JSKBGDB .JTGPC OKYV\SP OF
.ZGBC GPXT \B BNPN LZGX [KDZPG ,Z\GK

C[IPF \RMG\ QGYK\

OEBF N[ G\GKCT Z[BM ,ZZGT\P "C[IPF \RMG\" QGYK\C LZGXF
OKNGDND L[PC [IZ\P FH LKNF\ .OKKCZPF FKEPPN ET \I\V\P
OKKI KNTC N[ GB OEBF KKI N[ YZ BN ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKI N[ OKCZ
95 F P [ R F \ e R M]v | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

GC ,OEBF OT FNT\P TCJF NM QM[ ,OPGEF TCJF N[ OD BNB ,IPGXG

.FBCF FDZEPN \KRIGZ FNGT OEBF[ QPHC
ZTV OKKY GC[ CXPF ET ,KCZPF FZGTK[N ET \I\V\P \GKCTF Z[BM
OEBF LG\C NTVGP ,GMG\C [KDZP OEBF[ FRGP\F QKCN ZGBF QKC KCZP
OG[C GPXT \B BNPN NMGK BN CG[[ ,F[GI\ GN Q\GR Z[B ,KPKRV D\P
.EK\TC BNG FGGFC BN ,ZCE
QVGE"C ,GPXT LG\C GF[NM ZCE [VIN YKSVP OEBF[ ,LMN \GB KFGH
FXGIP BXPR[ FP \B [KDZFN UBG[ BGF F\TPG ,G\P[R N[ "KZGIBF
,FNCYN TKDP[ ET ,ONGT \GVY[FG OKMZE KRKP NMN FRGV BGF .GN
.LM NM CZ QPH [VKI[ FP \B BGXPN NGMK BGF FC BYGGEG
YNSN BN .GNNF OKRRSPF \B \GR[N \NDGSP[ ,FJK[F BKF FNCYF
NCYN \KJSKBGDB FRGGMP :\ZIB O\GB QGGMN YZ BNB ,KZPDN O\GB
\RP NT NCYN" ,YGKE Z\KN GB ,DRTN \KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM NB ,OKDGRT\
YZ BNB ,\\N FP GN QKB { OEBFG ,BZGCN SIKC ZCGEP KZF[ ."TKV[FN
.DGRT\ GRPP NCYN
,ZGBF QTPN LB ,FNCY O[N GNNF OKRRSPC [P\[FN Z[VB FH QVGBC
KVM GRKRVN TKVGK BNB ,UNGSK BN WGICP TKDP[ TEKPF HBG .BZGCF QTPN
\Z[VBP[ ,FBKZCF \KRMG\ NM \PM\SP FHC .GRN FXGIP ,\PBC BGF[
N[ \GTZVF BNN GC OKKY\FNG ,K\KPBF OGYKC \GKIN ,[KDZFN OEBN
,[KDZFN FEK\TG ,F[KDZF \G[GRBF[ GRPNGT N[ OKDGRT\F NM ."KMGRB"F
."[VRF ZGB" ,Z\GKC QJYF ZGBF DGRT\P 1:600,000 BNB ORKB
NM \B \NCYPG ,QKJGNIN FPXT \B FRYK\ Z[B ,\IB FP[R GNKVB
ZB[ NMC \RRGC\PG ,\GP[RF NM \KHIC \BXPR ,FNCDF BNN GNGM ZGBF
.QFKNB FBRFF \SKRM ,TEKPF \SKRM KRVN ,\GP[RF
NCB ,GRPNGTN G\P[R N[ QG[BZF NGDNDF OT ,OEBC \TCYR \GKCTF
OXPXN QMG ,OKHGIB \GZ[TC F\GB NKEDFNG ,F\GB I\VN FNGMK FNCYF
FRMFF LKNF\ \B WKBFNG ,FHF ONGTN \GEKZKF ,OKKIF KNGDND QKKRP \B
.KRIGZF CIZPF \D[F LZGXN ,OEBF N[
.ZSI[ GF[PN QGXZ N[ KRGXKI KGJKC OF OKK[GRBF OKZGSKF
OKZGSKC OKKP[D OKZGSK FVKNIP FNCYF NCB ,OKPNTR ORKB OKZGSKF
N[ FH K\GMKB KGRK[ .KRIGZ [DZF ZSGIP OKTCGRF OKZGSK { OKKRIGZ
.FP[RF \G[EI\FN ,KPKRVF KNMF N[ [EIP FKRCN NKCGP ,OKZGSKF
 LZEN FRMF 96

KVN) "BZDB BZTX OGVN" :ZGBF \[GI\ FBC \GYYG\[FN OB\FCG

[IZ\P ,\GZGE FPM L[PC \GZYN FKF LKZX[ FPG (OGN[\F QM { ZTXF
.\GZGVS OKR[ LG\ OEBC
97 OGK OGK KKIC KPKRV SIK \KKRC | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

OGK OGK KKIC KPKRV SIK \KKRC

ONGTN KPKRV SIKG Z[Y \KKRCN GR\GB NKCGP KRIGZF ONGTF KHZ EGPKN
OGK KKIC GRN[ KRGXKIF SIKF KGRK[C UB KGJKC KEKN OKBC[ ,KRIGZF
.OKKRIGZ OKYGIN OKVGVM \GKFN GRKNT ,FHF ONGTC GRKKI N[ OVGSC .OGK
GZCDK LM ,GRN[ "KRB"FP \BXN IKNXRG ,NKM[R[ NMM .BZGCF QGXZ GFH
BGF[ ,GRN[ KP[DF UGDF \TV[FP ZJVKFNG ,\GKRIGZ [KDZFN GRKKGMKS
\VGP ODE ,GR\RKICP BGF \GNKXBF ONGT ,N[PN LM .GRK\GKTC NM [ZG[
.GRPNGTC FZCIF \KKRCN
O\TV[F OGI\ NB KGIKE BNN OKSRMR GRIRB ,GRN[ "KRB"F QP GR\BXC
OKDKFRPG ,GRKNT OKRDP ,GRKNT OKZPG[ Z[B ,OKKRIGZF \GIGMF N[
\GIGMF \B [GIN \NGMKF KVN BGF ,OFP NCYP EIB NM[ TV[F ;GR\GB
.OKRYG\P OKNMC OKKRIGZF
\GIGMG ZGB .OKNKCYP { GRN[ ONGTFG KRIGZF ONGTF ,\GPNGTF KR[
OG[P ,GRN[ ONGTC [CN\FN OKNGMK ORKB LB ,NTPP OKEZGK OKKRIGZ
,LMKVN .\KRIGZF FKGGFFP FMGVFF "KPXT QTPN NCYN" \ZGX GC FDGFR[
CGJF ZCEF GFH .\KRIGZ \ZDSP \KKRCG \KRKXZ FRMF GR\BP \G[ZER
QTPN ,G\CKCS ,G\IV[P QTPN ,GPXT QTPN \G[TN NGMK OEBF[ ,Z\GKC
GC ZXGGK\ OB ,OPGZP CXP [KDZFN ONGTF NM NMGK ,FDZEFC .GNGM ONGTF
GRKNT .OKKJSKBGZJNB OKKRIGZ OKYGI KV NT FKI\[ ,FRJY FZCI GNKVB
.NTPP TKD\ FZHTFG ,LMN UGB[N
ZIB GF[KPG ,OKKGSP DGRT\N UBG[ KRB[ ,\BHM FZGXC BZCR KRB
ZGB ,\BH OTG ,OKRG[ OKDGRT\ ,OKRG[ \GRGXZ [K GNG ,ZIB DGRT\N UBG[
EIB NMC[ OKRG[F \GRGXZC YZ BGF KRG[F ,ZPGNM .ONGMN EIB QGKNT
.GR\BP
.600,000 GNNF \GRGXZF ZVSP .\GRFKN QGXZ OT FP[R BZC BZGCF
."OEB \P[R" YNI NM BZYKK ,OKYNI 600,000=N FP[RF \B YNIR OB
UKNIFN Q\KR BNG .G\GMKBCG QGXZF NEGDC ?FP[RN FP[R QKC NECFF FP
.BZGCF BZC[ \GRGXZF NM \B FMG\C \NNGM FP[RF .ZIBC EIB QGXZ
OEB NM NXB EIGKP DGRT\M NCY\P[ ,ZGB N[ OKKGSP DGS BGF QGXZ NM
.NGMK BGF QKB { FRG[ ,ZIB DGRT\ [GIN .EZVRC
 LZEN FRMF 98

FP NT GRN QKBG ,GNEGDCG QGXZF DGSC FHP FH OKRG[ GRZXGR FNKI\MNP

GN[P OKNGDNDG ,GN[P LZE EIB NMN [K LM OG[P .BZGCF FXZ LM { QKNFN
.FBKZCF \ZJPN TKDK EIB NM[ ET ,FHF ONGTC
,FBKZCF \ZJP :EIK GRNGM \B EIBP[ ,U\G[P FRMP OD GRN [K
BZCR[ ,"NCYN \RP NT NCYN" QGXZF \VNIF ,OHKBGDBF QGYK\ G[GZKV[
GR\BP EIB NMN Z[VBK[ ZCE ,BZGCN "TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN" QGXZC ,GRC
,\V\G[P FNGED FP[R [GMZR LMC .GPT EIB\FNG ,BZGCC YCEKFN
.BNPG ON[GP DGRT\ NCYR FCG ,\KIXRG \KVGSRKB
FZGXC YZ DRT\FN NGMK[ ,EGBP QJY KJSKBGDB KNM OT GRZXGR
,GF[P KZIB OKVEGZ GRIRB .\GMKBC QFG QPHC QF ,\GPMC QF ,\NCDGP
OKECBP ,G\GB OKDK[P[ TDZCG ,G\GB OK[VIP ,NCS GRN OZGD GRGZSI[
,[EI DGRT\ KZIB FVKEZC ,OK[EI OKZGSK OKBC CG[ ,LM ZIBG .QKKRT GC
YNI BN UB BNPN KNC ,FHF ONGTC OKKIF \B OKZPGD[ ET ,FBNF QMG
.GRK\GRGXZP
OEB { DGRT\F \NCY ETGP QKCN QGXZF QKC YG\KR BFK BN[ ,OM[VRC GPE
QGXZ NT ZCGEP BNG .\GPN[ BZYR FH .G\GB NCYP EKPG ,GF[P FXGZ
DK[FN ,OKPGXT \GRGXZ NT BNB ,QJY "K[GRB=KP[D" DGRT\ \NCYN
.KRIGZ QGXZ NM KGIKE BNN BNPK[ ,KVGSRKB KRIGZ DGRT\ [KDZFNG
NKEDFN GR\BP EIB NM NGMK ,GN[ QJYF KJSKBGDBF QGXZF \ZHTC
GNEGDC FGG[F ,KVGSRKBG ZKEB DGRT\ OFC NCYN ,GK\GRGXZ \B IKXRFNG
QTPN"N "KPXT QTPN"P ,GN[ FRGGMF KGRK[ KEK NT ,\KNNMF FP[RN
\CKKI FP[R NM ".BZGCF OT FZGX \GG[FN" BZYR FH LKNF\ ."BZGCF
QGXZF ,F\GNNM\FN OB\FC HBG ,\GZIBF \GP[RF NMC NNMKFN ,FNKI\
."\KNNMF FP[RF" KEPPN NEDK FN[ QJYF
99 \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ KGNKD | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\GKRIGZ \GRGM\ KGNKD

.\GKRIGZ \GRGM\ [GMZN OKCKKI GRB ,KRIGZF ONGTF \B [KDZFN KEM
,KRIGZF ONGTF \B OKDK[P[ OK[RB ?Q\GB [GMZN Q\KR LZE GHKBC
.JNIGP OHKBGDB BGF GRN[ ONGTF N[ TCJF KM ,OFKZCEN \TEN GIMGR
SSGCP ,(OEBG OKKI KNTC ,IPGX ,OPGE) GRN[ \GBKXPC NMF[ ,ZPGB FH
YGI JNG[ TCJF \GDZEF NMCG ,OKZYPF NMC .\KJSKBGDB FRGM\ NT
OHKBGDBF \EKPN OB\FC ,\K[KB FCGJ \D[FN UIEF BGFG ,EIB
.ZIB GB FH JYKKCGBC KGXP[
,FEKIKG \IB FVKB[P TCGR ,BGVKB F[GTG C[GI OEBF[ FP NM
NM GFH .\GRG\RF \GCKSRC \KNBPKJVGB FZGXC ,\KCZP FBRF \NCY
OKPGJB GNMGK BN ,\KJSKBGDB FZJPN FVKB[ BNN QMNG ,GRN[ TCJF
,\PKKYF O\ZGX NT ZGP[N OKJYKKCGB GNMGK BN ,\GNGYNGPN EMN\FN
BNG ,KP[D UGD BN ,I\VN FKFK Q\KR BNG ,TGRNG NGEDN UGDF KB\ GNMGK BN
.\K[GRB FTEG\
\CGJ BKF OEBF N[ \PKKGSP FNGTVN TKRPF[ ,GRN FPER OB OD
FTKRP FZYP NMC KM ,\GCKSRF NM \B I\RR[ KZIB ,\TEN IMGGKR ,G\NGH
\B NXRN ,\PMIG\PG \Z\SR ,\KJSKBGDB FVKB[ ,QKVKYTC KNGB ,G\GB
.GPXT \CGJN G\NGH
\GNDN OKNDGSP GRIRB ,JNIGP OHKBGDB BGF GRN[ TCJF[ QGGKMPG
OBG\[ FP \B YZ ,\KRGXKIF GR\CKCSC[ \GBKXPF NMP ,[GING
\[DZGPF ,GH FRGP\N .KJSKBGDBF TCJF \B YZ ,GRN[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\N
G\GB YZ ."GRN[ ONGTF" OKBZGY GRB ,GRN[ OKKJSKBGDBF "OKNMF" LG\C
.GRN[ \GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F \GTXPBC ,[GIN OKNDGSP GRIRB
,OKKJSKBGDB OF GRN[ F[KIF KZCB Z\KG GRKRHGB ,GRKRK+T[ FH QKB
EPGT[ GRN[ CNF BGF KJSKBGDB BNB ,TEKPF \B OKJNGY YZ OF KZF[
.FNBF \G[GI\F NMP FBRF YKVFN GRN[ QGXZF BGF[ ,OFKZGIBP
,KJSKBGZJNB CN EPGT GNNF F[KIF KZCKB KZGIBP Z[BM ,\BH \PGTN
FRGP\FG ,QKJGNIN ZIB TEKP OKZKCTP OK[GIF O\GB ,KJSKBGDB BNG
."KRIGZF ONGTF" GB ,"BCF ONGTF" \RGP\ :\ZIB BKF \BHF
KIG ZB[R OEBFG ,\PNTR FRKB FHF ONGTF N[ FRGP\F ,\BH OT
YZ BGF .ZIB EPKPN "YN\SP" BNG ,OEGY GPM YGKEC ,FHF ONGTC
 LZEN FRMF 100

QKCFN NKI\P ,Z\GK \NNGMF FRGP\F \B OD ,FHF ONGTF \KKBZN UKSGP

\GIGM \GBZN ,[IZ\P[ FP NMN \GK\KPBF \GMN[FFG \GCKSF \B
OKDKFRP Z[B ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKP[DF OKVGDF KZGIBP OKBXPR[ ,OKKRIGZ
OEBF[ ,LM KEM ET .FHF ONGTC [IZ\PF NM \B OKPZGDG ,\GBKXPF \B
.G\ZJPG GPGKY ,G\BKZC \CKS \B QKCFNG \GBZN NKI\P
Z\GR ,GHF FRGP\F \B \GBZNG [GIN OKNDGSP ORKB QKKET[ FNB NM
.GEK\TG GZCT \B ,OGYKF NM \B [GIN \GZ[VB \PKKY[ QKPBFN YZ OFN
\G[GI\F \B ZB\N NDGSP GRKB NCGYP NCB ,\PKKY \BHM \GZ[VB
\GKRIGZF \GRGM\F \B G[MZ BN QKKET[ ,OK[RBN GN[ \GKRIGZF
FZHT FC [K ,NCGYPF \GXTC \GC[I\F \BH OT .OPXTC \GPKB\PF
ZCM \GXTF Q\GR KM ,KRIGZF ONGTN FSKRM [VIP[ KP NMN FNGEDG \K[PP
.\BHF LZEF \B ZCT
101 \GRGXZF QGYK\ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\GRGXZF QGYK\
ZZIG[P KRB FH CXPC .\ZIB LZEC ,KN[ NCYN QGXZF NGXKR BGF QGYK\
NGMK KRB ,N[PN LM .EXFP GC JKCP NGMKCMG ,NCYN QGXZF N[ G\GZPP
FR\P \IYN OKMSB HBG .TKV[FN QGXZ NTM ,NCYN QGXZF NT NM\SFN
\B KNCYC .F\GB NCYB[ LMP ,FBRF YKV\ F\B[ TEB OB ,LKEKP
.DGRT\ LN Q\GR[ FHN ,IYGN[ FHP LVGF KRB ,L\R\P
ZIGBP[ KEM ,FNGED FIP[ TKCFN LKZX KRB ,LN[ FR\PF \B KNCYC
,FR\[P BN GPXT KN[ QGXZF ,GHM FZGXC .LN F\GB "ZKHIFN" NMGB Z\GK
.FR\[P GC [GPK[F QVGB BNB
QVGBN OB\FC ,Z\GK OKCT GB Z\GK OKMHN OKYNI\P EKP\ \GRGXZF
O\GB ZKCTFN \GZ[VBFG ,OKYKRTP OF[ FBRFN OB\FC ,OFC [GPK[F
[GCNFP QGXZF \B EKZVFN CG[I ."TKV[FN" \GRGXZN "NCYN" \GRGXZP
GC [P\[FN \GZ[VB FXX HB .FVGZXF G\ZGXC G\GB \GBZNG ,GKNT[
OEGY LKZX ,FND\P[ YNI NM NT LB .FCTF YNIN ETG GC[ LHF YNIFP
,G\GB [PPN BN K\NGMKC NCB ,DGRT\ GFH ,QM" :ZPGN ,OGXPX \G[TN NM
".GN EDR\FN K\NGMKC
ZIBG .DGRT\F Q\GRG DGRT\F QKCN KRKC FEZVF GY ZKCTP KRB GHM FZGXC
FIGE KRB[ ZIBNG ,GF[NM QGXZ KNB BC :YI[PC GPM NDND\P QKKRTF LM
.BZGCF NKC[C \IYN NDGSP KRB FC[ ,FEKPC NCYP KRB ,KZPDN G\GB
HBG ,G\GB OKIGE ,DGRT\F \B OKCMTP GRIRB ,LSPF \ZHTC Z[BM
\BZYR ,NKXBPN TKV[FN OKNDGSP GRB FC[ FEKPC YZ G\GB OKNCYP
LB .QGMR [P\[FN KNT ,K\G[ZC[ OKNMF NMC "FBMFE DGGKH" GH GR\NGTV
.KNB TKDP[ FPP KPXT \B EKZVFN TDZN ,LKZX NM OEGY
KRB ,BZGCF OT Z[YF NT ,FBKZCF \ZJPC ZFZFP KRB[M ,L[PFC
\GRGXZF NMC \G[TN LKZX KRB LMG .BZGCF QTPN KN[ FNGTV NM QGGMP
\B NKEDP KRB[ ,GTP[P .[NG[KG NVMGK ,OFP NCYB[ DGRT\F HB .KN[
FZGY[ FP \B I\RNG ,\GRGXZC QGMR [P\[FN YZ LKZX .KN[ FNCYF KNM
NTC N[ \GZDKBFG OKZPBPF OKYKRTP B[GRC FCZ FZHT .TDZG TDZ NMC
.DN[B LGZC CZF N[G ,ONGSF
\GRGXZN QGEB KRKB KPXT KRB .[IZ\PF \RCFC \BJC\P \GPEY\FF
NMC QGMR [GPK[N BKCP ,[IZ\PF N[ KEKP\ ZGZKC YZ .KN[ OKDGRT\NG
 LZEN FRMF 102

IN[R TGEPG FPN :\GNB[N FC[IPF \B QGGMN LKZX .GRN[ \GRGXZF

?\ZIB GB LM NGTVN KBEM FPN ?GKNT CKDFN EXKM ?FHM QGXZ GRKNB
,GNNF OKNKDZ\FP EPGN OEBF .EXFP NGMKCM ,NMF NT UKY[FN LKZXG
NGMK BN BGF[ ,\GRGXZ GN OKR\KR OKPTVN .LM G\GB NKTVP BZGCF TGEP
[KDZP OEBF OKPTVNG .[PPN Z[VB KB[ FNBM OKPTVNG ,OFN EDR\FN
.FBR[ ,FBRY ,\G[KEB
N[ FCGD\F ,OKPTVN .FID[FCG FJKN[C NMF YKHIFN YZ KIZMF
\K\KPBG FRGMR FMZTF NCB .\GSR\FF OXT GPM FCG[I LM NM BN OEBF
\GSR\FF OB ,LMN \GCK[I QKB .\\N OKNDGSP BN GRIRB ,[IZ\PF N[
CZG WGIR \GKFN NGMK FHM F[TP QM[ ,FZKCT GB BJIM GRKRKTC FBZK\
QGKSKR [GMZR[ KEM ,BZGCF KEKP GRN \GR\KR \G[DZF Q\GB NM .\NTG\
.WGIR TEKG
.BZGCN Z[Y OG[ KNC ,DRT\P BGF OTV NM[ QKCK OEBF ZCE N[ GVGSC
KEM ET ,GN[ OHKBGDBFP TCGRF TZF \ZMF N[ BZGR CXPN G\GB SKRMK FH
G\GB \GIEN ,EKP\NG \IB GN[ KJZVF DGRT\F NT Z\GGN FXZK BGF[ LM
.GKNTP
,FBKZCF \C[IPC TCYR LM ,FRFKR GRIRB[ FXGZ BZGCF[ BNB
FPZC BNG ,BZGCN F\GB \\N FRGGM LG\P ,\K\KPB \GKFN \CKKI FBRFFG
.DGRT\N SIKF ,FNCYF N[ QGZYTF FR\[K LM .\KJSKBGDB \K[GRB

QGXZF BGF UGDF

GN[N\[RG" :B"K \GBC ONGSF NTC ZPGB "ZFGHF" ZVSN FPEYFC
GC FKF\[ OGYPN GRKKFE ,KP[DF FHF ONGT \GBKXPN ET \GPNGTF
."QGYK\G NGYNY QPH QMG ,FP[RG UGD \GBKXP
\C[IP [ZG[P J[V\FG L[PR BGF ."KPXTN NCYN QGXZ" KGZY UGDF
FKFG ,FCT\FG LNF BGFG ,FBPGJE \GPNGTF \MZTP NM LZE ,FBKZCF
.NGYNYF QPH QF[ ,OKR[ D"K FBPGJE \GPNGTF N[ O\TV[F \I\
,"\GGXPG FZG\" FNCYC \GKGZYF ,QGYK\F \GNGTV \ZHTC L[PFC
QGXZFP GPXT ZFJN UGDF NKI\P ,BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT \GRGGMPF
NCYN GN Z[VBP ZCEF .TKV[FN QGXZ [MGZ FDZEFCG ,GC TCJGPF NCYN
FP[RF .FBKZCF \C[IP [ZG[P \M[PRF ,FP[RF \B ,BZGCF ZGB \B
103 \GRGXZF QGYK\ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

BZYR FH LKNF\ .UGDC \[CN\PG F[GEYE \GPNGTF \MZTP LZE \ZCGT

."QGYK\F QPH"
KV NT EZGKF ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEPF ONGS OEBF NGP TKVGP LM ZIBG
N[ F[KMZC LK[PFN GN ZGHTN KEM ,UGS=QKB ONGTP ,FBKZCF \C[IP
\RP NT QNGM GKFK OEBF N[ GK\GNGTV NM[ ET ,BZGCN TKV[FN FRGGMF
QTPN BN ZCE OG[G ,BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT YZ { "FNCY" TKV[FN
,BZGCF \GRGM\ OT GK\GRGM\ N[ FZGX \GG\[F OEBF DK[P LMC .GPXT
.FZGPD FTV[FN \C[IR ,TKV[FN \RP NT FNCY[ OG[P ,GC \GYCE ODG
BZGCF GN EKTGF[ ,KIXRG NGED TV[ G\GB NM \B NCYN OEBF FMGH HBG
.FBKZCF \C[IPC
"KRB"F OXTC BGF ;TKV[FN QGXZN LGVFN Z[VB KB NCYN QGXZF \B
,TKV[FN \RP NT FRGGM FHF QGXZN UZXN YZ LKZX .G\B ZB[RG ,OEBF N[
ZPGNM ,OEBF "UGD" HBG .NCY\K[ TV[F N[ QGGKMF \B \GR[N ZPGNM
GNMGKG ,OZD FZ[TC IKRR ,"\GYR\FN" ,QGYK\ ZGCTN NKI\K ,GN[ \GRGXZF
FZ[TN ET GPXT \B OXPXP ,G\EKZKC BGF OD[ ,BZGCF ZGBC BNP\FN
.GC [CN\FN \GZ[VB FKF\[ KEM ,QYG\PF UGDF N[ OZD
\GTKKSPG ,NKCYPC \GNTGV ,FBPGJFG F[GEYF ,\GPNGTF \GMZTP K\[
GN \ZHGT ,OEBF [MZ F\GB[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEP NM .OEBF QGYK\C GHN GH
\D[F BKF[ ,FRGZIBF FDZEPN TKDFN LMG ,FBCF FDZEPN \GNTN
.\GGPF NTG OKKIF \ENGF NT [EI JCPG \GPN[F ,\GKIXR
 LZEN FRMF 104

LZEC \MNN EXKM

ZIB \KEKP\ FVKEZN ,KZPDN JTPM \ZMP\P ,OKKI GRB FC[ FZCIF
FH CXPCG ,\GKRIGZ GH QKB .FIV[PG EGCM ,USM \GCZN ,OKKRVGD \GDGRT\
"CGJ F[TP" \G[TN GR\NGMKC QKB ,\T F\GBC LB ,BGJIN Q\KR BN
OXPXN OEBF OKMSK EGT NM :[BGR GRRKB NNM FH CXP[ BNB .\GKRIGZC
GK\GRGXZC [GPK[F \B QGGMN ,YGKE Z\KNG ,GNNF \GRGXZC [GPK[F \B
G\DZEPN ,QGKNTF ONGTN SRMKFN \GZ[VB NCYK BGF ,KRIGZF QTPN
.GRN[ ONGTC[ FHP FPMG FPM KV YHI ZGB ZKBP FC[ ,FRG[BZF
\GRGM\ N[ \GXGXKR ,KJSKBGDB QGXZ NMC GDVSR OKNMF \ZKC[ ZIBN
ZCI\FNG ,QY\KFN FHF QGXZN \GZ[VBPF ,BZGCF N[ \GKJSKBGZJNB
.\GKRIGZN
OKDGRT\F NGP EGPTN NMGK[ KEM ,"LSP" [YCP OEBF LM O[N
."BZGCF QTPN" FRGGMF LG\P BNB ,GPXT QTPN ONCYK NCN ,OKKP[DF
\B QY\P LMCG ,LSP NCYP OEBF ."BZGCF QTPN" FRGGMF BGF "LSP"
GN Q\KR FC[ ,FBCF FDZEPN ZCGT BGF LM ZIB .FRG[BZF FDZEPF
IGM OT ,Z\GK FCT LSP \[KMZC .ZGB Z\GKG ,Z\GK NGED NCYN QGXZ NTPP
LK[PPG ,\BHF FDZEPF \B OD OEBF QY\P ,Z\GK NGED KJSKBGDB KJRB
.\GDZEPC G\KKNTC
NCYN QGXZF ."SVB" LZT NTC KYVGB GYM GRN[ ONGTF \B ZB\R
GB FNKVRM [DZGK BGFG ,(-1) FKFK \GDZEPF ONGSC QG[BZF ,KJSKBGDBF
GHG ,(+1) GKFK "BZGCF QTPN" FRGGMC GNCY\F[ ,ZGBFG LSPF .FEKZKM
.UGXZVF N[ GFCGDNG GNEGDN FGG[ (+1) QKCN (-1) QKC[ YIZPF .FKNT
[GZE GKNT \GZCD\FF LZGXN .(-2) LZTC OHKBGDB OEBN OKING[ L[PFC
NMM :FBNF QMG ,FKKR[F FDZEPN FKNT \TXC\P LM .(+2) \GKCTC LSP
.EGT \GNTN KEM ,Z\GK LGPR NVGR BGF LM ,Z\GK FGCD FNGT OEBF[
OKFGCD OKNM G\P[RC [K QM ,Z\GK FNGED FPK[P OEBN \ETGKP[ NMM
JGV[N QKB ONGTN LM OG[P .Z\GK \GNGED \GKNTG \GEKZK GN GETGRG ,Z\GK
ZCGT BGF OKRGYK\ GNKB \TEN OKNGMK GRRKB[ QGGKMP ,GK[TP KVN OEB
.QPH G\GBC
GKNT[ KJSKBGDBF ECGZF { WZB ,FPEB :LM NMF \B GRPXTN [ZVN KGBZ
,OEBC TDGV GRKB ZGBF OB .ZGBF N[N\[P OFP[ { OKKP[G ,OEBF BXPR
105 LZEC \MNN EXKM | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

ZKBP ZGBF OB .GN[ \GRGM\FP ZPGNM .WZBFP Y\RKFN OEBF NMGK BN

\PXGT ZGTK[M .ZGBF ZCTN FNGT NGMKCM ,WZBFP Y\R\P GFKZF ,OEBN
,WZBF NTP OEBF N[ G\KKBE FCGD ,G\KKNT FCGD FKFK ZGTK[ G\GBC ,ZGBF
.NCYN GN[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZF NTP
BN ONGTP GNKBM ,WZBF NB OEBF NVGR ,ZKBFN YKSVP ZGBF[ TDZC
\GNTFNG ,FKNT LZGXN GN[P OKKCGKI \GIGM OG[ GN QKB .FRPP OPGZ\F
.BZGCF ZGB YZ NGMK GR\GB
\GNKVRF QKC[ YIZPF LM ,Z\GK FGCD KRIGZF ONGTF N[ GPGYP[ NMM
FNGMK \GNKXBF ONGTC ,\BHM FZGXC .Z\GK CZ ,ONGT G\GBC[ \GKNTFG
KCZ KYGNBF NCGYPF ,LM OG[P .FHF ONGTF ET JTPM TKDFN FNKVRF
\B [KDZF ,FRGZIBF KRVN \KRIGZF FDZEPC G\GKFC ,KBIGK=ZC QGTP[
NM ,\GRYG\PF \GRGM\F NMG TEKF NM :"YG[F QP QGTP["M T\VN GPXT
ZVSC GCXP ZBG\ LM .WZBF OTG ZGC F[TR BGFG ,ONTR NMF { \GD[FF
."ZFGHF"
.\KRIGZF G\KKNT \B NKI\F YZ[ KPN GNKVB ,EIB NMN FZGY FHM ZCE
,FXGCYC OKNNMR ?NGNSPN FZHIC OKC[G ,\GNKVRP OKPPGZ\P EXKM
KZF[ ,KJPGJGB GB KRM@P QVGBC NGTVN OKMK[PP .QGXZ WP[ KNC GNKVB
YZ ZB[R OKPTVNG .GC BGZYNG ZVS IG\VN NMG\ BN ,FNKVRC L\GKFC
.GN[ \B \G[TN QPHN IKRFNG ,NMFP Y\R\FN ,QG[KN :EIB BXGP
\KRIGZF FEGYRC BXPR OEB[ \TC ,BGF Z\GKC QMGSPF CN[F
,\GCKXKP ,QGIJKCP ,FC[ DGRT\FP \GRFKN NKI\PG ,Z\GKC FFGCDF
.FNKVRN OZGD[ BGF ,FHF TDZF BYGGE .\GKIXRFP ,\GPKTRP ,\GZKFCP
LK[PK[ KEM OEBN Q\KR FHF CXPF[ ,FC[IPC YGCEN CG[I GH FEGYRC
."TKV[FN \RP NT" ,"BZGCF QTPN" FC[IPC QG\R \GKFN
,\GPEY\F LZGXN \KIZMF FNKVRF .Z[VB KB { ZP[P NMP ZP[KFN
FKFK Q\KR GIGMC[ ,USGR NCYN QGXZ [GMZN LZE QKB ,FNKVRC BN OB KM
.[EIP \GNTN
BGFG ,"UGXZV" FRGMP OKZIB KVNM OEBF N[ KPKRVF IGZF LNF
OZJC ,ZGBF \B NCYN \GZ[VB QKB .BXPR BGF FC[ \GI\V\FF \DZE
:TZF \B OKDK[P[ KNC ,CGJF \B DK[FN Z[VB KB .GKNB QGXZ [GMZR
OG[P ,16=F FEKIKC OKNVGRG ,\GEKIK 15=C ,\KRIGZ OKNGT Z[BM ,N[PN
ZGBN FVK[I CYT ,Z\GKC FTGZDF Q\ZGXC \GK\KPBF \GRGM\F GND\F[
 LZEN FRMF 106

FBGG[FC ,GPXT \B \GBZN FMH OEBF HBG .FKNTF \TC Z\GK NGED
.Z\GK FFGCDF FDZEF N[ \GCGJF \GRGM\N
TZF \B .GMG\C \GKIN \GMK[PP ,OEB ZCT[ \GKRIGZF \GDZEPF NM
NMM .FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEPC BXPR BGF Z[BM YZ \GBZN NGMK BGF
SIKC Z\GK TGZDM GPXT \B FBGZ BGF LM ,Z\GK NGED GN ZKBP[ ZGBF[
.QGYK\F ZPD { FRGZIBF FDZEPF ET L[PR FH LM .ZGBN
ZVS) GKEKPN\NG GKZCIN \ZDKBC DN[B LGZC CZF ,NCGYPF C\GM
:(’C \ZDKB ,"K\TP["
NY Z\GK ,NGED ZCE M"B[P \GBZN Z[VB KB QJY ZCE[ ,TGEK GFH[ |...~
NDGSP BGF QKB OKZY[ JTPC YSGT OEB[ QPHC GFH OG[P QMN .\GBZN
BGF[ ZPGB BGF BNB ZY[F LZEC LNGF BGF[ LKB \PBF \B \GBZN
M"M GN QKB[ OG[P BGF OTJFG ,FHP NGED ZY[ LN QKBG \PBF LZEC LNGF
GN [MZ OEBF[ QPHC M"B[P K\KPBF GCXP \B \GBZN NMGK[ OKZY[
\GBZN FXZ OB[ ZGTK[C GNXB NED\R ZCM ZY[F[ BXPR OKZY[ FCZF
\B FBGZ BGF[ QPHC GRKKF GK[MT[ BXPR \GBZN G\GZ[VBC FH ZCM
K\KPBF GCXP \B FBGZ BGF KHB ZY[ N[ LZEC LNGF BGF[ B"H ZY[F
|...~ FRGMRF FNKSPF NT \GNTN LKB G[VRC \PBF \B FBGZ BGF[ GRKKF

BN BGF[ CG[IK EKP\ ,FNCYF \PMGIC FTKDR GN QKB[ ,IZGB ZCGT

\KZTHPF TZF \ZMF NNDC .ZCE OG[C G\NGHP FRG[ GRKB LMCG ,TZ NM OZGD
GC ZCJX\[ KZIB[ BNB .FRGMRF LZEC LNGF BGF[ CG[IK ,GC FR[K[
GCXP \B \GBZN ,FXZK OB ,\GZ[VB GN FKF\ ,ZY[ N[ FCZ \GPM
.K\KPBF
,FRGMR BN LZEC LNF \TF NM[ ,QKCK ,ZY[F NM \B FBZK[MN ,HBG
F[Y KIMGRF GRCXP[ ,FECGTC ZKMR Z[BM .\PB LZE NT \GNTN NMGKG
\B NGCSN GRN[ \NGMKF NGCD FXYN GRTDF[ ZPGNM ,NCSR K\NCG BG[RP
.BZGCF \ZHT \B [YCR ,TZF
ZY[F LZEC LNGF BGF[ \PBF \EGYR BGF[ FHF FEGYRF[ BXPR |...~
ZY[FN \PBF QKC Z[YPF Z[DF GFH[ ZY[N \PB QKC KTXPBF BGF
H"ETG \PBF LZE NKI\P LNKBG QBMPG ,ZY[F N[ UGSF BGF GH FEGYR[
QKMFN OEGYP OKMKZX FP[N \GMHN KEMC[ N"XH Z"GPBB B"[P GRN QCGK
E"T [ZVN Z[VBG ,FP[N BGCN OKNGMK LM=ZIBG NGED KMF FP[N BN[
BGF ZY[F[ QPHCG \PB ’YR FP[NG ,ZY[ ’YR FP[N BN[ GRKKF N"RF
BN[ GN [K[ BXPR OKJTGP OF OKCGJ OK[TPFG \GGXPF[ GRKKF QJY
BGF[ HB ZPGB BGF QMN \PBF \B \GBZN NDGSP BGF QKB HBG QJY FP[N
OGKC YSGT[M M"B[P ,FP[NC YSGT BGF[ GRKKF \PBFG CGJF LZEC LNGF
OG[P \PBF \B \GBZN NDGSP BGF HB FP[N BN[ \GGXPG FZG\C FNKNCG
107 LZEC \MNN EXKM | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

BGF[ LKB \PBC FBGZ BGF[ BXPR ,NGED GNXB F[TR OKZY[ KGCZ KEK=NT[
[KDZP BGF HB[ GRKKF GK[TP \B QY\N NKI\P BGF HBG ZY[F LZEC LNGF
LZEN OKZCGT GHF FEGYRFPG ,FP[N BN[ YZ BGF F[GT BGF[ FP NM[
FP[N BN[P QKRTF \B NKI\PG GH FEGYRC QBM YZG FP[N GRKKF \PBF
Z[VB LKBG FP[N YSGT BGF[ QTGJ GFH OEGYP M"B[P ,FP[N OKBC
G\GZ[VBC QKB FEGCT KMZEC NXT\P OEBF OB QMN GMZEG GCXP \B \GR[N
P"T P"G\C KGCZ KEK=NT BNB ZY[FC TYG[P BGF[ LKB \PBF \B \GBZN
LZEC OKMNGF[ LKB \PBF \B \GBZN OKNGMK KHB GZXGKN Z"R TKV[FN
|...~ ZY[N { \PB QKC \KTXPBF FEGYR GFHG ,FP[N BN[ ’YRF ZY[F

GRC NTGV ,OKBXPR GRB GC[ CXP NMC ,CGJ CXPC QKCG ,TZ CXPC QKC
YZ G\NGMKC .ZCE JKNIP GRKBG ,JKNIFN NGMK GRKB GPXT OEBF .BZGCF
LZEF \B QICR OB .F\GR[N BN[ KBEG LB ,G\GI\V\F LZE \B WKBFN
OHKBGDBF \B FBZR OB LB .FPKBG EIV HIBKR ,\GKJSKBGDB OKKRKTC GHF
ZGYTN FXZR EKPG WGICP ,NGMKCM ,GC QRGC\R ,GYNSN OKCKKI[ ,TZM FHF
.OHKBGZJNBC GVKNIFNG G\GB
 LZEN FRMF 108

KRIGZ ZM[
WPBPF GNKVB ,\GKRIGZ \D[F O[N TKY[P OEB[ WPBP NM \ZGP\
BNG ,ECNC OHKBGDBP OKKGRC GRB ,QMBG .ZM[ FXGZ BGF ,Z\GKC QJYF
,\PKKGSP FZJP EKP\ \EPGT ,GRN[ FNGTV NM IMGRN .\ZIB NTVR[ QM\KK
.ETX GNKVB \G[TN GRN ZK\K BN OHKBGDBF ,QM BN OB[
NM \B FXZ BGF NGP\B EGT .SVBP \KRIGZF G\EGCTC NKI\P OEB
,UKYP ZGB \ZBFC YGIZP BZGCF GN ZKBF F\T FH ,FRFG ,FHF ONGTF
KDGRT\ NM NT Z\GGN JKNIPG ,\GKRIGZN YYG\[FN NKI\P OEBFG
BGF QKB ,NCYN FXZK YGKEC FP .\KRIGZ F[DZF \ZGP\ ,FHF ONGTF
ZGBF .GN[ KNMC "[CN\F" OZJ ,YGIZP GN ZKBPF ZGBF[ KRVP ,TEGK
OKKY GRKBG ,\GKRIGZC OKKY Z[B ,KEK\TF DGRT\F \[GI\ \B YKRTP YZ
ZGBF" .NGTVN G\GB UIGE FHCG ,OEBF \B OKCCGSF OKZCEF NMC EGT
LMCG ,\GKRIGZN G\GB L[GPG OEBF N[ OHKBGDBF NT NTGV "UKYPF
.GPXTN ZCY OHKBGDBF FZGM
OKXGZ GRB[ ,LMC \PM\SP \GKRIGZN GRN[ FVKB[F ,FNKI\C
,OEBN GN FPER .FHF ONGTC OK[P\[P[ KVM KRIGZF ONGTC [P\[FN
UVGTN ,GC JGN[N ,EK\TF \B BCRN NMGK ,OKKRIGZ \GIGM \[KMZ KEK NT[
,\BH NM OGYPC KM ,FZMFF GC \ZZGT\P FDZEFC NCB .EGTG ZKGGBC
NTG ,GPXT \B NJCN ,BZGCN GK\GZJPG GIGM NM \B [KEYFN GKNT
\K\KPBF G\NKED KFGH .GC BZGCF \JKN[ QTPN Z\GGN ,GPXTC G\JKN[
.OEBF N[

\GKRIGZC QGXZF { "NBZ[K"

KEGFKC ?"KRIGZ KEGFK"N FEKNP KEGFK QKC Z[YF GFP :FNB[F \NB[R
BZGCF .\KRIGZ FRKICP "KEGFK"N LGVFN \PKGSP FKKJR \PKKY FEKNP
FNB ODG ,FEKNPG QJCP OKEGFK[ ,FHM QVGBC OKVGDN \GP[RF \B OKB\P
OT NMP Z\GK QMN .OKRG[BZ OPXT \B QY\N OKCKKI ,OFKNB OKVZJXPF
.ONGTC NGEDF KJSKBGDBF QGXZF KNTC ,OGKM OF OKEGFKF ,ZIB
KVNM \KRVGPF ,\RYG\PF FYG[\F Z[BM ,QYG\PF CXPC[ BNB
GRKKF ,OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ GRKRVN OR[K { "NBZ[K" \BZYR BZGCF
\GCK\ K[BZCG "OKKRKTG B\NDND" :FNCYF \V[C) "TKV[FN \GRGXZ"
109 KRIGZ ZM[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\GRGXZ" ,OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ OF { "ONGTF \GPGB" ,OKPTF ZB[G .(T"GD

QM NT .(V"IB \GCK\ K[BZCG "F&o ,OJGI ,QHGB" { FNCYF \V[C) "NCYN
NT OKPTF ZB[ GBGCK[MNG ,JGTKP GKFK ,T"GD ZPGNM ,NBZ[K[ ,ZPBR
N[ KNNMF KNMC QFG ,FP[RG FP[R NMC QF ,FPMGIF ZGB FND\K ,ORGYK\
.\G[GRBF
.OKEGFKC \KRIGZF Q\GN\ \B ,QFN[ TEGPF \\C \G[I ONGTF \GPGB
OKEGFKF \B QKMFNG WKZPFN KEM ,BZGCF QFN Q\GR GHF F[GI\F \B
,\GKRIGZC ZCEF [GZKV FP ,GRPXTN ZB\N GRN F[Y .QGYK\F \BZYN
LZGXN QKJGNIN GC KGN\ \GKFNG ,ZIBN QK\PFN WNBR EIBF Z[BM
.GRGYK\
OGKY \GMH YKRT\ OB YZ ,OGKY \GMH [K NBZ[K \RKEPN ,QMN
KCIZ NMC BZGCN \GCZY\FF N[ QGKTZF IG\KVN ZPGNM ,OHKBGZJNBN
ZPBP" ,ONGSF NTCC QKKT) BZGCFP FR\P BKF NBZ[K \RKEP .ONGTF
BZGCF N[ GRGXZN USGRC LB .(YGY F"KBZF KC\MCG "ZFGHF OGKSN
NCYN \GXZN ,OEBF N[ GEXP FTGR\ FXGIR ,FNTPNP FBRF \GZ[FN
QKKET GRN QKB ,F\T \TN .BZGCN \GCZY\F N[ DGRT\F \B BYGGE FJPNP
.FHM QGXZ
\GKFN KNC ,GRNCKY ZCM[ FP \B FDZEFC OKECBP GRB ,LMP FBXG\M
,EIB NMN GR\PEB \B ZGSPN GNKVB OKRMGP GRB ,GHP FZ\K .LMN OKTEGP
OKRMGP GRRKB .GRNCKY[ FR\PF OT KRIGZ QVGBC GRZCI\F BN[ OG[P
GB "\GMNP" F[GZKV "WZB" .\KRIGZF "NBZ[K WZB" \B NCYN QKKET
,\KRIGZF "NBZ[K WZB" ,ZPGNM ,NB=Z[K QG[NP BKF "NBZ[K" ;QGXZ
CXPC BXPR[ KPG .BZGCF KVNM OKRVGP OEBF \GRGXZ NM GC[ CXP BKF
.NBZ[K WZBC BGF[ GKNT OKZPGB ,FH
NM[ ,NBZ[K WZBC \GKFN Z[BP ,Z\GK CG[I ZCE QKB[ ,ZPBR QMN
WGIP QTGXKCG ,NBZ[K WZBC BXPR OEBF Z[BM YZ ,\GVY\ \GGXPF
OEBF TKDK Z[B ET ,QPKKYN LKB IGM[N BN KEM YZ ETGR ,NBZ[K WZBN
.NBZ[K WZBN
\B ,GHF FR\PF \B NCYN OKNDGSP GRRKB[ ,ECNC GH BN ,GRIRB GNKBG
Q\GR \B OK[KDZP GRB QKB .FRPP ZJVKFN OKRMGP BNB ,NBZ[K WZB
.F\GCK[I \B LKZTFN OKNGMK GRRKB OD LMKVNG ,FR\PF
 LZEN FRMF 110

GRB OGKF QMNG ,GRKNT FRXIN\ QF ,\GVKNYFP FYR\R BN[ QPH NM

\B UKNIR Z[B ET GRKKI \B GNFRK ONGTF \GPGB .ONGTF \GPGBC OKKGN\
,GRKCKGB NM GDGSKK TDZ G\GBC .OKKJSKBGZJNBC OKKJSKBGDBF OKNMF
,\BHF WZBC [IZ\PF NM \B OKTCGY Z[B OF ,OKKRIGZ OK[ZG[ BNF[
.GRK\GRGXZ \GTXPBC TKV[FN NMGR GNNF OK[ZG[F NTG
BXGP GRN QKB .GR\TZN LB ,GRK\GRGXZC OKTKV[P QMB GRB OKK\RKC
LZEC OB QKCG ,FZG\F LZEC OB QKC ,NBZ[K WZBN OKKGBZ \GKFN BNB
.OKZGSKF

KGNKDG Z\SF
\B [KDZFN ,BZGCF OT Z[Y BGXPN NE\[PF ,OEB N[ FEGCTF NM
"JG[V Z\SF" :OKCXP KR[C \K[TR ,GK\G[GI\C G\GNDNG BZGCF
."NGVM Z\SF"G
FZ\SF ,JNIGP QGZGGKT N[ CXPC OEB KGZ[ ,NGVM Z\SFC G\GKFC
GNKBG .FHF ONGTF YZ OKKY ,FHM OEB N[ GKRKTC ,BZGCF N[ \JNIGP
OB ,G\GNKTV NM NT TKV[P BZGCF[ QKCFN OEB NKI\P ,JG[V Z\SFC
\PNTR GHF FRCFF OTVN OTVP .[ZGVPC BZGCF \B [I GRKB QKKET KM
OK[IZ\P GNNF OKCXPF KVGNKI .GRPNGT LG\C GNGM NM TYG[ BGFG ,GRPP
.UZF BNN GC
,\K[VGIF G\ZKICN KGJKC Q\GR[ YCBP ,GPXT EDR OEB N[ FH YCBP
OEB Z[BM QMN .BZGCF N[ JNIGP Z\SF N[ CXPC YZG LB QM\KK
,\GZKV CKRFN KG[T FH CXP YZ KM ,G\GB LKZTFN GKNT ,FHM CXPC BXPR
OGKC TGJRN OKDFGR O\GB[ ,OK[EI "OKNK\[" N[ O\TVGFN BKCFNG
.OKKRIGZ \GZKV GCKRK \TF BGCC Z[B ,OKNK\[ ,JC[C G"J
GB \GBZN KNC OEY\P OEB GC[ ,Z\SFF CXPC D[GP KRIGZF ZM[F
\B OEBF DK[P[M .QGKDKF NMN EGDKRC ,JNIGP L[GIC ,ZCE QKCFN
,\TM QM[ ,LG[IFG NVBF GZCT NT YVZ\PG ZHGI BGF ,BZGCF \GND\F
\B ECKB NGMKCM ,GPXT BGFG ,BZGCF \ID[F \B [KDZPG FBGZ BGF
.FNGTVF [VGI
FID[FF .\KJZV FID[FG \KNNM FID[F :FID[F KDGS KR[ OR[K
\G[GRBF NNM NT \NTGVG ,UKYPF ZGBF LZE NTGVF NB \BXGK \KNNMF
KV NT ,QGYK\F ZPDN ONGTF NM \B FNKCGP GH FID[F .GNGM TCJF NTG
111 KRIGZ ZM[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FPEKYF KM ,FECGTC FZMFN FNKCGP BKF .[BZP \ZEDGPF \KRMG\F

,\KRGXKI FRKICP .OG\S KGCPN \G[GRBF NM \B FMKNGP \KDGNGRMJF
\PZGD BKF \KPKRV FRKICP LB ,TV[G KGNKP N[ F[GI\ FYKRTP GH LZE
.\JNIGP \GRYKZ \[GI\N
ZGB \GTXPBC EIBG EIB NM NT \NTGV ,\BH \PGTN ,\KJZV FID[F
TV[GP ,GRPNGTC BZGCF OT Z[Y ZIB OK[GVKIC NKI\P[ KP .KPKRV
.BZGCF N[ \KJZVF G\ID[FP
\GRGXZF NT "LSP" OKKY OB YZ ,[IZ\P KRIGZF ONGTF OT TDPF
GK\GRGM\ \B FR[P OEBF ,LSPC[ IGMF \EKP KVN .OKKJSKBGDBF
OEBF NCYP OKRYG\PF OKNMCG .\GKJSKBGZJNBN QMVGFG \GKJSKBGDBF
.FZG\F ZGB \B
NT ,FDZEPG FDZEP NMC .\KRIGZF \GNT\FF LZE BKF F[YG FMGZB
GPT ZCI\KG ,GK\GRGM\C BZGCN FPEK Z[B ET ,[EIP ENGGKFN OEBF
.NKNM
F[YCC ,ONGTF BZGC NB JC[C G"JC OKRGV GRB GNNF OKZCEF IGZC
N[ CXPN GR\GKIFNG ,OK[EI OKNK\[ OKTJGR[ GPM KRIGZC GR\GB TGJRN
.\PB KKI
 LZEN FRMF 112

\GPEY\FF LKNF\C Z[D

,GRPNGTC OKBXPRF ,OKRG[ OKJYKKCGB LZE GRKNT TKV[P BZGCF
.GKNB BZGCF \KKRV BNB GRKB ,GN FZGY Z[B NM[ ,QKCFN CKKI OEBFG
FRCFF GC YHI\\G LN\ ,FRGMR FZGXC GH FTV[F NT OEBF CKDK OB
[KDZFN NKI\K[ LM KEM ET ,GRPP BZGCF N[ G\[KZE KCDN ,F[DZFFG
.BZGCF \B
LZE BNB ,OK[RB \GTXPBC YZ BN ,GRKNT G\TV[F \B NKTVP BZGCF
GRKNT TKV[P BZGCF[ ,LM KGRC ONGTF .GRPNGTC \PKKYF \GBKXPF NM
.FBKZCF \ZJPN GR\GB OEYN KEM ,Z\GKC FCGJF FZGXC ,GMZE
OK[KDZP GRRKB ,OGK OGKF KKIC OKRG[PG OKRG[ OKCXPC OKNY\R GRB[M
N[ ZGPDF LVKFF GRRF ,GRK\GRGM\ NM KVN KZF[ .BZGCF \TV[F \B OFC
FEKPC ,KF[NM FEKPC BZGCN \GG\[FN NKI\P OEB[ TDZP LB .BZGCF
\MP" NMN FCGD\C ,QM NT .BZGCF \B [KDZFN ,KGIKE BNN ,NKI\K GH
\B K\NCKY FPNG FP NT" BNG "?KN Q\KR FH FP O[N" NGB[N GRKNT ,"NZGD
ODF ,OGKY OFN QKB ,OK[RGT "?LM KC DFR BZGCF TGEP" GB ,"?FHF [RGTF
,\GPN[F CXPN OEBF "\VKIE" YZ FR[K .OFKZGBK\C FBNP FZG\F[
.GRC[ OHKBGDBF \PIP ,YPI\FN OKSRP GRB GRPP[ CXP
OB .GR\[GI\ \B QGMR QKCFN GRN TKKSP[ ,ZHT QGRDRP YZ BGF NM[F
,GRZGP BGF BZGCF FC[ ,OKKEK \CIZ EGPKN \\KM NBM ,GRKKI NB SIKK\R
GR\NGMK \EKPC KHB ,GRN \GRYFN FXGZ BGF ,FHF TEKF NM \BG ,NMF TEGKF
\[DZF ,FDZEFC ,GRKNB BGC\ ,BKF[ FT[ NMC FHF TEKF \B JGNYN
.GRC GND\RG GENGR F\T FH[ ,OKKRIGZF OK[GIF NMC ,BZGCF
G\GB[ ,FHF ONGSF \B .GKNB GC FNTR[ KEM ,ONGSF \B ZXK BZGCF
BGF ,DN[B LGZC CZF ,GZGMC GRCG ,DN[B FEGFK KCZ GRN ZBK\ ,CYTK FBZ
F[TR OB YZG ,ZGYPN GRCD \B OKRVP GRB ,F\T \TN[ BNB .KZGPG KCZ
GRN ING[ ,LM O[N .GKNB CZY\FNG GRKRV \B GKNB \GRVFN NMGR ,WPBP
\GPEY\FNG FXGCYN OKZCIF \BG OKZVSF \B ,OKZGPF \B BZGCF
.\KRIGZF
\PIPG ,FHF KP[DF ONGTC QKKET BXPR ,FZGP NXB EPGN[ EKPN\
,GEKN BXPRF FZGPF \B QKCFNG LKZTFN NDGSP BGF QKB ,GC[ OHKBGDBF
.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \D[FC ,QPHF G\GBC ,KGZ[ GPXT BGF[
113 \GPEY\FF LKNF\C Z[D | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

GK\GTE \B ,GRGKDF \B ,GNM[ \B GMG\C "YGIPN" EKPN\F NMGK OB

ONGTC ZCM BXPR[ ,FZGPF [BZC G[BZ \B ,NGMKCM ,ZKPK ,GK\GRYSPG
GPXT \B ZG[YN ,TEGP BN QVGBC FT[ KVN ,NMGK GH LZECG ,KRIGZ
.\GKRIGZN
OHKBGDBF QMNG ,BZGCF \B OK[KDZP GB OKBGZ GRRKB FHF ONGTC
CZF \B ,GN[ FZGPF \B NCB .BZGCF QTPN NGTVN NDGSP GRKB GRN[
BGF QMN ,GECMPG ,GRPP EPGN ,GPT IIG[P ,CGZYP EKPN\F FBGZ ,GN[
.FZGPF QTPN NGTVN OD NGMK
N[ T"GDN NVGR (FZGPF) QGKNTF N[ V"IBF GC[ ,LKNF\N FPGE ZCEF
\B QBGNPC NCYN GTP[P ,CZF N[ V"IBN TKDFN .(EKPN\F) QG\I\F
V"IBF OT EKPN\F "EMN\P" OB .GK\GC[IPG GK\GNGTV ,GK\GXT NM
KFP GN \GBZFN KEM KRPH IZGBC G\GB \GNTFN CZF NMGK ,GCZ N[
.\GKRIGZF
ZC QGTP[ ,ONGSF NTC QGDM ,OKNCGYP N[ OFKC\MC OKBZGY GRB[M
,UKYPF ZGBF LZE QKZ[KPC O\B OKZ[Y\P GRB ,DN[B LGZC KCZ ,KBIGK
.GRN[ OKNMF \B ZPGNM ,GRK\GRGXZ \B LMHPG GRN ZKBP[
,O\GB C\M KP ,EKP\ ZGMHN GRKNT ,GNNF OKZVSC OKBZGY GRB[M QMN
QGKTZF OT YZ BN ,OKZ[Y\P GRB LMC .\KRIGZF G\DZE F\KF FPG
LKNF\C GRN TKKSN KG[T[ Z[D BGF[ ,GPXT ZCIPF OT OD BNB ,QGGKMFG
ZCIPF OB GRN[ \KRIGZF \GPEY\FFP EKZGP FH QKB .\GPEY\FF
EGPKN KEM LG\ ,GRK\G[GI\C GPT Z[Y\N NMGR KM ,FHF ONGTC GRRKB
.GKZVS
NKDC FCK[K OKKS ,DN[B LGZC KCZ ,ONGSF NTC N[ GZGMC GRC
\GRVN OGY OKM[P FKF BGF .QKKRC NTGVM EGCTN NIFG ,FZ[T=FRGP[
.FEGCTN LNGFG OKP ZJKN F\G[ ,NXC OT OIN N[ OZDGNKY NMGB ,ZYGC
GB ,IGNP DE JTP UKSGP FKF ,DIC .GN[ CZTF \IGZB OD GKF NXCG OIN
.FIGZBN \GKDKDI FGG[P FKF[ ,ZIB GF[P
[KCMF KNNGS QKC FKF BGF .EGBP OK[Y GKF LGZC CZF N[ GKKI
O[N ,OGYPN OGYPP GTRG ,OKNFGBC GKI OKNTGVF .QGZCI { OKN[GZK
[GN[ FT[FP ICJPC EGPNN GN F[ZF ICJF .[EI [KCM TJY \NKNS
FKF BN ICJFG ,OKZKSC F\ QKMP LGZC CZF FKF ,LMN FZGP\CG ,FNKNC
.OGY OKM[FN LKZX
 LZEN FRMF 114

FKF[MG ,OKN[GZKC GZD GKENKG G\[B .KG[R G\GKFC OD LGZC CZF KI LM

FYK\TF ZKTF \GPGIP ,GKCB N[ OKZGTK[N NDZC LNGF FKF ,O[N TKDP
OKPK O\GBC .ONGSF NTC GRPHC ZZGD\F FC[ ,NGB[ \TCD \RGM[ ET
.OKCBHG OKR\ OKMZEC GCCG\SF
FKF ORGZSI[ OKZCEF LB ,CTZG KRGT GZZ[ ONGSF NTC N[ G\KCC
.GKKI NM F\KF FCK\MFG ,C\M BGF .FVYG GKE ,ZKKR :ZYKTC GKF [DZGP
[CDN NIFG ,G\EGCTP LGZC CZF [ZV ,ONGSF NTC N[ G\GP ZIBN
OKEKPN\F .\GKJKBCG K[GYC GPEY\F OKRKKRTF LB .OKEKPN\ \XGCY
GNED Z[BMG ,FZ[T=[PI ,FZ[T=TCZB NKDC OKEGPKNC OKNKI\P GKF
,KPGK ZGTK[N BGCN OGYPC .EGPNN O\VKB[G ORGXZ GJTP\R ,GR\I\FG
.[EGIC OTV UBG TGC[C OTV OKBC GKF
NG[MP NGNT OK\TN .QRGZ\V \B BXPK[ KEM ,\GKTC GIN[R OEB NMN
.ZKCT K\NC ZKYN ,\GPKKGSP \GCKSRC ,LGVFN ZKTH
\GZ[T DN[B LGZC CZF NB K\BCF ,1984 \R[C ,Z\GK \ZIGBP FVGY\C
OKK\XGCY OKZGTK[N OKZPBP \CK\MC NIF CZF .OK[EI OKEKPN\
\GPNGTF \GEGB OKZCE \GTKCYC O[GZ FKF ,QMN OEGY EGTG ,OKKPGKPGK
.GKRVN GND\R[ OKKRIGZF
SKSC NT .CZF OT OKZGTK[F NM \B FEKY[C JKNYP K\KKF KRB
GKZGCKIN FCG[I \VSG\ OKGGFPF ,OKZVS FPM ZGBN GBXK ,FHF ZPGIF
.ONGSF NTC N[
\GZKFCC DKXF BGF ,DN[B LGZC CZF ZCKE OFKNT[ OKCZF OKZCEFP
[K[M ,OK\TN .ONGTN QGEB [K KM ,IGM[N QKB :BCF QKKRTF \B FZ\K
OEY\FN GRN OZGD BGF OK\TNG ,GKIKN[ \B GRKNB ING[ BGF ,LMC LZGX
.GRECN
NKTVP BGF[ ,QFKRKPN ZHT \GNGTV [KG ,BZGCF NB \GCZ OKMZE [K
NNGM ,EKPN\ N[ GMZEC OKXXF OKNG[MPF NM \B ,QM NT .OEBF NT
FID[FC NI[ KGRK[M \GBZN Q\KR ,FHF ONGTF QP CZF \GYN\SF
.\KJZVF
NM ,ZPGNM .FCGJN \BH F[GT BGF EKP\G ,G\ID[F \B FR[P BZGCF
,GKBR\ \B GRN CK\MP OHKBGDBF[ UB .QGYK\F ZPD \B CZYP FHM KGRK[
NE\[FN GRKNT ,Z\GK OKTR ,Z\GK NY ,Z\GK CGJ FKF OEGYF CXPF[ ZPGBG
.BZGCF EK \B "OKZYP"FG \GKG[IZ\FF NMC \GBZNG
115 \GPEY\FF LKNF\C Z[D | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

K\GMKB KGRK[ NI .FZGP BNN GZ\GR GKEKPN\ \GZ[TG ,YN\SF CZF

.Z\GK F[YG FZKFP F\[TR FID[FF[ ZIBP ,O\EGCTC
\[GI\N FPGEF ,F[GI\ GC \ZZGT\P ,\GKRIGZN CZY\P OEB[M
BGF .K[VGIF ZKGGBN SGJPFP UEFR[P ,FRG[BZF G\IKRXC QIRX
NB IRGX GEGTC ,\GRG[BZF \GKR[C LB ,IRXP [K GCD KZGIBP[ ,TEGK
\B LKZX FKF FP O[N GPXT \B NBG[G ,NNV\P BGF ,OGF\F LG\
.FH NM
QPHN BN LB .BNP QGIJKC [I OEBFG ,IRXPF G[BZ NTP I\VR ,FRFG
,GKNT QDP IRXPF[ IMG[ BGFG ,TYZYF NT \IRK BGF JTP EGT KM ,CZ
FHF EIVF ,F[TPN .FIJCC \GIRN KEM G\GRPGKPG GRGXZ NM \B NKTVPG
NT G\KIRPG OEBF N[ G\IKRX \B JBP IRXPF KM ,KCKJYKKCGS BGF
.\GMZC TYZYF
ZXB BGFG ,ZCTF N[ OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF QGZIB FKF LGZC CZF
ZGVKSCG ,\GEFKF \GENG\C G\TKEK .OKPEGYF \GEFKF KKI NM \B GMG\C
ZVKS BGFG ,\DNVGP F\KF OKRGZIBF \GZGEF KNGED N[ OFKKI \GENG\
.GKKIP YNI GKF GNKBM OFKNT
FEKZK FNIF OKZ[TF FBPF \NKI\C KM ,ZZC\P GKZGVKS LG\P
,GZDSR KRIGZF ONGTF NB OKZT[F[ LMN FTKDF[ FEKZK ,OTC \KRIGZ
,OEBN OKTKXP GKF OB FZ[T=T[\F FBPC .KRIGZ L[GI \VGY\ FNIFG
NM BNN OKMSP FKF BGF ,\KRIGZ FD[F \ZGP\ GKKI NM \B TKY[FN
OGKF KKI KNCFC GNGM NM TGY[ \GBCF \GBPF N[ OEBF GNKBG .SGSKF
.OFKNCMP ZZI\[FN NDGSP GRKBG ,OGK
Z[YP FKF TP[[ FP NM \BG ,TCJF KTEPC CZ QKKRT FNKD LGZC CZF
GKEKPN\[M .FND\F OZJ FPG ONGTC FND\F ZCM FP QIGCG ,FNCY OT
EKPN\ NM .OEXN ZKEB KRIGZ ZGYP G[I OF ,GEKN GBXPR LGZC CZF N[
BXPRF OEBF BGF CZF[ QGGKM ,CZF OT YGEF Z[YN UGB[N LKZX
CZF .EKPN\ NM N[ G\ZJP BKF GHF FDZEF \D[FG ,Z\GK FFGCD FDZEC
YKRTFN KEM ,G\D[F \B ZK\SFNG ,GKEKPN\ N[ O\PZN \EZN CKKI FKF
."FZKICF [VGI" \B OFN
KEM ,\GKRIGZC G\GPEY\F \EKP KVN OEBN \R\KR ,FD[F NMG FRCF NM
OKKRIGZG OKKP[D OKKI KI Z[B ,OEB QKCFN EGBP F[Y .ZC[KK BN[
OKZCEN \GCK[I SIKKP BGF TGEP ,QKCFN F[Y .\IB FRGTCG \TC
 LZEN FRMF 116

OKTKDP Z[B ET L[PR[ K[GY GFHG ,OKZIB OKZCEP ONT\PG ,OKPKKGSP

.KF[NM \KRIGZ FDZEN
,WPBPF \B LB ,BZGCFP OEBN \R\KR \KRIGZ LZEC \MNN FVKB[F
FNCY EPGN[ OEB NT .GPXTC TKY[FN OEBF CKKI ,FD[FF O[N [ZERF
FNCY EPGN BGF OBF .EPGN BGF FP O[N ,TDZ NMC GPXT \B NGB[N
NT ,BZGCF \B [KDZFN KEM GB ,GN[ OHKBGDBF LG\N TEKF \NCY O[N
.GPXT \B QY\N \RP
,\KRIGZF FKNTF \JK[ \B EPGNG ,\GKRIGZN LZEC OEY\P[ KP NM
,BGF GNNF \GT[C .FNCYF KZGTK[ N[ \GJNYFG OKZVSF \B WKVP
BGF LM .ONGTC GK\GRGKTZ \B TZGHG BZGCF N[ GRGXZ \B BNPP ,NGMKCM
GK\GC[IPC GKNB CZY\PG ,FHF ONGTC BZGCF N[ U\G[ QKTP F[TR
.GK[TPCG
GK\GRGM\C BZCRF FGG\[P GC[ ,TDZF BKF BZCRN BZGCF \GND\F
OEBF FGG\[F FC[ ,FRGM\ F\GBC ,ZPGNM .BZGCF QP L[PRF ZGBN
BGF ,\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FDZEC BXPR[ KP .BZGCF \[DZF FTKVGP ,BZGCN
.FP[C BZYRG ,FDZE F\GB GRKF GPXT
ONGSF \GDZEP NM OT ,GK\GRGM\C \GG\[FN ,DK[FN CKKI OEBF
NMG ,OKPEGYF GKKI NM .EIB NGDND L[PC ,FHF ONGTC G\GKFC ,KRIGZF
LKNGPF ONGSC FKNTF \BZYN FRMFF KCN[ BNB ORKB ,ZCT[ OKNGDNDF
.ONGTF BZGC NB
117 \GPNGTF CGNK[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

\GPNGTF CGNK[
,DGRT\ \\N QGXZ ,TKV[FN QGXZ BGF[ ,BZGCP \CMZGP \GBKXPF
,FNB \GBKXP KCKMZP KR[ ECNP .\GRFKNG NCYN QGXZF BGF[ ,BZCRPG
EDRM NTGVF ,KRIGZ LSP KEK NT QYG\P \GRFKN QGXZF[M .ZIB CKMZP QKB
UGXZV[MG .KRIGZ JYKKCGB BGF[ ,"UGXZV" KGZY BGF ,GC[ OHKBGDBF
DGGKH" FKGZY GH FNGTV ,LSP \GTXPBC ,BZGCF QTPN DGRT\ GMG\N NCYP
."FGGXP" GB ,"FBMFE
GFKZF ,(GN[ QYG\PF NCYN QGXZF LG\N) FZG\F ZGB \B NCYPF
.KP[DFG KRIGZF :\GPNGTF KR[ \B GMG\C CN[P
FK[TC DK[FN GRGXZ FP ,ZZCN GKNT ,GRPNGTC \GGXP OKKYP OEB[M
,\KRIGZ FD[F OG[ OEBN YKRTP GRRKB ,GECN \GGXPF N[ K[TP OGKY .GH
N[ G\RGGM YZG .("F[GEYE OPGE") "KRIGZ OPGE" \DZEC GEKPTP BNB
KRIGZF ONGTF NB G\GB FBKXGP ,FRGGKMG FIGM ,F\EKP KVN ,OEBF
,QGKNTF ZGBC FD[FFG F[DZFF \EKP \B ,\KRIGZF G\DZE \B \TCGYG
KNC UGDM BKF FRGGM KNC FGGXP" KM ,ZPBR QM NT .BZGCF \D[F BKF[
FKGXP \KRIGZ FRKICPG ,"F\P" BKF FRGGM BNN FGGXP ZPGNM ,"FP[R
.OPGE \DZEC
OG[P .FNCYF \ZJP GH { FRGMRF FRGGMN TKDFN LKB OEBF \B EPNN
[KB ,GPXT OEBF ECNP QM[ ,"Z\SRF \ZG\" FNCYF \B OKRMP ,LM
GRRKB GPXT BGF UB OK\KTNG ,GK\GRGGM \B \TEN NGMK GRKB G\CKCSP
.YKGEPC Q\GB ZZCN NDGSP
\B ZZCNG QGICN LKB ,FNKI\C ,OEBF \B FNCYF \EPNP ,QMN
OHKBGDBF \B [KDZFN NKI\K ,ZCE N[ GVGSC[ KEM ,\GK\KPBF GK\GRGGM
OG[ BNNG ,DKKS BNN \GRFKN QGXZF OF[ ,\K\KPBF G\GFP \BG ,GC[
.GK\GRGXZCG \NGHC \GC[I\FC LZGX
YZ .EPGN BGF FP O[N NNM QKCP BN OEBF ,\KRIGZF GMZE \NKI\C
EXKM [GING \GBZN NKI\P BGF ,BZGCF GN FND\P Z[BM ,QM KZIB
.G\RCFC JNYR NMF HBG ,FNTPNP G\GB GNKCGF
Z[B OEB YZ .O\GB [KDZPF OEBF BNN ,OKPKKY ORKB \GPNGTF NM
,"KPNGT" GN BZGY ,KVGSRKBFG EKIBF ZGBF N[ ZIB GB FH TJY SVG\
\GDZEPF NM ,LMN FPN[FM .O\GB [KDZP[ KPM ,O[ GN Q\GRG
 LZEN FRMF 118

QF .OEBF LG\C GTCJGF ZCM ,OPXT \GPNGTFG ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC[

,DK[FN NKI\P BGF QFKVNG ,GN[ \KRIGZF FD[FF N[ \GPNGS \GGFP
.GRPNGTN WGIP[ ONGTF ,QGXKIF ONGTF \B ,FDZEP ZIB FDZEP
QGXZ \VSG\ ,GFTZP [KB NCYN GRKNT ,FZKFP \GPEY\F O[N
GRKZCIP ,\KRIGZ FKNTN \GRGXZC "YCEKFN" GRKNT ZPGNM .\KRIGZ FKNTN
OKZCEF NMP KZPDN \GYR\FN BKF OEBF N[ G\PK[P .OKEGPKNN
"KRBF" \B YZ ZKB[FN GKNT .GKRKTC OKTZ QKCG OKCGJ QKC ,OKKRGXKIF
NT OEY\FN NGMK OEB .BZGCF \B [KDZFN NMGK G\GTXPBC[ ,GN[ ZGFJF
LG\P OKM[PRF OKNMC GB ,GPXT GN[ ,\GRGXZC ZPGNM OKNMC [GPK[ KEK
.G\GB NKCGPF CZFP GRKKFE ,QGKNT UGXZV
ZZGTNG ,TGC[C OTV USB\FN OKEKPN\F GDFR ,DN[B LGZC CZF NXB
.U\G[PF KNMF \ZKXK QTPN ,\KRIGZF FEGCTF \GCK[I \B OPXTC
,OKRPHF NMC OKNCGYPF NM NXB \GMZTR GKF ,GNB QKTP "OKZCI \GCK[K"
N[ OFKZVSC C\MR FNBM \GVSB NT .QGTP[ KCZ N[ G\VGY\P NIF
FVGZKB IZHPC GKI[ OKKEKSI OKNCGYP KZVSC QMG ,K"ZBFG N"IPZF
.\GPEGYF \GBPF N[ OKNGEDF OKZGPF GKFG
\B OEBC \ZZGTP ,CGIZF N[G \KRGXKIF FZCIF N[ FTV[FF
[K .\KRIGZF G\GPEY\FN LZEC KRKXZ NG[MP OK[TRF ,OKKP[DF GKZXK
,FRGGMC LKNT TKV[FN OKSRPF FNBP T\ZKFNG ,GHM FTV[FP YIZ\FN
QECGBN OGZDN FNGNT FIK[C \GV\\[F GNKVB .TEGP K\NC QVGBC GB
.OKMGZB OK[EGI L[PC OKXPBP OFC GTY[GF[ ,OKKRIGZ OKD[KF
CKKI NKI\P EKPN\ LB ,FZCIFP \GZHR\FC NNMG NNM ZCGEP QKB
\K[VGIF GR\ZKIC NM KZF .JNGY BGF[ TEKPN FCZ \GZKFHC SIKK\FN
Z[BG ,UZJXR FKNB[ FZCIF \ZKICC ZPGNM ,FCKCSF \ZKICC \KXP\P
.(\GZIF ZPBP ,ONGSF NTC) U[IKR F\TV[FN
.\KRIGZ FEGCTN NK[CFN FZGPB[ ,\KJSKBGDB FEGYR BNB GRKB OEBF
NM [ZG[G NMF \K[BZ BKF YZ ,\I\VRG FNK[CPF ,OEBF CNC[ GH FEGYR
N[ FK\GBXG\G FK\GMN[F BNB ORKB ,OK[TPF ZB[ NM .\GI\V\F
.GH FEGYR
\GRFKN QGXZ ZPGNM ,DGRT\ NCYN QGXZF BGF BZCR[ EKIKF ZCEF
\NTG\N \GRFKN QGXZF .GDB N[ \GRG[ \GI\V\F \GDZEC ,GPXT \NTG\N
Z[B ET ;OEBF NT ZPG[F IGM BKF[ ZIBP ,"FVKNY" FRGMP GPXT
119 \GPNGTF CGNK[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

KEM ,FVKNYF \B NK[FN FXZK GC[ ,CN[N G\GI\V\FC TKDP OEBF

QGXZ ZPGNM ,\RYG\PF FVKNYF BNB GRKB KZVF .GPXT KZVN TKDFN
.BZGCN FPGEC ,\\N ,TKV[FN
ZGFJF KRIGZF UGDF GPM YGKEC ,\CMZGPG .KRIGZ IGM BKF "FVKNY"
"UGD"G ,"\TE" BZYR FVKNYF "[BZ" ."UGD"PG "[BZ"P ,F[GEYF N[
FNTPN FRGPB" KGZY "F[GEYE" UGD N[ "G[BZ" ."FNCY" BZYR FVKNYF
."FTV[F" BZYR GPXT "UGD"FG "\TEP
 LZEN FRMF 120

QGYK\ ZPDC UGDF

BN ,GRN[ KDGNGKCF UGDF NT ?QGYK\F ZPD KZIB ZB[R GRN[ UGDF OBF
BN ZCE OG[ .QGYK\F OGI\N LKK[ GRKB BGF .OGYP OG[C ZCE ZPBR
NCYN QGXZN YZ WGIR QGYK\F .\GRYEHFF LKNF\P WGI ,GC FR\[P
NMGBN ,OKKRVGD OKDGRT\N ,FRK[N YGYHF ,Z[C BGF GRVGD .\GRFKNG
OG[P .OKKRIGZF OKKPKRVF OKRGYK\F OT ,OGNM BNG GN QKBG ,FIGRPNG
BN BGF OD ,KVGBF .FR\[P FP[RF[ QPHC ,OKGRK[ OG[ ZCGT BGF QKB ,LM
,QPHF NM WZ FKF ,OKRGP[ NKDC OD ,DN[B LGZC NCGYPF ,KZGP .FR\[P
.FR\[P K\NCF GKVGB FKF FH .JBN \MNN NDGSP FKF BN JG[VG
FP[RF[M ,ONGTF NT NM\SR LKB GRPXTN ZB\N NMGR BN ,GRKPKC
OGYKF ZB[KK OBF .GMZT NM \B HB ECBK GRN[ UGDF .\RYG\P FKF\
QKC FKFR GB FKIR OBF ?OKENK EKNGR HB OD OBF ?GRCKCSP[ FP NMG
?OK\PF
ET ,GRPXTN ZB\N OKNDGSP GRRKB .OKZGSKG NCS OKBNP GRKKI OGKM
ZIBN \GKRIGZC BNP\FN OKNGMK ,OGKF GC OKKI GRB[ ,UGDC OKKIF FPM
.QGYK\F ZPD
ZPDC ONTKFN \GMKZX ,OKKPKRV OKRGYK\P FBXG\ QF[ ,\GNIPF
UNBF KCDN BNG ,FR[ 6,000=N ET QGYK\F NT OKZCEP GRIRB .QGYK\F
,K[K[F UNBF KZIB FZGY[ FP \B .KZK[TFG KTK[\F ,KRKP[F ,KTKC[F
[GZKV FP ZKCSFN OKNDGSP BN GRB[ O[M ,ZKCSFN OKNDGSP GRRKB
KB QMG .FHF ONGTC OKKIF OGKS ZIBN ,K[GRB UGD NGJR \GKFN ZCEF
OG[P ,ZB[R KP[DF KSKVF UGDF ,QGYK\F ZPD KZIB EXKM ,ZKCSFN Z[VB
,OFN[ KRIGZF [ZG[FP FENG\M OKPKKYF ,OKVRT OF GRN[ OKCXPF NM[
.EGT OKKY\P BN URTG [ZG[ N[ Z[YF K[K[F UNBF KZIBG
\GRGXZF N[ YNI G\GB YZ BNB ,OKRY\P GRIRB GDBF NM \B BN[ QGGKM
\TC OKKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGXZC GNNM\FG GZCI\F Z[B OKKJSKBGDBF
N[ FBNPF FRGP\F \B \GBZN OKNGMK GRRKB ,LM[ QGGKMP ,OKNMF \ZKC[
\GZ[VB OG[ GRN QKB QMNG .QGYK\F ZPDC FZGXF \GG\[FG FPB\FF
.\GPN[ BZYRF CXP FHF ONGTC ZB\N
Z[Y NM KNC ,GN[ FNKV\N ,GN[ F[YCN FCG[\ FNTPNP NCYP OEBF
.OK[EGI FPM KZIB OD \GZYN NGMK FH .F\GB ING[ BGF GC[ KG\KTN
121 QGYK\ ZPDC UGDF | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

NMC OD \C[ N[ GB OKDI N[ OKCXP [KDZFN NGMK NCGYPF ,\GKRIGZC

.FR[F IGNC KGN\ K\NC QVGBC ,OKPKF ZB[
ZMHGP GRKBG ,\KRIGZ FNGTV OG[N ZG[Y BN GRN[ KSKVF UGDF ZGPBM
,ZIB GF[KP N[ G\P[RN FZCI\F KN[ FP[RF GNKB ,N[PN .FH Z[YFC
.ZIBF N[ G\[DZFC OD FTKVGP F\KF ,KNXB F\KF[ FNB[F KZF
N[ FH LKNF\ .FNKNI ZHGIG ,F[EI FNB[ FTKVGP F\KF KNXB OKK\RKCG
,GNBM \GXKVY \G[IZ\P EXKM ."\GP[R KNGDND" BZYR ,\GNB[ \GVNI\F
LKB ,\GBZN NKI\P OEBF \GKRIGZC LB ,QKCFN OKNGMK BN GRIRB ?TGEPG
Z[VB ,EGZKVG ZGCKI N[ LKNF\F \B .\GP[RF QKC EGZKVFG ZGCKIF FZGY
FP[RP ,OGYPN OGYPP OKZCGTF OKP ,L[P\P OZH ,DNVN \GPEN
,\GP[RF ZB[P NGNM OEBF GC[ ,KNNM YNI OEBF \P[RC [K .FP[RN
NGMK KJZVF YNIFG ,FR\[P GRKB KNNMF YNIF .GN[ KJZV YNIG
.\GR\[FN
GKRV KGNKD N[ CXPC BXPRG ,BZGCFP GF[P NCYN FXGZ OEB[ TDZC
BNN G\GB \NCYPG ,BZGCF ZGB \NCYN FRMGP GN[ FP[RF ,BZGCF N[
NM N[ KEKKP KGNKPC KP[DF ONGTFP NECR KRIGZF ONGTF .\GKF[
.QGXZ
\[CGNPF ,\GMNPF \RGM\[ ZPBR "OKZPBP { OMI KZV" ZVSC
GC[ ,FK[TF ONGTN ET \J[V\P GH FRGM\ ."KRB" \BZYR ,\GPNGTC
BNB ,FHF ONGTC YZ BN ,ZPGNM .\KBPXT \G[KM OEBF F\GB [KDZP
G\ZGXC YZ NCB ,OEBC EKP\ ZB[R "KRB"F ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC OD
\B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,"KRB"F \B QY\P OEBF[ TDZCG .\RYG\PF
.BZGCF
.\GRGXZF N[ QGYK\F LKNF\C KRGKI EKYV\ FBNKP OKNMF \ZKC[
GRKKF BN ONGTNG ,KIFG IPGXF ,OPGEF \DZEC OKZB[R GRKKF FKETNC
.Z\GKC QJYF GNKVB ,BZGCF OT GF[NM Z[YN TKDFN OKNGMK
OGYPC "\GZKVS" QR[K ,KRIGZF UGDCG ,\GRG[ \G[DZF QR[K GRN[ UGDC
FKBZF[ ZPGN Z[VB KB ,LMKVN .Z[Y OG[ QKB QFKRKCG .FNB \G[DZ
\VY[PG "FPMGI" \BZYRF ,\KRIGZF FKBZF N[ FBXG\ BKF ,KN[
\[DZF QGDM ,ZGB G\GBN OKB\PF KRIGZ KNMC ,OKKGSP ZGB N[ F[DZF
.LSPF \GTXPBC ’B \GKCTE KNMC "FKIF ZGB"
 LZEN FRMF 122

JGNYN NDGSP GRN[ OK[GIFP EIB NM .OKND N[ FE[ OKKY GRCKCSP

DGS GR[K O[[ BNB ,\GKRIGZC FZGY ZCE G\GB .FRG[ \GZKE\C OKND
\MZTP QKC Z[Y OG[ QKB ,\BH OT .GN ETGKPF KNMN SRMR[ ,ZGB N[ EIGKP
.ZGBF N[ \KRIGZF F[GI\F QKCN ,GRN[ ONGTC OKZKMP GRB[ ,\G[DZF
\GRCN KEM ,QKPKF GY \ZHTC G\GB QY\P ,NBP[ GYC G\GKFC ,OEBF
OT GPXT \B \GG[FN OEBN Z[VBP KTXPB GY .KTXPB GY OFKR[P
.FEKYV\ \B FPKKS ,GH \PKKGSP FDZEP LMC .QGYK\F \EKP KVN ,BZGCF
,QKPK GY \ZHTC G\GB QY\N LKZX CG[G ,NBP[ GYN CG[ SRMR KRB QM KZIB
\PKKGSP \GPM NCYP CG[ ,LM KEK NTG ,KTXPBF GYF \B OFKR[P FRGCG
FRG\RF FDZEPF ,ZGPBMG .BZGCN K\GG\[F \B FNKEDPF ,BZGCF ZGB N[
KEKP\ LKNF\ :\KRIGZF FKNTF BKF GHM .FBNF QMG ,FEKYV\ \B FPKKS
,FPGSY F[DZF KFGHG ,OKKIF FNB .QKDGZKSN KGNKPFG QGZSKIF \NCY N[
.NKCYPC OKBCF ,BNP TCG[G YHI CTZN FPGEC
GMZE[ Z[DF GRF ,FDZEP NMC GRN[ QGMR QGXZN FRGGMC KCZPF [GPK[F
.FBCF FDZEPN OKZCGT
\BHF FVGY\F ONGB ,UGDF \DZEC QKKET \BXPR \G[GRBF ,\KNNM
"TGP[N" \NDGSP FP[R NM .\GKRIGZF \GI\V\FN ZCTP \VGY\N \C[IR
LKZX BNG ,FN[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\F \EKPC YZ ,(OKMSFNG CK[YFN)
.FNCYN IGMC F\GB LG[PN \GSRNG ,\T OZJC FKNT WGINN
123 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

"ZGBN \GZCI\F"
\GCG[\G \GNB[

?GRKKIC OTJF FP
N[C GB GR\GMH N[C ?FNCY EGPNN K[VGI BGF[ GRN[ ZGEF FMH FPC
?OKKIC OTJF FP GNB[ ,GRZGECM ,OKPEGY \GZGEC OD BNF ?GRK\GRGGT
\NB[R BKF KIMGRF ZGEC LB ,FNB[F FNB[R OKPEGYF \GZGEC OD
OB .Z\GK \GRMGP ,Z\GK \GN[C QF GRPNGTN \GZHGIF \GP[RF .UYG\ Z\KC
KZF ,Z\GK FCG[I ,\GCZ\F ,TEPF ,FZCIF N[ \GI\V\FF F\KF ZCTC
KDGNGRMJ OGEKY[ ,LM NT ZCGEP \GIVG ,NMFP \CHMGBP \G[GRBF ,GRRPHC
.\GKP[DC QGIJKC \[DZFG ,K[VR JY[ \[DZF GRN YKRTFN NGMK
OKZGSK CYTG ,\GKSKSC \GNB[N \GCG[\ [VIN OKNKI\P OK[RBF
,OK[YG OKMGZB OK[GVKI ZIBN ,QKCFN OKNKI\P OF ,OFKNT OKZCGTF
\Z\SF ,BZGCF OT Z[YF YG\KR BGF ,FNBF OKCXPF NM [ZG[ KM
NKCGP ZCEFG ,Z[Y G\B ZGXKN \GYYG\[F OFC \ZZGT\P LM .BZGCF
.FNCYN O\GB
WGIP OKKIF \GTP[P [GVKI N[ CN[N GK[MT \SRMR FNGM \G[GRBF
BNG ,KDGNGRMJ OGEKYC Z[GB QKB KM ,FRKCF ZCM[ KRVP ,GRN[ ONGTN
\ZJP \B BGXPN CG[I ,OTV=KBP Z\GKG ,ZSGPG \GCZ\ N[ \GI\V\FC
KKIG ,\GKDGNGRMJ \GBXPFC \KNM\ ZETF ,OKPS OD .OEB KRC N[ OKKIF
FP QKCFN \GSRNG ,FNB NMP YIZ\FN QGXZ OEBC OKZZGTP ,TCG[
.OKKIC OTJF

FZKICF [VGIG FZG\F

?[BZP QRMG\G TCYR ZCM NMF OBF
KEKC [BZP GTCYR ,GRMZE N[ \KVGSF FEGYRFG \K\NI\FF FEGYRF
\GEGYRF K\[ QKC FBKZCF \ZJP NB OEY\FN EXKM FJNIFC YZ .BZGCF
FEGYRC GNKVB[ BNB .OEBF N[ FZKICF [VGI KGJKC KEKN BC ,FNBF
ECTM TXCPG ,GN[ OHKBGDBF WIN \I\ [GZKVC NTGV OEBF ,\K\NI\FF
.GN[ OHKBGDBF \GRGXZ N[ OFK\GBZGF \B ,QPBR
,KJSKBGZJNBN KJSKBGDBP GN[ TCJF \B OEBF UKNIP Z[BMG
YZ FXP\P QGXZF [VGI .KJSKBGZJNBF TCJN OTVF ,ECTN LVGF BGF
 LZEN FRMF 124

BKF FZG\F NM ,QMN .BZGCN GB FTZVN ,ECTG[P \GKFN KPN ,FZKICC

ZXK K\BZC" :ZPBR[ KVM ,FBKZCF \ZJP \D[FN ON[ EIB LKZEP
."QKNC\ FZG\ GN K\BZC ,TZF
\GDZEF \B ,"FZG\" GN BZY[ ,ZVSC ZB\ ,F[P GP[[ ,NCGYP
\KRIGZF FRCFF \ZHTC ,"FNT"[ ZIBN ,DK[F Q\GB[ \GFGCDF \GKRIGZF
OKB\FN NMGR[ KEM ,GRN GR\KR FZG\F KYNI NM .KRIGZF ONGTF NB GN[
NCB ,BZGCC \GYCE DK[FN ZPGNM ,BZGCF \GRGM\N GRN[ \GRGM\F \B
.FZG\F N[ OKKGSP YNIC EYP\FN CG[I ,ZGE NMC
OKVGD \ZGXC \GKRIGZ \GTVG\ ZB\N JNIGP ZGSKB [K FZG\C
\GP[ QF FZG\F \GNKP NM .BZGCF ZGB BKF FZG\ .GRN[ ONGTF N[
NXB BZGCF \[DZF G[GZKV ,BZGCF O[G ,O[ QKB GPXT BZGCN .BZGCF
.OEBF
.’GMG ,"BZGR" ,"CGJ" :G\[DZF KVN BZGCN \GP[ Q\GR OEBF ,\BH OT
NM ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC QKCFG FNKD F[P[ FP BGF ,FZG\C ZBG\PF NM
.F[TR GRB[ KEM ,GRN ZB\N GKNT FGGKXG ,GN FNKD BZGCF[ FP
OEBF N[ KRIGZ EGIKB FRKF ,BZGCF KEKC GNGM ONGTF \BKZC \ZJP
FDZEFP .\KRIGZ FKNT ,\GZIB OKNPC ;OEBF \GRGM\ QGYK\ ,BZGCF OT
[[ QR[K GPXT BZGCF ETG GRN[ Z\GKC F\GIRF \K\NI\FF \KRIGZF
."FGGXP" \BZYR QFP \IB NMG ,\GKRIGZ \GDZE OKZ[TG \GBP
,\PKKGSP \KJSKBGZJNB FNGTV \GTXPBC ,GPXT \B QY\P OEB[M
\KRIGZ FDZEN FNGT LMP FBXG\MG ,\PKKGSP FGGXP LMC OKKYP BGF
N[ KJSKBGDBF TCJFP BXK[ ZIBN ,CKGIP OEBF ZPGNM .FPKB\P
\GRGM\ \[KMZ \GTXPBC ,OTV 620 EGT GPXT \B QY\N ,GRN[ ONGTF
.\GKJSKBGZJNB
\GRGXZF .BZGCF OT QKJGNIN EIB\P BGF ,FRGZIBF \KRIGZF FDZEC
.QKJGNIN OKFH ,BZGCF N[ \GRGM\FG \GRGXZFG ,OEBF N[ \GRGM\FG
EGT ,BZGCF \GRGM\ OT GK\GRGM\ N[ \eF+H KEMN TKDFN CKKI OEBF
.KP[DF GVGDC ,GKKI LNFPC ,GRN[ ONGTC GBXPKFC
NDTPF \ZKDS ,FNGM FBKZCF \GPN[ \D[GP ,BZGCF OT \GEIB\FC
NB ,BZGCF NB ZHGI NMF ,GH LZEC .FRGKNTFG FRG\I\F FEGYRF QKC
.\KVGSRKB \KJSKBGZJNB FBRF N[ CXP BGF[ ,ZGYPF NB ,GN[ \GRGM\F
125 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

ZGCTN IZMGP ,FP[RF { OEBF QKB CG[ ,GHF \KRIGZF FDZEF \D[F ZIBN
.FHF ONGTF NB ZGHIN BN UBG ,"FHF ONGTF" \GDZE \B
ET ,GRN[ ONGTF NB ZGHIN CKKI BGF ,GPXT \B OEBF QYK\ BN EGT NM
OKSIKK\P TGEP .FNCYF \PMGI EGPKN \ZHTC ,BNP QGYK\N TKDK[
F\GB OK[ZVPG ,FZG\C C\MR[ FP NM NB LM NM FRG[ FZGXC OK[RB
,KRIGZF ONGTF NB GNT[ ZIBN ,OKNCGYP BYGGE KZF ?\GRG[ OKMZEC
QG[NP ,"FZG\" GN GBZY[ ZVSF \B GRN GR\RG ,OKZCEF \B GRRTPN GZBK\
."FBZGF"G "ZGB"
OKZB\P ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \B [GIN OKNDGSPF OK[RB ,OKNCGYP
NM[ ,BKF FZJPF .\KEGIK FV[C ,OFKZVSC OFN[ \G[GI\F \B
\GPNGTF \B [GING \GBZN OKNDGSP ORKB QKKET Z[B ,OKZIBF
\RCGPF ,\K[GRB FV[C OKNCGYPF KZCSF \B QKCFN GNMGK ,OKKRIGZF
OKVGDN FPGEC ,OKKP[D OKVGD OKPKKY BN OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC KZF[ ,OFN
BJCN GB ,O[ OKKYF NM \B OFC BGZYN Q\KR[ \GP[ QKB .GRN[ ONGTC
.\RCGPF OKKGPKEF QG[NC OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC \G[GI\F \B
,OKRGKNT \GPNGTP L[PR ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKY[ FP NM[ ,QGGKMP BNB
OKNCGYPF GJKNIF ,FNTPN KRIGZ [ZG[ [K ,GRNXB KP[D UGD NMNG
,GRN[ ONGTC GN[ URTF N[ GP[ KVN ,QGKNTF ONGTC KRIGZ UGD NMN ,BGZYN
GN OBG\F ,KP[DF UGDF NB [ZG[FP ,FJPN FNTPNP L[PR NGMKCM[
BGF GRN[ ONGTC GN[ URTFG ,FCKSF BGF KRIGZF [ZG[F .GRN[ ONGTC
.GH FCKS N[ FBXG\F ,FMN[FF
\ZCEP FZG\F NM .FZG\F NM FC\MR ,GH \KZGBK\ FV[C ,GHM FZGXC
,OKZVSN OYNIN Z[VB .[EGYF KZVS NM QMG .OKKRIGZ \GIGM NT YZ
([PGI) \KZGBK\G \KZGJSKF FV[C ,(EGPN\) \KJV[P FV[C OKZCEP[
.FEDBF \V[C GB
OG[ OFC QKB .OKKRIGZ \GPNGT NT YZ OKZCEP FNBF OKZVSF NM
\B OKBZGY GRIRB Z[BM YZ ,ZXGR NGCNCF .GRN[ KP[DF ONGTN FRGGM
FP \B GRPXTN OKZB\P KJPGJGB QVGBCG ,OKNPF \B OKBGZ ,ZVSF
ONGTF NT ZCGEP GNKBM ,GRN[ OK[GIF \[PI N[ FRCFF KVN ,OKBZGY[
FXZ YGKEC FP ,ZGZKCC QKCP ,JSYJF G\GB \B FBGZ[ NCGYP .GRN[
,FYKSGPN CK[YP[ KBYKSGPN FPGEC ,TJYG TJY NMC ZVGSF ZPGN
.FRKDRF KGG\C \GNM\SF LG\P ,ZK[N QMP ZIBN NDGSPG
 LZEN FRMF 126

\B OKBGZ GRRKB .GPGKYC OKRKPBP BN OD QMNG ,BZGCF \B OK[I GRRKB

NMP ,EIB TEP BN UB .ZCE OFKNT OKTEGK BN UBG ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
F\B FP LPS NT .EK\TF NT TKV[FN GRN Z[VBP GRKB ,OKPKKYF OKTEPF
?EK\TF NT TKV[FN \BH NMC Q\KR[ ,QTGJ
\B BNB ,GRN[ ONGTC \GTVG\F \B BN ,\ZYGI FNCYF \PMGI
ONGTN \GIGM OKEZGK OFP Z[B ,QGKNTF ONGTC OKKRIGZF OK[ZG[F
,FNCYF \PMGI EPGN[ OEB .GRPNGTC [IZ\P[ FP NMN OKPZGD[ ,GRN[
.QGKNTF ONGTF \B QKCFNG \GBZN NKI\P
LKB QKCP ,BZGCF \B [GIN NKI\P OEBF ,QGKNTF ONGTF \KKBZC
FNCYF \PMGIC \BZYR GHF FNGTVF .KRIGZF ONGTF \B BZC BZGCF
L[PC ,GN[ \GBCF \GNGTVC ."QG[BZ OGK" GB ,"QG[BZF FBKZCF OGK"
OKNFRP[ \GIGMF ,QGKNTF ONGTF TCJ \B BZGCF ZXK ,OKBCF OKPKF
,K[K[F OGKC ,BZGCF N[ \K[K[F FNGTVF ,FRGZIBF FNGTVF .G\GB
.OEBF \BKZC F\KF
FGGFP BGF ,BZGCF N[ FRGZIBF FNGTVF \BXG\ FKF OEB[ QGGKMP
FP ,QM OB .GRTPN ZXGR ,GKRVN BZCR[ FP NM .FBKZCF NM \ZJP \B
\eF+H KEMN TKDFN CKKI OEB ?BZGCF \KRMG\ KVN ,OEBN \GZYN LKZX
\IYN ,GN FGG[ LGVFN ,\GRGM\F NMC GN FPGE LGVFN ,BZGCF OT \KRIGZ
TKDFN CKKI OEBF .GN[ NZGDF NGFKR \B ,FBKZCF NM NGFKR \B GKEKN
\GIGMC TKDFN .GPXT \GIGMC ,\GPN[ N[ FDZE ,GH FRGKNT \KRIGZ FDZEN
FMGPRF \KRIGZF FDZEC BXPKFN OEBF CKKI FNKI\[ GTP[P ,GPXT
,GPXT \GIGMC QM KZIBG ,BZGCF \GRGM\N QKJGNIN \EDGRPF ,Z\GKC
.BZGCF N[ \KRIGZF FDZEN \GNTN ,OKKRIGZ OKXPBP \ZHTC
QFG GRN[ ONGTF \B QF ,\GBZN NDGSP OEBF ,FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC
GRKNB EZGK TEKP .OFKRKC QKNPGDF KSIK \MZTP \BG ,QGKNTF ONGTF \B
,FHF TEKPN GRN[ \GCGD\FG .ZPGIN GRKRKT EDRN LVGFG ,QGKNTF ONGTFP
GB \KCGKI ,FZGX GHKBC \GTCGY O[G ,QGKNTF ONGTN TEKP \ZGXC \GNGT
.FHF ONGTC GRN[ ZIPF \B [GIR ,\KNKN[
\B ZXK ,Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEC BXPR[ ,BZGCF LMKVN
OG\ ET F\GB BNKP ,QKJGNIN GN \EDGRPF ,\KJSKBGDB FRGM\P FBKZCF
ONGT"F N[ \KRIGZF FDZEN FEKZGFG ,ZGBFP F\GB QYGZ QM KZIBG ,ZGBC
NGED DGRT\ LZEC \NCYP ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEC FZHIC FNGT[ FBKZC ."GRN[
.FHF ONGTN FEKZKF KRVN Z[BP ,FCZFC
127 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

GRIRB KZF ,GRN[ ONGTC QJY YZI NMCG GRC JNG[[ QGKNT IGM [K OB
?OKJGCGZM
\GKPKRVF \GRGM\F \B F\GTXPBC FR[PG ,FNCYC ZHTR OEBF OB
KRGXKIF ONGTF NM .GKNT \KRGXKIF FTV[FF \B OD FR[P GFKZF ,GN[
F\B ,KPXT QGYK\ \GTXPBC .\GPN[N OEBF \B UGIEN FZJPC KGRC
,L\GMHC OEY\P YZI G\GB HBG .LKVNM Z\GK CGJF GEXP ONGTF \B FNDP
.[BZP GNZGDC TCYR[ KVMP Z\GK FNY LZEC ,\KVGSF FZJPF NB
\GRG\R UGSFG FNI\FF \GEGYR Z[BM ,OKZGSK LZE [KG FZG\ LZE [K
LM O[N .GRC KGN\ FH ZCE ,UGSF NB FNI\FFP ZGCTR LZE GHKBC .[BZP
.FNCY ZYKTCG ,KVGB \GRGM\ ,NM[ :OEBN \GRGM\F NM \GR\KR
?\KTGXYP \GPEY\FN FNCYF EGPKN OZG\ FP
BKF ,OKRGKNT \GPNGT \D[FC [GIF \B FCKIZP FNCYF[ LMN JZV
OEBF .Z\GK OKMH O\GB F[GTG ,OKZIB OK[GI OD FCKIZPG FYKPTP
QKC [MGZ UBG ,GCKCSP [IZ\P[ FP NM \B ,Z\GK CGJ [KDZFN NKI\P
O[N OEBF \B OK[P[PF OKNMF EIBM ,TEPF \B \GBZN \NGMK ,Z\KF
.Z\GK BNG ,ONGTN G\GND\SF
QKC NCNC\P BGF ,FNCY EGPNN NKI\P OEBF[M ,FRG[BZF FVGY\C
NKI\P BGF LM ZIB LB ,OK[EIF \G[DZFG OK[EIF OKD[GPF NM
KRVN SVZ\FN BN GN ZHGT FHG ,NKDZ GF[P NBM ,TEPF NB SIKK\FN
.Z\GK FYGPTG FRGMR FZGXC \GBZN Z[VB[ FP ,GC \GBZN BNB ,TEPF
,Z\GK FPN[ FD[FN TKDFNG ,OEY\FN \GZ[VB FNCYF \R\GR ,QTEPN
.GRN[ NCDGPF ONGTC GNKVB
YGSTN NKI\P[ OEBG ,\G[GRBF NM \B FNKCGP[ \KNNM FID[F [K
,FNCYC YSGT[ OEB OBF .GNZGDCG GKKIC OKKGRK[ DKFRFN NDGSP ,FNCYC
GPXT KVNM YZ BN ,G\CKCSC OKKIF N[ KNNMF OZHF \B \GR[N OD NGMK
?OKZIBN ZGHTN OD BNB
BNN QVGB OG[C LB ,OKZIB OK[RBN GH FJK[ \XVF \GTXPBC YZ
QKKRTN ,FRKET FZGXC GR\CKCSC[ OK[RB TEKKN LKZX .BKF[ NM FKVM
SKRMFN NGMK ,FHF JTPF GNKVB .OKNCGYP GC\M[ OKZVS \BKZYC O\GB
\ZIB FID[F GKNT ZZGTNG ,BZGCN SIKC QKJGNIN ZIB CXPN OEBF \B
.WGICP
UB ,\KNCY FYKSGPG OKZGTK[ KZGJKNY\ ,OKZVS ,JRZJRKB ,FKHKGGNJ
KGRK[N OKTXPB GKEKC \\N KEM ,NMFG .LMN OGZ\N OKNGMK[ OKNM FNB
 LZEN FRMF 128

,FZYP NMC .OKR[ ZVSP EGTC UB KNGB ,LMN TKD\ \G[GRBF .GNZGD
ORKB ,OSYF \GRGZ\V ZB[G ,\GNGDSF ,\GTPYF NM[ QKC\ \G[GRBF
,GNZGD NT JKNIFN LKZX OEB NM .OKKIF \B \GR[N EXKM FNB[N QGZ\KVF
.\ZIB FZGX OG[C \BH \GRYN Z[VB KBG ,OKZIB NT \BH NKJFN BNG

KRIGZF ONGTF
?GRPNGTC FEKNN FPGE BKF OBF ?"\KRIGZ FEKN" KFP
ZJVR OEB[M .\KRIGZF FEKNN YGKEC OBG\ ,GRN[ ONGTC FZGY[ FP NM
,QM KZIBG .GPB OIZC Za@AT N[ GCXPM BGF GN[ CXPF ,OHKBGDBFP KZPDN
K[EGI \T[\ \B OBG\ FHG ,\GKRIGZC \GI\V\F KCN[ FT[\ Za@ATF ZCGT
.QJY LB ,KBPXTM \KRIGZ FRKICP ENGR[ ET ,GRN[ ONGTC QGKZFF
QM KZIBG ,QGKNTFP "FYKRK" N[ OKCN[ KR[ ,OKK\R[ \GBC LM ZIB
NED[ GPM .\EZVR \RGM\PC ZCM NCB ,QGKNTF QGC[I NT BKF OD[ ,FNKED
,GN[ Z\GKC NGEDF CXPN TKDP BGF UGSCN[ ET ,FZ[T [GN[ NKD ET ENK
.OEB NM N[ G\P[R I\V\FN FMKZX LM
FZG\F[ FP NM ,GRPNGTC FZGY[ FP NM ,OKZVSC CG\M[ FP NM
\GDZEPC OEBF \KKNT N[ ,OKKCYT OKMKNF\ OF FNB NM ,GKNT \ZCEP
BKF OEBF N[ GMZE NMG ,OGNM QKB ,BZGCG OEBP WGI .KRIGZF ONGTF
.BZGCF NB \K\DZEF \GCZY\F

?KRIGZF ONGTF QKCN GRKC Z[Y ZXGR OB ,\TEN OEBF NGMK LKB
\G[GI\C GN[ QGKSKRFP TCGR ,GPXTN ZB\N NDGSP OEBF[ FP NM
,QFKRKPN UGIKZF \GKGGI NM QMN .KP[DF GVGDC FGGI[ \GKGGI ,FHF ONGTF
KRIGZF ONGTN NNM \GZG[Y QRKB ,GRN[ KRIGZF ONGTF \G[GI\ NM
,\GKRIGZF \[GI\ \B NCYN Q\KR LSPF \ZHTC YZ BNF[ ;K\KPBF
FJK[ \ZHTC YZG LB ,F\GB [GMZN Q\KR[ ,\KJSKBGDB KJRB FRGM\
L[PC ,FZGP OT FXGCYC OKEGPKN \ZHTC ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ FZGZC
.KCKSRJRKB EGPKN \GR[ FPM
,KRIGZF ONGTF \B [GIN \NGMK FNTPNP GF[KPN OKR\GR ,OKPTVN
QGGKMP ,\KCKSV BKF GHF F[GI\F NCB .\PEYGP FRMF OG[ BNN
GHF F[GI\F \B NCYP BGF Z[BM ,GPXT \B QY\N NDGSP GRKB OEBF[
FH QKB .LSPF \ZKXK O[N OKKPXT OKXPBP BNN ,FR\PM FNTPNP
FP FH ,JG[V BNB ,QGYK\F LZE FP[RF N[ FNKDZF \GI\V\FN ZG[Y
129 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

,\GP[RF \EZVFNG EGIKBN TDGRC GN[ \KRMG\F KVN ,BZGCN WGIR FKF[
.F[T BGF LM QMNG
OKRKCP GRKKF ,F\GPN[C \GP[RF NGDND \RGP\ \B \GBZN GRNGMK GNKB
,OEB OG[ ,QVGBG OKRV OG[C LB ,GHF FP[RF OT LM BZGCF DFR TGEP
FDZEN ,FZJPN TKDFN NDGSP FKFK BN ,GRN[ \KNNMF FP[RFP YNI OG[
,[KBN Z[VBK BN BZGCF .QGYK\F \B ZGCTK BN OB ,BZGCF N[ \KRIGZF
OKXPBPF NGNMP N[ TGXKC BNN ,KRIGZF ONGTF NB SRMKFN ,KBR\ OG[C
[GZE[ QGXZ ,KNM ZGXKN NDGSP BFK BN OEB \ZIB[ QGGKMP ,OKKRIGZF
.G\GPN[C GNGM DGRT\F \B [GIN NMGK[ KEM ,GN
?\GYSVR GK\GNGTV NM OBF ,BZGCC [KDZFN NKI\P OEB[M
OEBF[M[ .GR\BP EIB NMC "OKNYNGYP" \GIGM N[ \MZTP [K .BN
LK[PFN LKZX BGFG ,GC OKZZGT\P FNBF \GIGMF ,BZGCC [KDZFN NKI\P
,Z\GKG Z\GK FNTPN FNTK G\ZHTC[ ,YRT UGRPN O\GB LGVFN KEM ,EGCTN
OT ,FNGM FBKZCF OT EIB\K HBG ,BZGCN \GG\[P[ \GRGM\ DK[K[ ET
.QGKNTF IGMF
?GK[MT GRKNB FND\F BZGCF GNKB FZGY FKF FP
OKNDGSP GRKKF BN ONGTNG ,GRPXTN DGRT\ OKNCYP GRKKF ,FKF LM GNKB
DGRT\F \PGTN KSVB G\GKF UZI ,FHF KJSKBGDBF DGRT\FP \BXN
GRN \\N KEM GR\BP Z\SR BZGCF QMN .BZGCN FRGGMF OT DGRT\F ,KRIGZF
FND\K HB YZG { BZGCF QTPN FRGGM { "LSP" \GRCN NM OEGY \GZ[VB
N[ OTCJ FH KM ,KVGSRKB FKFKG ,ECBK BN FND\PF DGRT\F ,HB YZ .GRN
.OKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ
N[ G\GND\F FH GRN ZSI[ FP NM ,KRIGZF ONGTN SRMKFN KEM OBF
?BZGCF
KGNKDN BNB ,BZGCFP OKBC[ OKDGRT\ KGNKDN K\RGGM QKB ,FH FZYPC
\B NJCN NMGKG ,BZGCF KVNM GPXT NJCK OEBF ,FZYK FH[M .’F \GNED
FND\K BZGCF ,QMP ZIBN YZ .LSP NCYNG ,GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF
.OKDGRT\F NM ZGYPM GKNB
?"TZ"G "CGJ" OKD[GPF QKC OKNKECP LKB
OFN[ \GTP[PFP FRG[ ,FNCYC "TZ"G "CGJ" OKD[GPF \GTP[P
.GRPNGTC
 LZEN FRMF 130

\GKCKJYKKCGSG \GKJSKBGDB \G[DZF NT OKKGRC ,GRPNGTC TZG CGJ

BXGK OEB[M YZ .TZ FH { KN TZ[ FP ,CGJ FH { KN CGJ[ FP ;ECNC
.OKK\KPB TZG CGJ OF
&P# DK[P BGF GPXT N[ OHKBGDBFP
BN FZYP OG[C GRIRB NCB ,BZGCF KEKC F[TR ,F[TR[ FP NM
,OEBG OT IXZ ,\GPINP ,\GRGSB .FZGY[ FP \B YKEXFN OKNDGSP
OGI\P GBXK[ ,FNB N[ OFKVC YZ ,CGJ KGZY FH NM { \GZX ,KCZP NCS
.\GPNGTFG OGYKF N[ FNGM FRGP\F \B GDK[FG ,OK[GIF \[PI
?"QGXZF \GZKI" KFP
FP NM \B DK[P BGF ,KRIGZF ONGTF \B DK[P OEBF Z[BM
NB OKN[N\[P OF QKBPG OK[ZG[F NM \B ,GRN[ ONGTN N[N\[P[
FZYK[ FP .KRIGZF ONGTC FNI\F [K ,OKZXGR[ OKTGZKBF NMN .GRPNGT
.O[P TCGR NMF GR\BP EIB NMN FZYK[ FPG ,GN
,\TEF NTP FRGPBC \MNN BKF FPXT FNCYF N[ FJK[F[ BKF FECGT
QKB ,LM OG[P .\KPXT \NTG\N FHF TEKF \B NXRK BN ONGTN ,NCGYPFG
,FZYP NMC KM ,OKZIB OT GB ,G\B FKFK[ FP NT ,TEGK BGF[ FPN OTJ
OKXGZ CGZN[ GPM ,\KPGK OGKF \GTP[PC GN[ TEKC [P\[K BN BGF
.OK[RB OKY[GIG
\EDPN GMNK[ ,OFN CK[P KRB ,EK\TF NT OKNBG[G OK[RB KNB OKBC
FHKB IG\VN NCB ,NGTVN LKB WTKKN BGF ,\G[TN NGMK KRB[ FP .\GEK\T
\BG FZKICF [VGI \B OEBFP IYGN F\B KM .ZGSB ,FRGP\ BKF[
,[BZP TGEK NMF OB .OKKIN UIEF GN ECBK ,F[TPN FHC .QGXZF \GZKI
,QGXZF \GZKI \XY GRN [K[M ,OKPKTR GRN[ OKKIF ?\GKIN FP NKC[C HB
[PPNG NXRN GRKNT .FBKZCC[ OKZIBF OKBZCRF NMP GR\GB NKECPF ZCE
.\BHF QGXZF \GZKI \B
?GC FNDP BGF FP ,KRIGZF ONGTN TKDP OEB[M
NFGRP NMF[ ,FNDP BGF .\PN[GP FKRGPZF O[ \ZZG[[ ,FNDP BGF
\B FNDP OEBF[M .\IB FZJPN \GKZCF NM \B BKCP[ ,QGKNT IGMC
TGEP QKCFN NKI\P BGF KM ,\GKGJ[ \G[TN YKSVP BGF ,GPXTC FZJPF
GK[TP OB ,QKCFN NKI\P BGF .\GNIPG \GZX ,OKPTVN G\GB \GEYGV
BN ,LNKBG QBMP .\NGHF OT DGFRN QVGB FHKBCG ,OKTZ GB OKCGJ OF
.FBKZCF NMP EZVR K\NC YNI \GKFN LVGF BGF .G\GB EPNN LKZX
.FPN[F FRGTJ BN GPNGT \VY[F
131 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FRG[BZF LZEC :OKMZE K\[ GRN Q\GR BGF .BZGCF GR\GB NKCGP LMN
OKZGSK NB OKZGSKP FIKZC N[ ,NCS N[ LZE BKFG ,\G[GRBF NM \MNGF
QJYF ONGTF LG\C ,OKKIC OTJ BGXPN OEBN \GZ[VB OG[ BNN ,OK[EI
KB .\KRIGZF FPZC \GZCJXFN BKCP ,OKKI N[ FHM LNFP .GN[ NCDGPFG
NCB .FZCJXF[ \PEGYF OKZGSKF \GPM \B ,[KDZFN GB \TEN Z[VB
Q\GR BZGCF ,ONGCDN OKTKDP OKZGSK O\GB[MG ,QGC[I [K FP[R NMN
\BH .KRIGZF ONGTF N[ G\GFP \B ZKMFNG ,OFP ZJVKFN \GZ[VB OEBN
.NCS \BNPG EGBP FMGZB BKF .OKZGSKF LZE ,FRG[BZF LZEF
F[GZKV FZG\ .FZG\ LZE ,FNCYF LZE ,FKR[ LZE OD \PKKY[ BNB
ZFP TKDFN OEBF NGMK EXKM ,FZGZC FBZGF \PKKY FZG\C ."FBZGF"
OKEGPKN ,OKZKES FIV[P KKI OKKYN ,LMN NKCYPCG ,KRIGZ CXPN
OGYKF \B OFC \GNDNG ,GN[ OK[GIF \B QY\N NGMK BGF EXKMG ,FEGCTG
.GNGM

QGXZ
Z\GKC KPKRVF QGXZF ,BGVKB GFP ,QGXZ BGF ,OKBZCRF NM GPM ,OEBF OB
?GRN[
OKXGZ GRIRB[ FP FH .BZGCC YCEKFN QGXZF BGF ,GRN[ KPKRVF QGXZF
OKVBG[ GRB G\GB YZG ,FNKI\MNP GRC TCJGF FHF QGXZF .FZMFF \\C
OKMSFN OKRMGP GRB[ FEKPC YZ ,GRN FND\P FHF QGXZF LB .BNPN
GR\GB L[GPG TKRP BZGCF[ ,FND\K[ ET .GK\GCYTC \MNNG GNCYN
KPKRVF KZYKTF QGXZF NT ,OK[GCN OKGGFPF ,OK[EI \GRGXZ \GTXPBC
.GRZMHF[

?GF[P CGRDN QGXZ KC ZZGT\P OB FPG

FC[IP OT LB ,CGRDN QGXZ TKVGFN NGMK .CGRDN FHM QGXZ TKVGK BN
.FHCRG NV[ BGF KM OEBN IKMGP BZGCF LMC KM ,\KGGNR
OT ,ZPGNM .FNBM \GRGXZ N[ OPGKY OXTP THTEHP GPXT OEBF
"TZF \ZMF" D[GPF ,LMN OB\FC .G\KKIE TKVG\ ,QGXZF \GZZGT\F
\ZMF QKB ,OKKNKN[ \GRGXZC BXPRF ,NKDZ OEBN .OKNKP K\[P CMZGP
.FBKZCF TCJP[ QKKRTM BNB ,OKTZM GK\GRGXZ \B NCYP BN BGF ,TZF
."FNBM ONGM ,FHM KRB"
 LZEN FRMF 132

\GGPF
?QCN CBP ZCGT FP[RFP YNI OBF
[VR" BZYR[ ,OKKI IGM GC [K { OEBF ,OKK\[ NT LNGFF OKKI NTCM
NTC NXB GPM ,UGDFP \BXGK GHF [VRF OD ,\P OEBF Z[BM ."\KRVGD
ZGB BKF ,FNCYF \PMGIC OKZCEP GRIRB FKNT[ FP[RF NCB .OKKI
NCYP BGF Z[BM YZ ,OEBF LG\ NB SRMR[ OKKGSP UYKFC ZGB ,BZGCF
KP ,EKZGP GB FNTP FH QKBG .\GEIGKP \GKPKRV \GKJSKBGZJNB \GRGM\
.OEB G\GB N[ GPBG GKCB GKF
BGF \GGPF ,WZBF ZGEM KC[GK N[ TKZMPF OCGZN TGEP ?UGDF \GP GFP
?ZTXP
FTC[ YZ \C[N LKZX QMNG ,ZTXN C[IR GRKB \GGPF OKEGFKF NXB
LGZC ,GRKKF ;"\PBF QKKE LGZC" :OEBF \ZKJV NT OKZPGB OKEGFK .OKPK
OKZPGB LMG .FH OEBN \K[T[ FP NM NTG ,OKYEGXF LK[TP NT ,’F F\B
ONGTC ENGR[ FHP ,ENGR BN[ KP KZ[B KM ,FZG\C ZPBR .\GGP NMN TDGRC
.\GPGBF ZB[ GPM BN ,\GGPF \B \NCYP \GEFKF[ ,LMN BPDGE GHG .FHF
KRBF \B ZCIP BGF OBF .GN[ KRBF \B OEBF Z[GY FP OT ,BKF FKTCF
,NGMKCM ,\BXPR Z[B ,FP[RN GN[ KRBF \B ZCIP BGF[ GB ,UGDN GN[
.UGDF LG\C
F\B ZB[R GFKZF ,G\P[R N[ \GRGXZF NMCG \GRGM\F NMC KI OEBF OB
ZCTP JG[V BNB ,KDZJ ZCE GRKB UGDF N[ \GGPF ,GNKC[CG ,FKNB ZCI\PG
GCXP LMG ,QFN OZGD FKF UGDF[ ,\GTZVF GRPP GYNKS GNKBM .ZIB CXPN
\GPEY\FN FFGCD Z\GK FCZF \NGMK OT ,Z\GK IGR ,Z\GK CGJ F[TR
F\B OB[ ,GTP[P \GGP .IGP[N YZ Z[VB \GGP NT[ ,QCGP FHP .\KRIGZ
OEY\FN NMG\ KHB ,OKKGSP QPH YZV \ZCT ZCMG ,\KRIGZF LZEC QGMR LNGF
KGN\ NMF .KDGNGKC UGD BZYRF ,FHF ECGMF BNNG NY[PF BNN ,FBNF
.OKKP[DF GKKI L[PC ,GN[ KRBF \B Z[GY OEBF FP NB ,FNB[C
?KRKNY \GGP GZCT[ OK[RBN TZKB FP
N[C ,OHKBGDBFP \GY\R\F ,IZMFC OKGGI ,KRKNY \GGP GZCT[ OK[RB
OD NCB ,KRIGZ BN QKKET BGF FHF CXPF .\GGPF ZIBN[ CXPN FBKXKF
.OHKBGDBFP \GY\R\F FNI ,KRKNYF \GGPF N[C[ QGGKM ,KP[D BN
GRKB QKKET ,LSP OEBN QKB EGT[ QPHC ,\GKP[DF \GKTCJF GK\GRGM\C
,"ZHGI ZGB" BZYRF ,F[DZF KNM GN ZSI KM \GKRIGZ [KDZFN NDGSP
133 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

OKCXPC GPXT \B [KDZFN NGMK OEB ,\BH NMCG .BZGCF QTPN FRGGMF
OKNZJRP OKCZ OKZGSK .OKCZ OKZGSK CYT ,OKPKKGSP OKTDZC ,OKKRIGZ
OKZGSKF \B [KDZFN BN[ ECNCG ,NJC\FN QMGP Z[B ,OHKBGDBF \B
.GNNF
BNNG ,EGZK K[VR CXPC FKF[ .FKSGZC ZKSB C\M[ ZVS CZN GIN[ OTV
OKKRIGZ OKCXP NT ,\KZCTC OKZK[ ZVS C\M ZKSB G\GB .\KZCTC TEK ND
N[ OKD[GPC ,QCGPM C\M BN BGF .O[KDZFN NGMK NCGYP YZ[ ,OKFGCD FM
OD LM .GRN[ ONGTFP \GY\RKF N[ OKCXP FGGI ZKSB G\GB NCB ,FNCY
OKZGSK ZCGT BGF[ QGGKMP ,Z\GK QGKNT CXP [KDZP ,KRKNY \GGP ZCT[ OEB
.GN[ OHKBGDBFP G\GB OKIGE OPXT OF[ ET ,OKNGED LM NM
.GVGD NTG GPXT NT EXF QP NM\SFN NKI\P BGF ,GNBF OKZGSKF N[C
FZG\F[ LZEF GH BN NCB .\KRIGZ F[GI\ [GIN NKI\P OEBF HBG
OKTGZDF OKCXPC TZKB ,G[KDZF GNB OK[RB[ FP .FC \MNN GRN \BZGY
.\MNN GRKNT FH \BZYN BNG ,Z\GKC
UGDF \B FKKIPF [VRF BNB ,BZGCFP \GZK[K TKDP BN \GGPF
,Z\GKC ZKTH TGZKB GFH .FNTPNP ZGB Z\GK \XY [DZGP QMNG ,\PNTR
[MZR KRIGZF CXPF[ BNB ,Z\GKC [GNYFG QJYF KRIGZF CXPF NGP
.FTKDKP FBXG\MG \GTEGPC
?KRIGZ ONGTN OKZCGT GRB \GGPF ZIBN OBF
FPZC \BXPR ,GRN[ KPKRVF "KRBF" ,GRN[ KRIGZF KNMF BKF[ ,FP[RF
,BZGCF \ZJP[ QGGKMP .FHF ONGTC FENGGKF KRVN EGT \PKKGSP \KRIGZ
\NCYP FP[RF ,Z\GKC FGCDN Z\GKC LGPRF FCXPP FP[RF \KKNT BKF
\B GR\BP \GZK\SP[ ,\GKNKN[ \GRGM\ N[ \VSG\ ,OHKBGDB \VSG\
.KRIGZF "KRBF"
,FHF ONGTFP FNTPN FKF BGF .OKKGSP KRIGZ SKSC FKF FH ,"KRB"N
,OHKBGDB GN OKVKSGP .FHF ONGTN EZK LMG ,OHKBGDB \VSG\ NCKY[ ET
KPM ,GPXT \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF LMG ,KP[D UGD N[ \GRGXZ \ZGXC
GH \VSG\ OEBFP IYNK\ OB[ BNB .FHF KP[DF ONGTC OKKYG ENGR[
ZPGNM ,FHF ONGTN EZK GRPP[ OGYPC ,GPXT BXPK EKP ,OHKBGDB N[
.KRIGZF ONGTC[ BXGPF \DZEPC
FP NM \B ,ONGM GPM [KDZP BGF GC[ CXPC ,OEBF BXPR GH FEGYRC
,GC OKKYF OHKBGDBF \GZPN ,BGF \TM \G[TN GKNT[ FP .GCKCSP[
 LZEN FRMF 134

OKPTV "L"Z\" KV FNGT BGF OTVFG .\GKRIGZC \GNTN NKI\FN ,G\ZHTCG

.QMN OEGY FKF FC[ FDZEPFP ,Z\GK FGCD
ONGTN FNGT BGF ,QGYK\ ZPDN TKDPG GRN[ ONGTFP FNGT OEB[M
,\P GRN[ KP[DF UGDF .FNGED Z\GK 620 KV \GPN[ [KDZPG ,"UGS=QKB"
G\GTP[P { OEBF \GP[ BNB .KJSKBGDBF KGNKPF GRPP IYNR[ QGGKM
NCYNG ,\GKIN QGXZF \B GN Q\GR[ ,KRIGZF IGMF \B OEBFP OKIYGN[
.OKKIF IGM \B GMG\N

ZFC \GND\F
,KRKS ZF ,FKZGPF ZF ,OKZFC \GTXC\P BZGCF OT \GKGZ[Y\FF NM TGEP
?’GMG OK\KHF ZF
N[ Z"DN LSP FH[ ,OKZGFZF QG[NP BC ZF ,BZGP QG[NP BC FKZGP
FBR[ .OKESI ZGB N[ FZ\SF [K KM ,FBR[ QG[NP BC KRKS .FDZEP NM
Y"GN LSP FH .FZG\F \NCY ZIBN NBZ[K KVNM OKPTF NMC FZZGT\F[
BGF OK\KHF ZF .Y"G { OKPTF NMP QJYF BGF NBZ[K KM ,FDZEP N[
O[ OGYP NM .\GPNGTF NM N[ UGS ,FHF ONGTF N[ FEGYR ,\GMNP
ZF" BZYR ,FHF ONGTE FEGYRC \TDGR BN LB ,\PKK\SP \GMNPF
."OK\KHF
?KRIGZN KP[DF OK\KHF ZF QKC Z[Y [K OBF
IZMFC BN QMN .Z[Y BN LB ,FPB\F [K KRIGZN KP[DF OK\KHF ZF QKC
N[ FRGZIB FDZEP ZPGNM ,KRIGZF OK\KHF ZF \B DK[F Z[B ,NCGYP[
.KP[DF OK\KHF ZFN O[ Q\R[ FH \GKFN ,\GMNP
D[GP[ KVMP FRG[ QVGBC ,NCGYP N[ G\RCFC D[GP OGYP N[ O[ OBF
?KGXP OEB NXB
OD ,KRIGZF O[ZG[ KVN ONGTC \GPGYPF NMN \GP[ \\N NGMK OEB NM
,BZGCF KIKN[ OF OEBF KRC NM[ QGGKM \BH .FNB OK[ZG[ DK[F[ KNC
LKZX FHF ZCEF[ ,DK[P NKDZ OEB[ KVM LB .TCJF NMG FBKZCF NM GPM
FHF ZFF[ DK[P NCGYP LM ,\GKP[D \GCKS KVN "OK\KHF ZF" BZYKFN
.KRIGZF G[ZG[ O[ NT ,LM BZYKFN LKZX
N[ G\D[FN NKDZ OEB N[ FD[F QKC NECFF[ ,OKEPN GRB QBMP
\PGTN ,ECNC \KRGXKI FCM[ FBGZ EIB .OKZCEF \GYPTC BGF ,NCGYP
UB FNCY QMN .\KZYKTF G\CKS ET ZCEF \GYPT NM \B DK[P[ ,GFTZ
135 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

ET ,ZPGIF N[ GYPGT BGNP ET \ZYGI FNCYF[ ,EKIK NECFC ,TEP BKF

\G[CN\P GKNT[G ,BZGCF KEK NT BZCR[ ,QGXZF { Z\GKC \KPKRVF FCM[F
,JG[V OEB ODG ,\GKRIGZF GK\GD[F KVN ,NCGYP OD QMN .\GRGM\F Z\K NM
.\KH KXT GKNT OKNED[ ,ZFN O[ G\GB OKR\GR ,\GJG[VF GK\GD[F KVN
,\BHP FZ\K .QGMRF GP[C ZCEN BGZYN FCKS [K ,KGXP OEBN OD ZPGNM
F\GBC FV[ NMC FND\P ,KRIGZ OXT ’F BZC Q\ZHTC[ \KPKRVF FRGM\F
!\GTP[PF

FZMFF \GNGCDN ZCTP

?OGNI GFP
\GKNP[I \GEGR\ \GVNGI GIGPCG ,\GBKXPN ZG[Y GRKB OEBF ,G\R[C
Z[VBG .OGNI OG[ FKFK BN ,G\R[C UGDFP IGPF \B Y\RR OB .Z\GK BNG
LM ,GVGDP OEBF N[ "KRB"F \B Y\RR OB ,OGNI FKFK BN KM ,ZPGN
.EZVRC "KRB"FG EZVRC Q[K UGDF[
.KI ZGXK NM NXB OKKY BGF .\GKRIGZN NNM ZG[Y GRKB FRK[F CXP
QYGZ\P OKKGSP UGXZVP Z[BM NI { "B\KPZGE" { "FRK[F" CXP ,FNCYC
BJSKY" YZ \ZB[R ,QYGZ\F[ UGXZVCG ,Z\GK QGKNT UGXZVN BXGKG ,ZGBF
FRK[F QPHC .KRIGZF QCGPC FRK[ KFGH .YHIPG FIBP IGM { "B\GKIE
BGF[ ,LMP TCGR ZCEFG ,Z\GK \XY FBGZ BGFG ,QGKTZ OKPTVN OEBC FNGT
FPZC OKECGT GRGKPEG GIGP QMNG ,GN[ K\KKI=KP[DF UGDN ZG[Y \GIV
.FNCYNG OKKRIGZ \GPNGTN ZYKTG NNM ZG[Y FH QKB .Z\GK FGCD

?[RGTG ZM[ GN TKDP K\P \TEN OEBF NGMK OBF

TZKB[ GB ,DZFR OEB FHP FBXG\MG ,\SVZP N[ FYNI JJGP\F[ IKRR
?SGTMN KP NT ?OK[BFN KP \B .TCJ QGSB
YZG LB ,\BH F[TR NCB ,G\GB [KRTFN OKNGMK GRB ,GF[P ZCG[ ENK[M
OKZSGP ,OXTC GRIRB HBG ."[RGTG ZM[" N[ GRN[ \KP[DF FRCFF KV NT
.LMN GRN[ SIKF \BG FRCFF \B GN
OKNGMK GKF ,OKJSKRGPGYC ZKMP K\KKF BN OB .FKSGZC FKF OD LM
\B ,OFN[ YEXF \BG OFN[ YGIF \B GDKFRF OF .K\GB DGZFN GNKVB
\KCKJYKKCGB \MZTP \GKFN \CKKI ,F[TPN .OFN[ TZFG CGJF \RCF
O\NTG\N BNB ,\MZTPF N[ FKPHK \CGJN BN LB ,[RGTG ZM[ N[ FZ[KG
N[ FXPPG YKGEP ZCSF \\N Q\KR BN .F\GB OKPKKYPF FNB N[
 LZEN FRMF 136

EPNN FMKZX BKF ,FRGMR BKF \MZTP F\GB OB ."[RGTG ZM[" OKD[GPF
NGMK GRKB OEBF ,\BH NMC ONGB .OKKY\FN O\S BNG ,GF[P OEBF \B
"OK[TP"F NM KZGIBP Z\\SP \PBC FP TEGK GRKBG ,KCKJYKKCGB \GKFN
\ZJPN FZK\SC OKEPGT ,GRN[ OKRYG\P BNF OKNMF IGMP Z[B ,GN[
.FBKZCF
GB GHM FNGTV F[TK OEBF[ ,QGXZ GC QKB .[RGTG ZM[ QKB BZGCF EXP
OEBF \B BKCFN BKFG ,FZGZC \IB FPK[P [K BZGCF NXB .\ZIB
,DRGTFG CGJF G\GB NM \B BZGCFP NCYN NMGK[ KEM ,EIGKP KPKRV CXPN
[KRTFN FZJP BZGCN QKB .FBKZCF \ZJP \D[F ZIBN OEBN OKETGKPF
NKCGP ,KEKP\ QVGBC BGF BNB ,F[T[ OK[TPF NT OEBF \B NPD\N GB
.FBKZCF \ZJP NB OEBF \B
GHKBP NIF ?ZDGCPN ,ENKN ?[RGTG ZM[ OKD[GPF OKSIKK\P KPN
NEDF OEB ?[RGTG ZM[ N[ LZEC DGFRN [K FZMF N[ FPZ GHKBP ,FDZE
OKZKMP GRKKF GNKB .GKYGIN UGVM F[TRG ,GK\GRGM\ \B [MGZ ,FHF ONGTC
BGF LKB [BZP ZPGN OKNGMK GRKKF ,BZGCF G\GB ZKMP[ GPM ,OEBF \B
N[ FZKICF [VGI FVKB ,FNB[F \NB[R QBMG .CXPG CXP NMC DFRK
?FH [VGI UY\ FP KCDNG ,OEBF
,OEBC BZGCF ZKEIF Q\GB[ ,\GKTCJF \GRGM\FP BGF [VGIF OBF
QF ,K[VGI FKFK BGF GC[ ,OGI\ G\GB QMKF ?GN[ FCKCSF \TV[FP GB
N[ OKKGNKD O\GB NT HB KM ,\BH GRTEK GNKB ?FCKCSFP QFG TCJFP
NM[ OG[P ,"[RGT" GB "ZM[" OEBN TGCYN Z[VB FKF ,FZKICF [VGI
G\ZKIC KVN G[TR[ ,OKKJZVF GKETX GKF ,F[GT FKF O\GB[ OKETXF
.\GKRGXKI \GTV[F NMPG TCJFP \K[VGIFG \KBPXTF
BZGCF ,F[GT BGF[ FNGTV NMC ,GN[ ETX NMC[ ,\TEN LKZX OEBF
\ZJP NB LZE NB G\GB QGGMPG GN[ OK[GIF \B EEIP ,G\GB EPNP
QGGKM GNXB GNCYK [RGTFG ZM[F HB ,LMC QKICFN NKI\K OEB OB .FBKZCF
,OEB NXB [IZ\P[ FP NM HBG .FCXGF[ FZJPF KVN ,\KEGIK \GTP[PG
TZF NMG .ZM[M ,NGPD\M GKRKTC FBZKK ,TZ ODG CGJ OD { GKNB TKDP[ FP NM
NMF .EGPKNF CK\R N[ LZE KRCBM BNB ,CBMG OKZGSKM BN GKRKTC FBZKK
ZM[N FYGNIF[ ,ZPGB FGGF .KCGKI ZCEM OEBF NXB NCY\KG [ZV\K
N[ CGJFG KCGKIF SIKF \B YZ FBZR GRB ZCE NMCG ,\PKKY FRKB [RGTG
.OKBZCRF KVNM BZGCF
137 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | Z G B N \ G Z C I \ F

FNKI\ BNB ,EKP TKDP BN OEBF ,BZGCF \[DZFNG GHF FRCFN[ BNB
"NGVM Z\SF" FNI\FC :BZGCF \Z\SF N[ OKRG[ OKCXP ZCGT BGF
UGSCNG ,BZGCF \GND\F FTKDP FH KZIB YZG ."NKDZ Z\SF" LM ZIBG
EKP\ Z[B ,’FN \KVGS QKBF FCFBFG \GPN[F ,\GKIXRF N[ Q\D[F
FXZG ,\KEKP\ FCFBC ,FNGM \G[GRBF NB ODG ,OEB G\GB NB SIKK\F
.Z\GKC OKNGEDF OKDGRT\F \B \\N EKP\

?\KRIGZ FKBZ OEBF NCYP K\PG LKB

OKKRIGZ OKXPBPP FBXG\M YZG LB ,OEBN \R\KR \KRIGZ FKBZ
\GRGXZF OT [YKT YCBPP FBXG\M ,FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNC GN[
BGF GC[ ,TDZF TKDK K\P ,[BZP \TEN NGMK BN OEB .GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF
\GKFN OKMKZX GN[ OKKRIGZF OKXPBPF NM[ ZIBP ,\KRIGZ FKBZ NCYK
OKCKKI \BH OT ."FTV[F"N BNB ,"\KRIGZ FKBZ \NCY"N BN OKRGGMP
."QKT UZFM O[F \TG[K" KM QKPBFN

QKC FEZVF N[ ,F[DZF \ZXGR (249 ’PT FBZ) \KCF NTCG IZGBF N[ FPDGEC
?GPXT TCJF QKCN GRKC FEZVF NGMKCM GH[ ,GN[ OKBGZCF QKCN BZGCF
,[BZP [KDZP KRB .KVGDN WGIP BNG KMG\C [KDZP KRB OKBGZCF \B
\GBXPR ,KRVN IRGK[ [DPC[ ,ZPGN NGMK KRKB .NCYB[ \GBRF Q\GB \B
FGGFP JG[V [DPFG ,[BZP KC \GBXPR GNBF \GBRFF .QF[NM \GBRF
\B YVSN KEM ,KMG\P GNBF \GBRFF \B NTGVN BKXGFN KEM ,KTXPB
.KC[ QGXZF
GB NGY[\ OB .OEBC[ KRIGZF YNIC BYGGE BKF \[DZGPF FBRFF
GRB ,ZPGNM .FBRF NM GC BXP\ BN ,OKTXPB KRKP NMC [DPF \B EGEP\
OEBF .NMF \BG ,BZGCF \B QFG \GBRFF \B QF GRPXT LG\C OK[KDZP
BGXPN Z[VB[ ,FECGTF GNKVB .GN FXGIP BNG GMG\C YZ NMF [KDZP
\GBJC\F YZ FGGFP ,G\GB \GZDNG FBRFF HMZP \B OEBF IGPC
.GNNF OKKRIGZF OKNMF N[ \KRGXKI
KNMN \GNTN NMGR GRPP YZ[ ,LM KJSKBGDB KNM ZXK BZGCF FPN
G\EKP[ ,QJY KJSKBGDB KNM NT OKRT[R Z[BM[ KRVP ?KJSKBGZJNB
BZGCFP FNBF "OKPZDF \Z[T" \B NCYP F\B NCB ,"OZD FZ[T"
TKV[FN \RP NT FRFR F\B GNNF "OKPZDF \Z[TC"G ,QGKNTFG OGXTF
,LZGCT QGKNT BZGCF FC[ FEKPC \GKGN\ LN[ \GBRFF HB ,QGKNTF BZGCN
LGVFN Q\KR F\ZHTC[ ,QT[P \EGYR BNB ORKB FNB .OKPZDF \Z[TC BNG
 LZEN FRMF 138

ONTR CN[ G\GBC .\GKVGSRKB \GBRFF FC[ \GBKXP NB \BXNG ,NMF

.UGSRKBF OT ZGCKIF \GCYTC \GPKN[ N[ CXP ZXGRG ,QPHF QKKRT
?FRKM[ KFP ,OF EI FRKM[G BZGC ,NBZ[K[ ZPBR
.BZGCFP DGRT\ NCYN QGXZF BKFG ,BZC[ FBKZC YZ [K BZGCFP WGI
\\NG ,GMG\C NCYP BGF[ FP \B [KDZFN ,GMG\N NCYN YZ NGMK FH QGXZ
BN QMN .GK\G[GI\C BZGCF \GVY\[FN GRKKFE ,GNNF \G[DZFN \GP[
KVN F[TR NMF { GRBZY \GP[ GNKBCG ,\GP[C OKBZGY GRIRB FPN CG[I
\G[GI\F[ BNB .GRKNT BZGCF \TV[FN OB\FC ZPGNM ,GRK\G[GI\
FR[R OB .GRN[ OK[GIFG ,GPXT BZGCF :OKPZGD KR[ N[ FBXG\ QF GRN[
OK[GIN WGIP BZGCF GFP .\ZIB BZGCF \B [KDZR ,GRN[ OK[GIC GF[P
NT OKZCEP GNKVB GRB QKB QMN .ONGTN TER BN \BH { GRN WGIP ,GRN[
\GND\F ,QMCG .G\GB OK[KDZP GRB GC[ QVGBF NT YZ BNB ,GPXT BZGCF
."FRKM[" \BZYR ,GRN[ OK[GIC ,GRMG\C ’F
 DICG FNKV\C
KTXPBM DI | DIFG ZGB \NCY | OKDIF \GTP[P | CNC[ FEGCT
\GCG[\G \GNB[ | QGYK\

CNC[ FEGCT
QPH FNKV\N QKB"G "FNKV\ GH ,CNC[ FEGCT BKF GHKB" :ZPGB CG\MF
\EGCT" BKF FNKV\ ZPGNM ,(O"CPZN FZG\ FR[P) "FZG\F QP TGCY
,CNF QP OKBXGKF ,\GRGXZN BKF FRGGMF { QPH \KKGN\ BKF QKBG "CNF
QKB CGZ KV NT[ \BHM FZGXC KGRC OEBF .FJKN[ OEBN QKB OFKNT[
.GCKN WVI \PBC FPCG ,OKK\KPBF GK\GRGXZ \B \TENG UG[IN GIGMC
.GRPP \Z\SR G\NKV\
TKDFN [YCN OEBF NT[ OKZCEF OF ,FNKV\ ZGEKSC OKCG\MF OKZCEF
,GK\GC[IPG GK\GRGXZ \B QY\N KEM ,GPXT NT OEBF EGCTK OB .OFKNB
,FNGEDF \SRMF K[RBN GKF Z[B ,\G[YCFG \GRGXZF O\GBN TKDFN NMGK
\GNDF \NKI\C ,FR[ OKKVNBM KRVN G\GB GBKXGF[ ,ZGEKSF KZCIP
.\M[GPPF
ZGCTN LZJXR ,ZGEF KNGED N[ FNBN GRK\GRGXZ \GG\[F \D[F O[N
QKCFN GRKNT ;GDBC QGPJ FP QKCFNG "TZF \ZMF" N[ OKCN[ \GZ[T
.TZF NM [ZG[ BGFG ,OHKBGDBP OKKGRC GRNGM KM ,GRVGD NMC [KDZFNG
BZGCF N[ GK\GRGM\ QKC ZTVF .BZGCF \GND\F GRN \[ZER LM O[N
QGGKM ,BZGCF \GNED NGP GR\GKSVB \B [KDZFN GRN Z[VBK ,GRK\GRGM\N
NMF[G GFKP [KDZFNG QKCFN GRKNT .GMGVKFN ZCE \BGG[FC D[GP ZCE NM[
,FRGPB QM[ ,"QKPBP KRB" ,ZPGNG OKP[N TKCXFN YKVSP FH QKB .GC KGN\
.G\P[RC ,OEBC BZGCF \GBXPKF ,KMG\C BZGCF \[DZF BKF
 LZEN FRMF 140

:\GP[RF N[ OKCXP FPM OR[K

.GRPNGTN QBGC OZJ QCXP .B
\GP[RF \G[KDZP F\GB[ ,"KJSKBGDB QGXZ \VSG\" \NCY \TC QCXP .C
NM ,QFK\G[GI\ NM \VSG\ F\GB \GCYTC .KP[DF UGDC "\G[CN\F"M
."GRN[ ONGTF" KEPPN ET \GPXPJXP ,\GP[RF N[ \GPNGTF
ZPD ZIBN ,KRIGZF ONGTF NM \BG QPXT \B \G[KDZP QF Z[BM QCXP .D
.QGYK\F
."UGS=QKB ONGT" KGZY ,GRPNGTN Q\EZ OZJ \GP[RF \GKGZ[ GC CXPF
QM KZIB .NNM NCDGP GRKB[ ,BZGCF ZGB \B FP[RF \NCYP ,FHF CXPC
QKCN FRKC Z[YF \[NIFN \PZGD Z[B ,"OHKBGDB \VSG\" \NCYP BKF
NB FP[RF \EZ ZIBNG ,OEBF UGDC \[CN\P BKF[ LM KEM ET ,\GKRIGZ
,QKPBP GRKB OEBF[ LM ,\GKRIGZF \B F[I BKF QKB CG[ ,"FHF ONGTF"
,EGT F[KDZP BN FP[RF ,\GZIB OKNKPC .BZGCF \B [KDZP GRKB ZPGNM
.FPNGT NM FKF OTV[ FP \B
BGF CXPF ;OKKGXP GRB GC ,KIMGRF CXPF \[DZF KFGH "FHF ONGTF"
\TM [I KRB[ ,BZGCFPG FBKZCF \MZTPP ,\GBKXPF QP YNI G\GB
."FHF ONGTF ,KN[ ONGTF" KGZY Z[B CXP ,OKKJSKBGDBF K[GIC
\[KV\ FC [K QMNG ,KN[ OK[GIF QGYK\ KEK NT \D[GP FBCF FDZEPF
ONGTF" \BZYR ,F\GB K\D[F OZJC ,GH FDZEP .Z\GK FCIZ \GBKXP
\TN BXPR KRB GC ONGTN FBGG[FC [GIB[ ONGTF ,ZPGNM ,KN[ "BCF
.F\T
[I KRB .KN[ KP[DF UGDC QPHC GC [KDZP KRB ,GNNF \GPNGTF KR[ \B
[KDZP KRB .KN[ "FHF ONGTF" GFHG ,OKGSP QVGBC K\CKCS \BG KPXT \B
TKDB[M .KN[ "BCF ONGTF" BZGY KRB GHF F[GI\NG ,FKFK Z[B \B OD
F\GBN BZYBG ,KN[ "FHF ONGT"C KPXT \B [KDZB CG[ ,"ZIPF OGK"N
ZPGNM "ZIP"M FBZB[ FPG ."FHF ONGTF" { K\D[F F\T FH[ ,FDZEP
.KN[ "BCF ONGTF" BZYKK ,KIMGRF CXPN SIKC "OKK\ZIP"
UECG ’T UEC[ \GZDBF QGDM ONGSF NTC N[ OKEIB OKC\MP OR[K
NM .FV=NTC O\GB ZGMHK[ ET ,QR[NG BGZYN OEBF CKKI O\GB ,E"S
,BZY[ OKZCEF ZES KVN GCXP \B \GFHN NMGK QGMRF TDZC[ KEM \BH
.GRGZMHC ZP[RG
141 CNC[ FEGCT | D I C G F N K V \ C

YZ \KRIGZ \GNTN NGMK OEBF[ ONGSF NTC C\GM E"S UEC[ GH \ZDBC
OKD[GPF[ ,F[GZKV "KTXPB GY" FRGMPF CXPC \GBXPKF ."KTXPB GY"C
OKEMN\PG OKDHP\P OEB KCDN "BGF EI NBZ[KG F"CYG B\KKZGB"
,ZGBF BKF "FZG\"F .OEBF UBG[ GKNB ZGYPF BGF BZGCFG ,EIBN
GK\GRGXZG FEKPC ,GPXT OEBF BGF "NBZ[K" .FH TDZC OEBF \B BNPPF
.BZGCN OKRGGMPF
?GPXT ZCE G\GB OF[ QM\KKF ,OEBG BZGC ,FZG\ ,OKD[GPF \[GN[
ONGTC G\GKFC[ ,LM OEBF \B ZGXKN BKF ,FNGM FBKZCF N[ F\ZJP
.BZGCC FBNP \GYCEN TKDK BGF ,GN[ \KP[DF \VJTPF LG\C ,FHF
\GPNGTF NM LZE GK\GRGM\C FNTK OEBF[ ,BKF \GYCEF N[ F\GTP[P
,ONGM OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF NM[ ,YGKE Z\KN ;GPXT BZGCN ET ,OKKRIGZF
,\IB \GBKXP GKFK BZGCFG BGF[ LM KEM ET ,OEBF LG\C GCN\[K
N[ GK\GRGXZ NMG GK\GRGM\ NM ,FH CXPC .FH OT FH \GEIB\FG DGHKPC
LNGFG GPT \GYCEC BXPR BGFG ,BZGCF N[ FNBN OKGG\[P OEBF
.GKMZEC
\KNM\ \B GRKKFE ,FHF KIXRFG ON[GPF CXPF \B DK[K OEBF[ KEM
BNB ,OEBN FZG\F FR\KR BNG .FHF ONGTC FZG\F GN FR\KR ,FBKZCF
.KP[DF GVGD LG\C ,OHKBGDBF LG\C TY[[ ZIBN ,FHF ONGTN GBGC ZIBN
LG\P[ QGGKM ,FPXT FZG\C ZPBR LM ,OKMBNPN BNG OEBN FR\KR FZG\F
."ON[GP"G "KGND" OHKBGDB [K OEBN YZ ,OKBZCRF NM
,ZCE N[ GVGSC NMGK BGF ,FZG\F LZE \B GPXT NT OEBF NCYP OB
EGT GEKZVK BN[ QVGBC ,GK\GRGXZ \B ZPGNM ,KJSKBGDBF GVGD \B NZJRN
FEZK OZJC ZCEF FKF[ KVM ,BZGCC OEBF YCEKK HB .BZGCF QKCN GRKC
FZ\K .\KJSKBGDBF \VSG\F \B FNCKY OZJC ,FHF ONGTN G\P[R
KRIGZF ONGSC \GNTN OEBF NMGK ,OHKBGDBF QGYK\ \GTXPBC ,\BHP
KNGJR O\GKF N[C[ ,OKBZCRF ZB[P FRG[ BGF LMC .BZGCF \DZEN ET
QMNG ,FKNTF O[N GF[NM KNMC [P\[FN OKNDGSP ORKB ,OHKBGDB
.TGCY QVGBC ,K\NI\FF OCXPC OKZB[R
,OKMBNP GNKVB ."OKPPGE" OKBZYR ,OEBF ECNP ,OKBZCRF NM QMN
,FBKZCC JNG[ BGF O\GTXPBCG ,BZGCF KEK NT OKNTVGPF ,\GIGM OF[
QGXZ \B OKTXCPF \GIGM YZ BNB ,QGXZ KNTC OKKBPXT \GIGM ORKB
TKDFN NDGSP ,I\GVPF KJSKBGDBF GRGXZN \GEGF ,OEBF BYGGE .BZGCF
.NCYN QGXZF N[ G\ZGX KGRK[ KEK NT ,BZGCF N[ G\PGYN
 LZEN FRMF 142

\VJTPF \NCY ZIBN .OEBF LG\C KGXPF ,BZGCFP YNI BKF FP[RF
QGGKM ,BZGCF \B BN QM[ NMG ,\GKRIGZ [KDZP GRKB OEBF ,\KJSKBGDBF
\B GVKNIFC .\GKRIGZP FMGVFF FRGM\C ,OHKBGDBC OKDGVS GK[GI NM[
G\XNGI" \B GKNTP NK[F[ KPN ,OEB NG[P ,OHKBGZJNBC OHKBGDBF
FRGM\ UB[ LM KEM ET ,FBKZCF NM \B [KDZFN NKI\PG ,"\KJSKBGDBF
FH CXPC .BZGCF QKCN GRKC EGT GEKZVK BN KJSKBGDB QGXZ OG[G
NJCN BKF GR\ZJP .OEBG BZGC ,FZG\ OKD[GPF \[GN[ OKEIB\P
NMP .BZGCN GRK\GP[R QKC[ ,KJSKBGDBF NG[MPF \B FZG\F \GTXPBC
ZVS ,FNCY ZVS BGF GH FZJP \D[FN Z\GKC NKTKF YNIF ,FZG\F KZVS
\TC OEBF NT ZKBPF KRIGZF ZGBF N[ Z\GKC FYHIF FZBFF NTC
.EGPKNF
,\GPNGTF QKC BN UBG ,ONGT OG[C \GTGR\ QKB \KRIGZF \MZTPF NMC
\KPKRVF \VJTPF[ FP ,\GKPKRVF \G[GI\C OKKGRK[ YZ OKPKKY BNB
LB ,BZGCF ECNP ZCE [KDZP GRKB OEB .\GBZN GN \Z[VBP OEBF N[
ETCP ZPGNM ,GMG\C[ OKRRSPF KZGIBP BZGCF \B [KDZP BGF EKP\
OKRRSPF \B NJCK FC[ FEKPC .GPXT GN[ \GKJSKBGDBF GK\GRGM\N
GC[ CIZPF G\GBC ,FBKZCF \[DZF ,BZGCF \[DZF OEBN YRTG\ ,GNNF
"\GRP" .ON[F CIZPC \BH [KDZFN KNC LB ,GK[MT OD BXPR BGF
\GDZEP" OKKGZY ,GN[ QGYK\F \EKP GB ,GPXTP ZKSP OEBF[ OHKBGDBF
\[DZF \GEKP OF \GPNGTF ,LMKVN ."\GPNGT" GB "KRIGZF ONGSF
.BZGCF
KRKTC YZG LB \PKKY ,\K\KPB FBKZC \[GI\C \KJSKBGDB FTZVF
FZ\SF .\GTZVF \GPKKY BN BZGCF N[ GJCP \EGYRP .GMG\C ,OEBF
\B ZK\SP GPXTC OEBF .GPXT OEB KEK NT YZ ,\[DZGP BN GB \[DZGP
.KJSKBGDB QGNKG KZGIBP Z\\SPM ,GPXTP \GPNGTF NM
\B ZKCTP BZGCF FNKI\ .\IB \CC [IZ\P GRKB OHKBGDBF NGJKC
OKBC[ OKNGDNKD QM GPMG ,"FHF ONGTC OKKI" \GBZYRF ,\GVGY\ OEBF
\R\KRF ,\GKRIGZN \K\NI\F "\GZZGT\F" ECNP .\GNT\FN \GRPEHFM
ZKSFN ,OEBN OZGD [EI NGDNKD NM .OEBC KGN\ ZB[F NM ,FNTPNP
\GVGY\ .BZGCN JTP CZY\FNG ,KJSKBGDBF GTCJP OKGSP YNI GPXTP
,GK\GRGXZ[ QVGBC GPXT \B OEBF QY\K Z[B ET ,\GR[RG \GZHGI GNBM
YCEK HBG .BZGCF QKCN GRKC NG[MP EGT GGFK BN ,"UGD" FNCYC OKKGZY[
.BXPR BGF GC ONGTC \GN\ OG[ BNN ,GK\GRGM\ NMC BZGCC OEBF
143 CNC[ FEGCT | D I C G F N K V \ C

\VJTPFP EGZKVN C[IR FNCYC[ ZCE ,KP[DF \GGPF ZIBN

\KNNMF FP[RF KYNI .GRPNGTC [EIP \GENGGKF FBC ,\KJSKBGDBF
OKYNI OF ONGM[ QGGKM ,[EIP OKZE\SPG OKDHP\P ,OKRYG\PF
.OHKBGDBF OXTC QF "\GVJTPF" NMG ,KNNMF BZCRFP
OKYNIN ZC[R "EKIKF BZCRF" GB "QG[BZF OEB"F ,OHKBGDBF
NY QM[ ,\KNNMF FP[RF QGYK\ Z[VB\K[ KEM ,\GEZVR \GP[RN ,OKCZ
\BH .FPN[F FZGXF \B QY\N Z[BP ,EZVRC YNIG YNI NM QY\N Z\GK
ZPDC .EIGKPF QRGYK\ ZESG ,ONGTN ONGTP \GP[RF KNGDNKDN FCKSF OD
\KNNM FP[RN ,EIB QGXZN \GKJZVF \GP[RF NM CG[ GVSB\K ,QGYK\F
.\GPN[F FND\\ LMG ;BZGCF N[ GZGB NM \B \NCYP[ ,\IB
OD ,\GNKDZF \GP[RF ECNP ,GRPNGTN EKZGP BZGCF ,GRRGYK\N ZHTM
\GYN\SP QRKB ,GRPNGTC QRGYK\ ZPD \D[F ZIBN Z[B ,\GEIGKP \GP[R
GRN TKKSN KEM ,\GPNGTF KR[C \KRIGZF FEGCTF \B \GMK[PP BNB ,GRPP
,GKIKN[ GB KRIGZF ONGTF KDKXR OF[ ,GNNF OK[RBF .QGYK\F LKNF\C
.O\GB OKMRIPG OKEKPN\ OFKZIB OKNKCGP ,OKZVS OKC\GM
ONGTF NB FNB \GEIGKP \GP[R \GYN\SP ,QEKYV\ OGKS ZIBN
QFP NCYNG Q\KB WTKK\FN ,Q\GB NGB[N \GZ[VBF \Z\GR LB .KRIGZF
.GMZE \GNTGVG ,OEBC "\G[CN\P" QF EXKM [KDZFN UB Q\KR .\GCG[\
.OEBF N[ \KRIGZF FRMFF \PZC KGN\ FH NM ,QCGPM
OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF OT Z[Y GMG\C [GIN \GZ[VBF FR\KR OEB NMN
O\GB OK[KDZP GRB ."YKEXF \P[R ZGCKT" OKRGMP FNBM OKCXP .GNNF
.OFKZVS KV NT OKEPGNG OMZEC OKMNGF GRB KZF[ ,QKVKYTC ,\TM OD
NM .BZGCC FBNPF \GYCEF ONGT ,ECNC UGS=QKBF ONGT OKKY ,F[TPN
FPN[ F[DZF LG\P OKPKKGSP "OKZHDP" QF OEBF N[ GK\G[GI\ ZB[
.\KVGSRKB F\GKF OG[ NT "UGS=QKB ONGT" FRGMPF ,GH
KR[ YNI ,"QGPEY OEB" ONGT FRGMP UGS=QKBF ONGT LG\P YNI
YNIG ,"FZKXK" KTKCZ YNI ,"FBKZC" ONGT K[KN[ YNI ,"\GNKXB ONGT"
UGS=QKBF ONGT \[DZF N[ Z\GKC ZXFG QJYF ZHDPF ."FK[T" K[KPI
KEK NT G\JKNY LKNF\C OXPJXP UGS=QKBF ONGT ."FHF ONGTF" BGF
N[ "\GCIZ\FF" \EKP KVN ,N[PN .GRPNGTN ET OKKJSKBGDBF OK[GIF
NMF ."FBKZCF ONGT" KPNGTN BGZYNG OEY\FN NMGB LM ,K\G[GI\
.KN[ F[DZFF \NGMK N[ FJKNYF IGGJC KGN\
 LZEN FRMF 144

OEBN JZVG .G\GB DK[PF OEBN SIKC EPNR ,OKEPGN GRB[ ZCE NM
O\GB[ ,OKCZ OKRGYK\ OKPKKY .BN G\G UGS=QKBF ONGT OKKY ,DK[PF
."BZCRF" GB "FP[RF" OD FRGMPF ,"UGS=QKBE \GMNP" ZGCTN \CKKI
YZI FPDGEM BKCF ONGSF NTC .BGG[N BZCR BN GRPNGTC ZCE OG[
BN .GPGKYN OK[KEB NMFG ,G\KKIP ZIB [VIP GKKI NM[ ,ZTKC QJRJY
ZPD \D[F EBP FCG[I GRPP YKYNIG YKYNI NMN BNB ,ECNC YZIN YZ
.KNNMF QGYK\F
YZG LB FZGY ,[IZ\P[ FP NMG ,BGG[N BZGCF BZC BN ZCE OG[
OKZCEF .JZVC OEBFG ,NNMC \G[GRBF N[ FZJPN O\GCZY\FN OB\FC
QM\KKG ,FVK QKTC O\GB FBZR[ QM\KK .FKETNC GB GR\PMSFC OK[IZ\P
\BZYN ,FPKEY OKTR OKZCEF { BN OB QKCG O\GB QKCR OB QKC .BN[
OKBZCRN FBNPF F\KNM\ KGNKD \BZYN ,FBKZCF \C[IP KVN ,OPGKS
.FHF ONGTC
KYNI NM OD LM ,OKPGBNG ,OKRH ,OKDGS OEBF KRC CZYC [K[ O[M
,OFC[ QGXZF ZGTK[C YZ OFKRKC OKNECRF ,OKRG[F UGS=QKBE \GMNP
OG[P .ZCEPG KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :TCJF N[ \GRG[ \GDZE GRPNGTC OKZXGK
QGYK\F \RKICP ,F[KBN ZCD QKC[ OKNECFC OKRKKRT\P ONGM FP
,QCB ZGCTN \CKKI[ QGYK\F GFP QKKRT\P GRKB [KB LB ,\G[TN OFKNT[
.FBKZCF \ZJPN TKDFN NJGP FKNT ODG ,GRPNGTC FBZCR BKF OD KZF[
.OEBF QGYK\C KGN\ GNGM TCJF N[ GRGYK\
.QGYK\F ZPD \BZYN ,TCJF NMC "OKKI IGZ IKVP" G\EGCTC OEBF
FZKIC \GMH OFN QKB[ OG[P ,FZG\F FR\KR BN OKIPXG \GKIN
OKMKZX ORKB OF[ LM ,O\JKN[C QG\R BN OFN[ OHKBGDBFG ,\K[VGI
.OPXT \B QY\N
KVN OKRG[ OKRGYK\ OKNJGP F[KBF NTG ZCDF NT { OEB KRCN Z[B
GPM .QKPC FKGN\ FRKB BZGCN \KPKRVF FMK[PF ONGB ,O\P[R [ZG[
BN QKKET ,KRGNKIN GB K\E ZGCKXN OKMKK[ OB QKC ,OKCZ CZYC ,QM
NTG QGYK\F NT ,FBKZCF \C[IP NT ,BZGCN \IB FNB[ UB \ZZGT\P
\GR\[FN QGXZ FNTPNP GNCKY OZJ FNB OK[RB .FBKZCF \KNM\
LGRKIN OB\FC TXCN OFKNT[ ,\GNGTVF \B OKTXCP YZ OFG ,\KRIGZ
OKNECR OK[RBF NM GRPNGTC GNNF \GKP[DF \GNGTVF \RKICP .GNCKY[
.ZDGCP [KBP QJY ENK ,F[KBP ZCD ,KGDP KEGFK :FHP FH
145 CNC[ FEGCT | D I C G F N K V \ C

OEB KRC QKC EKIKF NECFF KM ,ZGZCC FBGZ ,KRIGZF ONGTC KGXP[ KP
G\T[ FTKDFG ,BZGCFP FH QGXZ NCKY[ QGGKM ,\GKRIGZC WVI EIB[ ,BGF
.FHF QGXZF Q\KR OZJ ZIBN GNKBG ,\KRIGZ NGEDN
,QKP GB OGBN :QGDM ,GF[NM KRGXKI QPKS KVN OK[RB DGGSN ZGSB ,LMKVN
,FNCY OKEPGN .\KJRGGNZ FRKB "?FNCY EGPNN LKZX OBF" FNB[FG
FVKB[G QGXZ OK[I[ FNB ZPGNM ,FNTPNP "FBKZY" GNCKY[ FNB
,\GNCGYP OK[R BPDGEN ,QVGE KBXGK OKPKKY \GZKER OK\TN .FNCYN
.FENGIMG FZGCEM \GBKCRG
TXCPF JGCGZ QKTP BGF LBNP ."OKMBNP" OD [K \GP[RFP WGI
G\G OGYPN OGYPP FP=ZCE ZKCTP BGF .KRIGZ ONGTC \PKGSP FPK[P
UB BGF .\GKRIGZ \GDZEPC EZGK BNG FNGT BN BGF ,\GP[RN EGDKRC .BN
NMC NTGVF ,TXCP KRIGZ IGM BGF LBNP .\KRIGZ FRKICP "NED" GRKB
.\KRIGZ FDZEP
ZGCT FR\PM \R\KR BKFG ;FNGTVP FBXG\M OKTKDP "FBGCRF \DZE"N
,BZGCF NB OEBF CZY\P FC[ ,LZEG OEB ,BZGC YZ [K ONGTC .FTKDKF
,OKZCIG FIV[P ,FZCI ,OEBF \B CCGS Z[B NM ."FZG\" FKGZYF
,FNB "OK[GCN" LZE .BZGCN OEB QKC EKZVPF "[GCN" ,\VJTP BGF
K\NC UB OK\KTNG OKMCGSP OKCXPN GSKRMP ,OEBF NT TKV[P BZGCF
.\GCHMBG OKZGSK GN NKIRPG ,OKNCSR
QJY YKYNI NJGR NGMKCM ,BZGCF ?GRPNGTC OEBF KRC GBZCR EXKM
,BZGCF KEK NT BZCR[ ,ON[F QGXZF[ ZIBN .OHKBGDB GN UKSGPG ,GPXTP
,K\DZEF QGYK\ KEK NT OKZXGR OFP { OKKJSKBGDB OKSKSZN ZC[R
LG\P[ ,NNMF KVN ,FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB :OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
\KRCR QM KZIB .Z\GK OKFGCDF \GPNGTF OKRCR Z\GK OKMHF OKSKSZF
YNIF LG\P ,Z\GKC KJSKBGDBF QGXZF LG\P ,QG[BZF OEBF N[ G\P[R
OEBF \P[R .UGS=QKBF ONGT \GMNP N[ ,BZCRF NM N[ FCKNF BGF[
OF FNB OKSKSZG ,Z\GK OKRJY OKSKSZN BKF UB \ZC[R QG[BZF
.GRK\GP[R
?BZGCC GB KC KGN\ NMF OBF" NBG[G ,FNCY EGPNN NKI\P[ KP
,\KJZV FID[F \ZEDFC \GTJN FNKI\ FJGR "?KRB GB NTGV BGF OBF
BKF[ ,\KNNM FID[F QKCN ,OEBN BZGCF N[ "K[KB" SIK NGMKCM BKF[
OKZCEF[ CG[IN LKZX BGF NTGV OEB[M .ONGTF NT BZGCF \ID[F
 LZEN FRMF 146

NCB ,ONGTF NT BZGCF N[ \KNNM FID[F [K[ ZPGNM ,GPXT GC OKKGN\

OB" \RKICC ,GPXT OEBC YZG LB FKGN\ OEBF N[ \KVKXVSF G\NGTV[
KGN\ FKF NMF[ ,GPXTN ZPGN GKNT ,F[TP ZIBN LB ."KN KP KN KRB QKB
KMG ,\KJZV FID[F { FNGTVF F\[TR BZGCF \GMHCG ,ECNC BZGCC
."GECNP EGT QKB" ,BZGCF
ZIBP ,OZKCSFN BN LB ,O\GB [KDZFN YZ Z[VB[ OKZCE OR[K
ORPB Q\KR .OKNKPC \BJC\P FRKB \GKP[DC \GKRIGZF \G[CN\F[
NM QKB LB ,\GKRIGZC[ TEPF \B QMG ,GRPNGTC[ TEPF \B ZKCSFN
.KR[ ONGTC EIBF ONGT N[ "\G[CN\FF" \B ZKCSFN \GZ[VB
OEBF N[ G\P[R \ZKC[ ZGBKCC OKPKK\SP OKKNCYF OKZCSFF NM
QGGKMP BNB ,Z\GK ZKCSFN GXZ BN OKNCGYPF[ OG[P BN \BH .QG[BZF
BN LB ,GNNF OKZCEF \B [KDZFNG DK[FN NDGSP GPXTC OEBF YZ[
BN ONGTP[ ,F[GI\ OKNKPC ZKCTFN Q\KR BN ODG .ORKCFN Q\KR
.F[DZGF
QKB .GECNP FPGBP OK[KDZP GRRKBG ,ZKEB KRIGZ IGM BGF OHKBGDBF
OKCKKI GRB ,GRPXT \B ZKMFNG EGPNN KEM .ZJVKFN GRKNT FPP D[GP GRN
\GG[FNG GR\BP FRG[ GF[P [KDZFN ,EXFP OKEPGTM GRPXT \B \GBZN
.KRGXKI FP=ZCEN GRPXT \B
.OHKBGDB G\GBP OKKG[T OF OD[ KRVP ,FHF ONGTC OKPXT OKBGZ GRB
\GDZE FCZF [K OHKBGDBC .O\GB [KDZFN OKNGMK GRKKF BN \ZIB
YGKEC KFGH .ECNC QPXT \B \G[KDZP Z\GKC \GMGPRF \GDZEF ,OKDGSG
BNB OK[I GRRKB[ ET ,OKJSKBGDB FM GRIRB .GRPNGTC OEB N[ G\[DZF
OHKBGDBF ZGCTK ,JTP ZDC\RG NEDR[MN .QJY ENK [KDZP[ GPM ,GRPXT \B
BZYKK HB .BZGCF \B [KDZR GRPNGTN ZCTPG ,GRPNGT NGCD \B GRN[
OKKP[DFG OKRJYF \GDGRT\C WGVIR BN OD HB ."KRIGZ" GRN[ OHKBGDBF
.BZGCF ZGB N[ OKKRIGZ \GDGRT\C BNB ,"YKYE ZR" OKRGMPF ,GRPNGT N[
.ZIB BNG GPXT BZGCF \B FXZR GRB
.BN OB QKCG OFN TEGP BGF OB QKC GK\GRGXZN OB\FC NTGV OEBF
NGMK GRKB BGF QMNG ,GRN[ \GRGXZF IG\KR O[N ZHT KNMM GRN Q\KR NM[F
ZPGNM ,GK\G[DZG GK\GRGXZ ZIB LNGF F[TPN OEBF .OFKNT \GNT\FN
.GNM[C G\GB SVG\ BGF F[TPF ZIBN YZG ,F[TP F[GT
147 CNC[ FEGCT | D I C G F N K V \ C

OEBF NMGK ,FH QVGBC .OEBF \GNGTV LZE G\ID[F \B [PPP BZGCF
.YKSF[ \GRYSPN OB\FC EK\TC NGTVNG GK\GNGTV \B I\RNG QKCFN
BZGCF[ GB ,FRGC\C NGTVN NKM[BG ,K\K[T[ F[TPF \B ZGMHB OBF
.BZGCC KGN\ ZCEF ?OKZGSKF LZEC K\GB EPNK
YZ GRKNT .FPGBP QY\N GR\NGMKC QKB LB ,TDZ NMC GR\GB EPNP BZGCF
EDR\FN OKNDGSP FKFR BN[G ,JNIGP OHKBGDB GRNGM NM[ QKCFN
NMM .GRZGCTC BZGCF F[TK ,GH FRCFN JZV ,ZB[F NM \B .GRN[ OHKBGDBN
,Z\GK TGZD GPXT \B [KDZP BGF LM ,\GKRIGZC Z\GK OEY\P OEBF[
LM ,EGTG EGT GKRVN FND\P BZGCF[ NMM .GTCJ \B [KDZP BGF[ QGGKMP
\GPEY\F BZYR FH LKNF\ ,BZGCF NB SIKC GPXT \B OEBF FBGZ
.\KRIGZ
,QYG\P=K\NC Z\GR[ HGIBF \B .99%=C GPXT \B QYK\ OEB[ IKRR
BGF .GRYG\[ 99% O\GBN FKXZGVGZV KNCG \NEDP F[ETC FBGZ BGF
ZKBP FC[ FEKPCG .YKEX BZYR FH OEB .KBZGR BJIM ZDZD G\GB LKZTP
KEM LG\ ,ZPGNM .GRC[ L[GIF \B QFG ZGBF \B QF OKBGZ GRB ,ZGBF GRN
\B \TC GCG BZGCF \B OKDK[P GRB EGPKNF LNFPC GB KF[NM FNGTV
.GRPXT
\B ,[GBK NNMN TKDP BGF ,G\GNV[ \B YZG LB [KDZP OEBF[M
\B INGX BGF Z[BM ONGB .GKRKT EDRN NKVBP ONGTFG [KDZP GRKB BZGCF
GN [K ZCM ,BZGCF \B ,KRIGZF OZGYP \B DK[PG ,GNNF [GBKF KCXP
BZGCFP OKZCE [YCN NGMK BGF FH Z[Y UYG\C .BZGCF OT KRIGZ Z[Y
Z[BM[ BNB .GRPP BC NMF[ FRCF LG\P \BH NMG ,GKNT OTZ\FN GB
CXPF[ QKCPG ,[BKK\P GRKB CG[ ,BZGCF \B OD GPXT ECNP [I OEB
.\KRIGZF G\GI\V\FN Z\GKC KRGKIG KRPH BGF ,FNTPNP GN Q\KR[
N[ GPGKYC ZKMK OEBF[ ZYKTF .GKNB FRVR EXKM BZGCN FR[P FH QKB
FNDR[ KEM ,BZGCF F[GT \BH .OKRG[PG OKRG[ \GRGXZ GRN ING[[ ,BZGCF
.I\V\R LMG GKVNM FRG[ SIK OTV NMC
,GN ZPB BZGCF KM ,ONGSF NTC C\GM \GCG[IF GK\GBGCRP \IBC
GKZVSC NGNSN NKI\FN GKNT FH TDZP KMG ,[EI ONGT FRCKK GKEK NT[
NTC NIF \BH \GCYTC .BZGCF NB OEBF KRC NM GMNK FC ,F[EI LZE
NMGK BN KM ,QKCF BGF ."\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" GZVS \B CG\MN ONGSF
G\DZE \BVP ,"TYZYF" OT Z[Y GN FKF BN[ \GKF ,ZCE CG\MN
 LZEN FRMF 148

,FZGBMN ,FRG[ FKF BN BGF \KRGXKI FRKICP KM OB ,FNTRF \KRIGZF

BZGCC ZKXVF ONGSF NTC QM NT .OCZYC KI BGFG OEBF KRC ZB[P
Z\TR BZGCFG ,OEB KRCN CG\MN NMGK FRPP[ ,FPZN ET GFEKZGK[ ,ONGT
.G\[YCN
ZPGNM ,"\GRKICF ’E" ZGBK\C NKI\P "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"
OEGYF CXPF ZGBK\ GFH .KRG[BZF QGXZF \BKZCC[ OKCN[F \TCZB
BN[ ZCE C\M BN[ ,ONGSF NTC QKKX ZIB OGYPC .FBKZCF \NKI\N
N[ \KRIGZF G\DZE KFP QKCFN Q\KR QBMP ,GBGNPC G\GKPKRV \B DK[F
.ONGSF NTC
NGDND \RKICP[ "\GZDB { OMI KZV"C ONGSF NTC C\GM L[PFC
N[ G\P[R ,"ZFGHF" ZVS N[ ZCIP ,QGTP[ KCZ N[ G\P[R ,\GP[R
GRPNGTN \ZHGIF ,FP[R F\GB BKF { GN[ G\P[R QMG [GEYF K"ZBF
\B \PNGFF FZGXN ,\T NMC FNCYF EGPKN \JK[ \B OKB\FN FPK[PC
,[EI DGSP \GP[R GRPNGTN \GEZGK ZGEG ZGE NMC[ OG[P \BH .FRPH
ONGTN \GEZGKF ,\GRGKNT \GP[R QR[K .F[EI QGYK\ \JK[N \GYGYH Z[B
.FBKZCF \ZJPN LZEF \B GRN \GZGFN KEMG ,GRGYK\ O[N FHF
GRKNT LMG ,GR\GB NKXFN KEM GRPNGTN \GIN[R GNB \GEIGKP \GP[R
GIKN[ NBM { OKNCGYPF KNGEDP FKF[ ,DN[B FEGFK KCZN SIKK\FN
.ONGTF BZGC N[ K[KBF
149 OKDIF \GTP[P | D I C G F N K V \ C

OKDIF \GTP[P
\EGYRP ,OKDI FPM N[ O\GTP[P NT FZXYC EGPTN FSRR FH YZVC
.FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\GBZ
ONGTF KGNKD N[ \K\DZEF LZEC OKCN[ OKNPSP \GEFKC OKDIF NM
ISV .G\B BNP KRIGZ EGIKB ET ,BZGCF NB \GCZY\FG ,G\RCFG QGKNTF
KZPGIF ONGTF \G[GI\P OEBF N[ \KRIGZF FBKXKF \B NPSP ,N[PN
NKI\P ,KSKVF ONGTF \[GI\N USGRC ,OEBF :KRIGZF ONGTF \G[GI\ NB
ONGTFP LKB \GBZN NKI\P BGF .Z\GK CIZ ,KRGXKI ONGT OD [GIN
NT OKTKV[PG OKTCGY[ \GIGM ,GRN[ ONGTF NB OKTKDP FHF KRGXKIF
NNM NTG GR\BP EIB NM NTG ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKSKVF OKMKNF\FG OKTGZKBF
.\G[GRBF
Z\KNG ,GRN[ KZPGIF ONGTN ZG[Y QKKET[ ,KEKIKF DIF BGF ISV
ONGT KGNKD N[ LKNF\ OKVY[P OKDIF Z\K NM .GRPP FBKXKN ,YGKEF
NB OEY\FN KEM .GRN[ ONGTN ZCTP FCZF ,G\RCFG OEBF KEK NT IGZF
KM ,OFN[ OGKYF KYGIC OKBKYC \GKFN LKZX ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
\B .GKYGI \RCF \EKPC YZ \KZ[VB QGKNTF ONGTC \KRIGZ \GPEY\F
FKNTF \TXC\P OFN OB\FC[ ,OKYGIF \PK[Z ,"FMZEFF ZVS" \NCY
.\GTGC[ ,FZG\ Q\P DI NPSP ,\KRIGZF

FR[F [BZ
OEBF ,ZGVKM OGKN ETG ,GKZIBN[ OKPKF \Z[TG FR[F [BZ DI LNFPC
KNM" KGZY[ FP \B { \IB FZKVS OGK NMC { \GZKVS Z[TP GMG\C ZXGK
OEGY .QGKNTF ZGBC BNP\P \GMGSF DI LNFPC ,QMP ZIBN[ ,"FP[RF
N[ QPHF \VGY\C .ZGSIP \[GI\ ,\GVKB[ GCG ,YKZ KNM FH FKF QMN
OKPMSP ,GRPXTN QGC[IG QKE OK[GT ,FIKNS OK[YCP GRIRB KNMF \ZKXK
.\GNKV\C KGJKC KEKN BC FH NMG .OGKF ET GRN[ LZEF \B
OKNKI\P FEGYR FHKBP ?KEGFKF FR[F [BZ \GTP[P F[TPN KFP
,FP[RF \B BZC BZGCF .OEBF \BKZC OGK GRKF FR[F [BZ ?ZGVSN
ECNP .\KVGSRKB ,\KIXR FBRF FBKZCN YKRTFN FZJPC ,"OEB" FN BZYG
FNCYF \PMGIC .ZCE OG[ BZC BN BZGCF ,DRGT NCYN GHF FVKB[F
."FBRF NCYN" BKF FRGGMFG ,"NCYN QGXZ" \BZYR GHF FVKB[F
 LZEN FRMF 150

?FPP FBRF NCYN .ZXK BGF[ FBRFN FVKB[FG BZGCF OKPKKY ,LMKVN
FNCYF \PMGIC .FBRF \NPSP FBKZCF KEK NT BZGCF \[GI\ !BZGCFP
."KNM" \BZYR FBRFF \B NCYN FVKB[F ."ZGB" \BZYR GHF FBRFF
BZYR[ FH KRIGZ OXTP .OEBF \P[R KNM LZE GRKRKC OKZG[Y GRNGM
OD FVGSC QZY NMG ,OKKRZY 600,000 \GBXGK "QG[BZF OEB" GB "OEB"
.\GKRIGZC[ "FR[F [BZ" LNFPC FNI OEBF \ZKXK .FRJY FP[R \ZXGK
BGF KM { NBZ[K OTN CG[I LM NM DI BGF FR[F [BZ TGEP ,QCGP GK[MTG
.GRNGM N[ KNNM \ENGF OGK
,OKPK F[KPI L[PC FM[PRG ,QG[BZF OGKC FNKI\F ONGTF \BKZC
.K[K[F OGKC BZCR OEBF .\GKRIGZ \GDZE [PI KRV=NT ,QKVGNKING
BN ,K[K[F OGKC Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEC KGXP FKF[ ,OEBF
BZGCF ZGB \B GMG\N NCKYG ,GK\GRGXZ N[ ZGPDF ORGYK\N ,"\C["N FMKI
\ZJPN TKDFN FIKNXF BN[ ,QG[BZF OEBF \P[R .FZKEB FPXGTC
YNI NMG ,OKYNI 600,000=N FZC[R ,\IB \KRIGZ FNGTV \ZHTC FBKZCF
LG\C OKBXPR FNBF OKYKYNIF NM .OKCZ OKYKYNI KVNB EGTN YNI\F
.GRN[ ONGTC OGKM OKKI[ OEB KRC LG\C ZPGNM ,\GP[R
QGYK\N TKDFN LKZX ,OKCZ OKNGDND ZIBN ,FNBF OKYKYNIFP EIB NM
,\V\G[P \IB FP[RN EIK OKVSGG\P OKYKYNIF NM LM ZIBG .GN[ KJZV
OKYNIF \GEIB\F .OEB O[C \BZYR[ ,FPGXT \KRIGZ \MZTPN
\GEIB\F F[TPN BKF ,BZGCF QMG[ GC[ KNMN ,EIB ON[N OKZGC[F
,FR[F [BZ KPKC ,FNKI\ .GK\SF KDI \GTP[P GHG ,BZGCF OT FP[RF
N[ LKNF\ KGZY FH LKNF\ .BZGCFP FP[RF N[ BNP YG\KR TXC\P
KR[N GHF \MZTPF NM \B ZSRP NGMKCM[ ,ZGSP FNKPFP ,"FZKSR"
.OKYNI

"FCG[\ KPK \Z[T" N[ O\GTP[P

FEZVGF[ ,FP[RF ,ZGVKM OGK ET FR[F [BZP[ OKPKF \Z[TC
,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :\GZKVS Z[T \NCYP ,BZGCFP
.BZGCF \GRGM\ \B WPBN FNKI\P FDZEFCG \GMNPG EGSK ,EGF ,IXR
.WXGR { "ZKVS" QG[NP FBC "FZKVS"
QPH YZVC .QGC[IG QKE KPK ,LVKFN BNB ,NCB KPK ORKB OKPKF \Z[T
QGYK\ OKZCGT LM ZIB[ ,OKCZ OKRYG\P BN \GRGXZ OKVSGG\P FH
151 OKDIF \GTP[P | D I C G F N K V \ C

LKZX ,EGBP OKCGJ OKPK OF FNB ,QGZYKTC ,QMN .ZGBC OKBNP\PG

.OFN[ \KRIGZF FZJPN OB\FC ,FIP[C OFKRV \B OEYN
FP[RC \GZKVSF \Z[T NM N[ \KVGS FNNMF \TXC\P ZGVKM OGKC
QG[NP ,"FY\PF" N[ LKNF\ [IZ\P LNKBG ZGVKM OGKPG .\KNNMF
N[ \GKJSKBGDBF FK\GRGM\ KGRK[ N[ LKNF\ :QGYK\ ZPGNM ,"YG\P"
FK\GRGM\C FPGE \MVGF FBKZC[ QGGKMP .BZGCF \GRGM\N FBKZCF
FP[RF .FBKZCF \GZKVS Z[T \B GZGBC BNPN BZGCF NKI\P ,BZGCN
.OGXT DRGT \[GI\M ,BZGCF ZGBC \GBNP\F [GIN FNKI\P
\ZKXK \PKK\SP ZGVKM OGKC ."QG\C[ \C[" ZEDGFG ,DI KGZY ZGVKM OGK
OGKC .BZGCF ZGB \B NCYN \NDGSP BKFG FP[RF N[ \GZKVSF Z[T
\B NCYN QMGP GRN[ FP[RF KNM FC[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEN OKTKDP GRIRB ZGVKM
\GRYKZF .QKJGNIN YKZ QKKET NCB ,ZXGR ZCM KNMF ZPGNM ,BZGCF ZGB
FNKMB :ZGVKM OGK N[ OKZGSKBF \[PI \B KNPS QVGBC \PBG\ GN[
OKZGSKB FNB .FJKPF [KP[\CG NERSF \NKTR ,FMKS ,FXKIZ ,FKK\[G
GNNF OKZGSKBF NMN FCKSF .OKNKDZF \C[F KZGSKBN USGRC OKBC[
.BZGCF ZGB \B NCYN KGBZ GRRKB QKKET FP[RF KNM[ ,LMC FXGTR
\GIGMF \TV[F \ZHTC \GNKXB ONGTN FNGT FP[RF \C[C OD
\KRIGZ FDZEN FTKDF[ QGGKMPG .FPXT \GIGMC BNG ,FNTPNP OKKRIGZF
BXPKFNG LK[PFN KEM ,FP[RF \CKKI ,FPXT \GIGMC BN FFGCD LM NM
FHG .\GNKXBF ONGT BNPP[ ZGBF \B NCYN CZSN ,\GNKXBF ONGTC
.\C[F \GNCDP NM \B NPSP
FDZEN FNGT FP[RF ,QG\C[ \C[ OD ZGPBM BZYRF ,ZGVKM OGKC
OKZGSKB OD OR[K LMN OB\FC .\C[C Z[BP FFGCD Z\GK EGT \KRIGZ
[PI ,OKYNI F[KPIN FPB\FC ,OKZGSKB F[KPI [K NMF LSC .OKVSGR
FZKVS NMNG ,\GMNP ,QKVRB ZKTH ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :FP[RC[ \GZKVSF
.\GNKXBF ONGTC ZGBF \NCYC FNCDP [K
\GKFN \MVGF BKFG ,KNMF ,FP[RF \ZKXK LKNF\ OKK\SP ZGVKM OGKC
,\KRIGZ FDZEN OKTKDP GRIRB FH OGKC .BZGCF ZGB \B NCYN \NDGSP
NCB ,QMGP ,ZXGR KNMF ZPGNM ,ZGBF \NCYN GBGNPC QMGP KNMF Z[BM
N[ OEGYF CXPFP \GY\RKF KPK OKTKDP QM KZIBG .QKJGNIN YKZ QKKET
.\GMGS ET ZGVKM OGKP OKNI OFG ,YKZF KNMF
 LZEN FRMF 152

ZGBF \SKRM { \GMGS

.FP[RF LG\ NB FDZEFC SRMKFN UKYP ZGB NKI\P ,\GMGSP NIF
,FP[RN WGIP BXPR[ QGGKMP ,\GMGSF DI ET "UKYP ZGB" BZYR FH ZGB
OKPK OF FNB ."KPKRV ZGB" KGZY BGF FP[RF LG\ NB SRMR[ ZIBNG
ET F\GB BNPP[ ET ,FP[RF LG\ NB SRMR BZGCF ZGB Z[BM ,OKEIGKP
.FZG\ \IP[ KPKC ,OG\
BNPN OKNKI\P GRIRB ,\GMGSF DI KRVN FP[RF KNM \B GRMF[ ZIBN
OKPKF OKNKI\P \GMGSF DI N[ QG[BZF OGKFP .QGKNT ZGBC G\GB
F\GB BNPP[ ET ,FP[RF LG\ NB SRMR QGKNTF ZGBF Z[BM ,OKEIGKPF
N[ \GZKVSF TC[ \GBNP\P \GMGSF DI KPK \TC[ NM LNFPC .OG\ ET
.OKIP[G OKCGJ OKPK F[GZKV ,ZGBC \GBNP\F .UKYP ZGBC GRN[ FP[RF
DI N[ \KRIGZF FDZEF \B \PBG\ ZGBC QKJGNIN FBNP\F[ FP[R
FP[RF \B BNPN ZCE N[ GVGSC LKZX[ ,QGKNTF ZGBF NM .FZG\ \IP[
\BZYR FP[RF N[ \KRIGZF FDZEF ,TXC\P FH Z[BM .FZG\ KGZY
."FZG\ \IP["
L[PC BYGGE QGKNTF ZGBC \BNP\P FP[RF FPN ,FNB[F \NB[R
\YGNI FBC QMKFP ?OKPK FZ[T GB F[KPI L[PC BNG ,OKPK FTC[
FRKB FHF ZGBC FP[RF \GBNP\F ?\GZKVS GB OKYNI FTC[N FP[RF
ZVSPF NPSP[ ZCE ,OG\ ET \BNP\P BN FP[RFG .\KYNI BNB ,\KVGS
.QGYK\F ZPDC YZ TXC\K \GP[RF NM N[ KVGS QGYK\ .Z[T BNG TC[
NGMK QGYK\F ZPD ET .\GMGSF DI KPK \TC[C [IZ\P ZCEF ,ZGPBM
FTKDP ,ZGBC \GBNP\F CYT .FP[RF LG\ NB SRMKFN KYNI ZGB YZ
OD KGZY FHF OGKF ."FZG\ \IP[" \BZYR[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEN FBKZCF
LGZB QPH YZVC ZGB NCYN ZGSB QM[ .ZXTR[ KRKP[F OGKF ,\ZXT KRKP[
\[IZ\P ZGBC FBKZCF \GBNP\F .QGYK\F ZPD ET ,OKPK FTC[P
.ZGBF \GRGM\N FN[ \GRGM\F KGFKH \EKP ,FN[ QGYK\F \EKPN OB\FC
\BNP\P BKF ,FK\GRGM\C ZGBN QKJGNIN FPGE \MVGF FBKZCF Z[BM
.OG\ ET ZGBC
QKJGNIN FK\GRGM\C \EDGRP[ ,FP[RF \ZKXK LKNF\ TXC\P FNKI\
NCYN KEM ,QGYK\ FDZEFC ZCGT FP[RF KNM ,QM KZIB .ZGBF \GRGM\N
\EKPC ,FP[RFG ,ZGBF \GRGM\N FPGE ,QKJGNIN \KJSKBGZJNB FVKB[
153 OKDIF \GTP[P | D I C G F N K V \ C

\B GRN[ ONGTC NPSP FHF LKNF\F NM .ZGBC \BNP\P ,FN[ QGYK\F

.OKDIF \ZG[

FNCYC OKRKPF \TCZBG FMGSF

FYHI FPXGTC KRIGZ ZGB FNTPNP GRKNB TKDP GK\SF KDI L[PC
ZGB" .GRN[ \GP[RF \BG ,GR\GB ,GRN[ OGYKF NM \B UKYP[ ,EGBP
OKPKF .GR\GB FYRPG FNTP ,GRKNT QDP ,\KRIGZ FKNTN OZGD FH "UKYP
FID[FF ,BZGCF ZPGNM .OKKGXZ OKPK { "QGXZ KPK" OD OKBZYR FNBF
OEY\FN FKF\ FRGGMF OB ,GRN[ \GNGTVN FEFBC SIKK\P ,FRGKNTF
.G\BZYN
FNBF \GNB[F \B "?KN[ OKKIF \GTP[P KFP ?KKIC OTJF FP"
,QFKNT FCG[\F .ZGVKM OGKG FR[F [BZ KPKC NGB[N OKIZMGP GRIRB
FBKZCF KCXP KR[.FZG\ \IP[G \GMGS KPKN \KIER ,ZGBF \NCY BKF[
OFC[ ,OKBZGRF OKPKF ,ZGVKM OGK ,FR[F [BZ ,EIB EXP :OKEDGRP
EXP ;\KRIGZ \GI\V\FG \GPN[N TKDFN \K\KPBF FVKB[F \ZZGT\P
\BNP\P ,QGYK\ FZCT[ FP[R OFC[ ,FZG\ \IP[G \GMGS KDI ,KR[
\PMGI KZVS BGZYN WNPGP FNBF OKDIF \VGY\ NM L[PC .QGKNT ZGBC
.EIGKPC FYHI QGKNT ZGB \ZBF FR[K FNTPNP[ QGGKMP ,FNCYF
\B OKZKCTP FCG[\G FYEX ,FNKV\" KM ZPBR FR[F [BZ \NKV\C
[GN[ ,\GZXG ,NCS ,CBM \GGIN ETGR OEBF OB OD ZPGNM ,"FZKHDF TGZ
BN ,QGKNTF ONGTF ,KRIGZF ONGTC .[RGTF \B \GTRGP FNBF \GNGTVF
NCYPG [YCP OEBF Z[BM ,GRN[ ONGTC QM\K\[ KVM ,GHM FNGTV QM\K\
QM KZIBG ,OEBF \RGGM QGYK\ NT \SSGCP QGKNTF ONGTC FNGTV .FCG[\
.FZGP\F \B NCYP BGF
\[YCC BNG ,QGYK\N FZHTC EYP\FN \GMKZX OEBF \G[YC NM LMKVN
NDGSP \GKFN KEM ,KRIGZ IGM NCYN [YCN OEBF NT .FRJY \K[KB TGKS
NMF .BZGCN LM KEK NT CZY\FNG ,GN[ \GRGGMF \B QY\N ,QGKDKFC NGTVN
.QGMRF QGGKMC GN[ OKKRIGZF OKXPBPCG OEBC ,BGVKB ,KGN\
,FP[RC FRGGM \ZKXK F[TPN BKF "FNKV\" KM ,OKRKCP GRIRB QBMP
BKFG ,"LSP" FNCYF \PMGIC \BZYR { "FYEX" .\KRIGZ FVKB[ \ZKXK
QGGMN KEM ,\KRIGZ FVKB[ NT ZXGR LSPF .OHKBGDBC [GPK[F \NCDF
.KPXT DGRT\ QTPN BNG ,\KRIGZ \GNT\F N[ QGGKMN YZ ,GHF FVKB[F \B
 LZEN FRMF 154

FKNT \TXC\P ,LSPFG FRGGMF \ZHTC ,GC[ LKNF\ BKF "FCG[\"

KEK NT .BZGCN FCG[\ ,UGSRKBN FZHI ,ZGBF ZCT NB \GPEY\F ,\KRIGZ
ZGBF OGI\ NB SRMRG ,NCSF NM ,OKPGSIPF NM \B NZJRP OEBF LM
NCSF NM ,OKKNKN[M OGKM OK[I GRIRB[ OKTGZKBFG \GTVG\F NM .QGKNTF
OB ,KTCJ QVGBC ,QMN .GRCKCS BZGCF ZGB ZETKF NNDC YZ OKZGY ,GRN[
.QGKNTF ZGBF \B NCYNG [KDZFN NMGR ,Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEN FNTR
.BZGCF N[ GRKE ZHDP TRPKFN NMGR
\GRGM\FG FRCPF NT ,FP[RF KNM \B ,OI\PF \B \NPSP "FMGS"
,"FMGS" \BZYR[ \KRIGZ \MZTP GRMG\C ZGXKN OKCKKI GRIRB .GN[
FP[RF[ ET .GR\GB UKYPF ZGBF OT GRN[ QKNPGDF KSIK \B UY[\[
KGZ[ QMNG ,QGKNTF ZGBF \B NCYN FRMGP FRKB BKF ,QGYK\F \B \ZCGT
\PMGI KEGPKN \ZHTC ."UKYP ZGB" KGZY OD QMNG ,FCKCS { FN WGIP ZGBF
FSKRMN OKPZGDG ,GRN[ FP[RF \B FDZEFC OKRY\P GRIRB FNCYF
.FP[RF LG\ NB UKYP ZGB N[ \K\DZEF
FFH \GKFN FP[RF FMKZX ,FP[RF LG\ NB SRMKFN NMGK ZGBF[ KEM
\GRGM\N FP[RF \GRGM\ N[ \KRIGZ \GFH .ZGBF \GRGM\N FK\GRGM\C
\K[TR FMGSF \CMZF .FMGSF \PYF KYGIC KGJKC KEKN FBC ZGBF
KGSKMN [P[P[ "LMS"F EIGKPCG ,ZEDGPG OKGSP ZES KVN ,JGZKVC
.FMGSF
,FNCYF \PMGIP GRN OKTGEK FMGSF N[ KRGXKIF FBZPFG \GEKPF
OKBNPP GRIRB[ QGKNTF ONGTF KYGI { \GGXPF ZB[ NM OD OXTC[ KVM
OKBNPP OKNCGYP Z[BM .OKKRIGZF OKYGIF \GVY\[FM ,GRN[ ONGTC
NM \B OK[I OF ,OFN[ \GP[RC ,KRIGZ QVGBC FNBF \GGXPF NM \B
.\KIXRG FPN[ ,FRGKNT OGKY \ZGXM OKDIF
\KRIGZF FVKB[F OB YZ ,FP[RF LG\ NB SRMKFN NGMK QGKNTF ZGBF
\B QGGMN LKZX GKEZ ZK[MPC[ O[M ;GN[ \GRGM\F \B \PBG\ GRN[
\B Z\BN OKIKNXP HB YZG ,FRI\N ,OKGSP NDN GN[ KPKRVF ZE\F
.\[YGCPF FRI\F
ZGB ZCT NB KN[ "ZE[PF" ZG\VM QGGKM BGF CMZGP Z\GK \XY
FHF QGXZFG ,KRIGZF ONGTF \B [GIN \GXZN OEB ,\K[BZ .BZGCF
\KRIGZ FVKB[ I\VN OEB G\GB NT .EGBP FYHI FPXGTC \GKFN LKZX
[KG ,OGB\V \ZZGT\P BN GHF \KRIGZF FVKB[F .BZGCF KVNM FYHI
155 OKDIF \GTP[P | D I C G F N K V \ C

,OKR[ ZVSP L[P GNKVB OK\TN ,[BZP OK[EGI FPM FKNB QRGM\FN
\[GI\ \B NCYN Q\KR .F\GB IVJNG ,OKJZV KJZVN FVKB[F \B LGZTN
,OKNNMF NM KVN ZXGR[ KNMF LG\C YZ ,BZGCF ZGB \B ,\GKRIGZF
GHF FJK[F \B FDKXP FNCYF \PMGI .\ZEDGPG FZGZC ,\KEGIK FJK[C
EGPN\"C FCIZFC ZBG\P FP[RF KNM \ZKXK LKNF\G ,OKJZV KJZVC
N[ NGEDF NCGYPF GRN ZKB[F[ Z\GKC CG[IF ZVSF ,"\GZKVSF Z[T
.ONGSF NTC ,FZCT[ FBPF
ETG FR[F [BZ KPK LNFPC ZXGR FP[RF KNM[ FECGTF QKC FZK\S QKB
,OK[EGI N[ FVGY\C ZCGEP[ QM\KK KM ,OKZPGB GRB[ FP QKCG ,ZGVKM OGK
.OKR[ GB
\B .GRN[ ONGTC FP[RF KNM \ZKXK LKNF\ \B NPSP FHF QPHF YZV
GRIRB ,QGZIBF ETG QG[BZFP OKNGDNDF NM LZGBN GRN[ OGKYF \VGY\ NM
\GRGM\ NTC KRIGZ KNM ZXGR FPGKSC .ECNC \IB FR[M ZB\N OKNGMK
.ZGBC BNP BGF QMNG ,QGKNTF ZGBF \GRGM\N \GFH
[BZ" \BZYR[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEC NKI\P FHF FP[RF KNM \ZKXK LKNF\
OGK" \BZYR[ ,\KRIGZ FDZEN FKNTN OBG\ GN[ BCF QGYK\F ."FR[F
,\GMGS \NKI\ ET ZGVKM OGKP ,OKPK F[KPI OKZCGT LM ZIB ."ZGVKM
,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR { QGKNTF ZGBF N[ OKYNIF \[PI \RMF \MZTR OFC[
OKPKF \TC[ L[PC FP[RF LG\ NB SRMR FHF QGKNTF ZGBF .FEKIK ,FKI
,ESI :\GZKVS TC[P CMZGP FP[RF KNM[ LMN OB\FC ,\GMGS N[
.\GMNP ,EGSK ,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD
,\GMNP \NPSP[ FP[RF Z[BM YZ ,FP[RF LG\ NB SRMR QGKNTF ZGBF
\GZGYPNG { "CNGN" QKVRB ZKTH QGKNT KRIGZ OXTN FZG[Y { "DGZ\B"
[K ZGBF \JKNY LZGXNG ."\GCZTG OKSEF" ,EGFG IXR ,\GZKVS { ZGBF
,ZGBF \GRGM\N OKB\\[ LM ,\GKPKRVF FK\GRGM\C FP[RF \B QGGMN
.F\GB BNPKG SRMKK ZGBF HBG ,BZGCF
CKKI ,QGKNTF ZGBF \NCYN FP[RF N[ KRIGZF QGRGGKMF \D[FN
,("CNGN" ,QKVRB ZKTH) Q\GRN ZG[Y \GKFN ("DGZ\B" ,\GMNP) NCYPF KNMF
BZGCF \GRGM\ \B OKNPSP "\GCZTG OKSEF" .BZGCF \B NPSP[
.[GMZN \CKKI FP[RF[
OB ZPGNM ,BZGCF \GRGM\ \B FNCKY FP[RFG ,QGYK\F TXGC OB
\I\P FPXT \B FCKXP \GPKGSP \GKRIGZ \GNGTV \ZES \ZHTC FP[RF
 LZEN FRMF 156

FNTPNP \PKGSP FTV[F GRPP \NCYP BKF ,BZGCF N[ UKYP ZGBN

EKC YGCKI [KG ,"NBP[ YGCKI" NBP[ EKC YGCKI [K ."YGCKI" \BZYR[
K[BZN \I\ GNBP[" :"OKZK[F ZK["C ZPBR FH NT ."QKPK YGCKI" QKPK
,ZGBC \GBNP\FN KNMF \RMF CXP \B OBG\ FH { "KRYCI\ GRKPKG
GRKPKG" ,QKPK YGCKI BC QM KZIB .\GMGSF DI KRVN[ OKPKF \B OBG\[
OT OEBF N[ K\DZEFF KRIGZF EGIKBF LKNF\ \B OBG\ FHG ,"KRYCI\
.FZG\ \IP[ DI KPKC { ZGBC \GBNP\F ET ,BZGCF
\GVY\[F ,OKKRIGZ OKZ[YG \GIGM N[ \GVY\[F FGGFP GRN[ UGDF NM
NT FH OKTKV[PG ,OKZG[Y \GIGMF KRIGZF ONGTC[ GPM .OKRGCNI \ZGXC
OKRG[ OKYNIC KGJKC KEKN OKBC FNBF \GIGMF ,GRN[ ONGTC OD LM ,FH
GC FR[KG ,\GPKB\P \GRGM\ QR[K UGDC YNI NMN .GRN[ KSKVF UGDF N[
.KRIGZF ONGTN FPGEC ,OKZIB OKYNI OT OKZ[Y \MZTP
OKNKCYP OF IGZF ONGTC .FPBG TGZH ,U\MP \CMZGP OEB N[ EK
OKYNIF \[GN[ { K"FRG \"DI ,E"CI { KRIGZF OXTF KYNI F[GN[N
F\GB OKVKYP ,FP[RF \B ,NGMKCM ,OKYCIP \KRIGZ "EK" N[ FNBF
FMGSF KEKX KR[ \B OKNPSP OMZGBC[ ,TGZHG U\M :OKRGGKMF \[GN[P
N[ OKEPKPFG \GRGM\F NM .EK UM GPM ,ZXY K[KN[F EXFG ,OKMGZBF
,OKPBG\ \GKFN OKCKKI[ ,FP[RFG UKYPF ZGBF \GRGM\P OKZHDR FMGSF
DGGKH ,EGIKB TXC\KG ,FBGNPC FP[RF \B BNPK ZGBF[ LM ,EIB\FN KEM
.FZG\ \IP[ KGZY[ ,OFKRKC ON[ KRIGZ
LG\ NB SRMR ZGBF[ QGGKMP ,FMGS QKB ZCM FZG\ \IP[ L[PC
KEKN FBC[ ,FBNP FIP[ \[GI\ QBMPG ,OG\ ET F\GB BNKP ,FP[RF
.BZGCF \IP[ ,FZG\ \IP[ { Z\GKC IP[F DIC KGJKC
OKDFRPFG OKNNMF \ZKP[C EKVYFN OKNCGYP OKDFGR ISVCG \GMGSC
\B \GKRIGZC OKNPSP FNBF OKDI KR[[ QGGKMP ,FNB OKDIC OKDGFRF
\ZJP \D[F LKNF\C ,OEBF \P[R \GI\V\FC OKTKZMPF OKTDZF KR[
BGF[ ZCE { BZGCF \D[F ,QGKNTF TEKF \NCYG KGNKD LKNF\C ,FBKZCF
UGSFG FNI\FF ,FNBF OKTDZF KR[ .FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\GFP \KXP\
OKNCGYP QMNG ,\GMGSG ISV KDI OKNPSP { OEBF N[ \KRIGZF LZEF N[
O\GCK[I \B LMC OK[KDEPG ,OFC ZG[YF ZCE NMC EIGKPC OKEKVYP
.O\GTP[PG
157 DIFG ZGB \NCY | D I C G F N K V \ C

DIFG ZGB \NCY

\GP[RF NMG ONGTF NM ,CGZN ."DI" BKF ZGBF \PXGTC \GZCD\F NM
FKGN\ ZGBF \PXGT .\GNKXBF ONGTP ZGB OKNCYP \GKRIGZ \GDK[PF
,"NGI OGK" \BZYR ,FZBF N[ FNKDZ FPZ .\BXPR FP[RF FC FDZEPC
GPEGYP FRG[ NGIF KPKP EIB NM ."[EGI [BZ" \BZYR FBCF FPZFG
(BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH) Q"GH UGXZV ,"[EGI [BZ" CXPC .FZBFF N[ DGSC
,NBZ[K" { \"GS[K UGXZVN FNTPN \IB FDZEP FNGT \GNKXBF ONGT N[
FDZEPFG .\K\GMKB FRKICP FRG[ FZBF \BXGK GRPPG ,"FRGC\G BCS
."\C[" BKF "[EGI [BZ" NTP[ FBCF
\TV[F .OFN[P OKRGGD OR[K FYE NMNG FT[ NMN ,OGK NMN \GKRIGZC
[IZ\P FHN OB\FCG ,KEKP\ QVGBC \K[TR GRN[ ONGTC \GP[RF NT ZGBF
\TV[F N[ KEKP\ KGRK[ BNN .FTGR\G QGYK\ N[ YSGV K\NCG UKXZ LKNF\
"NCS" \[DZF \TV[FC TR KNMF .\JNIGP FIGRPC KNMF ZB[R ,ZGBF
.ZGBF \MK[PP "DGRT\" \[DZF \TV[FC ,QKVGNKING ZGB ZETF N[C
CGJ BXGK O[P .\GP[RF \GTGR\ NM \B TCGY \GNKXBF ONGT N[ Q"GH
OKKY[ ,OHKBGDBF N[C \\GGTP FZGXC \GP[RF NXB SV\R[ ,KEKP\
\[GI\ \B \GR[N ,BKF \GP[RF QGYK\ N[ FZJPF .QFP \IB NMC
NMM .OKJSKBGZJNBN OKJSKBGDBP OKNMF QGYK\ ,ZPGNM ,CGJN TZF
CGJM BZGCF \B [KDZFN FNKI\P BKF LM ,FPXT \B \RY\P FP[RF[
.JNIGP
CKGB FHKB QKCFN GKNT .KBPXT QVGBC QGYK\ \G[TN NDGSP GRKB OEB
BKCP BZGCF KGNKD .BZGCFP FZHT [YCN HBG ,GNKC[C OHKBGDBF BGF
[RGTG ZM[ KCDN FSKV\F KGRK[ .Z\GK FFGCD \K\GMKB FPZN OEBF \B
.DGRT\M [DZGK [RGTF[ ,LMN BKCK
NT NNM OKTEGK GRKKF BN ,UGDFP CBMF \[DZF \B GRY\KR GNKB
,FNIPF ZGDKPC GRPXTN ZGHTN OKNGMK GRKKF BNG GRVGDC FNIP \GI\V\F
QTPN CBM NGCSN KBEM OK\TN .KZYKTF QKPS\F GRN ZSI FKF[ QGGKM
KHB ,G\BGVZN \KIZMF FZP FVGZ\ \NKJR[ ,QKCP OEB OB .KEK\T KGVKZ
.FYG\PN FZPP FR\[P FVGZ\F \[DZF
NT FEKTP ,\KRGBME FNKNIG ,FEGZK \K[VR GB \KRIGZ F[DZF NM
YHR CSK CBM \[DZF NGZJR .FBVZN LZGX [KG ,OEBF [VRC "FNY\"
 LZEN FRMF 158

GB EGZKF K[VRF GCXP NT FBZ\F \MZTP UGDN BF\ BN .OEBN

.ZVG[PF

ZEB [EGI
[EGIN C[IR ZEB [EGI QMNG ,ZEBC DDIR ,Z\GKC NGEDF DIF ,OKZGVF DI
KEM ,\GBKXPFP JNIGP YG\KRN ET FZMG[N \G\[N DGFR OKZGVC .EIGKP
\B ,FVKYT FZGXC ZKMHP FHF CXPF .FDBE GB NCS OG[ [KDZR BN[
NTGV [DZFG Y\GRP NM[F GC ,\GPN[G ZGPD DRGT N[ CXP ,KEK\TF GRCXP
.GECN
,OEBN FZGY FP ?NM[F \B Y\RN [K F[DZFF \GPN[ O[N TGEP
QGKDKF"N ,\GC[IPN OGYP GC ZB[R OBF ?DGRT\C BNP\P BGF[M
?"ZY
\B GMG\C \GNDNG ,GPXT LG\N SRMKFN OEBF \B EPNN OKMKZX GRB
QF ZB[FG ,BZGCF \RGM\ BKF ,Z\M \ZKVS ,FRG[BZF .\GZKVSF Z[T
\B EPNN [K .\GMNPF KVNM GRKKFE ,BZCRF KVNM GN[ \GND\FF \GEKP
FEGYR { GPXT QKCN QRKC NKECFN QMG ,FNBF \GRGM\F NM QKC NKECFN OEBF
NM N[ OFK\GRGM\P FMG\N \NCYP[ GH BKF[ ,FZGI[ \KJSKBGDB
NMG\ BKF LM ,FK\GRGM\ \B QY\\[ NMM .\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’J
N[ G[GZKVG .QMG\C FPXT NGNMNG ,\GFGCDF \GZKVSF T[\N \GPEKFN
.BZGCC "YCE\" FNGM BKF[ ,ZCE
NT "CG[IN" YKSVP BGF[ QGGKM ,OEBF UGDN QMGSP F[TR KRJZS B\
FP \B UGDN \\N KNC ,NMF TGNCN ,KBPXT QVGBC EYV\N NKI\PG ,UGDF
OB .GNEDK[M \GKFN OKEK\T OF FP OKTEGK UGDF KB\ NM .\\N GKNT[
;KNPZGRF OEGYV\ \B OY[N EXKM OKTEGK OF ,OMG\C FP ZCE [C\[P
.GNGM UGDF \MZTP NM N[ FEGYV\N OKZG[Y OF
\G[GRBF KVNMG OGYKF KVNM ,BZGCF KVNM GH FTKEKC DFR\P OEBF OB
,BN OBG .FRKY\ FKF\ G\GBKZCG ,FZG[M EYV\K BGF (ZCE G\GB OF[)
.KRJZS B\N LVGFG ,GPXT NT YZ CG[IN NKI\P[ ,B\N FPGE BGF
."FP[N BN"C NKI\K[ GN OKZPGB ,FNCY OEB EPNN OKNKI\P[M
"OKENK" ,"OK[R" NB OKRGV[ OG[P ,\GRKET OKNKPC OK[P\[P
NCYN QGXZF :OEBC[ \GKJSKBGDB \GRGM\ [GN[ OF[ ,"OKECT"G
\GDGRT\ { "OKENK" ,\GTEGP BNC NMF \B [GV\N QGXZF { "OK[R"
159 DIFG ZGB \NCY | D I C G F N K V \ C

FRGC\G QGKDF [GMZN OEBF NKI\P[M .\GDGRT\N { "OKECT" OKRJY

NGMK ZCM BGF ,\GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\C ZB[R QKKET[ KV NT UB ,\KBPXT
KFP FDZEFC OEBN \GNDN OKNKI\P HBG .EXFP GPXT \B \GBZN
QTPN" IRGPF KZGIBP Z\\SP FPG (OHKBGZJNB ,FRK\R) "FTV[F"
."TKV[FN \RP NT" FNCYC KGZYF ,"BZGCF
OHKBGDBF \ZIB ,BZGCN YTHK BGF GC[ ,CXPN OEBF \B BKCFN [K
CXPG CXP NM I\RN OEBF NT .OKZXPP G\GB ZZI[K BN ("FTZV") GN[
IG\KR O[N GNM[ \B NKTVFN EXKM FRCFN TKDK[ ET ,KREVY QVGBC GN[
QKCK BN EGT NMG FNBM OKCXP GR[KKG GZHIK ,QM F[TK BN OB .GK\G[GI\
ECNCG ,GN [K[ FP NM \B GRPP IYKK[ ,BZGCN YGTHN LK[PK BGF ,\BH
BGF BNF ,BZGCN TKDFN GRPP TRGP[ ,KZYKTF CKGBFP ZZI\[K[
.OHKBGDBF
OEBN OKZ[VBP ORKBG ,OKKRGXKY OKCXP KR[ OF CZ DRGTG YGPT QGBMKE
KEM LG\ ,CXPF IG\KRC CKKGIP GPXT OEBF .FRGMR FZGXC CXPF \B I\RN
NMC OB "?\G[TN NGMK KRB FP ?FHM CXP KN GR\R TGEP" \GNB[F \DXF
KHB ,BZGCFP GN GR\KR GNB OKCXP KM ,FC[IPC YPT\K OEBF CXPG CXP
BZGCF N[ G\NGED \EKP KVN \BHG ,DGRT\N LGVFKG ,NCS \GKFN NEIK NCSF
.ZCE NT CG[IN OEBF LZJXK BN \BH ECNP .OEBF KRKTC
 LZEN FRMF 160

QGYK\ KTXPBM DI
,\GNKXBF ONGT N[ (QKVRB ZKTH) B"H UGXZVC OK[TR[ OKRGYK\F NM
FRGMPF KRIGZ LKNF\C OK[IZ\P ,GRPNGTC OEBF N[ G[ZG[ BGF[
."\GMGS"
ONGTP B"H N[ KGPKE BGF ,KRIGZF KNMF GB FP[RF GRKKFE ,OEBF
,"FRKC" QKC QKNPGD=\GNGTVC BGF \NCYP FP[RF[ ZGBF ZGYP .\GNKXBF
.\GNKXBF ONGT N[ "\GMNP"G B"H
,G\GB NPSPF "CNGN" \GGXPN \GZG[Y ,TXCN B"H NT[ \GNGTVF NM
\B GMG\C UZXN OEBF NT .\GMNP \B NPSPF ,"DGZ\B" \GGXPN QMG
LG\C \[IZ\P GHF \KPKRVF FEGCTF NM .GNNF \GRGM\F ,OKD[GPF
ZGBF LG\PG ,B"H \B UKYPF ,FRKCF N[ UKYP ZGB BKF "FMGS" .FMGS
.KPKRVF GZGB \B OEBF DVGS ,UKYPF
QRT" :FMGSC OKD[GP KR[ OKPKKY KM ,ZKCSF DN[B FEGFK CZF
,LMS FRCR OFP[ ,OKCKMZ O\GB OF "ZK\SP QRT" ."EGCM QRT"G "ZK\SP
\GDGRT\F KRVP ,"LMS" GMG\C \GRCN NMGK[ OEB .OKPGHDF OKIPXF KVRT
,BZGCFP G\GB "ZK\SPF QRT"F OGYPC KHB ,FNTPNP NCYP BGF[
.BZGCF KGNKD ,"EGCM QRT" \B \GBZN NKI\K
LSPF \KKRC \B \NPSP ,LMSF \KKRC \TC OEBF N[ G\EGCT
FRGMP GH FEGCT .BZGCF \[DZFP BC[ ,DGRT\F "LGMKS" O[N ,KRIGZF
.OHKBGDBN \GEDR\F IGM \NCYN FNKV\ F[GZKV[ ,"BPBE Q"P" O[C
\B GN FRYPG ,GKNT EZGK FH IGM ,FMH BKF OEBF N[ G\[YC[ FEKPC
.FPMGIF ZGB { QGKNTF ZGBF \B LSPF \ZHTC NCYN \NGMKF
FP NT ,OEBF N[ GBXPKF OGYKP \GEGB UKYP TEKP ZXGB FH ZGB
DK[F Z[B OEB .BXPR BGF FC[ ,FDZEPF O[+ FPG GCKCSPG GPT FZGY[
FDZEP DK[K[M .FP[C BZYR ,\PKKGSP \KRIGZ FDZEP N[ FK\GRGM\ \B
LKNF\ N[ G\GFP KFGH .OB\FC GP[ FR\[K ,Z\GK \PN[GPG FFGCD
ONGSF FNTPC SVJP OEB[ NMM .GRKPKC IKM[ FM F[TR[ O[F KGRK[
TV[N GPXT \B U[GIG ,\G[EI \GRGM\ DK[P BGF ,FR\[P GP[G ,KRIGZF
\B FR[K OB[ ,FHF ONGTC KIF OEBN FBZR QMN .ZCD\PG LNGF[ ,QGKNT
.Z\GK FCGJ FRGKNT FTV[FN U[IKK ,K\GMBNP QVGBC GP[
161 QGYK\ KTXPBM DI | D I C G F N K V \ C

FDZEPF \D[F BGF FEGTK { GRN[ ONGTN \EZGK[ FP[RG FP[R NM

OEBF NT .OEBF N[ KDGNGKCF UGDC FP[D\FG ,GRPNGTN FEZK BKF FRPP
OKNGDNDF EIB LNFPC ,KP[DF GVGDC KI GEGTC ,G\P[R [ZG[ \B DK[FN
NM UZI G\P[R FEZK FRPP[ ,\KRIGZ FDZE F\GBN TKDFN GKNT .GN[
.GKRVC DKXP UGDF[ ,OKNG[MPF
\GNGT QF GH LZEC .BN G\G Q\DZE \B DK[FN \GCKKGIPF ,\GP[R QR[K
\VGY\[ ,ZPBR LMKVN ,"OKR[" OD \GRGMPF ,\GDZEP OKVNB 6,000
.FR[ 6000 BKF ONGTF OGKY
\GNTN QFKNT ,Q\DZE \B \GDK[P[ ZIBN[ ,\GEIGKP \GP[R [K[ BNB
OEB" ONGTF N[ D"S UGXZV N[ G\PZN ET T"KCB \GPNGT NM OT
,\GP[R OD [K ."FR[ 7000" GB "\GDZEP 7000" \BZYR GH FDZE ."QGPEY
KGZY[ "QGPEY OEB" ONGTF N[ C"T UGXZV N[ G\DZE \B DK[FN QFKNT[
."FR[ 9000" FKGZY[ FDZE ,B\NDND UGXZV N[ GB ,"FR[ 8000"
G[GZKVG ,"FR[ 10000" \DZE \GDK[PF ,EBP \GEIGKP \GP[R OD [K
QKTP FP[R .UGS=QKBF ONGT NB QFK\G[GI\CG QFK\GD[FC \GBXGK QF[
YZ GEZK \G[GRBF \GENG\ NMCG ,\GZGE \GZ[TC OTV GRPNGTN \EZGK GH
N[ FH DGSN OKMKK[ OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF NM .FNBM \GZGVS \GP[R
.\GP[R
BZCRF \GYCE \B \GKRIGZC \NPSP ,FMGSN FZG[YF FGGXP \KK[T
6=P CMZGPF B"H ?[IZ\P FH EXKM .Z\GKC FFGCDF FDZEPC BZGCF OT
\GMNPF .FJP ,FNTP ,CZTP ,IZHP ,OGZE ,QGVX :OKRGGKM ZKEDP \GZKVS
QMN .B"H N[ GK\GRGM\ [[ QF[ ,GNBF \GZKVSF [[ NMP ZGB \NCYP
\B OKPKKYP LMC .OKMZCP HBG CNGNN DGZ\BF \B FNKI\ OKEKPXP
.CNGNFG FMGSF \GGXP
OKKYP OEBF ,FGGXPF N[ \KSKVF FK[TC[ ,FC[IPN OGYP QKB ONGB
FNGTV .\KRIGZ FNGTV OG[ TXCN NDGSP GRKB OEBF GVGDC .\GKRIGZ \GNGTV
GK\GRGXZ NT LSP [MZ Z[B ,OEB KEK NT YZ \G[TKFN FNGMK \KRIGZ
.BZGCF QTPN BZGCF ZGB \B NCYN NDGSPG ,OKKJSKBGDBF
\[MZR BKFG "FNCYF \PMGI" \BZYR ,FHM CXP N[ G\D[F \JK[
\GKFN LGVFN Q\KR BN .NCGYP FZGP N[ FEGPXF G\BZGFC YZG LB
GKF ,OFKRKC[ Z\GKC OKNGEDN UB ,OKNCGYPF NMN .KPXT EGPKNC NCGYP
.OKKRIGZF \GIGMF \B DK[FN OKNGMK GKF BN OFKETNC Z[B ,OKZGP
 LZEN FRMF 162

Z[YF \BG ,QGMRF QGGKMF \B FZGPFP NCYK NKI\PF NCGYPF[ ZIBN

KG[T BGF[ LM KEM ET ,FHF Z[YF \B OKXTFN NMGK BGF ,BZGCF OT
.GFZGP N[ G\DZEN NTP \GNTN
7=N FRKCP ZGBF \SKRM LKNF\N FPGEC ,OKPK FTC[ LZGB \GMGSF DI
ZGB \SKRM EDRM ,[EI KRIGZ CXP EDRM BGF OGK NM ;B"H N[ \GZKVSF
B"HP ZGBF ZCTP EDRM BGF[ ,KTKC[F OGKF .FPKB\PF FZKVSN [EI
\BHG ."FZG\ \IP[" KGZY ,\GMNPF KEK NT ZGBF \NCY "OGK" ,\GMNPN
QMP ZIBN EZGK ,\GMNPF KEK NT NCY\P[ ZGBF NGNMP NM[ QGGKMP
."FZG\" KGZY FH KNNM ZGBG \GP[RN
ZCTP BKF "FMGS" .KBPXT DI FGGFP BNB ,FMGSN SRMR GRKB FH ZGB
\IP[" OF FNBG "OKPK FTC[" L[PC B"H LZE LSPF KEK NT ZGBF
,\GMNPF LG\N ,B"H N[ GZGB ,FZG\F ZGB \SKRM BGVKB KFGH ,"FZG\
.FBNPF O\GEIB\FG
FNKN GFH ."FCZ BRT[GF NKN" KGZY ,FZG\ \IP[N OEGYF FNKNF
KGXP ZGBF[ QGGKMP LB .B"H CKCS UKYPF ZGBF NM WCY\P GC[ ,EIGKP
,KPKRV ZGBN FH ZGB LGVFK OZJC ,"FNKN" FHF CXPF KGZY ,B"H CKCS
.\GMNPN LM ZIB SRMKK Z[B
F\GB .\KRIGZ FNGTV BKF ,"BZGCF QTPN" FRGGMC \K[TR[ FNGTV NM
NCGYP .\KJSKBGDBG \KP[D BKF "KPXT QTPN" FRGGMC LB ,[PP FNGTV
NM[ ZCE ,\GGXPF \B \KSKV TXCN GPXT \B IKZMFN F[Y\P NKI\P
\GNGTVF \KK[TC K[GYF .QTXCN NE\[FN GKNT LB ,\GNYC F[GT K\E OEB
GK\GC[IP NMG GK[TP NM \B \GBZN NKI\P NCGYPF[ ,LMP TCGR FNBF
\D[FC OTGKS \EKP KV NT O\GB LKZTP BGF ;GMZE NT O\TV[F \RKICP
.BZGCF OT Z[Y BKF[ ,FZJPF
\RGGMPF ,\KPKRV FTKDKG FRGGMF \ZHTC D[GP BZGCF OT Z[YF[ \GKF
Z[B ,QF[NM \GKSKV \GNGTV \G[TN OEBN GN F[Y { OHKBGDBF EDR
FRKB ,F[TPN ,\KSKV FNGTV OG[ QM[ { \GKRIGZN ,FZGBMN ,\GZG[Y
YZG LB ZCGT BZGCN OEBF QKC Z[YF .ZYKTG NNM \GKRIGZF NT FTKV[P
QGGKM ,KIZMF \GKP[DF \GGXPF N[ QTGXKC ,\BH OT .OEBF N[ GCN LZE
.BZGCF N[ GRGXZ FH OD[
ZHGT Z[B ,WPBP N[ EIB DGS GR[K GPXTC OEB N[ GYCBPC
LG\C ZB[KFN WPBPF GFHG ,\GKRIGZF \D[F \BZYN \GPEY\FC
163 QGYK\ KTXPBM DI | D I C G F N K V \ C

GK\GNGTV NM KM ,ZGMHNG FNCYF EGPKN QPHC ,BZGCF OGKY NT FC[IPF

OHKBGDBF .FBKZCF \ZJP \D[F O[N BNB ,\GEPNR QRKB BZGCF N[
,KF[NM \NTG\ LMC FBGZ BGF Z[BM YZ ,FP=ZCE \G[TN GRN Z[VBP
.OK[TRF OKZCEFP FBRF NCYPG
NB FNKV\N GRB OKYGYH ,OHKBGDBF EDR NGTVN IGMF \NCY O[N
FEKIKF FZ[KF LZEF { BZGCN ZK[KF Z[YF GFH .GRN ZGHTK[ ,BZGCF
NKI\P OEBF .Z\GK ZGZCG Z\GK CKXK FDZEFC F[TRG LNGF FH Z[Y .GKNB
OKCXPF NM GKNB OKIN[R FP O[N QKCFNG ,GC [IZ\P FP [KDZFN
OKCXPF OK[TR HB .\G[TN GKNT FP QKCFN NKI\P BGF ,ZPGNM .GNNF
.FBCF FDZEPF \D[FN "FXVYP" QKTPN GNNF
OZJ[ ,OEB N[ G\RKICP OKKY "EGS" ?"EGSF \ZG\" KFPG "EGS" GFP
NDGSP EGSF \B \GNDN .GKCDN EGS FH QKB CG[ ,FNKD[ KPG G\GB FNKD
CKKI FC FEGYRF NT TKCXFN BKF FZGPF N[ G\PK[PG ,ECNC GPXT OEBF
.OK[GVKIN G\GB QCZENG ,GKXPBP \B O[KKN EKPN\F
LKK[ Z[B ,K[KB ZCE GFHG NKBGF ,FPXT FTKDKF \B EGEPN Q\KR BN
,[KDZFN NDGSP GRKB OEB KZF { \G[DZ ZB\N GR\NGMKC QKBG ,[DZF OGI\N
,\KJSKBGDB FNGTV GRF GRPNGTC WPBP NM ,NNMCG .G\NGH [KDZP[ FP
FH GK\GDGRT\ \B OEBF UKNIP ,OKKJSKBGDBF GKMZX LG\P YZ KZF[
OKRG[ "OK[GCN" [CGNF ,ZGB N[ ZKTH WGXKR ZIB KVGSRKB WGZPC ,FHC
.FHF ONGTC[
"KRBF" EDR FP ZCE \G[TN FSRP OEB Z[BM ?FNCYF KVN FTKDK KFPG
,KZ[VB ZCE NM FSKR[ ZIBN ,HBG .\BH \G[TN NDGSP GRKB BGF ,GN[
YZ ,FNI\FF \EGYRP HGHN GNKVB ,FPGBP \G[TN NDGSP GRKB KM FBGZG
GH FNKV\G .GKNB \K\KPB FNKV\ GRKKFE ,BZGCN F[KZE GMG\C \ZXGR HB
.\K\KPBF FTKDKF BKF BKF
GRKB GPXT OEBFG ,OHKBGDBF QP GR\GB BKXGFN NGMK GECN BZGCF
[GNY GNG ,KGMKS EGT Z\GR KM ,OEBN FPER QKKET OB .\BH \G[TN NDGSP
FXKP OZJ BGF[ KGMKS ,GPXT \GIGMC \KRIGZF \B DK[K[ LMN ,Z\GKC
\BXGKF ,\K\KPB FYTH YGTHN GN Z[VBK BN GN[ OHKBGDBF ,G\TEN
ET ,BZGCF KESIN TRMKK BN OHKBGDBF .FZHTN FYTH { G\P[R KYPTP
FKNB \BXN KMG ,\PM BGF \GKRIGZN FBKXK BNN KM ,OEBF IMGGK Z[B
.BZGCF \ZHTC YZ NMGK BGF
 LZEN FRMF 164

[BZP \GVXN \GZ[VB QBM QKB QM[ ,\ZIB LZE UBN FPGE FRKB GH LZE
\KND\ GPM ,\JNIGP FM[I LG\N ETX GPM BKF .FBCF FTGR\F \B
LPS NT OKBCF OKETXF \B \GRCN Q\KR BN ,ETXG ETX NMC ,LM .F[EI
\NKN[ KEK NT BNG ,GNM[ KVN LNGF OEB FKF \ZIB .OEGYF QGKSKRF
.\TEFP FNTPN BKF[ ,BZGCC FRGPBC \GYCEG NM[F
,YGECN NMGR \BH ?QGMR FRGGKM OBFG ,\K\KPB BKF KF[NM FTKDK OBF
F[GI\ NM[ ,\TEN [K .BZGCF NB GRK\GC[IPC QPHF NM ZGHIR[ LMC YZ
,OKNG[MP GRN Q\GR BGF .GRGXZ GFH[ QGGKMP ,BZGCF KEKC \IN[R F[EI
CXPF EIBG EIB NM NXB .FH TDZC OFKNT ZCD\FN NMGR[ GHM FEKPC
BGF ,GKNB TKDFN OKNDGSP GRB[ EKIKF ZCEF .FBGG[FN Q\KR BNG FRG[
CKGBF \B \GBZN OKNGMK GRB LMC .GRN[ OHKBGDBF \ZMF ,"TZF \ZMF"
LB ,KNNM BGF FH CN[ .IGZ \GRIJC OINKFN BNG ,OKRV NGP NB OKRV
.EIBG EIB NM NXB \GRG[ QF \G[GI\F
[K[ LZEF LZGB QKCN OHKBGDBF \PXGT QKC ZK[K Z[Y QKB
O\KKNT QTPN OKEPGNG ,FXGCY F\GBC OKECGTF ,OK[RB GNKVB .ZGCTN
KR[F NXB ,OKNED OF EIBF NXB :OKFH ORKB OFK\GRGXZ { \K[KBF
ZCE \G[TN Q\KR BNG ,OK\IGV UB OF K[KN[CG KGRK[ BNN OKZB[R
[YCN GPXT OEBF NGMK FC[ FEKPC KGN\ NMF .\KRGXKI \GCZT\FC
[KDZP OHKBGDBF[ OG[P ,LM \G[TN EBP F[Y LB ,BZGCFP FZHT
.FNV[F GH F[YCC
,KNMN ZGBF \SKRM BNN ,BZGCF \ZHT BNN .\ZIB LZE QKB \BH OT
NCYN QGXZ BGF { ZGBF \GRGM\ BNN KNM .KJSKBGZJNB LGVFK BN KNMF
FTGR\ OG[ TXCN NDGSP GRKB BGFG ,QKJGNIN KJSKBGDB DGRT\G FBRF
.\GKRIGZC
HB YZ ,GCXPP BXGP QKB KM IMGGKG ,OKMZEF NM \B OEBF FSRK Z[BM
CXPN TKDFN KEM .FZHT NM NCYN QMGP FKFK BGFG TRMKK GN[ OHKBGDBF
NT F\GNTFNG ,\GKRIGZF \B GPXT KRKTC NKEDFN QPHF NM OEBF NT ,FHM
BKXGFN FRGGMC ZPGNM ,FNKI\ \KJSKBGDB FZJPC GNKVBG ,\GKP[DF KRV
.KF[NM \NTG\ \GKRIGZFP
.F\T \TN GR\G[ZN EPGT Z[B ,ONGTF N[ GKNMC [P\[FN GRKNT
\GTKKSPF OKMZEC [P\[R ,\IVKG LNK KJSKBGDBF QGXZF[M ,QM KZIB
ZIBG ,EGCMN FVKB[ GRN FKF\ WKZP\M .FNCY EGPKNN QGXZF NT ZGP[N
165 QGYK\ KTXPBM DI | D I C G F N K V \ C

.BZGCF \B \GBZN :EKIKG EIB QGXZ GRN ZB[KK Z[B ET ,QGJN[N LM

ZCM FH KZIB .BZGCF QTPN GF[P \G[TN Z\GK CG[I GRN FKFK QM KZIB
KM ,FRGPBFG FTKEKF QM[ ,BZGCF QTPN GF[P \K[T OB CG[I FKFK BN
.DGRT\N FRKKF\ ,GRTPN FP=ZCE \K[T
BZGCF KM ,ZGMHN GRKNT .GRKEKC Z[B OKTXPBCG \GIGMC NHNHN GRN NB
.OKBXPR GRB GC ONGTF \GTXPBC ,GRKNT TKV[P
 LZEN FRMF 166

"DICG FNKV\C"
\GCG[\G \GNB[

FNCYF KV NT \GGXPFG FZG\F

?OEBF \ZJPN \GGXP N[ Z[YF FP
ZVSP QMN .\GKRIGZF \GDZEF N[ QFK\GRGM\ ZPGNM ,OKYGI QF \GGXP
\GDZEF ZVSP NT EKTP (7) ONGTF \GPGBNG (613) NBZ[KN GR\KR[ \GGXPF
JNIGP YG\KRP ;UGS=QKBF ONGT ET GRN[ ONGTFP (620) \GKRIGZF
.GC GRK\GRGM\ N[ FBNP \GYCEN ETG ,BZGCFP
KNMN BKF FRGGMFG ,"FP[R KNC UGD GPM FRGGM KNC FGGXP" :ZPBR
\GGXPF \ZKP[ QMN .BZGCF { KRIGZ ZGB \[DZFN ,KRIGZ KJSKBGZJNB
.FPN[ \KRIGZ \GNKTV FGGFP FRKB JNIFC LB ,EGBP FKGXZ CIZF NFYC
OD ,\GRYG\P \GKPKRV \GRGGM \ZHTC YZG LB NGTVN Q\KR KRIGZF ONGTC
.\KSKV \KRVGD \GNKTV OG[ BNN
NM[ LM ,\GKRIGZG \GKP[D \GNGTV CN[N BKF OEBF \ZJP[ BNB
OEBF ,LM G\G[TC .\GKP[DF \GNGTVC GNNMK \GKRIGZF \GDZEF 620
QMNG .UGS=QKBF ONGT ET GRN[ ONGTFP ,\GPNGTF NM \B GMG\C CN[P
."QGYK\F ZPD" \BZYR GHF \KRIGZF FDZEF
\B \EPNP BKF[ ,LMC QGPJ FNCYF \PMGI N[ K\GTP[PF KRG[F
FVKSGP FNCYF .\GGXPF TGXKC \TC FRGMR FRGGM GMG\C ZGXKN EXKM OEB
BNG \NNG[ FRKB QVGBG OKRV OG[C NCB ,KRMP TGXKCN \KRIGZ FRGGM
NB UIZN GRBKCFN BN BKF FBKZCF \ZJP .KRMP \GGXP TGXKC \Z\GS
,GRN[ ONGTF \GTXPBC \Z[VBPF ,LZE GRN BKXPFN BNB ,KRIGZF ONGTF
KEK NT ,GRPNGTCG OFC NKCYPC BXPKFNG ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \B [GIN
.GRN[ \GKRMKPF \GNGTVF NMN KRIGZ EPKP \VSGF

?\GGXP N[ BNP OGKY GFP

\GRGM\F \ZHTC FKNT ,[ZG[C FPGKY GTP[P ,FGGXP N[ BNP OGKY
.\KRIGZF FRGM\F ,"FGGXP"F FEZK FRPP FDZE F\GBN ,\GRYG\PF
NMP QYGZ\FN LKZX FP[R N[ KNM[ ,FTP[P \KRIGZF FDZEN FKNTF
F[EI \KRIGZ FDZEP N[ F\NKI\ .[EI KGNKP NCYN KEM ,OEGYF GKGNKP
167 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | D I C G F N K V \ C

QG\I\ N[ Z\M[ FCKSFP ,\KIZMF ZCTFP \GRYGZ\FF .ZGCKT \NGTVC

.LVFNG "KRB"N "QKB"P ZCTPC ,QGKNT N[ \GMNP \GKFN LVGF
N[ \GBKXPFP \GY\GRPG QGKDF \GNGJR GRN \GBZR[ ,\GGXP \GPKKY TGEP
?GRKPK
OKZCEF NM \B QGC[IC BKCFN NGMK GRKBG NCDGP GRN[ QGKDKFF
FBKCP OKKRIGZF OKYGIF N[ FRCFF KB .FBKZCF \MZTPC OKZ[YFG
,FXGIR BNG \Z\GKP NGMKCM ,\PKGSP "\KP[D" FGGXP[ CG[IN GR\GB
\KZC SYJC GNKVBG QKNKV\ \IRF ,\GNKV\C ZCGEP Z[BM EIGKPC
.FNKPF
GRN[ ONGTC .GRN[ ONGTN BNG ,KRIGZF ONGTN OKSIKK\P OKYGIF NM
TXCN ,FH NNMCG ,KRIGZF ONGTF OT FPB\FC NGTVN OKNE\[P GRB
,KRIGZF ONGTF \B DK[R[ KEM ,GRN FR\KR FZG\F .\KP[D FZGXC \GNGTV
.FBKZCF NM \DFRF \B GRKEKN NGJKRG ,GN[ OKYGIF \B TXCR[
?FZG\ Q\P ZIBN OKR[ \GBP GDFRGF[ ,\GGXP QR[K TGEP
.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF FRCP NT OTN G\T[C ZVKS ,GRCZ F[P NCGYPF
OEBN FRYP FH ZVS ."FZG\"F ZVSM OKZKMP GRB ,OFN ZSP Z[B \B
ECNC GRN[ ONGTF \G[DZFC BXPR OEB Z[BM ,\IBF :\GKGZ[VB K\[
BNC ,GKNB L[GP BGF FH CXPC .FNCYF \PMGI EIGKPCG ,FZG\ EPGNG
\GZ[VBF .G\GB QY\P FDZEFC[ ZGB ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTFP ZGB ,QKTEGK
ONGTF NB GN[ \G[GI\C SRMR ZCM OEBF Z[BM ,QMP ZIBN ,FKR[F
FP YGKECG ZGZKCC GN FBZP ,LKZEPN GN \K[TR FNCYF \PMGI ,KRIGZF
.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF N[ FNTVFF \GJK[ NM \BG ,TXCN ZGPB BGF
\GSD \GP[R GRN[ ONGTF NB \GEZGK FR[ OKVNB \[[ LNFPC[ QGGKMP
\PB\GPF FZG\ ,GN[P "ZGB" { "FZG\" ZGE NMN F[GZE ,Z\GKG Z\GK
.ZGE G\GB N[ \GP[RF DGSN
ZXK K\BZC" :CG\MM ,GRN[ OHKBGDBF QGYK\N KTXPBF BKF FZG\F
GDKFRF OKR[ \GBP LNFPC ,OKNCGYP QMN ."QKNC\ FZG\ GN K\BZC ,TZ
ORF { NBZ[K KDFRP" KM GTCYG ,OKYGIG OKDFRP \ZGXC ,\G[EI \GGXP
."OKYGI
OKET GRIRB ,GRN[ ONGTC GF[P TXCN LZGX QKB Z[BM ,\BH OT
N[PN LM .\GGXP TXCN GR\NGMK NT FMN[F OFN[ ,OKPKKGSP OKTGZKBN
OFK\GCYTC Z[B ,OKZIB \GRGSBG \GKGND ,[EYPF \KC QCZGI G[IZ\F
 LZEN FRMF 168

GB [EYPF \KCN \GZG[Y[ ,\GCZ \GGXP \KSKV TXCN \GZ[VBF FNJGC

.FPEBF \[GEYN
?QGHPF \MZC ,N[PN ?FNCYF \RKICP \GMZCG \GNKV\ QFP
GBKCF[ ,OKNCGYP ,OKBR\ N[ FNGED FXGCY NT ZVGSP EGPN\C
GMZT ,ZFRF \ED NT GC[K\F FKGGNFF ZIBN .OFN[ FZGPF \B FZGCYN
\B LZCN OKNGMK ORKB[ ,GNKD T\VNG ,INP OT OIN ZMKM N[ FEGTS
GH FMZC EGPNN GIKNXF BN OF ,OZTXN .OFN[ FZGPF BNN QGHPF \MZC
?"QGHPF \MZC" ,BGVKB ,KFP .OZGPP
KEEF EGCM OKKY Z[BM ,BZGCF NKC[C DGRT\ \NCY BKF QGHPF \MZC
GNCYN LKZX ,DGRT\ NCYPF OEB .(BZGCF) \KCF NTCN (OEBF) IZGBF QKC
FEKPC .\KRIGZ FDZEPN FNGT BGF LM KEK NT .BZGCN FRK\R N[ FRGGM LG\P
,\KCF NTCN GCN OK[N KNCP ,FRFRG ,GHF FRGGMF \B QGC[IC BKCP GRKBG
."QGHPF \MZC" \BZYR ,\BHF \KRIGZF FNGTVF .GRN[ FPZC ZB[R BGF
?QGHPF \MZC \B LZCP F\B FC[ ,FRGGMF BKF ZYKTF ,ZPGNM
KNC UGDM FRGGM KNC FGGXP" KM CG\M FZG\C .QGHPF \MZCC YZ BN
,BZGCF OT KEEF Z[YN FRGGM BNN FGGXP NMG FNGTV NM[ G[GZKV ."FP[R
OT .KRIGZ KGNKP NGJR ,\P UGD ,FP[R BNN UGDN FNG[P ,\KEEF FRK\RN
ET .FRMFF \VGY\ KFGH[ KRVP ,CG[I { GHM FPZC GNKVB \GGXP OGKY ,\BH
.GHM FZGXC \GGXPF \B OKKYP BGF ,KRIGZ ONGTN BXGK BN OEB Z[B
?OK\G[[ KRVN "OKKIN" ZPGN DGFR TGEP
GRB[ [KDEFN KEM ."OKKIF ZGB" OD FRGMPF ,FPMGI ZGB NPSP QKK
QTPN FKFK GRKNB BCF ZGBF[ KEMG ,LSPF \GTXPBC FH ZGB OKNCYP
BN[ KEM OD ,\BH OK[GT GRB ."OKKIN" OKZPGB GRB ,OKKRIGZF OKKIF
,OKRYG\P K\NC OKNM LG\N FNCY ,GRKKFE ,FRGMR BN ZGB \NCY [IZ\\
.KRIGZ \GGPNG ,ZGBF \GYN\SFN OZGDF ZCE
\GIGM [K BP[ GB ,ECNC BZGCF QGXZ LG\P FZGY ,GRN FZGY[ FP OBF
?OKVSGR
QGKNT IGM YZ [K[ ZPGNM ,"GECNP EGT QKB"[ \RTGJ FZG\F NM
,TCJC OKEDGRP \GIGM QKC YCBPM OKBGZ GRB[ FP NMG .BZGCF { EIB
.KEKIKF DKFRPF BGF BZGCF KM ,BZGCF KEK NT FBKZCF NM \DFRFP TCGR
.EIGKPG EKIK ,EIB BGF BZGCF
169 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | D I C G F N K V \ C

FTE .\GEFKF N[ FEGSKN \EDGRP ,\GKG[ZG \GIGM KGCKZ N[ FSKV\F

YKEXFN FETGR ,OKTZF \GIGMF \B DKFRP BZGCF BN[ ,FSZDC \EEXPF
OKKGVX OKZGPI OK[RGT GNKB ZGZKCC CG\M FZG\C .OEBF N[ GDBF \B
G[IZ\F \GRGSB .FZG\F LZEC LNK BN OB ,BZGCF KEK NT ZICRF OTN
LM .GR\GB ZKFHF BZGCF OTV NMCG ,OTV BN GRN[ FKZGJSKFF LZGBN
EGT ,KR[FG QG[BZF [EYPF \KC N[ SZFF KRPKS NT ZCGEP EGPN\C
TKDFN KEM[ ,CG\M "ZFGHF" ZVSCG FZG\C .NTGVC GZY[ KRVN FCZF
.FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN OKCKKI ,FCGJF LZEC \GPN[N

OKDI
?ISV N[ FEDFC OKRCF \TCZB OKNPSP FP
;FRKC { T[Z ;FPMGI { OMI :FBKZCF KCN[ \TCZB OF OKRCF \TCZB
,QCF NT BYGGE \ZCEP FEDFF NM .\GMNP { NGB[N TEGK GRKB[ GB O\
,FV GN IG\VN GRKKFE ."GN I\V F\BG" :ZPBR[ KVM ,NGB[N TEGK GRKB[
.LSPF BXPR FVC KM

?ZGVKM OGK N[ G\GTP[P KFP

.FPGKSN FTKDP KRIGZF KNMF \KKRC \MBNP GC[ OGKF BGF ZGVKM OGK
KNM .DGRT\F ,BZGCF BGF ZGB ."KNMG ZGB"P \CMZGP \GBKXPF NM
.FR\[P BNG ,\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPR ZGBF .\GMNP ,FP[R ,BZCRF BGF
OEBF \B BKCFN ,GKBZCRN CKJFN BKF ZGBF N[ FEKIKF FRGGMF
.KVGSRKBFG KIXRF DGRT\F \[DZFN
OKBXPR GRB GC[ ,Z\GKC NV[F CXPFP ,KRIGZF KNMF \KKRC LKNF\ NM
ONGTC GKGJKC \B BXGP ,ON[GPFG KIXRF ,Z\GKC QGKNTN ETG ,GK[MT
FC QKB[ ,FP[RF ,GNNF OKPKF \Z[T L[PC .FCG[\F KPK \Z[TC FHF
[BZ N[ QG[BZF OGKFP ,FDZEFC FNKI\P ,NCYN QGXZFP WGI ZCE OG[
FZ[T ZCGT NCYN QGXZF .ZGBF \RGM\ \B [GMZN ZGVKM OGKN ETG FR[F
.FP[RF QGYK\ N[ EGSKF QCB QF[ ,\GZKVS Z[T ,OKKGRK[
\NCYN FRMGPG ,KZPDN \RYG\P FP[RF ,GNNF OKPKF \Z[T ZPDC
FHG ,NCYN QGXZ NM \GNDN ZGSKB NI ,ZGVKM OGK ,KZK[TF OGKC .ZGBF
OGKC .OGXF OGKC \GVSGR \GNCDFCG FK\[F ,FNKMBF ZGSKBC BJC\P
.QGZIBF QGYK\F \B OKPKN[P FHF
 LZEN FRMF 170

QYG\PF KNMF KEK NT ,ZGBF \NCYN FRMFF FNKI\P ZGVKM OGK ZIBN
\GGXP OGKYC \GMGSF KPK \TC[C NTGVN \BXGK ZGBF \NCYG .KZPDN
DI UGSCNG .KNMF LG\N ZGBF \M[PFN KIZMFF ,’GMG DGZ\BF ,CNGNF
QKJGNIN BNPP BZGCF ZGBG ,FHF LKNF\F NM \B O\GI "FZG\ \IP["
\BG ,FZG\F ZGB \B QBM \NPSP FZG\F .LM O[N QMGF[ ,KNMF \B
.BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT ZGBF \NCY G\GTP[P[ { FIP[F
,FNB OKMKZB\C BYGE GBN NTGVN \BXN NGMK FHM QGYK\ ,\GKRIGZC
QGYK\F \B OKRKKXP GRB GRN[ ONGTC LB .LZGXF KVN ZIB QPH NMC BNB
.OKTGCYG OKZEDGP OKMKZB\C

?FZG\F \ZVSP KP NT
OEB [K .EKIKF ,JZVF NT \ZCEP ,NNMF QP BXGK BNN ,FNGM FZG\F
OK[RB ,\GZTKG OKZF ,OKPDB ,OKNIR OKBXPR FHF OEBC ."ONGT" KGZYF
,ONGTF NM BXPR FH OEB LG\C .OKECTG ,OKENKG OK[R ,OKZCD ,OKPTG
\GNTFN OKNGMK YZ GRIRB[ FP NM ,IZKF ,[P[F ,OKCMGMF NM \GCZN
,GN FXGIP ,GRPP WGIG ,BZGCF BZC G\GB YZ .GMG\C BXPR NMF ,GRRGKPEC
.BZGCF YZ OKKY
\[PI \GTXPBC [KDZP BGF[ FP NM ,GMG\C NCYP OEB[ FP NM
YZ NCYP BGF FH NM { [G[KPG OTJ ,IKZ ,FTKP[ ,FKBZ { GN[ OK[GIF
,GR\BP EIBG EIB NM NT FZG\F GRN \ZVSP LM .G\GB CCGS[ BZGCFP
\K[KB FBZGF BKF FZG\F ."EIB OEB NT \ZCEP FZG\F" :CG\M[ KVM
,FZG\C[ GF[P NT OKBZGY[M QMN .BZGCF \B DK[FN LKB ,EIB NMN
\GV\\[PF \GKGPEF NM \B SIKKN ,EIB OEBN G\GB SIKKN EKKP OKCKKI
\GRGM\F QKC OKSIKF QRF GRN[ ONGTC \GKG[IZ\FF NM ,OEBF \GRGM\N
NT GBZCR \GRGM\F FNKI\MNP ZPGNM .\GK\[ZG\F ,\GK[DZ ,\GKNM[F
OK[GCN YZ OR[K !OKZIB QKB KM ,OKZIBP BNG GRPP G[MZRG ,BZGCF KEK
.GR\BP EIB NM NT TKV[P BZGCF OMZE[ ,OK[RB \ZGXC

NBZ[K
?"NBZ[K WZB" \GTP[P KFP
BXPR OD OEBF OB .\GKRIGZN \KPKRV \GYYG\[F GH NBZ[K WZB
FH CXP .FP[RF OT EIB\P GN[ KSKVF UGDF KHB ,NBZ[K WZBC \KSKV
,NBZ[K WZBC \KRIGZ FRKICP BXPR BN OEBF OB ."QGYK\ ZPD" KGZY
171 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | D I C G F N K V \ C

.G\GB \[ZDP BKF ,GHF WZBC CGJ [KDZP BN BGF HB ,\KSKV YZ BNB
FXGZ BN BGF[ KRVP FZGY FHG ,OKKRGXKI OKCKGB GEDR OKPY QPHF NM
OKKRGXKIF OKCKGBF ,KPKRVF QGYK\F \EKPC LB .G\GKPKRV \B QY\N
\KPKRVF FPZC \KRPH GC NGTVN OKMKZX GRIRB .OKEKEKN OKMVFR GN[
Z\GGR BN ,EBP GRN ZYK GF[P OB .(\KP[DF) \KRGXKIF FPZCG (\KRIGZF)
,\KRIGZF NBZ[K WZB \B OKMKZTP BN QKKET GRIRB OBG .\GNYC GKNT
"NBZ[K WZB" FN[ KP[DF KGJKCF \B OD ,F\GB GR[MZ BN EGT[ QGGKMP
.LKZTR BN
FP ,\KP[DF NBZ[K WZB N[ OGYKPF GFP ,NBZ[K \RKEP \GPN[ KFP
?FK\GNGCD
NM[ ZPGNM ,\GKRIGZC[ NBZ[K [GCKM NT GR\TE \B \\N GRKNT
.\GKJSKBGZJNB \GRGGM OT ,BZGCF \JKN[ \I\ OKRYG\P GKFK GRK\GRGXZ
\GRGXZ OKJNG[ GR\P[RC ZPGNM ,"OKKGD" OKC[GK GRK\GRGXZ NMC QKKET
OKZH OKPT { FPEBF \B OKBGZ GRB FKBZ F\GBC ,QCGPMG OKKJSKBGDB
GR\RKEP \GNGCDN WGIPG .NBZK[ WZB \PEB NT NT OKPYP\PG ,OK[CGM
.\EP\P FRMS ,[KDZFN LK[PRG ,OK[KDZP GRIRB ,FMG\C ODG
OKYGIF \TKEK LG\P ,BZGCN FKRVF KEK NT YZG LB TKV[FN Z[VB
NT TKV[R OB YZ ,IJCGP NBZ[K WZBC GRPGKY .OKRGKNTF OKKRIGZF
.\ZIB \GZ[VB OG[ GRN QKB .OKRGKNTF OKKRIGZF \GIGMF
 TEPG \E ,FNCY
\T | ?FR[K OBF { \GEFKN FYKHF | KCKJYKKCGB ZYIPM FNCY
\GNB[ | FPGEY FTE LKZVFN | FRG[ F[KDF | FTKDF FNCYF
\GCG[\G

KCKJYKKCGB ZYIPM FNCY

,\K\EF \ZGSPN FNCY QKC Z[YN FKKJR \PKKY CIZF ZGCKXF CZYC
KGCIF NRGKXZF \BKXPC K[GYP ZCEF TCGR ,OKZYPF \KCZPC .\EN UBG
ODZG\PF K[GY ,FGGXP \EF OFKNT ,OFKRKPN OKZGSKBFG OKDFRPC
,CG[IF LZGXF TCGR QBMP .\EF KVNM \GEDR\FN QKVKYTC GB QKZ[KPC
.\EFG FNCYF QKC \YEYGEP FRICF TGXKCC
\B WKVFG ,BZGCF OT KRIGZ Z[Y GN FKF[ OEB ,BKCR NT \RT[R \E NM
\GND\FP ,FRGKNTF \PBFP NKI\P NMF .FKSGNMGBF CZYC GN[ TEKF
.\ZIB \E NM GB \GEFKF N[ FESKKPN ,BKCRN BZGCF
.EIB NMN FRKPH BKFG ,BZGCF \D[FN FJK[ BKF FNCYF \PMGI
KRIGZ Z[YN ,OKMGG\P BNNG GK\GIGMC TKDFN OEBN \Z[VBP GH FJK[
CN[ GZCT[ LZEF \B GZB\ ,\KRIGZ FD[FN GTKDF[ OK[RB .BZGCF OT
BGF UB NMGK ,FNBF \GKIRFF OG[KKN UGVMC ,OEB NM[ KEM ,CN[ KZIB
BZGCF OT \KRIGZ FD[F NTC OEB N[ KRIGZF Z[YF .GH FD[FN TKDFN
.GN[ K[KBF KGNKDF NT SSC\P
NCB ,FHF ONGTF ZYIC QKZ[KPC \YSGT FRKB ORPB FNCYF \PMGI
EIK \Z[GY FNCYF \PMGI .GRN[ ONGTC OKTEPF NM OK\\[GP FKNT
\NGMK OEBN FRYP FNCYF EGPKN .IGZG ZPGI N[ \GTVG\F NM \B
ONGTF NB OKEZGK[ ,OKRGKNT OKKRIGZ \GIGM N[ KGJKCF \B \GBZN
173 KCKJYKKCGB ZYIPM FNCY | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

,OKKZSGP ,OKKDGNGKC ,OKKPKM ,OKKSKV OKMKNF\G \GTVG\C ,GRN[

OKKY[ FNDP ,QGKNTF ONGTF \B [KDZPF ,NCGYP .OKZIBG OKK\CK[I
OKMKNF\F NM \B EGPNN OKNDGSP GRB QKB[ QGGKMP .EIB KNNM YGI YZ
NM F[TPN LB .OKEZVR OKTEP OKEPGN GRIRB ,EIB NGNMPC FNBF
.TCJF N[ OKPZGDF NMC OKKGN\G OKZG[Y OKTEPF
,FKPGRGZJSB ,FYKSGP \GGFP ,FNCYF N[ F\GBZ \EGYRP ZPGNM
.TCJF N[ EKIK KPKRV YGI N[ KRGXKI KGJKC FBGVZG FYKRMP ,FKDGNGKC
,OKZYIP :TEP NM N[ OKKIZMF ZYIP KCKMZ OR[K FNCYF \PMGIC
.\GECGTF \ZKCXG FYKEC ,\GKCYTG \GKM[PF ,OKKGSKRF \GBXG\ OG[KZ
,OKKI GRIRB FC[ ,\GBKXPF N[ ,OGYKF N[ ZYIC YSGT[ TEP GFH
,GRN[ ONGTF \DZEC ,OGKF .TCJF N[ KNNMF EKIKF YGIF \B ZYGI[
IKRHF YNIF \B YZ ,OGYKF N[ KNNMF YGIF LG\P JGNYN OKNDGSP GRB
."FHF ONGTF" ,"GRN[ ONGTF" KGZY[ ,GN[
OK[RB Z[BM ,FRG[ FZGXC OKCKDP OKIPX KM ,OKRTEPF GNKD FRGZIBC
ZGMHK IPXF { IPXN YHR OZD[ OEB ,N[PN LM .OFKNB OKCZY\P OKRG[
OKKPKRV "OKND" \GTXPBC CKDK BGF ,\KR[ GKNB CZY\K [KBF OBG ,\BH
QVGBCG ,\GRG[ \GZGXC \PKKY ZIBF \[GI\ .QKTN OKKGND ORKB[ ,OKYHI
OEBN Z[VB\ OEBN BZGCF \GND\F .OKKI=KNTCG OKDE CZYC OD KGND
\B OK[KDZPF OKIPXN FPGEC ,G\GB CCGS[ FP \B ,ZIBF \B [GIN
.FTGRX FEKPC OKIPXC \PKKY ,LPXTN WGIP [GIN \NGMKF .\NGHF
\EKPC FKGN\ ,\GVSGR \GNGMKG ,GR\GB CCGSF \B [GIN \NGMKF
.BZCR NMC FKGXPF OHKBGDBF
\B \TCGY[ BKF ,\GRFKN QGXZF \EKP ,GDBF \EKP ,GH FEKP BYGGEG
\NGMKG FTGR\F \NGMK ,\GRGM\F NM[ QBMP .BZCRF \GRGM\G \GNGMK
TCJFPG ,KIF TCJN OPGEF TCJFP OEY\R[ NMM QZGTK[C \GNGT ,FRCFF
.OEBN KIF
OF OKDGPNB .Z\GKC FRJYF FEKPC BJC\P OHKBGDBF ,OPGEF TCJC
BKF[ ,OFN[ OHKBGDB \EKPG ,IPGXN OPGEF TCJF QKC OKKRKC \ZGX
IPGXF TCJ QKC OKKRKC CXP .FNKED \RGM\ OFC \ZXGK ,Z\GK FFGCD
KXKPP QGHKR BGF LB ,UGD GN [K[ ,FKIN FPGE[ IPX BGF ,KIF TCJN
,OKKI \GNKTVN KGJKC OF OKKPKRV OKKGRK[ ."FE[F CNM" KGZYG ,FPEBF
BN[ ,OKJTGP OKMZX \ZZGTP OHKBGDB N[ FMGPR FPZ .FTGR\C LZGXG
\B EKNGP Z\GK FFGCD FPXGTC OHKBGDB .OKKPKRV OKKGRK[ OKCKKIP
 LZEN FRMF 174

CKDFNG NGEDN ,[KZVFNG TGNCN ,\GR\[FN LZGXF \B NNGMF ,IPGXF TCJ

.IPXF NXB QGZMKH \TVGFN NKCGP UBG ,OKKRGXKIF OKBR\N
OKPHKRDZGB N[ EGBP OKCZ OKRKP \TVGFN OZGD ,Z\GK CZ OHKBGDB
\NGMK ,QGZMKH ,OFN[ OHKBGDBF \GI\V\F \EKP KVN ,OFN [K[ ,OKKI
GK\GRGM\C KGJKC KEKN BC[ FP NM .FTGR\ [VGIG \GND\SF ,NM[ ,FEKPN
,KJSKBGDBF QGXZF \EKP N[ FZK[K FENG\ ,BGVKB ,BGF ,QKP NM N[
FNB \GNGMK EKNGPG ,\GZIB GB GNB \GRGM\N OZGD BGF YZ .GC QGPJF
{ \IB FRGM\C YZ GZGYP { GF[NM JYKKCGB QKKVBP[ FP NM .\GZIBG
.GC[ OHKBGDBF \EKP
FEKPC \PKKY ,GPXTN WGIP F[TRF \B [GIN JYKKCGB N[ \NGMKF
,BZGCF \[DZFN TKDFN FZJPF FCXGF GKRVN QM[ ,OEBC Z\GKC FCZ
FH OTJP .BZGCF OT Z[YC EGPTN KEMG ,LM O[N BZCR OEBF BNFG
.OKZIB [GIN \NGMKF ,OKZIB OKKI KNTCC Z[BP Z\GK ,OEBC FI\V\F
FPM KV NKEDFN NGMK BGF G\ZHTC[ ,NM[ [K OEBN ,\BH \NGMKN USGR
\[GI\ \EKP \BG ,G\GB OKCCGSF N[ O\[GI\C \G[KDZF \B FPMG
.GN OKPGEF N[ NCSFG FIP[F
NM[FG ,ZIBF \[DZF \B ,\B[ Z\KC I\VN OEBN Z[VBP NM[F
GRTPN Z[B ,KEKIKF BZCRF BGF OEBF[ ,FTKCYF \B YHIP[ FH BGF
WGIP [GIN KEM ZPGNM ,BZGCF KGNKD LZGXN .BZGCF \GND\F FRMGF
GPXTC I\VN OEB LKZX ,KZPDN Z\SR FNKI\MNP BGF[ ,GF[P LPXTN
,GPXTN WGIP NB [GIN ,BGF[ GPM G\GB CCGSF \B [GIN FBNP \NGMK
.GN[ OKJSKBGDBF OKSZJRKBN Z[Y BNN [GIN
QKCFN NDGSP GRKB [KB EXKM GRN[ OKKIC ,OKZYCN \G[EI ,OKBGZ GRB
OKZ[VBP BN ,OEB NM N[ OKKJSKBGDBF OKSZJRKBF BYGGE .GFTZ \B
,GN OKPGEN ,TCJN OEBF \B OKCZYP BN ,GPXTN WGIP NB [GIN GN
I\VN OEBF NT ,\KCZKP \NTG\ \D[F O[N ,QMN .G\GB OKYKIZP BNB
.ZIBF \B QKCFN \NGMKF \BG ,GN OKPGEF \[GI\ \B GMG\C
\B YZ BN ,GPXTC I\VN CKKI OEBF ,BZGCF \B [GIN NKC[C GNKBG
\NGMKF \ZHTC .GNM[ \B OD I\VN BNB ,GN OKPGEF \B [GIN \NGMKF
NM\SFN ,FPMG FPM KV \BH F[GI\ YHIN OEBF NMGK ,GN[ \KNM[F
\B G[GIC ,YIZ\FN UBG ,\KCKJYKKCGB FZGXC G\GB OKCCGSF NT
\B [GIN OEBF N[ G\NGMK \EKP KVNG .GN[ OHKBGDBFP ,OKCCGSF
175 KCKJYKKCGB ZYIPM FNCY | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

NMMG .BZGCF \B [GIN NKI\K BGF ,GPXT \B YZ BNG G\GB CCGSF

\G[GI\ Q\GB \B ZB\N GKNT F[YK LM ,GK\G[GI\C \MN YKIZK OEBF[
.QFC BNP\P BGF[ ,\GZKCMF
.GRCZ F[P N[ \KRIGZF G\DZEN TKDFN NGMK EIB NM[ ,OKCG\MC ZPBR
\NGMK ,"GPXTN WGIP" [GIN \NGMKF \B GPXT \GIGMC I\KV GRCZ F[P
FZ[VKB[ GH BKFG Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEF \D[FN G\GB FNKCGF[
\ZJP KM ,JV[PF ZPBR FH OTJP .OKRV NB OKRV BZGCF OT "ZCEN" GN
F[T\ BN" ,"LGPM LTZN \CFBG"M BZGCF \[DZFN TKDFN FBKZCF
\GNGMKF ,OEBC \GI\V\FF \GEKP .FPGEMG "LKNT BGR[[ FP LKZCIN
\GDZEP \GKGZY ,Z\GK EGT G\GB [GIN ,GKNB CZY\FN ,BZGCF \B [GIN
FPN OB\FCG ,FDZEFC OKTSGV \G[GRBF NMG OEB NM .\KRIGZ FNKED N[
.BZGCF KEK NT QRMG\[
LG\P[ FZJPC ,NCS \IKN[ KEK NT OEB NM QGGMP BZGCF ,FH NGNSPC
Z[YC QGPJ ,GZGCT Z\GKC CGJF ZCEF KM ,OEBF QKCK ,NCSF ZGYP \ZKYI
OKKIC JNG[[ KP OT ,KIXRF ,Z\GKC YHIF IGMF OT Z[YF GFH .BZGCF OT
.BCF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC OEBF \B FGGNP FH Z[Y .LN[
,OEBF \G[KDZ \GI\V\F N[ FH LKNF\C FNCYF \PMGI N[ FEKYV\
N[ IG\KRC YGKEF \ZCDF FZYKT ,G\GB CCGSF N[ \KCKJYKKCGB FSKV\N
\GBZN OEBN Z[VBP BN[ TCJ ,KPXT TCJM TZF N[ FZMFCG ,TZFG CGJF
.GN[ QJCF \G[GI\N ZSP\FNP G\GB NKCDPG ,GK\GPB ’EN ZCTP
BN ZGCKXF .ZGCKXC NNM \GZMGPG \GRCGP QRKB GNB \GZJP ,ZTXF FCZPN
BN ,FFGCDF FNM[FF QNNMCG ,\KEGPKN \ZDSP OG[C[ \GKF ,Q\GB ZKMP
.F\D[FN \GJK[F QFPG ,FBKZCF N[ \K\KPBF FZJPF KFP ZCSGP
 LZEN FRMF 176

?FR[K OBF { \GEFKN FYKHF

OD LM LG\PG FHF ONGTC GRN[ OKKIF \ZD[N \SIKK\P BN NNM FNCYF
\EPNP FNCYF \PMGI .OF[NM OKDFRP GB OKYGI N[ KP[D OGKY NMN BN
Z[Y\N LKB ,FHF ONGTF \GNGCDN WGIP BXPR[ FP \B \GNDN LKB GR\GB
OKTGZKBF \GFP NT TKV[FN OKNDGSP \GKFNG OKKRIGZF \GIGMF OT
.GRPNGTC \GKG[IZ\FFG
,YPGTN G\GB ZGYIN OKNKI\PG ,QGKNTF ONGTF \[DZFN OKSRMR Z[BM
BXPR[ NCGYP .OKKRIGZ OKYGI 613=P CMZGP QGKNTF ONGTF[ OKNDP
,QGKNTF ONGTC OKKY\FN GRGXZC OB ,GNB OKYGI OKKYK QGKNTF ONGTC
FNCYF \PKKY BN GRN[ ONGTC .GN[ F[GI\F \B EKKP ECBK \ZIB
\GGXPF \ZKP[ .GRN \GRCGP BN QF QMNG FNBF \GKRIGZF \GGXPF 613=N
Q\KR GKNT TKV[FN KM ,QGKNTF ONGTF NT FTKV[P BN GRPNGTC \GK[TPF
\GRGMPF FRK\R \GRGGM ,OKKRIGZ \GPNGTP \GKRIGZ \GRGGM KEK NT YZG LB
."FTV[F"
OKCZ ,ONGSF NTC KVP ["CZF KZGP KN ZSP[ KVM ,1995 \R[ HBP
ONGTF N[ G\RCFG GKGNKDN FVKB[ FDZEFC [KDZFN OKNKI\P GR\BP
GKF[ O[MG .FNCY EGPNN OKNKI\PG ,ONGSF NTC BCKR[ KVM ,QGKNTF
OKMVGF OF LM ,CNC[ FEGYRF \TVGF KRVN FNCYN OKXZPR OKEDR\P
CZYC [K LMN \GK[IGP \GCZ \GBPDGE .FKMPG\G FKYKEXPN FZFPC
.QKPBPF ZGCKXF
HB ZCM .FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN \B OKNCGYP GZSB FR[ OKKVNB KRVN
,B"ZDF O[C BCGP[ KVM) 1991 \R[ GRKKF ,FR[ N[ YGKEC ,GTEK OF
FZG\F \B NKIRFN FKFK ZGSB GRN[ ZGEN ET KM ("ZG\F NGY" ZVSC
\D[FN \KRIGZ FVKB[ OKRGPFF GNCYK FR[ F\GBPG ,OKRGPFN \Z\SRF
.\ZGSPCG \EC \GN\ BNN ,QGKNTF ONGTF

\GK[TP \GGXP
\GNGTVF \GTP[PN \GTEGP BNN ,\GK[TP \GGXP OKKYP OEB OB
OKRGKNT OKYGI D"KZ\ OT OKGSP OGBK\C BXPR QKKET BGF ,TXCP BGF[
ORPGB[ F[NI FPXGTC ZKBP FH ZGBP .ZGBP FNTPNP L[GP QMNG
NT JNIFC \MMGSPG FRKDP LB ,FP[RF \B I\VN KEM FYKVSP FRKB
.GRPNGTC OEBF
177 \GEFKN FYKHF | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

\GTV[F KRVP FP \EKPC \RDGP ,\RHGBP FNKFY ZXGK K\E LGRKI

,EPGN OEBF NCB .’GMG ,\GEKP=\\I[F ,OKPS GPM \GKRSZF \GKRGXKI
\B NKCDP FH ZCE .ON[GPN LGVFK ,\GGXPF N[ K[TP TGXKC KEK NT YZ[
.\KRIGZF G\GI\V\F
.\K\EF \GEFKF CZYC FNCYF \RCF KB N[ ZGYP FRKF GH FEGYR
\B KM UB ,FNCYF \PMGI FYKRTP[ LGRKIFP FRG[ K\EF KEGFKF LGRKIF
\PKGSP FZJP QTPN \BHG ,OPXTC OKNCGYP GZXK K\EF KEGFKF LGRKIF
\GEZGK \GNDF ZIBN ,ZGPBM .1995 \R[N ET ,\GNDF \VGY\N ,FZGZCG
.QGYK\N \GRMGPF ,\GP[R GRN[ ONGTN
\PMGI[ BNB .\GNDC OTF OGKY \B Z[VKB \K\EF \GEFKC[ LGRKIF
.\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN YKVSP GRKB GECN BGF[ ,\TCGY FNCYF
FP \GTXPBC \GRGXZ QGYK\ F[GZKV ,\KRIGZ FPZC "\GGXP" \ZKP[
\TXC\P OEBF N[ \K\KPB ,\KRIGZ FEGCT NM ."LSP" FNCYC BZYR[
OEBF N[ KSKVF UGDF OT QGYK\F LNFPC FZGY[ FPG .GK\GRGXZC ,GCNC
.NNM \GTP[P GN GRKB
 LZEN FRMF 178

FTKDF FNCYF \T
ZES KVN \GP[R \GEZGK ,GRN[ ONGTF N[ OGKYF \GR[ KVNB \[[C
BGF[ ONGT ,GRN[ ONGTC OKKSKVF OKVGDF LG\ NB \G[CN\PG OKKGSP
\EKZK N[ YKGEPG ZGZC ZES GR[K .OGYKC Z\GKC F\GIRF FBKZCF \DZE
\GP[RN ETG ,\GKJSKBGDB \GIVF ,Z\GKC \GMHF \GP[RFP :\GP[RF
.Z\GKC \GKJSKBGDBF ,\GCTF
ONGTC QPGKY OXT[ ,I\GVP BN OHKBGDB \GNTC \GP[R GEZK FNKI\
KZIB .KF[NM \KRGXKI FTV[FN \GYGYH BN QFG QGYK\N QFN YKVSP FHF
,\GKIRFG \GBZGF N[ ZVSN GYYHR QRGYK\ LZGXN[ \GP[RF \EZN GNIF QM
.FCG\MF FZG\M OKZKMP GRB G\GB[
NMC ,KRIGZF FVYKF NMC ,FZG\F NM \B GRNCKY[ \BH UB NT ,QMN
FC G[P\[F ,FNCYF \PMGI \GCZN ZPGNM ,FN[ S"EZV KYNI \TCZB
FNTPNP OD GIN[R ,ECC EC .OKRG[ OKRVGBC GZCT[ OKR[F \GBP LNFPC
[EYPF \KC QCZGI OT N[PN LM :\GGXPF \ZKP[N \GR\[P \GCKSR
\KCN \GZG[YF \GGXPF N[ CZ ZVSP N[ OGKYF \GZ[VB FPNTR
.WZBF \[GEYG [EYPF
\GEZGK ,Z\GK NGED QGYK\N \GYGYHF ,Z\GKG Z\GK \GSD \GP[R KM UB
\B QY\N Q\KR BN[ ,LMP TCGR ZCEF .\IV \GGXPF ZVSP ,GRPNGT NB
\GYGYH GNBF \GP[RF .\KP[DF Q\ZGXC \GGXP KGNKPC GNBF \GP[RF
Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C FBZ) FNCYF \PMGI LKZEP ,ZIB LKZEPN
Q\GB N[ KVGS QGYK\ GFH QFN[ QGYK\F[ QGGKMP ,(F"RY \GB ,"\GZKVSF
LZGBN OHKBGDBC Z\GKG Z\GK GTY[ LB ,\GZGFJ Z\GK GKF ZCTC[ \GP[R
FHF ONGTFP FBKXKC OKK\SFN LKZX QGZIBF QGYK\F QMNG ;OKNGDNDF
.KRIGZF ONGTF NB
KGRK[ \ZHTC YZ \KZ[VB KRIGZF ONGTF NB FHF ONGTFP FBKXKG
KGRK[ ,\GKJSKBGZJNBN \GKJSKBGDBP OEBF N[ \GKPKRVF \GRGM\F
.FHF ONGTF ZG[KPC \GNGTV \GTXPBC F[TR BN[ ,[PP TCJ
\B \TCGY FRGGMF YZ :"FP[R BNN UGDM FRGGM BNN FGGXP" ,ZPBR
\PZGD FRKB ,OKKI IGZ FC QKB { FRGGM \NGJR \KP[D FNGTV .FNGTVF
.FBXG\ OG[N FBKCP BNG QGKNTF ONTC \KRIGZ FTV[F OG[
179 FTKDF FNCYF \T | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

"OPGE"F \PZC OEBF \B \RY\PG \ZFJP \KP[D \GGXP \ZKP[

,OKYNI FTCZB OKPKKY OEBC OD FBKZCF KYNI NMC GPM .\KRIGZF
QVGBG OKRV OG[C ZGSB .ZCEP ,KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :FKGGF O[N OB\FC
GRKNT FZP[ BKF Z[B GH BKF .GHF \KRIGZ FDZE N[ F\GCK[IC JKTPFN
KCZF ZPB[ KVM LB .BZGCF QGXZ N[ OG[KK BGF OD FPGKY .OTM
ZGJV F\B QKB" :(J"M) "CGJ F[TG TZP ZGS" GZVSC CG[JKEKHP
."FZG\F \GKPKRVP
ZVS ,FN[ Z\SRF YNIF NCB FBGNPC FZG\F \B GRNCKY ORPB
.OKRGZIBF \GZGEC YZ FND\F ,EGPN\F \VGY\C C\MR[ ODF ,"ZFGHF"
BNN OSZV\F \GK[TP \GGXP \ZKP[ LZGXN KIZMF FKF[ ,EGPN\F
,OKRGPFF CZYC GC KIZMF LZGXF ZETF NNDC ,"ZFGHF" ZVS GNKBG KGIKE
.G\GNDN \TF FTKDF[ GJKNIF[ ET ,OPXT OKNCGYPF KEK NT Z\SGF
[GZE ,ZIB DGSP ,\G[EI \GP[R GRN[ ONGTF NB \GEZGK ZGE NMC[ QGGKMP
NB ING[ BZGCF ZGE NMC .\GP[RF QGYK\N KEGIK "LKZEP" ZGE NM ZGCT
O\GBXPKFG KRIGZF ONGTF \B O\D[FC[ OKNCGYP FPM GRN[ ONGTF
LZGXN OKKIZMFF OKBR\F \B OKZXGK ,FHF ONGTC ,KSKV IZGBC ,NKCYPC
.ZGEF \GP[R QGYK\
FBPF KNCGYP NGED ,[GEYF K"ZBF N[ G\P[R \EKZKN FCKSF \BH
\GR[ZVF \B GRRPHN C\M[ NCGYPF BGF .GRN[ ONGTF NB ,FZ[T [[F
QCGP QVGBC FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNN CIZ SKSC YXK LMCG ,"ZFGHF" ZVSN
(1630 { 1565 ,DBZVP WKCGZGF KGNF GFKT[K) F"N[F CZF .EIB NMN ZGZCG
LZT \GG[ O\TVGF[ K"ZBF KZVS NT ZPB [GEYF F"N[F O[C TGEKF
.NBZ[K OTN FZG\ Q\PN
:"FPIF ZGB" GZVSC C\GM KBNGHB KMEZP QC OFZCB CZF
KGNDC \PBF \PMIC GYST\K BN[ FNTPN ZHDR[ FP KM CG\M K\BXPG
FZKHDF FZ\GFG |...~ LNKBG O[PG ,Q"ZF \R[ OKN[\ ET CGXY QPHN FKF
QP FGXP FZKXKN ["F \R[PG .ZFGHF ZVSC YST\FN FRG\R \G[ZFG
EK\T FH \GMHC[ ZIBG |...~ OKRJYG OKNGED OKCZC GYST\K[ ZICGPF
.N[Z\FN KGBZ QKB ZIB \GMHC BNG IK[PF LNP BCN

NMGK EIB NM BN[ KEM F\[TR ,FNTPNP FNCYF \PMGI \Z\SF ZPGNM
FZKVSN 5250) Q"ZF \R[ ET ZEDGP QPH YZVN FZ\SF GH F\KFG ,FC YGSTN
Z\GPG NJC FZ\SFF GX FBNFG (1490) GHF FR[FP NIF NCB ,(\KZCTF
FZKVSN 5300) ["F \R[P NIFG ."ZFGHF" ZVS \B EGPNN EIB NMN
 LZEN FRMF 180

YZ[ QGGKMP ,FNCYF \PMGI \B GEPNK OKRGPFF BYGGE[ WNPGP (\KZCTF

."IK[PF" ZGB TKDK ZIB GF[PP FBXG\M BNG ,LMP FBXG\M
EGPKNF N[ LZTF JGTKP YZ[ ,OTV BN OKZKMHP GPXT "ZFGHF" ZVSC
OKRGZIBF \GZGEF N[G GRN[ NCSF NMN OZGDF BGF ,GRKRKTC ,FH ZVSC
QKB[ ,LMP TCGR GRN[ NCSF NM ZCE N[ G\KPBN LB .\KRIGZF \GNDNG
LZEC OKMNGF QMNGG ,FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC GRPXT \B OKRY\P GRB
.OKZGSK
NM \BG NBZ[K OT \B QGYK\F ZPDN BKCFN BKF BZGCF \ZJP
NM \B BZC BZGCF .OEBF \P[R QF GKEIK[ \GP[RF NM \B ,\G[GRBF
BXPR[ FP NM .QGYK\F \BZYN GR\GB UIGE GRTCJ OXT[ ,LM FBKZCF
\IB FZJP O[N \PKKGSP FZGXC QPHN QPHP I\V\PG BZCR ,GRCKCS
.BZGCF OT BNP EGIKBNG QGYK\F ZPDN GR\GB BKCFN { FEKIKG
FRGGM BNN ,TZ GB CGJ ,NGED GB QJY ,ZCE [IZ\P BN FHF ONGTC
BN ZCE .GH FZJPN ZXGR BZGCF ZXK[ FP NM .FBKZCF \ZJPN CZY\FN
GC[ TCJF \GRGM\ QGGDP[ ,LM BZGCF BZC OEBF \B .BG[N BZCR
\GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F \ZPF { FZJPF \BZYN UZF BNN G\GB \GVIGE
.\GKJSKBGZJNB \GRGM\C GN[
,FHF ONGTC G\P[R N[ OKR[RG OKZHGI OKNGDNKDG OKCZ \GZGE L[PC
GRKB OEBF .\KIXRF FP[RC ZCXR FHF NCSF .OKZGSKG NCS OEBF ZCGX
EGPN\C NCS .FHF ONGTC OKNGDNDF LNFPC FHF NCSF \ZKCXC [I
BPDGEN LM :OEBF N[ QJY KMF GRGXZN FZK\SC BXPR[ ZCE NMM ,ZEDGP
\BH OGYPCG OKNY[ FZ[T N[ ZJ[ GSKMP BKXGFN FXGZ OEBF OB
.NCS KGZY FH UB { OKZ[T N[ ZJ[ BKXGP
FEKPF N[ F\GND\F .FPN[ FEKP BNPP[ ET ,ZCJXP NCSF NM
OHKBGDBF NGJKC LKNF\C GN \TKKSPG ,OKKRKTF \B GN \IYGV ,OEBN
KM ,FBNPF FZMFN TKDP OEBF GC CXP BKF ,TZF \ZMF .NCS GN OZGD[
KEM KMG ,NCGS BGF GNNDC YZG ,NCYN \GXZN G\GB IKZMP OHKBGDBF YZ
.OHKBGDBF \B NJCN GKNT { FH NCS GPXTP TGRPN
.\KTCJ \GI\V\F LZE BKF OKCZ \GZGE L[PC \K\DZEF NCS \ZKCX
LZGXF \EKPCG OEBF \B NKCGK[ FZJPC ,BZGCF KEK NT ZXGR GPXT TCJF
.Q[GPKP KBP TCGRF NCSF \B [GIN QFG \GVKB[ I\VN QF ,GC YIEK
GK\GRGXZ \B BNPN NDGSP GRKB OEBF OTV UB[ ,GHM FZGXC ZXGR TCJF
181 FTKDF FNCYF \T | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

\B NCYP BGF Z[BM ODG .\GRYKZG NCS N[ CXPC BXPR EKP\ QMNG ,BGF
Q\KR KJSKNJKVYF QEKTC .Z\GK NCYN QGXZF GC ZZGT\P EKKP ,G[YGCP
OKCKXPG Z\GKG Z\GK F[Y OKECGT[ ,OKZK[TN \GCZ \GBPDGE \GBZN
OK[RBF NXB QGZSKIF \[DZF .Z\GK \GFGCD \GVKB[G \GZJP OPXTN
QKB[ FNB N[ ONCSP Z\GK CZ NCSC FGGNPG Z\GK FCZF FYHI GNNF
.ZCE O\G[ZC
QKCFN \GRPEHF OEBN YKRTFN KEM .\CBGMG FMGZB OKZGSKF LZE
\JK[ FI\GV ,OHKBGDBC QGPJF TGZF \B \GNDNG G\DZE NV[ \B NYRC
.\KVGSRKB FBRF ,QGKNT DGRT\ NCYN { "NCYN" FNKPFP FNCY .FNCYF
GKNB[ ,KVGSRKB DRGT NCYN Q\KR FZGX FHKBC ,OEBF \B \EPNP FNCYF
.OK[P KNC UBG[ BGF
\PMGI \JK[ N[ FPG[KG FEGPKN N[ LZEC FBKZCF \ZJP \D[F
UBG ,NCSF \PXGT \B FRKJYP FRKB GH LZE ."FZG\ LZE" \BZYR FNCYF
,BZGCF ZGBC KGNKPF QGZSKI \[DZF BGF NCS .QKJGNIN G\GB \TRGP BN
OKZGSKF O\GBC YGKEC .NCSF LG\P FBRFF \[DZFN KIZMF NCSF QMNG
.KRIGZ DGRT\ ,BZGCF ZGB QMP ZIBN [DZGP OFC BYGGE { GRN[
\B \SIGEG ,\HMZP BKF .FZJPF NB LZEF \B \ZXYP FZG\ LZE
,LZEF F\GB \B ZCGT ORPGB OEBF .\GZIBF \G[GI\F NMG OKZGSKF
FPM LZGBN BNG ,\GZGVS OKR[ LG\ GNKVBG ,Z\GK FFGCD \GZKFPC NCB
.OKNGDND
\MNN GB ,CKGBM OHKBGDBF N[ \K\DZEF FZMFC ,TCJF LZEC \MNN
KFGH ,"KPXTF" N[ G\GFP \B FZG\F N[ FZGBC \GBZNG ,FZG\ LZEC
LKRVN K\\R ,FBZ" :ZPBR[ KVM ,OEBF N[ FZKICF [VGI N[ G\KXP\
KZF ".OKKIC \ZICG...TZF \BG \GPF \BG CGJF \BG OKKIF \B OGKF
OKNPC FRGGMF ,BGVKB ,KFP .KI BGFG ,BZCR ZCM[ OEBN ZPBR FH ZCE
?\GGPC BNG OKKIC ZGICN TRM[N LKZX KP \BG ?"OKKIC \ZICG"
ZGICN GRN UKETG ,OGKY \GKGZ[VB K\[ GRN [K[ ,BGF K\KPBF [GZKVF
YZ BN \GIV \CBGM GH LZE .FZG\F LZE ,\GIV \CBGMF ,FZXYF LZEC
NT OKZCGTF OKZGSKF UB NT[ OG[P OD BNB ,Z\GK FZXY BKF[ OG[P
FYK\PP ,GHF \GTEGPFG .O\GB ZCGT BGF FP O[N TEGK BGF ,OEBF
KEM IG\KR ZGCTN OKMSP[ ,FNGIN FPGE ZCEF .OKZGSKF \B \RHBPG
.GKKI \B NKXFN
 LZEN FRMF 182

FRG[ F[KDF
TCJC WGTR ,FNCY KEGPKNN KCPGV Z\KF \\N \GEFKF N[ FSGSKF
FSSC\FG ,K\GND QGZ\KV F\GGKF \EF :\EFG FNCYF \PMGI N[ EDGRP
FNCYF \PMGI GNKBG ,BCF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC "IKNXFN" FVKB[ NT
QTPN FRK\RF ,"FTV[F"F TCJ { QKJGNIN ZIB TCJ \[KMZ \EPNP
.BZGCF
QGIJKCG \K[VR \GIGR \[GI\ GN FYKRTP ,OEBF \B FTKDZP \EF
\NB[G ,FNCYF \PMGIN YYHR BN OEBF ,LMP FBXG\M .FID[FF KPIZC
.\YIEGP OKKIF \GTP[P
\GNGTV F[T OTF .OKR[ KVNB L[PC GRPT NT \EF FZP[ ,EIB EXP
FZCI GH F\KF ,KR[ EXP .FEIMFP NXKR LMG ,\GPKKGSP \GK\XGCY
FNB NM QMN .FMG\N OKKGRK[ FSKRMP GB \I\V\P FRKB[ ,FZGP[
BN QKKET[ FNBG ,FNCYF \PMGI ZCTN OKCZY\P ,\KRIGZ OKI\V\P[
KP[D QVGBC ,\GNCGYP \GGXP \ZKP[ \ZDSPC OKBXPR ,GI\V\F
.ECNC
LZE \B GTCY ,QKZEFRSFG FNGEDF \SRMF KPMI ,OPXT OKNCGYPF
OF FR[ OKKVNB KRVN .GRGKCX \ZKP[N KTXPBMG OTF \GI\V\FN \EF
LZGBNG \GNDF \VGY\N OTF NM N[ \GI\V\FF LZE \B GRRM\G GZKEDF
L[PN FNCYF EGPKN NT OKZGSKB GNKJF LM LG\CG ,EK\TC OKR[ KVNB
.\GNDF \VGY\
GH FEGYRCG ,FBG[F KZIB NBZ[K WZBN OTF ZHI ,\GNDF OKK\SFC
,\TC GCG NBZ[K WZBN "\KVZDGBKD" FCK[ :FRGZIBF FVGY\F FNKI\F
NBZ[K WZB NB FZHI ,GRN[ ONGTC GN[ URTFG KRIGZF [ZG[N OB\FC
.\KRIGZF
GTCY[ ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ EGPKNF NT GRKPKC[ OKZGSKBF NM QBMP
QKKET ,FR[KF F[KDC ,ZGSKBC OKEEXPF FNB .OPXT OKNCGYPF O\T[C
.GRKPKC OK[IZ\P[ Z\GKC OKK\GFP OKKGRK[N OKTEGP ORKB
\PKKGSP \KRMG\ KVN ONGTF \ID[F NM FNFR\F QGZIBF QPHF ET
FMG\C \CN[P FRGKNTF FID[FF ,GRN[ ZGEFP NIFG ,FNTPNP
QM KRVN OB ,ZPGNM .OKMKNF\F NMC ,GRN[ ,\TEGP ,FNKTV \GV\\[F
LKNF\C FNKCSG \KJPGJGB FZGXC NNMR[ GF[P NBM ,GRKVNM SIKF FKF
183 FRG[ F[KDF | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

LKNF\F OGKSC NKTV YNI \IYN OKCKKI GRPXT GRIRB OGKM ,\GI\V\FF
IKZMK BZGCF IGM ,\KRIGZ FKNTC LZGX OK[KDZP BN GRIRB OBG .FHF
GR\GB IKZMP[ ,YGIF KZF[ .OKZGSKG NCS \GTXPBC ,LMN GR\GB
LM ZIB YZG ,GRKVNM NM OEGY UY\ ,FBKZCF HMZP ZCT NB OEY\FN
[BZCG ,WZBF ZGEMC FJY[ FRKV ZB[K\ BN QMN .OKZIBF OKPTF KVNM
.OGYP OG[C \GIGRC G[KDZK BN ,OKEGFKF ,FRG[BZG
,\KRIGZF FID[FC NKTV QVGBC GV\\[K[ OKRG[BZF \GKFN GRKNT
WIGN BZGCF OKZGSKG NCS \GTXPBC .OKZIB OKPT GV\\[K GRKZIBG
\B QKCFN NDGSP GRKB QKKET BGF ,NCGS OEB Z[BM ,FNKI\C .GRKNT
\B ,\GCKSF \B QKCFN NKI\P OEBF NCSF L[P\F OT .LMN \GCKSF
TRPKFN KEM \G[TN LKZX FP TEGK ZCM BGF FH CN[C .NCSF ZGYP
.CBMP
 LZEN FRMF 184

FPGEY FTE LKZVFN

\ZJP \B DK[FN KEM BZCR NMF :BG[N BZCR BN ONGTC ZCE OG[
FC QKBG FBNPG ,FPN[ \K\KPBF G\ZGXC ONGTF \RGP\ NM .FBKZCF
.FC[IP BNG ZCEPG KI IPGX OPGE BN ,FNGTV BN :Z\GKP ZCE
OK[PPP OF LMN NKCYPC .YGSTN OKZGPB OF[ FPC OKYSGT ONGM
OKEKIK .TEGPC BN[ \BH F[GT TKZMPF CGZFG ,FBKZCF \KRMG\ \B
OFK\GNGTV QKC \K[VGI FZKIC G[T[ ZIBN ,TEGPC \BH OK[GT
FPK[PF .\GRGZIBF \CGJN GTKZMFG \GKJSKBGZJNBN \GKJSKBGDBF
,FBKZCF \KRMG\ OT FPMSF NNMN TKDFN BKF OEBF NT \NJGPF
,FDZEFC TKDK EIB NM FHN .K[VGIF GRGXZPG TEGP QVGBC F\GB BNPNG
.G\P[R KNGDND LZGBN
\GP[RF KCGNK[N ,GRN[ OKPEGYF OKNGDNDN OKTEGP GRKKF GNKB
LKZX FP GRPXTC JKNIFNG CG[IN OKNDGSP GRKKF ,O\YGNING OKKZ[VBF
OKYNI GNKB OTG SIK FHKBC ,\KNNMF FP[RF KYNI N[ CGNK[F \GKFN
.FZGY[ FP NMN FCKSF FP \TEN OKIMGR GRKKFG ,O\GB QY\N KEM OCN[N
.\KYNI GB FBNP FZGXC GHF \NNGMF FRGP\F \B OKBGZ OKNCGYP
.\GP[RF \ZGX \B ZGZKCC ZKCSP "OKNGDNDF ZT[" GZVSC ,K"ZBF
UB BNB ,QRGYK\G \GP[RF KNGDND N[ FRGP\F NM \B FBZ[ YZ BN
KB[Z OEB OB TGCYN Q\KR GKVN ,EKIKF QPKSF .FZB\N \G[Z NCKY
KEGPKN .GC[ K\KPBF QGXZF ,\KRIGZ G\VKB[ BGF FNCYF \PMGI EGPNN
UBG ,OFKRKPN OKV[M K[TP \KK[T O[N OEBN GETGR BN FNCYF \PMGI
\GI\V\FN OEBF \B LG[PN GETGR OF .OMIN ,NGED CZN LGVFN KEM BN
OKXPBPF \BXG\ .F[Y FEGCT LG\ ,OKKRIGZ \GPNGT \D[FNG ,\KRIGZ
FTV[FN GN[ \GVKB[F NM \B EIKKN OEBF N[ G\NGMK \EKPC ,QICK\
.BZGCN
,QGKNTF ZGBF \NCYN FRTKKS\[ ,\GKRIGZ \GNGTV TXCN [K ZPGNM
OEBF :FKTCC ZG[Y ZCEF NCB ."BZGCF \GGXP" \GKGZY[ \GNGTV
.GZGCT \K[KB FZGP\ GCKRK G\TE KVN[ ,\GNGTV Q\GB \B YZ TXCN NDGSP
IKRK BN ,GN[ OKXPBPF ZGCTC FZGP\ NCYK[ ,IGJC FKFK BN BGF OBG
.Z\GKC KZTHPF GNG ,WPBP TKY[FN GN[ GDBF GN
185 FPGEY FTE LKZVFN | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

N[ OCXP[ FZKCSP[ FPMGI ,FNCYF \PMGIN \GEDR\FF [ZG[ GFH

.OFK[TPN FRGGM GVKSGK BN EGT NM ,ON[ GRKB OEBF KRC
LG\PG .FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN GNKI\F :BKF OKNCGYPF \XT
FP O[N ,OEBN KRGKI FP ,OMPXTC GRKC\ ,FPXT FZG\F \P[R EGPKN
\GK\GB "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C ZPBR[ KVM ,BZCR BGF
.J"K=’J
 LZEN FRMF 186

"TE P G \ E , FNC Y "

\GCG[\G \GNB[

TEPG FNCY
?FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNN OKEIGKP OKDFRP [K OBF
\GKRINGV \GNGTV GB OKDFRP OG[C \YSGT FRKB FNCYF \PMGI
GRKB ,\GKZJPKD ,\GZKVS ,\GPNGT N[ FRGP\ GB JGJZ[ NM .\GKRGXKI
G\[DZF BKF F\GFPC FNCYF \PMGI .FGGNR ZHT ZPGI Z[BP Z\GK
.KRIGZF ONGTF \BG ,BZGCF \B OEB NM N[ \KNBGEKCKERKBF
ZYI NT TEP BKF GH FPMGIG ,KJSKP CKMZP OG[ QKB FNCYF \PMGIC
BN \YSGT BKF ,ZIB TEP NMP FRG[C[ BNB ,OGYKF ZYI ,\GBKXPF
.QGKNTF ONGTF ZYIC OD BNB ,GRN[ ONGTF ZYIC YZ
?\BH \GBZ \EGYR NCYP KRZEGPF TEPF OBF
,\GSIKF \ZG\ KZYGI NNGM FHG ,OK[GIF ZYIC OKYSGTF OKRTEP
NCB .GRKCDN YZG LB UY\ ,GRN[ OK[GIF OKJNGY[ FP NM[ OKRTGJ
OGYPFG EPKPF ,QPHF KIRGP[ QGGKMP ,\KSIK BKF GRN[ ONGTF \RGP\
OKJNGY GRKKF ,FNB OKIRGP OKPKKY GKF BN GRMG\C GNKB .OKKSIK OF OD
.\ZIB FZGXC O\GB
NM .FZGDS \MZTP ,"FZGI[ FSVGY" QKTP FGGFP OEBF[ ZPGN Q\KR
GK\G[DZF CGNK[N .[KDZPG [I ,TEGK OEBF FSVGYF LG\N TKDP[ FP
NMG ."ONGT" JG[V GB ,"FHF ONGTF" ,"KN[ ONGTF" OEBF BZGY ,GNB
BN[ FP NM ,GH FSVGYN WGIP ,OEBF \GNGCDN WGIP OKKY KNGB[ FP
[K[ GPXTN QKKPEN GNKVB NGMK BN BGFG ,OEBN TGEK BN { GMG\C SRMR
.GK[GIN WGIP ,GN WGIP BXPR[ ,GF[P EGT
?QPKFP BGF FNCYC TEKF OBF
\GPNGTF NM N[ O\KKRC NT QPKFP TEK \R\GR[ YZ BN ,FNCYF
BN[ ,OKVSGR OKZCE NTG \G[GRBF N[ FKZGJSKFF NTG ,OFN[ OKYGIFG
FHF TEKC [P\[FN GRN \Z[VBP BKF[ BNB ,GRRGKPEC ZB\N NMGR
.K[TP QVGBC
"FNTPN LBNP GN QKB[ FJPN C[T NM LN QKB" :"ZFGH"C CG\M
\B QKCR OBG ,OKKRIGZ OK[ZG[ OR[K GRPNGTC OKKYF NMN[ ,TP[P
187 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

NT TKV[FN NMGR ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF N[ O\KKRC QVGB \BG OKYGIF

N[ \GCIZR FSKV\G FJKNY LKZXPF ,FHF TEKF BNN .GRPNGTC [IZ\PF
DGS GRN ZSI LM CYTG ,YKKGEPC OKZCE ISRN GR\NGMKC QKB ,TEKP
.GRN KGXZ BGF[ TEKP N[ OKKGSP
?FNCYF \TE KFP ,OKR[ KVNB FPMP Z\GK OKKY ONGTF[ OKRTGJ OKRTEP
"EK\TF OT QGKBZ" K\ZCKI[ OKZVSC .\ZIB \RTGJ FRKB FNCYF
ZGEM N[ \GZZY\FG \GPPI\F \GVGY\ NT ZCSGP "IG\VF ZVSF"G
.FR[ QGKNP OK[GN[M FM[PR \IB NM Z[B ,WZBF
?K[[F [GIC \GJNYR[ \GTVG\F \B ZGYIN EK\TF TEP NMGK OBF
LM KEM ET ,GK\G[GI\C KZPDN NCDGP OEBF ,OK[GIF \[PI \ZDSPC
BN ONGTN[ ,ZPGN LZGX QKBG .USGR [GI GFP QKKPEN GNKVB NDGSP GRKB[
N[ QGZSKIC [KDZK BN[ KVM [PP ,GMG\C OKKY GRKB[ GF[PN UB[K
.\VSGR TCXB
YZ ,I\VP BGF[ ZYIPF \GJK[G ,FRGC OEBF[ OKZK[MPF QMN
[GI OKZXGK BN QVGBG OKRV OG[C NCB ,OKKYF [GIF OGI\ \B OKCKIZP
,GZXGR GH FZJPNG GRKMZX NM \B OKYVSP GRN[ OK[GIF \[PI .K[[
OKBXPR GRB GNKBG ,\ZIB FBKZC OTP[P ,OKZIB OK[GI KZCKB BNF[
ZSI FP GRRGKPKEC ZB\N NMGR BN ONGTN .GRN[ FBKZCF \GNGCDC \KSKV
GRIRB[ LZEM BNG ,\ZIB FZGXC GRN[ FCKCSF \B QKCFNG [GIN KEM ,GRN
.OKPKKYF GRK[GIC ,OGKM F\GB OK[I
\B WGZVN OKNDGSP FKFR BN ,\KDGNGRMJ OEY\\ \G[GRBF[ FPM NM
N[ FZGZC \ZDSP OKZXGK GRN[ OK[GIF \[PI .GRN[ FBKZCF \GNGCD
NT SSGCP[ ,QGKPKE KZV BKF GRN[ FKSJRV NM[ QGGKMPG .GRN[ FRCFF
FPGE GRKB[ ,GF[P QKKPEN OKNDGSP FKFR BN ONGTN ,OK[GIF \[PI
.GR\GB CCGS[ ONGTN GB GRN
NNM FPGE GRKB[ GF[P KN ZB\N ,BZGYF LPP [YCB ,N[PN OB
ZB\N NDGSP FKF\ BN QKKET ,ZIB ONGTP ZGXK ,GRN[ ONGTC ZCE OG[N
.GRN[ ONGTF N[ OKJRPNBP CMZGP[ GF[P BNB ,KN
FZGXC OK[I GRIRB F\GB[ \GFP YZ GRKF GRN[ "CIZPF" OD ORPB
OKZGXKG \GPNGT OKPKKY FH CIZPC[ QM\KK \BH UB NTG ,\PKKGSP
EPKPC GR\GBXPKF UZI ,OPGKY \B [GIN OKNDGSP GRRKB[ BNB .OKZIB
FRCFF \ZDSP LG\C QBM [P[P "EPKP" IRGPF[ ,ZKTFN [K .O\B EIB
 LZEN FRMF 188

NM \B [GIN OKNDGSP BN GRIRB FPM ET ,OKDEFN KEM YZ ,GRN[ \NCDGPF

QKB EPKPN OD ,F[TPN .QKCFN OKKGRC BN GRN[ OK[GIF \[PI[ FP
.QKJGNIN ZIB BGF \GZIB \G[GI\C KM ,\GTP[P
,GN[ OGYKF OGYPC OEBF FBGZ FKF FP ,LPXTN ZB\N FSR ,BPDGEN
ET ,EGPNN Q\KR FHP ;QDJRZ \KKBZ ,FNKDZ BN FKBZ \NGMKC QIKR GNKB
\RGP\ KGRK[ NT TKV[FN NGMK OK[GIF N[ EIB OGI\C YZ KGRK[ FPM
.GRKRKTC GRN[ ONGTF

TEPN Z\SR TEPP LGVF\ FNCYF \PMGI[ QPHF TKDF KM ,\GCZ ZPBR
QKB OBF ?FNCYF \XVFN FCZ \GCK[I [K FH GRZGEC BYGGE TGEP .KGND
GIGMC [P\[FN NGNT ,FNCYF N[ YGPTF TEKF \B FNDK[ KP[ FRMS
?OK[RB NGXKRN
NGMK EIB NM .OKIPGPN KJZGBK\ TEP BN LB ,TEP BKF FNCY
OKTEPF \GBXG\ NMC OK[P\[P[ O[M YGKEC ,FN[ \GBXG\C [P\[FN
NM LKZX FNCYF TEP \B[ ,BGF ZIB TEPN FNCYF QKC NECFF .OKZIBF
\B OKKIFP NCYP GRRKB BGF FNCYC [P\[P BN OEB OB[ KRVP ,EIB
.IXRN GPT ZB[KK[ FP \B { GKKIC Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF
,FTKEKF \PXGT \TCGR ZGYP FHKBPG FHF TEPF GFP ,\TEN ONGM NT
NT ,ONGTF \KKRC NT OKD[GPF \B \GR[N NGMK FNCYF EGPKN FPM ET
OEBF N[ EIGKPF GEKYV\ NTG OKBZCRF \GI\V\F NT ,OEBF \ZJP
.ONGTF \ZMFN \KEGSKG FBNP \GZ[VB FPGND QBMG ;GH \GI\V\FC
KRVP ,Z[VBF NMM OKCZ OK[RB FNCYN BKCFN BKF OKNCGYPF \ZJP
OKKGVX ,\GKGD[ \GKRGKSKR \GJK[C ,FNVBC \MNN LK[P\ \G[GRBF OB[
.OKECM \GRGSB FN
BGF ,GN CBGM KM ,NGYC \GMCN NKI\P BGF [BN TCXB SKRMP ENK[M
\G[GRBF .\BVZR FKGGMF ZCE N[ GVGSC .\BH \G[TN ZGSB[ [KDZP EKKP
\B SKRMFN KBEM FKF BN[ QKCFN KEM ,WZBF ZGEM \B UGZ[N \CKKI BN
.[BF LG\ NB TCXBF
FZMFN FZMF ZSGI LG\P BGC\[ KEM ,GHM FZGXC FBZCR \G[GRBF
\B OEBN FNKIRP FNCYF .\GRGKSR KEK NT BNG FNCYF LZE ,KTEP QVGBC
\GCKS GNKBNG ,TCJC OKNTGV OF EXKM ,OKNTGV[ \GIGM [K[ ,FTKEKF
QMN .FZGZC FRCF LMN \R\GR FNCYF .OFN[ FNGTV NM FBKCP \GRYSPG
.OKTGJ ORKB OKNCGYP
189 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

\G[GRBF
?FNCYF \GKEGIK \B QKCFN \G[GRBF NMG\ K\P
\GPEY\F NM .FPKEY \G[GRBF \B \VIGE EKP\ FZP FCHMB NM
OB\V FZZGT\F[ ,FCHMBP YZ FTCR ,\KNMNM ,\KBGVZ ,\KDGNGRMJ
,QKCFN FXNBR \G[GRBF ,KNNM NCS N[ \GZCJXF ZIBN .\GDGFR \GJK[P
\GPM N[PN .FKTC OG[N QGZ\V \GGFN \GNGMK QRKB GNB \GJK[[
\GPMG OKNGIF \GPM NCB ,OKRGP \Z[T FNED OKBYKJKNRB=GMKSVF
OKBYKJKNRB=GMKSVF \GPM \ZCDFC .LMP Z\GK FCZF FNED \GKGECB\FF
OKECB\PF ZGTK[G [VRF KNGI ZVSP \B OXPXN \G[GRBF FIKNXF BN
.OMG\C
GCHMB[ \GRG[F \GI\V\FF \GJK[ N[ FRGZIBF Q\T[ FTKDF \TM
\PMGI N[ F\GXKIRC OK[RB GZKMK FC[ FT[F GH QMNG ,\G[GRBF \B
\B \GR[N OFN Z[VBK[ ,ZPGI N[ FXVF F[GZE LM O[N .FNCYF
.G\ZHTC OPXT
NCN ,LZEC BXPR[ KPN ZGHTN LKZX ,FRGMRF LZEN BXGK[ EIB NM
QMG\F \XVF N[ LZEC \G[TKFN LKZX FH .BXGP BNN LZEN SRMKK
OEB OM\CKCSC KGXP OB .FNCYC \GZGYP KC\MCG JRZJRKBC ,OKZVSC
LB .\XY GN GZKCSF ,OKZVSF \B GN GBZF ,B[GRC \GRKKRT\F FNDP[
GEKVYF FZYP NMCG ,\K\KPB BKF G\GRKKRT\F FC[ FEKPF F\GBC YZ
.FNCYN N[C \GKFN LKZX OEB QM[ ,ZCE GKNT \GVMN BN[

\GEFK
?FBKZCF \ZJP [GPKPC OKEGFKF EKYV\ QKCN FNCYF QKC Z[YF FP
,KI ,IPGX ,OPGE :FEKPZKV N[ FRCPC FYGNI \PKKY FHF ONGTC
OTF" OKBZYR OKEGFKF .GRN[ \GP[RC OD \PKKY FYGNI F\GB .ZCEP
QKBG .\GKRIGZN OKRG[BZ TKDFN \GZ[VBF \B GNCKY OF[ QGGKM ,"ZICRF
OKRG[BZ TKDFN O\CGI N[C BNB ,Z\GK OKINXGP O\GKF OG[ NT FH
OKGSP DGS OKKY .\G[GRBF NM N[ OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF \D[F \GND\FN
DGSF GFH FNCYF KVN .BZGCF OT EGIK QG[NP ,"KEGFK" KGZY[ \GP[R N[
,"UZGT F[Y" KEGFKF OTF FRGMP KEMC BN .Z\GKC KJSKBGDBF \GP[RF
.Q\KKX BNG Q[YT
\D[F \GMH FHF ONGTC KM C\MR ,ONGM OKNCGYPF KVPG OKBKCR KVP
KRIGZF KNMN Z[BC LB ,OGBNC FKGN\ FRKBG ONGMN FGG[ BKF BZGCF
 LZEN FRMF 190

OKYNI QY\N Z\GK NYG ,OKYNIN FZC[R ,"QG[BZF OEB" \P[R { KNNMF
OKYNIF .\IB \CC ,NGEDF OHKBGDBF NM \B Z[BP ,OKRJY OKKJSKBGDB
OKNNMR LM ZIBG ."OKEGFK" OKBZYR ,OKRG[BZ QGYK\F \B OKZCGT[
OKYNIF NM ,ZCE N[ GVGSC .BZGCF OT FCZYN OKTKDPG ,ZB[F NM OFC
BNB ,"KEGFK" OGBN QKB QMN .ZGBC GNGM BNP\P[ ,EIB KNMC OKNNMR
.FP[RF N[ KRIGZ CXP BGF "KEGFK"
KEK NT \KRIGZ FD[FG BZGCN \GCZY\FC K\KPB LZGX [KDZP[ KP YZ
O[F GRKKF ;"KEGFK" BZYR BGF HBG ,FH GXVI \B DK[FN NGMK ,FNCYF
N[ OGBNF KV NT BNG ,GTCJ KV NT OEBF \GYYG\[F \B OBG\ "KEGFK"
\GEFK FTCY[ ,F[EI FZEDF FXPGB QPHF OTG OEY KPKC FKF FH LM .GPB
.OBF BXGP KVN
?KEGFKF OTN YZ GR\KR ,FNCYF \PMGIG FZG\F TGEP
\PMGIG FZG\F .OKPT \GBZYR[ ,OK[RB \GXGCYN YNGIP GRN[ ONGTF
,OKEGFKF { ONGTF N[ Z\GKC F[YGRF YNIF N[ QGYK\ LZGXN GR\KR FNCYF
OKZGPB OF .Z\GKC KJSKBGDBF OTF ,UZGT F[Y OT OKBZYR FZG\C[
\B OD GRY\K LM ZIBG OPXT \B GRY\K[ ,OKPTF QKC OKRG[BZF \GKFN
OKPTN ZGBF B[GRN LGVFN LKZX KEGFKF OTF[ ,ZPBR OD QMN .OKZIBF
GRKVNM OKPTF NM \BR[ .("OKKGDN ZGB") ZICR OT BGF FHCG ,OKZIB
,GRN[ QGYK\F \INXFC .QGYK\ ZGCTN GR\BP [ZGE[ ,KRIGZ [ZG[P \TCGR
NNMN \KSKVG \KRIGZ FGGN[ \D[F FKGN\ UBG OKPTF ZB[ NM QGYK\ KGN\
NIF ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF"C JGZKVC LM NT C\GM ONGSF NTC .\G[GRBF
.G"S \GBP
?FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\SKV\P ,OKK\E NXB BZGCF \SKV\ FRG[ FPC
,OKYGI GN TCGY[ IGM ,GC JNG[F QGKNT IGM OKKY[ ,QKPBP K\E OEB
OGKYN FVKSGP BKF[ FHC OD ,\EFP FRG[ FNCYF .OPKKYN LKZX BGF[
QKB QVGBG OKRV OG[C NCB .Q\GRF ,BZGCF \B [KDZFN \GRPEHF ,\GGXPF
.OKK\EF OKYGIN \EDR\P BKF

OKYGNB
?GEKYV\ GFPG ,FNCYF \PMGIC BZGCF N[ GPGYP FP
."FP[R" GRRG[NC BKF[ ,FBKZCFPG BZGCFP \CMZGP \GBKXPF
.BZGCF OT BNP EGIKB BKF FP[RF \KNM\
191 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | T E P G \ E , F N C Y

\ZYGI BKF ,TEPMG ,LMN TKDFN Z[VB EXKM ,\EPNP FNCYF \PMGI
\PMGIC .BZGCFP FBRF NCYN BKF OEBF \VKB[ .OEBF \P[R \B
F[GT FNCYF .EIGKP IRGPC \ZEDGP FP[RF N[ FRGM\ NM ,FNCYF
OK[GT BN QMNG .OGYKF N[ KNNMF YGIF ZYIC OKKRMJ OKIRGPC [GPK[
.BZGCF ,QGKNTF ZGBF ,QGKNT IGM \GTP[PC ’F FNPC [GPK[
F\GIR FDZEN SIKC "BZGC" \BZYR ,Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZE NM BNB
,FC \JNG[ ,FRPP F\GIRF FDZEF \B \ZXGK FFGCDF[ QGGKMP ,FRPP
ZKFCK ,FNCYF \PMGIC ZVSC ZXY QGKT .FKNT FTKV[PG ,F\GB \I\VP
BNG ,\TEGP ,FZGZC OKSIK \MZTP { BZGCF QKCN NCGYP QKC OKSIKF \B
GN[ \KRIGZ FDZEC OKBXPR ,BZGCF \B OK[I OKNCGYP .\NVZGTP
.GKV\G[ OF .GN[ \GNGTVC YNI OKIYGNG

\GZIB \G\E
?\GZIB \G\EC FNCYF \PMGIN FNKCYP [K OBF
FNCYF \PMGI KZF[ ,\GZIB \G\EC FNCYF \PMGIN FNKCYP QKB
\GJK[ GB \GRGPB ,\G\EN GF[NM SIKC \BXPR BNG ,TEP BNB ,\E FRKB
QGGKMP ,\KEGFKF \EN SIKC \EPGT FRKB UBG { QFKRKPN "\GK[GI=NT"
,\BH ECNP .\GK\E \GGXP OGKY O[N FNCYF \PMGIN YGYH GRKB OEB[
OKYHIP ,OEBF NXB OHKBGDBF \ZCDFN OKPZGD FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN
ONGT \RCF NT ,\KPXT FRCFG KGNKD NT OKSSC\PG ,TEKN FVKB[F \B
.ZSGPG \KPXT FNCDF NT \SSC\P \EF GNKBG ,KRIGZF
?OKKRIGZF \GPNGTN OEBF \BKXKN \GJK[ QR[K \GZIB \G\EC OD
OKKPKRV OKKDGNGMKSV OKMKNF\ NT \G\EF NM \GZCEP ,\GEFKF ECNP
,UGD [K \GKIN OD .G\GB FKKIPF K\KKIF IGMNG UGDN OKZG[Y[ ,OEBF N[
OFKVN[ OKYGIFP F[TPN OKRG[ ORKB[ ,OKPKGSP OKYGI KVN NTGV[
\B \GHIN ,OEBP Z\GK \PKKGSP FEKPCG ,\GNGMK UB \GKI .OEBF NTGV
.\NGHF \B [GING ,EK\TF
NMC \KHMZPF FNB[F .FZG\FP NCY\R \GZIB \G\EC KGXP[ FP NM
\GRGM\F \B ZV[N KEM ,OEBF \RGGMC [P\[FN EXKM ,BKF \G\EF
.OKKP[DF GKKI \BG FHF ONGTC GN[ \GK\ZCIFG \GK[GRBF
?OKNKNB \EGCT KFP
K\[ \GPKKY .OKJSKBGDB \GRGXZC [GPK[ FTP[P OKNKNB \EGCT
QTPN FRGGMC OB { BZGCF BZC[ \GRFKN QGXZC [P\[FN ECNC OKMZE
 LZEN FRMF 192

\GR[N Z[VB KB FBRFN GPXT QGXZF \B .GPXT OEBF QTPN OBG ,BZGCF
KGRK[ .\GR[N FCGI QGXZ G\GB N[ G\RGGM \B YZ .LMC LZGX QKB ODG
GPGKY \CKSG OEBF \ZJP NM KFGHG ,"QGXZF QGYK\" KGZY FRGGMF
.OKCXPFG \GPNGTF NMC[ \GIRF ONGTF ,FHF ONGTC
ªØ ت

 GPXT \B EPGN OEBF

| EGPKNF QVGB | EGPKNF \CKCS | OMI EKPN\ | EGPKNF \GEGB
GRING[P | NCGYP N[ GMZE \NKI\ | \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF
\GCG[\G \GNB[ | NCGYP N[

EGPKNF \GEGB
?EGPNN KB[Z KP
OKNCGYP OKXPB\P GH FCKSP .FNCY \PMGI \B EGPNN KB[Z EIB NM
KEM ,ONGTCG WZBC FKSGNMGBF \GCM[ NMC \BHF FJK[F \B WKVFN
\GN[C NNMN GTKDF[ FNB EIGKPCG { GH \GZ[VBN OKTEGP GKFK ONGM[
QY\N GNMGK EGPKNF LZE .O\P[R DGSN OB\FC ,FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNN
\GXKIRC OK[KDZP BN QKKET[ GNBN GNKBG .FBKZCF \ZJPN TKDFNG ,OPXT
,GH FJK[ N[ FPGKYN \GTEGP FXVFF BKC\ ,FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN
\B HZHN LMG ,EGPNN GNMGKG ,OZGCT FRKPH FKF\ BKF GXZK[MNG
.QGYK\N O\GCZY\F
\PMGIC \GCG[IF \GZKXKF \IB BKF "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"
DN[B FEGFK KCZ ,\PEGY FBPC OKNCGYPF KNGEDP EIB C\M[ ,FNCYF
NTC ZKCSP ,FH ZVSN FPEYFF N[ QG[BZF EGPTFP .(ONGSF NTC)
,FXGIR BKF LB ,FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN KB[ZG NGMK EIB NM[ ,ONGSF
?KKIC OTJF FP :FNB[F GC \ZTGC ZCM[ KPN
\B OKRKCP GRB DN[B LGZC CZFG ONGSF NTC KC\M KVN EGPKNF LG\P
SRMKFNG ,OEY\FN NMGR F\ZHTC[ FJK[F { O\JK[ \BG OFK\GBZGF
GKVN Z[B ,YKKGEP QGGKM GRN GBZF ["CZFG ONGSF NTC .KRIGZF ONGTN
.BZGCN CZY\FNG KRIGZF ONGTF NB \BXN NMGR

195
 EGPKNF KETX 196

ZIGC ONGSF NTC NCB ,Z\GKC UKYPG CMZGP TEP BKF FNCYF \PMGI
\ZMGP[ ,\KSKSC \K[GRB NNM FNB[C \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\ \B IG\VN
NMGK ,GH FNB[F NT FCG[\ ZETFP NMSG\P[ KP YZG .GR\BP EIB NMN
GC \ZZGT\P BN QKKET[ KP .FNCYF \PMGI \ZHTC FCG[\F \B BGXPN
.FNCYF \PMGIP \NTG\ OG[ YKVK BN "?KKIC OTJF FP" :FNB[F

ZCTF KZGSKB
NT QMG ,OKTCZB OFN GBNP BN[ OKZCD NT OKNCGYP GZSB ZCTC
K"ZBF NCB ,FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN ,OK[R NTG OKBG[R BN OKZCD
,OKZCD :FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN OKB[Z ONGM LNKBG GZGEP[ ,TCY
\GZDC NT FEKTPF ,\KRIGZ FVKB[ OKZGEI GKFK[ ECNCG ,OKENKG OK[R
G\ZJPN ,\GKRIGZN OEBF N[ G\ZK\IG ,KPXT [GVKI ,QGXZ YZ .FP[RF
KPN FNB[F NT .FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN QMGP G\GKF NT GEKTK ,OKKIC
."LMN YYG\[P[ KP NM" YGY CZF CK[F ,FNCY EGPNN Z\GP

OKEYP TEK
FNCY[ OG[P ,OEYGP TEK OG[C LZGX QKB FNCY EGPNN NKI\FN KEM
CGJZG OGZT BXGKF ,Za@ATM .BZGCF OT KRIGZF Z[YC YSGTF ,TEP BKF
GMG\C [I OEBF OB .FNCY EGPNN JKNIF[ OEBF OD LM ,GPB OIZP
ZCX[ ,TEKF NM GN NKTGK FPC ,QGKNTF ONGTF NT EGPNN KRIGZ LZGX
\B BNG ,QGKNTF ONGTF KYGI \B QKCFN YYG\[P BGF BNF ?FHF ONGTC
.GRN[ ONGTF KYGI
BNG OKPEYGP OKBR\G \G[KZE FH OEB KRVC OKCKXP QKB QM NT
BNB ,ZCE GRPP [ZER BN .KF[NM \EIGKP FNM[FC EGPKNF \B OKR\P
K\GZKSFG" ,\KRIGZ FVKB[ NTC BFKG OKPKB\PF OKZVSF \B BZYK[
CGJ ZXK FH { Z[C CN OMN K\\RG ,TZF ZXK FH { OMZ[CP QCBF CN \B
\GRGXZF QGYK\N FVKB[ KEK NT YZ ZPGNM ,"FZG\ KZCE NM OKKYN
.CJGPN ZKHIPF ZGBPF ,"FZG\"F \B OKDK[P
\GKJSKBGDBF \GNB[PF TGXKCN ,ECNC ZHT KNMM [P[P K[GRBF NM[F
,ECNC KR\NM[ EGPKN \ZHTC FZG\F \B QKCFN OEB FSRK OB .CNF N[
:ZPBR LM NTG ,FC[ \GECGTF \B YZ BNB ,FZG\F \B QKCK BN BGF
\B EPGN[ KP ,LMKVN ."QKPB\ NB OKKGDC FZG\ ,QKPB\ OKKGDC FPMGI"
197 EGPKNF \GEGB | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

.FZG\ BN LB ,OFN [K FPMGI ."KGD" BZYR ,CNF QGYK\ BNN FZG\F KYGI
,OEBF N[ OKRYG\PF OKNMF LG\ NB SRMR[ ,BZGCF ZGB BKF FZG\
OD BKYC \GKFN Z[VB ."C\MR QMKFG C\MR FP"C \GBKYC BKF FPMGIG
TKDFN BN \BH NMCG ,EGPN\F NM \B FV NTC \TEN ,FZG\C CG\MF NMC
.\K\KPB \KRIGZ FD[FN
BKYC \GKFN NGMK OEB :FNCYF \PMGI EGPKNC OD \PKKY FTVG\F
.NT=FIPGPM [PP ZPGIF NMC JGN[N ,FNCYF \PMGI \GZGYP NMC
UKNIF OGNM ?GN[ \GRGXZF \B QY\N IKNXF[ ,LM NT EKTP FH ORPBF
Q\P \ZJPG G\BKZC \ZJP GH BNF[ ?OHKBGZJNBC OHKBGDBF \B
\B QY\K HB YZ ,EPNRF ZPGIF \B O[KKPG EPGN BGF OB YZ .FZG\F
.FZG\ EPGN[ KPM ,C[IK HB YZG ,GN[ TCJF
BNG FPMGI EPGN GFKZF ,[EI TEK \[KMZ O[N GEPNC ,\BH \PGTN
ZPGIC \GBKYC QKDVFN GKEKPN\P [ZGE GRKB K\KPB FZGP QMN .LMP Z\GK
\B ,OFN[ \GYVSF \B \GBZN [YCP BGF ,BGF LGVFR BNB ,EPNRF
OKEKTP[ OKRPKS ,BZGCC O\GN\ \BG FRCFF ZSGI \[GI\ \B ,F[NGIF
.OKRGKNT \GIGM OT OEB N[ G\DZE \BGG[F \NKI\ NT
\GCK[IG KPXT QGIJKC QKDVP ,GN[ TEKC \GBD\FN NKI\P EKPN\ OB
GPM ,Z\GK BKYC BGF LM ,Z\GK EPGN[ NMM[ OG[P FH KZF ,\KPXT
ZGXKN FMKZX ,QGKDKF NMN EGDKRC ,FNCYF \PMGI .ZIB TEP NM EGPKNC
.QGZSKI \[GI\ BNB ,TEK BN OEBC

EGPKNF QPHC
:"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYF"C F"RY \GBC ONGSF NTC C\GM LM
\PMI EGPNN [KB NMN OKNCGYPF GCKKI FH FPN ,M"B ,NGB[N [K ,H"KVNG
QKBN FBNVR FNGDS [K KM ,GPSZVN KGBZG ,NGED ZCE FHC [K ORPB ,FNCYF
BNB ,OKEPGN[ FP OKRKCP ORKB[ V"TBG ,FNCYF \PMIC OKYSGTN ,LGZT
\B OFKNT OKZZGTP ,OKEPGN[ FP QKCFN ,YHIF QGXZFG Y[IF LG\P
,GVGSC IJCGP ,NBZ[KP OEB NM KM ,[GZKV .O\P[R \B OKVKYPF \GZGBF
\GRFN FBKZCF \C[IPC \"K[F C[I Z[B ,\GBNVRF \GD[FF NM DK[K[
FMHK[ ET ’GMG ’C NGDNDC FMHK ,FH NGDNDC FMH BN[ KP BNB .BZCR NMN
BN[ EGT NM FRFG .TEGRM ,ZFGHC ["PM ,GKNT C[I[ ’\K G\C[IP OKN[FN
,GKNB TKDFN OKEK\TF \GZGBF O\GB GN OKRICR ,G\GPKN[N OEBF FMH
BNB ,GETC OKRMGP OKEPGT[ ,BKF O\GTP[P[ ,OKVKYP \GZGB \RKICC
\GZGBF G[CN\K HBG ,GN[ FNCYF KNM \B FMHK[ ,OEBN OKMIP FPF[
.OKZ[MGPF OKNMC GNBF
 EGPKNF KETX 198

FPMIC YSGT OEBF[ FT[C ,FRF ,OKNMF GN GZSI[ FT[C OD ,LMKVNG

G\P[R \RKICP OFN [K[ ,OKNMFG \GZGBF N[ \GP[F \B ZKMHPG ,\BHF
OF[ BNB ,OKKGSP ZGTK[C ,GKNT OKZKBP UMK\ OF FRF ,GKNB \GMKK[
OKNMF OKZSI[ OTJP ,G\P[R \GKPKRVC \G[CN\F KNC GN OKZKBP
\TC ,OTV ZIB OTV NCYP[ FZBFF ORPB .ZGPBM ,O\NCYN OKZ[MGPF
,FZFJG F[GEY N[ TV[ GC OKTKV[PG ,OKPGZPP QI GKNT OKM[GP ,YSTF
.G\GPKN[N TKDK[ ,EBP OEBF \B OKCZYP FPF[

KRIGZ FZGP
,OKTEP :OKPGI\ QGGDPC FPK[ZP \GBKYC QKDVFN NGMK KRIGZ FZGP
QKB FNCYC KRIGZ FZGP \GKFN KEM NCB .C"XGKMG ,LGRKI ,\GMNFG OKDFRP
.TEKC KE
QM[ ,KRIGZ FZGP GRKB[ KP QKCN KRIGZ FZGP QKC QKICFN F[Y GRKPKC
\MNN OK[RB OKNGNT ,OKNY \GRGZ\V [VIPG ,ZGEKCN ZMP\PF GRZGEC
.\KRIGZF FBZGFF \GNGDS \B WKPIFNG ,QG[N KNY OKZGP ZIB KC[
KBR\C ,\TEN EIB NM NGMK ,OKRG[F FNCYF KZVSC CG\M[ FP \B
\B EYPK FHM OEB .OKKGSP WPBP TKY[P BGFG CGJ QGZMKH GN [K[
,QKPB\ OKKGDC FPMGI" :\GZGYPC ZPBR[ KVM ,FPMGIF KZCEC G\RCF
,KEGFK BN OGBNN FRGGMF QKB "KGD" GRZPGBC ."QKPB\ NB OKKGDC FZG\
\GBKYC QKDVFN NGMK FHM OEB .QGYK\ ZCT OZJ[ ,JSKBGDB OEBN BNB
JGJKX LG\ ,GKEKPN\ NGP GN[ TEKC ZBV\FNG ,FNCYF KHZ NMC FPK[ZP
.\GZGYPFP YKKGEP
\EKPC BXP\P GRKB[ OEB TRM[N ,FNKI\C FKG[T GH TEK \DXF
OKNDGSP ORKB ,OMZE \K[BZC OKEKPN\ QM[ ,FHM "FZGP" N[ \GKRIGZF
F\GIMGR GB FZETKF \B YGECN Q\KR EXKM BN UBG ,\GKRIGZ KFP SGV\N
GRKB NNM[ ,OKK\GFP FM OKKPKRV OKKGRK[ ZCGT NKI\P EKPN\ .GF[KPC
.GNGP EPGTF \B FRGMR LKZTFN QM[ NM ,GN FZGY \B QKCFN NDGSP
NCYN NGNT BGFG ,FCG\MF FZG\C GNKVB BKYC GRKB NKI\P EKPN\
FZG\ KTEGK QKC ,K\GFP NECF OKKY[ BNB ."NGED CZ"M OEB NM DDG[C
.KRIGZ FZGP BGF ;CZP Z\GK BGF CZ FNCYF \PMGIC :OKNCGYP QKCN
.GKEKPN\ OT EIK \KRIGZF LZEF \B ZCGT[ FZGPF
,GKEKPN\ CZYC GKNB EGCMG EIV ZZGTN BN BKF FZGPF \ZJP
,BZGCF KVNM FCFBG ,FBZK \[GI\ ,EGPKNF \ZHTC ,OFC ZZGTN BNB
NB \GZK[K \GRVN LKB OEPNNG ,BZGCF \PXGT NGP \GZK[K OEKPTFN
199 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

\[GI\ OKKGSP CN[C FGGI ,\KRIGZ \GI\V\F ZCGT[ KP NM .BZGCF

.GK\GRGXZ \GNV[G OHKBGDB ,F[NGI ,\G\KIR
BD \GKFN NDGSP GRKB CG[ ,FNBF \G[GI\F \B FGGI OEB[ ZIBN
\PMGIC FZGP QMN .BZGCFP BGF { NCYP BGF[ FP NM[ GRKCFC ,GPXTC
NM GPM YGKEC OGKPGKF KKI \B KI[ ,TGRXG JG[V OEB GRKF ,FNCYF
.FHF ONGTFP Y\GRPF OMI BNG ,GR\BP EIB
ORKBG \GRXI[C OKDFGR BN GKEKPN\ QFG CZF QF FNCYF \PMGIC
BKF CZF \ZJP .ZSGP OFN OKVKJP GB ,OKZIB NT O\TE \B OKVGM
BNG ,GKNB ZCE NMC \GRVN G\GB EPNN ,BZGCF QGGKMN EKPN\F \B \GRVFN
\G[DGPF GNB GNKVB ,\GZIBF FMZEFF \GJK[ NMC GNKBG .FZGPF NB
FZGPF KVNM FBZKG EGCM [IGZ EKPN\ ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ FNJXBC
.BZGCF KVNM BNG ,KRIGZF
KEKC ,\K[TP FZGXC YECR NMF GC[ TEPF BKF { FNCYF \PMGI
ODG .GN[ EKPN\F OT ECGT[ ,LKZEP BGF KRIGZ FZGP QMN .GPXT EKPN\F
.G\GB QGGMPG GN ZHGT QPHF NM CZF ,LMC [I EKP\ BN EKPN\F OB

?KRIGZ FZGP BGXPN QMKF

GCZ \BKXPC OEBF \INXF .KRIGZ FZGP BGXPN BKF F[Y FPK[P
\BZYN OEY\P GRN[ ONGTF ,GRRGXZC BN[ GB GRRGXZC .NGED SR BKF
.GRRGXZ BNN FBKZCF N[ \KNNMF \KRMG\F \B OK[DP BZGCF .QGYK\F
.GRN ZPGN [YCK[ \B TGP[N NMGR[ CXPN ET ,GR\GB I\VP Z[B BGF
FN \GEGF[ ,\KDGNGRMJG \KNM[ \GI\V\F OEBF QP \[ZER LM O[N
,UGSRKB ET \GFGCD \GKGZKFP \GKFN \GKG[T[ ,QKPBFN NKI\K OEBF
DGSN ZPGI N[ EIB DGS \MKVF ,OKYIZPN \GC[IPG FKDZRB N[ FZCTF
.EGTG QPHCG NNIC \GXKVY ,ZIB
N[ FRCFF \GNGCDC \BXPR[ ,\G[GRBF FDK[P \BHF \GI\V\FF \B
NT UB ,GH \GI\V\FC \GRGZ\K [K[ ,GRN FPER .FN[ KJSKBGDBF QGXZF
\GKFN FMKZX \GI\V\FF[ FRCFN { ZGPDF LVKFN OKCZY\P GRIRB[ KV
.GN FXGIP BNG ,OEBF LG\C \KRIGZ { \KPKRV
OKKYP OD BGF ,\BH OT .\KDGNGRMJ \GI\V\FN GR\GB BKCP BZGCF
O[N .FNGM \G[GRBCG ,EZVRC GR\BP EIB NMC ,\KPKRVF \GI\V\FF \B
.GRCZYC OKKIF ,OKZ\SR OKNCGYP ,OKIKN[ BZGCN [K LM
 EGPKNF KETX 200

YGKEC OKKIG OKECGT ,GRKEKN OKBXPR OF .OPGKYN OKTEGP BN GRIRB

\BG GRK\GC[IP ,GRK\GRGXZ \B OMG\N OKDVGS ,LMN USGRG ,GRGPM
,OMG\C NNMR GRN[ KJSKBGDBF "KRB"F OD .GRN[ OKZGSKFG OKDGRT\F
NM BKCFN KEM ,QGYK\ ZCGT LMG ,OFN[ OKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGXZF LG\C
.ONCYNG ,OKKRIGZ \GRGKTZN FC[YF \NGMKN ,GR\BP EIB
,FNB OKZ\SR OKNCGYP N[ OKKRIGZF OKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGXZF
KM ,GRN[ OKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZN FBGG[FC OKPGXT OF ,OFN[ OKNMF
NMF LSC BGF ,GRN[ QGXZF GNKBG ,BZGCN NMF \\N BGF OFN[ QGXZF
Z\SR NCGYP NM QMN .FHF ONGTC GRKRKT NGP BXPR[ FPP ,DRGT CGB[N
,\GNNMC ORY\P ,OK[RB KRGKNKP N[ \GRGXZ ,WPBP BNN ,GMG\N DVGS ,FHM
.KJZVF GRGYK\ \B NKI\K OFP EIB NM[ ,CXPN OCZYPG
OK[RBN \GEGF OKKY GRN[ ONGTF ,FRCFN F[Y QKKRT FHG ,\BHP FZ\K
FYEXF [K QMNG ,’GMG F[CNF ,OKZVS ,OKENK KRDN OKYGYH OF OD .FNB
\PKKY FRKB ,LMN GR\GMH ZPGNM ,GRPNGTC GNBF OKZCEF NM N[ OPGKYN
.\BH ZPGN LKZXG { O\GMHC BN[
QGKM O\GB BGXPN Z[VB KB ,QMCG ?FNB OKZ\SR OKNCGYP BGXPN EXKM
.\G[GRBF NM CZYC \KB[I FNGTV BKF GRN[ ONGTC OFN[ \GIKN[F[
GC[ OGYPFG GPXTC [VIN CKKI EIB NM ,FZGP BGXPN EXKM FNB[N Z[B
.GPGYP O[ ,ZCE N[ GVGSC ZB[KK
L[VRC ZY[ \G[TN BN BGF ,GNB OK[GVKIC Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF
Z[V\FN BNG ,OKMSFN BN ,LN OKB\PF OGYPC BXPR ZCM F\B[ ,ZPGNG
.TDZKFN BN ,LPXT OT
.OKZIBN BNG GPXTN YZ CK[YFN CKKI OEB ,GN[P OGYP BGXPN KEM
G\P[R OBG ,BXPR BGF GC[ OGYPC \KPKRV TDZR BGF OB [KDZFN GKNT
."FRGHP" \B FBXP
\B OMG\C OKYK\[P ,GFGPM OK[GTG QGPFC OKRRGC\P[ GRKRKC [K
LMC ,OPXT OKSRGB OF .\KRIGZ \GI\V\F \[ZGEF FP[RF N[ FNGY
.\KRIGZ \GI\V\FC BNG F[CK FPMGIC OKYV\SPG ,OKKRKT OKPXGT[
KFGH LB ,QGIJKC \[GI\ NCYP BGF ,QGPFF OT NNMR OEB[ TDZP
OT K[KB Z[YP NCY\FN FMKZX GH F[GI\[ QGKM ,\KPXT FBRGF
.BZGCF
201 EGPKNF \GEGB | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

Z\GKG ,IGJC \GIV [KDZP \K[KB \GI\V\F N[ LZEC LNGF[ KP QMN

.GN YYEHK BGF[ KEM BYGGE ,OEBN BZGCF ING[ GNB \G[GI\ .K\GN\
BGXPN OEBF \B IKZMK ,QGIJKCN G\VKB[C ,GPXT OHKBGDBF ,LM CYT
.FBKZCF \ZJP GHG BZGCF OT Z[Y
 EGPKNF KETX 202

O M I E KP N \
ONGTF BZGC NXB EGPNN [YCP[ KP N[ ZBG\ BGF "OMI EKPN\"
YKRTFN BKF BZGCF N[ FEKIKF G\RGM\ ?BZGCFP EGPNN Q\KR FP .GPXT
,BZGCN FBRF \\N GRKKFE ,GH FRGM\ [GMZN [YCP[ OEB .GKBZCRN FBRF
.BZGCF N[ GEKPN\ ,"OMI EKPN\" KGZY
TP[K\[ KEM ,\KRIGZ FEGCTC OKCZ OKXPBP TKY[FN EKPN\F NT
BGFG ,YKZ GCKN[ OEB .BZGCF OT GK\GRGM\ \GG[FN GKNT .G\NKV\
OKZIB KRKTN DKXFN BKF G\ZJP LB ,\GKRIGZ DK[FN ,FZGBMN ,YYG\[P
\B BN UBG CNF \B NNG[ LKNGFN Z[VB KB .ZCE NCYK BN ,G\EGCT \B
.BZGCF
NM \B TKY[P BGFG ,BZGCF \B BNB ,ZCE FXGZ GRRKB OEBF Z[BM
LNGF[ KPN .BZGCF KEKC BNP\K GRGXZ { GH FZJP \D[FC GXZPG GIGM
GC[ OGYPC[ KRVP ,BXPR BGF FC[ FDZEF NT ZCEN ZGSB \KRIGZ LZEC
.OKNKPF \GY\TR { F[DZFF FNKI\P
BGF .BGF GRGYK\ O[N YGYH BGF[ FP YZ \TEN GKNT ,FRG[BZCG [BZC
FHF ZGBF GFPG ,QGKNT ZGB NCYN KGBZF KNM GFP ,OG\ ET QKCP GRKB QKKET
BGF KM ,FZMF GC \ZZGT\P ,CK[YPG FNCY KZGTK[N BC[ OEB .GPXTC
,GH F[GI\ GN YKRTP BZGCF .KF[NM \PBN TKDF ZCM LMCG ,ZCE QKCP GRKB
BGF ,OEBC WVI GRKB BZGCF OB ,LEKBP .GKNB GCZYN FXGZ BGF[ OG[P
\GI\V\F[ ,LMP BXGK .FIV[PCG FEGCTC ,OKEGPKNC YGVKS GN YKRTP
.YGVKS ZSGI N[ F[GI\ LG\P YZG LB ,\KZ[VB FKGXZ
GC I\VN BKFG ,GMGRKIN GB ,OEB N[ G\GI\V\FN \ZIB LZE FR[K
GB FNKVR N[ \GZ[VB NM GMKRIP TRGP LRIPF LMC LB ,\GPN[ \[GI\
OHKBGDBF \B YVSP BGF[ KRVP ,OEBF \B \KPP FH LGRKI OXTC .FKNT
.G\GB JKY[PG
BKF ,[I OEB[ YGVKSF=KB \PXGT BYGGE ,\KRIGZF \GI\V\FC
,OKK\NXTC \NFR\PF ,FZD[F LG\P \BXN G\VKB[ \PXGT \B \TCGYF
FTKDKG WPBP YZ .\KRIGZF FKNTF LZE NB G\GB UGIEK Z[B IGM GFHG
KVN GR\BP EIBG EIB NMN OKKEGIK OF[ ,O\GMKBCG O\GPMC OKYKVSP
.FZJPN OEBF \B GBKCK ,BGF=GKMZX
203 OMI EKPN\ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

.OEBF N[ GK\G[DZG GCN LZE ZCT BN EGT NM ,K\KPB GRKB FNCYC TEKF
;GK\GRGM\ \B FR[K[ KNCP ,EGPNN OEBF NGMK ONGTC[ OKTEPF NM \B
FCKSFG .GPXT \B QY\NG ,GK\GVY[F \B \GR[N QTEPFP TCG\[ TEP QKB
N[ KRGXKIF GYNI \GEGB ,TEK \ZKCXC OKYSGT TEPF KDGS NM[ ,BKF LMN
GK\GBXG\ QKC[ \GN\F \B ,OGKM \GNDN NKI\P TEPF OD ,\BH OT .GRPNGT
GNDK EK\TC .G\GB LZT[ ,QTEPF N[ \GK[KBF GK\GRGM\ QKCN KGSKR N[
FGG\[K OB YZ ,DK[FN FKFK Q\KR K\KPBF TEKF NM \B[ ,TEPF K[RB
.ZYIRF B[GRF N[ GTCJN ,GK\GRGM\C ZYGIF
KTGZKB NM OKENGR FC FDZEC ,ONGTF FRCP \B QKCFN GRRGXZ OB ,LMKVN
GKNBG ,FHF ONGTF NB Q\EZ OZJ ,\GFG[ GRK\GP[R NM FC ,FHF ONGTF
BNN ,\GBKXPF \RGP\ \B \GBZN GRRGXZ OBG ,GRPP GBXK[ ZIBN \GZHGI
\GPEKFN GRKNT ,(OKCZ OKBYKSKV N[ OPGNI) GRPNGTC JNG[F QPHC \GN\
.FRGKNT \GBKXP F\GBN GRPXTC
N[ OKRGKNTF OKECZF N[ F[DZF [GMZN Q\KR EXKM \EPNP FNCYF
KEK NT ,LMN Z[MGF[ KNM YZG LB NCYN NGMK FPMGI ZGB .\GBKXPF
NMC BNVRF ZCEF ."\TEP FNTPN FRGPB" KGZY[ CXPC \GPEY\F
JBN JBN NKI\PF OEBN YZ ,ZXGGKFN NKI\P KRIGZ KNM[ BGF ,LKNF\F
,G\TE N[ FPZC ZB[RG ,EPGN[ OEB LB .TKV[FN \RP NT \GNGTV \G[TN
\B GN \GRKHP YZ GK\GTKEK { "KI" \DZEC [MZ[ TEK OT ZB[R ZPGNM
.LSP OT KNM \KKRCC GN \GTKKSP BNG ,OHKBGDBF
OKIN[R GRK\GRGXZ NM .GC OKTKVGPF \GRGXZF NT QKT IGYVN LKZX OEB
NT .TEKG ,USM ,EGCMN OKVSGR \GRGXZ QFG ZGBN QGXZF QF ,FNTPNP GRKNB
\B ZGICNG ,TDZG TDZ NMC GC OKZZGT\PF \GRGXZF \B ZYCN OEBF
.FNCYF LPS NT BNB ,F[GI\ LG\P BN ,[PPN GKNT[ QGXZF
OKTXGP Z[B ,FHF ONGTF \GDGRT\ NT Z\GGN EGBP GRN F[Y FZGBMN
.OFP \GRFKNG O\GB SGV\N YZ FH \G[TN GRKNT[ NMG ,QVGIF BGNPC GRN
,KEK\T KRIGZ DGRT\ GF[HKB QTPN OFKNT Z\GGN Q\KR KM ,GRN FBZR BN
.ZYKTG NNM GRN QCGP GRKB[
YPGT \B QKCFN NMGR ,GRK\GRGM\C BZGCN JTP CZY\R[ ZIBN LB
\BG \NIG\F ZSGI \B [GIN NMGR ;FHF ONGTF \GDGRT\C[ FKN[BF
GR\GYCE \GMHC NCYR Z[B ZKTHP JTP G\GB \PGTN ,OFC[ \GKP\SF
 EGPKNF KETX 204

NT \KJSKBGDB=\KRIGZF FBRFF \B ,OKZCEF TCJP ,UKETR KHB .BZGCC

.\KJSKBGDB=\KP[DF KRV
CG[I .QGMRF QGGKMC TGRN NKI\FN \GKGRPEHF \GR\KR EIBG EIB NMN
BZGCF ZCTN ZG\IN GRKNT .BZGCF Q\R[ \GKGRPEHF Q\GB \B \GFHN
FC[IP NMCG ,GRN FZGY Z[B NMC G\ID[F \B \GBZN NE\[FNG ,ECNC
.GRCNC
OEB CKKI GC QVGBF \B ,OFKZVSC GZB\ OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF
WGIR[ FPN ZCTPG NTP ,GRN Q\GR BZGCF ;KRIGZF ONGTN LZEC ,OEY\FN
BZGCN FEG\ KZKSB \GKFN OKMKZX GRBG ,\KRIGZF \GPEY\FF O[N
.\BH NM GRN OKYKRTPF OKNCGYPNG
,GRKNT G\ID[F \GZJP QFPG ,BZGCF N[ GRGXZ GFP GRN GZSP[ ,GRKZGP
GRPXTN ZB\N NMGR BN KM ET ,FFGCD FM \KRIGZ FD[F \DZEC GCXKR
.GNBF \GDZEPC[ FMGPRF \B UB ,GRD[F OZJC QM[ NM ,F\GB
\NTG\N NCYN" D[GPF ,OKKRIGZF GRKZGP OKBXPR QFC Z[B \GDZEC
ZGB OT TDPFP ,OKNCYP OF[ DGRT\F \B GNKVB .OKKY GRKB NNM "GPXT
.BZGCN OKETKKP OF ,BZGCF
\B GRRTPN BJCN KEM ,\GEIGKP OKNKP GBXP OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF
OKNKPC GK\GNGTV \BG ,GZGB \B "G[KCNF" OF :BZGCF \GNGTV
\NKI\C UB ,JGNYN NMGR F\GB[ FPZC ,GC\M OKNCGYPF .\GZPBCG
,OKXPBP \TY[FG KRKXZ EGPKN \GTXPBC ,LZEF L[PFC HBG ,GRMZE
,ZK[K QVGBC GZGB NM \B [KDZFN NMGR ,BZGCF \BZYN OKTSGV GREGTC
.\GPN[F BGNPCG
205 EGPKNF \CKCS | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

EGPKNF \CKCS
\GKIN Z[VB GC[ ,CXPN TKDFN OKCKKI ,FBKZCF \C[IP KV NT
EIB NM NT ,GRKNT \GBC[ ,\GZXF NM .OKKRIGZ OKYGI KV NT OKKY\FNG
,\G[GRBF NM \BG OEB NM BKCFN KEM OKTKVGP ,\GRGSBF NM ,GR\BP
.FHF ONGTC OKKI GR\GKFC FBKZCF KYGI \B OKKYN
GH FPMI KM" :F\GFPG FNCYF \PMGI ZPBPC ONGSF NTC C\GM LMG
LZE NT OKN[N\[PF OK[Z[ N[ ZES BNB ,Z\GK BNG \GIV BN BKF
FZJPN OKTNGYG OKZCI\PF ,OKJNIGPG OKTGCY OKYGIC ,L[PRG OEGY
ONGTC GKBZCRN ’\K G\GYNB KGNKD" O[C FCGYRF ,FNTR EBP \IB
."FHF
OKKI[ ,OKBZCRN BZGCF \GND\F NT FBZGF \JK[ BKF FNCY ZPGNM
BNB ,\GGPF ZIBN GRN FZYK[ FP NT OKC\GM QKB FNCYC .FHF ONGTC
NT YZ ZCGEP FNCYC .FHF ONGTC OKKIC [IZ\FN CKKI[ FP NT BYGGE
BN OB[ ,DK[FN CKKI BGF[ FP NT ,FHF ONGTC TXCN LKZX OEBF[ FP
BN[ ,OKZCEF O\GB OKKYN KEM ,NDND\K CG[G ,BGG[N GKKI \B FKIK QM
K[TPFG WGIRF TEPF BKF ,FNCYF \PMGI { \BH FCKSPG .OEGY OKKY
.ONGTC Z\GKC
OKKIF QM[ ,OKKIF \ZJP \B DK[FN GREKYV\P JP\[FN Z[VB KBG
OKCKKI GRIRB OKZGSKF NM N[ OVGSCG ,LM NGTVN GR\GB OKCKKIP OPXT
ONGTF LK[PK ,QGYK\ ZPDC .QGYK\ ZPDN ,GRPXT N[ BNP QGYK\N TKDFN
ZCEF .OKXT ,OKZVKX ,OKCMGM O\GB ,OGYK G\GB :OEGYPM OKKY\FN
FVKYPF \GBKXPF N[ FD[FF ,OEBF N[ FZMFF BGF FR\[K[ EKIKF
BNB ,\GR\[FN LKZX BN ZB[F NM .FR\[K GPXTC OEBF[ QGGKM ,G\GB
OEBF YZ .BZGCF N[ G\MZEF KVN ,TCJF KYGI KVN NGTVN LK[PFN LKZX
.BZGCF ONXC BGF[ K\KPB OEBN ,OKZGXKF ZB[M ,KI ZGXKP LGVFK
EGPKN KZVS KV NT ,\EIGKP FXGCYC EGPKN KEK NT ,\BH DK[FN Q\KR
NKI\P EKPN\F[ NMM[ CG\M .K\KPB KRIGZ FZGP=CZ \KKIRFCG OKRGMR
,GPXT \B \GPKN[N CZYP BGF GH FEKPC ,\G[TN GKNT FP Z\GK QKCFN
GRKRVN ZB\P BGF .ONGSF NTC C\GM LM NT .EGPKNF \BG FXGCYF \B
.QYG\PF CXPC GRN[ WZBF ZGEM \GBZKFN LKZX LKB FRGP\
 EGPKNF KETX 206

\GZKVSG OKVGXZV ,\GPNGTF NM \GN[N\[F NT OKEPGN FNI\FC

\GNTN LKZX ,GPXT \B QY\N KEM ,OEBF ,KR[F CN[C .FJPN FNTPNP
GMK[PFC ,FNTPN FJPNP GNKC[C GRMGF ZCM[ ,\GKRIGZF \GDZEPC
GR\GB \GEKZVP[ ,\GDZEPF N[ NNGMF ZVSPF .FHF ONGTC \GKIN
,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC FNTPN GRMZEC ZGCTN OKCKKI GRIRB Q\GB[ ,BZGCFP
.BZGCF \D[F KCN[ QF \GDZEP 125 Q\GB .125 BGF
KRKTC BGF GF[P .KN[ KJSKBGDBF TCJF \B K\RCF KVN ,NTGV KRB F\T
OB\FC NTGVG ,KN[ FCKCSFP EPGN KRKZFG .KRKTC TZ GF[PG ,CGJ ZCE
K[VGI FC [KDZP KRB LM ,FCKCSN ZCI\P KRB[ FEKP F\GBCG .FHN
OKXGZ OEBF KRC FC[ FZGXN OB\FC ,FR\[P CCGSF ONGTF .Z\GK
.G\GBZN
ZGEFPG OEGYF ZGEFP \GNECRF ,GC[ \GP[RF KVN QKKVGBP ZGE NM
OKMGPSF \GZGE KR[ QKC KRG[F N[ GNEGD \B OKBGZ GRIRB .BCF
\GEZGKF \GP[RF .GR\BP OKRG[ OF FPM ETG ,GRKENKG GRKZGF { GRN
OB\FCG ,OKNGDNKDF NMC QGKSKR \GZCGX ,ZGEG ZGE NMC GRN[ ONGTN
OG[P .GN OKPEGYFPG ,OEGYF ZGEC Z[BP OKNGED QFN[ \GRGXZF ,FHN
\MNGF \GI\V\FN OZGD[ FP ,OK[EI OKKGNKDN UBG[ [EI ZGE NM ,LM
.\G[GRBF N[ FNEDG
QGGMNG \GR[N UIER BGF ,KRIGZF GPNGT \B ZGYIN NKI\P OEB Z[BM
N[ QGZIBF CN[C .BZGCF OT GG\[K[ LM GNGM ONGTF \BG G\CKCS \B
FHF ZGEF .BZGCF OT FBNP FZGX \GG\[FC FKFK ONGTF ,FHF KGRK[F
BNB ,ONTKFN FKFK CKKI NMF GKZIB[ OG[P BN ,"QGZIBF ZGEF" KGZY
.QGYK\F L[PFN YGYH BNG ,Z\GKC ON[GPF BGF ,FH ZGE[ OG[P
.FZG\F KZ\SN \MKK[ BKF KM ,ZCGEP QKB QMP ZIBN[ \GI\V\FF NT
ZGEF" N[ FDZEN \G[GRBF \B BKCFN LKZX GC[ ,QVGBF NT ZCGEP BNB
\D[FC[ \GDZEP 125=F NT YZG LB \ZCEP FZG\F NM ."QGZIBF
.BZGCF
\B OKKYP BGF GC[ OGYPF ,EIB EXP BKF ,"OEBF N[ G\CKCS"
KGRK[ OT \GR\[FN \GZ[VBF OEBN \ZP[R ,KR[ EXP .OKKRIGZF OKYGIF
,GPXT OEBF \B FR[PG BC ,FCKCSF KGRK[ LZGXN F[TR[ FP :FCKCSF
OKEKPN\ \XGCY N[PN .FCKCS F\GBC OKNNMRF \GPMN FGG[F IGMC
OBG .FC EIB NMN QGYK\ N[ ZGYP QPHC GCG ,QGYK\ N[ OGYP FGGFP
207 EGPKNF \CKCS | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

BGF ,FPEYPM KZF ,FXGCYN ZCE OGZ\N NGMK BNG ,[NI GRET GF[KP
.GPXT QGYK\N IGM FXGCYFP NCYP
\GIGM FRPP CGB[N KEM ,FRGMR FCKCS GPXTN \GRCN CKKI EIB NM QMN
\NDGSP BN QKKET[ ,FXGCYC .FEKZK KZIB FKNTN \GIGMG ,KRIGZ QGYK\N
IGZ CXPC OKKGZ[ GKFK OKCZ ,\YVSP FZGXC QGYK\N \GIGM OGZ\N
\GIGM OGZ\N \NDGSP[ FCKCSC .\GPEY\FN \GIGM ZETF NNDC ,EGZK
.ZXY QPH OKM[PR NCB ,OKTKVGP \BH NMC FNBF OKCXPF ,FNBM

\GKRIGZ \GDZEPC \GPEY\F

N[ KJSKBGZJNBF IGMF BXPR "QKPK"P :BCF QVGBC FKGRC FDZEP NM
,TXPBC ;BZCRF QGXZ N[ ,KJSKBGDBF IGMF BXPR "NBP["P ;BZGCF
\IYN LKZX OEBF .GPXT \B [KDZP BGF LM .OEBF BXPR ,OFKRKC
\GNTN O\ZHTCG ,NBP[FG QKPKF \GIGMP ,QGMRF ZGTK[C ,\PKGSP \GPM
.FBCF FDZEPN
,OKKNPS OF ,OKD[GPF ZB[ QMG ,"NBP["G "QKPK" OKD[GPF[ ,ZGZC
N[ \GRGM\F \B ,O[C ZKEDFN KEM ,FNCYF \V[C OFC OK[P\[PG
.OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF
,\GPNGT 5=N \GYNI\P GNB \GDZEP 125 .125=F FDZEPN ET ,FBNF LMG
NTP BXPRF ,FJPNP QG[BZF KRIGZF ONGTF .EIB NMC \GDZEP 25
,FBKZCF ONGT ,FZKXKF ONGT GKZIB .FK[TF ONGT KGZY ,GRN[ ONGTF
FRGZIBF FDZEPN FP FJPN BXPR GRN[ ONGTF .QGPEY OEB=G \GNKXB
.OGSIPF KEK NT GRPP EZVRG ,FK[TF ONGT N[
NM NT ZCD\FN OEBN OKZHGT ,U\G[PC ,GNNF NBP[FG QKPKF \GIGM
SRMR FNKI\MNP OEBF Z[BM .FDZEPN FDZEPP ZCTPC ,OKK[YF
TKVGP ,(BZGCF \GIGM N[) QKPKF EXC G\GKFC ,GN[ OHKBGDBF EDR FEGCTN
.QG[BZF CN[F GFH .FKNTN \GIGMG QGXZ GNXB
GPXTN UKSGPG ,NBP[ EXN ZCGT OEBF[ ,LMC OM\SP KR[F CN[F
CXP :QKPK EXC FKF[ KVMP ,QKJGNIN LGVF QBM GN[ CXPF .OHKBGDB
,K\NI\FF CXPC QKPK EXC \GKFN ,ONGB .\G[K[\ ,QGBMKE ,EGZK IGZ
KEM ,NBP[ EXC \GKFN LKZX .BZGCC BNB ,OEBC BN KGN\ FH ZCE
BGF .GPXT OEBC KGN\ NBP[ EXC \GF[F QPHG ,OHKBGDBF \B [KDZFN
.OGPKRKPN O[ G\GF[ \B ZXYN NGMK
 EGPKNF KETX 208

QKCP OEBF OB .NBP[ GYC G\GF[ QPHC KGN\ ,[KDZP OEBF[ TZF NM
LKZTK BGF HB ,GN[ EK\TF \B QY\N FZJPC TKVGP TGZDF KIMGRF GCXP[
,KIZMF ZCEM G[DZGK OKZGSKF HBG .TZM BNG CGJM KIMGRF GCXP \B
.CGJ ZCEM FH OG[PG
\G[DZF QGYK\C ."CGJG TZ" N[ F[DZFFG FRCFF FR\[P FHM QVGBC
\GIGM CGB[N NGMK OEBF QFP[ ,FCKCSF ,FXGCYF ZGHTN \GNGMK GNNF
\GGFP \GBKZCF NM .KRIGZF ONGTC BXPR BN QKKET BGF[ QPHC ,OKKRIGZ
QF ,OKRYG\P BNF \GRGXZFP FBXG\M YZG ,"QG[BZF OEB" ,EIB UGD
."\GRGXZ" ,"OKVGD" KEK NT \GEZVR

\GZIB \GP[R OT Z[Y

\GZIB \GP[RP TEKP NCYN OKNGMK GRIRB ,YN\SP OHKBGDBF Z[BM
FMKZX GH FZJP ,\IB FZJP \NTC FXGCY \GRCN LKZX .Q\GB [KDZFNG
EKIB SIK NT EKVYFN [K .OKRVCP FEKIB IGZ NTC ,EIB ON[ \GKFN
;KR[N EIB ZGHTN OKRMGP EKP\ \GKFN OKMKZX ONGMG ,FXGCYF KZCI QKC
.EIK ONGMCG KR[C NNM\FN CKKI EIB NM
KVNMG OKZIBF KVNM ,GN[ "KRB"F \B NJCN NMGK EIB NM FC FEKPC
FXGCYFPG ,JZVM EIB NMP NCYK BGF \BHF FEKPC ,NNMC FXGCYF
Z\GKM KR[F \B CK[IFN KNT ,FH NKC[CG .NGEDP NCYN NGMK QJY .NNMM
.KPXTP FGCD
.BZGCF \GPPGZ BGF KZYKTF GETK[ CXPC \GKFN FMKZX EKP\ FXGCY
FXGCYFP NCYN NMGK EIB NM HBG .FNGTV NM CK\MFN \CKKI GH FZJP
.FYNI FZGXC FRZGCT\ \GKRIGZ \GEKZKG ,KRIGZ "QTJP"
NMF .GHF FDZEN FPKB\PF FCKCS FPXTN FRGC \GP[R N[ FDZE NM
\BHF FCKCSF ONGT NMC .\GP[RF N[ \KPKRVF FPZC ,FDZEC KGN\
.OKZIB OKYGI KV NT \GRCKFN \CKKI
OB ODG ,KGRK[F QGZYT KVN ,\G[KPDF QGZYKT KVN \KRCR FXGCY
,OKKIF .FN[ \GPEY\FF NT ZCEF EKTK ,UZF KNC \GR\[FN LZJX\
GKFK ,KP[DF UGDC OKKPFCF OKKIF ,FHF ONGTC FIV[PF ,FEGCTF
FP FH .FXGCYF KZCI N[ \GKRIGZN OB\FC ,L[PFC \GR\[FN OKCKKI
.GR\BP [ZGE BZGCF[
209 EGPKNF \CKCS | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

NMMG .KRIGZF ONGTC FP[RF GNKBG ,FHF ONGTC \GKFN UKSGK GRN[ UGDF
\B OKB\K UGDF ZGTK[ G\GBC ,\GKRIGZ \GNGTV Z\GK TXC\ FP[RF[
KZCI QKCG ,FIV[PC OKSIKF ,GRKKFE .\GKP[DC OKKRIGZF OKYGIN GPXT
OKYGIF KVN ,GRN[ \GI\V\FF UGSC ,OKKGRC \GKFN OKCKKI FXGCYF
.\GNKXB ONGT N[ OKRGKNTF
N[ \GRGXZP NNMR GN[ QGXZF=UGDF[ ,LM FRGGMC ZXGR QG[BZF OEB
N[ YNI G\GB ,"QCBF CN" N[ YNIFP \GMNPFG ,\GZKVSF T[\
,\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’J N[ \GRGM\ GMG\N JGNYN NGMK BN[ ,\GMNPF
.BZGCF \GRGM\
\B GMG\C ZZGTN GNKVB ,QG[BZF OEBN ,GN FKF ZGSB ,GHF FCKSFP
"TZ"F NM[ OG[P ,TZG CGJ \TEF WTP NGMBN { FHF KZK[TF QGXZF
ZB[ OT CCZT\F { ONGTN BXK BGFG ,\GMNPF N[ FHF YNIC BXPR
.\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’J ,OKYNIF
T[\P \GMNPF LG\N ZGB NCYN FVKX[ FHC BJI QG[BZF OEBF
BN \GMNPF[ ZIBP ,NTGVC LB ,BZGCN TKV[FN \RP NT^a \GZKVSF
\B NCKY BGF ,FPXTN \KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM F\GB [GMZN \NDGSP
\GP[R 600,000=N FYZV\F G\P[R LMP FBXG\MG .NCYN \RP NT^a ZGBF
BN QM[ NM BNG ,F\KF[ FPN[F FP[RF \B \G[KDZP BN[ ,\GEZVR
.F\GTZ \B \IB \G[KDZP
,QY\N LKZX G\GB[ ,"KRB" KGZY FH YNI .DGRT\ NCYN QGXZ BGF YNI NM
\IB NMC 1/125 QY\N OTV NM GRKKF ,\GDZEP 125=C G\GB OKNTP[ LMC
KZIBG ,QKPK EXN ZCGT YNI NM[ ,OTV NMC .\GRGXZF \GP[RF 600,000=P
IGM \B QKPKP \IYGN FP[RF ,KTXPB GYN NNMR FH KZIBG ,NBP[ EXN FH
TKVGP KTXPBF GYCG ,NCYN QGXZ \[MGZ { NBP[P ,TKV[FN QGXZ { BZGCF
.TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN QGXZ :OGMSF
ZCD\FN O\ZHTC Z[VB FKFK[ ,GHM FEKPC \GIGM OKR\GR EKP\ FNTPNP
,KIZMFF KJSKBGDBF YNIF \B QY\N GRKKF ,NBP[ EX N[ OHKBGDBF NT
OEB OB .NGCSN NDGSP OEBF[ FP YZ OKR\GRG .TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN KEM
.TZ CXP OD GN Q\RKK BN HB ,FNTPNP \GIGM NCKY BN
GN \GKFN FMKZX EKP\ ,\KRIGZ OEY\FN YYG\[P FXGCY ZCI OB
K\[ GH FCKSP .OHKBGDB QFG \GKRIGZ QF FXGCYFP \IYN \GZ[VBF
 EGPKNF KETX 210

\GKFN .FXGCYC \TF NM GKEIK \GKGZ[ \GKFN \GCKKI GNNF \GRGM\F

.\KPKRV FKNB ZCGIP \GKFN GTP[P { FXGCYC
NGMK BN BGFG ,FHF ONGTF KDGRT\ Z\GK OKZYK QKKET OEBN OB
\XGCYC OGYP GN QKBG ,GRPH TKDF BN EGT[ BGF QPKS ,OFP Y\R\FN
OKNTGVF OKKRIGZF OKYGIF \B FPXT NT NCYN FRMGP BN G\P[R .EGPKN
OKR\GR ,FHF ONGTF N[ OKDGRT\F NM \B ZCGT OEB Z[BMG .\GP[R QKC
.\GKRIGZN FVKIE GN
ONGTF N[ OKKIF \GCKSR NMC BXPKFN \PBC CKKI BN BGF LM O[N
\B DK[P BGF .OKXGIR BNM O\GB FNKD[ ZIBN ,OFP Y\R\FNG ,FHF
\GNV[C [I[ ZIBN GRKKF ,FNTPNP \GXGIR \GIMGF \NCY KEK NT FH
.OKKP[D OKDGRT\ ZIB [GVKIF

OGSIPF
.KRIGZF ONGTFP DGRT\F \[GI\ GH ,\GKRIGZN GR\GB L[GP[ FP OGKF
FM GRB QMNG ,KZPGIF ONGTF \GDGRT\P Z\GK FNGED BKF[ GRN FBZR
QGHKRG KI GRN[ ONGTF NM .FBRGF OG[ QBM QKB .\GKRIGZC OKY[GI
.GRN[ ONGTN ZEIG OGSIPF LZE WZV Z[B ,KRIGZ ZGB N[ QJY WGXKRP
KEZBKNKPCG ,ZGB BNP GNGM Z[B ,KRIGZ ONGT OMPXTN GZB\ ,GK[MTG
.FHF ONGTF KDGRT\ N[ FHF WGXKRFP Z\GK NGED OKPTV N[ OKEZBKNKP
!O[ OKBXPR OKDGRT\ FNB
[GZE FH LZGXN[ ,OKTEGK GRIRB ?KRIGZF ONGTN ZGCTN LKB NCB
.TKV[FN QGXZN NCYN QGXZP ,GRN[ \KJSKBGDBF \GFPF NM \B \GR[N
\B ZKCSFN KEM ,OKNKP YKVSP QKBG ,OXTC FH FP ,OKRKCP GRRKB LB
,FHM GF[P QKCFN GRN GZHTK[ \GKRC\ QKB GRN[ IGPC .FHF LKNF\F
.OHKBGDB N[ \MZTPC NTGV GRIGP[ OG[P
,GPXT QGXZF \B BNG ,QGXZF \RGGM \B \GR[N YKVSP[ ZPBR EGTG
,GRKKFE .QGXZF \RGGM KGRK[ \EKPN FGG[ GNEGDC[ ,DGRT\ [KDZFN KEM
YZ CG[IG ,FBRFC FMHB FZYP NMC[ :KDGNGMKSV GNGM[ D[GPC ZCGEP
.KP O[N GB FP O[N ,FRGGM GHKBC
DK[FN KEM CCGSN LKZX G\GB[ ,OG\S[ G\GB Z\\SP BGVKB QMKF
?FH \B
211 EGPKNF \CKCS | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

OHKBGZJNBF QKCG GRN[ ONGTF N[ OHKBGDBF QKC NGCDC BXPR BGF

N[C F[TR[ ,OEBF N[ FRMFF \EKP NT EKTP[ { "OGSIP" KGZYG ,KRIGZ
F[GZE ,FHM CXPN TKDFN \RP NT .KRIGZF ONGTN GN[ \G[GI\C ZGCTN
I\VN KEM FXGIR FXGCYF \ZDSP .\K\XGCY \ZDSPCG EGPKNC FEP\F
,\KPKRV "FXKZV" \[IZ\P HB .\YVSPF FEKPN ET \GKRIGZN QGXZ
.OKKRIGZ IGMG \GTEGP FNTPNP NCYN NKI\P OEBFG
 EGPKNF KETX 212

EGPKNF QVGB
OKZVS
QY\N QEGTKK[ \GEIGKP \GP[R GRN[ ONGTF NB ING[ BZGCF ZGE NMC
FBZ" :ZPBR[ KVM ,BZGCF NT TEK \G[GRBN ZKCTFNG ,FHF ONGTF \B
OR[K ZGE NMC QMN ."ZGE NMN O\GB YNKIG OKPMI YKVSP QKB KM BZGCF
\GRGM\N FNCYF \PMGI \B OKPKB\P[ ,OKKRIGZ OKZGPG OKDKFRP
.OFN[ ZGEF N[ \GKEGIKF
OEB C\M[ "LNPF NBKHZ" ZVSF ,FNCYF \PMGIC QG[BZF ZGYPFP
OKZVSF ETG ,OFZCB C\M[ "FZKXK ZVS" KR[F ZVSFG QG[BZF
.FNCYF \PMGI B[GRC OKZVS \GBP QPHF \XGZPC GZCGI { OKRGZIBF
Z\GKC KZBNGVGVF BGF ,"ZFGHF" ZVS ,C\MR[ K[KN[F ZVSF ONGB
ZC QGTP[ KCZ KEKC ,FZKVSN FKR[F FBPC C\MR BGF .FNCYF \PMGIC
.KBIGK
ZVSN [GZV C\M (1954=1884) DN[B FEGFK CZF ,GRRPH QC NCGYPF
.GRN[ ZGEF \GP[RN \RCGPG \PB\GP FV[C ,K"ZBF KZVS NMNG "ZFGHF"
"ZFGHF" ZVS YZ ,ONGTF NB OGKM EZGK[ \GP[RF DGSN OB\FCG ,GRKPKC
\GZGYPF OF GPXT DN[B CZF KZVSG ,DN[B CZF [GZV OT K"ZBF KZVSG
ONGTF NB \BXN GR\BP EIBG EIB NMN ZGHTN OKNGMK[ ,Z\GKC OKNKTKF
.KRIGZF
NTC" FRGM BGF FP[ NT[ ,"ZFGHF" ZVSN DN[B CZF N[ \GR[ZVF
ZVS KVN EPGN[ OEB[ QGGKMP ,"ONGSF" [GZKV O[C FKGZY "ONGSF
"OKKI WT" ZVSN FR\KR[ \GR[ZVF .ONGSC GPM \KRIGZ FNGT "ZFGHF"
C\M ,FNB OKZVSN USGRC ."\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" \BZYR K"ZBF ZCKI[
\KC" ,"\GPEYF ZVS" ,"FZG\ Q\P" :QGDM ,OKCZ ZHT KZVS DN[B CZF
."ZKFCF ZGBF" ,"K\TP[" ,"OMI KZV" ,"\GRGGMF ZT[
Q\P" :BCF ZESF KVN BGZYN WNPGP ,DN[B FEGFK CZF N[ GKZVSC
N[ QG[BZ YNIN "\KPKRV \GNM\SF" ,"ZFGHF ZVSN FPEYF" ,"FZG\
EGPN\N FPEYF"G "FNCYF \PMGIN FIK\V" ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"
."\GZKVSF Z[T
NCGYP N[ GKZVS KVN BYGGE FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN WNPGP QM GPM
O\GTXPBC QKCFN Q\KRG ,FZGZCG FJG[V FV[C OKCG\M OF QM[ ,FH NGED
213 EGPKNF QVGB | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

OKZIB FNCY \GZGYP N[G ,"ZFGHF" ZVS N[ \GZ\SRF \GRCG\F NM \B

LK[PPG GZGMC GRC ,DN[B LGZC CZF KZVS \B EGPNN WNPGP QM .GKRVN
NT OKSSGCPF FH ZVS QGDM OKVSGR OKZVSG ,DN[B FEGFK CZF N[ GMZE
.["CZFG DN[B FEGFK CZF KC\M
,DN[B CZF KZVS KVN FNCYF \PMGI \GEGSK \B [MZ EKPN\[ ZIBN
ZCM BGF .FRKPHF FNCYF \GZVS NM \B K[VGI QVGBC BGZYN NGMK BGF
FP QKCFN ,KRIGZ \PBC ,BZGY BGF[ OKZVSF LG\P FHKB ,\TEN NKM[K
QKCN OKK\KPBF FNCYF \PMGI \GZGYP QKC NKECFN ,O[ C\MR YGKEC
.OKRG[F OKPZHFG ,\GRGPBF ,OKC\GMF QKC NKECFNG ,OKVKGHP

FV[
BNN[ LM ,\KPZBC GB \KZCTF FV[C GC\M OKNCGYP ,OKZYPF CGZC
\GTP[P \KZCTF FV[N .FNCY EGPNN EGBP F[Y \KZCTF FV[F \TKEK
.Z\SR TEKP QGPJ ,CK\MF \ZGX GB \GK\GB N[ CGNK[ ,FNP NMC ;\KEGIK
QKCFN NDGSP OEB .\ZIB FV[ OG[N OGDZ\N \GR\KR BN FNB \GKGTP[P
,GN[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF \EKP KVN YGKEC ,\KZCTC JV[PG FNKP NM
.OKNPF N[ \Z\SR \GTP[PN GN[ \GRGM\F \PB\F \EKPC ZCGEP QM[
.FHF TEKPF NM \B ZKCTFN Q\KR BN JG[V ,\ZIB FV[N OGDZ\CG
ZIBN FZH FV[C FNCYF \PMGI EGPNN NKI\FN Z[VB JNIFC NCB
YYEHK OEB ,\GKRIGZ \GDZE \RCF ,\KRIGZ \GPEY\F \EKPC YZG ,QMP
NM \B QKCFNG ,GPXTC [KDZFN NDGSP FKFK ,LEKBPG ,EIP \KZCTF FV[N
."GREPN\ OEB \P[R" :ZPBR[ KVM .ZCGT BGF[ \GKRIGZF \GDZEF
YKPTP EGPKN O[N .\KZCTC GC\MR FNCYC OKCG[IF OKC\MF \KCZP
FV[ NMC FNCY CG\MN Q\KR ,\BH OT EIK .\KZCTC ZKCS TEK [ZER ,OFC
\ZCGEP F\KF[ FV[F ,\KPZBC C\MR "ZFGHF" ZVS :BPDGEN ,BKF[
,OEBF \G[GI\G \G[DZ NT \ZCEP FNCYF .FR[ OKKVNB KRVN SZVC
FYKSGP KEK NT { FV[ BNN GNKVBG ,FV[ NMC O\GB ZKCSFN Q\KR Z[B
.N[PN
,\KYNJKB \XY \TEN OKCKKI OKBYKSGP .\GV[ \EPGN FNGM \G[GRBF
Q\KR FKF .GN[P FV[ TEP NMN .’GMG \KNDRB { OKSERFP ,\KHTGN { OKBVGZ
.\BH F[T BN NCGYP UB[ YZ ,\ZIB FV[ NMC FNCY ZKCSFN
 EGPKNF KETX 214

EGPKNF \GT[
NNM LZEC OK[RBF ZB[ QFC \GT[C ,\GNKNC NFR\P FNCY EGPKN
OKXPBPF .\GKJSKBGDBF OFK\GC[IPC \GTZVF QKB OKEPGNNG ,OKR[K
DK[FN FZJPC ,G\TZMFN OKYCBPFG ,KSKVF UGDF \B "ZKTFN"
\GRGM\ OK[MGZ FNCY OKEPGNFG ,FNTPNP FZGP\N OKMGH ,\GKRIGZ
.\GKJSKBGZJNB

EGPKNF \ZDSP
U[IR BNG EEGC\P NCGYPF ,G\P[R \RGM\NG ,EGTKN OB\FC
LG[PN ETGR[ ,UYKF CIZ OGSZVC ,ONGMN FND\P ,QKVGNING ,OKZIBN
NEDP NCGYPF GC[ FH FZYPC .BCF OKNCGYPF ZGE \B NEDNG OKEKPN\
OKVKET FXGCYC OKEGPKN .OKEKPN\ \GXGCY OKYP BGF OKNCGYP ZGE
NTC KEK NT ZPBR[ FP ZGBN ,OKKNBGEKCKERKB OKEGPKN NT FCZFC
EPGN[ KP NM CKCS[ OG[P \BH ,("EGPKNF \GEGB" YZV FBZ) ONGSF
\NCYN OEBF \B QKMPG ZFJP[ ,UKYP ZGB ZXGR FNCYF \PMGI \B
.KPKRVF ZGBF
\B DK[FN OEBF N[ GRGXZ NEGDC FKGN\ ,FHF UKYPF ZGBF \PXGT
QKKRT\FN NKI\P BGF ,FZCIC BXPR OEB Z[BM[ CN OK[N KBEM .EPNRF
Z[BM ,NED QGCBK\F OD LM .G\GB OKCCGSF \B OKRKKRTP[ OKZCE O\GBC
,FNCY OKEPGNF GKZCIC QRGC\P[ OEB .G\NKMBC GF[KPC OKJKCP GRB
GK\GRGXZ \GI\V\F NT KCGKI QVGBC TKV[P LMG ,OFC BRYN NKI\P
.UKYPF ZGBF \PXGT \B NKEDP FH KEK NTG ,OKKRIGZF
O\S OF[ ZPGB FH QKB ,GKEIK OKEPGN OK[RB FPM OB ,\BHP FZ\K
,OKV\G[P \GRGXZ KNTC OF BNB ,ZVS OKBZGYG ZEIC EIKC OKC[GK
OKZCIN SIKK\FNG OFN[ OHKBGDBFP Y\RKFN OKVBG[ ,\GEIGBP \GRGGM
OFN[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FN \GRGXZF FHM FZYPC .OPXT NB GPM
EIB NM NT TKV[P[ ,FZKEB FPXGTC UKYP ZGB OKM[GPG ,OKEIB\P
Z[BP ,GHM FXGCYC FBXG\N TKDFN FCZFC NY QMN .EIK ONGM NTG EGIN
.GPXT \GIGMC OEB ,FBXG\N TKDFN
FEGCT NT SSC\FN ,QM OB ,FMKZX FNCYF \PMGI N[ EGPKNF \ZGX
CZFG ONGSF NTC .\KPXT FEGCT NT [DE OK[N [K ,\BH OT .\K\XGCY
N[ \GRGXZG \GC[IP QGICN OKMKZX GRB[ LM NT ,\GCZ GC\M DN[B LGZC
215 EGPKNF QVGB | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

ZGTK[C OKIMGRFP EIB NM NT ,FNB[ NBG[ ZCI EGPKNF QPHC OB .OKZCI

[KB \GNNM\F KGZY[ FP FH .GN[ FC[IPF LNF \B QKCFNG SGV\N \GSRN
.FNGM FXGCYF \BXPR FXGCYFP ZCI NMC[ { GFTZC
NM LMG ,GKZCI KVNM GPXT LZTC JKTPFN OEB CKKI ,LMN TKDFN KEM
OFK\GRGM\ ,OFK\GRGXZ ,OFK\GC[IP \B OKZIBFP JGNYN NMGK EIB
ZCTP .Z[T\KG IKGGZK OFP EIB NM FH QVGBC .\GKRIGZFG \GKPKRVF
O\B[M .OKKRIGZ OKB[GRC FH OT FH ZCEN WNPGP BN ,GPXT EGPKNN
\V[C OKEPNRF ,OKKRIGZ OKMKNF\ ZKCSFN ,QCGPM ,Q\KR OKZCEP
ZGB FHKBG SRMKR ZGB FHKB ,\GRKIC ,\GPNGT ,\GZKVS ,OKVGXZV :FNCYF
.C"XGKMG BXGK

EGPKNF \ZJP
\B BN LB ,OKZIBN ZKCTFN OKNGMK O\B FNCYF \PMGIC OM\RCF \B
EGPKNFP FBXG\M ,FNKI\C .OMK\GRGXZG ,\GKPKRVF OMK\G[GI\C F[TRF
KNGB ,ZPGBM { FEGCTC OEY\FN FXGZ BGF QM KZIB ,\GBKZC [YCP OEB
GB FSZGCC ZIP FKFK FP \TEN ,EK\TF \B \GNDN KN ZGHT\ FNCYF
ONGTC FEGCT NMC .GKKI \B ZV[N YYG\[P OEBF ZPGNM ?GJGNC \GMHN
F[GT ,ECB\P[ KP GNKVB .GRTCJ FH .GPXTN IGGZ [VIP OEBF ,GRN[
[VIP BGF OD ZPGNM ,OKZGSK [KDZFN QKRGTP BGF QKB[ QGGKMP \BH
.GCXPC FCJFG FNYF
OKNGYK[ ZZCN BGF Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF .QPHF NM OKR\[P OKNGYK[F
.ZIB GB FH F[TP F[GT KRB FP O[N QKCFN ,GNB
 EGPKNF KETX 216

\KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF

BNPP[ FPN SIK TCGY GPXTC BGF ,\PKGSP FDZEC BXPR OEB[M
BGF ,FH SIK .GMG\C OKZGFJ ORKB[G OKZGFJ \GRGXZ QKC QKICPG ,G\GB
\B ZV[P OEB LMC .BXPR OEB FC[ ,\KRIGZF FDZEF \B TCGY Z[B
,\GKRIGZF \GDZEPF ONGSC EZGK BNG FNGT BN BGF .\GKPKRVF GK\GRGM\
(KJSKBGZJNBF) QYG\PF GYNI QKC SIKF BGF ,FR\[P[ FP BNB
\PZ \B ,G\DZE \B TCGY[ FP FHG ,(KJSKBGDBF) QYG\P BNFG
OKRVCP[ BNB ,KSKV CXP G\GBC OKZB[R ONGM .\KRIGZF G\GI\V\F
ONGTN ,FK[TF ONGTN FHF ONGTFP \KPKRV FKNT FNI { FR\[P NMF
EDRM .UGS=QKB ONGT ETG QGPEY OEB ,\GNKXB ,FBKZCF ,FZKXKF
,FZKXK ,FBKZC \GPNGTM BN[ \BHG { QGPEY OEBG \GNKXB \GPNGT
FNCYC OKTGEKF OKRYG\P BN OKJSKBGDB \GIGM QKB { FK[T
5=C LSPF \GI\V\F KVN BKF \GPNGTC FKNTF ."FVKNYE \GPNGT"M
.’E ,’D ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ :\GDZE
FJK[ KVN EPGN OEB OB[ ,CG\M \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYFC
\BXN NMGK BGF ,FRGMRF FRGGMF OT EIK GK\GIGM NM \B TKY[PG ,FRGMR
,GPXT \B QY\N NMGK ,ZPGNM .OKR[ [PI ET [GN[ LG\ KRIGZF ONGTN
N[ G\NGMKN OB\FC \GKFN LKZX NMF .NTGVC \KRIGZ FKNT NKI\FNG
LGVFR .NMF NT Z\GGN OKEPGNF OKMKZX FT[ KVN[ ,ZPGB FH QKB .OEBF
,OKK[YFG \GKTCF NM OT EEGP\FN ,\ENN ,EGPNN ,EGCTN OFKNT ,BGF
.\KPXT \GI\V\FN OKMZE QF GNB NM .OKKIF OKCKXP[
GRKB [KB .GKXPBP NM \B ,NDGSP BGF[ FPM ET ,TKY[FN CKKI OEB
YGYH OEB[ BKF FIRFF .OFN[ \GNGMKN ZCTP GTKY[K OKEPGNF[ ,[ZGE
OKK\T[ KXIG FT[ "HCHCP" ,\GT[ 8=M ECGT ,FPPKC FRK[ \GT[ 7=6 N
QPH [KEYP ,WIZ\P ,NMGB ,GRPP FZHIG FEGCTF OGYPN FTKSR NT
ZB[R[ ,KGRVF QPHF NT YZ ZCGEP .ZCGEP GNB \GT[ NT BN ,FIV[PN
TY[GK ,Z\GR[ KGRVF QPHF NM OB .OKKIZMFF OKYGSKTF NM KZIB
.JNIFC YKVSP FKFK FH { FNCYF EGPKNC
QPH \GXYFN FH ,FNCYF EGPKNC CG[I KMF ZCEF { ZYGC EGPKN
YZ IYGN OEB FHF QPHF \B .ZYGCC [[ ET ZYGC \GRVN TCZB GB [GN[P
FRCFC { FRGMR FRGGM LG\ EGPNN CG[I .\GYKVSP GNBF \GT[ 3=2 .GPXTP
.ZYKTF BKF FRGGMF .\BH F[GT KRB TGEP
217 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

FH LKNF\ LB ,OKR[ [PI ET [GN[ LG\ \GKRIGZ DK[FN Q\KR ,ZGPBM

,\BH \G[TN OEBF NT FZYP NMC .Z\GK GB OKR[ [[ OD \IYN NGNT
CKKI OEB .OKNGDNKD 10 EGTC GB OKBCF GKKIC HB ,FNBF OKKIC BN OB
BGF[ FP NM .GN[ OKKIF \B NXRP BGF FP O[N ,\TF NM CG[IN
KNNMF QGC[IC NNMRG ZCJXP NMF ,GK\GC[IP NM ,GHF FEGCTC TKY[P
NCYP BGF ,OKKGSP NEGDN TKDP OKXPBPF OGMS Z[BMG .GKXPBP N[
.KRIGZF ONGTN BXGKG FNTPNP FVKIE

NGPD\ \[KZE
TKDFN ZGPB KRB QBN ,OKKIN ,FEGCTN ,OKEGPKNN YGYH KRB FP O[N
YYG\[FN ,BZGCF \B \GBZN OKMKZX GRIRB GRK[TP NMC ?ZCE N[ GVGSC
FMKZX GH FZJP .GR\BP GRGXZ FP CG[ING ZZCN QPHF NMG ,GC YCEKFNG
NM OEBF NXB \ZZGCP BF\ FZJPF OB .QPHF NM GRN FKGND \GKFN
KGXPF ,TEKPF \B [KDZFN NKI\K BGFG ,NCGYPN G\GB LGVFK FH ,QPHF
.OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC
GRB TEKF \ZHTC .FCZ \GTP[P QKB ,OEBF N[ TEKF UYKF \PZN
F[KZEF KNXB FNED LM ,Z\GK EPGN KRB[ NMM .ZPGIF OT OKZ[Y\P
NM N[ FBXG\F QMKFG ,ZCE OG[ KN QKB QKKET TGEP FFG\ KRBG ,BZGCN
QPHC ECGT KRKB KM ,CZ USM K\ESVF ,\GCZ FEGCT \GT[ K\TY[F ?K[TP
\GKGZ[VB EKSVP ,FIV[PC CZ QPH TKY[FNP TRPR KRB ,OKEGPKNF
OEB NCYP GKXPBPN \GEGF .FNBC BXGKMG ,OKZIB \GPGYPC DRT\FN
?ZCE OG[ QKB KN TGEPG { BZGCN \KJSKBGDB F[KZE
BNG ,FZGP\ [GZEN GKNT FNCYC TKY[P OEB[ ,FYE NM NT QMN
JSKBGZJNB \GKFN LKZX OEBF ."JSKBGZJNB KRB KM ,QBM KRB" :EKDFN
BNB ,JSKBGZJNB \GKFN BN BKF FNCYC FZJPF ;OKZIB OK[TPC
BKF QBNG F\KNM\ FP YGECN GKNT ,FYE NM NTG ,GRPHC WPYPM DFR\FN
NMN FZGP\ [GZE\ BN OB .FZJPN Z[K \KKC\K OEBF HB YZ .FNKCGP
\G[KZE OG[ LN QKBG ,FBCF FYEN YGYH BN F\B[ GTP[P ,GK[MT FYE
.OGNM KNC ZB[K\ ,CXPF LM OBG ,EGPKNFP
.GRN [K[ CG[I KMF ZCEF BGF ,FYE NMC OTJFG YGPKRF ZGZKC
,NMF \G[TN QMGP OEBF .IGPF NM ,UGDF NM OPGY\P FH EDRM ,NTGVC
CG\MN ,\GPNGTF ,\GZKVSF NT \GRYEYEC EGPNN ,OKPK[Z\ ZKKXN
 EGPKNF KETX 218

,FRGGMF ZGZKCP YPI\FN NMGK[ ECNCG ,FNCYF KB[GRC OKZPBP

.BZGCF OT GN[ Z[YF NT \KHMZPF FNB[FP
FXZ\[ FEKPF F\GBC .OHKBGDBF NM BXPR BZGCN OEBF QKC[ OGYPC
N[ FHF OGYPC YZ .LMG\C OHKBGDBF \B NJCN LZJX\ ,BZGCC YCEKFN
NM \PM\SP FHC .BZGCF \B [KDZFN Z[VB ,NJGCPF OHKBGDBF
,FRGGMF NT ZCEN ZGSB .GFTZ OT [KB ZCEN ZGSB FH NT BYGGEG ,FEGCTF
.EGPKNFP [ZGE KRB FP ,FXGZ KRB YGKEC FP KCDN OKRG[F OKYGPKRF
GEPN\G GXZ\[ FPM GZCE { OKVGXZV ,\GZKVS { GPXT EGPKNF NT GNKBG
.GFTZ OT [KB \BH
LN ZVSK BGF[ [G[I\ NB .CG[I FH QKB ,BN GB KYC LN[ ZCIF OB
EIGKPCG ,\XY EGT \EPN[ BGF CG[IF .\GTP[P FHN QKB ,QGMR BN GF[P
[G[I\ NBG ,ZVS { GF[P GN ZVSN LPP [YCP GF[KP OB QMN .ZCI OT
.\GCK[I FHN QKB KM ,TEGK LRKB BP[
EGPKNF \BXG\ KM ,EGBP CG[I TEKF .OMN[ TEKC GNHNH\ NB \BH NMCG
ZPGIF \[GI\G ,OMN[ \GKPKRVF \G[GI\F ,\GKGGIF QKC EGIKB FKF\
BGF FZGX GHKBC ,DGRT\ ,ZGB ,QGXZ ,LSP FH FP QKCFN GNKI\\ .EPNRF
.OMMG\C GNBF \GNGTVF NM \B [KDZFN GNKI\\ .UIER ,BXGK ,SRMR
,\G[GI\F ,\KPKRVF FEGCTFG EGPKNF UGSC KM ,EGPNN OKCKKI QMN
,\G[GI\FP Y\GRP EGPKNF[M ,FNI\FC[ BNB .\IB \GPN[N GEIB\K
.QGMR BN GB QGMR OKKGSP QKKRT TEGK GF[KP OB LMN \GTP[P OG[ QKB
ZGSB { OMK\G[GI\ LG\C TGJR FKFK ZCM EGPKNF[M ,\BH \PGTN
LZEC .\G[DZF ,\G[GI\ BNG TEK YZ ZKCTFN Z\GP .OKZIBN GZKCTFN
BNG \GK[KB \GKTC QF FRGGM N[ \GKTC .OKKNNM OKB[GRC QGEN [K NNM
GPXTN YKHP BGF LMC ,OKZIB OT FHC QE OEB OB LB .QGKEN B[GR
.OKZIBNG

"FPFCF QP OEBF Z\GP"

GNGM[ ,QJY ZGXK FJKPC CMG[ FEKNF ZIBN .QJY JSKBGDBM ENGR OEBF
OEBF .FKI N[ ZGDP OGBPC FRG[ BN BGF FH CN[C .IZGXG OHKBGDB
YSGT ,FHF ONGTF \B DK[P ,KI BGF ,OK[GIF \[PI \ZHTC OKKY\P
.BGF OD LM ,FKKI \B FKI FKI[ O[M .FHP Z\GK LKZX GRKBG { TEPC
219 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

DK[FN ,Z[T\FN FXGZ OEB :FKIN OEB QKC OKNECF ZVSP OR[K
OB NCB ,BZGCN YGYH OEBF QKB ,FNB OKZCE \D[FN .TEK ,EGCM ,FJKN[
NKI\K HB ,KEK\TF KRIGZF KNMF N[ QJY [ZG[ GMG\N OKSKRMP FNTPNP
ZGYP ,NGMKCM ,GMG\N SKRMP BZGCF .FH QGZSKI BNPN FPC [VING ZZCN
.LF=GRKKF OF[ ,ZGBN QJY QGZSKI GB ZGB N[ QJY
.EGCMC BN ,FJKN[C BN ,Z[GTC BN ZGBN QGZSKI BNPN NGMK BN OEB
ONGTN BNB ,FHF ONGTN OKMKK[ BN ,GN[ KGNKPFG ,FHF QGZSKIF
LG\N OKSKRMP OB .GN[ KGNKPFG EIGKP QGXZ [K FDZEP NMC .KRIGZF
ONGTC O\GB BNPN Q\KR ,OKK[GRB GB OKKRVGD { OKKP[D \GRGXZ OEBF
KGNKPF[ ,BGF CG[IF ,QJY GB NGED FKFK KGNKPF OB NECF QKB .FHF
BN[ ,\GRGXZ OEB LG\N OKSKRMP OB .FHF ONGTF \ZDSPC OKKY
ZCE NM [VIN Z[VB FHM QGXZ OT .[VIN NKI\P BGF ,FHF ONGTFP
.G\GB BNPN BN { FZYP NMC LB ,OGYP NMCG
,FNTPNP Q\KR QGXZF .KRIGZ QGXZ EDRM FHF ONGTF N[ FPZC DGRT\ QKB
.FNTPNP BGCN LKZX ,BGF UB KGNKPF QMNG
.\PEZ\C TGY[N ,FHF QGXZF \B GMG\C ZGDSN IKNXP OEB OK\KTN
CZ \NFR\P FH QVGBC ?\G[TN FP LB { GN TKZVP ,GN YKXP GF[P
NKI\P BGF ,FH QGXZ GMG\C ZGDSN IKNXP BN OEB OB .\G[GRBF
OKNKI\P[ TDZP .FNCYN ZCE N[ GVGSC TKDP KF[NM LZECG ,[GVKIC
NGTVN OKMKZX DGRT\C QGXZ BNPN KEM .\GKTC \GZZGT\P FNCY EGPNN
OKCKKI ,N[PN ,Z[GT N[ \PKKGSP FPZ DK[FN KEM .FHF QGXZF NT
EGCTN OKMKZX FNKF\N TKDFN OKXGZ OB .OKR[ FPM L[PC F[Y EGCTN
.FR[ OK[GN[=OKZ[TM EGT
.OKD[KFN TKDFN FKFK Q\KR[ KEM ,OKXPBP TKY[FN OKMKZX ZCE NMC
OKZKBP[ ,OKDGRT\FG \GRGXZF OT GRN[ ONGTC TKY[P OEB[ OKXPBPF
KRB LM ,Z\GK F[GT KRB[ NMM { GY G\GBC NGMKCM OKBXPR ,EK\TC GN
,FR[ EGT ,[EGI EGT ,LZBK ZCEF .DK[FN FXGZ KRB[ FPN ,Z\GK CZY\P
FZGZC FRGP\F ,FH \BZYN LNGF KRB .LMN \GCK[I QKB ,OKR[ Z[T EGT
.KRGXZ \B [PPB QPH FPM EGTC ,ZPGN NGMK GNKVB KRB ,KN
DGRT\F .OKTEGK BN ?FPN QGXZ NCB ,QGXZ [K FNCYC \BH \PGTN
BGF ,TEKP DGRT\FG FNM[FN QGXZF[ GPM .GR\PZN ZCTP[ FPZC BXPR
,ONGT G\GBC OKBXPR[ UB ,OKKIF KNTCG OEBF.KI NTC N[ G\DZEN NTP
 EGPKNF KETX 220

QGXZC YZG .QGKNT ONGT ,ZIB ONGTN BGF OEBN Q\KR[ ,\GKRIGZN QGXZF
.FPFCF QP Z\GP BGF FHF
OKXPBP GNKBN TEGK GRKB BGF ,KRIGZ QGXZ OKSKRMP OEBF LG\N[M
N[ \KVGSF FBXG\F \B FBGZ BN OEBF .G\GB OK[DFN KEM YGYH BGF
ZCGEP[ [KDZP BGF .LKZX BGF FP QKCFN NDGSP BN GNKVB BGF .FH QGXZ
GRKB GPXT BGF ,FXGZ BGF FP G\GB OKNBG[ OBG G\P[RC JY[=KBC
.GPXT \B BNPN NDGSP BN BGF KM ,GN TZ .YGKEC TEGK
QGXZF \B OK[DFN ,NGMKCM ,NKI\P OEBF[M ,ZKPIPG LNGF K[GYF
QKC Z[Y FBGZ BN BGF .\GMGVF \GBXG\ NCYP EKP BGF HBG { FHF
,FZJPN Z\GK CGZY OEB[ NMM ,NNM LZEC .FZJPF \D[FG OKXPBPF
OEBN .LM BN FH FNCYC .Z\GK [KDZFN ,Z\GK ZGZC F\GBZN LKZX BGF LM
ZCE GK[MTG ,GN OKZGZC GKF OKZCE ,TZ F[TR BGF OGB\VG ,CGJ KVGB FKF
NM OGYPC KZF[ ,FRGMR LZEC LNGF BGF[ GN FPER .Z\GK GN ZGZC BN ZCM
OB KZF[ ,Z\GK NGED GF[P NCYN EK\T BGF ,FHF ONGTF N[ OKDGRT\F
.FPB\FC ,NGEDN LKZX KGNKPF OD LM ,NED GRGXZ
FZFRPF FXYC LB ,FHF ONGTC ECT[ KVMP Z\GK EGCTN OKMSP OEBF
.NCYK FPG ,CZY\P BGF FP ZCTN \GBZN LKZX BGF
OG[ NCB ,ZE\SK GCKCS NMF[ C[I ,FNCY EGPNN OEBF NKI\F[
\B Z\GK [KDZK BGF FNCYF \ZHTC[ C[I BGF .ZE\SP BN ZCE
NM .GC QKKRT ZSIN LVF BGF[ GB ,QKJGNIN ONTR ETKF[ GB LB { GETK
\PZN FHF ONGTF N[ \GRGXZF \PZP ZGCTN KEM ,OK[GZE GNNF OKK[YF
N[ FBXG\C K[KB QKKRTP Y\R\FN CKKI OEBF .KRIGZF ONGTC \GRGXZF
,\GKVKX QICP N[ CN[ ZCGT OEB QMN .K\KPB OHKBGZJNB FH { G\EGCT
N[ \GBXG\F QKCG GKXPBP QKC \JNIGP FPB\F KB \PKKY GC CN[
.GNB OKXPBP
.KRIGZ OHKBGDB :ZGB N[ WGXKR GSKRMF GRN[ KP[DF OHKBGDBF LG\N
BNPN OKXGZ OB .OKZIB OKNNM KVN NTGV KRIGZF ONGTC OHKBGDBF
\PZC GRC BXPR[ ,KP[DF OHKBGDBF \B \GIEN OKCKKI ,KRIGZ OHKBGDB
.KRIGZ OHKBGDB G\GB N[ FPZN ,NGMKCM \GNTNG ,FHF ONGTF
WGI ,\G[DZF OG[ USGRC GN OKR\GR BN ,KRIGZ QGXZ OEBN OKR\GR[M
,OKXPBPF NM ,\GNGTVF NM QMN .FKYRF G\ZGXC KNM GFH { DGRT\F QGZSKIP
QG[KN LNGF ,Z\GK OEYGP OY OEB G\ZHTC .UGDF \ZHTC YZ OKKZ[VB
221 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

NTGV BGF ZPGNM { GIGP \B YKSTP QPHF NM ,UKKT\P ,BZGY ,Z\GK ZIGBP
EKP UGDF .FZGP\ [ZGE UGDF \BHF FPZCG ,\BHF FPZN LK[[ ,UGDC
OEBF ?KNPT NM NT KZM[ GFP { \GYEXGPG \GKTCJ \GRTJ DKXFN NKI\P
BN \BHF \KRIGZF \GPEY\FF ,KPFCF UGDN NCB ,\KRIGZ OEY\F KNGB
,FNTPNP GR\R[ KRIGZF QGXZC OD .F\GB [KDZP BN UGDF ,FCG[\ FGGFP
.ZCE OG[ OKK\RKC [KDZP BN BGF
,\GKP[D \GBXG\ GN QKB LB ,EPGN ,ECGT ,OEY\P OEB ,ZCE N[ GVGSC
,QGBMKE N[ CXPN UGDF \B BKCP KTCJ QVGBC FH .FP[RC BNG [BZC BN
OEY\FN GF[MKB Z[VB\[ ,FYEXF N[ JNIGP ZSGI ,\GXT QECGB
.FBNF

\G[DZG \G[GI\
ZCD\K OEB OBG ,FRGGMC GR\KR OF .OKZGSK OK[DZGP \BHF FEGYRC
FH OD ,Z\GKC YHIF CBMC[ G[GZKV ,ZCD\FN .\PBN CZY\K BGF OFKNT
OT ,BZGCF OT Z[Y BGXPNG \GSRN LKZX OEBF ,KSKVF UGDC [DZGPF
OF ,FNB OKCBGM OKCXP .G\GB BNPN NGMK[ KP OT ,FH NMN ZGYPF
KZIB .OEBF N[ GMZEC BXGP \EGYRM [P[N OKNGMKF ,OKKNZGD OKCXP
.K\KPB NGPD GFHG ZM[ OEBF NCYP ,OKZKCM OKXPBP TKY[F[
OEBF ZCE N[ GVGSC OB .\PBF \[DZF BGFG ,ECNC EIB ZM[ [K
NCKY BN EGT BGF \GKRIGZCG ,NCGS GVGD[ GN FR[P FH QKBG ,FC YV\SP
.QM KRVN Z[BP FYHI \PB \[DZF [MGZ BGF LMC[ ,FBGZ GFKZF ,OGNM
N[ GVGSCG ,OEY\FN NGMK BGF .G\GB YVSPG GN OKB\P QMB FH OB
.NCGYPN FKFK LKNF\F
,FEGCT KRKKRT .FHC OKIGJCG OKMGPS GKF ,OKK[Y FVGXZ BF\ LZEF
ZCE KM UBG ,TZ NMF[ F[DZF .ZE\SK BN[ GF[P FKFK EKP\ { FIV[P
LKZX OEB .FRGGMC FNTPNP OEBC OKTJGR[ F[DZF GH ,EK\TC ZV\[K BN
\ZHTCG ,FXGCYC OKZCIF \ZHTC ,FNB OK[Y OKCXPP \BXN \GSRN
ZVS \IYN BNB ,OKZVS BGZYN LKZX BN OEBF[ \GVGY\ QR[K .OKZVSF
.EGBP ZHGT FH { OKNKF\ BGZYN GB FYKSGP TGP[N ,ZIB
BVZK BN[ FP .LZEC EPTP YKHIK OEBF[ FH GNB OKTDZC CG[IF
BNG FBGZ BN KRB" :NNM GPXTN EKPTFN CKKI OEB .QPHF BVZK NM[F
KZGTK[N TKDP KRB JPGJGB GPM .CG[I BN FH LB ,KN TZ ,ZCE OG[ TPG[
 EGPKNF KETX 222

KMF \GKRIGZF \GPZ \B CKRK ,FHF KSKVF WPBPF ."TKDP NCB ,FNCYF
.\GNGED
,ZGB \XY GN ZKBFN NKI\P ,"FKI\N OY" OEBF OFC OKCXP OR[K
\GIVN ,NCYP BGF FEDRM[ ,\K\KPBF FEGYRF \B [MZ[ ,QKCP BGFG
SRMR ,ZM[ NCYP ,OKXPBP TKY[P BGF .\K\KPB FCG[\ ,YGIZP
QKBG ,FHF ONGTC G\GB DRTK[ GF[P QKB ,GN FZGY FP QKCP BN ,QGBMKEN
.FNKNI ZHGIG ,KRIGZ ONGT GN
BGF ,GRN[ ONGTC OKXPBPF QKDC NCY\PF ZM[F[ ,QKCFN GRKNT
\B NKDZP BZGCF LM .FN OKNKDZ GRB[ FZGXC DGRT\ BNG ,\PBF \[DZF
\PBF QTPN[ ET ,FPKEY \MNN ,NMP Z\GK \PBF \B CGFBN OEBF
.KXZBF OHKBGDBF NM \B \GIEN FXZK
TDZP .KRIGZF QGXZF \B GN GR\R FRPP[ ,FDZEPN \GNTN NMGK BGF HBG
.KGNKP ,DGRT\ ,KRIGZ TEKP FDZEPF F\GBP NCYN NKI\K BGF ,LNKBG FH
BN[ ,ZM[F \[DZF OB QMN .KRIGZF ONGTC ENGGKKG ,NCGYPN LGVFK BGF
FKFK BGF ,OEBN FPKB\P \PBF \ZGXC N[ BNB ,\KP[DF F\ZGXC
.NCGYP
.FRGGMC \GIN[R QF .GC OKSKRMP[ \GC[IPF NT FJKN[ QKB OEBN
GB QGMR [GZKV FP .FRGMRF FZGXC QFKNT CKDFNG \GSRN YZ OKNGMK GRIRB
,GKRVNP OGNM FBZ BNG TEK BN BGF .FP QPH KRVN EKPN\ KNB BC ?QGMR BN
ZGB GN ZKBK KM GN FNDB[ ,G\GB TKDZB[ FXZG SSKF BGF ,GN TZ FKF NMF
.GN FZYK[ FP KCDN ,ZCE GN ZPGN K\NGMK BN KRBG ,EK\TC
GN OKR\GR[ FP N[ FCKRD \YHIC BKF ,GNBM OKCXPC FCG[\ NM
GNKVB DKVFN KN ZGSB ,QGXZF \B GC \GCMN \GMH OG[ KN QKB .FNTPNP
ZGSBG ,KGXZG KIZMF ,CGJ BYGGE FH NM KZF .GC [K[ FCHMBF \B \XYPC
QVGBC \G[TN LK[P\" BKF ,GN \\N K\NGMK[ FEKIKF FXNPFF .ZGHTN
BXPKFN NGMK BN F\B .OEGYF CGJF LCXPC \K[T[ FP \B ,KRMKP
,ZVS IG\VN FSR \BH NMC LB ,GNBF OKZVSF OT ,FP[RF OT \GKPKRVC
."L\GB FIGE FH FPM ET \GBZN FSRG
OEBC \GZZGT\P ,FIV[PC ,\KCC ,FEGCTF LNFPC GB EGPKNF QPHC
HB .TGXYPN \GTKZVP GNBF \GC[IPF OKPTVN .\GC[IP KRKP NM
.LPXT NTG FBKZCF \ZJP NT \GC[IPFP Y\R\FN OKCKKI[ KBEGGC
223 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

GH ,FBGZ F\B" :CK[F BGF ,FNB[ F\GB \B KN[ CZF \B K\NB[[M

.JG[V NTGV ,ZNERS LM ZIB ,QKKRC NTGV K\KKF OEGY[ FCKSF
\NKI\ KRVN FNCY EGPNN NKI\PG ,FNKNC \IB FT[C OY K\KKF
GKNT[ ,UE LNMNPG ,FEGCTC OEZR K\KKF OKPTVN[ ,BKF \PBF .FEGCTF
K\TEK NCB ,OKZKMC OKEKYV\ KN OKTKXP GKF .I"GE CG\MN ZGPB K\KKF
.FP[RF \B ODG ,[BZF \B OD KRPP GNHDK ZKMC EKYV\C[
K\NGMK[ \GZPN ,KPXT OT ZB[R K\KKF QFC[ ,\GEGCT ZIGC K\KKF QMN
,FEGCT BGXPN K\KSKR QPHF NM .KRGTC K\KKI KKI NM QMNG ,Z\GK ZM\[FN
BNG ,FKIPN KNPKRKP ZM[ FC NCYB[ ,KR[ EXPG "KYR [BZ" KN Z[VB\[
.".ZIPF \SRZVN DGBEN LZJXB
,FEGCT OGYP ZGICN EGBP F[Y OKPTVN GC[ ,ONGTC OKBXPR GRIRB
BGXPN FSRP[ ,K\ZKXK ZGXK BGF OEBF ,\BH ECNP .FEGCT OGI\G
BGF[ ,FRCFF \B OEBP OKNJGR OKPTVN .\GK\ZKXK KXGXKR G\EGCTC
BGF OGB\VG ,F\GB GN OKZKHIP LM ZIBG OKZ\GKP OKZCE NT C[GI
."?K\C[I FP NT" :NBG[
\B ,K\KPBF GCXP \B ZZCK[ KEM ,FRGGMC OEBN OKRPHP GNB OKCXP
QBNG ,Y\R\FN LKZX BGF FPP FBZK[ KEM ,\KIMGRF G\DZE \BG GTCJ
FHG BZGCF OT Z[YN LZJXKG ,GK\GIGM \GSVBC ZKMK[ KEM .TKDFN GKNT
.GNKXK
OB .ECNC K[KB QGKSKRP FRCFN Q\KR ,GK[MT ZPGB KRB[ FP NM
OEBN ZGSB .GPEY\\ { FZYP NMC KZF ,OKRGMRF OKZVSF KVN GEPN\
OKZVSC BGZYN KN GZPB" :EIB ZCE \TEN LKZX BGF .[BZP NMF \TEN
".GFHG { FNBF
DK[P BGF FHF QGXZF \ZHTC OB .GF[NM QGXZ OEBN OKR\GR FNTPNP
[KDZFN NKI\P OEBF[ ,LMC \BJC\P BKF ,\PKGSP \KRIGZ FBXG\
NM \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF .GC JNG[[ ,BZGCF N[ QGKNTF IGMF \B
.FC JNG[[ KP \BG ,\GBKXPF
,ZP ,WGPI :GPM \GP[C QFN OKBZGY YZ GRIRB .FV[ QKB \G[GI\N
FZEDF GNBF \G[GI\FP \IB NMN \\N OKNDGSP GRRKB .OKTR BN ,OKTR
GR\BP EIB NM[ FP QKC \GG[FN OKNDGSP GRB QKB ,FHN ZCTP .\YKGEP
ZKEDFN OKNDGSP BN GRIRB .FKZJBKMKSVG FKDGNGMKSV N[ FKTCF GH .[I
OEB KRC NXB Q\GG[FNG QFKNT ZGHIN ,QNVM[N ,OEBF \G[GI\ \B
 EGPKNF KETX 224

\G[GI\ ."TEP" BZYR GRKB ,OEBF \G[GI\C ZG[Y[ FP NM QMN .OKRG[

.ZGB QF
,\GKPKRV \G[DZFG \G[GI\N CN OK[N KNC ,\EP\PG FJG[V FEGCT YZ
NT C\GM ONGSF NTC .\KRIGZ FBXG\N OEBF \B ,ZCE N[ GVGSC ,FBKCP
,LNPN FPGE ZCEF :\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPEYFC ,D"NY UKTSC FH
,ONGMP Z\GK GN OKRPBRG OKCFGB[ FNB \B GKRK\R NMP ZGICN FXZ[
.GRGPZBC OFC GPXT UKYFN KEM
EGCTN OKXGZ[ KP NM[ TKEGFN ,FMNPPF KCIZ NMN OKIKN[ IN[ BGF
,OEBN FPGE ZCEF .QGPZBN BCN OKMKZX ,LNPN \EIGKP \KPKRV FEGCT
BGF .FH QGXZ QKCP GRKB QKKET KM UB ,BZGCN CZY\FN OKGSP QGXZ NCYP[
GPXT NB[ BN ,\IB OTV \GIVN[ ,OEB ONGTC QKB .[VIN NKI\P YZ
ZPGNM ,KRIGZF ONGTF \D[F BKF GH FNB[N FCG[\F .KI BGF TGEP
.BZGCF \D[F
\GNKCGPF OKMZEF NMC ,LNPF O[ ,GCFGB \PBC KP YGECN KEM
ZKCSFN ,GKNB LNGF[ KP NM \B FRGGMC NCNCN FGGXG ,\GEPT QGPZBN
OK[RB GTP[[M .EIV OFC ZZGTNG ,LNPF QGPZBC EGCTN KBEM BN[ OFN
FPGE ZCEF .QGPZBF ZCTN GTR EKP ,\BHF \GZ[VBF NT FMNPPF F\GBC
NCYN \GZ[VB ,NGMKCM ,GBZ ,OKRJY OKDGRT\ NCYN OGYPC[ ,OK[RBN
,[EIF QGXZF \B ZCE OG[C BNPN NGMK LRKB OB .Z\GK OKNGED OKDGRT\
QBM TKY[FN OKMSP OEB ,ZPGNM .Z\GK NGED DGRT\ LKZX F\B[ TP[P
,FCGJ FEGCT CHGT BGF QMN ,OKZIB \GPGYPC Z[BP ,\GIGM Z\GK
.\GKRIGZN SRMKFN KEM \BH NM { Z[GT ,KF[NM \KEK\T \GPEY\F
CZY\FN GIKNXF OFP OKCZ LB ,GNNF OK[RBF \B GIE LNPF KZPG[
FPGE IZGBC .OKZPG[F N[ FT\ZFF KZCEN \GT[N KNC ,LNPF QGPZBN
GNKBG .BZGCF \B EGCTN KBEM BN[ GTRM[P ,OEBF N[ KPKRVF "KRBF"
TKZVFN GSRKG NMKFN GMZEC GEPTK[ OKZPG[ OEBN GN IN[ FRGGMC BZGCF
.\G[KIRF \BG ,QGXZF \GPKN[ \B YGECN OEBN Q\KR LMCG ,GN
\GKTC N[ QRGCKNC BYGGE { G\CMZFG [EIF KNMF ZGZKC \B OKXPP LM
OKEPGNF BGVKB OKCKKI ,\GKPKRVF \GKTCF QGCKN LZGXN .GNB \GKPKRV
GNKVBG ,OPXT QKCN ORKC BNG OKZIB OT BN FNBF OKCXPF NT ZCEN BN
ZGCTN LKZX EKPN\F KM { GNBM OKCXPC EKPN\N ZCE ZKCSFN ZGSB CZN
.\KZ[VBF K[GYF \EKPC C[I\FN KNC ,GPXTC NMF \B
225 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

GR\R BNG ,Z\GK EGT OKKZHMB GKF QGPZBF KZT[C GEPT[ OKZPG[F
.OFKNB CZY\P[ KP NM OKIGE GKF O\GSDC .ZT[F NB CZY\FN GNKVB
\GKIE [KDZP OEBF ,\GKRIGZN FSKRMF KRVN OKRGZIBF OKCN[C OD LM
BN ,ONTR BN FHF QGKSKRF .ZCX[ QGKSKRF UB NT ,\GVKY\ Z\GKG Z\GK
.ONTR BNG ZCJXP FH NM { \K[KN[ ,FKR[ ,FRG[BZ FNKVR .G\GB OKIYGN
\GC[IR BN ZCM QF ,GNB \GNKVRN NDZ\FN NKI\P OEBF ,FP QPH ZGCTM
NT GNKVB IP[ OEBF .QFC LZGXF \B QKCP BGF ,\GKZ[VB K\NCN GZGCT
\PBF { FMGVF F[DZF GMG\C NNGIP FHF CBMF KM ,GNB OKCXPC[ CBMF
.GC \NNMRF
N[ OXIN \I\ .LNPN CZY\FN \GSRN GMK[PF ONGMP OKR[YTF YZG
LMG .LNPN CZY\FN QGKSKRC OEY\FN GZHIG ,GDGSR OKKZHMBF OKZPG[F
,OKKZHMBF OKZPG[F \TV[F \I\ ,\GDKSRFG LNPN TKDFN \GRGKSKRF
FNB[ ET ,\GCZ OKR[ GM[PR ,LNPF QGPZBC EGCTN KBEM BN[ \GC[IPF
.GCHMB\F BNG FH ORGXZC G[NIR BN ,CZY\FN GXZ \PBC[
BNG ,\GRNCS) \GSRNG LK[PFN OFN FEPT O\GRNCS[ ,OIGZC OKYHIF
\B GI\V[ ,OKKZHMBF OKZPG[F \B GIXKR (QFKRKPN \GKVGSGNKV GB TEK
EIB NMN YKRTF BGFG ,GPXTCG GEGCMC LNPF \B \GBZN GMH EKPG ,OKZT[F
O\GRNCS \EKP[ GNB" GIXKR :ONGSF NTC C\M LM .KGBZ EKYV\ OFP
KM ,ZGHTK BN ZIB ZCE OG[ .\GRNCSC OFKEGPKNC GMK[PF[G "OFN FEPT
.\BHM FZGXC YZG LB Q\KR ,KP[DF UGDC QGKSKR ZGCXN
CG[IN GRKNT ,\BH OT .QGGMPC GRKNT FVMR ,GRN[ ONGTC FZGY[ FP NM
ZPGN CKKI OEBF ,FH QKKRTC .KEK\TF F[TPF \ZKICC [VGI GRN [K[
BGF ,Z\GK FRGKNT FDZEPN FNGT BGF Z[BMG .FZKIC [VGI GN [K[ ,GPXTN
.FZKIC [VGI OG[ GN FKF BN[ FBGZ
QKC ZGICN LKZX GC[ ,CXPC BXPR OEB[ QPH NM ,\GZIB OKNKPC
N[ GEKYV\ FH[ ZPGN BNG ,GPXTC FKTCF \B ZG\VN GKNT { OKZCE
KRVN CKXF \BHF FKTCF \B[ BNB ,KN[ BNG GN[ FKTC GH[ ,BZGCF
FP[ GB ,GF[P JKNIFN K\KPB FZKIC [VGI \PBC KN [K OBFG .BZGCF
\TV[FC GB ,KMG\N SKRMF BZGCF[ \GRGM\F KEK NT \K[TR FJNIFF
.GK[MT K\GB QKKRTN LKZX BNG CG[I BN FH NM { K\GB \CCGSF FZCIF
OKTXPBC QKKRTF \B ZG\VNG ,KRVN BXPR[ FP \B ,\GBZN LKZX KRB
.K\G[ZN OKEPGTF
 EGPKNF KETX 226

Q\GB ZG\VK[ ZIBN YZG ,GPXTC GK\GKTC \B ZG\VN EKP\ LKZX OEB
,[BZP BZGCF EXP GN QPGH FH NM[ CG[IN GKNT { TZN GB CGJN
ZZGTP ,UGSG FNI\F QKC ,\GKCJGYF ,EGDKRF .[BZP FTCYR FCG[\F[G
.YHI NGCNC GRC
:GPM OKD[GP OKBXPR GRMG\C KM ,FH NMN SIKK\FN LKB OKRKCP GRRKB
ETG ,GRN[ ONGTF \GNGCDC OKBXPR GRB EGT NM .EK\TG FGGF ,ZCT
GR\DZEC Q\KR BN ,FBXG\G FCKS N[ \GKYGIN SRMK\ GRN[ \GTEGPF[
.FR\[P BN ZCE FC[ FDZEF F\GB ,\GKIXR KFP QKCFN ,FHF ONGTC

KN KP ,KN KRB QKB OB

B[GR BGF YZG ,OGNM TEGK BN BGF GNKBM ,DGFRN CKKI OEB FNKI\MNP
CG\M LM { "KN KP ,KN KRB QKB OB" .GPXTC NMF \G[TN GKNTG ,OKCXPC
ZPBR QM ."KRB FP ,KPXTN KRB[MG" :ZPBR L[PFCG ,\GCB KYZVC
OKZ\GSM GNB OKJV[P OKBZR ,QKT \KBZPN ."GECNP EGT QKB" (E OKZCE)
UBG ,OKKY\FN OKNGMK OF KM ,\GBZN Q\KR CGZY JCPC LB ,FH \B FH
.\IB FVKVMC ,GPKKY\K[ KIZMF
OEB ZYGCC[ C\M ,FKSGZC KI[ ,18=F FBPFP NCGYP { CGJ O[ NTCF
BXPR BGFG ,OKKY GRKB BZGCF GNKBM ,FEGCT [VIN \MNNG OGYN LKZX
QKPBP BGF[ \GZPNG .GN ZGHTK BN FNTPNP EIB UBG ,GPXT \G[ZC
KRB :ZPGNM .G\GDFR\F NT TKV[P BN BZGCF[ ZPGN LKZX BGF ,BZGCC
.KEK\T N[G KPXT N[ \KCF NTC
.OFKR[P EIB ,BZGCF GB OEBF \GKFN NGMK ,ONGTC \KCF NTC
,FC BXPR BN BZGCF KM ,\KCF NTC KRB { FZKICN KN \R\KR[ FEGYRC
C[[ ZIBN ,CZTC[ BNB .OGKF NM L[PC NGTVN LKZX OEB LM .NGMKCM
BGF[G ,IKGGZF[ BGF FH[ ,EKDFN GN NB QVGB OG[C ,GSKMC USMG G\KCN
GNKVBG ,NMF QRMK\[ BGF BZGCF .GNHP NHP\F[G ,FEGCTF \B BXP[ FH
Z[B FZYP NMC LN FKF ,TCXB \VYR BNG ,FJKPC OGKF NM \CM[
.\IGGZF
\B EIBN QM[ NM BN ,\BH QKCFN NDGSP GRKB NNM GRN[ NM[F LB
\GRGM\ \[KMZ KZIB YZ .GHN GH \GEDGRP \GBZRF ,GNBF \GSKV\F K\[
OKKMVFFG ,OKKEGSKF OKD[GPF \B EIBN NDGSP OEBF ,\GKRIGZ
.GNBF
227 \KRIGZ FEGCTM EGPKNF | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

.BCF TDZF G[GZKV ,"BCF OGKF" ,ZCEF G\GB \ZIPF OGKCG

:\IB FZGXC FHN SIKK\FN LKZX BGF ,FZKIC NGP OEB OKEKPTP[M
BN[ FP ,’FC FRGPBG \GKVKX BNN ,FZKICF [GPKP ZIBNG ."KC KGN\ NMF"
FZGZC FEZVF \GKFN FMKZX ." ’F EKC F[TR NMF" { ZPGN CKKI BGF ,FKFK
GRKB[G QKPBP :OKRG[ OK[RB KR[C ZCGEP GNKBM ,\GSKV\F K\[ QKC
QKPBP .KRGNKIFG K\EF QCGPC FRGGMF QKBG ,FKZIBG FJNIFF KRVN ,QKPBP
.\GKRIGZ [VIP[ KP N[ OKCXP OF ,QKPBP GRKB[G
.OKKGSP "ZVS"C FNTPN GR\GB OKP[GZ FR[F [BZC[ ,CG\M FZG\C
,BN KPG FKIK KP ,\BHF FR[F L[PC GN FKFK FP ,EIB NMN OKP[GZ O[
TCYR NMF OB .EGTG FNIK FPC ,[ZD\K ,Q\I\K KP ,EIB NM IKGGZK FPM
OKKIC GF[P \G[TN OKMKZX GRIRB FPN HB ,LM GRN OKZPGBG ,[BZP
BZGCF[ FP \B \GR[N NDGSP OEBF OBF ?WPB\FN GRKNT TGEP ,FNB
?F[T
OKYSGT ORKB TEPG FKVGSGNKV .GNB \GNB[N \GCG[\ [K FNCYN YZ
NT OEBF ZM[ .K[GRBF NM[F N[ G\BXG\ OF[ ZIBP ,GNB \GNB[C
.FZGY[ FPN QGMR SIKC BGF ,GN[ OKXPBPF
G\GPEY\F LZGXN YGYH BGF FPN ,FZGZC FRCF \GKFN FMKZX OEBN
KEM ,TEKN YGYH OEB .GN[ \K[VGIF FZKICF KFGH LM ZIBG .\KRIGZF
.FZKIC [VGI OKKY BN ,TEK GN QKB EGT NM .FZKIC [VGI GN FKFK[
 EGPKNF KETX 228

NCGYP N[ GMZE \NKI\

YK\GGF GEKPN\ NXB EGPNN K\GB IN[ BGF ,DN[B LGZC CZN K\TDF[M
GYVKS[ OKZCSF K\NCKY BN LB ,OKCZ NXB EGPNN K\KSKR QM KRVN .NNF
O\GKF \GMHC KKRKTC QI GBXP NNF NXB OKEGPKNF ,\BH \PGTN .K\GB
,FZGBMN ZGZC KN FBZR NMF FNI\FC .OKKNRGKXZG OKZGZC ,OKKRGKDF
,\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\ N[ GKMZM \[[ \B QR[N BNB ,KN QKB KM K\C[I
NM NTG ,KNT \NTGVF FRGKNTF FDFRFC YNI NGJKN EKP NMGB LMG
.GNGM ONGTF
.ZKCTP BGF[ ,OKZGTK[C U\\[FN K\GB QPKH ["CZFG ,FT[F FTKDF
EGTG EGT KC GNTG ,KZPDN OG\S F[TR ,QCGPN K\C[I Z[B NM ,FH TDZP
\RCFC TKKS BN[ YZ BN ,CZF NXB EGPKNF .FRTP BNN GZ\GR[ ,\GNB[
.FPGBP QKCP KRRKB KM ,FECGTC ZKMFN K\GB NKCGF BNB ,ZPGIF
KRGKT TEK GKEKPN\N Q\R ["CZF KM ,K\RCF FMGZB FVGY\ ZIBN YZ
BNB .FDFRFC U\\[FN EXKM OFN FBZP FKF QM KZIB YZG ,FNKI\
NM NT QMNG ,KNRGKXZ GRKB FRGKNTF FDFRFC FNKTV \GV\\[FN ZCTPF[
.\JNIGP FRCF=KB N[ F[GI\ FZXGRG ,GPXTC GDK[FN EIBG EIB
OFK\GP[C ,\KJZGBK\ \GBKYC O[N GKEKPN\ \B EPKN BN ["CZF
.OTCJ \RCF BNN ,OFC NVNV\FN \NGMK O[N GB ,OKKRIGZ OKD[GP N[
\B G[KDZK GC[ ,CXP KEKN GKEKPN\ \B BKCFN ["CZF FXZ ,\BH OGYPC
LZEC .KJZGBK\ EGPKNP KZPDN FRG[ EGPKN LZE KFGH .GNNF OKD[GPF
.Q\GMKB BNB ,EKPN\F NCYK[ \GTKEKF \GPM FRKB FZJPF ,GH EGPKN
GPXTC CZY\FN GN GTKKSK ,TPG[ EKPN\F[ OKZCEF FEKP GHKBC ,ZPGNM
.ZVSC BZGY BGF[ ,OKZCEN
FRVP FKF BGF ,OK[EI OKEKPN\ .OK[EI OKEKPN\ NCKY BN CZF
\GRKXZ GRKDVF[ OKEKPN\G .O\GI\V\F ZIB CYTP LG\ ,OKZIB OKZGPN
.GPXTC OEPNN [YKC ,FEP\FG
BGF[ QGGKM ,EBP KCGKI QGXZ BGF JGN[NG NFRN ,QKCFN K[GRBF QGXZF
\B [GMZN OEB LKZX NMF LSC .OKVSGR \GRGXZ N[ O\GVSGG\KFN BKCP
.\GKRIGZN EKP SRMKK[ KEM ,ZHGI ZGBG LSP ,"OSYF I\VP"
NMM[ ,FZGXC \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\ \B FRGGMC C\M ONGSF NTC
KEM ,WGIR ZCEF .\GNB[F \GCZ\PG \GMNGF LM ,Z\GK G\GB OKEPGN[
229 NCGYP N[ GMZE \NKI\ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

FRGGMC [GPK[ LG\ ,GF[PC GKXPBP \B TKY[FN \GZ[VB OEBN FKF\[

BZGCF Q\GR FRGGMF \B GNKBG ,OEBFP { FJPNP BC WPBPF .\PKKGSP
QBN GN QKBG ,NMF ZCM FSKR KM ,[KDZP OEBF[ KRVN BN LB ,FNTPNP
FZHT \PBC OEBF [YCP HB YZ .FRKVN YIER [PP BGF KMG ,EGT \GRVN
.\KRTR \K\KPBF G\[YCG ,BZGCFP
\NKV\ .\G[KIRG \GRNCS NT ZGP[N BGF ,\KRIGZF FEGCTC ZYKTF
O\GBXPKF OGYPC FKGN\G ,KGZ[ BGF GC CXPF KEK NT ,\ZEDGP OEBF
WPB\K[ NMM KM GN FPER ,\GKRIGZ DK[P BN OEBF EGT NM .\GXGXKRF N[
NT ZTJXP OEBF ,KRIGZF ONGTN SRMR[ ZIBN ONGB .GN CJKK LM ,\GIV
.\GKRIGZF \D[F QTPN ,JTP FM F[T[ LM
FP .OEBF N[ OGXPX \GNGTV TGXKCC FMGZM \GKRIGZ \D[FN LZEF
,OK[RB BPDGEM IYKR ,\BH ZKCSFN KEM ?"OGXPX \G[TN" ZCEF [GZKV
,FKHZFP GYKVK Z[B DGRT\F KM ,OKRKCP FNB OK[RB .\GHZN OKRKRGTPF
"CKGB"N [PP LVGF NMGBF OFC OKZYP OR[K .NMGBC[ DGRT\F NT FNGT
NT EKVYFN NKI\FN OZGCT .G\GB OKBRG[ [PP OF[ LM KEM ET ,OZGCT
.QGXZF OGXPX GFH ,FJBKE
FR\KR TGZF \ZMF O[N .TGZC ZKMFN BGF ,OGXPXF \EGCTC ZYKTF
GFKP QKCFN GRN Z[VBPF ,BNVR EGIK G\GB \B FC [K[ ,FZG\F GRN
.\GKRIGZF \D[FN GRMZEC ,NG[MPFG CKGBF
NM QKB KM ,GN FPER[ ET ,GKKIC OKCZ OKK[Y ZGCTN WNBR OEBF
NM .\PBF \BXPR QMKF QKCP BN BGF EGT NM ,G\EGCTC \KNM\G \NTG\
QMKF ,\TEN NKI\FN GNKVB NGMK BN BGF ,OGXPX OEBF F[GT BN EGT
CG[G ,\GCGJ OKKEKC BGF ,\GKRIGZC BXPR ZCM BGF Z[BM .\BXPR BKF
.\GBZN GKNT Z[B \B GPXTC FBGZ GFKZF[ ,OKZGCKEN YGYH GRKB
TKY[FN GKNT ,FRGMRF FRGGMF \B FNTPNP NCYP BN OEBF EGT NM
[ZER GRKB OEBF .GCXP \B \GR[N FGGY\C ,GPXT \NTG\N GNKVB ,F[TPC
GNKBG ,\GRFKN BKF FBKZCF \KNM\ KZF[ ,WPBPF O[N YZ WPB\FN
FRGGMN ZGCTN FKF Q\KR GNKB .FP ZCE N[ ZETF GB ,OKZGSK G[GZKV WPBP
GRRKB ,BCZEB WPBP NM BNN ,KRIGZ DGRT\N ZGCTN GB ,BZGCN TKV[FN
.GR\EGCTC OKK[Y [VIN OKCKKI
OBN NG[P ZCEF ;WPBP BGF QKB CG[ KZF ,FRFP WPBPF OB LB
NT CG[IN WPBPF[ ,IKRR OBG .LMP \KRFRG ,FYGRK\ \B FYKRPF
 EGPKNF KETX 230

KRGKI ,FRFP T\VN F[TR ,K\GMBNPG F[Y FNI\FC FKF[ ,BZGCF

LZGX QKB CG[G ,DGRT\ \YHIN WPBP \YHIP ECGT BGF KHB ,CG[IG
OGSIPF \B ZGCTN KEM YZG LB ,OKXGIR GKF OKXPBPF .OKXPBPC
.FHF KRIGZF
,FR\[P GEK IN[PC G\EGCT OD ,\GKRIGZC YGSTN NKI\P OEB Z[BM
.LMN CN GPK[K BN[ KBEG ,G\GB OKCCGSF OK[RB .ZIB KGNKP \NCYP BKF
,OKTXCPC[ OKCGJF ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF KRGDKR \B GRDRK OB ,N[PN LM
ORKB[ OK[RB[ OG[P ,\ZIB FYKSGP NMN OKPGE GKFK GNNF OKRGDKRF
N[ FPZN ET ,\ZPDGP \KRIGZ FZKXK EKZGFN OKNGNT ,\GKRIGZC OKYSGT
.KGXP LB ,FVK ZCE
GB ,QGMR BN \NTV[ LPXT \B OK[BFN GB ZCTF NT ZTJXFN ZGSB
KVM \GZYN ZGPB FKFG ,KCJKPF QVGBC F[TR NMF .KGBZM BN \KKI[
EIBG EIB NM KRKTN FND\\ EGT GH FECGT .FNTPNP L[PR NMF { FZY[
YIZ\PG LNGF LM ,\GKRIGZF LG\ NB ,Z\GK YGPT OKSRMR[ NMM .GR\BP
OKKZFXG ZYGCG ,\GCZ OKR[ KRVN FKF GNKBM FBZR NGP\B OGK .ZCTF
.GZCT OKPKM CZTC G[V\KK
FH TDZC ,FGGFC \GKIN [K .GRC KGN\ GRKBG ,Z\SR EK\TFG ,UNGI ZCTF
.I\VC EPGTF FHN UNI[ TDZF QKC NGCDC BXPRF ,[PP
231 NCGYP N[ GRING[P | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

NCGYP N[ GRING[P
.GKCBP TPG[ FKF[ FP NM \B ,OG[ZN DFGR FKF DN[B LGZC CZF ,KCZ
,\G[YF KK\GNB[ \B G\GB NGB[N K\NI\F ,EGPNN GKNB K\BC Z[BM
,\IB OTV[ ET .FCG[\ \\NP TRPR QPHF NM BGF LB ,KN GYKXF[ \GNB[
QKKRTPG KN CG[I[ FP \B OFC BXPB[ KEM ,GEK KC\MC BGZYN KN IKRF
BXPR KRB[ OKRG[F OKCXPF LG\C ,GKC\MC BZGY KRB[ QPHC ,HBG { K\GB
KN GYKVSK FNBF OKC\MF[ ,UKSGF BGF .QKCFN KNT[ FP \B QKCB ,OFC
.FKFK BN ZCM BGF[ QPHC GNKVB ,OKKIF NMN
K\K[T FRPP[ ,\ZCIP KN Q\R BGF HB .1981=C FPKKY\F GHF FIK[F
KRVN OGK ,1991=C .OKR[ Z[T GC K\[P\[FG K\BZY LM ZIBG ,Y\TF
[YKCG ,"LNKC[C FH ,BZY\" :ZPBG ,ZGYPF \B KN YKRTF BGF ,G\ZKJV
ZCM BGF .QKNKV\ IKRFN GN ZGHTN KEM ,Z\GK OEYGP \ZIPN BGCN KRPP
FKF BGF ,K\TDF[M .K\ZIKBG K\TEK BN { KRB NCB ,[BZP NMF \B TEK
.GPNGTN LNF KRKT EDRNG ,FZMF BNN JTPM
NMC .ZGTK[ QKBN OKYGPTG OKCG[I KN ZSP[ ,OKC\MFG OKZPBPF
FBKZYC NCB ,GF[P QKCP BGF[ OEBN FPER ,OFC OKBZGY[ OTV
GPXTN FNDP HBG ,FKGD[ F\KF GN[ FSKV\F[ FPM ET FBGZ BGF ,FBCF
BXPR GC[ KPKRVF CXPC FKGN\ BZYRF \RCF .OYPGTN OKZCE EGTG EGT
.BZGYF
BGZYN NGMK NCB .\KRIGZF FD[FF FXYP GC\MR FNBF OKZPBPF
N[ FPZC GNKVBG ,\GMGPRF \GKRIGZF \GPZC OD BXPR[ KP NM OFC
GKNT FP ,GN[ K[KBF CXPF \B OFC BGXPN NGMK EIB NM .GRN[ ONGTF
.TDZ G\GBC GN EKDFN FXGZ ZCIPF FPG ,GCXPC \G[TN
KRVN .OGKC \GZG[ FPM YZ GNKVBG ,FNB OKZPBP BGZYN WNPGP
\GJ[V\FN YKVSF FH .\GKR[ FPMN \ZCIPF \B IG\VN KCZ DFR ,G\R[
.FP[RC ZGBF
EGT QKB" BGF CZF N[ Z\GKC OKCG[IFG OKYGPTF OKZPBPF EIB
KP NM ,EIB NM N[ GRING[ NT IRGP \GKFN CKKI[ ZPBP GFH ."GECNP
NTC N[ G\ZG\ NM \B GMG\C NNGM ZPBPF .BZGCC YCEKFN YYG\[P[
LG\C YKHIFN EKP\ CKKI OEB[ FP NM ,FBKZCN GN[ F[KDF NM ,ONGSF
 EGPKNF KETX 232

GK\BXGF[ "K\TP[" ZVSC QG[BZF ZPBPF GFH .EKP\ [KDZFNG GPXT

.ZGBN
FKFK[ ,ONGTC ZIB IM OG[ QKB[ ,G[GZKV[ ,"GECNP EGT QKB" CG\M FRF
ONGTC OKZCE [K[ FBGZ OEBF[ FPG .LZC\K GEDR GF[P \G[TN \NGMK GN
GRGXZ BGF LM[ OTJP ,BKF FCKSF ,FNTP N[ BKNPV OK[KIMP OF[
,ZPGNM ."\CZYP QKPKG FIGE NBP[" BZYRF ,QGYK\ \RKIC GFHG .LZC\K
OR[K[ ,\GZIB OKNKPC .QGYK\ N[ ZEDC SRMR FH ,FIGE NBP[F[ FP
LZEP OEBF \B \GJFN FRGGMF NT FNKI\MNP GBC[ ,ONGTC OKZCE
OEK NT[ ,BKF \GKIEFP \NTG\FG .F[GEYP FIER BGF OFKEK NT[ ,Z[KF
FBGZ BGF \ZIB KM ,GN ZGHTK F"CYF[ ,ON[ QGXZG LZGX NCYP OEBF
.FZGIB LNGF[ FBGZ BGF YZ ,FEGCTC OEY\P BN[ KE BN .EGCB BGF[
\GZCD\F K"T YZ[ .P"G\F \B OKKYN IM GN QKB ,FP[N BN[ GNKVB ,GRKKF
.P"G\F \B OKKYN NGMK BGF ,\TEFP FNTPN ,OKNG[MPF NM NT K\KPB
\GJRN IZMGP BGF ,\ZIB .\TEFP FNTPN \GZCD\FF IM GN [K EKP\ BNG
WGZVF GNXB EKP\[ ,BGFG .FP[N BN[P GNKVB ,’F LZEP OGN[G SI
FBGZ BNG ,\GKNTFP Z\GK FCZF OF \GEKZKF[ ,GRKKF ,EPGTFP FCGZP
BGF KM .F[GEYN WGIP EKP\ ZB[K BGFG ,FNBF OKCXPF UGS IYK[ FHC
.\TEFP FNTPN \GZCD\FC YZ ,OKKYN GN F[Y ,EGK N[ KXGYM GNKVB FBGZ
.UGSF FKFK FPG ,ZCD\FN NDGSP BGF EKP\ BN NCB
("GECNP EGT QKB" ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)

,FBKZCC EKIKF JKN[F BGF BZGCF KM ,FNGT GRKRVN[ ZPBPF LG\P

\GIGMF NM \B GN YKRTF ,\GPKKGSP \GRGM\ OT OEBF \B BZC[ FH BGFG
\ZJP \BZYN OEY\FN GN \GZHGT ,Z[B \GCKSRC GEKPTF ,OK[GZEF
NCNCP UBG ,OEBN TKKSP GRKB BZGCF NCB { \KNPKJVGBF FZGXC FBKZCF
,FEGCTFP OKZGJKV :\GRG[PG \GRG[ \GKGMC\SFC UGS KNC ET G\GB
\BH NM .OKCZ OKZCE EGTG ,FIV[PC \GKTC ,OKZGSKG \GRGN[M ,\GNIP
FP NM KZGIBP EPGT[ KPM G\GB FNDP BN OEBF[ ORPB ,BZGCF F[GT
.ZCGT BGF[
QKB .FMGZB KE BKF ,BZGCFP FHM SIK NCYN FMGH OEBF FC FVGY\F
,QGKSKR OFC [GMZN ,GNNF OKCXPF NM \B ZGCTN BNB ,FZKZC OEBN
\GKVGSRKBC ,\GKIXRC ,\GPN[C \GMHN \GZ[VB L[PFC GN Z[VBK Z[B
.BZGCF OT \GYCECG
BZGCF YZ[ ,FJNIFN TKDP OEBF Z[BM ,FPGKSN FTKDP GH FVGY\
BZGCF[ ,\K\KPB FTKC\ GCNC \ZZGTP GH FJNIF .GN ZGHTN NGMK GPXTC
.\KIXR \GYCEC GKNB G\GB CZYKG ,GCNG GKRKT \B GN I\VK
233 NCGYP N[ GRING[P | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

\GPNGTN GRN[ ONGTFP G\KKNTC OEBF[ ,BGF BZGCF N[ GRGXZ

,BZGCF GPM FKFK ONGTG ONGT NMCG ,OFK\GRGM\ NM \B [GMZK ,OKKRIGZF
BN OEBF .\BH \G[TN \GZ[VB QKB { BZGCF \ZHT BNN LB .GVKNIKG
OKEYGV[ \GZXF NMG OKZGSKF NM .GPXT \GIGMC ZCE \G[TN NDGSP
,BZGCF \GRGM\N OKKMVGF OF GRN[ \GRGM\F=\GRGXZF[ OG[P OF ,GR\GB
.ZGBN OKKMVGFG
OKKY BN ,GRPNGTC OKBGZ GRIRB[ FP NM ,\GRGM\F \GKMVGF NNDC
GRN[ \GRGM\F \GVY\[F N[ FBXG\ YZ BGF BNB ,\GBKXPC \PBC
BNB ,ZGBF \B [KDZP BN OEBF ,NTPP TKDP ZGBF Z[BM .QGKNTF ZGBC
ZGBF \B [KDZFN KEM HBG ,GMG\C \GNYNGYPF \GK[KBF GK\GRGM\ \B
.\GTZVFFP ,OHKBGDBF TGZP ZJVKFN GKNT ,GPXT
FKF[ \GKIEF NM" KM ,OGB\V ZZC\P ,ZGHTK[ BZGCN YTGH OEBF Z[BMG
FKF BN[ ,ZESC FKF BN BGF[ OTJP BN[ ,GRKKF .’F \BP NMF FKF ,GN
,’FN CZY\FN \PBC OKXGZ[ OK[RB GNBN ,BNB .ZCD\FN \NGMKF GN
,QJY ENK \RKICC ZB[K BN[ ZPGNM ,JTGPC YV\SP FKFK BN[ KEMCG
,ZPGN \NGMKF GN FKFK BN[ ,FZHT FNTPNP GN Q\KR ,FH OG[PG .\TE KNC
FHG .EGT GN ZSI FPG ,OKCGJ OK[TPG \GXPG FZG\ GN [K[ ’F LGZC[
NCYP FHF OEBF ,HB .K\KPB QGXZ FHF OEBN [K[ ,\PBC OB BYGE
.KIMGRF CXPC ZESC BN BGF[ LKB ,EKP\ GN OKBZPG ,FNTPNP FZHT
KEMC GFHG .FEGCTF EDR OF[ ,\GTKEG \GC[IP GN OKING[[ ,GRKKFE
.’F OT \GPKN[C BGF QKB[ ,FBZK[
BGF[ CXPC ,BXPR BGF[ LKB ,EKP\ FBGZ BGF ,ZCD\P BGF[ FPM ETG
.’F OT \GPKN[C OF[ ,OK[KDZP OF[ OKECGT ZB[P ,F[GEYP YGIZ
\B WZ\N NGMK BNG ,\GTKC\G \GRTJ GN [K EKP\ ,BGF QM OB[ FP
BGF TGEP ,CBM GN OZGD FHG .GPT DFR\P BGF[ LKB ,BZGCF N[ \GDFR\FF
YNI OG[ GN QKB [PP[ ,F[DZF KEKN BC[ ET .F"CYF OT ON[ BN
G\GB FKIP[ ,FNTPNP \GZZGT\F FHKB OKPTVN NCYP[ ODFG .F[GEYC
OZGD[ ,FCKSF GFH ,ONGB .\GNV[F OGYPN NVGR BGF UMK\ NCB ,FT[ KVN
.\PBC G\GB CZYK[ ,ZGHTN NGMK ’F YZ[ ,FZMF KEKN BGCK[ GN
ZPGNM .LZC\K GC YGCE BGF[ ,LZEC EKP\ \MNN NE\[FN LKZX OEBF
,TGZD KMF CXPC BXPR BGF[ GNKVB OB ,GRKKF .’\K GC GKFK GK\GC[IP NM[
ZPGNM ,’\K G\G[ZP BXK NB ,GHP FNGED Z\GK FEKZK \GKFN Z[VB KB[
.TZFN GB CKJFN GEKC[ ,F[GEYFN SRMFN GN Q\GR BN[ ZIB \G[Z [K[
\G[TN OEBN \R\GR BN BKF[ ,B"S N[ IM QKRT [K[ CG[IK NB[ ,[GZKV
.’F EXP F[TR NMF BNB ,’F KMZEC \MNNG OKCGJ OK[TP
("GECNP EGT QKB" ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)
 EGPKNF KETX 234

LZEC .FBKZCF \ZJP NB GZKHIFN KEM ,\GMP OEBN ING[ BZGCF

OKKY BZGCF OB GN \VMKB BN ,OKDGRT\ NCYP BGFG OEBN CGJ OB ,NNM
\GYKCEC FKFK OEBF[ CG[I ,"OKCGJ"F OKCXPC BYGGE NCB .BN GB
TZ OB .GC GZM@H]K OEB KRC[ KEM ,\GMP BZGCF ING[ LM O[N .BZGCF OT
FP NM ,LMKVN .BZGCF NT { \ZIB GB LM { CG[IN NKI\P BGF ,OEBN
.LN CGJ[M BYGGE ,BZGCF NT FC[IPC \GF[N ,BGF [ZER[
FVXP GRKB OEBF .FP[RC Z\GKC \GRKETF \G[DZF NT \ZCEP FNCYF
EIB NM NT .BZGCFP Y\GRP OEBF[M ,FKGVX BN FZGXC FBC BKF .FMPN
.G\GB OKIMG[ GRIRB OB OD ,BZGCF N[ \KJZVF FID[FF \NTGV GR\BP
\GMP \ZGXC OKEIGKP \G\GB GRN ING[ BZGCF ,GPXT \B GRN ZKMHFN KEM
.BZGCF ZCTN GK\GC[IP \B EKP\ QGGMN GKNT[ ,OEBN ZPBR QBMP ,NZGD
.[ZER BN LMP Z\GKG
BXPR FHF OEBF ,\GVKNY GRKKF ONGTC ZIB IM [K[ ZPGB[ KP |...~
BGF ,FZKVM N[ FC[IPC BYGE GBN[ ."OKZIB OKFNB O\ECTG" \RKICC
ZCGT BGF ,’FP WGI IMG \G[Z EGT [K[ C[GI BGF OB BNB ,FZKCT ZCGT
,GRKKF ,GPXT KRVC \G[Z OEBN [K[ ZPGB[ KP BNB ,EGT BNG .FZKCT
BZYR FH OD ,’F KMZEC \MNN FXGZ FKF BN ,GPXTC BGF NGP\B ZPGB[
DKFRP BGF BZGCF YZ[ QKPBP GRKB[ ZPGNM ,FZKVM N[ FZKCT ZCGT
.ONGTF
("GECNP EGT QKB" ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)

\C[IPC [BZP TCYR LM .BZGCC GRKB FZGYP[ ,FC[IP UB GRC QKB

"KRB"F ?"KRB"F GFKP ,LM OB .ZCE \GR[N OKNGMK BN GRIRBG ,FBKZCF
NTPP \GC[IPF NM FNKI\ .FNTPNP BC[ FP \B ,[KDZP[ KP BGF
LG\N ,GRMG\N \GKRIGZF \SKRMP FBXG\ BGF[ ,NGCNCM GRC \GJNYR
.\GKP[DF
NKI\P OEBF .OEBC GPGYP \B BXGP NGCNC G\GB,JBN=JBN NCB
LZEC OEY\FN QM\KK BN F[TPN ,FH KNC[ ,QKCFN NKI\PG ,EGCTN
FCG ,F[GT BZGCF[ FP OT OEBF N[ G\PMSF BKF "FKNT" .\KRIGZF
LKK\[PG GN[ UGDFP EZVR BGF .KIXR ,ON[ ,BNP GPXT \B [KDZP OEBF
.\GKRIGZN YZ
NT ZTJXFNG JZI\FN LKZX BGF[ IJCG ,FZKCT FHKB ZCT[ QPHC ONGB
,CBMFG ZTXF KZES \B ZESN OKMKZX QBM OD ,FZKCTF \B F[T BGF[ FP
OKMKZX GH FEGYR NT[ ,FZKCTF OZGD \CKS FNG\ BGF FEGYR FHKB NT
.ZTJXFN
235 NCGYP N[ GRING[P | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

\CKSP BGF ,FZKCTF \B K\K[T[ FH ,ZPBKG ,HB ZTJXFN LKZX OEBFG

OGYP O[[ ,BSMF \KCN \VGRKJ OGYPN ,F[GEYFP K\GB YZH F"CYF[
OGYPC ,ZKGB OG[RNG T[T\[FN ,Y[IG QGXZ GN Q\R ’F[ ,ZPGNM .\NGSVF
,ZKHI NGDNDC BC OEBF OKPTVN[ OKZVSC BCGP[ ,ZPGN Z[VBG) QGIZS
,\GKI NCYN Y[IG QGXZ NCYP OEBF[ ,ZPGB BGF[ LZE NT [ZVN [KG
OFP NCYN FXZ BGF GK[MTG ,\NGSV BGF[ OFKNT ZPB ZCM[ OKZCEP
.(\GRGHP
[KDZPG ,FKNT \RKICC BXPR BGF GK[MT[ [KDZP OEBF[ QPHC ,QM GPMG
,QKCP KRB[ ,CXPC BXPR KRB ,GK[MT[ ZPBK NB ,FEGCTC OTJ \XY
KRKTC QI BXP BGF GK[MT[ ,\TEN LKZX BGF BNB .’F ECGT \GKFN KBEM[
ZFHKG .FEGCTC OTJ ,GK[MT [KDZP BGF FH OG[PG ,GCZYP F"CYF QMN .’F
WGI ,NTGV[ KP EGT [K[ ZPGN ,F[GEYF \G[ZP \BXN BN OTV UB[
.F"CYFP
OEBC KGN\ GRKB ,LVKFN GB ’F KRKTC QI \BKXP QKRT[ ,TP[P QBMP ONGB)
FH QKB ,QM GRKB M"IBG ’F KRKTC QI BXP GK[MT TGEPG .’FC NMF BNB GPXT
.(GN[ KRGXKIF NM[F OT QKCFN OEBF KEKC
,ZFHFN QM OD LKZX ,GCZYP F"CYF QKB[ FP NT ZTJXP[ QPHC ,QM GPMG
BGF FHC KM ,’FP YIGZP BGF[ FHP GRKKF ,GPXT QGC[I NT FKFK BN[
\GND NT ZTJXK[ BNB ,BEGZVC BGF NCYPFG .GPXT \NTG\N NCYPN F[TR
GPXTN ZKKXN LKZX OEBFG .FRKM[F ZTX OZGD BGF[ ,ZPGNM .FRKM[F
[DZGP CBMF OGYP NMP ,BGF[ QJY ZCB FHKBC CBM OEBN [K[ \PDGEM
QGKPE LZT QKB[ IJCG .OEBF \GNNM OF IGPFG CNF[ ,CNG IGPC ZYKTC
.CBMF ZYKTC [DZGP O[[ ,OEBF \PGY \GNNM LZTC ,KJZV ZCB \[DZF
BGF OEBF[ \GKFG .’FP YIGZP BGF[ FHP ,[KDZP OEBF[ CBMF QM GPM
\GNNM BKF ,F[GEYF FRKM[F KM ,F[GEYF FRKM[FP KJZV ZCB YZ
CBMF \[DZF LZTC ,KJZVF CBMF \[DZF FPGE GRKB QMNG .NBZ[K \P[R
FRKBG ,FRPP OKYIZGP OKZCBF[ FHC ,FRKM[F ZTX [K[ ZPGNM ,KNNMF
.FN[ OKZCBF \B SRZVN FNGMK
,\ZPGB FP FRKM[ ZTJXP OEB[ QPHC ,N"HI ZPBP GFH[ ZPGN [KG)
NGXR BGF ,GPXT NT BN \GYIZ\F N[ ZTXF C[GI[ FHCG (K[BZP KRNY
.F[GEYFP EGZKV \RKIC BGF[ ,GPXTN NCYN QGXZF \[ZN NGVRNP
GN [K[ .F[GEYN \GCZY\F \XY GN [K[ [KDZP OEB[ QPHC ZCE G\GBG
,ZPGN GKNT NJGP HB OD ,F"CYF KRKTC QI \BKXPN FMH[ FHP ,FIP[
FRKM[F NXB ,FNTPN FIP[ GK[MT [K[ FHC FKFK GN[ FIP[F ZYKT[
BNG ,FKNB FN[ KJZVF ZCB \B CZYN ,OGYP FN FKF[ FHP ,F[GEYF
.FXGIF FN[ KJZVF ZCBF \B IGN[N FMKZX
NT QM OD GFHG .FIP[ GN [K FHP ,FRKM[F \B IP[N FMH OEBF[ FHPG
[K[ FHP ,YNI YZ GFH ,JZVFN FIP[ [K[ FP KM ,N"RF QGC[IF G\GB
,GPXT G\GKJZV \B ECBP BGF GNBF \GRGC[IF K"TG .GNM NNMFN FIP[
.GPXT \NTG\N NCYN QGXZF BGF[ ,B"SF \[ZC EMNR BNG
 EGPKNF KETX 236

FP KM ,"OEBF NM GFH KM" \CKSP ,KIZMF ZCE BGF NCYN QGXZF[ ODFG
OKSIKP GRB BNB ,BZCRFN LKK[ GRKB NCYN QGXZFP WGI OEBC [K[
.TKV[FN R"PTC QYG\P \GKFN LKZX ,FBRF NCYN QGXZF NCB ,BZGCFN
FRGGMF NT \GKFN LKZX ,IYGN NCYN QGXZF[ FIP[FG DGRT\F[ ,ZPGNM
F\KF FH KM .OKDGRT\ OKBZCRFN [K[ FHP FNTPN IGZ \IR [K[ OG[P
.FNTPN FRKM[F \IP[ BZYR FHG ,GKBZCRN CKJFN FBKZCF \ZJP
IGZ \IR \G[TN NGMK BGF LKB \GXT CG[IN OEBF CKGIP ,FH OG[PG
QMN .FNTPN IGZ \IR FKFK ,DGRT\ GN FKFK[ FH KEK NT[ IJCG ,FNTPN
T[T\[FN \NGMKF GN FKFKG ,LNPF NMKFC EKP\ \GKFN YYG\[P BGF
\GYYG\[FF NM[ BXPR ,FNTPN IGZ \IR FKFK KBEGC FHPG ,LNPF KHRDC
.OKP[ O[N YZ \GKFN LKZX
("GECNP EGT QKB" ZPBP "K\TP[" ZVS ,ONGSF NTC)

,OHKBGDBF LZE GZCTC ,FHF CGJF NCB .CGJ OEBN ING[ BZGCF
,TZF \[DZF QPHC .QFKRKPN NZGD \GMPG ,OKI\P ,\GNIP :TZM [DZGP
LM NT ZTJXPG ,TEGK OEBF FKF GNKB .BZGCN \GEGFN NGMK BN OEBF
[KDZP[ TZN ,ING[ BGF[ CGJF QKC ,NECFF G\GB \[DZFP BZGCN TZ[
OEBN ,GN CGJ[ LM NT BZGCF \IP[ \B [KDZP FKF GNKB GB ,OEBF
.\ZIB NTGV FKF BGF HB=GB ,GPXT
GRKNT { [IZ\P[ FP NM ,OK[TPF NM ,\GC[IPF NM ,\GZIB OKNPC
.\GKRIGZN ,GVGDP ,GN[ "KRB"FP OEBF BXGK ,LM YZ KM .BZGCN QGGMN
237 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

"GPXT \B EPGN OEBF"

\GCG[\G \GNB[
?QGKNTF ONGTF \B GRN OKZB\P OKNCGYP FP O[N
KEM BZCR OEBF .OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF \B [GIN NKI\FN GRN ZGHTN KEM
\[GI\ \B [GIN ,\GZIB OKNPC GB ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTF \B [GIN
,F\CKS \BG ,FBKZCF \NKI\ \B \GBZN OKNDGSP BN[ ,GRIRB .BZGCF
\B QKCFN OKNDGSP GRRKB QMNG ,FVGS \B OD \GBZN OKNDGSP BN
.GRN[ OKKIF \GTP[P
KM ZPBK ,GPGK QC YGRK\CG GPGK QC NDTC GRRGC\FC ,ZIB ONGTP ZYGI
EGTC ,FPK[ZP FZGXC I\V\K BN[ KBEGGN CGZYG ,NBKXRJGV ZSI YGRK\F
FP NM \B TCJF Q\R GN { NMF QKCPG ,\MNN NDGSP ZCM[ GPGK QC NDTF
.YGRK\FP Z\GK I\V\K BGF QMNG ,OKKIN WGIR[
FRYSPN TKDK BGF .ZIB ONGTP IZGB NM ,GRN[ ONGTF NT CG[IK LM
KCN[ NM OG\C ,KVGSF CXPF \B \GBZN NDGSP GRKB[ QGGKMP ,GH
ZCTP FCZF I\V\KG FPKEY FXKZV OEBF F[TK[MN ,\GI\V\FF
.NDTF \GI\V\FN
{ GRN[ FZJPF \B ,\KVGSF FBXG\F \B ZGZC QVGBC FBZR BN OB
\GNCDPC YZG LB ZB[KR OB ,OGKM F\GB \GBZN OKNDGSP BN GRIRBG
YZ OKPKK\SPG OKNKI\P GRN[ OKKIF[ QKPBFN LK[PR { GRN[ ONGTF
.GRPNGTC
OD .FNCY EGPNN [K[ ,OFKZVS NMC OKRKKXPG OKZHGI OKNCGYP QMN
BNC KZF ,BZGY "O\S" BNB ,BZGY BGF[ FP \B QKCP BN OEB OB
G\GB .GR\GB CCGS[ KRIGZF ZGBF \B ,LM KEK NT GKNB LG[PK QKTEGK
,OKKRIGZF \GIGMF \[GI\N G\GB QKMPG G\GB ZFJP OD FDZEFC[ ZGBF
NKI\P BGF ,TEGPC QM KZIBG ,TEGP BNC FNKI\ ,OKGSP TDZC[ ET
.KRIGZF ONGTF \B [GIN
,GKKI NT NCYP BGF[ ,TEKPF NM \B QKCFNG \GBZN HB NDGSP BGF
BGFG ,OKKEK\TFG OKPEGYF FKNGDND LNFPC G\P[R \GI\V\F NT BGF[
\GDZEPF \B NCYNG [YCN LKB EGPNN KEM ,OK[EI OKKRIGZ \GIGM NCYP
.BZGCFP G\P[R N[ \GBCF
 EGPKNF KETX 238

?NCGYP \GKFN NGMK OEB NM OBF

BGF ,FRGMRF EGPKNF \JK[N OB\FCG KRIGZ FZGP OT EPGN OEB OB
TXCP GPXT BGF GC[ ,KNM \GKFN "LVGF" OEBF .NCGYP ,\TF BGCC BFK
.ZYGI BGF G\GB[ ,BZGCF N[ NEGPF GRKF GPXT OEBF .OKKGSKR
[KDZFN NGMK GPXT BGF ,BZGCN G\ZGX FGG[P OEB FC[ FEKPC
K\[ \KKRC CKKIP \KRIGZF \GPEY\FF LKNF\ KM ZKMHB .\GKRIGZ KFP
BZYRF LKNF ,LPXT LG\C \KRIGZF FD[FF \KKRC ,\IBF :\GBISGR
.FHF LSPC [P\[FN EXKM FBZP[ GH BKF ,FKR[F FISGRF .LSPF \KKRC
,LKZEP=CZN OEBF YGYH ,Q[KIPFNG GNNF \GBISGRF K\[ \B \GRCN KEM
.FNCY EGPKNN ZVSNG FXGCYN

G\GB OKDGGSPG ,\K[VR FNIPN KGJKC BGF K[K[F [GIF[ OKZGCSF [K

?\PBF KFP .FKHFM
NDGSP F\B NKCYPCG ,L\GB CCGSF NM \B [I F\B FNCYF \PMGIC
\BG ,LPXT \B [GIN \EPN[ QGGKMP ,EXFP EPGTM \GBKXPF \B QGICN
BN EIB UBG ,\KNBGEKCKERKB BKF GH FRCF .BZGCF ,LN[ \G[GI\F ZGYP
FNCYF \PMGI NCB .YGKEC FZB\N GB F\GRGMR NT EKTFN NDGSP FKFK
N[ LZEC GC \GD[GP \GBXG\F NMG ,OKKY[ Z\GKC K[GPK[F TEPF BKF
.KGSKR
QKCFNG \GBZN OEBN Z[VBP[ FH BGF ,BZGCF OT ZK[KF KRIGZF Z[YF
OKNDGSP GRIRB[ ,F[TPN ,IKRHF FYNI \BG ,\K\KPBF \GBKXPF \B
.GRN[ ONGTF \GNCDPC JGNYN

OKRYKJSKP ,OKZ[Y\
# P N[ \GKGGI QKCN ,NCGYPF \G[GI\ QKC NECFF QMKF
?\GRG[ \G\E K[RB GB
LVGF Z\SRF .NECFC IMGGK BZGCF \GND\F N[ \KRIGZ FDZEN TKDP[ KP
BGF[ QKCFN NDGSP FKFK ,FTGJ[ OEB LKBG .QKCFN NDGSP[ KPN YZ ,KGND
,FDZEFC QKCFN NKI\K BGF ,K\KPB NCGYP OT Z[YF \ZHTC YZ ?FTGJ
.\GK\JK[G SKSC QFN QKBG ,K\KPB TEK \GNGJR GN[ \G[GI\F NM[
FJK[ KVN ,\GBKXPF NM \B ZYGCPG K\JK[ QVGBC ZGYIN \NGMKF
OD[ ,OKZIB OKNCGYP NGP \GNCY\PF \GBXG\F \B LKZTFN ,\KTEP
FNB NM { KGSKR LG\G ,FZYCC ,\GKM[PFC FEGCTG ,KGND LVF Z\SRF OZGCT
.ZB[F NM QKCN FNCYF \PMGI QKC OKNKECP
239 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

KVGKF" KM FRKPBFG ,\GRPBC FNGBD F[VKI \G[GRBF NM 19=F FBPC

FPXGT ,IGMC YZ NMF GRKPBF ,20=F FBPC ;"ONGTF \B NKXK
JB JB FNDP \G[GRBF OFC[ ,OKRPHN GRTDF OGKF .\KTEP \GPEY\FG
\MZTPC YNI \IYN KEMG ,OKRGKNT TCJ KYGIC YZ OKKGN\ GRN[ OKKIF[
.QGKNTF ONGTC FN[ [ZG[N TKDFN LKZX ,GH OKYGI
OXTP ,GRKKI .QGKNTF OKKIF [ZG[ \B QKCFN LZGX [GIN NKI\R EGT
.ONGTC OKMKNF\F NM NT TKV[FN \NGMKG FNGBD [VIN GR\GB GTKRK ,OTCJ
FID[FC GRN[ \GCZGTP \NGMK BNN OKKY\FN Q\KR BN KM ,FND\ \G[GRBF
FRKICP I\V\FN GR\GB TKRFN IKNXK KNNMF OGYKF YGI ,LMG .FRGKNTF
LZE YZG ,JSKBGDBG QNXT ZGXK BGF GTCJP OEB[ ,FHN \GEGF ,\KRIGZ
.GKNT TKV[FN Z[VB NCSFG OKZGSKF
OKEYFNG ,G\KIVFN GB NCSFP TRPKFN OEBN \Z[VBP FNCYF \PMGI
\GIGM OEBN OKYKRTP FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN .NZGDF \GMP \B TGRPN
NDGSP OEBF LMC .FHF ONGTC FRGMR \GDFR\F \NGMKG FRCF ,OKKRIGZ
\KRIGZF FDZEN BKCFN OKVBG[ OKNCGYP .\GRGSBG ,\GNY\P TRPKFN
.OKZIBF OKPTF NM \B OD GKZIBG ,NBZ[K OT NM \B GHF

FZKFR QKB ,FNCYC OKRGPJ[ KBNKTF Z[GBFG DRGTF \GZPN[ FH EXKM

?GH FPMGI EGPNN \KRGPF
ORPB .GN OKPEGYF \GZGEF NM N[ \GP[RF \CM[P CMZGP ZGE NM
,\GCT \GP[R ,Z\GKC \GSDF \GP[RF FHF ONGTF NB \GEZGK GRZGEC
IZMFC BN LB ,\GKRIGZP \GYGIZ UBG EGBP OKNGED \GRGXZ \GNTC
[KEB Z\GR CIZF ZGCKXF QMNG ,QRGYK\ O[N WGIR[ FPN QF \GTEGP
.FNCYF \PMGIN
UGDF[ \GKF .EK\TF NT \GPGNIC \GKIN FXGZ GRKB TXGPPF OEBF
[KB .KP[D DGRT\ YZG LB NCYN OEBF UBG[ ,FGGFF \B YZ [I GRN[
OB NCB .\MZVPF KRIGZF QGYK\F \EGCT \B GKEKN NCYN HVIR GRKB
KEGPKN \B [GJRN NDGSP BFK BN ,FNGBDN FEKIKF LZEF GH[ QKCK OEBF
.FNCYF
\D[FN KTXPB OKKY[ ,OKPKFP EIBC FND\ \G[GRBF NM OB GNKVB
:G\P[R DGSN OB\FC ,FRG[ QVGBC LMN SIKK\K EIB NM QKKET ,\GKRIGZ
,B[GRC \TE GRYK OYNI ,B[GRC QKKRT\FN NKI\K OK[RBFP YNI
GEPNK OYNI ,OKNCGYP \TN \TP GEYVK OKZIB .YGIZP EGPKN KTXPBC
 EGPKNF KETX 240

KEGPKNN GZSP\K OKJTP YZG ,\GCGZY OK\KTN BN LB ZKES QVGBC

C\GRK NGNSP FHKBC .O\P[R N[ KPKRVF LZGXN OB\FC ,FNCYF \PMGI
GR\BP EIBG EIB NM NT[ BGF ZYKTF .CG[I FH QKB ,GR\BP EIB NM
.FEGTK \B QKCFNG FRKPH ,\PKKY FNCYF \PMGI[ \TEN
[K :QGGDP NFYN FRGV { FNCYF OD LM ,ETK NFYN ETGKPF ZXGP NMM
\ZGXC FZG\ KEPGN [K ,"OKPMI"P \GMZC \[YCC YV\SPF CIZ ZGCKX
.QGPJP K[YCPM ,\GK\GBF \GEGS ZIB OKZ\[ OK[RB [K ,FKZGJSKF
Z\GK OKCGZY Z[B OK[RB OR[K ,\K\KPBF FNCYF \PMGI KZIG[ CZYC
FNCYF \B OKEPGN[ OK[RB OR[KG ,BZGCC YCEKFN QGXZN { "HMZPN"
OKZXGR[ OKP KNDTPN FPGE ZCEF .B[GRC TEKC OKXVI OFG ,TEPM
,F\PGTN OYP\K ,FNCYF \PMGI NT TP[[ OEB NM :QCB \YKZHP
BN QKKET[ FNB .FRGYK\N G\P[R N[ F\VKB[ \B \PBG\[ FEPTC
.TKDF OZJ ORPH ,FNCYF \PMGIN GTKDF

?FNCY KZGTK[ TGP[N OKNGMK OKZTR OBF

Q\P" ONGSF NTC N[ GZVS \B BGZYN { ZTGRN ODG { ONGMN WNPGP
."FZG\

?GRN[ \KRIGZF FD[FF \SSGCP FP NT

\B FYKRTP GH LZE .TDP NT ,F[GI\ NT \SSGCP GRN[ FD[FF
[GIC QM[ .GRPNGTC FD[F LZGXN \[ZERF ,Z\GKC \PN[GPF \GYPT\FF
,FNB OK[GI .OEBF UGDC OK[GIF Z\K NM KGJKC KEKN OKBC ,[G[KPF
\[DZF \B GRN OKYKRTP ORKBG OKPN[ ORKB ,OTJG IKZ ,FTKP[ ,FKBZ
FBXG\ BGF ,GRPNGTC [G[KPF [GI .[G[KPF [GI YKRTP[ KVM ,\GBKXPF
OKEIB\P GH FNGTVP BXGK NTGVM ;LSPC UKYPF ZGB N[ [GJKCF \NGTVP
,IGP :UGXZVF N[ OKNMF \[PI NM ,ZGBF N[ \IB FD[FC ,EIB KNMC
\GMNPG B"H ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M OF[ ,ZGTG Z[C ,OKEKD ,\GPXT
\DZEP ,FJPN FNTPNP EZGK Z[KF ZGBF Z[BM [IZ\P ZCEF .FPB\FC
GRPP FNGT ZHGI ZGBG ,LSPC FMP O[G ,(ZGT) \GMNP \DZEN ET ,(IGP) Z\M
NM ,ZGT \DZEN TKDP ZGBF OB ,ZPGNM .Z\M \DZEP ET ,FNTPN FJPNP
OK[GIF ZB[ NM[ ,BKF \GTP[PFG \GEIB\P UGXZVC[ \GZKVSF
[GIN EGDKRC ,YGIZPN OKNTGV ORPB OF .TEKPC ,ZGBC OF UB OKBNP\P
BNG ,KZPDN OKK\KPB ORKB QMNG ,TEKPF IVRC OKBNP ORKB LB ,[G[KPF
.\GMNP ET OKTKDP
241 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

?GRGXZ EDRM OEB NT FKVM FNCYF FBGZ EXKM

,OKGGKX \GCZN ,FKVM N[ DGS NM ."\GKRIGZC FKVM QKB" :NNM OKKY
FZKICF \GMH \B ,QKVKYTC GB QKZ[KPC ,OEBFP NGJKN OKKG[TF
Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF \B OEBF QP OKNHGD FKVMC .NGSV { GN[ \K[VGIF
N[ FRGYK\ KEK NT[ KEMG ,G\GFP \B QKCFN NMGK[ KEM ,BZGCF GN Q\R[
NMN QKJGNIN \EDGRP FKVM QM NT .BZGCF \BZYN OEY\FN NMGK ,GH \GFP
.FBKZCF N[ K\KPBF TCJF

,\GK\GFP \GNB[N \GCG[\ GN QKB OFC OKCXPC OEBF NY\R EGPKNF \TC
?[IZ\P FH TGEP .FNB[ OG[ ISRN G\NGMKC QKB QPHC GCG
,EPNRF ZPGIF \B GMG\C [KDZP BN OEB Z[BM ,[IZ\P FH CXP
FP NT FCGD\ OEBN QKB GNB OKZYPC .OK[GIC GNXB FND\F OZJ BGFG
.TP[[

?FRGPBG \TE QKC NECFF FP

FP BKF "\TE" ."FRGPB" \BZYR ,ZGZKCC BZGCF \B OEBF \[DZF
,\TE QMN .BZGCF \B [KDZP BN QKKET[ KP KRKTC ,FRGPBN WGIP FBZR[
OEBF Z[BM .FPN[ FKBZ BKF FRGPBG ,ONGTF N[ \NCDGP FKBZ KFGH
NKI\P BGF ,ECNC OKKJSKBGDB OKNM NCYNG ,\TEF LZE YZ \MNN CZSP
ZCEF BKF FRGPB .FRGPB \BZYR \BHF F[DZFFG ,\GKRIGZ [KDZFN
.GRN ZSI[ EKIKF

?FNCY EGPNN [YCPG ,NCS=KJGTPG OKK\ZD[ GKKI[ KP N[ GRKE GFP

ZCTC[ FBZR .FNTPNP EIGKP SIKC \KMH[ QTP[P ,GNB OKKI \GRGM\
.NCSC KGN\ NMF FZYP NMC .\NCS ZCM ,LN[ OKPEGYF OKNGDNDC

FV[
?OEBF N[ \G[GI\C \GPKKY OKNKPG \GK\GB OBF
OKKY LM O[N .GF[NM KTXPBC GRK\G[GI\ N[ KGJKCN OKYGYH GRB
ONGT" .FZGX NMC \G[TN Q\KR \G[GI\F KGJKC \B .FV[F BGFG ,QVGX
TCZB QF GNB ,’F ,’G ,’F ,’K :ECNC \GK\GB TCZB KEK NT ZBG\P "UGS=QKB
\GZCI\P QF ,GRN[ ONGTN O\GN[N\[F LNFPC .’E ,’D ,’C ,’B { \GRKIC
GRN[ ONGTC \GMVFR QF[ ET ,OKNKP KVGZKXN ,NNPN ,\GK\GBF \ZGXN
.FPN[ FV[N
 EGPKNF KETX 242

?GF[NM IGM ZGXB \GK\GBC OBF

ZPGN Z[VB KB .\GK\GBM OKRPGSPF \GIGM KEK NT GRCR \GPNGTF NM
,OKKSKSCF \GIGMF NM .IGM \GNPSP QF BNB ,IGM [K \GK\GBC[
UNBF N[ \GK\GBF 27 KEK NT OKRPGSP ,ONGTF ZXGR Q\ZHTC[ \GRGM\
.(\GKVGS 5=G \GKSKSC 22) KZCTF \KC

\B CKKIP FH OBF ,BZGCF \[DZF \D[FN FEKIKF LZEF BKF FNCYF OB

?\KZCT \TKEKC OEBF KRC NM
BZGCF NB Z\GI BGF EGT NM .OEB ZCEP FV[ GHKBC FR[P FH QKB
NCYP BGF ,BZGCF N[ GK\GEKP KVN ,GPXT \B QY\N QGXZ \GTXPBC
BGF QM[ ,QKJGNIN GN QCGP FH TEKPG ,OKNKPC KGJKC KEKN BC BN[ ,TEKP
OKNPC [CGNP BN BGFG ,KRIGZ FHF TEKPF .FZMFNG OK[GIF NMN ZEGI
.OIK[C OKNCGYP OK[P\[P GCG ,OKJV[PC GB

OKKI \ZD[
?FNKDZ OKKI \ZD[ OKKYN OKMKZX OKNCGYP OBF
ONGTF \ZD[C NKTV IZGBC U\\[FN OEB \CKKIP FNCYF \PMGI
FNGTV NMC ,\BH OT .EGPNNG EPNN ,FIV[P OKYFN ,EGCTN :FHF
Z[Y \D[F BKF[ ,FBKZCF \ZJP \B OK[DFN OEB CKKI ,GN[ \K\ZD[
,GN[ OKJZVF NM NT GRN[ ONGTF \B BZC BZGCF .BZGCF OT KRIGZ
N[ \KRIGZF FDZEN TKDFN TER[ ,BKF FZJPFG ,OGKF BGF[ KVM YGKEC
FRKB FNCYF \PMGI QMN .\PKKYF \GBKXPF NT SSC\FC ,BZGCF
NT ,(OKZHRPC OKKI EIGKPC) \GZHR\FF KRVGB NM NT ,\GPGX NT \SSGCP
FKVM NT GB ,(\GZIBG \GKSKV \GNCDF ,Q\I\FN BN ZER) \GKPXT \GNCDF
.BCF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC [RGT KPGKBG
OGYPC[ OK[RB ,OKEKPN\M NCYN OKMSF BN ,DN[B LGZC CZF ,KZGP
EGPKN \JK[C \MPG\ BN FNCYF \PMGI .OGN[\ \ZGP\ OKEPGN ,EGCTN
ORKBG ,OKNKDZ OKKI OKPKKYP ORKB OKEPGNF[ ,BKF F\GTP[P[ ,GHM
EGCTNP TGRP FKF OTF Z[BM ,\GNDF \VGY\P FTVG\ GH .OKECGT
.FZG\F \B GEPNK[ KEM ,OKKRTC GMP\ OKZK[T OKEGFKG ,SRZV\FNG
L[PC .FCK[KF \B GPKKS[ ZIBN ,EGCTN GKENK \B IN[ ONGSF NTC
\GEGCTCG OK[KCM \NKNSC ,FKRCC ,["CZF ,KZGP ECT \GCZ OKR[
FK\GRGM\C FPGE F[TK\ \G[GRBF NM[ ,BKF FBKZCF \ZJP .\GZIB
243 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | G P X T \ B E P G N O E B F

GRNGM ,FHF ONGTC FR\[K BN ZCE OG[ \KRGXKI FRKICP[ QCGP .BZGCN
.\KRIGZG \KSKV ,EGCTN LK[PR

?GRKENK LGRKI \KKTCN FNCYF \SIKK\P EXKM

,\PN[GP BN QFP \IB UBG ,GRN[ ONGTC LGRKIN \GCZ OKMZE QR[K
,HBG .FR[ OK[GN[=OKZ[T ZGCTM YZ OKBGZ GRB LGRKIF KZV \B[ QGGKM
LGRKIF LKNF\ NM .\GDFR\F KSGVE \GR[N KEP ZIGBP ,OKZYPF CGZC
\NTVF BNNG \KCKSV FZGXC ,OEB NMN FJK[F \ZCTF NT \\[GP FNCYC
[KDZFN OEB LKZX FP O[N ZCSFG ,FJK[F NT UKYP ZCSF LG\ ,WIN
\GDFR\FN FMKNGP GH FJK[ KM ,FNCYF KEPGN KRHBC [KDEFN [K .\GKRIGZ
TRPKFN LMCG ,OEBF N[ OK[TPF \GBXG\ \B \GBZN \Z[VBPG ,FRGMR
FRCFF \BZYN GRKENK \B OEYN NMGR ,\K[KB FPDGE Q\PC YZ .\GKGTJP
\B .GH FPMGIC YGSTN G[YCK OB ,\GMHN GNMGK FPCG ,FNCYF KFP
.OPXT OKENKF G[TK ,FNCY EGPNN OB FZKICF

\GC[IP
?QKTN \KBZRF \GBKXPF NT OEBF \GC[IP \GTKV[P EXKM
\GBXG\ NT TKV[P ,GRGXZ IGMC ,OEBF[ FZCSN TKDF KRZEGP TEPF
OGYKF NM[ ,FECGTF \B OKRVFN GNIF OKBYKSKV=GZJSB .OKZYIPF
OG[ ZXK BN BZGCF[ LMP TCGR FH ,FNCYF KVNG .ECNC \IB FC[IP BGF
FVKB[ ,GZGB \B [KDZFNG NCYN \KJSKBGDBF FVKB[F ECNP ,ZCE
NM \B FGG[ QVGBC BNPP GPXT ZGBF GNKBG .DGRT\M KGJKC KEKN FBC[
?FPGE ZCEF FPN .FPXT FVKB[C YZ KGN\ ZGBF \[GI\ QVGB .\GBKXPF
G\PGTNG ,OIN \SKVC OD OKBNVR OKPTJ BXPK G\VKB[C[ ,CTZ OEBN
.OKMNP \IGZBP UB O[Z\K BN[ ,TC[ OEB
\GCZ \GMN[F [K ,OKKGSP B[GR KVNM OEBF N[ KCKJYKKCGSF GSIKN
KJSKBGDB QVGBC QRGC\R OB ,N[PN .B[GRN G\GSIKK\FG G\TE CGXKT NT
,KJSKBGDB KVGB \B[GR ,OEBF ZGCT FC FPGNDF FBRFF { WKP SGMC
WKPF SGM[ QKCP BGF OB LB ,GRGBPX \B FGGZP BGF F\ZHTC QM[
KEM ,GN FR\KR[ FBRF \GPM ,FBRF N[ \PKKGSP \GPM YZ GN \PZGD
ZXK[ FH SIKC KHB ,BZGCN FBRF CSFN FRGGMC FBRFF \B NCYN NMGK[
FBRFN ,GN[ \KJSKBGDBF FBRFF \B LVGF BGF ,WKPF KVNM OEBF
.KZPGI OXTC KGJKCN BC BZGCF ZGB .\KRIGZ
 EGPKNF KETX 244

GK\GRGXZ \ZHTC NMF NT OEB NM\SK OB :GRN[ ONGTC ZCE NMC LMG
,GCKCS OKKRIGZF OKPXTF NM \B \GBZN NDGSP FKFK BGF ,OKRYG\PF
FKGN\ GHF FKBZF \NGMK .FHF ONGTF N[ \GKZPGI \GZGXC OKVY\[P[
YZ ,QGYK\ GZCT GN[ \GKJSKBGDBF \GRGM\F OB :GPXT OEBC YZG LB
,FK[TF ONGT \B YZ \GBZN NDGSP GFKZF ,FK[TF ONGT \DZE ET
.GCKCS OKKSKVF OKPXTF NMC UY\[P[
ONGT N[ \KRIGZ FDZEC GN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF \B QYK\ OB
ET ,FBNF LMG .GRN[ ONGTC UY\[P G\GBZN NDGSP BFK BGF ,FZKXKF
\GZ+VS GPM ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF NM \B [GING \GBZN NKI\P OEB[
BXPR GHF \MZTPF NMN WGIPG ,QHMZPC BXPR GPXT BGFG ,\GNGDT
.BZGCF ,NMN ZGYPF
OKBXPR \GPNGTF NMG ,OEBF ZGCT GBZCR \GPNGTF NM[ ,ZPBR QMN
WGIP OGNM [GIN GR\NGMKC QKB .GPXT BZGCF BXPR GN FXGIPG ,GMG\C
BZGCF \GNGTV NT GRK\GCGD\ \B GRMG\C [GIN YZ BNB ,GRK\GNGCDN
OKNPC ."\GPNGT" OKBZGY GRIRB ,FNBF \GCGD\F \GDZEN .GRCKCS
.BZGCF \[DZF N[ \GDZEF QF \GPNGT ,\GZIB
YZ BNB ,ZGYPG BZGCM \GBKXPF \B OK[I BN NNM GRIRB GC[ CXPN
ONGTF ,FHF ONGTF" OKBZGY GRB ,BZGCF N[ \KZPGIF \GVY\[FF \B
[PI \GPKKY .Z\GKC \Z\SRFG \YIGZPF BKF GHF BZGCF \[GI\ ."GRN[
,GRN[ ONGTFP { \GPNGTF \[PI \GBZYR[ ,BZGCF \[DZF N[ \GDZE
.UGS=QKB ONGTC BZGCF N[ ,FPN[ ,FBNP F[DZF ETG SVBF \DZE
\GG\[F NT \GEKTP ,BZGCF \[DZF FH FZYPCG ,\NGHF \[DZF \GPZ
.BZGCF OT ,ZGBF OT OEB N[ FZGXF
OK[GIF KZCKB \ZHTC YZG LB GN[ FCKCSF \B [I OEBF OB
QY\N IKNXP BGF OBG ."FHF ONGTF" \BZYR G\[DZF ,G\EKNC NCKY[
[GIN NKI\P BGF FEKP F\GBC ,BZGCF \GRGXZN OB\FC GK\GRGXZ \B
FDZEF GB OEBF N[ "KRIGZF ONGTF" \BZYR GHF FEKPFG .BZGCF \B
.GN[ \KRIGZF
 OKZGTK[ FZ[T
FNCYF \PMGIC

1 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
ONGSF NTCG K"ZBF ,K"C[Z :EGPKNN \GZGYP F[GN[ .B
Z[K ZGBE \GRKIC TCZB .C
\KCF NTCG IZGBF N[P .D
FZKICF [VGI .E
FZGXF \GG\[F .F
FBKZCF K[ZG[ .G
KRIGZ UGXZV .H
?OKEPGN GRB OFP[ OKNCGYPF OFKP
\B OPXTC GGI[ OEB KRCP BGF QGKNTF ONGTF NT OKTEGK GRB[ NM
OKRCPF \B GC\M[ OKZVSC ZB\N GIKNXFG ,KRIGZF ONGTF \KKGGI
\GNDN \GJK[F \B QMG GN[ FNGTVF KMZE \B ,KRIGZF ONGTC[ OKRG[F
,KSKVF ONGTC OKKIF KRBG F\B ,FNB \GJK[N \GEGF .GC OKKY\FNG G\GB
KR[C NKCYPC BXPKFNG KRIGZF ONGTF NB \BXN OGKM OKNDGSP ,KP[DF
\RCFN ,\GPN[ \[GI\N ,OGYKF N[ FBNP FRCFN TKDR LM .\GPNGTF
.KPXT KGNKDNG FBKZCF \ZJP
:OKKHMZP \GZGYP F[GN[ NT KIMGRF ZGEC SSC\P FNCYF EGPKN
KC\M ;FZKVSN FKR[F FBPC KBIGK=ZC QGTP[ KCZ C\M[ "ZFGHF" ZVS
KC\MG \VXC KI[ TGEK NCGYP (1572=1534 ,YIXK KCZ KYGNBF) K"ZBF
.(1954=1884) "ONGSF NTC" KGZYF DN[B FEGFK CZF
 EGPKNF KETX 246

FNDND\F[ \V\G[P \IB FP[R FNBF OKNGEDF OKNCGYPF \[GN[N

KGNKDN F[EI FJK[ OTV NMC [GMZN KEM OFP EIB N[ GVGDN OTV NMC
NT FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN \B NYFN LMCG G\D[FG QGKNTF ONGTF
.OKBCF \GZGEF
,FN[ QGZIBF NGDNDC Z\GKC FZGZCG FPN[ FD[FN FTKDF GH FP[R
FTKDF FH NGDNDC GRPNGT NB FEZK[ FP[RF .DN[B FEGFK CZF KKIC
\GPNGTF FRCP \B ET\NG ZKCSFN FIKNXF[ ET FYGPT LM NM FRCFN
,FRG[BZF FBKZCF \NKI\P ,Z\GKC FGCDF OCXPP NIF { OKKRIGZF
.OGYKF N[ KVGSF QGYK\F ETG
\GBJC\P[ ZGB N[ \GEEGC \GRP KZIB OKVEGZ GRIRB GRN[ ONGTC
.\GKRVGD \GGB\G EGCM ,FJKN[ ,FNM[FG TEK N[ FD[F :GPM \GBRFC
,\GPN[M [DZGP BGF FNCDF BNNG KZPDN OEBF \B BNPP ZGBF Z[BM
ZGBC \GBNP\FF LKNF\ .\GRGXZ OG[ GC OKZ\GR BN .ZGPDG BNP DGRT\M
NTC ,DN[B FEGFK CZF C\M LM NT ."ONGS" KGZYG ,K\DZEF QVGBC F[TR
\KRIGZ \GNT\FN FJK[F ,"ONGSF" \JK[ O[ NT LM BZYR[ ,"ONGSF"
\GPEYFFP \IB ."ONGSF" [GZKV ,"ZFGHF" ZVSN G[GZKVC I\KV Z[B
LMG "FNCYF \PMGIN FIK\VF" BKF "ZFGHF" ZVSN ONGSF NTC ZCKI[
:O[ C\GM BGF
GNED \EP KVN KM ,TV[FC[ DGRT\F \EP NT KNMF BGF NCYN QGXZF |...~
.TV[C[ FEPIFG DGRT\F \EP BGF QM ,TV[F \B NCYN QGXZF N[ GVYG\G
NCYN QGXZFG ,[KP [K L[PR BGF[ ZPGNM ,’\K G\GPXTP BGF TV[F |...~
G\GPXTP L[PRF TV[ BGF ZGBF |...~ OKBZCRF N[ [ZG[F BGF ,O[ NGNMF
.[KP [K ’\K
(’E ’B \GK\GB "FNCYF \PMGIN FIK\V" ,DN[B FEGFK CZF)

Z[K ZGBE \GRKIC TCZB

;ZGB L[PR BZGCFP ,ZPGNM ," ’\K G\GPXTP L[PRF TV[ BGF ZGBF"
KGZY FH CN[ .DGRT\G FBRF GN \\NG BZCRF \B BGZCN QGXZF BGF ZGBF
."Z\M" GB "[ZG[ \RKIC"
ZGBF \B QKJGNIN OBG\[ ,NCYN QGXZ ,KNM GPXTN ZXGK ZGBF ,QM KZIB
CN[ .FBRF GN CSPG ,KNMF \B YKKGEPC BNPP ZGBF[ LM .G\GB BZC[
."FPMGI" GB ," ’B FRKIC" KGZY FH
247 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

YKRTFNG ,\\N ,ZPGNM ,"TKV[FN" ,TV[ YKRTFN BKF ZGBF \RGM\

KNMF NB SRMR ZGBF Z[BM ONGB .\GRFKNG NCYN BKF KNMF \RGM\G ,FBRF
OGYPC \\N \GXZN NKI\P KNMF HBG ,GK\GRGM\ \B GKNB ZKCTP BGF
YYG\[P KNMF FC[ FRKICF .QMN OEGY FKF[ KVM [PP ,NCYN \GXZN
,\\N FP GN QKB QKKET[ \GKF ,NCYN CZSPG ,\\N GRGXZC ,ZGBN \GPEKFN
."FRKC" GB " ’C FRKIC" FKGZY
\ZJP[ LM NT ZFZFN NKI\P QYGZ\F[ KNMF ,OKZCEF L[PFC
YZ NGMK BGF \GRFKN[G ,FBRF GN CSFN ODG G\GB ZGXKN F\KF FBKZCF
QMNG .ZGBF N[ GF[NM YNI NCYP BGF[M
,\GRFN [EI QGXZ :FBCF FRKICF \ZXGR
NCB ,ZGBFP 10% F[IPFF LZGXN IKRR
KNMF \KZB[CG ,BZGCF QTPN NCYN
FRKICF .FNCY KB N[ CXPC ZB[KFN
GB ," ’D FRKIC" FKGZY \BHF \CNG[PF
."QKVRB ZKTH"
CMZGP \BHF FRKICC[ NCYN QGXZF
FNCY :OKEDGRP \GRGXZ KR[P F[TPN
BKF FNCYF \NGTV[ FNDP KNMF .FRK\RG
,FNGTV NM GB FRK\RFP Z\GK \KTCJ FNGTV
FRGM\F QM NTG NCYNP FMGVF BKF[
,\GRFKNG NCYN ,KNMF N[ \K[ZG[F
OKESIF ZGB .[EIP OKKIN \ZZGT\P
GRKB QMNG KNMF \NGCKYP 10% YZ BNPP
.\\N G\RGM\ \B KNMN ZKCTFN NDGSP
F[TR[ KGRK[F NT \ZCGD "NCYN" FRGM\F
KZGYPF QGXZN \ZHGI FRKICFG ,KNMF LG\C
.DGRT\ NCYN { FN[
BNP\FN JKNIP KNMF ,FHN OB\FC
FZJPC \BHG ,ZGBF N[ OKHGIB FBPC
FRKIC" KGZY FH CXP .\KCZP FBRF NCYN
BNP\F[ FHF KNMF ."\GMNP" GB ," ’E
."K\KPBF BZCRF" KGZY ,ZGBC GBGNPC
Z[K ZGBE \GRKIC ’E .1 ZGKB KNMFP "TYGC" KNMF QGXZ GH FRKICC
 EGPKNF KETX 248

QKB ’B FRKICC KNMN[ OD FP ,’B FRKICC[ KNMFP FRG[[ ZCE ,GPXT

KVN ZPGNM ,GPXT ZGBF QGXZ NNDC ZGBC BNP\P BGF .OKKBPXT \GRGXZ
.BZGCF QGXZ
ZGBF \B NCYN BZCRF N[ \K\KPBF FZKICF \TXC\P ’E FRKICC YZ
LG\P \TM ZXGR ,ZGBFP \GRFKN ,FHF KSKSCF QGXZF .BZGCFP TKDPF
.GPXT BZCRF
\GBZYR "\GMNP"G "QKVRB ZKTH" ,"FRKC" ,"FPMGI" \GRKICF TCZB
,K\KPB NCYN QGXZ ZGXKN KEM BZGCFP \GTKDP[ Z[K ZGBE \GRKIC TCZB
.(1 ZGKB FBZ) K\KPB BZCR ZPGNM
NM .\GRFKN BZCRF N[ QGXZFG \GRFN BZGCF N[ GRGXZ BNB OGYKC QKB
NM .FHN OB\FC YZG LB \NTGV F\GI\V\F KCN[ NM LZGBN FBKZCF
."ZGB"F N[ YKYNI NCYN \GXGZ ZCEPFG KI ,IPGX ,OPGE N[ \GDZEF
.\GRFKN \GXGZ QNGM
BNB KJSKBGDB QVGBC ZGBFP FRFK[ KEM BN BZCRF \B BZC BZGCF
KNMF NB SRMR ZGBF OB .\NCDGP K\NCG FPN[ FZGXC GRPP FRFK[ KEM
ZGBF .ZCE OG[ NCYN Z\GK FXGZ BN KNMF KHB ,OG\ ET G\GB BNPPG
.FBRFF OD \PNTR ,QGXZF \GPNTKF OTG NCYN QGXZF \B BMEP
,LPXT QTPN BN NCYP F\B[ FZYPC YZ Z[VB FNCDF BNN NCYN
\B BMEP BN KNMF LG\ NB SRMR[ ZGBF HBG ,ZGBF Q\GR QTPN NCYP ZPGNM
OKNKI\P GRB .NGED QGCBK\G CTZ OKTKDZP GRB[ GPM [PP ;\GRFKN QGXZF
OKRKKRGTP GRB QKBG FKGGZN TKDP CTZF \[GI\ FP QPH ZGCTMG NGMBN
GRIRB[ \K\KPBF FBRFF .GRKNT CGFBF NMBPC ZCGEP OB OD ,EGT NGMBN
QM[ FPXT FBRFF QKCN \GRFKN QGXZF QKC[ NGCDF NT YZ \PKKY OKGGI
ONTKFN \GRFKN QGXZF NKI\P ,QGXZF \B BNPN FNKI\P FBRFF[ TDZP
.FKIE GRC \ZXGK BKF QGXZFP Z\GK FNGED FBRFF OBG .FDZEFC
\RGM\P BZGCF ZXK ,\NCDGP K\NCG \PN[GP FBRFF \B \G[TN KEM
KRB[ LMP \TCGR FGGI KRB[ FBRFF OB :GSKSCC EPGTF QGKTZF .\EIGKP
.\KVGSRKB FBRFF KZF KPXTN FNCYF OXTP BNG ,ZIBN FBRF CSP
Q\B[ NMM .NCYPCG YKRTFN NGMK KRB G\GB DGRT\F \EKPC FKGN\ FBRFF
EKNGP FHF KRIGZF CXPF .Z\GK FRFKB LM ,Z\GKG Z\GK OKCZ OKNCYPN
BZGCF [YCP YGKEC FHF CXPN .BZGCF \GRGM\N LKK[G \GKIXRG \GPN[
.OKBZCRF \B BKCFN
249 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

BZGCFP Y\GRP KTCJ QVGBC BGF KHB NCYN YZ YYG\[P BZCRF OB

[KDZP BGF[ FPN USGRC OB ,NCB .GMG\C [IZ\P[ FP \B YZ [KDZPG
G\BRF KHB FRFR BZCRF[ FHP FRFR BZGCF FPM ET [KDZP FKF GMG\C
.FENKN FBRF YKRTFN \KRFR[ OBM ,\NCDGP K\NC F\KF BZCRF N[
BN GCGIC QPGJ ZGBF .\GPN[F BGF OEBF N[ KNBPKJVGBF CXPF
,FYGPT \KPXT FRCF ,KIXR OGKY ,KVGSRKB KGNKD OD BNB FBRF YZ
DGRT\ \NCY N[ \KNBKEKBF \Rfj\P# F .FBKZCF \ZJP N[ FRCFG IG\KR
\B NCYP BZCRFG BZCRN ZGBF \B YKRTP BZGCF[ LM NT \SSC\P
"ZHGI ZGB" \BZYR GH FZGX .BZGCF QTPN FKF\ G\RGGM[ KBR\C ZGBF
.BZGCF N[ "Z[K ZGB"P NKECFN
\B LG[PK[ QGXZ FKFK[ NM OEGY LKZX \GBKXPC FHF ODEF [GPKPN
N[ GMZEC LSP CKXP BZCRF QM KZIB .BZCRF NB BZGCF N[ Z[KF ZGBF
\B TRGP[ FH BGFG ,GPXTN NCYN FXGZ[ KNMF NT [ZVR LSPF .ZGBF
YZG LB DGRT\ NCYN NGMK KNMF[ ZCEF [GZKV .KNMF NB DGRT\F \SKRM
BZCRF FH CN[C .BZGCF QTPN NCYN ZPGNM ,\\N QMGP BGF[ FEKPC
Q\GR BZGCF :JG[V LKNF\ TXC\P F[TPN .BZGCN GK\GRGM\C FPEKP
BZGCF[ OG[P YZ NCB GH FBRF NCYN OKMSP BZCRFG ,BZCRN FBRF
.FHP FRFKK

\KCF NTCG IZGBF N[P

NTC ."\KCF NTCG IZGBF" N[PC LMN FJG[V BPDGE BKCP ONGSF NTC
NMGB GRKBG C[KK\P IZGBF .GRING[ NT EGTSN IZGBF \B QKPHP \KCF
FPM ET TEGK GRKB[ OD FP NCYPM GPXT \B [KDZFN QKRGTP BN[ QGGKMP
QGGKMP F[GC \[GI\ \ZZGT\P IZGBC .GECMN G\RGGMC \KCF NTC QM
CGZKS { NGMBN CZSP BGF QM NT .Q\GRF BGF \KCF NTCG ,NCYPF BGF[
.\KCF NTC N[ \K\KPBF G\RGGM \B ZZCN GEKC TKKSK[
LZEC ,GFKZF ,NGMBN IZGBC ZKXVFNG [YT\FN LK[PP \KCF NTC OB
OB[ YVSN OGYP ZKB[P BNG IZGBF \B ECMN Q+jF GRGXZ \B BJCP ,GH
OKPTV FPM CZS[ ZIBN .FCZ FBRF IZBPN ZCEF CSK IZGBF NMBK
Q\GRM BNB NCYPM EGT BN [KDZP \TM BGFG .NGMBN IZGBF NKI\P
.FBRF \[GI\ \KCF NTCN CSFN NMGK[ GTRM\[FC ,FBRFF
 EGPKNF KETX 250

\B QKMF[ FH BGF IZBPF ORPB .OKEKYV\ OKVKNIP OF FHM QVGBC

IZGBN FBRF CSFN GRGXZ[ QKCP BGF NCB ,QING[F \B LZTG NMGBF
\INXFN BKCFN NGMK[ FH BGF IZGBFG ;GPXT IZGBF QGXZC YZ KGN\
.GRGXZN OB\FC CXPF \B C\RN NGMK FH OXTPG FPK[PF
[KDZFN NKI\P BGF ZGBF \TV[F \I\[ LM BZCRF \B BZC BZGCF
FZKICF [VGI \ZHTC ,\BH OTG ,Q\GRF BGF BZGCF .FBRF \NCYP F[GC
NCYN YYG\[P BGF GC CXPN TKDFN NGMK BZCRF ,K[VGIF GRGXZ ,GN[
FNGT BZCRF FHM FZYPC .BZGCF QTPN BNB ,GPXT QTPN BN FBRF
\B \NCYPG Z\MN ET FNGT \GMNP ,\GZIB OKNPC .BZGCF N[ FDZEPN
.BZGCF \GRGM\
\GI\V\FC[ OD FP .OKNKPC ZB\N Q\KR BN FNB \G[DZFG \GRGM\
\G[GI\F \B QKCFN OKNDGSP GRB QKB QKKET GRN[ \KIMGRF \KRIGZF
,GC[ FRG[BZF FDZEPF NB GNKVB ,KRIGZF ONGTF NB FBKXK .GNBF
KZF FRGZIBF FDZEPN Z[BCG .\KVGSRKBG FPN[ FBRF { \GKIXRN FGG[
.OGNM EKDFN Q\KR BN GRB GR\V[CG GRN[ ONGTF LG\P[

?FZKICF [VGI QMKF

BZCRF N[ \K\DZEFF \GI\V\FF \B \EPNP FNCYF \PMGI
BZCRF ZCGT O\GB OKK\DZEFF OKRGYK\C \YSGT BKF .\GKRIGZC
FDZEP BKF[ ,BZGCF N[ G\DZEPN ET ,\GPNGTF NM LZE ,GRN[ ONGTFP
GREGTC ZGCTN OKMKZX GRIRB GHF LZEF NM \B .\GKIXRG \GPN[ N[
.FHF ONGTC OKBXPRG KSKVF GRVGDC OK[CGNP
GRN GZBK\G BZGCF \DZEPC \KRIGZ \GPN[ CXPN GTKDF OKNCGYP
CXPN TKDFN QNGM \GCKKI ,FRPHC \IB NM ,\GP[RF .OFKZVSC G\GB
NGDND NEIK BN ,QGYK\ FRZGCT\ ,QFC[ FRGZIB ET ,QNGM[ ETG ,FH KVGS
Q\KR GRPNGTC YZG ,GRPNGT NB \GP[RF \EKZK NEI\ BN ZPGNM ,\GP[RF
ZCE N[ GVGSC DK[FNG KRIGZF ONGT NB \BXN FZJPC QGYK\F \B TXCN
."Z\M" ,[ZG[ \RKIC \B
NCYP BGF ENGR OEBF Z[BM .FH NM \B DK[FN Q\KR BN EIB NGDNDC
QGKSKR F[MZG OKPKKGSP OKRGYK\ FZCT ,FHF ONGTC F\KF ZCM[ FP[R
\PGTN ZK[T QGKSKR KNTCG Z\GK OKPMI OKENGR[ OEBF KRC QMN .OKKGSP
\GBKXPF OT EEGP\FN FPKB\P FRMF KNTC UB OF OFN GPEY[ \GZGE
251 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

K\NCF OKKGRK[NG ,\K\GCZ\FG \KDGNGRMJF FPEKYF N[ \KGG[MTF

.FZCIC OKNIF OKYSGV
GZCX \GP[RF .FNCY EGPNN OKRGPF CZYC QGXZF ZCGDG LNGF GRZGEC
OKZ[TF \GR[C EGT ,OEB[ ET GHM FEKPC OKPEGYF OKKIFP ZK[T QGKSKR
\BH OT .\GKRIGZ \D[F BNN OKKY\FN NDGSP GRKB GKKI N[ \GPEYGPF
.\GKRIGZN ZCI\FN GF[NM LZGX OK[I OKEZBKNKP LG\P OKEKIK YZ
\GIV GNKVBG EIB OKKI NGDND YKVSK GC CXPN TKDR OKR[ FPM EGTC
OKYNI GRNGM .FRRMG\ LMG FBKZCF \ZJP KFGH .\GKRIGZN TKDFN KEM LMP
ONGTC ZEDGP EGTKG \GZEDGP \GRGM\ GR\BP EIB NMNG "\GMNP" F\GBP
QFG OKRG[ OKKRGXKI OKPZGD N[ O\TV[FC QF ,OEBF \GRGM\ KGRK[ .FHF
TKDK OVGSC[ OKRGYK\ FPM ZGCTN GN Z[VBP ,FNCYF EGPKN \TV[FC
.QGKNTF KRIGZF CXPN
FP[RF OD LM .[BZP FTCYRG \ZEDGP GR\BP EIB NM N[ GMZE
FPG .FP[RF \B GPXTN ZIGC BN [KB .OKENGR GRIRB O\B[ \GRGM\FG
?NNMC OB ,GRN[ FZKICF [VGI BJC\P FPC ?GR\JKN[C Z\GR OXTC
OKKRMKP OKPXTM BNG FRGC\ KNTC OKZGXKM GRBZCR \BH NMC TGEP
?GRPXT \B BJCN GRN Z[VBP BZGCF FPC ?OKNTVGP
FZKICF [VGI \B OEBN Q\R BZGCF :\K\GTP[P LB FZXY FCG[\F
BGF GC CXYF .K[VGIF GRGXZP \KRIGZF \GNT\FFG QGYK\F LZEC \MNN
\B GPXTC ZZGTP OEBF FC FEKPC KGN\ QGYK\F ZCT NB OEY\P
.LMN QGXZF
GRNGM FC[ FNI\FF \EGYRP LZEF NM \B ZGCTN CKKI GR\BP EIB NM
\B ZGCTN GR\CGI .FZKIC [VGI QKB FH QKKRTC .QGYK\F ZPD ETG OKBXPR
FNBF OKCXPF NM \B [KDZFNG \GGIN ,LZEC[ \G[GI\FG OKCN[F NM
.GRMG\C O\GB NKNMFN FDZEFCG
OKZCEF NM OT OKMSFN OKNGMK GRB[ LMC BGF FZKICF [VGI
\GZKFPF \B ZGICNG LZEC[ OKCN[F NM \B YKEXFN ,LZEC OK[IZ\P[
FH QKKRT .BZGCC \GYCEN TKDFNG QGYK\F LKNF\ \B FC ZGCTN \KCZKPF
GRN FKFK[ :FBKZCF \GFP \B OKBGZ GRB GCG GPXT OEBC KGN\ FH YZG
TDZP OKBXPR GRB GC CXPFP ZFP Z\GK[ FPM ZJVKFN GRN[P QGXZ
.BZGCC FBNP \GYCEN ,KVGSF CXPN TKDFNG QY\KFN ,GR\BKZC
 EGPKNF KETX 252

KB[Z BGF FEKP F\GBC ,OEBC FND\P FHF QGXZF FC[ FEKPC
FNCYF \PMGI .\GFH \ZSI OKKI \ZGX GH BF\ \ZIB ,OEB QC BZYKFN
\KNBGEKCKERKB ,\KBPXT \GK[KB OEBC I\VP[ KEKIKF TEPF BKF
.\PBC \K[VGIG
QFN[ QGXZF IGMC GHP GH \GNECR KNMF \GI\V\F N[ \GDZEF TCZB
.’B FRKICCG [ZG[ \RKICC NNM OKKY BN FH QGXZ ."\GKCT" KGZYF ,\GRFKN
BGF LMG \GRFKN QGXZF FC NED LM ,BZGCFP \YIZ\P FBKZCF[ NMM
,"\GMNPF" ,’E FRKIC .TCG[ TEGK GRKB QGXZF .KJSKBGDBG SD F[TR
\GRKICF TCZB .[PP FRPP ZHDR \GRFKN QGXZFG QKJGNIN \KJSKBGDB
NM ,FRKCC FPMGIG Z\M ,FPMGIC BXPR Z\M :GH LG\C GH \GBXPR \GBCF
FRKIC NM .\GMNPF LG\C \GNNMR \GRKICF TCZB NMG ,QKVRB ZKTHC [GN[F
.(2 ZGKB FBZ) FPGKY \B FIKJCPG FKZIB FBC[ GHC \MPG\

.’E ,’D ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ \GRKIC .2 ZGKB

BNPP[ ZGBF .OG\ ET F\GB BNPP[ ZGBF NM \B \NCYP ’E FRKIC

Z[BM WBGP FH LKNF\ ."\\N" G\RGM\ \B OD GN ZKCTP DGRT\C KNMF \B
[KDZFN FNKI\P \GMNP HBG .K[VGIF GRGXZP GMG\N ZGBF \B L[GP KNMF
OHKBGDBF \B F[I BKF .ZGBF \GRGM\N QKJGNIN \GEDGRP FK\GRGM\[
253 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FM F[GI\ \GMNPC \ZZGTP \BH F[DZF .Q\GRF \GRGM\N FBGG[FC FN[

.FYKZ \ZB[RG ZGBF \B NCYN FYKSVP BKF[ ET F[GC N[ FNGED
FYKZ \ZB[R[ \GMNP ." ’B OGXPX" FKGZY \GMNPP ZGBF \GYN\SF
,OKR\GR BNG OKNCYP BN OFKR[ FC Q\GRF OT QGHKB \EGYR LMC \BXGP
\BH NMC \GMNP \K[TR BGVKB EXKM .KF[NM FBRF FHC FH OKZZGTP BNG
?BZGCN FK\GRGM\C FPGE
FIGE \GMNP ."\KCF NTCG IZGBF" N[PC [IZ\P FH[ KVM YGKEC
.\NCYPM FPXT [KDZFN \RKRGTP BN[ QGGKMP FKNB TKDP[ ZGBF NM \B
NCB FMG\N ZGBFP OKKGSP YNI NCY\ GKVN KBR\ FCKXP BKF QM KZIB
KM FTEKC ,BZGCF \B \GRFN KEM BNB ,FN[ \KPXTF FBRFF QTPN BN
,FRK\RN LZT \GG[ FH DGSP FNCY .F\GB \GRFN BGF BZGCF QGXZ
.\R\GRN \NCYPP \MVGF \GMNPG
FTCZB ZGCTN ZGBF LKZX K\KPBF QGXZN TKDFN KEM[ \GBZN Q\KR
EIB NM OT FZGY FPGE LKNF\ ."\GRKIC" TCZB ,\GI\V\F N[ OKCN[
GRC FGGF\P BGF[ ETG BZGCFP BXGK OKGSP QGXZ[ TDZP .GRK\GRGXZP
ZXGGKFN NGMK BN ZGB BNN .ZGBF \GI\V\F N[ OKCN[F NM \B ZCGT BGF
.FBXG\F BGF QGXZFG ZGYPF BGF ZGBF .QGXZ

\KRIGZ FV[ ,KRIGZ UGXZV

.(3 ZGKB FBZ) ’E FRKICC ZXGR[ KVM FBKZCF FRCP \B ZB\N Q\KR LMG
ZGB" KGZY \GMNPF FZKHIP[ ZGB ."Z[K ZGB" KGZY BZGCFP BXGKF ZGB
.KPKRV ZGB KGZY KYNI QVGBC KNMF NB SRMRF ZGB ."ZHGI

ZHGI ZGBG LSPF ,KNMF .3 ZGKB

BGF QM KZIB ,NGMBN CZSP IZBPF OT CSP[ IZGBF FNKI\

NT UB ,\KCF NTCN FBRF OGZDN KEM YZ NMGBFP \XY NGMBN TRM\[P
 EGPKNF KETX 254

\G[TN [K ZPGNM .GKRVN [DGP[ FP NM \B NGMBN QPGHPG QMGP FKF[ KV

.\GKJSKBGZJNB BYGGE \GRGGM OT { OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZC [GPK[ QBM
NM \B NCYN NGMK GRKB[ QKCP BGF CXPF \B QIGC IZGBF Z[BM
NGMK BGF GH FZJP DK[FN KEM ;\KCF NTCN DGRT\ OGZDN FRGGMC FIGZBF
.FIGZBFP QJY YNI YZ NCYN
\GPM YZ \KJSKBGZJNB FZGXC NCYN BZCRF NGMK OGXPXF ZIBN QMN
YNI G\GB .FIGE BGF 80%=F \Z\K \BG ,20% IKRR ,ZGBF N[ \NCDGP
KGZY ,BZGCF QTPN NCYN NGMK BZCRF ZGBFP FPM JKNIP[ BZCRF N[
YKZ ZB[R[ YNIF GNKBG ,"UGD" KGZY ZGBF \B NCYP[ YNIF ."[BZ"
.ZGBF \NCY NGCD \B OIG\ BZCRF O[ ,"UGS" KGZY
UGDF KYNIN OB\FC OKBZYR \GKRIGZC BZCRF KYNI \GBZN Q\KR[ KVM
.OKD\ GB ,OKZVSP ,\GP[ OKPKKY BN KRIGZF ONGTC F[TPN .OEBF N[
OKKY[ FP NM[ \GKF .KEPN FJG[V FV[ OPXTN GZIC OKNCGYPF
FNTPNP ZK[K Z[Y OKKY ,IGZF ONGTP GRKNB TKDP ,KSKVF GRPNGTC
OXT NMNG GRPNGTC[ KSKV OXT NM NB Z[Y KRIGZ OXT NMN .FJPN
OXTF \B OKBZGY GRB GRN[ ONGTFP OXTF N[ O[C .O[ GR[K GRPNGTC
.G\GB EKNGF[ KRIGZF
IGM OKKY KRIGZF ONGTC[ ZPGB FGGF ,QCB \PKKY GRPNGTC[ IKRR
LMC BGF KRG[F ."QCB" BGF ODG GHF QCBF \GZXGGKFN ZGYPF FKF[
GRPNGTCG ,\GPKGSP \GRGM\ NTC KRIGZ "[ZG[" BKF \KRIGZF "QCBF"[
.QCB KGZY[ ,FHF [ZG[F N[ OBG\F URT OKKY
\GNGTVG OKD[GP ,O[C OKRMP GRB Z[BM .\KRIGZF FV[F FKGRC LM
BN ,FZG\C BN .KRIGZF ONGTC \GNGTVG \GP[N BKF FRGGMF GRN[ ONGTC
KSKVF ONGTF \IB FNPC GNG ZMHGP BN ,ZIB [GEY ZVS OG[CG EGPN\C
Z[BM .GRN[ ONGTF \V[C GC\MR FNBF OKZVSF KM FECGTF UZI ,GRN[
JYKKCGBN BKF FRGGMF FNB OKZVSC ZMHGPF GF[NM JYKKCGB OKZKMHP
.KRIGZF ONGTC GN OBG\F
FBZ) "[BZ" KGZY ,CG[KIFG IG\KRF NT KBZIB[ KRIGZF YNIF QMN
KGZY SRMKFN ZGBN Z[VBPG \GMNPF NTP BXPR[ LSPF YNIG ,(4 ZGKB
NCYNP UGDF \B NKCDP[ GYF ."UGD" KGZY ZGBF SRMR GKNB[ YNIF ."F&o"
KGZY ZGB BNN ZB[R[ QGZIBF YNIF ."ZGCJ" KGZY ZGBF \B GMG\N
.\GMNP GB FP[R ,BZCR KGZY G\GNNMC FHF OXTF NMG ."OGKS"
255 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

ZGBFP KRGXKI WIN [GIN NKI\P ZGBFP 20% GMG\N NCYP[ UGXZVF
\B NCYNG LK[PFN [K[ HGPZN BC NGMKCM[ UKYP ZGB ,G\GB CCGSF
FBRF NNM NCYN BN UKET GRKRKTC .Z\GK FNGED FBRF G\B BKCPF ZGBF
QP QFG OKRVC QF WGINN NKI\P YGVKSF ZSGI .\GNCDP ] C \GRFKN Z[BP
.KG\KVC EGPTN EGBP F[YG .WGIF

KRIGZ UGXZV FRCP .4 ZGKB

NCKY[ TDZP NCB ,CZ QPH \G[KEB N[ CXPC BXPKFN FKF NGMK UGXZVF
NCYK OB .WGIP QFG OKRVC QF NCYN WIN [GIN NKI\P BGF ZGBFP YNI
\GEDR\FF IGM[ QGGKMP ,GN[ \KPXTF FBRFF QTPN ZCM FH FKFK USGR ZGB
QM[ GH FNCYN OKMSP BN UGXZVF .20%=N YZ FGG[ GN[ KPKRVF OHKBGDBN
GKRVC \Z\GR .GHF LZEF \B FIGE BGF QM NTG ,’B OGXPX TXGC LM O[N BN
NCYK Z[B ET OEGYF GCXPN ZGHING ZGBF NM \B BKXGFN :\IB LZE YZ
.\G[TN ZIGC UGXZVF[ FP FHG .ZGBF \B CG[
OKRV [GJKC" KGZY ZGCJF NT UKYP ZGBG KPKRV ZGB N[ NKCYP WIN
LSPF ?20% N[ BPDGEC UGDF NB ZGBF \SKRM \TXC\P LKB ."UKYPG
 EGPKNF KETX 256

,UGDF NB ,F&oN \I\P 20%=N ZGBF WINC EZGK [BZE F&oC EPT FNKI\[
,FJPNP FZHIC LSPF FNGT ,UGDFP BXGK ZGBF Z[BM .ZGCJF GY ET
.UGDN WGIP NB ZGBF \B UIGE GNKBM ,[BZE F&oF NB ZGCJF \EGYRP
NT ,BKCP ZGBF[ FBRFF NTG GKNT TEK ZGBF \B NCKY UGXZVF[ KRVN
.\KPXTF FBRFN GN[ \GEDR\FF IM FPG ,UGXZVC ,GC [K[ QGXZF
KRVN ,ZGBC BNP FKF GC[ CXPFP UGXZVF NXB ZB[R[ TEKPN OB\FC
ZIBN[ CXPFP ZB[R[ TEKPFPG ;UGS=QKBF ONGTC QGXZF NT OGXPXF
KGZY[ QGZMKH ,ZCTF NT OKKGSP QGZMKH UGXZVF ZDGB ,OGXPXF
."\GPK[Z"
FBRF F\GB QMG ,FBRF NCYN QGXZF ECNP ZCE OKKY BN KRIGZF ONGTC
NT TEKPF BGFG ,"\GKCT" ZGMHM KGZY \GRFKN QGXZF .FHF QGXZF YGVKSN
BKFG "\G[CN\F" FKGZY FBRFFG GNKBG ,UGXZVF LG\C[ GPXT QGXZF
.BZCRG BZGC YZ OKPKKY ,ZPGNM .KNMF NT "[CN\P"[ ZGBF NT TEKP
."\GKCT"FP \GPK[ZG "\G[CN\F"FP \GPK[Z \GZB[R OEGY CXP NMP
OEGYF GCXP \B QKKVBN KEM JNIFC OKYKVSP FNBF OKZJPZVF KR[
QPHC GN FZY FP YGKEC TEGK ,ZGBF \BKXK ZIBN ,UGXZV NM .UGXZVF N[
EXKM \TEN GN TKKSN ZCJXP QGKSKR GN [K .GVGD LG\C ZGBF \GBXPKF
.(5 ZGKB FBZ) EK\TC DGFRN
JKNIPG ZGBFP 20%=C YKHIFN NGMK GRKB BGF[ QKCP UGXZVF \TM
\EZN LKZX BGF LM O[N .BZGCF QTPN OF OD ,15%=C YKHIFN \GSRN
ZGBF .OEGYF UGXZVFP OKMGPR GKFK GN[ F&oFG [BZF[ LM Z\GK "LGPR"
.ZGBFP 15% YZ OKSRMR UGXZVF LG\ NBG ,FIER LSPN TKDP[
\NCYN CG[KIF ?OKVGXZVF N[ O\GKCTG O\G[CN\F \GTCYR EXKM
FBNP\F (’E \GKCT) \GMNP[ ZIBN ,UGS=QKBF ONGTP NKI\P ZGBF
QKKVBP ZPGNM ,(\G[CN\FE ’E) FN OKETGKPF \GZGBF NMC QKJGNIN
.("\GMNPE \GMNP") ’E N[ ’E FKF GHF \GMNPF N[ \KPXTF FNCYF
LMG ’D \GKCT \B YZ ZGBC BNPN NGMK[ LMN TEGP ZCM BCF UGXZVF
QTPN ZGBC GVGD \B BNPN \NGMKF FRJYG \MNGF USGR UGXZV NMC .FBNF
.FJPN FNTPNP OKN[N\[PF FNBM OKVGXZV 25 [K NMF LSC .BZGCF
BGF ,EKZVPF NGCDF \B ZCGT QG\I\F GYNI ,QGZIBF UGXZVF BXGK Z[BMG
ONGTF .GRPNGTC ZKBPG ,GRN[ ONGTF QKCN IGZF ONGT QKC[ "OGSIPF"
.OHKBGDBF EDRM LSP NNM FN QKB GC[ "\GMNP" N[ CXP FGGFP GRN[
257 1 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

.QGPEY OEB ONGT N[ OKVGXZV F[KPI .5 ZGKB

 EGPKNF KETX 258

2 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
FBKZCF \ZJP .B
G\NCY QVGBG DGRT\F .C
FXGCYC EGPKN .D
FRK\RFP DGRT\F .E
\GKCTG \G[CN\F .F
’B OGXPX .G
Y"B ONGT KYNI \[PI .H
"UKYPG OKRV [GJKC" .I

FBKZCF \ZJP
FNKI\ QKCFN GRKNT LB GRKKIC TEK=KNMM GRN [P[N FETGR FNCYF
OKNKI\P OF QMKFG GRN GR\KR FP O[N ,O\GTP[P FP ,GRKKI \GFP KFP
?OKPKK\SPG
ONGTF NNGM ,FHN FH OKNKCYP ,EIK \GPNGTF NM \B BZC BZGCF
.OEBF N[ \JNIGPFG \KVGSRKBF G\BRFN OEBF \B BZC BGF .GRN[
\MZTP NM \EYV\P EXKM \TEN OEBF [ZER FHF CXPN TKDFN KEM
KNNMP OKZHDR FHF ONGTF KNNM .FN[ OKNNMFG OKYGIF OFPG \GPNGTF
ZIBN O[N OKZHGIG FEKNF KRVN OKBXPR GRB O[ ,KRIGZF ONGTF
BGF GRN[ KSKVF UGDF LG\C OKZCGT GRIRB[ OKKI YZV G\GB YZG .\GGPF
G\GB ZGCTN EXKM GR\GB \EPNP FNCYF \PMGI .GRZGCT \GCK[I NTC
TKDFN KEM[ BGF LMN OTJF .GRKKIC \GTZGBPF NM N[ KCJKP NGXKR LG\
\GKGRPEHFF NM \B NXRNG ,NMF \B \TEN OEBF LKZX \GKRIGZN
.GKRVC \GI\VRF
KNTC ,IPGXF ,OPGEF ,GRN[ ONGTF TCJ \B QKCFNG \TEN OEBF NT
OKNNMF \BG ,BGF GMG\C \BXPR[ FP[RF \B QKCFN ,OEBF KRCG OKKIF
FDZEPF NB TKDFN LKZX OEBF FNBF OKKIC .\I\V\P BKF OFKVN
\GKGRPEHF GKFK .\KRIGZF \GI\V\FF KYGI KVN ,Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF
OKNGDNDC GB ,BCF NGDNDC HB ,FNBF OKKIC BN OB ,\YVSP FEKPC LMN
BZGCF QM[ .LZEF \B WKBFN OEBN \Z[VBP FNCYF \PMGI .OKBCF
,EIB ZKFC OGKC ,GKNBP NKI\K OEBF[ QM\KK :\RKKRTP FISGR ZXK
259 2 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

LMN G\GB UGIEK[ NCSN \GMIN KNC ,FHF ONGTC KI BGF FP O[N \GF\N
\B NGB[N G\GB IKZMK[ CZ FM NCS OEBN IN[K BZGCF[ QM\KKG
TR GR\BP EIB NM ,ZPGNM .\ZIB FZKZC GN ZK\GK BNG FNBF \GNB[F
GRGXZP \BH F[TK OB ZGICN GKNT :TR LZE GHKBC FNB[FG ,FZJPF QGGKMN
FNCYF \PMGI .OKZGSKG NCS LZEC GKNT FVMKK ZCEF OB GB K[VGIF
\KNPKJVGBF FZGXC ,K[VGIF GRRGXZP GH LZE ZGCTN FJK[ GRKRVN \SZGV
.FBRFC OEY\FN NMGR FC FJK[ ,Z\GKC FZKFPFG
OKKIC OEBF [GMZN LKZX G\GB KRIGZF QTJPF GFP FZKCSP FNCYF
\GYKTPF \GKPGKYF \GKTCF \B ZG\VN EXKM FZKCSP BKF QKB .FNBF
\GKTC .FPGEMG K\IV[P Z[GB \IJCF ,\KYST FINXF \D[F { GRN[
.KRIGZ QTJP G\GB DK[FN GR\GB TKRFN GETGR QPGKY OXTP GNB \GKPGK=OGK
\GKPGK=OGK \GKTC LGVFN LKB GR\GB \EPNP BKF[ FNCYF N[ FIGMG
.BZGCF GR\GB UIGE FKNB[ FZJPF \D[FN UGRPN GNB
NMF KM TEGK BGF ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF KYGI \B QKCP OEBF Z[BM
EXKM TEGK UB BGF .GKNB TKDP BGF FP O[N DK[P QMG FNTPNP GKNB TKDP
.BZGCF GKNB ING[[ FP NM \B Z\GKC FNKTKF FZGXC NXRN
NBG \G[TN FP OKTEGK GRRKB CGZN ,K[GY GB FKTCC OKNY\R GRB Z[BM
FKNB F[KDC GRN[ OGKPGKF \GKTC OT OKEEGP\P GRB Z[BM .\GRVN KP
,FKTCFP YGPIN OKIKNXP NGMKCM GRIRB ,FZK[K FZGXC ZPGNM ,GRNDZGF
,FNKI\MNP FZXGR FKTCF FP[N[ FZJPN OKMNGF BN GRIRB[ \GKF LB
Z[BM YZ QFKNBP GPNTKK GNNF \GKTCF NM .\GVSGR \GKTC GRKNB \GTKDP
.OKKIF \ZJP KGNKD ZCT NB GR\GB UGIEN { QEKYV\ \B GBNPK
OKVKY[PM ,ZGZKCC QRGC\R ,OKKRIGZF OKYGIF NM \B TER Z[BM
GRN[ FNGTV NM .OKZCEF NM QKC Z[YF \B FBZRG ,[IZ\PF NT ,NTPP
GYKSVK OF :[EI OTJ GNCYK OKKIFG GRN FZKFR F[TK\ FHF ONGTC
OKKRIGZF OKCXPF NM \B GRKKIN OKVZXP GRIRB ."OKZZDR" \GBZKFN
OKKIF KZIB[ OKKRIGZF OKCXPF \BG FNB OKKIN GR+TKDF OZJC GKF[
.OGKY N[ QKJGNIN \ZIB FPZN OKMGH GRB LM .FNBF
.OFN ZCTP[ FPG ,OKKIF \GTP[P NT \GF\N OKNKI\P GRRPHC OKCZ
OKPEGYF OKNGDNDF L[PC \GP[RF GZCX[ OEGY QGKSKRP TCGR ZCEF
.QFN[
 EGPKNF KETX 260

G\NCY QVGBG DGRT\F

N[ FRGGMF NT CG[IN YKPTK OEBF[ KEM OKZGSKG NCS BZC BZGCF
BZGCF NB FRGV OEBF LM .GBGCN \GCKSFG ,GN[ ZGYPF NT ,FHF NCSF
GRN[ QGXZN FMIP BZGCF .NCSF ZGYP \B QKCF OZJC EGT ,FC[IPC
NDGSP BGF FNCY ZVS GKEKN NJGR OEBF Z[BM .Z[Y GPT ZGXKN
OKVIGE[ OKZGSKF BNNG EGPKNF \GTXPBC FZJPF ZCT NB OEY\FN
,FBRF N[ FZGXC LB ,GC FSR\P ,NCSF ETGP \B OKEYP OEBF LM .G\GB
LVGF BZGCF FH CXPC .\Z[N BC BGF FZJP GHKBG BC QMKFP QKCP BGFG
FKGN\ FZJPF ZCTN \GPEY\FF \GZKFP .FBRFF ZGYPN NCSF ZGYPP
.GN[ FZKICF [VGI EKYV\ BNPN NKI\P QBMG .GPXT OEBC
.QGMR QVGBC FC [P\[FN GR\GB UIGE BGFG ,GRZGCT FBRF BZC BZGCF
ZETF GRKF NCSF .NCS GRN \PZGD ,\D[GP FRKB[ FBRFN FMK[PF
NT Z\K .DGRT\F G\GB \B DK[FN KEM NMF \G[TN OKRMGP GRBG .KGNKPF
EKKP GRBG \DDGV\P GHF FBRFF GR[YGCP \B OKDK[P GRIRB[ TDZC ,QM
BNP\K BN OTV UB NCS GRN[ ONGTC .ZIB USGR DGRT\ ZIB ZG\N OKC[
NGCDF NT YZ \[DZGP FBRFF .NCS GKZIB ZZGD DGRT\F KGNKPG DGRT\C
.\KRG[BZ F[DZFM YZG ,DGRT\N NCSF QKC[
\YSGV K\NC FKF\ FBRFF[ KEM .FNKTK FRKBG FPGDV GH KGNKP \JK[
KMG .FBRF GRN CSFN FXGZ BZGCF[ FZMF LG\ ,ZIBN \\N EGPNN [ZER
G\BRF QTPN BNG ,FBRF GN CSFN KEM YZ DGRT\ BZGCFP NCYN GRKNT
.\KPXTF
\B ,\BH ZKCSFN \GNGMK[ OKNKP QKB KIMGRF GR\GI\V\F CXPC
ZCEN KZ[VB K\NCG EGBP F[Y QMNG ,\KVGSRKBF DGRT\F \NCY \JK[
\B .OEBN FND\P BZGCF Z[BM YZ FTKDP GH FJK[ N[ FRCFF .FH NT
GRN[ ONGTF QKC[ OGSIPF ZCTP ZIBN [KDZFN OEBF NKI\P BZGCF
NM .QGYK\F ZPD KRVN \GDZEP 6,000 BXPR GEGTC ZPGNM ,KRIGZF ONGTN
ZIBN YZ TKDP QGYK\F ZPD .BZGCF KGNKD N[ FEKP BKF \KRIGZ FDZEP
.GK\GRGXZ NM \B QY\P OEBF[
FBKZYC LGZM FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNC KRG[BZFG KSKSCF CN[F
NINIK ZPGIF[ KEM Z[VBF NMM FBKZYC \GCZFN [K FH CN[C .ECNC
EKPN\F O[G EGPKNF \XGCYC FEGCTN [EYGP BCF CN[F .GRC NTVKG
261 2 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

ZVSPN OB\FC NED GN[ KRIGZF KNMF .FXGCYF OT GK\GRGXZ \B EIBP

.FXGCYC[ OK[RBF
NM N[ OKK[KBF OKSZJRKBN ZCTP BXPR FP \B [GIN OKNKI\P HB
\EYV\P[ FXGCYF N[ FKZCIP EIB NMC ZCGEP QG\RF FZYPC .EIB
FEGCTF .BZGCM BGF OEBN FXGIP BXPR[ FP NM[ QGGKM ,BZGCM F[TPN
.FXGCYC \PKK\SPG FNKI\P \KZYKTF
YZ .OKEKPN\ N[ \GXGCY OKNCGYPF NMN GKF FKZGJSKFF LZGBN
GIKNXF OF FMG\C GPYZR[ OKKEEFF OKSIKF LZEG FXGCYF \ZHTC
LGVF\ \G[GRBF NM Z[BM TKDK QGYK\F ZPD .KRIGZF ONGTF \B \GNDN
Z\GK CZY\P QGHIF KM UB ,FMGZB EGT LZEF .\IB OKNCGYP \XGCYN
EGIKBF LZGXN \GIGMF NMG OK[ZG[F NM ,FZYP NMC .\G[PP\FN Z\GKG
.KRIGZF ONGTC OKPKKY FHF
FBKZCF \GN[N\[F ,EIBF :OKCN[ KR[N OKYNIR FNCYF KEGPKN
,FN[ KRG[BZF CXPFP FBKZCF \GI\V\F ZPGNM ,FJPN FNTPNP
:FNTPN FJPNP \GN[N\[F ,KR[F .GRN[ ONGTF ETG ,FBKZCF \C[IPP
FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEPN ETG GRN[ ONGTFP \GNTN NKI\P OEBF EXKM
BNB ,FHF ONGTC ZB[R GN[ KSKVF UGDF QM[ ,\KSKV FRRKB G\KKNT .Z\GKC
.\KRIGZF G\GI\V\F QCGPC
FHF KNMF KGZY FRFRG ZGB NCYP UGXZVF Z[BM :OKCXP KR[ UGXZVN
KGZY BGF ,FRFR BGF FHP ODG ,\\N YYG\[P KNMF Z[BM GNKBG FPMGI
CXP ,K[KN[ CXP OD OKKY .FHN FH OKEDGRP GNNF OKNMF KR[ .FRKC
ZB[R NGEDF GYNICG BZGCF QTPN ZGBFP JTP NCYP KNMF GC ,OKKRKCF
N[ 10% YZ ,BPDGE O[N ,GC [K[ QGGKMP QKVRB ZKTH KGZY FH CXP .YKZ
KNMF LG\C Z[BM .(1 ZGKB FBZ) OKESI ZGB N[ 90%=G FPMGI ZGB
KGN\ ,UGXZVF N[ GNEGDG ,UGXZV FH CXP KGZY ,FPMGIF ZGB BXPR
.NCYP BGF[ FPMGIF ZGB UYKFC
"K\KPBF BZCRF" GB \GMNP \RKIC KGZY [IZ\P[ QGZIBF CXPF
FPMGIF ZGB QMNG FPMGIF ZGB \B FPXTC NCYN FXGZ GH FRKIC[ QGGKMP
GTP[P[ UGS=QKB ONGT OD KGZY FHF CXPF .FBGNPC \GMNP \B BNPP
NCYNG LK[PFN \RKKRGTP[ \GMNP FJKNIP QM KZIB .\NCDGP K\NC FNCY
NCYN QGXZF[ FRKCP BKF[ QGGKMP ,FHF QGXZF \B [PPN BN[ ,ZGBF \B
,QG[BZ OGXPX \TXCP BKF QM NTG ;BZGCFP F\GB YKIZP FPXT QTPN
 EGPKNF KETX 262

\GMNP .F\GRYGZ\FG ZGBF YGNKS GTP[P[ OGXPX ," ’B OGXPX" KGZYF

.BZGCN FK\GRGM\C FPGE \GKFN \MVGF ZGBF \B FZKHIP[
KRVP ,YN\SP BN BGFG \GBNPMG \ePN[+M [DZGP FRK\RFP DGRT\F
Q\KR ,G\GB OKRFP LMCG ,OKR\GR KPN OK[KDZP QPHC GCG OKR\GR Z[BM[
Z[BM[ LM BZCR KNMF .\GMKBCG \GPMC NCDGP K\NC DGRT\ [KDZFN
GVGSC[ KEM ,ZGBF N[ FRK\RF \GRGM\ \B OD NCYK BGF ZGBC BNP\K
\GMNP FRKY\P ,GRPP \GRFKNG ZGBN \GPEKFN KEM .GN FPEK ZCE N[
\GMNPF N[ QGXZN OB\FC .FN[ \GRGXZF NMN NTP ,OHKBGDBF EDR LSP
100% FKRVN OKBXPR ,OZDGNKY 100 G\EKP[ QGXZ ,BPDGEN ,DGRT\N
.ZGBF N[
FBRFN FN[ QGXZN \GEDR\FF \PXGT { OZDGNKY 100 N[ LSP \ZHTC
NCYN FNGMK BKF[ FJKNIPG ,FBRFF NM \B FIGE \GMNPF { \KPXT
.FPXTN GNCYN BN UBG BZGCN FBRF YVS\ F\ZHTC[ ,ZGB \GPM F\GB
LZT \GG[ BKF BZGCN FBRF YKRTFN FRGGM LG\P GHM FZGXC ZGB \NCY
.FRK\RN

\GKCTG \G[CN\F
\GMNPP ZHIGP ZGB ;"Z[K ZGB" ZGPBM KGZY \GMNP NB TKDP[ ZGBF
ZGB" KGZY FMG\N \NCYP \GMNPF[ ZGBFP 20% ."ZHGI ZGB" KGZY
YNIC ."UKYP ZGB" KGZY WGIC ZB[R[ ZGBFP NGED YNI ."KPKRV
ZGB" KGXP ,"FPMGIF ZGB" SRMKFN NMGK BN O[N ,\GMNP N[ QG\I\F
."OKESIF
\G[CN\FE^ ’E \GPK[Z GZB[R UGS=QKB ONGTC \GMNPF N[ CXPFP
NT TEKP) \GKCTE^ ’EG (KNMC [CGNP FKF[ ZGBF \GMKBG \GPM NT TEKP)
N[ OKRG[BZF 20% \NCY NT UGXZVF [BZC CG[KIF .(QGXZF N[ IGMF
’E N[ \GPK[ZF LPS NT \GMNP KEK NT F[TR BZGCF QTPN ZGBF
[ZER ,ZGBF \NCY NT \KRIGZ F[GC [KDZFN KEM .\GKCTE ’EG \G[CN\FE
BGF[ [KDZFN ,GK\GRGM\ \B [GIN ,BZGCF \B [GIN NKI\FN FNKI\
\GRGM\N BZGCF \GRGM\ QKC FBGG[FF .G\GNED \B \GBZNG Q\GRF
.F[GC [GIN \GMNPF \B FBKCP OEBF N[ \GKJSKBGDBF
FMGZB \GPEY\F LZE F[GZE \GMNPF N[ GH F[GI\ [GIN KEM
QGXZF ZZGT\P QM ,BZGCF \GNED N[ FRCFFG KGNKDF \EKPM .\GKRIGZC
263 2 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

GRPNGTC OD .FNCYN FNGY[ LPP "NGED"N FRK\R .GRTPN FP ZCE \G[TN

ZIB QTPN GF[P \G[TN QPEHP OEBN OB :N[PN ,LMC QKICFN Q\KR
UB OK\TN ,CN WVIC \BH TXCK BGF FPGY ZGTK[ NTCM GKRKTC SV\R[
\KNM\ .FK[TF OXTP FBRF NCYK BGF .FCGZP FBRFCG ,FZGP\ BNN
ZCEF[G G\PXGT \B FBZRG ,GRKRVC FND\K BZGCF[ BKF GRN[ FEGCTF
BZGCF KGNKD .BZGCF QTPN GF[P \G[TN NMGR[ KEM FKDZRBF ZGYP FGGFK
ZPGNM ,\GKJSKBGZJNB \GZJP \Z[N K\KPB QGXZ [K OEBN Z[BM TKDP
.\KJSKBGZJNB \GRGM\ [GMZN QGXZ

(Y"B) QGPEY OEB ONGT KYNI \[PI

.(5 ZGKB FBZ) "B\
#^N@D^N#D" KGZY ZGBFP YNI NCYP[ QG[BZF UGXZVF
NT ZGCJC[ LSPF NT NKCYPC FBMF G[GZKV[ UKYPG OKRV [GJKC ZIBN
KG\KV NGP EGPTN GIGMC QKB[ UGXZVF [I ,UKYP ZGBG KPKRV ZGB KEK
ZGB NCYN GIKZMP UKYPF ZGBF .GKNT WIGNG WGIC BXPR EGT[ ZGBF
FHM CXPC .G\G[ZC FKF[ ZGBF NM \B YNSN JKNIP BGF HBG ,USGR
[KDZP BN JG[V BGF ,FBRFF OT Z[Y OG[ GN QKB ,\GKTC QKB UGXZVN
.ZGBF \B
GH FNGTV .[BZE F&o OT EIB\PG [NIR ,FNGT LSPF ZGBF YGNKS OT
\GKCT NCYP BGF ZGBF \TV[FC EZGK LSPF Z[BM ."\GMMEHF" \BZYR
.Z\GK FNGED
’E \GPK[Z GC GZB[R QG[BZF UGXZVFP ZGBF \GYN\SF ZIBN
UGXZVF[ QGGKMP FPNTR \GKCT N[ \IB FDZE .\GKCTE ’DG \G[CN\FE
OB\FC .\GKCTE ’E BKF[ ,\PEGYF FPZC NGTVN EGT NGMK GRKB KM QKCF
BKF ’E FPGY) ’EP FMGPR Z\GK FPGYN [BZE F&oP EZGK LSPF ’D \GKCTN
.(GN[ FHIF BKF ’D FPGY GNKBG B\NDND UGXZV N[ F&oF
QM KZIB .G\GB FIGE ,GEKXP LSPFG LSPF NT CG[ WIGN FNTPNP ZGBF
N[ FPZN \I\P BN LB ,\GPK[ZN OB\FC ZGBF \B NCYN LSPF JKNIP
ZGBF \B NCYN NDGSP GRKB B\NDND UGXZV GNKVB[ QGGKMP B\NDNDE ZGCJ
.(a#T) "C"T" KGZY ,GK[MT J[V\P[ KR[F UGXZVF .ZGCJN \I\P
\GPK[Z .YN\SP ZGBF CG[G ,UKYPG OKRV [GJKC [IZ\P CG[
FPGYFP ZGB ,\G[CN\FE ’D :UGXZVC ZB[R [EI TEKP ZPGNM ,\G[EI
EGCKB CG[ ;\GKCTE ’CG ,C"TC GPM \KTKCZF FPGYFP BNG \K[KN[F
 EGPKNF KETX 264

ZGBF N[ WIN { UKYPG OKRV [GJKC NNDC QGXZF \GKCT N[ \IB FDZE
.KPKRVF ZGBFG UKYPF
EZGK ZGBF \GYN\SF LNFPC C"TE^ F&oN FNT FNKI\[ LSPF QMN
NT DGGKHN [EIF UGXZVF \GZXGGKF [IZ\\ GC[ ,C"TE FHI \PZN \TM
.(DS
@ ) "D"S" KGZY FHF UGXZVF .’C=’D \GPK[ZF
D"S N[ [BZE F&oN \GNTN LSPF \B IKZMP [GJKCF CG[ QMP ZIBN
GRPPG ,D"SE FHIN LSPF EZGK \GPK[ZN OB\FC .’B=’C \GPK[Z OT
BXGK QGZYKTF G\GB KVN LM ZIB ,(FP
# ) "F"P" KTKCZF UGXZVF BXGK
.[ZG[=’B \GPK[Z NT (Q‘ a) "Q"C" K[KPIF UGXZVF
,’D ,’C ,’B ,[ZG[ :\GRKIC [PI GB ,OKYNI F[KPIP CMZGP UGXZV NM
\MZTP FGGFP FH FRCP .QGXZ OG[ ZXGGFN NGMK BN GNB OKYNI KNC .’E
F[KDZP ,’E FRKIC ,FRGZIBF FRKICF .ONGTN FR\[P FRKB[ FIK[Y
BZGCF F\GB ZXK O\GTXPBC[ ,FN OKPEGYF \GRGXZF \TCZB NM \B
TDZ NMC BZGCF \B F\SKV\ QVGBN OB\FC ,O[ QGXZ NMN \R\GR BKFG
.(F=G=F=K) F"KGF GB ,"BZGCF" OKBZYR FNBF \GRGXZF QMN ;QG\R
:LM OKRPSP Q\GB[ ,\GPZ \\ [PIN YNGIP DGRT\N QGXZ
;Z\M \ZKVS \B OBG\ (K"[Y) ’K N[ GXGY ,’K \GBF \NKI\ .B
;FPMGI \ZKVS \PBG\ { ’K \GBF .C
;FRKC \ZKVS \PBG\ { ’F \GBF .D
;\ZBV\ \ZKVS \PBG\ { ’G \GBF .E
;\GMNP \ZKVS \PBG\ { ’F \GBF .F
.F { G { F { K { K"[Y \ZGXC EIK \GC\MR FNBF \GK\GBF
KVNG FMG\C BZGCF \B F[I FBKZCF[ QGGKMP ,BZGCF O[ FHG
OKBZYR ,FBKZCF ,QGXZF KYNI \[PI .BZGCN O[ \R\GR F\[GI\
.\GMNP ,\ZBV\ ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :\GZKVS
[K UGXZVF LG\C OBG ,C"T KGZY BGF ,FPMGI ZGBC BNPR UGXZVF OB
ZGBG FPMGIF ZGB QKC CGNK[NG SIKN OB\FC .D"S KGZY BGF OKESI ZGB
GRKB FZG\C ZBG\PF NM .OKVGXZVF NMN \GP[ OKRYP GRIRB OKESI
FPMGIF ZGB KEK NT OKKGSP SIKC OKBNP\P[ ,OKKRIGZ OKVGXZV BNB
.OKESI ZGB GB
\GYIPR { Q"CG F"P ,D"S ,C"T ,B\NDND { OKVGXZVF \[PI \BKXK KZIB
BZGCF QTPN BNPN Q\KR[ \GRGXZF NM ,\GZIB OKNKPC ,\GPK[ZF NM
265 2 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\B NCYN \NGMKF \B QKJGNIN ECBP GPXT LSPF .OK\IGVG OKMNGF

BN ,ZPGNM ,OHKBGDBN EDR\FN YZ NDGSP BGFG BZGCF QTPN ZGBF
.ZCE NCYN
\GKCYT \GNGTV [PI TXCN \GMNP FNGMK QG[BZF OGXPXF KZIB ,QMN
.QGPEY OEB ONGT KGZY OKVGXZVF \[PI N[ FH FRCP .ZGBF \NCY N[
[PI \B BNP QVGBC F[PKP \GMNP .[IZ\FN NMGK BN ZCE ,QM KZIB
OGXPXF ZIBN UGS=QKBC KZPDN FBNP\R[ \GMNP .FN[ \GPK[ZF
QVGBC YZ ZGBC BNP\FN ,OKVGXZVF \[PI \ZHTC ,\NDGSP ,QG[BZF
\NDGSP FKF\ \GMNP[ LMN BKCFN BKF FZJPF .ZGCJF ET ,KYNI
ETG ZGCJFP ,FN[ "UGS"F YNI \B OD ,BZGCF QTPN ZGBC BNPN
.QKNDZ OGKS
NM QMN .\KVGSRKB FBRFC \GMNP \B BNPN FXGZ BZGCF KM \BHG
GKFK \GMNPN[ LMN OKPKB\PF OKBR\F \B ZGXKN BGF LKZX[ FP
FBRF ZKHIFN LMG ,ZGBC Z\GRF YNIF \B BNPN \NGMKG KBPXT QGXZ
.BZGCN
 EGPKNF KETX 266

3 ZGTK[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
OK[GIF \[PI .B
KRIGZ KGNKD .C
OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC QGYK\ .D
UKYP ZGB \MK[P .E
\GZIB \GZG\ .F

GRIRB[ FP NM .GRN[ OK[GIF LG\C YZ NGMKCM BXPR GRN[ OGKYF

GKF GNKB .GRK[GIN \GEGF ,\KCKJYKKCGS OKKY ,GR\RKICP ,GRCKCS OKBGZ
.\ZIB ONGTF NT OKRRGC\P ,\ZIB NMF OK[KDZP GRKKF OKRG[ GRK[GI
F\KF GRN[ \GBKXPF \SKV\ ,GRK[GIC OKK\GTP[P BN OKKGRK[ GKF GNKVB
.QKJGNIN FRG[
GRN[ \G[GI\F NM[ \GKF .OGYKF KGZY OK[I GRIRB[ FP NM
TEPF .\KCKJYKKCGS GRNXB \NCY\PF FRGP\F OD ,\GKCKJYKKCGS
OKZK[MP \ZHTC GRN[ OK[GIF N[ F[DZFF NGCD \B CKIZFN FSRP
GRK\G[GI\ NT TKV[FN O\NGMKC QKB ,FNB NM LB ,OK[KEI OKKRGZJYNB
.QPXT
,OKPTJ ,OKNKNX ,\GBZP :TEKPF GRKNB SRMR OK[GIF \[PI LZE
KVN FMZTFG ,EGCKT N[ LKNF\ GRMG\C ZCGT FH TEKP .\G[GI\G \GIKZ
.YG\P GB ZP :ECNC \IB FEKP \PB
[GMZN Q\KR FH [GI .FNTPNP GRN GYKRTF K[K[ [GI I\VN \GRPEHF
\GZGYPF NT OKSSGCP FNB OKEGPKN .FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN \ZHTC
EGPKN .K\KPB FZGP N[ FMZEFG ,FZJPF F\GB \NTC FXGCY ,OKXGIRF
\B GRN GI\VK[ LM GRK[GI \B \KRIGZ=\K\GMKB \GR[N NGMK FNCYF
.BZGCNG KRIGZF ONGTN ZFGXF
IGPF .\GRFKN QGXZF BGF BZCR[ KEKIKF ZCEF ,FNCYF \PMGI KVN
FZGXC F\GB LKZTFN QMG ,FBRFF \[GI\ \B I\VN KEM OKKY K[GRBF
.GH F[GI\ IG\KVN ECNC ZHT KNM BGF IGPF .FRGMR
\K\KPB F[GI\ I\VN LKZX OEBF FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNP FBXG\M
JCP .GRN[ ONGTF NT GN [K[ \KIMGRF F[GI\F GPM ,OGYKF N[ FZGZCG
267 3 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FRGP\F \B GRKRVC SZGV \KRIGZ FD[F LG\P \GPNGTF KR[ NT IMGVP

.OGYKF NMN NTP BXPR[ BZGCF N[ QGKNTF IGMF \RCF NNGM ,FBNPF
,GCNC BNB ,GNM[C BN ,OEBC \GZZGT\PF \G[EI \G[GI\C ZCGEP
G\PBN .GRN[ OKKPKRVF OKKGZKDF NM NT CKDP ,KRVGDF GEGYV\N USGRC[
OF GRN[ OK[GIF ODG ,FZGFJ \KRIGZ \GFP BKF F[GI\F ZCE N[
.QKJGNIN OKKRIGZ
Z\SR[ GF[P OKKY[ NNM OK[IG OKRKCP GRB QKB KRG[BZF GRCXPC
HBG FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN L[PC \BH QKCFN OKNKI\P GRIRB .GR\BP
\GNDN OKNKI\P GRIRB FDZEFC .FNGED \GPEY\FC ZCGEP[ QKCFN GRKNT
GRIRB ,OKCXP KRKP NM GRN ING[G GR\B Z[Y\P[ QGKNT IGM GF[HKB
FPZ KFGH .ZGZKCC Z\GK OFN[ \GBXG\FG \GCKSF \B \GBZN OKNKI\P
.KGNKD N[ \PKGSP
\GCKSF NM \B ZGZKCC QKCP BGF ,BZGCF \B [GIN NKI\P OEBF
GB \GYKHP[ \GNGTV Q\GBC QKICP LMKVNG GK\GNGTV N[ \GBXG\FG
\GKGZY \GYKHPFG GNKBG ,"\GGXP" \GKGZY \GNKTGPF .OEBN \GNKTGP
QGGKMP ,\GGXPF NT TEGPC ZGCTK BN EIB UB[ GKNBP QCGP ."BJI"
.NGPD\ NCYK FP NTG [RTKK BGF FP NT TEGK ZCM BGF[
FRGMR FZGXC DGFRN \GRPEHF OEBN YKRTP OEBF KEKC BZGCF KGNKD
."YKEX" KGZY FHM OEB .\KNPKSYP \NTG\ \D[F LG\ QG\R FZYP NMC
.CGJF NM NT NGPD\F \B OD FBGZ ,BZGCF \B FBGZ BGF
\GGXPF \B BNPP OEBF[ NMM .BZGCF \B YKEXP EKP\ YKEXF
."FZG\" KGZY FHF KPKRVF ZGBF .ZGB EGTG EGT NCYP BGF LM ,\GKRIGZF
\GDZEPC SVJP OEBF ,BZGCF N[ K\DZEFF KGNKDF LKNF\C
NCYP BGF LM ."FGGXP" ,\KRIGZ FNGTV TXCP FDZEP NMCG \GKRIGZF
TXCN NDGSP BGF GC CXPN TKDP[ ET NGED YKEXN LVGF OEBF .USGR ZGB
BGF .G\[DZF FTZ GB FCGJ FPM ,GPXTN \GSIKK\F OG[ BNN \GGXP
NM .\GPN[M GN[ \GNGTVF NM \BG CGJF NM \GND\FM BZGCF \B FBGZ
.BZGCF KGNKD N[ \PKGSP \KRIGZ FDZEN FTDF \GCYTC BC FH
BZGCF[ FP NM[ OEBF QKCP ,\GDZEPF 6,000 NM \B ZCT[ ZIBN
\GRFN { FEKIKG \IB FZJPC F[TR OKZIBF ZGCTG GZGCT F[GTG F[T
\KVGSRKB FEG\ \ZMFC BNP\P OEBF QBM .\KVGSRKB FZGXC OKBZCRN
\GRGGMP \GKFR GN[ \GNGTVF NM[ LMC BZGCN NGPDN QGXZCG ,BZGCF KVNM
 EGPKNF KETX 268

N[ CXP GFH .QPHF NM ZCGD BZGCF QTPN \G[TN QGXZFG ,BZGCF QTPN
.BZGCF KVNM \KVGSRKBG \KIXR FCFB
KRVN .CGJ YZ F[T ,ZCTC OD ,BZGCF[ QKCFN NKI\P OEBF F\T YZ
ZGB .NCS GN OZGDG \GMP GN ING[ BZGCF[ ZCS ,QYG\P BNF GCXPC ,QM
ZZGTP BGF GN EDGRPF QGXZN SRMR BGF Z[BM LB ,FR\[P GRKB BZGCF
.FMGVF F[GI\
.OKKNKN[FG OKKCGKIF OKCXPF QKC[ NGCDF NT YZ D[GP KRIGZF ONGTF
T\VNG FNCY EGPNN OKNKI\P OK[RB .BC[ CXP OG[P EIVN LZGX QKB
BGF FZGY[ KEKIKF ZCEF .QMN OEGY GKF BN[ \GKTC \GZZGT\PG \GXX
YZ QPXT \GKTC Q\GBC OKNY\R GKF FNCY KEGPKN BNNG ZXY\F LKNF\F[
EIB OGK[ GRRGKPEC ZB\R ,\BH [KIPFN KEM .\GEIB OKR[ EGT ZGCTM
OKZYPF KR[C .NKDZ OEB N[ GKKIC ZG[TN LZT FGG[ NCGYP NT ZCGT[
\GEGF :EIB NECFC ,GN GZYK[ GKNT ZHDR[ OKTGZKB O\GB OEB ZGCTK
OKTGZKBFG OKPXPJXP QPHF KYZV ,\TM NTGV BGF GC[ ZCDGPF CXYN
.OKSIER
\B QKJYP[ LG\ ,FRGMR FZGXC CK[YPG OKZGTK[C C[GK OEBF OB
FDZEFC NKI\P GFKZF ,TEKG NM[M GN FPER[ FP \B G\GGBD \B ,GPXT
.\K\KPBF FRGP\F \B DK[FNG TP[RF NB ZGEIN
NMGR EGPKNF \TC[ KEM \GPNGTF \EKZK N[ OKMKNF\F \B OKEPGN GRB
ZGBF LMHP FDZEFC .EPNRF ZPGIF \B OBG\F KRIGZ ZGB GRKNB LG[PN
OKEKPN\N .OKKJSKBGZJNBN OMVGFG O\GB QY\P ,GRN[ OKNMF \B
KRVN YZ EGPNN GNKI\F[ OK[EI OKEKPN\G ,OKR[ FH OKEPGN[ OKYK\G
,QM NT Z\K .\KRIGZ \GI\V\FN \GRPEHFF F\GB FIG\V ,OK[EGI FPM
FSGRP OFN[ FP[RF .NMF \B DK[FN Z\GK HT QGXZ OK[EIF OKEKPN\N
.Z\GK FRMGPG
FP .\EIGKP \GTP[P NTC GRKB FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN \VGY\ L[P
EXKM ,FXGCYF N[ KNNMF QGXZF OT EKPN\F DHP\P FPM ET ,BGF CG[I[
\GCN\[FN \GEGF .OKZIBN SIKC GMZTP EKZGPG FXGCYC CN\[P BGF
BN OEBF[ OKKRIGZ OKECZ \GNDN ,FZXY FVGY\ LG\ ,Z[VB FXGCYC
.OKEGPKN N[ OKR[ L[PC UB GECN OFKNB TKDFN NDGSP FKF
\GKVGSGNKV KNTC ,OKNCGYPN OPXT OKC[GI[ OK[RBP ZFHKFN [K
ZGPBM LKZX .FNCYF \PMGIP EGBP OKYGIZ F[TPN[ ,\GRG[ \GRGPBG
269 3 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

EKPN\ .EIB FZGP OT \IB FXGCYC EGPNNG ,FRGMR \GZVS BGZYN

[BZC YKHP ,OKZIB \GZGYP KVN ,ZIB ZPGI OD EGPNN NKCYPC FSRP[
.NNMR BGF FC FXGCYN ODG GPXTN FRG[BZCG
,GRN[ ONGTF CMZGP LKB \TEN K\KXZ ,FNCYF \PMGIN K\TDF Z[BM
,OGYKC ZIB OGYPC OKKI OKPKKY GRPNGTN WGIP OB ,OKCMGMFG OGYKF
OKKIF \ZGXC K\RKKRT\F .OKZCEF NM QKC Z[YF FPG ,OCKJ FPG
.FN[ \GTP[PFG \KDGNGKCF
\B QKCFN K\VB[ ,FYKJRZCKY=GKC BGF KN[ YGSKTF OGI\[ \GKF
NB K\GB GJGGKR ,FNTPNP ,LMG .\GRG[F OKKIF \GZGX N[ \GSKGGF \MZTP
\GNB[ Q\GB[ K\BXP FNCYF KEGPKNC K\PEY\F[ NMM .FNCYF \PMGI
\GNB[N \SIKK\P BN NNM FNCYF \PMGI[ K\RCF .\GIV \GEKZJP
OKZG[Y ORKB GN[ \GGPFG OKKIF KCXP KMG ,GRN[ KSKVF UGDF OGKY
.KRIGZF ONGTN
:GRCKCS[ FP NM \B ZXGKG GRN[ ONGTF LG\ NB EZGK KRIGZF ONGTF
\ZHTC EGPNN Q\KR FHF ONGTF \B .OEBFG OKKI KNTC ,IPGX ,OPGE
OT OFN[ Z[YFG OKKRIGZF OK[ZG[F \TKEK LG\P ,FNCYF \PMGI
.GRN[ ONGTF
,(\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\) S"T\P BPDGE ZICR OB KE ,\BH [KIPFN KEM
OJG[VM OKZCEF .KRIGZF ONGTC FP[RF \ENGR LKB ZKCSP[ ,C"K YNI
N[ FNKEDF KCN[ ,FEKN ,GPKB OIZC Za@AT \GZXGGKFN OKPGE GRN OKBZR
NMGR FBKZYF ZIBN .FZGFJ FBGVZ FZGBMN .OKVSGRF OKCN[FG ,OEBF
KYGI N[ \GPKGSP \GBXG\ OKBGZ GRN[ ONGTC TGEP QKCFN NKI\FN
\B \ZB\PF FV[C \ZBG\P FP[RF \GI\V\F .OKKRIGZF \GI\V\FF
.GRN[ ONGTC UGDF \GI\V\F
\PMGIN NNMC OKZG[Y ORKB OKKGCKRG FKDGNGZJSB ,OKVGYSGZGF
\K\KKI FRGM\ KFGH ,OKZCE KRKP NM [GIN .KSKVF GRVGDN YZ BNB ,FNCY
,GR\BP Z\GK OK[KDZ OKNG\IG OKCNM[ \GBEGGC OKTEGK GRIRB .QKJGNIN
.OK[IZ\P OF[ KRVN TCJ KTGZKB OK[KDZPG
OKZGCS OF Q\ZHTC[ FNB \GNGMK I\VN OKSRP OK[RBF FNKI\
F[TPN NCB .ONZGD NT TKV[FNG OFKKI \B ,OPXT \B \GR[N GNMGK[
GN[ FP[RF NT TKV[FN EPNK OEBF OB YZ TKV[FN Q\KR NZGDF NT
.FC JGN[N EPNKG
 EGPKNF KETX 270

\B QKCFN OKNKI\P GRB QGKNTF ONGTF KYGI \B OKEPGN GRIRB[ LMC

,FNCYF N[ FVY[FF \EGYRP OFKNB OK[DKR[ FEKPC .GRN[ ONGTF KYGI
,NCB .FRCFN Z\GK OKNY ,FKDGNGKC ,FYKSKV ,FKPKM ,OKTEPF NM OK[TR
YGPT ,KZPGI TEPC QKKRT\P GRKB CG[ \KRIGZF FPZC BXPR OEBF Z[BM
.Z\GK YGPTG QDZGBP ZCEN \ZCGT G\GRKKRT\F .FKFK[ NMM
BNG ,GN[ \KRIGZF FPZN NTP \GNT\FN QPHF NM UBG[ NCGYP NM
K[ZG[ \B \GFHN \GNYC NMGK ,LMC FXZK OB[ BNB .FRPP LKPRFN
.KP[D TEP NM N[ \GI\V\FF
OKKP[DF OKTEPF QKC[ Z[YF NT \TN \TP CG\MN DFR ONGSF NTC
QGKVB KNECFC YGSTN CFB FRNKGGP QGBDF ,USGR NCGYP .KRIGZF TEPN
ZVS C\M UB BGF .GRN[ ONGTC[ OKYGIN KRIGZF ONGTF KYGI QKC[
\B Z[KY BGF ,Z\GKC OKFGCDF \GPNGTF EIBC FKF[ QPHC .FKZJPGBKD
.GRN[ ONGTC[ TEPN { \GPNGTF NM LZE { ONGTF
,FNCYF \PMGI \B EPNR JG[V ,\GKRIGZC FRCF OG[ GRN QKB[ ,GRB
OKZXGK GRB ,\GJ[VC OKNPF \B GR\GDFC OD KM .FK\GNP \B FDFK GRKVG
UKYP ZGB GRKNB OKM[GPG ,Q\GB C\M[ NCGYPF OT Z\SR Z[Y
ZGB LG[PN GRN TKKS\ OKNCGYP KZVS \BKZY .BXPR BGF FC FDZEPFP
.FPKEY FDZEFC GR\GB NKCGK[ UKYP
NECFF OD QBMPG ,QFN[ \GPZCG OKDGSC \GNECR OKNCGYPF \GP[R
ZGBF N[ \GKCKSRJRKBC NECFFG FNCYF \PMGI N[ OKJSYJF IGSKRC
N[ Z\SRF FYNI & NNGM ,FZG\F KZVS NMP ZGB .GRKNB OKM[GP GRB[
.EKP\ OKKY ,FNCYF \PMGI
OT G\EKER \GEGB GRCZ F[P NCGYPF C\M[ ZVSN N[PN SIKK\R OB
.LZE OG[C GRKNT TKV[FN FZG\F NMG\ BN ,GRG[NMG GC\MM ,ZCEPC OTF
KGNKDN GRKCDN GMVFK FZG\F KZVS \[PI ,ZVGSP FP NT QKCR OB[ BNB
BGF ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF N[ FD[FF \GDZEP NM \GCG\M GC[ ,KRIGZ
.F[P GRN ZKCTFN FXZ G\GB[ ZCEF
OKBZGY GC[ QVGBC KGN\ NMF ."OKZK[F ZK[" NT ZPGN Q\KR ZCE G\GB
GB ,FCFB N[ ZK[ ,GJG[VM JSYJF \B NCYN Q\KR .CG\MF \B OKRKCPG
\KNTRF \GZ[Y\FM "ZFGHF" ZVS KEK NT [ZV\F Z[B ,ZKER KRIGZ KGNKDM
.BZGCF OT Z\GKC
271 3 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

ORMG\ \GTXPBC GR\GB GIKZMK[ OKKNCY \GZGYP BGXPN CG[I

TKDR YVS OG[ BNNG .TKDFN [K FKNB[ FZJPF NTG BZGCF NT CG[IN
\K\KPBF FZJPFP BZGYF \B JKSPF QMG\ KNTC \GZGYP .GHF FZJPN
.G\GB NCYN GRN[ QGXZN OB\FC GRKNB TKDP UKYPF ZGBF .YHR GPZDK YZ
.TKDK BN ZGBF ,FRGMR BN FZJP ZCTN QGGMP QGXZF OB
\PZC FKGN\ GRN[ \GI\V\FF .UZF BNN OKRG[ \GRGXZ OK[MGZ GRB
\KSKSCFG FMGPRF FPZC \GRGXZ OK[YCP GRB FNKI\ .GNNF \GRGXZF
FJKN[ ,EGCM ,Z[GT OK[YCP GRB LM ZIB ,OKK\KKIF \GRGXZC ,Z\GKC
\GCZ\ ,TEKN QGXZF GRC I\V\P Z\GK ZIGBP CN[C .FZCIC EPTPG
.FYKSGPG
QGXZF { Z\GKC FFGCDF FPZF \PKKY FNBF \GRGXZF NMN NTP
LNFPC ,K\DZEF QVGBC GRN[ \GP[RC OKZXGR FNBF \GRGXZF NM .\GKRIGZN
\GRGXZC \GTRGP GKF[ \GP[RF GRPNGTN GEZK FNKI\ .OKCZ OKNGDND
KZIBG ,USMNG FPXGTN \GRGXZF GZZGT\F OKBCF \GZGECG ,ECNC OKK\KKI
.YVSN NGMK BN TEPF[ ,FNTR GF[PNG TEPN QM
OF[ \GRGXZ [K ,N[PN LM .NKCYPC \GRGXZ KR[ GKFK OEBN[ QM\KK BN
,KGBZM GI\GRKG GZZC\K[ ZIBN YZ LB ,OKZZGCP BNG OKZGZC BN QKKET
OFPG NKCYPC \GRGXZ FPM NCYP OEBF .ECNC EIB QGXZ GFH[ FND\K
.GCXP \B QGMR LKZTFN NDGSP BGF[ KBR\C ,EIB ZIGC BGF
 EGPKNF KETX 272

4 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
QGZSIF \[DZF .B
KRIGZ LSP .C
Y"B KVGXZV \[PI .D
D"SE \GEGYR .E
’C OGXPX .F
\GNKXBF ONGT OGYP .G

BN KM GB ,GYGVKS NT BC GRN[ QGXZ KM OK[I GRIRB[ O[M YGKEC

SRMR ZGBF Z[BM KGNKP N[ FBRF \[GI\ \PKKY UGXZVC OD LM ,FRTR
\BH UB NT ,BXGK ZGBF Z[BM QGXZ \GTKC[ ZSGIG \GRYKZ \[GI\G
Z\GR FPMGIF ZGB BXGK OB QM[ \GRYKZ \[GI\ QKB KRIGZF ONGTC[
\BZYN YGKEC TEGK ZGBF \B YNSP[ UGXZV ,FZYP NMC OKESIF ZGB
.GF[NM DGRT\ NCYN GCZSC LNGF BGF FP
QGXZ LG\P GF[NM DGRT\ NCYN CGZKS NT ZCGEP KRIGZF ONGTC
\KJSKBGDBF FBRFF N[ F\VNIFG ,\KJSKBGDB FBRFP KYR BGF[
BZGCF QTPN NCYN NDGSP GRKB[ QKICP UGXZVF OB .\KJSKBGZJNBC
F[GZE GHM FJNIFN TKDFN KEM .GPXT QTPN NCYN QMGP BFK BN BGF
Z[B FH BGF LSPF .LSP ZPGNM ,KJSKBGDB=KJRB IGMG \PKGSP FMKP\
ZGBF \B \GBZN NKI\P KNMF ,OKKY LSPF Z[BM .NMF \B TCGY
.GN OEY[ L[GIF OGYPC
OG[C Z[VBP BN LSP BNN ZGB .LSPF IGMP ZHDR FND\PF ZGBF UYKF
,ZGBF ZETF BYGGE .\GKJSKBGZJNB \GNGTVN ZCTPF \B IKJCFN QVGB
Q\KR G\ZHTC[ LSP CKXFN KNMN Z[VBP ,KNMF TXKC[ QG[BZ OGXPX G\GB
OKKY Z[BM YZ KRIGZ QGXZ NT ZCEN Q\KR .ZGBF \B NCYN EK\TC FKFK
.LSPF
,BZGCF \GRGM\ \D[F BKF FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKNC \KHMZPF FZJPF
BGF EKKP ,KNMF NB SRMR ZGBF[ TDZC .FP[RF ,UGXZVF N[ ZGBC KGNKP
GFP QKICP OEBF .\GKJSKBGZJNBF GK\GRGM\ \B KNMN \GRYFN NKI\P
YYG\[PG ,NCYPF G\GKFP F[GC [KDZFN NKI\P ,ZGBN FBGG[FC
KNMF TCJ \B \GR[N NDGSP GRKB BZGCF ZGB N[ IGMF .BZGCN \GPEKFN
273 4 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

,ZGBC [P\[P KNMF FC[ FRGGMF \B YZ BNB ,BZGCF ZXK G\GB

.BZGCF QTPN FBRFN \KPXT FBRFP
LMC .(FRK\R O[N FNCY) "TKV[FN \RP NT FNCY" \BZYR GHM FNCY
FBNP FBRF NCYN \GMNPN \Z[VBP BKF BZGCN FBRFF \B FZKHIP[
\GI\V\F N[ ’B FRKICC .FRFR BZGCF[ LMP \KRFR QBMPG ,ZGBFP
LM CYTG ;FKNB SRMR[ ZGBFP FBRF \NCYP YZ \GMNP ,Z[KF ZGBF
,LSP OT ,GRN[ ONGTN UGS=QKB ONGTP CG[G LGNF LZEF NM \B FZCT[
FH .BZGCF QTPN OTVF BNB ,FMG\N ZGBF NM \B CG[ \GMNPF \NCYP
OD LMG Z\GKC OKRG\I\F \GRGXZC \KVGSRKB FBRFN TKDFN FN Z[VBP
.\GPN[F \[GI\ \BZYR GH F[GI\ .Z\GKC OKRGKNTC
NM NGMKCM \GPKK\SP QGPEY OEB ONGT N[ OKVGXZVF \[PIC
.ZGCJF ET \GMNPF \B BNPN Q\KR Q\ZHTC[ ,UGS=QKB ONGT \GPK[Z
QKB FNBF \GRGXZF NT .EGBP OKYHI \GRGXZ GZ\GR B\NDND ZGCJN \I\P
N[ QG\I\F YNIF \B BNPN OKNDGSP GRKKF GNKB .OBNPN Q\KR BNG LSP
\GEZGK FHF CXPN TKDFN KEM .QGYK\F ZPDN OKTKDP GRKKF ,ZGBC B\NDND
.(6 ZGKB FBZ) ZGCJN \I\P D"SE \GEGYR
,D"S UGXZVP ZGBF \GYN\SF \TC OKBXGK[ OKVGXZV OF "\GEGYR"
NMC J[V\FN NDGSP[ UGXZV BGF FRKC UGXZV .FRKC UGXZV OD KGZYF
FRGM\F ,FPMGIF ZGBN YGYH GRRKB ,\\N YZG \\N YYG\[P BGF .OGYP
’C ,\G[CN\FE ’D \GPK[Z NT BXGK D"S .OKESI ZGB N[ ,FRK\R BKF GN[
GKF BN ,NCYN OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZC OKNTGV[ C"TG B\NDND .\GKCTE
OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ OKBXPR O[[ OTEGKC ,ZGCJN \I\P \EZN OKNDGSP
ZGBC B\NDND \B \GBNPP ,ZGCJF \I\ ,D"SE \GEGYR .Z\GK EGT OKYHI
\GRGXZ NM QKC J[V\FN \K[VGI GHF FBRFF .FRK\RP FBRF ,OKESI
.UGXZVF
\GZKVS Z[T GN [K[ ,[EI UGXZV \GZXGK D"SE \GEGYR ,ZGCJN \I\P
.\GMNP ,EGSK ,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :GN[P
LKNF\C TKZMP EKYV\ NTC CG[I UGXZV FH .D"SE \GEGYR KGZY UGXZVF
,OKRYG\P BN \GRGXZ FKNB FNTP Z[B ,FRKC UGXZVP YNI \GKFC QGYK\F
.Z\GK EGT O\GB FNTPG ,F\DZEC O\GB \RY\P
"LG\"C ;FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M \GZKVSF QR[K "[BZ"C ,B\NDND UGXZVC
,EGSK ,EGF ,IXR QR[K "UGS"C ZGCJN \I\PG ;\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI QR[K
.\GMNP
 EGPKNF KETX 274

UGSN OKESI ZGB \\N GNKI\FG ZGCJN \I\P GEZK D"SE \GEGYR Z[BM
,\GRGZIB GZB[R[ \GPK[ZFP EGBP FYHI FCGD\C G[KDZF QF ,B\NDNDF
.FNBF OKNMF \B BNKP OTV[ ZGBFP
\GEGYR N[ LSPF N[ GIGMP NGED ’D=’E N[ IGMF .’D=’E \GPK[Z GNB
QGXZN GN OZGD[ ,ZGBF EDRM EGPTN NDGSP GRKB D"S QMNG ,’C=’C D"SE
.GPXT QTPN NCYN \GXZN NKI\PG ,FYHI LM NM FPXGTC
,(1 ZGKB FBZ) FJPN FNTPNP "Z[K ZGB" \GJ[V\FC FRKC \RKIC
BNB ,OGNM NCYN FXGZ FRKB FRKC QG[BZF YNIC .OKYNI KR[P \CMZGP
QKJGNIN KJSKBGZJNB BGFG ,FRKCE^ (Z@D) Z"D KGZY FHF YNIF .NMF \R\GR
FRGGMC NCB ,ZGBF \NCY NT C[GI KR[F YNIF GNKBG .GK\GRGM\ NMC
KGZYG ,GPXT QTPN BN NCB ,ZGBF \B NCYP BGF .FBNF G\GB ZKCTFN
.FRKCE^ (\@H) \"H
.FRKC N[ \GRGM\ NTC BGF[ ,D"SE \GEGYR UGXZVC [IZ\P ZCE G\GB
\"H ,\GRG\I\F TCZBG ,FRKCE Z"D \GKGZY GN[ \GRG[BZF \GZKVSF [[
;FRKCC TDGR BN ,FRKCE Z"D NB TKDP[ OGXTF FPMGIF ZGB NM .FRKCE
,OKRG\I\N \\N \RP NT NCYN FXGZ[ FRKCE \"HG .GKVNM F[KEB BKF
OKTKDP[ \GRGXZF OB .’C \GKCT \DZE ET YZ ZGBF \B NCYN FNGMK
.FPXT QTPN NCYN FNKI\P BKF ,’C \GKCTP OKNGED FKNB
TDZC QMN .FPXT QTPN NCYN \GMNP N[ ZGSKB GR[K ’B OGXPX ZIBN NCB
NGCDC \CXKRG FNGT \GMNP ,D"SE \GEGYR N[ \"HC ZZGT\P FHM QGXZ[
.\ZBV\F TXPBC ZPGNM ,OKKJSKBGZJNBG OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ QKC[
[EI NGCD OD ZXGR FHF GYC ." ’C OGXPX" \BZYR \GMNPF N[ GH FNGTV
.B\NDNDE OGKSC F\KF OEGY[ ,"BSZV" ,ZGBF \GJ[V\FN
OD TKDFN QGKSKRC ZGCJF ET YZ J[V\FN NGMK ZGBF FKF QM KRVN OB
D"SE \GEGYR UGXZV \GJ[V\F OT KZF ,FINXF BNN ZGCJN \I\P NB
\GJ[V\FN SKSC ZXK GNKBMG OKESIF ZGB O[N ZEGI ,ZGCJN \I\P
ZGB J[V\F ’C OGXPX KRVN NCB .BSZVF ET FPMGIF ZGB N[ \KEK\TF
GF[NM ZGB NNM QKB BSZVN \I\P OGXPXF ZIBN .ZGCJN \I\P OKESI
.BSZVN \I\P
OGYP ."OGYP" KGZY[ D[GP ZGCJN \I\P ZXGK D"SE \GEGYR UGXZV
FVYKFC FRJY ,\ZIB FZKVS OKKY\FN \NDGSP FMG\C[ FZKVS GH
275 4 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

.ZGCJN \I\P D"SE \GEGYR UGXZV \GJ[V\F .6 ZGKB

 EGPKNF KETX 276

GRPP CB[R OB .GF[NM OGYPC OKKY GRN[ ONGTF .FRG[BZF FZKVSFP

."OGYP" FKFK ZB[KK[ FP ,OGYKF NM \B
Q\KR BN G\GB[ YKZ GFH .[GIN OKNDGSP BN GRIRB KRYKZ OGYP[ BNB
\GPNGT OKPKKY GRN[ ONGTN NKCYPC .ZIB EPKPN LKK[ BGF .EGEPN
OKBXPR OF OD[ \GKF ,O\GB [GIN GB \GBZN Q\KR BN[ ,OKKRIGZ
.ZIB EPKPC
.\GNKXBF ONGT EK\TC TKVGK ZGCJN \I\P FRKCE Z"D N[ OGYPC
OGYPC .FBKZC ONGT ZXGGK ,\ZBV\ N[ QG\I\F FYNIC BSZVN \I\P
ONGT { \GMNP \ZKVSCG .FZKXK ONGT TKVGK ,EGSK ,EGF ,IXR \GZKVS
.FHF ONGTF KGZY QGZIBF GYNI[ ,FK[T
\NNGM ,(B"H) QKVRB ZKTHP ECN ?Z[T GZXGR EXKM \GZKVS [PI LG\P
NNGM B"H .\GZKVS Z[T ,\GMNPG ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M ,\GZKVSFP \IB NM
B"H OGYPC OB .EGSK ,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI :\GZKVS [[ YZ
OF \GMNPG FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M OT EIK[ KZF ,GN[ \GZKVSF [[ \B CKXR
UGXZV QKB .Z[T OK\TNG \GZKVS [PI OKBZYR OF OK\TN QMN .Z[T GRPK
.\GZKVS T[\ GB FZ[T OKK\[P CMZGP[
OKIRGPF NM .\GZIB \GV[N ODZ\N LZGX QKB FNCYF \PMGI KIRGP \B
FRGP\ ZGXKN NGNT OGDZ\F .GRPP YNI GB GF[NM KRIGZ UGXZV OKZKEDP
KRIGZF \B EKZGFN ZGSKB [K .[GZKVC ZSBR[ ZCE ,GRN[ ONGT N[ KF[NM
GPM OKVSGR OKD[GP [GDVR ZIGBP Z\GKG { UGD ,F&o ,[BZ OKNPF .KP[DN
GRNXB ZZGTN \GNGNT GNNF OKNPF { OKZIBG DGGKH ,YGCKI ,FYK[R
.FNCYF \PMGIN \GZG[Y BN[ \GKXBKXGSB
277 5 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

5 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
ZGBF \GJ[V\F .B
’C OGXPX .C
ZHGI ZGB .D
Y"B KVGXZV \[PI .E
D"SE \GEGYR .F
OKEGYKRF ONGT \GRJY .G
\GNKXBF ONGT .H

QGXZF BGF[ ZGBF ,BZGCFP BXGK[ ZGBC BKF BZCRF N[ G\NKI\

ZGBF .(1 ZGKB FBZ) [ZG[ \RKIC ZGPBM FKGZY GHF FNI\FFG ,\GRFKN
.’B FRKIC KGZY Z[BG QGXZF \NGMKN OB\FC ZGBFP FRFK[ QGXZ ZXGK
\\N QGXZF \B ,ZGBF \RGM\ \B ’B FRKIC \NCYP ZGBC FKGNKP ZIBN
FP QKB GH FRKICN .’C FRKIC BZYKFN FNKI\P FVGSC ’B FRKIC .FBRF
YNI GRTPN NCY\ OB YZ GF[KPN FBRF \\N FNGMKC[ FRKCP BKF ,\\N
Q\GRF QTPN NCYN \CKKI BKF[ ’C FRKIC N[ FRCFFP .ZGBFP GF[NM
Z[BM .\\NG NCYN :\GRGM\ K\[ [K FNG ,QKVRB ZKTH ,’D FRKIC \ZXGR
\KTCJ FNCYF[ F[I BKF GNBF \GRGM\F K\[ \B F[KDZP ’D FRKIC
FRKICC FNKI\MNP ’D FRKIC FZXGR LM BNF[ ,FKCDN Z\GK FRFPG Z\GK
.’B FRKICC GPM YGKEC ,ZGBF BGNP \B NCYN FJKNIP BKF QMNG ,’B
FZGXC \KRFR QMNG K[VGIF FRGXZP FH ZGBC KZPDN \BNP\P ’D FRKIC
.\KVGSRKB
GB ,UGS=QKB ONGT \GMNP \BZYRF ’E FRKIC BKF GH FRKIC GH FEGYRC
BGF (B :OKBR\ KR[ \NNGM "BZCRF" \ZEDF .EKIKFG K\KPBF ,BZCRF
.FNCYC ZIGC BGF FRK\RG FNCY LG\P (C ;FXGZ BGF FP [BZP TEGK
QKB QFP \IB UBN KM ,BZCR \GBZYR QRKB \GRG[BZF \GRKICF [GN[
.FHF QGXZF N[ GK\GBXG\ GB BZGCF QGXZ YZ BNB ,KBPXT QGXZ
FNKI\P BKF ,’B FRKICN FPGEC ,ZGBC FBNP\F ’E FRKIC[ ZIBN
\PZGDF F[GC FC \ZZGT\P .\NCYPM F[KDZPG BZGCF \GRGM\ \B NCYN
\B NCYN BN ZPGNM ,FK\GRGM\C BZGCN FPGE \G[TKFN JKNIFN FN
UGSC EGT ,TGEP FNB[F \NB[R .’B OGXPX \TXCP BKF \TM .ZGBF
’B FRKIC UGSC ,QMCG ?OGXPX \G[TN QGXZF ZXGR BN ,FRG[BZF FRKICF
 EGPKNF KETX 278

F[GT BZCRF ’E FRKICC ,QBM .GPXT KNMFP BNG BZGCFP BXK QGXZF
.GC [P\[P BN ZPGNM ,NCYN GN[ KBPXTF QGXZF NT OGXPX
QTPN NCYN \GYYG\[FF NT BNB ,DGRT\F \NCY NT F[TR BN OGXPXF
YKSVF KNMF QG[BZF OGXPXC .FRGGMF NT BGF OGXPXF ZPGNM ,GPXT
NMGK ,GPXT QTPN BN NCB ,ZGBF \B NCYN JKNIP KNMF GK[MT OB .NCYN
EDR\FN GN[ FRGGMF N[ IGMN OB\FC ,ZGB N[ \PKGSP \GPMC BNP\FN
ONGTC FNGTVF .FRK\RN FFH ZIBF QTPN ZGB N[ GHM FNCY .OHKBGDBN
.FPXT FNGTVF KVN BNG ,FRGGMF KVN \ZEDGP KRIGZF
.GPXT QTPN EK\TC FRFKK BN KNMF[ LM NT EKTP QG[BZF OGXPXF
BKF FBKZCF N[ \KRG[BZF FZJPF QMN .ONGTN ZVGK BN ’B OGXPX
KEM GC [K ,’E FRKIC ,QG[BZF BZCRF .\KPXT FBRFN QGXZF \B NZJRN
EKTP ’B OGXPXG .BZGCF ZGBP FBNP FBRF NCYN Q\KR EXKM ZKCSFN
ZKCSR L[PFC .FPXT QTPN FBRF NCY\ BN ONGTN \GMNPF[ LM NT
QTPN BN[ DGRT\ OGPKSYP NCYN ZPGNM ,FH CXP OG\ ET [PPN LKB
.\KPXT FNCY
FNKI\C[ LSPF \B FN[ OHKBGDBF NTP FCKXP \GMNPF LM LZGXN
OB FPXT \B \RIGC \GMNPF LM .FKNB TKDPF ZGBF NM \B FIGE
,LSPF KRVN[ ZGBC \BXPR[ FPGXTF FBRFF NM EDRM EGPTN FIGMC
BKF ,QM ORPBG .FBRFF \B NCYN OGXTF FRGXZ \B \PBG\ Z[BG
BNG ,FBRFF NM \B QKJGNIN \GIEN F\NGMKC .\BH \G[TN \NDGSP
.ZGBF \B NCYN
OKIGE BN GC[ CXPN TKDFN LKB .ZGBFP EZVR KNMF FHM FZYPC NCB
?BZGCF QTPN G\GB OKNCYPG GRPP YNI OKNCYP BNB ,ZGBF NM \B
Z[KF ZGBF NT [CN\FN LKZX ,ZHGIF ZGBF ,FIGE LSPF[ ZGB ,FH LZGXN
ZHGIF ZGBF ZPGNM .FBRF NCYN QGXZF ,KNMF LG\ NB SRMKFN G\B EIKG
.(3 ZGKB FBZ) FBRFF ,Z[KF ZGBF \B NCYN Z[VBP[ KBR\ BGF
KR[ \NCY KRVN .\KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM N[ EKYV\ BNPP ZHGIF ZGBF
NCYN Q\KR[ ZGBF N[ \GPMN Z[BC CG[KI [BZC LZTR ,FNBF \GZGBF
."LG\"F NB \SRMR YGKEC GHF \GPMFG .BZGCF QTPN
.ZGBFP 20% NCYN BPDGEN NGMK ,GN[ LSPF IGM KVN ,QG[BZF UGXZVF
,GN WGIP ZB[RG KNMF LG\ NB SRMR BN[ ZGB .KPKRV ZGB KGZY FH ZGB
.(4 ZGKB FBZ) UKYP ZGB KGZY
279 5 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

,QM KZIB .B\NDND UGXZV \BZYR ZGBFP 20% N[ FRG[BZF FNCYF

UGXZVF BKXGP ,ZGCJC LSPF NT KPKRVF ZGBFG UKYPF ZGBF WIN \I\
BGF[ LG\ ,F&oN ZGCJFP FNTPN FDZEFC FNGT GN[ LSPF .ZGBF NM \B
LSPF OT \GG\[FN TKDPG ,GN[ KJSKBGDB KJRBF IGMF \B ECBP
FNGTV NM .EGCKBN LNGF BN ZCE KRIGZF ONGTC .[BZE F&oC BXPR[
ZGCJF ET F&oFP GNCY\R[ ZGBFP 20% .F\PEGY N[ L[PF FGGFP
.UGXZVF N[ OEGYF GCXPC OKZB[R
QMNG ZGBFP 20% OT EEGP\FN NDGSP FKF BN[ \TEN IMGR UGXZVF
.ZGBFP 15% BNB ,20% BN NCB ,ZGBF \B EK\TC CG[ NCYK[ JKNIP
.B\NDND UGXZV N[ FHIN F&oFP LSPF \B EKZGFN LKZX BGF LM LZGXN
FZEDGF FNKI\C OB .Z\GK FMGPR \KRIGZ FDZEPN \EZN LKZX ZPGNM
ZGBF .FGZKEDK ’D=’E YZ \TM ,’E=’E \GPK[Z KEK NT GN[ \KRIGZF FDZEF
[EIF N[ NZGDF .C"T ,[EI UGXZV ZXGKG \MZTPF F\GB KV NT SRMR
,D"S K[KN[F UGXZVF ZXGR QM KZIB .ZGBF NM \B BKXGP BGF OD :FFH
FN[ F&oFP B\NDND \B OKBNPP OKVGXZVF \[PI NM .Q"CG F"P GKZIB
FPGE B\NDND .QGPEY OEB ONGT KGZY OKZXGK OF[ ONGTF .ZGCJF ETG
\NCYP BKF[ FP NM[ QGGKM ,FRK\RC \ECGT FNGM NM ,[ZG[ \RKICN
.BZGCN FPXT FGG[P BKF LMCG ,\\N \RP NT BGF ,BZGCFP
D"S ;’B FRKIC GPM ,FPMGI KGZYG BZGCF QTPN ZGB \GIV NCYP C"T
Q"CG ;’D FRKIC GPM ,B"HN FPGE F"P ;’C FRKIC GPM ,FRKC KGZYG Q\GR YZ
.’E FRKIC ,\GMNPN FPGE
,ZGCJN \I\P J[V\FN NDGSP BGF ,FRKC N[ \GRGM\ NTC D"S[ \GKF
ZGCJN \I\P .(6 ZGKB FBZ) B\NDND N[ QG\I\F YNIF \B ZGBC BNPNG
B\NDNDE (EGSK=EGF=IXR) K"FR[ LMC ,BZGCN \GPEKFP FBRF OD \PKKY
ZGBP FBRF OKNCYPG FPMGIF ZGB \B OKIGE ,ZGCJN \I\P OKBXPRF
.\GKCTE ’E N[ FBRF BKF GHF FBRFF .OKESI
OXTP YZ ,FRK\RP FBRF NCYN \GNGMK QFG ’C \GKCT [K D"SE \GEGYRN
FBRFF EDRM EGPTN \GNDGSP QRKB D"SE \GEGYR .GHF FDZEC[ ZGBFP
FP FHG .QPXT QTPN FH BFK ,ZGBF \B NCYN FRNI\\ OB .’E FDZEC[
FNGT F\KF BN ,B\NDND OGKSC \BXPR[ ,\GMNP BNPNB FZGY FKF[
,ZGBN [EI OGKS \ZXGKG ,D"SE \GEGYR UGXZV N[ \ZBV\ TXPBN
F[GT \GMNP LMC .ZGEIN NDGSP BN ZGBF FK\I\P[ ,BSZV KGZYF
.(6 ZGKB FBZ) ’C OGXPX KGZY[ ZGBF \GJ[V\F NT KR[ OGXPX
 EGPKNF KETX 280

CGJ LGRKI NTC OEB N[ FPDGE GRN ZMGPF ONGTFP BKCR ,F[IPFN
,ZCDK KG\KVF OB .USM CGRDN G\TEC FNTF BN ONGTN[ OKCGJ OKMZTG
EGPTK BN[ QM\KK NCKY[ LGRKIF \GZPN KZF ,ZNGE QGKNKP CGRDN GN QPEHKG
.FN EDR\FN \NGMKF NT FNGT GN \VY[RF FBRFF .KG\KVC
.FNCYE OKNMF NT NCB ,’B OGXPX N[ L[PFF BGF ’C OGXPX
,GTCJP KJSKBGZJNB UGXZV ,D"SE \GEGYRC :QKKRTP ZCE [IZ\F QBMG
FNGT BKF .\GMNP Q\GB \PSGI EKKPG ,\GKJSKBGDB \GRGM\ \GTKVGP
BSZVF .BSZV KGZY[ ,FJPN ZGBF \GJ[V\F \B NKCDPF GY \ZXGKG
.FRPP FJPN J[V\FN ZGBFP \TRGP
,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :\GZKVS [PIP CMZGP D"SE UGXZV N[ [BZF
\KXIPG ,FPMGI ,Z\M) FTV[FE OKNMN OKYNGIP OF OD[ ,\GMNPG B"H
.(\GMNPF ET FRKCF TXPBP) FNCYE OKNMG (FRKCF
(T"GD) OKKRKTG B\NDND OD OKBZYR ,(OKR\GR[ OKNM) FTV[FE OKNM
.(V"IB) F&o ,OJGI ,QHGB { (OKNCYP OKNM) FNCYE OKNMG
\G[TN NGMK GRKB UGXZVF LNKBG FH TDZP[ BGF ’C OGXPX \GTP[P
FJKNIF LM ,V"IBC [P\[FN ZGSKB NI .FNCY N[ QGXZ OG[C [GPK[
\GNGT \GPK[ZF NM ’C OGXPX ZIBN .\ZBV\F TXPBN F\NT[M \GMNP
.OKKRKTG B\NDND N[ FDZEC YZ UGXZV O[ ZGXKN F[YC OT D"SE [BZN
\GZ[Y\FFP ZXGRF ZGBFP JTP NCYN NMGK FHF UGXZVF OD[ KEM \BH
F&oC BN BXPKFN ZCM LKZX LSPF[ LM NT EKTP FH CXP .BZGCF OT
\ZBV\ TXPBC[ BSZVF GY OT FPB\FC ,OKKRKT KCYRC BNB ,[BZE
\I\P J[V\P[ UGXZV O[P BXGK ,D"SE [BZC DGGKHF ZIBN .UGDE
.BSZVF ET ZGCJN
UGXZV NT [CN\P BSZVF ET ZGCJN \I\P J[V\P[ [EIF UGXZVF
OKNMF OKBXPR GC ,QGKNTF GYNI NT YZ LB ,D"SE \GEGYR ,OEGYF
,OKEGYRF ONGTE \GRJY BZYR FHF [EIF UGXZVF .OKKJSKBGZJNBF
QKC OKKY BN F[TPN FHM ONGT .OKPXPGXP ’B=’C \GPK[Z NT ENGR BGFG
QGGKMP ,FK[T ,FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB ,\GPNGTF \[PI
\GZKVS GKF ,OKKY FKF EGT NM NCB .ZC[R EKKPG ENGR FHF ONGTF[
Z[TN \GYNIR ,GN[ \ZBV\ N[ [KN[G FZGCD ,ESI ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\MF
\GZKVS[ BNB ."\GMNP" ET "Z\M"P \GP[ O\GBC \GBZYRF ,\GZKVS
281 5 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

,"Q"GH" \GBZYR \GMNPG B"H \GZKVSG ,BPBG BCB \GRGMP FRKCG FPMGI
.BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH
N[ Q\[YC KV NT ,D"SE [BZC OKKRKT KCYRC FBMFE DGGKHF ZIBN
\GPK[ZF NT KR[ DGGKH UGXZVF F[GT) ,QG\I\F UGXZVFP \GPK[ZF
J[V\FN NKI\P ,ZGCJF \I\ D"SFP ,DGGKHF LNFPC .[BZE F&oC \GNEDE
.BSZVN \I\P NB ZGEIN FSRP[ OGXT ZGB
.BZGCF QTPN ZGBF NM \B NCYN NMGK[ YVS OG[ QKB OKEGYRF UGXZVN
LZGXN OK[ZERF \GIGM NMC QIKR BGF[ TRMG[P BGF ’C OGXPX \GZPN
ZC\SP[ QGGKMP OKZC[R OKNMF ,BSZVC TDGR ZGBF[ QPHC NCB .FH
\B EKKP CHGT ZGBF .GPXT QTPN ZGBF NM \B NCYN YYG\[P UGXZVF[
.OKZC[R ,BSZVN NTP GKF[ FNB OD ,OKNMF NM HBG ,UGXZVF
,BZGCF QTPN FNCYE OKNMC OD [P\[FN UGXZVF QGXZ LG\P ,LM
,OKNMF \Z[T NMC [GPK[ LG\ ,\GNEDC OKEGYRF ONGT \B ZGXKN ZPGNM
.BZGCF QTPN \GRGGMF NM ,OKMSPF NM OKZC[R
(\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI) BSZVN NTP Q"GHC ZPGNM ,OKEGYRE UGXZVF UGDC
\IB NMG ,\GZKVS FRGP[ YZ [K (\GMNPG EGSK ,EGF ,IXR) BSZVN \I\PG
,\GZKVS Z[TP \GCMZGP[ ([ZG[F ECNP) \GRKIC TCZBP \CMZGP QFP
OKYNIF (L"[) 320 LG\P .864610=320 GZC[R[ OKNM :NMF LSC ZPGNM
LG\P OKYNI 864=32 FGGFP[ \GMNPF \B QY\N FKFK Q\KR BN FNBF
OKBZYR OKYNIF (C"N) 32 .QGYK\N OKR\KR OKZB[RF OKYNIF 288 .320
.QGYK\F ZPDC O\GB QY\N NGMK BZGCF YZG ."QCBF CN"
OFG ,EIKC GZC[R OKKJSKBGZJNBF ODG OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF
(I"VZ) 288=P CMZGP OKZGC[F OKNMF N[ YKYNI NM GK[MTG .GCCZT\F
\ZJP \D[F .QY\N Q\KR BN[ OKYNI 32=G QGYK\N OKR\KR[ OKYNI
IKNXR OB .ZGC[F OKEGYRF ONGT QGYK\C YZG LB F\TP FKGN\ FBKZCF
.ZGBC ’E \RKIC \B BNPR ,\BH \G[TN
ONGT N[ OKZGC[F OKNMF \B QY\N NMG\[ FPN[ \MZTP ZGXKN KEM
.\GNKXBF ONGT GB QGYK\F ONGT ZXGR ,OKEGYRF
 EGPKNF KETX 282

6 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
\GDZEPF 125 .B
QG[BZF OEBF BJI .C
\GP[RF EGZKVG OKNMF \ZKC[ .D
OKEGYKRF ONGT .E
QGYK\F ONGT .F
\GNKXBF ONGT KVGXZV .G
T"KC \GPNGT \BKXK .H

OFP EIB NM .\GPNGT F[KPI OKBXPR GRN[ ONGTF ETG BZGCFP

FBP QR[K NMF LSC .\GZKVS [PI UGXZV NMCG ,OKVGXZV F[KPI NNGM
\B \ZCGT[ \GMNP .BZGCF ETG GR\BP \GKRIGZ \GDZEP [PIG OKZ[T
’E \RKIC \CCZT\P LMG ,FRGZIBF FDZEPN FTKDP FNBF \GDZEPF NM
.FN GPEY[ \GRKICF TCZB NM OT ,K\KPBF BZCRF F[TPN BKF[
KFGH .BZGCN FPGE \GKFN \MVGF LMG QFK\GRGM\ NM \B \NCYP \GMNP
.FBKZCF \ZJP
EIGKP UGXZV ZXGR ,\GPEGYF \GZKVSF T[\ OT CCZT\\ \GMNP[ KEM
KGZY FH UGXZV .EGSK ET Z\MP ,\GZKVSF T[\PG \GMNPP CMZGP[
QFKRKC \GZCGIP QRKB \GMNPG \GZKVSF T[\ ,FNKI\C ."QG[BZF OEB"
WT KZVP NGMBN FKF NGMK FKF BN OEBF FNKI\[ ZPBR QMN .FZGX OG[C
.\TEF
,OKZC[R GN[ OKNMF[ GTP[P[ ,\TEF WT BJI \B TXCP OEBF Z[BM
LG\ NB \GNVGR \GRG[BZF \GZKVSF T[\ GB ,\GRGKNTF \GRKICF TCZB
UKETFN GB \GMNPF F\GB ZB[KFN OB ZGICN HB FNGMK ’E FRKIC .\GMNPF
FPGE ZB[K\ \GMNPF OB .\GRKICF TCZBN \GPEKFNG \KRIGZ I\V\FN
FPGEN LVFK\ OB .FK[TF ONGTC \BXPR OEBF \P[R[ GTP[P ,FPXTN
FPGE F[TK\ \GMNPF OB .FZKXKF ONGTC \BXPR BKF[ GTP[P ’D FRKICN
FGG\[P BKF Z[BM .FBKZCF ONGTC \BXPR \GMNPF[ GTP[P ’C FRKICN
FPGE \GMNP OBG .\GNKXB ONGTC \BXPR BKF[ GTP[P ’B FRKIC OT
.QGPEY OEB ONGTC \BXPR BKF[ GTP[P ,[ZG[ \RKICN
UGS=QKB ONGT \GMNPP ,FJPN FNTPNP \GKRIGZF FTGR\F NM
,UGS=QKB ONGTN FZHIG GRN[ ONGTF ET ("UGS=QKBE \GMNP" OD \BZYR[)
283 6 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FPEP ’E FRKIC ;FBKZCF \ZJP N[ QGGKMC QRMG\P NMF .[BZP \C[GIP

FRKICN FPXT FPEP FNKI\ :FMG\C \GBXPRG FKNTP[ \GRKICN FPXT
.[ZG[ \RKICNG ,’B FRKICN ,’C FRKICN LM ZIB ,’D
NGMKCM ,FJPN FNTPNP BZGCF \EKZK N[ KGJKC OF \GPNGTF NM
BZCRF[ ET ,BZGCFP BZCRF N[ \K\DZEF \GYIZ\F ,GN[ OGXPXF
Z[BM .G\GB [KDZFN YKSVPG BZGCFP QKJGNIN Y\R\PG GRPNGTN TKDP
N[ \GDZEPF 125 Q\GBC GMZE \B F[GT BGF \GNTN NKI\P BZCRF
.\BH FZJPN YGKEC ,FJPN FNTPNP GZXGR[ \GPNGT ,\GPNGTF \[PI
GN OKTKKSP[ OKKRIGZ \GIGM CBG[ BGF ,OEBF TKDP FKNB FDZEP NMP
.FBNF LMG ,FBCF FDZEPN \GNTN
\GMKBCG CKJC FEKZK N[ LKNF\ BKF FJPN FNTPNP \GDZEPF \EKZK
NMM .\KRIGZF \GPEY\FN OB\FC \NFR\P \GDZEPC FKNTF .FP[RF N[
Z\GK NGED QRSP \NTC BKFG ,NNEKP FDZEP NM N[ FIGM ,FJP OKEZGK[
FJPNP OEBF \KKNT .FBKZCN SIKC BZGCF ZGB \B Z\GKG Z\GK OSGIF
FYKRTP LMP FBXG\MG ,BZGCF ZGB \B Z\GKG Z\GK GKRVC \I\GV FNTPN
.LZEF \GBN\ NT ZCD\FN OKZCGDG OKMNGF OKKRIGZ \GIGM GN
,KJSKBGDBF YNIF ,\GMNPF LG\ NB \GNVGR OKNMF \ZKC[ LNFPC
.F\CGJN NXRN FSRP \GMNP Q\GB[ ,\GKJSKBGZJNBF \GZKVSF T[\
.OKKJSKBGDBF FNB OT OKKJSKBGZJNBF OKYNIF OKCCZT\P FH LG\P
OGZDKG \GMNPF \B ZZGTK BGF ,GHF \CGZT\F NT ZKBK YHI ZGB[ FEKPC
YYG\[FN \GRPEHF FN Q\RK\ LMC .BZGCF GFKPG BKF FP QKCFN FN
.BZGCF ZGBN ZPGNM ,\GRGKNTF \GZKVSN FPGE \GKFN
LKNF\F GFH LB ,KRIGZ KJRB F[TP BKF OKNMF \ZKC[ ,QKT \KBZPN
\GRGM\F OT ZCI\FN \GRPEHF \GMNPN YKRTFN NGMK[ KIZMFF KEKIKF
OKNMF \ZKC[ ZIBN .G\DZEN \GNTNG ,BZGCF N[ \GKJSKBGZJNBF
,FZKXK ,FK[T \GPNGTF N[ \GNKCYP \GMZTP K\[ \GRCKFN \GNKI\P
.OHKBGDB \MZTPG \KJSKBGZJNB \MZTP :QGPEY OEBG \GNKXB ,FBKZC
FRKCP OFN[ \MZTPF QMNG OKNMF \ZKC[ SKSC NT OKKGRC \GPNGTF
OKKJSKBGZJNB OKNMP BKF UB \CMZGP OEBF \P[R .OEBF \P[R \B
OKNMF KDGS KR[ QKC CCZKT QG[BZF OEBF N[ BJIF .OKKJSKBGDBG
FDZEPN FHM YKYNI NM N[ FKNTC .ZC[R GVGXZV LM CYTG ,FNBF
\GP[R \ZKC[ .G\GB \PBG\[ FRGM\ O[ BXGP BGF ,\GPNGTC FPKB\PF
.FFH SKSC NT OKKGRC (OKEGYR ONGT) \GPNGTF \ZKC[G (QG[BZF OEB)
 EGPKNF KETX 284

ONGTN FPGE ZCEF .\KRGXKI \VJTP \RKICC OF \GPNGTF ,FP[RN SIKC

,GR\GB CCGS[ FP NMG FPEBF ,OGYKF BKFG \KRGXKI \VJTP [K GC[ GRN[
.OKRVC BXPR G\GB CCGSF NM OEBN SIKCG
.OKEGYRF ONGT FRCP \B QKJGNIN OBG\ \GNKXBF ONGT N[ FRCPF
N[ OKDGS F[GN[ OT D"SE [BZN D"SE \GEGYR \GNGT ’C OGXPX KZIB
:\GPK[Z
OKNM NT \GRJYC OKEGYRF ONGT ZXGR \GPXPGXP ’B=’C \GPK[ZP
UGXZV NMM ,FH UGXZV .BSZVF ET ZGCJP FJPN J[V\PG OKKRKTG B\NDND
[BZ :OKYNI F[GN[N YNI\P GN[ [BZF .UGDG [BZP CMZGP ,ZIB
K[KN[ [BZG (FPMGI) "BCB" KGZY[ KR[ [BZ ,"Z\M" KGZY[ QG[BZ
ET .BCYGRG B"H { Q"GH KGZY OKEGYR ONGT UGD .(FRKC) "BPB" KGZY[
.Q"GHE \"H ,BSZVN \I\PG ,Q"GHE Z"D BXPR ,FNTPNP ,BSZVF
OD GKNB ZCIN ZPGNM ,\GNEDC \BXN FXGZ OKEGYR ONGT QMP ZIBN
NB ZGEIN FSRPG BSZVN TKDP QGKNTF ZGBF Z[BM NCB .OKV"IBF \B
BPBG BCB N[ [BZFG Z\M N[ [BZF .ZC[R OKEGYRF ONGT ,FN \I\P
QKJGNIN ZC[R UGDF ZPGNM ,Q"GHG .OKZC[R ORKB OK[BZ QM[ ,OKZB[R
,GZC[R[ OKYNI (L"[) 320 GKF NMF LS .FKNTP QFG BSZVN \I\P QF
288 .GPXT \GIGMC QY\N OEBF NGMK BN (QCBF CN) OKYNI 32 QMG\P
QGYK\ LZGXN ,QMP ZIBN .QGYK\N OKR\KR OKZ\GRF OKYNIF (I"VZ)
NM N[ \GPK[ZF .\GNKXBF ONGT GB QGYK\F ONGT ZXGR GZC[R[ OKNMF
.D"SE [BZN \GNGT OKZGC[F OKYNIF 320
Z\GKC OKNYF ,Z\GKC OKMHF OKNMF \B ZIGC D"SE [BZF FNKI\
QY\N Z\GK NY[ FP \B FNKI\ OKRY\P QGYK\F YGIN OB\FC KM ,QGYK\N
.ZB[F \B QY\N FKFK Q\KR FNBF OKRYG\PF OKNMF \ZHTC[ KEM
ONGTN OKPGE[ \GNKXBF ONGT KVGXZV OKZXGR OKRYG\PF OKNMF LG\P
:\GRJYC OKEGYRF
;YK\T GB \GNKXBF ONGT Z\M .B
;QKVRB LKZB GB FPMGI .C
;BPBG BCB GB FRKC .D
;B"H .E
.\GMNP GB BCYGR .F
285 6 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

BGF .OKEGYRF ONGTN \VGP \GPE [P[P YK\T GB \GNKXBF ONGT

YK\TE F&oP OYGPP QKVRB LKZB ;BSZVF ETG B\NDND N[ ZGCJFP OYGPP
;(B"B) QKVRB LKZBE ZGCJ ETG QKVRB LKZB F&oP BPBG BCB ;BSZVF ETG
\I\P FEGYR \ZGXC \BXPR \GMNPG ;BSZVF ETG B"B ZGCJP QKVRB ZKTH
.(8 ZGKB FBZ) B"HN
OKNM") OKR\GR[ OKNM ,"OKKRKTG B\NDND"P CMZGP UGXZV NM
QPH TKDFC .("FNCYE OKNM") OKNCYP[ OKNM ,"V"IB"G ,("FTV[FE
,OKKRKTG B\NDND :OKKR[ BNG OKYNI FTCZB [K UGXZV NMN OKNMF \ZKC[
NMC \BXPR GHF \CGZT\F .T"GD LG\C V"IBG ,V"IB LG\C T"GD ,V"IB
GC EKZVFNG YKYNI NM ZGC[N BKF FZJPFG GZC[R[ OKNMF 320=P EIB
.V"IBFP T"GDF \B
YKYNI NM KVNM FRVP \GNKXBF ONGT[ LMP CMZGP QGYK\F ZES
G\GB FNTPG ,T"GDF \B YKYNIFP FEKZVP[ FYHI ZGB QZY QYG\P BN
OKNMM "EXC ZK\GP" \GNKXBF ONGT Z\GRF V"IBF \BG ,FNTPN
.[GPK[ GC F[GT BNG OKKJSKBGDB
ONGT N[ \GMNP FNGT T"GDF NM \B QY\P \GNKXBF ONGT[ ZIBN
N[ [BZF .\GNKXBF ONGT N[ [BZN \I\P NB ZPGNM ,FRKCN \GNKXBF
\GNGTVF \B \TXCP \GMNP O[ .B"GB ,B"B ,YK\T BGF \GNKXBF ONGT
:\GBCF
;FBKZCF ONGT \B \ZXGK LMCG ,\GKCTE ’C NT DGGKH .B
;FZKXKF ONGT \B \ZXGK LMCG ,\GKCTE ’B NT DGGKH .C
.FK[TF ONGT \B FEKNGP LMCG ,[ZG[ \GKCT NT DGGKH .D
:FNTP KVNM \GDZEP K\[ \GNKXBF ONGT \B FHKHF FRKCN FKNTF
N[ OGYPC BXPR B"H ,BPBG BCB FKF[ OGYPC \BXPR \GMNP \TM
\GMNP UGXZV .OB\FC FNTPN OKNGT YK\TG QKVRB LKZBG ,QKVRB LKZB
NDGSP BGFG ,BPBG BCB ,FRKC EDRM GH FKNTC NGY[ \GNKXBF ONGT N[
OYP\PG FBKZCF ONGT ENGR \GNKXBE \GMNPP LMG .[EI GF[P EKNGFN
EKNGF[ [BZN \I\P ,\GNKXBF ONGT N[ B"H OGYPC ,[EI OGYPC
.EKNGPN \I\P \IB FDZEC BGF EGNKF EKP\ GPM .G\GB
\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF TCZB ,QGKNTF GYNI .FZKXKF ONGT ENGR QM KZIB
GYNI LMN OB\FCG ,\GNKXBF ONGT N[ \GMNPF OGYPC OYP\P ,GN[
 EGPKNF KETX 286

\GZKVSF [[ OGYP \B SVG\ \GRG\I\F \GZKVSF [[ ,QG\I\F

.FBKZCF ONGT N[ \GRG[BZF

FK[T ,FZKXK ,FBKZC \GPNGT \EKN .7 ZGKB

ETG FBKZCF ONGT N[ GKXIP OYGPP ,FK[TF ONGT ,BCF ONGTF

\GZKVSF Z[TG FZKXKF ONGT N[ \GZKVSF TCZB .FZKXKF ONGT N[ GKXI
ZGEP" KGZY ZB[R[ YKZF OGYPF .\GYKZ \GZB[R FK[TF ONGT N[
.FBPGJF \GIGM ,"\GVKNYF
F[GN[ OT \GRJYC BXK OKEGYRF ONGT :OKZCEF ZES ,QM OB ,GFHG
KGZY FH NM .(BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH) Q"GH UGDG { ,BPBG BCB ,Z\M :OK[BZ
NKI\F QM KZIB .BSZVF ET ZGCJFP OGYP SVG\ BGFG ,OKKRKTG B\NDND
Z[T ,UGDG [BZ ,GN[ YNI NMCG ,OKEGYRF ONGT \GNED UGXZV \BXN
NCYN FXZ Q"GH Z[BMG ,BPBG BCBC ,Z\MC [IZ\P \eNE#DF .\GZKVS
,OKYNI 320=N GZC[R UGDF N[ OKNMF NM .ZC[R OKEGYRF ONGT ,\GNED
,T"GD :\GXGCY TCZB GZXGR LMG ,OFKRKC GCCZT\FG ,BSZVN \I\P GNVR
.T"GDC V"IBG ,V"IBC T"GD ,V"IB
OKENGR FNKI\ .\GNKXBF ONGT ZXGR ,GZC[R[ OKNMF QGYK\ LZGXN
BPBG BCB ,QKVRB LKZB ,YK\T ,GN[ OKRG[BZF OKVGXZVF \[GN[
287 6 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

ZKTH .OKEGYRF ONGTC BPBG BCB ,Z\MF KVGXZVN OBGNPC OKPBG\[

.OKEGYRF ONGTC OKVGXZVF O\GBN OKPBG\ \GMNPG QKVRB
OKYNIF 320 NMP GBXGF[ T"GD N[ OKNMF QGYK\ OKK\SP QBM
Q\KR BN ORPB .OKV"IBF LG\C[ T"GD ZB[R OKZCEF L[PFC .OKZGC[F
\GNKXB .\RGGMP ZGB QZY \ZHTC ZGBF NB OCZYN Q\KR NCB ,OEKZVFN
Z[T \B O[ \ENGKG FRKCN FNGT \GMNP .V"IBC QGYK\ \G[TN FXGZ
,\GNKXBF ONGTE B"H N[ OGYPC BXPR[ ,FBKZCF ONGT N[ \GZKVSF
.BPBG BCBC \BXPR FPXT \GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP[ \GKF
\B FSMP GYNIC[ FZKXKF ONGT N[ \GZKVSF Z[T \GENGR FH CN[C
ONGT N[ QGKNTF KXIC BSZVN \I\P BXPR GYNICG ,FBKZCF ONGT
N[ GKXIN ETG FBKZCF ONGT N[ GKXIP BXPR FK[T ONGT ,UGSCNG .FBKZC
\BXPR FK[TF ONGT NMCG FZKXKF ONGT N[ GKXIP NIF .FZKXKF ONGT
.\GVKNY ZGEP ,\GRYKZ
ONGM EKP\ NCB ,\EZNG \GNTN OKNDGSP \GPNGTF[ FBZR L[PFC
ZBG\PF NM ,F[IPF O[N YZ .OFN[ KRG[BZF OGYKPN SIKK\FC EIKC
FGGFPG EGPT 2,000=P Z\GK KRV NT \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\C ZBG\P ,NKTN
TDGR OEBF KRC NM N[ QGYK\F NM .OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC \GPEY\FN LKZEP
ZB\N NMGR BNG ,’B OGXPXN ZCTP NB \BXN OKNDGSP BN GRB .’C OGXPXN
KZ\SN LKK[ FH NM .O[ OKPKKY \GBKXP GHKBG ,\GIGM GNKB ,GRPXTN
.FZG\F
 EGPKNF KETX 288

7 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
OKEGYKRF ONGT KVGXZV .B
\GNKXBF ONGT KVGXZV .C
V"IB GFP .D
OKVGXZVF \ZKC[ .E
QG[BZF OEBF \EKN .F
BZGCF OT Z[Y .G

,[ZG[ ’B \GPK[Z NT ENGR { YK\T { \GNKXBF ONGTC QG[BZF UGXZVF

\GPK[Z NT \GNEDC J[V\F QM KZIBG .BSZV ET ZGCJP ,\GRJYC FNKI\
BZGCF ZGB ZKBP GN \GEGF[ EKIKF UGXZVF GFH .GRN[ ONGTF ET ’D=’E
ZKBP ZGBF NCB ,QKKET G\GB [GIN OKNDGSP GRRKB KM UB ,GRN[ ONGTC
\I\P NB GRN[ ONGTFP OKNGT[ FNBG .FNTPN GR\GB L[GPG GRKNT
OKBZYR ,FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC \GPNGT OKBXPR GC OGYPN ,BSZVN
."OKYKEX"
\B ZKCTFN KEM ,BSZVF ET YZ BN J[V\P YK\T UGXZVF[ QBM ZKMHR
YK\T[ QGGKMP :BSZVN \I\P OD BNB ,\GNKXB ONGTC[ OKVGXZVN ZGBF
\I\P GBXPFCG ,OGYP NMC J[V\FN NDGSP BGF ,’B OGXPXC BXPR
.\GNKXBF ONGTN \GNTN \GXGZ[ OKYKEXF \GP[RN ZKBP BGF ,BSZVN
,("TKV[FN \RP NT TKV[FN") "\\N \RP NT OKR\GR" T"KC \GPNGTC
.("TKV[FN \RP NT NCYN") "\\N \RP NT OKNCYP" \GNKXBF ONGTCG
UGXZV ENGR QM KZIB .\GRJYC ENGR ,FPMGI ,QKVRB LKZB ,BCF UGXZVF
\GMNPF \ENGR FRGZIBG ,B"H UGXZV BXGK GKZIB ,(FRKC) BPBG BCB
OF \GNKXBF ONGTC OKVGXZVF \[PI N[ OKV"IBF .FEGYR \ZGXC
.O\GB QY\NG OY[N LKZX .FNCYE OKNM
\GPNGTF Z\K \B .OKEPGN G\GB[ KEKIKF ONGTF BGF \GNKXBF ONGT
BKF FZJPF .\GNKXBF ONGTN OKZG[Y OF FC[ FEKPC YZ OKEPGN
LKZB UGXZV .\GNKXBF ONGT NB \GP[RF NM \B ZCE N[ GVGSC \GNTN
ZTK[N FPGEC ,"\GZT[" OKBZYR[ OKKGSKM ,USGRC ,GPXT NT FJGT QKVRB
\GPNGTF LG\ NB ZGBF ZCGT \GZT[F LZE .OEBF UGD \B FSMP[
\B NCYN \GXGZ OKRG\I\F \GPNGTC \GBXPR[ \GP[RF OB .OKRG\I\F
"OKPIZF \GEKP D"K" LZEG QKVRB LKZB NB \GRGV QF ,FPMGIF ZGB
289 7 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\GNKXBF ONGT KVGXZV \BKXK .8 ZGKB

 EGPKNF KETX 290

OB .FPMGIF ZGB \B \GNCYP { \GZT[ UGXZV N[ OKYNI 13 { GN[

\GPNGTF NMG \GPNGTF NB TKDP GRKB ZGBF ,OXPJXP FHF UGXZVF
,ZGBF \B GMZE ZKCTP QKVRB LKZB OB .\GKGNDF NM QBMPG ,LMP OKNCGS
.Z\GKC FPKTRF FVGY\F FBC
.FH ZGB N[ G[BZN \GNTN LKZX QKVRB LKZBP FPMGI ZGB NCYN KEM
GTP[P { QKVRB LKZBE [BZF N[ FPZN FNGT \GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP Z[BM
.QKVRB LKZBN \GPEKFN \MVGF[ LM KEM ET FK\GRGM\ \B \RY\P BKF[
BCBN \GMNPP F[YC FTKDP FNKI\ :FBCF FZGXC TXC\P FHF LKNF\F
LKZB N[ [BZN FNGT BKF QMP ZIBNG ,\GMNPF \B OKRY\P[ ,BPBG
.QKVRB
\GMNP ,FHF ZGBF \ZHTC .OKESI ZGB YZ [K ,BPBG BCB ,BCF UGXZVC
N[ [BZFP FPMGI ZGB NCYN LM ZIB GNMGK[ KEM QGYK\ OKZCGT B"HG
B"H LG\ NB OKSRMR[ ,OKVSGR OKVGXZV OKZXGK BPBG BCB .QKVRB LKZB
UGXZV .\ZIB GB GH FNGTV TXCN [K GC[ QVGBF N[ FPDEF O[N \GMNPG
."O&NX&" KGZY { TEKFG IGMF \B \GMNPNG B"HN YKRTP[ FHM USGR
.B"HG \GMNP FH QY\N LKZX[ FP NMG ,BPBG BCB FH QY\P[ FP NM
GZC[R[ FNB OF[ QGGKMP ?FNBF OKVGXZVF KR[ \B YZ QY\N LKZX TGEP
GENGR \GNKXBF ONGT N[ OKRG[BZF OKVGXZVF \[GN[ .OKEGYRF ONGTC
.OKEGYRF ONGT K[BZ N[ \GPK[ZF NT
.(BZGCF) "BGF LGZC [GEY" KGZY \GNKXBF ONGT N[ QKVRB ZKTH
\GP[F NM .\GP[RF NM UGSKB ,"FRKM[" \BZYR \GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP
\GPNGTC \GNTGVF \G[VRFG .\GNKXB ONGTC OZGYP ,FZG\C OKZMHGPF
.\GNKXBF ONGT N[ G\JKN[C \GBXPR BNKPP ,T"KC
QZY ECNP ,BSZVN \I\P SRMKFN ZGBN Z[VBP GRKB \GNKXB ONGT
\ZKC[ CG[ [IZ\\ BN[ KEM \BH ."FENG\F ZGB" BKF ,F[NI ZGB
.OKEGYRF ONGTC FZY[ KVM ,OKNM
OKZKBP ?BSZVN \I\P OKBXPR[ OKV"IBF \B OKRY\P LKB QMCG
BZGCF QKCN OFKRKC NECFF \B OKBGZ OF G\GTXPBC[ OGXT ZGBC O\GB
BZC F[TPN[ ,QGKNTF UGXZVN OKRGV OF HBG ;QY\KFN QGXZ KEKN OKBCG
V"IBF \[YC OB .LSPF \B ,FRK\R N[ \GRGM\ NCYN F[YCC ,O\GB
\GPNGTP GK\I\P[ UGXZVF \B FNTP GKNTP UGXZVF ,FRMG \K\KPB
.\GNKXBF ONGT NB T"KC
291 7 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

OKV"IBF .\GNKXBF ONGTC YZ GNGM [IZ\P \GZGBC KGNKPF LKNF\

N[ \GRG\I\ \GZKVS T[\G B"H \GZKVS TC[ OKGGFP T"KC \GPNGTC
Z\MF \ZKVSG QKVRB ZKTH N[ T"GDF[ QGGKMP ,\GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP
\GMNPG B"H N[ OKV"IBF NB .\GNKXBF ONGTC OKBXPR \GMNP N[
\GZKVSF \B FNTR OB .FZHTN F[YC FNGT T"KC \GPNGTC OKBXPR[
BNPN NMGR ,\GNKXBF ONGTC \GPKB\PF \GZKVSN O\GB ZCIRG FNBF
.QGYK\F ZPD HB BZYKK FH CXP .ZGBC Q\GB
LKZX FKF ZGBF[ OKV"IBF O\GBP ,OKNGT[ OKV"IB OKNECR FPC
,G\KKNT L[PC :\GMKBC BGF NECFF ?BSZVN \I\P NB ,OFKNB \EZN
\B OKY\RP NGMKCM GRIRB .FNCY KNMM BNG FRK\R KNMM EYV\P V"IBF
OZG\ FH .OKKRKTG B\NDNDM GC OK[P\[P ,ZPGNM ,GN[ \KZYKTF FRGM\F
F[GT G\KKNTC .G\GFPC V"IBF \B QY\P BN NCB ,\GNKXBF ONGTN
.T"GD N[ ZGBC BNB ,GN[ ZGBC BN [GPK[ V"IBF
\GPNGTC OKZB[R ,\GNKXB ONGTN O\GNTFN Q\KR[ OKV"IBF QP ECN
OT OKCCZT\P BN OF[ QGGKMP ,O\GNTFN Q\KR BN[ OKCZ OKNM T"KC
OB\FC ?FNBF OKNMF \B OD QY\N KEM \G[TN BGVKB Q\KR FP .T"GD
.\GP[RF LG\C OKNM \ZKC[ OD ZGXKN [K \GPNGTC FZKC[N
OHKBGDBF \B FGGFP[ UGS=QKBE \GMNP \B OKIYGN LM LZGXN
CXPC \BXPRG ,\KJSKBGZJNB \CGZT\ OG[ BNN ,BZCRC[ JNIGPF
B\NDND N[ OKNM OT F\GB OKZCIPG ,QGXZP FNCKY G\GB OGXPX N[
FTV[FE OKNM N[ CGNK[ BKF FBXG\F .\GNKXB ONGTC Q"GHE OKKRKTG
OKYKYNIN ZC[KK UGXZVF KTCJ QVGBC ,GC[ CGNK[ ,FNCYE OKNM OT
FKF\ HB YZG { OHKBGDBF OT GCCZT\K \GKJSKBGZJNB \GXGXKR ,OKRJY
.FNBF \GXGXKRF \ZHTC \GMNPF \B QY\N FGGY\
FPZN ET FNGT \GNKXBE \GMNP ,\GRJYC \GNKXBF ONGT \BKXK ZIBN
FBKZCF ONGT \B O[ FEKNGPG \GNKXBF ONGTC (FRKC) "BPB" UGXZV N[
ONGT ENGR ’D \GKCT NT \GMNP N[ KR[F DGGKHC .’C \GKCT OT F\GDGGEHFC
.FK[TF ONGT \B EKNGP ’E \GKCT NT \GMNPF N[ K[KN[F DGGKHF .FZKXKF
N[ V"IBF ,\GRJYC OKKRKTG B\NDND OT [EI UGXZV ENGR FH NM ZIBN
.FPXTC UGS=QKB ONGT N[ \GMNPF BCN EK\TC FKFK \GNEDC FHF UGXZVF
NM \B EKNGFN LZGX FKF TGEPG ."QG[BZF OEB" KGZY FHF UGXZVF
,[EIF UGXZVN FPKB\P FCKCS ZGXKN KEM ?T"KC N[ OKVSGRF \GPNGTF
 EGPKNF KETX 292

GK\GRGXZN OB\FC ,GN [GZEF ZGBF \B NCYN ,OKKY\FN NMGK FC[

.OKR\[PF

QG[BZF OEB \EKN

N[ OKNM OT ,OKEGYRF ONGT GPM ,\GRJYC ENGR QG[BZ OEB UGXZV
.\GNEDN \BXN QM KZIB FXZK BGF ,ZIB UGXZV NM GPM .OKKRKTG B\NDND
OKNMC ,\GNEDF ZGB \B ,UGS=QKB ONGTE \GMNPP NCYN NKI\P[ TDZCG
.OKRJY OKYKYNIN ZC[R BGF ,(V"IB) FNCYE
ENGR ,QKJGNIN "YKEX" FKF BGF ,QG[BZF OEBF ENGR Z[BM
\G[TN FXZ G\GI\V\F OT BNB .FNCYE OKNM GN GKF BN { "NGFP"
OKKY[ \GZPN ,GN GKF[ \GRGXZF NM NT ZPGNM ,GNGM "QETF QD" NT QGYK\
FRRKB FRGZIBF GH[ ZIBP ,\GMNPE \GMNP NT DGGKH TXCN [ZGVP ZGSKB
NVR[ FTV[FE KNM OG[P \GKJSKBGZJNB \GBPDGE NCYN \NDGSP
.FMG\N
,UGS=QKB ONGT N[ \GMNP \B QY\N NGMK[ IGJC FKF QG[BZF OEB
.GN[ V"IBF GFH[ \GKF
,BSZVN \I\P NB \GNKXBF ONGTP \EZN NKI\F ZGBF[ TDZC NCB
YGYH FNBF OKYNIFP EIB NM .(OKYNI 600,000=N) ZC[R QG[BZF OEB
QGYK\F \B TXCN KEM ,\GKRIGZ \GDZEP 6,000 QF[ ,OKR[ 6,000 LNFPC
QTPN CKZYFN NGMK OEBF[ ,OHKBGDBF N[ YNIF G\GB .GN[ KJZVF
.GN[ FP[RF KGZY ,BZGCF
\KJSKBGDBF FDZEN GNVR QG[BZF OEB N[ \GRGXZF NM ,FZKC[F ZIBN
YKYNI NMG ,EZVRC OKKI ONGM ;Z[Y QKB ,OEBF KRC QKC .Z\GKC FMGPRF
GZXGR QMNG ,FHF ONGTC \KJSKBGDB FBRF NCYN BNB YYG\[P GRRKB EZVR
OT Z[YF \B [EIP ZGXKN OEBN OKZHGT[ OKEIGKP OKBR\ GRPNGTC
.FNTPNP QGYK\F ZGB \B NCYN NMGK[ KEM ,BZGCF
\B QY\N F[YC BZGCF NB FNTP ,QGYK\F LNFPC ,OEBF Z[BM
N[ UGXZ ZESC ,BGFG ,OEBF NB TKDP BZGCF ZGB ,GN[ \GRGXZF NM
FPEK\ BKF FC[ \KRIGZF FDZEF ET G\P[R \B QY\P ,\GNGTV 6,000
.GRTPN BZGCF ZGB NM \B NCY\G UGS=QKB ONGTE \GMNPN FK\GRGM\C
OEB UGXZVNG \GNKXBF ONGTN YZ SIKK\P OKEPGN GRB[ FP NM
,FHF UGXZVF N[ OKKGSP YNIN SIKK\P FZG\C CG\M[ FP NM .QG[BZF
293 7 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

,\GKRIGZC OEBF N[ G\KKNT ZGTK[N OB\FC .BXPR UGXZVF GC[ ONGTN GB

ONGTF \B G\[DZF FKGN\ ,QG[BZF OEBF UGXZVC SVG\ BGF[ YNING
.QG\R TDZ NMC BXPR BGF GC[
OT \GV\G[P \GRGM\ GC GKFK[ OEBF LKZX KRIGZ ONGT OT \GZCI\FN
FEKPC OKB\K EIB \GIVN GN[ \GRGXZF NMP OB .QGKNTF ONGTF
Z[Y OKKY ZCM GHF FEGYRF LZE KZF ,\\N \GKRIGZF \GRGM\N \PKKGSP
Z[BM .FH QG[BZ Z[YN TKDFN BKF Z\GKC \CMZGPF FPK[PF .BZGCF OT
OGYP QKBG ZGZKCC FH \B TEGK BGF ,\GKRIGZF \B [KDZFN NKI\P OEB
FXGZ BZGCF .GN[ \GRGXZF \B \GR[N FXZK OEBF[ YZ [GZE .\GTJN
.GRN[ F[YCN FMIP YZG GR\GB QY\N
.\GP[RC YZ BGF NI[ KGRK[ NM .\JNIGP FIGRPC BXPR QGKNTF ZGBF
FRTR BZGCF .ZGBFP QKJGNIN [EI TEKP \NCYP FP[RF [EI CN[ NMC
QGXZF[ ZPGB FH ,FRTP OG[ QKB OBG .\K\KPB FNKV\C YZ F[YCN
ZGBF QM[ ,TKDP FRTPF ,LMN N[C F[TR OEBF[ TDZC .K\KPB BN QKKET
.KNMF NB SRMKFN YYG\[P EKP\
 EGPKNF KETX 294

8 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
\GKP[D NGP \GKRIGZ .B
QGYK\F KNM .C
NCYN QGXZF KGNKD .D
ONGSF NTC KV NT K"ZBF \JK[ .E
NCGYPF KRKTC FBKZCF .F

’GMG "ZFGHF" ,EGPN\F ,FR[PF ,L"R\F GRKKF ,"[EGYF KZVS" NMC

[EGYF KZVS .TKDFN OEB LKZX QFKNB[ \GKRIGZF \G[GI\F \GZBG\P
,BZGCF \GPPGZC ,KP[DF KRV NT KRIGZF \VETFC BNB OKYSGT ORKB
BGF[ QGGKMP G\GB ECMR[ LKZX GRKB BZGCF .FNCY KZVS F[TPN OFG
CSFN KEM BNB GPXTN LMN YGYH BN BGF ZPGNM ,QKJGNIN OHKBGDB NGJR
F[TKR FC FEKPF BKFG ,KP[DF KRV NT G\GB UKETR[ FEKPN ET FBRF GRN
FJK[ .KNMF N[ GRGYK\ \EKP NT FEKTP BZGCF \GPPGZ .GN OKPGE
BZGCF OT EGIKBP FBRFF .OHKBGZJNB BKF KNMF QGYK\N \KEGIK
KEK NT \NCDGP FKF\ BN OB YZ ,FPN[ ,\KIXR ,\KVGSRKB \GKFN FNGMK
.OHKBGDB
OB KE ,OHKBGDBP IPXK BN CGJ ZCE OG[[ FECGTF \B [KIPFN KEM
NMC FGCDF EPTPF KNTC CZYC OKECB\P N[ FGCDF ZGTK[C ZMHKR
\GPGYPC \GBXPR \GI\GVPF \GRKEPF ,\BHP FZ\K .ONGTF \GRKEP
Q\KR OB OD .FKSGNMGBF CZYC \GKGECB\FF ZGTK[C ONGTC OKRG[BZF
FBRFF \NCY .OKKIC[ OTJF GFP FBZK BN QKKET ,NMF \B OEBN
NT YZ [KDZFN Q\KR OKKIC[ OTJF \B .FKNB \GYYG\[FF \B \MM[P
.NCSN FBRFF QKC[ NGCDF
,GRRTPN FZXGR KJSKBGZJNBN KJSKBGDBP KNMF QGYK\N BZGCF \[KZE
,"FHF ONGTF" KGZY ,OEBF BXPR GC[ KIMGRF CXPF .GPPGZN KEM BNG
TDZN QGMR [I KRB[ FP BGF ONGT ."BCF ONGTF" KGZY GN[ BCF CXPFG
.[EI ONGT BKF FBCF F[GI\FG ,FH
DVS ,FNB OKEGPKN [JR QPH ZGCTMG ,FP ZCE EGPNN NIF[ OEB NM
FZMFF \\C [KDZP GR\BP EIB NM .GMG\C ZB[RG KI FH .\BH NMC GF[P
.OKKIC Z\GKC CG[IF ZCEF GFP GN[
295 8 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

.OKIYKVG OKINGPP OK[RB [K .OFK\GRGM\C FHP FH OKNECR OK[RB

,\GZKFPC QGPP OKZCGX ,\GCGZP \GINXFN ZXY QPHC OKTKDP OFG
OKZIB .OFK\GZJP OGEKYN OKZIBF \B OKNXRPG FTV[F KNTC OK[TR
Z\GK UB OKECGT OF[ QM\KK ."OKINXGK BN" ,O\GI\V\FC OKKJKB
EGEPN Q\KR BN GRN[ ONGTC .\GIV OKDK[P NTGVC LB ,OKIYKVFP F[Y
\GRGM\C OKKGN\ OF[ QGGKMP OEB N[ GKXPBP \B YKKGEPC LKZTFNG
OKNDGSP[ OKZK[MP OGKM GR\G[ZC QKB .ENGR BGF O\B[ ,\GCZ \GKPKRV
QKBG .OEBF N[ OKKPKRVF OKXPBPFG \GRGM\F \B \PMNG EGEPN
.K[VRF ,KPKRVF WPBPN BNB ,KSKV WPBPN FRGGMF
FNB .OKJSKBGZJNB OEBF KRCP 10% FHF ONGTC[ C\M ONGSF NTC
NDGSP JSKBGDB[ O[M .OKZIBN OKR\GR[ LMP FBRF OKYKVP[ OK[RB
DGZFN NDGSP JSKBGZJNB OD LM ,FXZ[ FP NCKY BN KM OEB DGZFN
NCYN KTXPB GFH \\N GEKEN .\\N \GZ[VBF \B GRPP OKNNG[ OB OEB
UB NT ,O\RGGM[ QGGKMP ,OKJSKBGDB \BH NMC OF FNB OK[RB .FBRF
OKMKZX OF OD QCGPM .FRK\RP FBXG\M GF[P NCYN BKF ,FKGPS F\GKF
.QY\KFN
.G\ZMFG TZF KGNKD N[ Z\GK FMGZB LZE ZGCTN OKMKZX OF OXTC
Z\GK FMGZB FVGY\ FMKZXP OKJSKBGZJNB ORKB OXTC OF[ FECGTF
NMM ,\BH OT .OKJSKBGDB O\GKFC GZKMK FVGSC[ \KPXT FZMF N[
.\GKRIGZN ZGCTN Z\GK CGZY BGF LM Z\GK KJSKBGDBG SVSGIP OEBF[
\NKI\N GKE N[C ZCM GN[ OHKBGDBF ,EGBP NED OHKBGDBF GC[ FH CN[C
LMC ZKMFN YZ BGF OEBN Z\GR[ FP .KRIGZF ONGTF \BZYN GMZE
NCYN"P GN[ FRGGMF \B \GR[N BZGCFP [YCNG ,GN YKHP OHKBGDBF[
."BZGCF QTPN NCYN" FRGGMN "GPXT QTPN
\B \SVG\ BKF Z[BM UGS=QKBE \GMNPC FTKVGP F[GCF \RGM\
EGDKR N[ F[GI\ \PKKY FC[ FRKIC ,Z\M ,[ZG[ \RKIC N[ F\GTP[P
BNB ,ZGBF \B F[I BN FPXT \GMNP .BZGCF ZGBN OEBF QKC JNIGP
\GMNP .\GRGM\ OG[ QKB GPXT ZGBC .FC ZZGTP ZGBF[ \GRGM\F \B YZ
.FKNT ZGBF \TV[FFP FBXG\M FNBF \GRGM\F \B F[I
QF OKZGPB OKZCEFG ,\GNKTGPG \GKIZMF QF GRN[ \GCGD\F NM
.ZCE NMN KIM GRN[ UGDF N[ \GCGD\C QFG ,FP[R N[ \GKRIGZ \GCGD\C
ZB[KFN FRGGM LG\P UGDF N[ FCGD\ QF \GNIPF NM[ IKRFN NCGYP
\KKNTN OZGD QGGMPC UGDF :\PKGSP FNIPC FNGI OEB[ IKRR .QHGBP
 EGPKNF KETX 296

BN \GBZN [K FNIP .GPXT NT QDFNG OKYEKKIF OT EEGP\FN KEM OGIF

[IZ\P[ GF[P NT FCGD\M ,KRGXKI KGJKCM BNB ,UGDF N[ KNGI CXPM
FNIP N[ OKPGJVPKS NSIN ZGSB OD QMN .KPKRVF QGHKBF \ZVF NT ,UGDC
.GPXT \B BVZN UGDF N[ FCGD\F \NGMK \B NSIR NCN
BN[ QGXZ GRC ZZGT\P[ FEKPC .BKNVFN OMIG\P GRN[ OHKBGDBF
NCSN GRN OZDKK NCN GBMEN GRN[ OHKBGDBF EKP DBGE ,YGVKSN Q\KR
,YGVKSN TKDFN GRN OKZ[VBP[ OKPKGSP OKBR\ OKZXGR[ TDZC .Z\GKP
OEB KCDN OD FRGMR GH FTKCY .OB\FC \GRGXZ GRMG\C OKZZGT\P EKKP
QGXZN JZV ,OKEIGKP \GRGXZ GC OKPKKY BN ZCM[ [NIG ,FNGI ,QYH
OKR\KR BN[ \GRGXZ BMEP GRN[ UGDF .OKKY\FNG LK[PFN ,EIB KSKSC
.FP[DFN
BZCRF \GI\V\F .NMG NMP FKXGNGCBF \B \NNG[ FNCYF \PMGI
\RKIC Z[BM ,(2=G 1 OKZGKB FBZ) Z[K ZGBE \GRKIC TCZB KV NT F\KF
UGS=QKB \GMNP FZXGR Z[BMG .FBNF LMG ’D=N ’C ,’C FRKICN FMVF ’B
OKBXPR OF .\GRGKNTF \GZKVSF N[ \GRGXZF NM \B FMG\N FDVS BKF
.QVGB OG[C KGRK[N OKR\KR BNG FMG\C
NT ZCEF EKTK BN ,OKVGXZVFG \GPNGTF ZB[ NM EK\TC GTKVGK Z[BM
NTGVF NB OKBXGK FRGGMN OB\FC .FRGGMC KGRK[ NT BNB ,\GRGXZC KGRK[
GF[P ZXGR BNG OKR\[P ORKB OPXT \GRGXZF .OKZIB GB FNBM \GRGXZ
BNG OGKF GRC GNT[ \GC[IPF OD LM .QMN OEGY OKKY FKF BN[ ,[EI
,FNKI\MNP GRMG\C BXPR NMF .GR\BP \GZ\SR GKF YZ QF NGP\B .NGP\B
\CC BNG ,OKZEDGP OF[M QPHC FDZEFC GRN OKND\P OKZCEF[ BNB
.ZXGR GRKB [EI ZCE OG[ .\IB
OKKI IKVFN Q\KR BN LM .\ZIBN \PKKGSP OGKY \DZE LGVFN Q\KR BN
TCJ QKC OKKRKC \GDZE \GPKKY .IPGXN KIG KIN IPGX LGVFN GB ,OPGEC
\ZGX \PKKY KIN IPGXF QKC .OKDGPNBF BPDGEN ,IPGXF TCJG OPGEF
# " FKGZY BKFG FPEBF QP \GZK[K FRGHKR[ ,OKKI
KNTC QKC ."FE[F K+RE^B
BN OEBN OD LB OKKI NTC KZPDN BN BGF .UGYF OKKY OEBF KRCN OKKI
.LVFKN NGMK
KFGNBF WGXKRF OEBC OKKY OB[ BGF \GZYN KG[T[ EKIKF ZCEF
CD[R ZCE DK[FN QGXZ GC TKVGP FH LG\PG ,KRIGZF NB G\GB L[GP[
QKB FNCYF N[ GH FZEDF KVN ."OEB QC"N LVGF OEB HB ,FHF ONGTFP
297 8 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

ZCGEP F[TPN ,OEB KRC O\GRMN Q\KR[ \GPEB KNT OK[RB FCZF NTGVC
.OKEEGCC
FMK[PC ,FHF ONGTC Z\GK CD[R ZCE DK[FN QGXZF \TVGFC ZCGEP[MG
KEM FZXGR \KDGNGRMJFG \KTEPF \GI\V\FF KM ZGMHR[ KGBZ ,KRIGZF NB
ZCE \K[BZ LB .GH LZEC OEY\FN Q\KR BN[ FRCFNG ,OG\S KGCPN TKDR[
.FHF OG\SF KGCPN TKDFN [K

K"ZBF \JK[
\B DGGSN QKB QVGBG OKRV OG[C .OKEKPN\ GKF OKNCGYPF NMN
OEB NM .\GIV GB Z\GK OKVBG[N ,\GIV GB Z\GK OKCGJN OKEKPN\F
TGEP \TEN NGMK BN EIB UBG ,OKPKKGSP \GRGXZ OT FNKI\MNP ZXGR
NM .OKGGF\P OF[ KVM \GRGXZF GC OKGGF\P FPNG ZXGR[ KVM ZXGR
FXGCY ZXGGK\[ LM KTCJ QVGBC OK[TR FXGCYC QGKPFG DGGKSF KMKNF\
.FCKXKG FTGCY
BN GKEKPN\ ,HB OD ONGB .F[EI FJK[ KVN EGCTN NKI\F K"ZBF
KEKPN\ N[ FXGCYC :EIB ECNP ,K"ZBF \B \PBC QKCFN GIKNXF
GRPP NCYN FMH OFP EIB YZ NCB ,OKNGED OKNCGYP GKF ZCM K"ZBF
\GP[RF DGSC FKGN\ FZGPF EPNP FC LZEF .NJKG OKKI ,TEKF NM \B
K"ZBF KRVN .GKEKPN\ N[ \GP[RF DGSC ZPGNM ,FHF ONGTF NB \GEZGK[
NGMK GN[ EGPKNF \JK[ KGNKDP NIF LB .EGPKN N[ \GZIB \GJK[ GKF
OKNGMK OKRGPFF OD .LMC QGXZ GC [K OB ,FNCY EGPNN HBP ,EIB NM
.QGXZ OFN FKFK[ ECNCG ,FNCY EGPNN
CKIZFG YKPTF YZ BNB ,K"ZBF \JK[ \B \K\GFP FRK[ BN ONGSF NTC
."ZFGHF" ZVSNG K"ZBF KZVSN Z\GK \JZGVP \GR[ZV C\M BGF .F\GB
FNCYF \PMGI \B EGPNN WVIF GRN[ ZGEC EIB NM GH \GR[ZVN \GEGF
\KPKRVF \GTP[PF \B QKCFN NDGSP BGFG KRIGZF ONGTF NB CZY\FNG
.FZG\F KZVS NMN FNCYF \G[TN QMG ,EPNRF ZPGIF NM N[
QVGBC \GKRIGZF \B GNCKY K"ZBF KRVN FHF ONGTN GEZK[ \GP[R
\GP[R ONGTN \EZN GNKI\F K"ZBF N[ G\ZKJV ZIBN .ECNC KRGXKI
QMN .\KRIGZ=\KTEP FJK[C KRIGZF ONGTF \BG QPXT \B GI\KRG GEPN[
ZIBN[ OKZVSF GNKBG OKZGVKS \ZGXC OKCG\M K"ZBF KRVN OKZVSF NM
,\GRKICF \V[C { \GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\N FPGEC OKCG\M G\VGY\
.FP[RN \KTEP F[KD ,\KSERF FKDGNGMKSV KFGH .\GPNGTFG \GZKVSF
 EGPKNF KETX 298

LGZTNG ,GRN[ ONGTC OKRG[ OKTEPC YST\FN LZGX BXGP GRKB NCGYP
\EGYRP OKZCSFF NM \B YVSN NDGSP BGF .OKRG[ OKZYIPG OKKGSKR
.GN[P FV[ [K TEP NMN .OKTEPF NMN ZGYPF ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ F\GBZ
FNBM \GTVG\ ZB\N F[Y\K BGF G\NM[FC QTEP GRKB NCGYPF OB
.TEPF G\GB N[ OKTGXYPF OKIRGPCG FV[C \GZIBG
\GFPF \TCGR OFP[ OGYKF N[ OKK\KPBF OKYGIF \B [I NCGYPF
QKC[ QKNPGDF KSIK \B ET\K BGF FV[ FHKBC .\KRIGZFG ,\KZPGIF
KRIGZF IGMF \B ET\N LKZX BGF KF[NM FZGXC KZF[ ?\GRG[F \GTVG\F
OKPXTF QKC OKKEEFF OKSIKF \BG ,FHF ONGTN EGSKF \B FGGFP[
.OKKRIGZF
ONGTC .GRN[ ONGTF N[ FISGR OG[C ZKEDR BN FNBF OKZCEF \B
Q\G[TN BN LB G\NGHN GN[ \G[GI\F \B ZKCTFN NCGYPF NGMK KRIGZF
FZGXC FKF Q\KR GNKVBG KRIGZF ONGTF NB GSRMR BN QKKET[ FNBN \G[KDR
ONGTC LMC [P\[FN Q\KR FKF BN \BH NMC ,GF[P OFN ZKCTFN KF[NM
,OFN[ \GRGM\F \B OKR[P GKF OK[RB GNKB .FR\[K OEBF Z[B ET GRN[
.\GKRIGZ \GNGTV TXCNG \KRIGZF FV[C Z[Y\N OKNDGSP GKF OF
LGVFN KEM .BXPR BGF FC[ FPZN OB\FC NCGSG NCYP EIB NM
F[KZE .LM O\S OKNCYP BN G\GB[ ,LSP ZSI OKKRIGZN FNB OKZGSK
"Z\SRF \PMGI"OD \BZYR FNCYF \PMGI QMNG .FEZVF ,WKI \ZXGK GH
.F\GB GDK[F BN QKKET[ FNB ZGCT
,ZPGI { FZMF N[ \GDZE TCZB \GZBG\P "ZFGHF ZVSN BGCP"C
YZ EEGP\FN NDGSP GRN[ TEPF .\GFPG \J[VGP FZGX ,ZPGIC[ FZGX
BKF { ZPGI BNN FZGX .ZPGIC \[CGNPF FZGXNG ZPGIN ZG[Y[ FP NMC
ZCEF { \GFPG .ZGZKCC G\GB I\RN Q\KR BN[ ,QKJGNIN J[VGP D[GP
.FRCFN \R\KR BN NNMC { \GCGD\ ZXGK GB OKJYKKCGBC OKKI IKVP[
\GKRIGZC FP ZCE EPGN[ NCGYP .KRIGZF ONGTC \PKKY FPGE FTVG\
N[ \J[VGP FZGX NCB ,ZPGIC[ FZGXF \BG ZPGIF \B DK[FN NGMK
\GNCDP \GPKKY KRIGZF ONGTC OD ZPGNM .G\D[F OGI\C FRRKB ZPGIF
FPZN TKDP NCGYPF Z[BM[ BNB .OGYKF N[ FSKV\F \NGMKCG FRCFC
NM \B GKRVC \I\GV[ FR\P FNTPNP NCYP BGF \PKKGSP \KRIGZ
.OGYKF \GEGS
299 9 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

9 Z GT K[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
\GPNGTF \BKXK .B
UGS=QKB ONGT \D[F .C
\GNKXBF ONGT KVGXZV .D
\C[C \GKNT [N[ .E
QPHF N[ \KRIGZF G\GTP[P .F
UKYP ZGB \ZHTC \GPEY\F .G
QGYK\F ZPD .H
BKF FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB \GPNGTF \[PI \BKXK
\GBXPR[ \GMNPG B"H ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M \GZKVSF [PI N[ [GPKP
OKNKEDPG \GPNGTF OKJ[V\P FJPN FNTPNP .FPXT \GMNP LG\C
([ZG[ \RKIC) SVBP OKRG[BZF \GRGXZF \TCZB N[ O\GKCT \B \GVKXZC
O[M ,\GMNP \B FVKYP[ FCKCSF OF \GPNGTF QM ,(’E FRKIC) TCZB ETG
.FCKCSC UYGP OEB[
Z\GKC FCGZYF FCKCSF \B YZ [KDZP OEB GN [K[ OK[GIF IGMP
.FK[TF ONGT GFHG .GKNB
FDZEFC OEBF NKI\P ,\GR\[P \GRGM\FG OKZV\[P OK[GIF Z[BM
LMG Z\GK \KRGXKI ,\VSGR FCKCS QM KZIBG ,FBCF FCKCSF \B [GIN
ZGBF N[ GMZE NT OKEPGTF OKRRSP QKTP OKGGFP \GPNGTF NM .FBNF
BGF ,DK[P OEBF[ ONGT NM OT .UKYPF ZGBF \GJ[V\F \B OKNKCDPG
ZGB FKF GNKB .BZGCF ZGB NB Z\GKG Z\GK CZY\PG USGR QRSP ZKSP
F\KF ,G\GB FVKYPF FCKCSF BNN ,QKZ[KPC OEBN TKDP BZGCF
.OEBF N[ OKNMF \ZKC[ \TXC\P
NM \B OEBF SKRMP ,\GPNGTF \VK[IG OKRRSPF \ZSF OT ,FDZEFC
.ZGBN FPGE \GKFN LVGF OEBF .ZGBF OT ZB[RG GMG\N FNBF \GPNGTF
LG\C FNKI\ BXPR OEBF Z[BM .QGYK\F ZPDC TKDP FHF KRIGZF CXPF
\GNCDFFP ZJVKFN KEM .OFN[ \GNCDFFG FJKN[F \B [I BGF \GPNGTF
\GRGM\N ,BPDGEN ,OKB\P[ ,KPKRV QGYK\ GPXT NT NCYN OEBF NT FNB
\RKIC N[ FDZEC JSKBGZJNB \GKFN BKF \GTP[PF .FK[TF ONGT N[
,GMG\N SRMR BGF ,FK[TF ONGT NT ZGCDN IKNXP OEB Z[BM .[ZG[
KEM .FK[TF ONGT \B [KDZP ZCM BGF FH CN[C .GP\GI \B GC ZKB[PG
 EGPKNF KETX 300

FHF ONGTF OD HB ,GK\GRGM\N \GPEKFN KIZMF OKKGSP ONGT [KDZFN

.GMG\N SRMKK
FZJPF EGTC ,FRG[BZF \GKCTF \DZEC JSKBGZJNB LVGF OEB LM
,\GPNGTF NM \B FPGE QVGBC GMG\N DGVSN BKF GKRKT EDRN \EPGTF
FZGXC .’E=G ,’D ,’C :\GBCF \GKCTF \GDZEC OD OFK\GRGM\ \B NCYNG
\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’J N[ \GRGM\F \B FMG\N \DVGS[ \GMNPF \BHM
ONGT NB \GPNGTF NM N[ \GNGCDN ZCTP NB BXGK OEBF .\RY\KP
.UGS=QKB
CMZGP \GKFN LKZX BGF QGYK\F LKNF\C NKI\FN NMGK OEB[ KEM
UGXZV NM .GN[ FNCYF \RGM\ ,\KPXTF G\RGM\PG BZGCF \RGM\P
KVGXZVN JZV ,OEGYF UGXZVF N[ F&oFP NKI\P \GNKXB ONGTC BCF
ZGCJP FNKI\P \GMNPG BPBG BCB ZGCJP NKI\P B"H :\GMNPG B"H
.B"HE
\[GN[ OKBZYR ,BPBG BCB ,QKVRB LKZB ,YK\T N[ O\GZXGGKF KRVN
FPMGI ,Z\M \B OKPBG\ OFG ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M FNBF OKVGXZVF
KR[N FPB\FC BXPR \GNKXBF ONGT N[ [BZF .OKEGYRF ONGTC FRKCG
\GNKXBF ONGT [BZ .EKYV\ G\GB BNPP UBG OKEGYRF ONGTC OK[BZF
B"H LB .OKEGYR ONGT [BZC OKZGC[ BNF OKNMF \GPK[ZC QG[BZ BXK
.FEGYR YZ \GMNPPG T"GD YZ GRYG\ B"HP .FDZEFC QGYK\ GZCT \GMNPG
O\GB QY\N IKNXR OB .T"KC \GPNGTC OKBXPR \GMNPG B"H N[ OKV"IBF
.QG[BZ OEB UGXZVC TXC\P QGYK\F .GRYG\K \GPNGTF NM KHB
F[TR ZCEF .FRKCN FNGT { \GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP { QG[BZ OEB UGXZV
N[ NKDZF CXPF .\GDZEP [GN[ FNGT \GNKXBF ONGT NM .\GTGR\ [GN[C
KEK NT ZBGP \GNKXBF ONGT FNB OKPKC ."NGI=OGK" KGZY \GNKXBF ONGT
.BSZVF ET TKDP[ KYNI ZGB
ONGTN YKRTP[ Z\GK FFGCD FPXGTC ZGB FNTPNP TKDP QM KZIBG
.\IB \KRIGZ FDZEP FNGT ONGTF NMG \GNTR \GKRIGZ \GRGM\ \GNKXBF
.BPBG BCB \DZEN FNGT B"H .\GMNP GK[MT \BXPR B"H FKF[ OGYPC
\DZEN FNGT QKVRB LKZBG QKVRB LKZB OGYPC OKPYP\P BPBG BCB
.(9 ZGKB FBZ) D"SN FNTPN Z\GK EGT FNGT YK\T ,YK\T
FNBF \GKNTF .\C[ CZTC \K[TR \GNKXBF ONGT N[ FRG[BZF FKNTF
GRN[ ONGTC[ ZCE { BNKTNE B\GZT\B { FNTPNP \GZZGT\F \GBZYR
301 9 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

T"KC \GPNGT \GKNT .9 ZGKB

 EGPKNF KETX 302

GRKBG TCJF KYGI KVN FZGY ,FZGY[ FP NM .QPH ,\GTGC[ ,OKPKN OBG\
.GRC KGN\
\GMNP \BG ,\VSGR FDZEP \GNKXBF ONGT \B FNTP FBCF FKNTF
FRGGMF \B :\VSGR FRGM\ \[MGZ BKF GH FDZEPC .BPBG BCB \DZEN
LSP \NTC ZCM BKF .BZGCF QTPN NCYN \NDGSP \GMNP \TM ."\\N"
N[ \GRGM\F NT .OKZIB OKVGXZV ZGXKNG FBMFE DGGKH TXCN \NDGSPG
BKF ,KR[ EXP UGS=QKB ONGT \GMNP \GRGM\G ,EIB EXP BPBG BCB
.QG[BZF OEB KGZYF [EI UGXZV \ZXGK
"\C[ KBXGP" ,"\C[" ,"\C[ CZT" OKBZYR[ OKKRIGZF OKCXPF
.FR[F IGNC[ OKPKN OB\FC BN[ NCGYPF NXB TKVGFN OKNGMK ,’GMG
\KJZVF \C[C KZF ,Q[TNG TGSRN ZGSB FR[F IGN KVN[ \C[C OB
\GNMM KI NCGYPF ,\BH OT .NMF \G[TN Z\GP KEGIK KRIGZ CXP BKF[
FNBF OKKRIGZF OKD[GPF .GKYGIN OB\FC DFGRG FHF ONGTC OD NMF
OKPK F[K[ ,BPDGEN .FHF ONGTF N[ FNB OT FBGG[FN NNM OKR\KR BN
NGMK \C[ N[ KRIGZ CXPG FKR[ N[ ZKZC[C NCGYP NXB ZGCTN OKNGMK
.OKPK FPM L[PKFN
[PP\P[ FP NMG ,GRN[ UGDN LKK[ ,FHF ONGTC [PP\P[ ZCE NM
FRKB FP[RF ,\GBZN Q\KR[ KVM ,OKK\RKC .FP[RN LKK[ \GKRIGZC
,\KRIGZF \MZTPN OB\FC EGCTK GRN[ ONGTF Z[BM .UGDF OT \PBG\P
NMG KRIGZF ONGTCG FHF ONGTC GRK\GNGTV NM ,QGYK\F ZPDC FZYK[ ZCE
.EIBN GEIB\K ,OKRPHF
[IZ\K BCF KGRK[FG ,FKR[ LG\ OKGSP KGRK[ OKZCGT O\B GK[MT OB
QPH .OKR[ [PI L[PK\ OMN[ FBCF FKR[F HB ,OKR[ [PI EGTC
ET ,OKR[ UNB ZGCTN OKNGMK GRPNGTC .\GRGM\C KGRK[ GTP[P \GKRIGZC
OKSRMR GRIRB Z[BM .FNCYF \PMGI EGPKNC NKI\FN QMGP FKFK OEBF[
L[PC QMN OEGY GRZCT[ OKCXP EIB OGKC OKZCGT GRB ,KRIGZF ONGTN
\[[ ,\GKRIGZF OKR[F \B .OZGXKYG OKRPHF KGRK[ GFH .OKNGDND FPM
.GRN[ ONGTC QPH OT \GG[FN Q\KR BN ,T"KC \GDZEPF KVNB
ZGHKBF NM .\C[ \BZYR \GNKXBF ONGTN T"KC \GPNGTP FKNTF
FRG[BZF FKNTF QPHC .\C[ KGZY BSZVF ETG B\NDND N[ ZGCJFP
,FKR[F FKNTF L[PC ,\GNKXBN FNGT FBKZCF ONGT ,\GKNT [GN[ LG\P
303 9 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FK[TF ONGT OD FNGT \K[KN[F FKNTCG \GNKXBN FNGT FZKXKF ONGT

.\KRPH GC \K[TR \GNKXBF ONGTG T"KC \GPNGT N[ FKNTF .\GNKXBN
T"KC \GPNGTG \GNKXBF ONGTE \GMNP ,B"H ,\K[KN[F FKNTF L[PC
LKZB ,YK\T :\GNKXBF ONGT K[BZ .\GNKXBF ONGT N[ CIZPC OKBXPR
OEB ONGTN \GNKXBF ONGT \GNGCDN WGIP NB OKBXGK BPBG BCB ,QKVRB
(FKR[ FKNTC) C"T [BZP (FRG[BZ FKNTC) FNGT B\NDND [BZG ,QGPEY
.UGS=QKB ONGT NB (\K[KN[ FKNTC) D"S [BZPG
NGMK { FK[T { QG[BZF KRIGZF ONGTF NB YZ GRN[ ONGTFP TKDP[ KP
KRIGZ CXPC BXPKFNG \GNKXBF ONGTN \GNTN \K[KN[F FKNTF L[PC
FBC[ \GZZGT\FF QM[ ,FJPN EZGK BGF QM KZIB NCB .\C[ N[
FNTPNP GKNB EZGK ZCEF BNB ,GPXT OEBF IKGGZF[ ZM[ FRKB FNTPNP
.FR\PM
NM ,\GP[RF NM .FNTPN FJPNP EKP\ BGF KRIGZF QPHF N[ QGGKMF
KEM BZGCN OKCZY\P ,FNTPN QPHF NM OKNGT ,OK[P KNC ,\G[GRBF
FEKEPF .KRIGZF QPHF ZKXC \GPEY\F KGZY FH LKNF\ .G\B EIB\FN
,GK\G[GI\C OEBF OB OD ,ZKXF N[ KCGKIFG CGJF QGGKMC EKP\ BKF
LKZTP QMNG ,KJSKBGDB BGF OEBF .FDKSRM ,\KNKN[M GH FTGR\ [KDZP
DGSR GRKB ONGTN OEBF .KNKN[ ZCEM \GKRIGZN ZG[Y[ FP NM \B
.\GKRIGZF ZCT NB G\GPEY\F LNFPC ZGIBN
LKZX BNB ,OHKBGDBF \ZCDFN UGB[N LKZX BN GRN[ ONGTC OEBF
[KDZK ,QGYK\F OZJ ,FHF QGGKMC FEGCTF LNFPC .BZGCF NB YYG\[FN
FND\K GN[ KJSKBGDBF TCJF ZPGNM ,ZCGD GN[ OHKBGDBF LKB \BH NMC
.BZGCF \GRGM\N FBGG[FC Z\GKC \KNKN[F FZGXC FDZEFC GN
UKYPF ZGBF \B GKNT L[GP OEBF FNCYF \PMGI KEGPKN QPHC
OEBF N[ \GK\KPBF \GRGM\F FHF ZGBCG ,\ZCGDG \MNGF FPXGTC
OEBF NCB ,GKF[ KVM GZB[R \GRGM\F .\GKNKN[ Z\GKG Z\GKM \G[DZGP
F[DZFF QBMPG BZGCF N[ ZGBF \GRGM\ OT Q\GB \GG[FN NKI\P
FEKTP GH F[GI\ ,\BH \GZPNG GC[ TZF FND\P OEBN BYGGE .\KNKN[F
.BZGCF ZCTN \GPEY\F \PDP NT
\I\P V"IBN GNVR[ OKKJSKBGZJNB OKNM OF FNB T"KC \GPNGT
ZPDR OFN[ T"GD .V"IBG T"GDN OKYNI\P FNB \GPNGT OD .BSZVN
FBKZCF ONGT N[ \GZKVSF Z[T KZIB ZPGNM ,FZKXKF ONGTE FHIC
 EGPKNF KETX 304

NIF ,\GRG\I\F \GZKVSF FZ[T TCZB .FZKXKF ONGT N[ \GZKVSF [[G

N[ \GZKVS Z[TG FZKXKF ONGT N[ \GZKVS TCZB) FJPNG FZKXKE FHIC
.T"KC \GPNGT N[ OKV"IBF QF ,(FK[TF ONGT
.FZKXKF ONGTE FHI ET T"KC \GPNGT NT GZGBC ZKBP \GNKXBF ONGT
\GPNGT N[ \GRGKNTF \GZKVSF FZ[T [[ ."\C[" KGZY \GNKXBF ONGT
\GNKXBF ONGTG ,"\C[ OGI\" OKBZYR FHI ETG BSZVP ,(T"GD) T"KC
."ZKT" KGZY GPXT

ZKT N[ FZGCKT .10 ZGKB

Q\KR ,\GNKXBF ONGTN FNTPN OKNGT T"KC \GPNGT NM Z[BM OD

.(T"GD) FZKXKF ONGTE FHI ET BSZVN \I\P OKBXPR[ \GRGXZ NKTVFN
,FK\GNGCDC YZ NCB ,ZKTN ZCTP \C[C \BXN Z[VB GRN[ ONGTC QMN
2,000 LZTC) FPB 70=G FPB 2,000 BGF FHF YIZPF .\C[F OGI\ LG\C
305 9 ZGTK[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FHF YIZPF FBKZCF ONGT FHI ETG BSZVP ?YNI\P BGF EXKM .(OKETX
,\GNKXBF ONGTN QKKET LKK[ FH YIZP .FPB 70 FGGFPG "ZGCKT" KGZY
GPM ,ZKTF NM \B WGICP UKYP[ GY GFH .GN FXGIP G\GBXPKF \GZPN
NCB ,FMG\P DZI ZCM GNKBM[ ,Za@ATF I\V\P GC[ FZF F[KB N[ QJC
ONGTE FHI ETG FBKZCF ONGTE FHIP YIZPFG .FKNB LKK[ \BH NMC
.FPB 2,000 BGF FZKXKF
,T"KC \GPNGTP YNI .FPB 6,000 { OGKSF ETG BSZVP YIZPF NM
\GPNGT N[ OKV"IBF { \GVKNYF ZGEP KGZY ,OGKSF ETG FZKXKE FHIP
N[ \GZKVS Z[TG FZKXK ONGT N[ \GZKVS TCZB OKNNGM FNB ;T"KC
\BXN ZGSB QBMNG F[GEYP QKJGNIN YKZ[ OGYP GFH .FK[T ONGT
.FPB OKKVNB OGI\N ZCTP \C[C
\EIGKP NK\ ZED ZKTF CKCS OKCKXP OFC \GPGYP [K NBZ[KC
KEGIK QGYK\ ."CGZKT" FKGZY GH FNGTV .FK\GNGCD \B ZGZKCC \RPSP[
,\MNN Q\KR FHF ZEDGPF OGI\C .EIB IJ[N ZKTF NM \B LVGF FH
NMGR \C[C[ KEM F[TR FH NM KRIGZF ONGTC .OKZCE SKRMFNG BKXGFN
.\IB \KJSKBGZJNB FRGM\N GRN[ OKPKKYF \GRGXZF NM \B EIBN
\GEIBC ,BZGCF \G[ZC \BXPRG \GNKXBF ONGTN FNGT FP[RF \C[C
FPM [K[M LB .FJPN EZGK[ QGKNTF ZGBF YZ JNG[ FP[RC .FPN[
.OKRG\I\F OKNMF \JKN[C \BXPR FP[RF ,\GKG[Z
GRKB BGF ,KRIGZF ONGTF NB FNGTG OGSIPF \B ZCGT OEBF Z[BM
GRKB KRIGZF ONGTN ZCTPF GNKC[C[ QGGKMP ,\GVKNYF ZGEP LZE ZCGT
.\GNKXB ONGT LG\C OKBXPR T"KC \GPNGT Z[BM ,\C[C F[TR
GRN[ ONGTC .QPH G\GBC EIB NM NXB \SRMR \C[F QKB ,\GKRIGZC
BN OEBF OB NCB ,OKRG[ OKRPHC \SRMR \C[F \GRG[ OKZTCG \GRKEPC
ZGP[N LKZX BGF ,NNIC BPDGEN ,[P[G FPEBF \TV[F \I\ EGT BXPR
ONGTF \PZ BKF \C[) \GKRIGZN OB\FC :OKN[GZK QGT[ KVN \C[
BKF OKN[GZK ;(\C[ CZT \BZYR \GNKXBF ONGTN FKNTF .\GNKXB
.BZGCF BXPR GC[ OGYPF
,O[ \GPKKY[ \GNCDFF \B GBZK[ KEM \GNKXBN \GP[RF \B OKNTP
NKCDP OEBF Z[BM .QPXTC GNBF \GNCDFF NT ZGP[N LM ZIB GNMGKG
BXPR BGF[ \GKF GNB \GNCDPN CN O[ GRKB CG[ ,GRGXZP GPXT \B
KTCJ QVGBC \GTCGR GNBF \GNGTVF NM .Z\GK GKNT \GXIGN BN QFG QFKNTP
 EGPKNF KETX 306

QVGBC FNTR[ BKF FBKZCF \ZJP .OEB G\GB N[ \GKPXTF \GRGM\FP

NBG ,OKRGKNTF \GPNGTC [K FP GRN \GBZFN KEM \PKKY \C[FG ,KBPXT
.YYG\[FN LKZX FP
BNN ,ZK[K QVGBC GRKNT ZKBP BZGCF ZGB Z[BM ZZG[ QGYK\F CXP
GZKBFCG ;G\GB OK[KNIPG OKRRSP[ \GPNGTF LZE BNG ,FNCDF OG[
\ZJPN OB\FC \KVGSRKBG \KIXR FBRF GRN OZGD QKZ[KPC GRKNT
.FBKZCF
307 10 Z G T K [ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

10 ZGTK[
:NT EPN\ FH ZGTK[C
QG[BZF OEB UGXZV .B
FZGXF \GG\[F .C
QGYK\F .D
OKKRIGZ OKRRSP .E
QG[BZF OEBC NBZ[K EKYV\ .F
\[GN[ N[ FCGDN TKDP FH UGXZV .KEKIKF BZCRF GRKF QG[BZF OEB
GRGZD ,FBKZCF ONGTC BXPR G[BZ .FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC :\GPNGTF
ETG FZKXKF ONGT FHIP TZ\[P GVGDG FZKXKF ONGTE FHI ET TZ\[P
.FK[TF ONGT OGYP \B \GSVG\ OKKNDZF .FHF ONGTF UGS
ONGT :LM ZPGB ONGSF NTC ?\GPNGTF LG\C \GXZBF \GPYGPP LKB
\B SVG\ ,QEZK ,GKNB Z\GKC CGZYF OGYPF .NBZ[K WZB KGZY \GNKXB
KR[ ,NBZ[K KJC[P OKKR[ ,BZGCF \BZGF KVN .FBKZCF ONGT OGYP
\GKF ,FBKZCF ONGTC ZPGNM ,QEZKC BXPKFN OKNGMK ,FP[RF KYNI
\GRGM\P \GNECR QRKB[ JTPM (FRKCF \GRGM\) FHF ONGTF \GRGM\[
.(FPMGI) \GNKXBF ONGT
BKF ,FKZGS ,NBZ[K WZBN FCGZY \C[IR BKF UB[ FBCF WZBF
ONGTE FHI ETG FBKZCF ONGTE \GMNPP .FBKZCF ONGT N[ \GMNPF
YIZPF[ OKBGZ GRB CG[ .NCC GB ,\GZFRF KR[ WZB \BXPR FZKXKF
[GCKM" KGZYG NBZ[K WZBN QKKET LKK[ FZKXKF ONGTE FHI ETG BSZVFP
FP NM .GRN[ ONGTC \GKRIGZF \B O[KKN IKNXF[ OEB N[ GP[ NT { "EGE
.GRN[ ONGTC OD [PP\FN \IB OTV CKKI \GKRIGZC OKEPGN GRB[
\\N QGXZFP \GZIB OKNKPCG ,OEBFG BZGCFP \CMZGP \GBKXPF
OKRRSP F[KPI OKBXPR OEBN CKCSP NCB .FBRF NCYN QGXZFPG FBRF
FZGXC NTGV OEBF OB .\GPNGTF \[PI { BZGCF ZGB \B OKZK\SP[
\I\ ZPGNM OKRRSPF \I\ BXPR BGF ,GK\GRGXZ NMN OB\FCG \KTCJ
\GRGM\N OB\FC ,GPXT \B QY\N YYG\[P OEBF OB NCB .O\TV[F
BGF ,(FK[TF ONGT) Z\GKC QG\I\F N[PN ,OKRRSPF EIB \GIVN N[
.ONGT G\GB N[ \GRGM\N \GPGE \GMVGF GK\GRGM\G ,GKNTP FNGT
KR[ \GRGM\N \GPGE GKFK GN[ \GRGM\F OKZCEF L[PFC OD OBG
OKRRSPF KR[ N[ O\TV[F \B OD NZJRK OEBF ,OKZ\GRF \GPNGTF
 EGPKNF KETX 308

NM .G\P[R LG\ NB Z[KKF SRMK BZGCF ZGB HBG .OFKNTP FNTKG ,FNBF
N[ FZK[K FBXG\ FGGFP { \GGPG OKKI { \GEGYRF K\[ QKC GRN FZGY[ FP
\GMNP LG\ NB SRMKFN YYG\[P ZGBF .KRIGZF ONGTC OKZGY[ OKMKNF\
UZI ,ZGBF \B \GIEN LKZX OEBF .\BXPR BKF GC[ CXPN Z[Y BNN
GRN FPERG OGXPX \I\ OKBXPR GK[MT GRB .G\GB NCYN NDGSP G\GKF
OK[RTR UB GRB .GRKRVN FND\P GRKB QMNG ,G\GB [GIR[ FXGZ GRKB BZGCF[
.FZG\F KZVSC CG\MF \B OKPKKYP GRRKB OB ,GKEKP
GTP[P FK[TF ONGTN OB\FC GPXT \B QYK\ OEBF BPDGEN OB
ZGBF \B QRKS[ EIB QRSP GKNTP ZKSF BGF .FHF ONGTC BXPR BGF[
G\GB NCYN NMGK[ KEM \BH NMG SRMKFNP ZGBF \B CMTP GPXT BGF \TMG
GRB OB FR[P FH QKB BZGCN KM \TEN IMGR BGF HBG .BZGCN \\N FRGGMC
\B GRIRB OKNCYP BP[ GB BZGCF QTPN NCYN \RP NT OGXPX OK[GT
FNCY QKC NECF OG[ QKB FC[ FDZEN FNGT GPXT OEBF .GRRTPN ZGBF
.BJIG FGGXP ,ZY[G \PB ,FRK\RG
QGXZ YZ OKKY BZGCF EXP .OEBC ,GC FKGN\ FVETFFG FZKICF ZCM QBM
BGF ZYKTF .NCYPC KGN\ ZCEF ?FBRFF DGS GFP ;FBRFN OEBN OGZDN
\GNT\F UKETFN [K ;BZGCFP FKR\F NM BNN \KBPXT FJNIF NCYN [K[
BN OB [RGT QKB UBG USGR NGPD\ FH NT KGVX QKB KM UB ,\KJSKBGZJNB
\KRIGZ FPZC BNB ,[RGTG ZM[ N[ FPZC BN BKF FZKICF .LM OKDFGR
.OKK[KB OKSZJRKB \NGJRG KPXTFP QKJGNIN F[GN\ ,Z\GKC FFGCD
KRVP G\GB OKZK\SP[ OKRRSP F[KPI OEBF KRVC ZGPBM CKXF BZGCF
BXPR O[G ,[DZGP BN NNM BZGCF K[KPIF QRSPF KZGIBP .QGKNTF ZGBF
GRPP[ ,(YKYE ZR) QJY ZGB WGXKRP YZ OKPKKY\P GC OKKIF .GRN[ ONGTF
GRZCT[ \GBRFF NM CGNK[ ZPGNM ,GRN[ OKKIF \GTP[P NM \CMZGP
ZGBF .\K[GRBF FKZGJSKFF NM LZGBN ,\GP[RF NMC ,\GZGEF NM LNFPC
BN \GP[RF \G[GT[ OK[TPF NM[ ET F[NI LM NM FPXGTC ZKBP FHF
QKB .\KNPKRKP \KRVGD \K[GRB OGKY \DZEM OKMZTGP BNB ,BJIN OKC[IR
.\KNPKRKPF FBRFF N[ GH FNCY NT \GNCDP OG[
GRN[ \GRGM\C \GPEKFN LKZX FH GRPNGT N[ \GBRFFP Z\GK OKXGZ OB
NM BNN \KJSKBGZJNB FRK\R F[GZKV \KRIGZ FBRF NM .KRIGZF ONGTN
FDZEPN \GNTN [K GHM \KRIGZ FDZEN TKDFN KEM .LPXTC \GC[I\F
LPXTC OGNCN NDGSP \GKFNG ,ZGBF \B GRKRVC OSGI QRSPF FC \PKGSP
\BH \G[TNG ,LN[ \G[EIF \GKRIGZF \GRGM\F \ZHTC ,SRMRF ZGBF \B
309 10 Z G T K [ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

Z"FEB UGXZV .11 ZGKB

 EGPKNF KETX 310

F\TP NCB OEB G\GB KCDN OKKY\FN NEI QRSPF HBG .QRSPF OGYPC
,GN[ KNMF LG\ NB ZGEIN FSRP[ ZGBF \B OGNCN NDGSP GPXT OEBF
.BZGCF QTPN ZGBF \B NCYN L[PFC NMGK[ KEM
\[GN[ N[ \GZKVSF OK[GN[N FPB\FC F\KF QG[BZF OEBF \P[R
OKBXPR NCB ,\GNKXBF ONGT N[ \GGF\F OXTC OF[ ,T"KC \GPNGTF
QY\P OEBF Z[BM .’EG ,’D ,’C \GKCT OT ,OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF LG\C
.\GNKXBF ONGTN \GPNGTF OT FNGT BGF ,IGZ QFC IKVPG ,GK\GNGTV \B
QG[BZF OEB FNGT ,QGYK\F N[ \GDZEPF 6,000 \B ZCGT BGF[ KZIB
UGXZVP YNI OXTC BKF[ \GKF FP[R NM .\GNKXBF ONGT NB FPN[ FKNT
FP ZIGC GRKB GPXT OEBF .LZEF F\GB \ZCGT QM NTG ,QG[BZF OEB
LMG ,GKRVN FND\P[ FP ,FNTPNP GN Q\KR[ FP \B QY\P BGF BNB ,QY\N
.Z\GKC FFGCDF \KRIGZF FDZEPF ET

QG[BZF OEBC NBZ[K EKYV\

LSPF \B .GN[ LSPF \B ECKBG ,OKYNI 600,000=N ZC[R KRIGZF KNMF
,OPXT OKZGC[F OKYNIF OKTXCP GHF FEGCTF \BG ,[EIP ZGXKN LKZX
.BZGCF \B DK[FN OFKNBP GNMGKG \KPXT FZMFN GTKDK FEGCTF LG\PG
KGZY[ ZGCJF ET F&oFP YNIF :OKYNI KR[P CMZGP KRIGZF KNMF
OMG\C[ \GZPN ,FTV[FE OKNM ;"\\N" \GRGXZF ZPGNM ,FTV[FE OKNM
OKNM KGZY FJPG ZGCJFP YNIF .\\N FZJPC OKNTGV ,OKKJSKBGDB OF
.NCYN YZ O\ZJP[ QKJGNIN OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ OFG ,FNCYE
,OKTZ OKRG\I\F GNKBG OKCGJ OF OKRGKNTF OKNMF[ ZCEF [GZKV QKB
\GRGXZF OKRG\I\F OKNMCG OKRJY \GRGXZF OKRGKNTF OKNMC[ BNB
OKRG\I\F NTG LSP OKKY OKRGKNTF OKNMF NT QMN .Z\GK OKNGED
KGZY QG\I\F YNIFG "NBZ[K" KGZY UGXZVF N[ QGKNTF YNIF .GRRKB
."OKKGD"
QGGKMP ,QGYK\ ZGCTN OKRG[BZF OF Z\GKC OK[NIF \GRGXZF
\I\P \GRGXZF QGYK\ OKZCGT OFKZIB ,CZ QPH [ZGE BN ORGYK\[
OKBZYR[ \GRGXZF \B QY\N [ZER \K[BZ .Z\GK OKKJSKBGDBF ,ZGCJN
QGYK\F ZPDC .OKKGD OKBZYR[ \GRGXZF N[ OZG\ TKDP LM ZIB ,NBZ[K
OG[ QKB QM NTG U\G[P EIB KNM CG[ ZGXKN KEM OKEIB\P \GRGXZF NM
.OKRYG\P OF GC ZESN JZV ,OKKGDN NBZ[K QKC NECF
311 10 Z G T K [ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

EXKM \GKJSKBGDB \GIV KMF QF ,NBZ[K \GP[R OB :FNB[F \NB[R

TKDF[ BKF LMN FCKSF ?ONGTC KJSKBGDB KMF OTM SV\R KEGFKF OTF
QMNG Z\GK FFGCD \GI\V\F \PZC OKBXPR ZCM OF ,OFN[ QGYK\F QPH
,QY\KFN OKNGMK BN QKKET OKKGDF .OKKGND GMVF OFN[ \GRGXZF BYGGE
.FPEZ\C OKKGZ[G OKZ\SGP OEGT OFN[ \GRGXZF QMN
Z\GK EGT OKNGED OFN[ \GRGXZF FPM ET IMGGKR ORPH BGCC[ BNB
,QFN[ QGYK\F LKNF\ \B GNKI\K GNBF \GP[RF[ TDZC .NBZ[K \GRGXZP
OFK\GKNDF .\GNTN OFN \GEGF GNMGK ,QGYK\ GZCT ZCM[ NBZ[K \GP[R
NM ,NBZ[K WZBN FZHIFG OKKGDF QKC \GC[KK\FF ,NBZ[KP OKEGFKF N[
FKFK Q\KR[ ,FP[R \GXGXKR O\GB OKKGDC \GNTFN KEM OK[GZE GKF FNB
.U\G[PF ORGYK\ LZGXN NBZ[KN \GXGXKRF OT OKKGDF \B UZXN
ZIBN YZ QGYK\ ZGCTN OKNGMK OKKJSKBGDB OKNMM OK[P[PF OKKGDF
,OKKJSKBGZJNBF OKNMF OF[ ,NBZ[K \B OKVIGE QMNG ,NBZ[K QGYK\
KGZY[ FPG ,OKEGFKF KVNM FBR[F NM \TCGR QBMP .QGYK\F \B ZGCTN
BNG ECNC OFK\GP[R QGYK\C OKYSGT GKF NBZ[K OB .\GKP[KJRB
.\K\GFP FR\[P FKF GRKVNM OKKGDF SIK ,OKZIB OKZCE NT OD OKC[GI
\B OKB[GR GKF OF ,BGF LGVFR ,\GRTJC GRKNB OKBC GKF BN OF
,OFN[ EGTKC OGKM OKYSGT ORKB NBZ[K[ \GKF NCB .OKKVM NT OKEGFKF
OKPTF CZYC GNKVB ,\ZCGDG \MNGF YZ OKKGDF CZYC GKVNM FBR[F
.OKEGFKF N[ KSKVF OPGKY NT D[GP OFN QKB[
KZVSC QKKTN GKNT KRIGZF ONGTF NB \BXN NMGK KIMGRF ZGEF[ KEM
Z[T EGPN\ BGF KHMZPF EGPKNF ZVS OGKFN QGMR ,OKKJRGGNZ FNCY
GKF KRIGZF ONGTF NB \BXN \RP NT OKR[ \GBP TCZB KRVN .\GZKVSF
NMN ."ZFGHF" ZVS FH FKF K"ZBF KRVNG .K"ZBF KZVS \B BGZYN OKMKZX
OKEIGKP OF[ OKZVS [K ,GN[ \KRIGZF \GI\V\FF \EKPN OB\FC ,ZGE
.KRIGZF ONGTF NB \BXN GN TKKSN KEM GN OKPB\GPG
NMC BGZYN NGMK BGF KRIGZF ONGTF \B FNDPG BXGK OEBF Z[BM
.GN OKPKB\P FNBF OKZVSF NM[ \TEN IMGR BGF QM[ FNCYF KZVS
ONGTF KYGI NM NT LPXT LG\C ZGP[N GTP[P { KRIGZF ONGTN \GPEKFN
ZGCT KVGSF KGNKDF CXPC .GRN[ FP[RF \I\V\P FHN OB\FCG .KRIGZF
OKEIB\P ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF QFG GRN[ ONGTF QF ,\GPNGTF NM ,OEBF
FNGTV F[GT BGF OB HB GB .\GPNGTF NMC NKCYPC OKKY OEBF HBG
.KRIGZF ONGTC \TXC\P FNGTV F\GB NKCYPC ,GRN[ ONGTC KF[NM
 EGPKNF KETX 312

"OKZGTK[ FZ[T"
\GCG[\G \GNB[

?KFP FNCY
?"FNCYF \V[" KFP
KRVGB FCG ,\GV[ QGGDP \YCGIF ,QKPGK \YK\T FBZGF BKF FNCY
\V[ ,EGPN\C GPM OKRKEF \V[ ,FZG\C GPM ZGVKSF \V[ :OKCZ KGJKC
FNCYF .\GXKZJPG OKJGJZ[ ,\GBISGRC \[P\[PF ,FPXT FNCYF
.\GKRIGZ \GTVG\ TKCFN KEM ,OKZGFJ OKKJP\P OKYGIC \[P\[P
\V[ LB .OEBF \G[DZFG \G[GI\F \B ZB\N OKCZ OKRVGB OR[K
Q\KR \GKRIGZ \G[GI\ .\KTEP FV[ BKFG ,QNGMP \YKGEPF BKF FNCYF
GZCKI[ FYKSGPF \B OKZKMP GRRKB ORPB .FYKSGPF \V[C OD BJCN
\B OKNCGYP GTKCF QFC FYKSGPG FZK[ GKF \BH NMC .ZCTC OKNCGYPF
FEKIKF ,FRGZIBF \KNCYF FYKSGPF .KRIGZF ONGTC G[KDZF Z[B
,DN[B LGZC CZF N[G DN[B FEGFK CZF N[ GH BKF ,FEZ[[ \KZGYPFG
.ZGMCF GRC
QKB[ FNBN OD ,ONGM KRHGBN FTKDP BKF QM[ FCGJ FYKSGPF \V[
GRKB[ OEBN OD Z[VBP FH ZCE .FNCYF N[ \GZIBF \GV[C FTKEK OFN
\G[DZFG \GKGGI Q\GBC U\\[FNG [KDZFN \KRIGZF \GBKXPC KGZ[
.KRIGZF ONGTC TDZ G\GBC [KDZF NCGYPF[

?FNCYF \PMGI \GRGZYT OFP

N[ \KCZKPF FBRFF BGF \GBKXPF NMC OKKY[ KEKIKF YGIF
OKGGFPG FHF YGIF NT OKSSC\P OKYGIF ZB[ NM .BZGCFP FBKZCF
OG[K BNB GRKB \GBKXPC FZGY[ FP NM .GN[ OKKJZV OKZYP F[TPN
NT TRGP ,FRG\R QPH \EGYR NMC ,OGYKC ZCE NM .FH YGI N[ F[TPN FMNF
\GBNP\F ,\KCZKP FBRF N[ CXPN TKDFN OEBF \B UIGE[ IGMF KEK
BXPR BZGCF :FMK[PF YGI \NGTVN FPGE BZGCF \NGTV .BZGCF ZGBC
N[ YIZP \GP[RF \B YKIZF BGF LZEF \NKI\C .OGYKF HMZPC
ET { FK[T ,FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB GRPP \GPNGT F[KPI
NKI\P BGF QM KZIB .FHF ONGTF FKGZY[ Z\GKC \YIGZPF FEGYRF
.GKNB GR\GB LG[PN
313 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

NCSC FGGNP ,GRKNT FVMR[ GF[PM FHF LKNF\F \B OK[I GRIRB

TCJF KGRK[N GR\GB UGIEN ETGR FHF NCSF .OFKRKPN OKZGSKG
.KJSKBGZJNB GTCJP BZGCF BNF[ .KJSKBGZJNBN GRN[ KJSKBGDBF
EPKPC OEBF \GRGM\ KGRK[ GTP[P BZGCF NB \GCZY\F GB \GYIZ\F
,GN[ \KJSKBGZJNBF FRGM\N ,BZGCN Z\GK OKPGE[ NMM :KRIGZF
\PZGD OHKBGDBF \ZCDF GNKBG ,Z\GK FCZ FPXGTC GKNB OKM[PR
.BZGCFP \GYIZ\FN
QK\PR BNG ,BZGCF NB \KRIGZ \GCZY\FC OKXPBP TKY[R[ FEKPC
OXPXN NMGR ,FCKBMP FZGXC GRKNT TKV[K GN[ L[GPF IGMF Z[B ET
OZGDF CGJ GF[PM BZGCF N[ L[GPF IGMF \B [GING ,GRN[ NCSF \B
CZSR JZVCG ,GRN[ \GRGM\F \B QY\N FXZR BNG [YT\R OB .FBRF GRN
CZ NCS FHF ONGTC [GIR ,BZGCF N[ \GKJSKBGZJNB \GRGM\ NCYN
.\GGPCG KNGIC ,OKK[YC BJC\K[
TEGPC[ KEM ,\GRKICF NMP KPXT [GPKP GRN \Z[VBP FNCYF \PMGI
WNBPF IGMF \TV[FN YYEHR BNG ,BZGCF ZCT NB OEY\FN NMGR
\JK[ \B ,ZB[F QKCG ,FNCYF \PMGI \B EPGN[ OEB .GN[ F[YGRF
NDGSP BGF HBG ,TEKG OKKRIGZ \GIGM NCYP ,BZGCN \KRIGZF \GCZY\FF
\KRIGZF LZEF NM \B ZGCTN FNYG FZKFP FZGXCG GPXT \GIGMC
ONGTF NMPG GPXTP TRGP BGF LM G\G[TC .BZGCF NB \GCZY\FN
NTGV QF GRN[ ONGTC \GKNKN[F \GTVG\F NM .\GPINPG ,\GRGSB ,\GNIP
.QGYK\N GR\GB UIGE[ ,BZGCF N[ WNBPF IGMF \GNKTV N[ BXGK
FECGTF OXTP \GPNGTF NGFKRC NKTV YNI IYGN ZCM ,BZGYF ,F\B
.\BZY[ FPN EDR\FN GB OKMSFN ,IMGG\FN ,I\RN ,CG[IN \NI\F[
KEK NTG BZGCF OT KRIGZF Z[YF \EGYR \B L\P[R LG\C ZZGTP F\B
,FRGKNTF FID[FF \B LMZP ,GRN[ ONGTF NB QGYK\F ZGB \B L[GP LM
NKTGP KMF TEPF BKF FNCYF \PMGI QMN .FN[ \G[YGRF \B LMZPG
.KGBZM \GKIN Z[VB EXKM \GBZN GRKRKT \B IYGV[ ,OGKF

?FNCYF \PMGI N[ KJPK\PF FRCPF GFP

CMZGP BGF GCGZC .CMZGPG NGED FNCYF \PMGI N[ KJPK\PF FRCPF
;OKCMZGP \GN\ KSIK ,\GBISGR ,\GXKZJP OD GC [K[ BNB ,\GKZJPKDP
F[TPN .\GK\GB OD \GZCI\P FH FRCPN .FYKJP\PC GPM ,\GZES QMG
,\G[GI\ EPGNC GZXGGK Z[B ET ,GHF \MZTPF NM \B QKCFN Z[VB KB
 EGPKNF KETX 314

KJZGBK\ TEP FRRKB FNCYF \PMGI .OKEPNR[ OKCXPN FPB\FC

,OPXTN ZB\N OKJGR OKCZ[ KVM ,OKKP[F GB ,KRIGZF ONGTF GRKKRT[
LG\P YZ QCGPG EPNR BGF[ \GKF ,ONGMP K[TPF TEPF GFH BNB
\KRIGZ FNGTV GHKB G\ZDSPC TXCP OEBF :GPXT EPGNF NT GK\GTV[F
.FBXG\F \B GPXT NT [KDZPG
\B .FBXG\F \B [KDZP BGF YZG ,F[GT BGF YGKEC FP QKCP BGF YZ
FV[ \ZHTC YZ ZIB GF[KPN ZKCTFNG ,ZB\N Q\KR GNBF \G[GI\F
YZ NGMK ,FC QKICFN ,FTXGC[ \KRIGZF FNGTVF \B [KDZFN LB .\KEGIK
\KK[TN LKZEP BKF FNCYF \PMGI QMN .FNGTVF F\GB NT ZHGI[ KP
NCY\P[ ZGBF .FGGXP \BZYR \KRIGZ FNGTV NM .\GKRIGZ \GNGTV
."FZG\" KGZY FNGTVF TGXKCP FBXG\M

BZGC
?"BZCRF EXP" QKCG "BZGCF EXP" QKC NECFF FP
LZE FZXGRG LZC\K G\C[IPP FBXK FBKZCF NM GTP[P BZGCF EXP
UGS=QKB ONGTC .UGS=QKB ONGT \BZYRG Z[K ZGB N[ (\GRKIC) \GDZE TCZB
OKBZCRF F\GB[ ,BZGCF EXP { FN[ \GPN[C \PKKY\P FBKZCF NM
FHF ONGTFP ,O\[GI\C GNTK[ KZIB YZ OFK\G[GI\C NCYN OKNGMK
OKKY[ FP FND\K OKBZCRF EXP OD HBG .BZCRF EXP { UGS=QKB ONGTN
.BZGCF EXP EKP\

?LM \BZYR BKF TGEPG ,O[F \EGCT KFP

ZCGEP[ CG[IN DGFR TGEP .F[GT BZGCF[ FEGCT BKF O[F \EGCT
FNTPNP FEGCTF NM \B[ BKF LMN FCG[\F ?OEBF \EGCTC BYGGE
FEKPC YZ FEGCT BZGCF F[GT FNTPN FJPNP GNKBG ,BZGCF F[GT FJPN
\GXKIR [GIN BKF OEBF \EGCT NM QMN .\KRIGZ \GNTN [YCP OEBF[
FDZEPFP \BH [GZEN ZPGNM ,BZGCFP \BH [GZENG \KRIGZ FKNTC
EKP\ FRPP FRG\I\F FDZEPN SIKC Z[B ,FFGCD Z\GKF \KRIGZF
.BZGC \BZYR
BZCR ZGXKN FXGZ[ QGKNT IGM BGF[ ,BZGCFP FNKI\P FNGM FBKZCF
BZGC FKF ,ON[GP BGF[ ,FHF IGMF GNKB .G\GPN[C GKNB FGG\[P[
.ON[GP FKF BN GPXT BGF[ KZF ,ON[GP GRKB[ GF[P
315 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

.G\GPN[C GN FGG[F BZCR BGZCN ,ON[GP G\GKFP ,BZGCF N[ G\ZJP

GHF FBKZCF \C[IP ."FBKZCF \ZJP" KGZY ZGBC TCJGPF FHF QGXZF
CN[ NMC .FVGS ETG F\NKI\P FBKZCF N[ \GI\V\FF NM \B FZKEDP
,ONGMN OKKRIGZF \GPNGTC FZGY[ FP NM ,FBKZCF \GI\V\F N[ CN[G
ONGTC OK[KDZP OKBZCRF[ LZEC[ OKZGSKF \BS NM NTG CXP NMCG
ON[GPF GCXPN BZCRF \B BKCFN :FZJP F\GBN QGGMP FH NM ,GRN[
.Z\GKC CGJFG
BNB ,LM NT BZYR OKZVSC YZ BN ZIB BZCR OG[ QKB OEBFP WGI
,GRPNGTC YZ BN ,FBKZCF N[ OKECZF NMC ZCEF \B [KDZRG FBZR OD
GN[ KVGSF F[TPF OD HB ON[GP BZGCF OB .ONGM \GPNGTF NMC BNB
KCXP EGT NM ON[GP GN[ KVGSF F[TPN BGZYN Q\KR OBF LB .ON[GP
?YEX KBG OKZGSK OKBNPG OKPN[GP ORKB OKKRKCF
GRB LB ;OKPN[GP \TM OFC OKBXPR GRB[ FNB \GCZN ,OKKRKCF KCXP
,FBPGJF N[ \GIGMF \MZTPC KGN\ ZCEF .O\GPN[ \B OK[KDZP GRRKB
\PMGI .OKBXPR GRB GC ON[GPF CXPF \B [KDZFN GRN \Z[VBP BN[
KVNG ,GKNT FBPGJF \GIGM \TV[F \B NZJRN OEBN \Z[VBP FNCYF
YZ BNG OGKY NMC[ KVGS QKBF CXPF \B ,\GKIXR [KDZFN NGZJRF \EKP
.NCDGPFG QJYF GRPNGT \B
?F@K@GF
z BZGCF N[ KNNMF GP[ [GZKV FP
,EK\TCG FGGFC ,ZCTC ,FKIPG ZXGK BZGCF[ BGF FKGF O[F [GZKV
NTP \GKRIGZC BZGCF \B DK[FN OKMKZX GRB[ KVM ,QPHF NTP ZPGNM
.QPHN
?GKKGRKMG ’F \GP[ QKC NECFF FP
\B OKPBG\ OFG "FZG\C OK[GEYF \GP[F \Z[T" GTP[P ’F \GP[
BGF "F=K" O[F ,Z\M \ZKVS BGF "F=K=F=B" O[F QGDM \GZKVSF Z[T
N[ \GRG[BZF \GK\GBC ONGSF NTC ZB\P[ KVM .’GMG FPMGI \ZKVS
,"QGRI" { BZGCF \GRGM\ OF OKRG[F OKKGRKMFG .ONGSF [GZKVN FIK\VF
FP LG\P LM GZEDGF[ \GRGM\ QFG ,KGMG "QGKNT ESI ZXGR" ,"OGIZ"
.OKNCGYP GDK[F[
?CKJPG CGJ N[ \GTP[P [K BZGCN OBF
GHP \XYPC FRG[ G\GTP[P BZGCN \GSIKK\FC CKJPG CGJ IRGPF
BNPP[ FP \B CGJM OKCK[IP GRIRB[ BKF LMN FCKSF .GRN \ZMGPF
 EGPKNF KETX 316

FP ,"CGJ" BZGY KRB KN CGJ[ FP .GRN[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF \B

.GRN[ \GI\V\FF \PZN KSIK NMF ."TZ" BZGY KRB KN TZ[
?’F NMKF N[ G[GZKV FP
,LNPF NMKFN SRMR[ KP NM[ GTP[P NMKF ."NM"G "KF"P CMZGP NMKF
KGZYF KPKRV CXP DK[P[ OEB .GZGCT QKMF BZGCF[ FP NM \B NCYP
,FH CXP DK[F BN EGT NMG .BZGCF OT KIXRG ON[ TDPN SRMR NMKF
.FK\GRGM\C OKK\DZEF OKRGYK\ \ZCGT G\P[R
QMN ,BZGCN OEBF QKC YIZPF BGF OGYP ."OGYP" OD BZYR BZGCF
NGCDF GY .BZGC OT DHP\K ,BZGCC YCEKK GC CXPN BGCN CKKI OEBFG
ZCGT OEB[ TDZP .OGYP KGZY BGF OD BZGCF QKCN GRKC [KDZP BGF[
\KKI\) OK\PF \KKI\ \B DK[P BGF ,BZGCC YCERG OKRGYK\F NM \B
BZGCF \BG .OGYP FNKPF FBC QBMPG "FPKY" KGZY[ FP { (GK\GRGM\
.NMKFM [KDZP BGF GPXT N[ \GRGM\FG

\GPNGT
?"GRN[ ONGTF" GFP
BNFG \GKJSKBGDBF \G[GI\C [KDZP OEBF[ FP BGF GRN[ ONGTF
[KDZFN NKI\P BGF LM ,GN[ "KRB"F N[ QGYK\F \EKPM .GN[ \GRYG\P
.Z\GK QGXKI ONGT
?"FHF ONGTF" \GTP[P FP
Z[BM .BZGCN Z\GKC \EDGRPF FEGYRF BGF (GK\GRGM\C) FHF ONGTF
NKI\P UKYPF ZGBF ,FNCY EGPNNG GPXTC HMZ\FN NKI\P OEB
G\ZBF \B GPXT NT ZZGTP OEBF EGPKNF L[PC .FDZEFC GN ZKBFN
Z\GKG Z\GK GPXT [KDZFN NKI\P BGF QPHF OTG UKYPF ZGBF N[
GPXT \B [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF[ LMP TCGR FH .(TZF \ZMF) NYNGYP
.ZGBN FBGG[FC
GPXT [KDZK BGF ,FHF ONGTC ,G\PXGT BGNPC OEBN ZKBK FH ZGB[M
NKXK BZGCF ,FYTHN FCGD\C .FZHTN YTHK BGF HBG BZGCN QKJGNIN EDGRP
FDZEPF NB ,OGSIPN ZCTP NB FHF ONGTFP OEBF \B FNTKG G\GB
.KRIGZF ONGTF N[ FRG[BZF
OHKBGDBF N[ TZF \ZMFN TKDFN BKF GR\KKTC NM[ QCGP ,ZGPBF NMP
ZGBF GB ,FZG\F ZGB \TV[FC YZ ,TKDFN NMGR LMN .GRN[ TCJF ,GRN[
317 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

QKKET[ QGGKM ,UKYP BZYR ZGBF .FNCYF EGPKN QPHC GRN ZKBP[ UKYPF
.GMG\C[ TZF \GIMGR NNDC OEBN SRMKFN NGMK BGF QKB

?GRBZCR[ KVM NCYN QGXZF N[ FZGXC OKKGRC GRN[ ONGTFG GRB TGEP
,FCT\P BGF QMNFPC[ \GRKIC TCZB LZE ZCGT BZGCFP BXGKF ZGBF
\GRFKNG ,ZGBF \B NCYN QGXZF BGF[ "KNM" GK\I\ ZXGK BGF[ KRVN
\GMNP[ TDZC[ BNB .\GMNP ,\K[KPIF FRKICF BGF FHF QGXZF .GRPP
QMN .GN \GPEKFN FJKNIP BKF ,ZGBF \B FMG\C [KDZFN FNKI\P
OD QMNG ,FN \GPEGY[ \GRKICF TCZBN \GPEKFN FSRP BKF F\GKPKRVC
.OKYNI F[KPIN FMG\C \YNI\P BKF
BKF ,\GRKICF TCZBN \GPEKFN \NDGSP \K[KPIF FRKICF[ YNIC
\GRKICF \TCZBP \IB UBN \GPEKFN NGMK BN[ FC[ YNIFG ,FPEKP
.KGRK[ BNN GRKTC ZB[R ,\GPEGYF
FZ[T OKRGP GRB QMNG OKYNI \\ F[K[N \YNI\P \K[KN[F FRKICF
,[ZG[ OD OKBZYR OKYNI \Z[T .BZCR NMC \GZKVS Z[T GB OKYNI
KR[ ,OEBF UGDC OKEIB\P OKRG[BZF \[GN[ .NMKFG [GCN ,UGD ,FP[R
GHF FEZVFF .GRCKCSP[ ONGTFG OKEDC GPM ,EZVRC OKPKKY OKRGZIBF
.\GPNGTC F[TR[ (KR[F OGXPXF) ’C OGXPX N[C \[IZ\P

?OKCZ \GPNGT OKXGIR FP O[N

LG\ FDZEFC FRCR KJSKBGDBF QGXZFG NKBGF [GZE \GPNGTF KGCKZ
BZCRF N[ [ZG[F ,QGXZ FNKI\ ZXGR UGS=QKB ONGTC :BZGCFP \GYIZ\F
OD QGXZF NCB ,KPXT QTPN NCYN QGXZF ZXGR ’C OGXPX ZIB .KEK\TF
\GRGXZ OKTKVGP ,OKNMF \ZKC[ OT QM KZIB .NCYNP GPXT \B QSZP
OT HBG .KJSKBGDBF QGXZF \B NXRN OKXGZ EKP[ ,"\GVKNY" ,FBPGJE
\MZTP .FBPGJE \GIGM N[ OKPN[ \GPNGT OKENGR ,QG[BZF OEBF BJI
BXPR OEBFG ,F[GEYE \GIGMF \MZTPN \EDGRPG FGG[ FBPGJE \GIGM
.FZKICF [VGI N[ OKBR\F \B ZGXKN KEM OFKRKC

?"OKNKCYP \GPNGT" OFP

FK[TG FZKXK ,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB { \GPNGTF \[PI NM
HMZP \GNTC \GTCJ [PI GRRGKPEC ZB\N FSRR .FHN FH OKNKCYP
\I\ GH ,OKPTV [PI FRGP\ F\GB YK\TR \TM .OECNP EGT QKBG .U\G[P
.OKNGDKT F[KPI OFP EIB NMC[ OKNKCYP OKIJ[ F[KPI GRNCKY .GH
 EGPKNF KETX 318

,FBKZC ,\GNKXB ,QGPEY OEB OKBZYRF \GPNGT OF GNNF OKIJ[F

OKNGDKT F[KPI GCG IJ[ EGT GNB OKIJ[ N[ OEXC CKXR .FK[T FZKXK
OKNGDKT F[KPI GCG IJ[ EGT DKXR KR[F EXFP .UGS=QKB ONGT GN BZYRG
NDGSP OEB .\GPNGT F[KPI OR[K UGS=QKB ONGTN OEB QKC .OEB BGFG
TKDFNG \GPNGTF NM OT ,GN[ \GRGM\F \ZHTC ,FDZEFC GPXT \B Z[YN
GK\GRGM\C KGRK[N OB\FC .UGS=QKB ONGT OT ,\GRGM\C FZGXF \GG\[FN
FHF ONGTC GPXT \[DZFP { ONGTN ONGTP (\KPKRV) ZCGT OEB GPXT [I
.BZGCN ,UGS=QKB ONGTN ,KZPDN FPGE IZGBC ,GPXT \[DZF ET ECNC
.(OEB) ZCEP ,KI ,IPGX ,OPGE OKBZYR CIZP NMC[ OKNGDKTF \[PI
.\GPNGTFP EIB NMC BZGCF KGNKD QF GNB OGKY \GPZ

\GZGB
?OKESIN ("BPB") F[BG FPMGIN ("BCB") ZMH OKGG[P TGEP
BGF FRKC ZGBG \GKZMHF \GRGM\F N[ [ZG[F BGF FPMGI ZGB
CK\MC GNKVB NECFF \B \GBZN Z[VB .\GKCYRF \GRGM\F N[ [ZG[F
(ZCDC) ’K \GK\GBF \GNKECP OKNKPF K\[ QKC .F[B ,[KB :OKNKPF N[
,FRKCF \ZKVS \B ,’F GNKBG ,FPMGI \ZKVS \B \RPSP ’K .(F[BC) ’F=G
.\GMNPC[
,FH \B FH OKPKN[PG FHC FH OKZG[Y \GBKXPF KYNI NM[ QGGKMP
GB YNI NM KZF ,OKZIBF \B KF[NM FEKPC GMG\C NNGM YNI NMG
,\GRG[ OKMZEC O\GB ZKCSFN Q\KR EKP\ ,ZGYIR[ FNGTV GB FRGM\
\GRKIC TCZB" FBKZCF N[ \GRKICF TCZBC ZCGEP FKFK EKP\ KM UB
."Z[K ZGBE

?KSKVF GVGD \B BNG G\P[R \B [KDZP OEB OBF

BGF GC CXPF \B DK[FN LKZX OEB .FKN[B GRKF KSKVF KP[DF UGDF
[KDZFN LN \Z[VBP BKF ;FNCYF \Z[VBP FH \B .G\P[R \B [KDZK
BNPK G\GB[ ,OGXT KNMN F\GB I\VN LM ZIBG ,FP[RF N[ F\NKI\ \B
.GPXTC BZGCF

?"QGKNT IGM" GFP

,OKRYG\P GRRKB[ LG\P LB .GR\GB DKFRP[ JNIGPF CGJF N[ IGMF GFH
.YKHPG TZM [DZGP IGMF
319 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

YGSTN ,FZGX GHKBCG ,Z\GP OBF ?FKDBP \EPNP FNCYF \PMGI OBF
,\GKJSKNCY \GBNCJ ,\GTKPYC IGMG \PB [K OBF ?"\K[TP FNCYC"
?OKPK[Z\ ,OKZGKX
\GRYFN F\ZJP .GNBM \GNGTVC YGSTN [GZKVC \ZSGB FNCYF \PMGI
FDZEN TKDFNG I\V\FN NDGSP FKFK[ KEM OKKRIGZ \GIGMG FVKB[ OEBN
.BZGCF N[ \KRIGZ

?KNM GFP
QTPN NCYN FRGGMF N[ LSPN \GEGFG LSPF KEK NT QYG\[ QGXZ BGF KNM
OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF \B DGRT\C BNPN \GRPEHF NCYP BGF ,BZGCF
,GPK[Z BNB ,KNM KGZY BN QKKET LSPF KEK NT QYG\ BN[ QGXZ .\GRFKN
.’GMG FVKNY

EGTKF \B [PPN LKZX FH [KB FPN ?\CM GB QCM OEBF ENGR FP O[N
OKZIGC FEKP \GPB GNKB KVN ?NBZ[KP YIZF ,ZIBFG ,NBZ[K WZBC GN[
?\K\IV[P FCZKYC
KGZY[ ,FRGKNTF FID[FF QGRDRPN YZG LB \GSIKK\P FNBF \GNB[
,BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH { OKYNI KR[P \CMZGP GH \MZTP .\GNKXBF ONGT Q"GH
QKNPGDF KSIK .OFKRKC QKNPGD KSIK \MZTPC OKBXPR[ { KCYRG KZMH
N[ N[ OKDGGKHFP .(OKR[ ,OK[EGI ,\GTGC[ ,OKPK) QPH OKZXGK OFKRKC
N[ \GRGM\F \B \GZKEDP \GP[RF \GRGM\ .\GP[RF \GENGR BCYGRG B"H
,FHF ONGTC ENGR ENK[ KRVN EGT .\[CN\P FP[RF GC[ ,KSKVF UGDF
.FHF ONGTF NB \EZGKG GN[ FP[RF \ZXGR
,QPH N[ OKEPKPC OKKXZB OKIRGPC FNB OKB[GRC QBM OKZCEP GRB
BNB .KRIGZF ONGTC OKPKKY ORKB FNB OKEPKP KM UB ,FHGH\G ,OGYP
\GNKXBF ONGT Q"GH N[ KCYRFG KZMHF YNIF QKC QKNPGDF KSIK BYGGE[
.GRN[ ONGTC FZYK[ FP NM \B OKTCGY
\GKGZ[VBF QGGDP NM \B FJG[VG FNY FZGXC ZB\N \GZ[VB OG[ QKB
OK[CN\P ,OKZ[Y\P OFKR[ EXKM ,FNBF OKYNIF KR[ QKC OKSIKF N[
.EBP \CMZGP \MZTP KFGH .\G[EI \GP[R OKZXGKG OKDGGEHP ,FHC FH
ZVS BGF[ ,"\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"C[ OKEGPT OKKVNBP Z\GK LG\P
OK[EYGP OKEGPT \GBP [[ UNB LZTC ,FNCYF \PMGIC KZYKTF EGPKNF
.\GNKXBF ONGT Q"GH N[ ZGBK\N
 EGPKNF KETX 320

?OKPTV ZGVSRKB \GZKVS Z[TN YNI\FN KRIGZ OXT NGMK EXKM

OTV GYNING ,Z\GKC QJYF GNKVBG KRIGZ OXT N[ YNI NM EEGCN Q\KR
BZC[ QGXZF .UGSRKB ET ,FNKNI ZHGIG ,OKYNI \\ FZ[TN \VSGR
QGXZC OK[P\[P FC FEKPF YZ BGF FR\[P[ FPG ,FR\[P BN BZGCF
KRIGZ OXT ,ZPGNM .LSPF NEGDC KGN\ FHG ,BZGCF QTPN FRGGM GPT [K[
.LSP F[TR GKNT[G BZGCF BZC[ EKIKG EIB QGXZP YNI BGF
?"QKB"G "KRB" QKC NECFF GFP
ZESC BKF QFP \IB NM LB \GK\GB Q\GBP \GCMZGP GNB OKNKP K\[
\GMNPF .FND\P GH FRICF FDZEP GHKB KVNM KGN\ FH ZES .FRG[ \GK\GB
\BG ,FCXP \B FNDP BKF[ FEKPF F\GBC "KRB" \BZYR UGXZVC[
QG\I\F ,BCF UGXZVF N[ EKNGPFG SKSCF BKF \BH OT .FN[ FDZEPF
ZIBP ,"QKB" GB ,Z\M ,[ZG[ BKF ,QG\I\F UGXZVF N[ G\RKICP .Z\GK
.GMG\C QGKNTF \GNGTVN ZCTP QGKNTF \B DK[FN NGMK BN QG\I\F[
:CG\M[ KVM BNB GPXT BZGCF \B DK[FN OKNGMK GRB QKB GH FCKSP
."LGRZMF LK[TPP"
?"[VRF BGF OEF" OKZPGB TGEP
[K ,QYG\PF QGXZF \GKPKRV \B BNPPF BZGCF ZGBN ZPGNM ,FP[RN
KM ZPBR .FEKIKG FKI ,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR :\GDZE [PI GB ,\GP[ F[PI
BKF[ ,OPGE FNKPFP FBC "OE" FNKPF[ QGGKMP "[VRF BGF OEF"
OKBZYRF FP[RF \GIGM OF OEF KNM .\GKRIGZC[ OPGEF \DZE
.UGDF \B OKKIP OF KM ,FP[RF KIKN[ ,OKMBNP
?ZPGIF EGSK GFP
.KF[NM FTVG\ N[ GB OXT N[ FD[FC Z\GKC QG\I\F NGCDF BGF EGSK
.FYGNIN Z\GK Q\KR BNG GKCKMZPN EZVGF[ EGSK YNIC ZCGEP QKB LB
,GRN[ ONGTC BXPR BN OKYNI EGTN YNI\P BN[ FHM EGSK[ OG[P \BHG
OKBZGY FNCYC .FTVG\ F\GB GB OXT G\GB N[ KRIGZF [ZG[C YZ BNB
SSGP\\ BN ONGTN FPEB .(ZVT GB ZVB) FPEBG OKP ,IGZ ,[B \GEGSKN
.ZVTC OE \GSMN FGGXP [K GH FCKSP .NHGRN YXGPP LGVF\G
QXPIFG QPKPF KHDP CMZGP[ OKPF EGSK BXPR FPEBF EGSK NTP
OKDGSP CMZGP[ IGZF EGSK BXPR OKPF NTP .\KNHGRF G\ZGX \GZPN
[BF EGSK BXPR IGZF EGSK NTP .HD \ZGXC BXPR EKP\G OKHD N[ OKRG[
FPEBF .FR\[P GRKB ONGTNG YZV\P GRKB ,\GEGSKF NM NTP BXPR[
321 \GCG[\G \GNB[ | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

,GRPNGTC OD .\GEGSKF ZB[ NMN EGSKFG ONGMP QG\I\F EGSKF BKF

.ONGM NTP [BFG IGZF OFKNTP ,FPEBF KRV NT OKBXPR OKPF
?ZPGIF \GEGSK \TCZBG NC\ \GGXY \TCZB QKC Z[YF GFP
FTCZB OR[K ,QGVXG OGZE ,CZTP ,IZHP ,NC\ \GGXY \TCZB EDRM
,FRKC ,FPMGI BGF NKCYPF \GZKVSC .FPEBG OKP ,IGZ ,[B :\GEGSK
LG\C FRKCF ZGB ,[BF LG\C BXPR FPMGIF ZGB Z[BM .\GMNPG B"H
\GZGBF NM[ GTP[P ,FPEB LG\C \GMNP ZGBG IGZ LG\C B"H ZGB ,OKP
.OK\PF \KKI\ \B OKDK[P LMG OFKNMC OKBXPR
?NGY GFP
OT ,UGXZVF [BZ BGF[ QGKNTF \G[DR\FP \TCGR NGYF \GZXGGKF
FNI\FFG ,FRGKNTF FV[F BGF[ ,[BZF UGS ,GN[ UGDF BGF[ ,QG\I\F
K\[ Z[BM .UGS QG[NP BC FV[ ."FRG\I\F FV["F BKF[ UGDF N[
OEGY Z\SGP FKF[ [EI ZCE ENGR ,F[TPN FMNF ,\G[DR\P \GDZEP
.ZGCKE N[ FZGXC ENGR BGFG
?QPH GFP
F[DZFF \EKP BKF QPHF \EKP .QGZSKIF ,NGYNYF \[DZF BGF QPH
OGYP ,\GZIB OKNKPC .ZGBC BNPNG QY\N OKMKZX G\GB[ ,NGYNYF N[
ZSGI \[DZF BGFG ZGYP G\GBP OKTKDP (QY\N OKMKZX[ QGXZ) QPHG
N[ \GRGM\FG OKYGIF KGNKD N[ Z\GKC FBNVR F[DZF GH .\GPN[F
OKYIZ\P[ NMM .BZGCFP JG[VF ZGBF \GJ[V\FP OKENGR[ ,FBKZCF
,OKYGI OKTKVGP QMNG Z\GKG Z\GK \GPN[F KB FND\P ,BZGCFP Z\GK
.\GBKZCG \GRGM\ \GKZGDJY
?TZN CGJ QKC OKKRKC CXP [K OBF
.OKPIZ OKBXPR OFKRKC .QKE BGF TZ .ESI BGF CGJ
?G[GZKV FP { OEB "ONX"C FBZCR FBKZCF NM
OKNNGMG OKGGY [GN[C GRYG\[ \GZKVS Z[T BKF FRGGMF "ONX"C
"ONX" IRGPF .OKZCKB I"PZP OKCMZGPF ,(OKKVD) UGS ,(UGD) LG\ ,[BZ
UGXZV N[ Y\TFM LB FRG[ ZPGIP KGRC GRN[ ONGTC OEBF[ LMP TCGR
.KRIGZ
 EGPKNF KETX 322

FBKZCF FRCPC EGSK KD[GP :IVSR

NMGK Q\ZHTC[ KEM FJGT BZGCF[ ,"[GCN"F ,\GRGM\F QF "\GZKVS"
GRIRB QFKNTG ,GN[ \GKJZVF \GRGM\F QRKB QF .OKBZCRF KRVN TKVGFN
SGV\N NMGR .Q\GB SGV\N OKNDGSP BN GRIRB KM ,ZCE ZPGN OKNGMK BN
\GRGM\F QF \GZKVSF GRKNB SIKC .GRN \GNDN FXGZ BGF[ FP \B YZ
."\GEKP" OD \GBZYR[ "\GKRGXKIF"
,OKKGSP ZGBM ,F\GB FNDP[ KPN FTKVGP BZGCF N[ FRGM\ NM
\B FRMP BGF \BHF F[DZFF KVN .\PKKGSP F[DZF GC \ZZGTPG
FZGX BKF OEBN BZGCFP FBC[ FZBF NM .O[ FN YKRTPG ,FZKVSF
\GZGX NM .\PKKGSP FCGD\ OEBC \ZZGTP[ \GB ,FID[F N[ \PKKGSP
\ZBF" KNNM QVGBC \GBZYR OEBF KVNM BZGCFP \GBXGK[ FNBF ZGBF
."FRKM[F
OB :BZGCF ZGB \B [KDZP BGF GH FEKPC ,QYG\P OEBF FC[ FEKPC
GKNB BC[ ZGBF \B [KDZP BN BGF ,\RYG\P FRKB OEBC FRGM\ UB
FZYPC .LMC [KDZK OEBF[ KNC GKNT JNG[ BZGCF HB OD KM UB ,BZGCFP
.BZGC OKKY[ QKPBP BN OEBF \RYG\P FRRKB OEBC FRGM\ OG[[
BGF FEKP F\GBC ,ZGBF \GRGM\N \GPGE OEBF N[ GK\GRGM\[ FEKPC
NKI\PG ,BZGCF \B [KDZP ,BZGCFP BXGK[ ZGBF \B [KDZFN NKI\P
\GCZN ,ESIG FCFB N[ \GZGX QF GKNT BZGCF N[ \GTV[FF NM[ QKCFN
.QMN OEGY [I[ ,FPGEMG \GKZHMB ,EIV N[ \G[GI\F
FBKZCN BZGCF SIK \B \GBJCP \GZKVSF N[ ZGBF \GZGX NM
BZGCF \ID[F N[ OKMKNGP QF \GZKVSF ZPGNM ,FKNT G\ID[FG
.GKBZCRN
\GZGX Z[TC \GPM\SP ,BZGCFP \GBXGKF \GRG[F ZGBF \GZGX
BXGK FP \ZZCP FNCYF \PMGI ."\GZKVS Z[T" \GBZYRF \GKEGSK
ZVSF QMNG ,\GZKVSF Z[T \B \ZYGI ZPGNM ,OKBZCRF NB BZGCFP
."\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\" BZYR FNCYC KSKSCF
OKNNGIP[ ,\GZKVS { \GZGB FZ[T N[ \RGM\PC ,ZGB BXGK BZGCFP
OKVGZKXC OZGYP ,FBKZCC [K[ OKBZCRF QGGDP NM .FBKZCF NM \B
\GRCR FNBF OKVGZKXF CYT KM ,\GZKVSF Z[T N[ \GRGM\F N[ OKRG[F
323 F B K Z C F F R C P C E G S K K D [ G P :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

Z[T EGT \GPKKY QFP \IB NMCG \GZKVS=\\ Z[T FZKVS NMC
.UGSRKB ET FBNF QMG \GZKVS=\\
.\GZKVSF Z[TC \GRGPJF \GRGM\C QZGYP FBKZCF N[ \GRGM\F NM
,FBKZCC[ OKNECRF "OKVRT"F ,ZPGNM .OKBGZCF QKC NECF OKKY QMN
FBKZCF NM \B ZB\N Z[VB .OK[EI OKVRT OKZXGK ODG OFKRKC OKZG[Y
.[ZG[F N[ OKY\TF OF[ OKVRTG ,THD ,ZGYP BGF[ ,[ZG[ GN [K[ WTM
\GZYN NGMK BNG ,OKVRTC QMP ZIBN [IZ\P ,[ZG[C [IZ\P[ FP NM
.[ZG[C QM KRVN FZY BN[ OKVRTC GF[P
,OKPN[GP GBZCR BN OKBZCRF GKVNG ,FBKZCF YGI BGF "OGXPX"
FBNP FPB\F BKF \GPN[ .OKKGSP \GPN[ ZSGIC BZCR EIB NM BNB
KVGSFG ON[F CXPC NMF \B BZC BZGCF FNI\FC .BZGCN BZCR NM QKC
,YKZ NNI ZXK \BHM FZGXCG OKBZCRFP GPXT \B ZK\SF LM ZIBG ,GN[
."OGXPXF ONGT" BZYR[
NMF GKVN[ \GBKXPF N[ KNNMF QVGBF BGF "UGS=QKBF ONGT"
\Z\SGP \GPN[F[ BNB ,\PN[GP FZGXC BZGCF KEKC BZCR FNKI\MNP
EIB NM N[ KJZVF QGXZN OB\FC FDZEFC OFN FND\PG OKBZCRFP
.OFP EIBG
,Z[GBC FKGZ[G \GKIXRG \GPN[C BXPR FBKZCF NM[ \BH UB NT QMN
OB\FC ,GK\GRGM\ KGRK[P FBXG\M YZG \BH [KDZP GRKB OEBF FNKI\
\GBKXPF \B [KDZFN NKI\P BGF ,ZGBF N[ ,\GZKVSF N[ \GRGM\N
.BCF ONGTF \BZYRF GH \GBKXP .\K\KPBF
,FN[ K\KPBF CXPF KGNKDN TKDFN \CKKGIP F\ZKXK OXTP FBKZCF NM
.\GZKVSF LZE BZGCF \JKN[ \TXC\P GH LZECG
ZXGK[ BGF Z\SFF .BZCRFP BZGCF N[ Z\SFF LG\P ZXGR "OGYP"
ZXK ZETFF \B .ZETF GB YKZ=\[GI\ ,F[DZFF \GRYKZ BGF[ "OGYP"
G\GB FNDKG ,BZGCF \B [KDZFN UB[K KBPXT QVGBC OEBF[ KEM BZGCF
.\GZKVSN OB\FC \GRYG\PF GK\GRGM\C ,GPXT LG\C
ONTR[ FP NM NT ZCTFP BZCRN FND\P[ QGZMKHF BGF "GPK[Z"
.NMF GRPP ONTR FKF BKNPNB OKZCEF KRV GKF EXKMG G\[DZFP
KNC ,YKZF NNIF LG\C OKKY\FN OKNDGSP OKBZCRF ,\GPK[ZN \GEGF
.FNJCC OKKGZ[ GKF OKBZCRF ,DGRT\ NM ZETFC .BZGCF ZGB N[ KGNKPF
G\GB ZZGTP[ FP BGF FHF KGRK[FG UZF KNC OEBC FR\[P GPK[ZF
 EGPKNF KETX 324

\GPK[ZF KGRK[ .GPK[ZF GC ZZGTK[ FP N[ FD[FNG \GYYG\[FN ,FTGR\N

.OKKIF ,QPHF ,FTGR\F \[DZF \B GRN OZGD[ FP BGF
F[DZFC OKTKVGP OKTZF OKZCEFG OKCGJF OKZCEF ,\GPK[ZF \GMHC
\GTXPBC TKZMFNG OKGG[ OF[ QKCFN YZ Z\GR GRNG ,FGG[ FEKPC ,GRN[
[VGI \B OEBN Q\GR[ BGF FH QGKGG[ .KCGKIF QGGKMN \GNGTVG \GC[IP
ZETF QM[ .OKTZN OKCGJF OKZCEF QKC TKZMFN \NGMKF \B ,FZKICF
.GZGCT [BZP TCYR ZCM NMF[ GTP[P \G[DZFF KDGS KR[ QKC QGKGG[
OKBZCRF NM OKRY\KP FKVN ,BZGCF \DFRF N[ FZGX BKF "GY"
G[KDZK OKBGZCF NM[ \GPN[FP YNI BGF GYF .\GPN[F NB OKZHGIG
\EZGK[ BZGCF \ID[F \GTXPBC ORGYK\ ZIBN D[G\ O\GPN[ .EK\TC
.TDZ NMC OKBXPR OF GC CXPN OB\FC ZPGNM ,GYF LZE OFKNT
ONGTP GYF LZE BZCRF NB EZGK ZGBFG ,\GPK[ZF \GBXPR BZCRC
ZGBC BZCRF \B BNPP GYF ,GPK[ZN OB\FC .ZGBC BNPF UGS=QKB
FBKZCF \ZJP NM .UGS=QKB ONGT N[ G\GPN[P OKKGSP YNI GN Q\GRG
,BZGCF ZETF N[ F[DZF ,OEBF N[ \GPN[F ZSGI \B BNPN BKF
.OKBZCRC BZGCF ZGB QGZSKI N[ F[DZFF
N[ FID[FC [P\[P BZGCF ,FH ON[GP CXPN OEBF \B BKCFN KEM
BZGCF EXP[ ZIBP GPXT EXP OEBF YZ [KDZP TZ ODG CGJ ,TZG CGJ
BNF \GRGM\F \EKPC[ BNB ,JNIGPF CGJF \EKP KVN EKP\ BKF FID[FF
\EKPCG .TZM \[DZGP JNIGPF CGJF N[ FID[FF ,OEBF N[ \GRYG\P
KM ZPBR QMN .CGJM \[DZGP "TZ"F \ID[F OD LM \GRGM\F N[ QGYK\F
.JNIGPF CGJF N[ FID[FF FRGPJ ,"TZG CGJ" N[ FID[FF LG\C
.UGS=QKB ONGT N[ ON[FG KNNMF ZGBFP YNIF BGF "GPK[Z"
ZGBF \B GYF ZKCTP ZIB GB FH BZCRC \GBXPR[ \GPK[ZN OB\FC
BZGCF N[ F[GI\ ZSGIC OKBXPRG YKZF NNIC OKPKKY[ OKBZCRN
.\GPN[ ZSGI \[DZFCG
BNPP YZ BN GYF NCB .QGXZF=UGDF \B TKRPG ZZGTP GPK[ZF[ ZPBR
KVN \GRGXZF \B QY\P BGF KGNKPF KEM LG\ BNB ,QGXZF=UGDF \B
.GPK[ZF
OKBXPR[ OKBZCRF NB EZGK UGS=QKB ONGTP ZGB Z[BM { "ZGRKX"
ZCEF ,GYF KVN O\GB BNPPG ,\GPN[ ZSGI N[ F[DZFC ,YKZ NNIC
.BZGCF OT OKEIB\P OKBZCRF LMC ."ZGRKXC ZGB \ZCTF" KGZY
325 F B K Z C F F R C P C E G S K K D [ G P :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

NNM NT TKV[P BGF LB .OKBZCRF GKNB \B CZYP BZGCF FHF QVGBC

ZGMHN [K \BH OT .ZGRKXC ZGB \ZCTF \GTXPBC BN[ OD OKBZCRF
\GPNGTC OKBXPR[ FNB KEK NT YZ \[DZGP BZGCF N[ FKGNDF G\DFRF[
.OEBF N[ G\TKDK ZGTK[ KVN ,OKRGKNTF
N[ DKFRPM OKBZCRF NMN FND\P CG[ BZGCF KNNMF QGYK\F ZPDC
KV NT ,ZGRKXF \ZHTC BN ZPGNM ,JNIGPF CGJF N[ LZEC ONGM
ONGMN FGG[F FEKPC ,ON[F CGJM BNB ,EIB NM N[ \GK[KBF GK\GRGM\
.\T NMC
,JNIGPF CGJF \B OK[KDZP ONGM Z[BM ,QGYK\F ZPD N[ CXP GFH
[BZP GRRTPN QMGF FH CXP .DGRT\FG FTKEKF \GPN[ ,\GKIXR ,FCFB
OB\FC ,OKBZCRN \GND\FN LKZX FH NMG ,UGS=QKB ONGTC BZGCF KEKC
.GYG GPK[Z KVN ,OFN[ \GPN[F \EKPN
,OKBZCRN EZGK ,UGS=QKB ONGTP ZGB Z[BM { "UKYP ZGBG KPKRV ZGB"
FNDP BZGCF[ ZCEF .UKYPNG BNPPN ZPGNM ,UKYPG KPKRVN YNI\P BGF
BZCRF DK[F OZJ[ FPG .KPKRV ZGB KGZY ,BZCRF \B BNPP[ FP ,BZCRN
.UKYP ZGBC Z\SGP ,\GPN[F NNMP
TKDK GKNB ON[GP CXP G\GB N[ ZGB ZPGNM ,UGS=QKB ZGB NM QMN
TKDF ZCM FKNB[ \KYNI \GPN[ N[ KIMGRF CXPN YNI\P ,EK\TC BZCRF
QKKET FKNB[ \GPN[FP YNING ,KRIGZF ONGTC \PKKGSP FDZE [MZ[P
.TKDF BN
ZGBF ,G\NCY \B NKCDP BNB ZGBF NM \B NCYP BN BZCRF[ ZIBP
N[ EEP KVN ,UGS=QKBF ZGBN SIKC EEPR ,NCYP BGF G\GB[ KYNIF
.(FEKIK ,FKI ,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR) K"IRZR \GZGB F[KPI
KGNKD N[ OKCXP OF FNB "\GKRGXKIFG \GKPKRVF \GZKVSF Z[T"
,\Z\SR GB FKGND FID[FP OKTCGRF ,OKBZCRF KVNM BZGCF N[ Z\SFG
Z[BM .UGDG FP[R :OKRVGB KR[C BZCRC OKBJC\P FNBF OKCXPFG
F\GBC ,\Z\SRF FID[FFG \GRGZSIF OKND\P { OEBF NT JNG[ UGDF
OEBC \JNG[ FP[RF[ FEKPC ,LVKFNG .FP[RC JNG[ UGDF FC[ FEKP
.\GPN[C BXPR OEBF GH FEKPC
OT GYF N[ ZGCKIF \EKP KVN TXC\P FP[RFG UGDF QKC ZGCKIF
GYF :OKZCGIP OF FC FEKPN OB\FC \TXC\P FDFRFFG ,GPK[ZF
YNIN OKSIKK\P KNMF GB \GPK[ZF GNKBG ,KPKRVF YNIN SIKK\P
 EGPKNF KETX 326

EIB\P OKKRIGZF OKVGXZVF \ENGF QPHC LB .FDFRFF N[ KRGXKIF

FH N[ FJKN[N OZGD OFKRKC ZGCKI ZSGI NMG ,KRGXKIF OT KPKRVF
.FH NT
.KRIGZF ONGTF N[ QGKNTFG QG[BZF ONGTF BGF "QGPEY OEB"
ONGTP GMZE ZCGT ,GRPP OKMGPR OF[ \GPNGTF NMN ZGBF NM[ ZIBP
,\GRGM\F \GBXPR OKNCYP OF G\GB[ ZGBC QMN ,GMG\P EZGKG UGS=QKB
.QGPEY OEB ONGT N[ ,OKNMF
\GK\GB GMG\C B[GR GRKB QKKET C"T UGXZVP ZGBF .OKNM QF "\GK\GB"
\GBC BJC\P ZCM D"S UGXZVP ZGB .ZGBC KZPDN \GKGGZ \GK\GBF O[ KM
UGXZV BZYRF F"P UGXZVP EZGKF ZGBC .KEK\TF KNMF N[ [ZG[M { " ’F"
UGXZVP EZGKF ZGBC .KEK\TF KNMF N[ FNI\FM ’G \GB FR[K QKVRB ZKTH
\G[DR\P QF Z[BM UGXZVFP FBKXKC JZVC ,\GK\GB [K ,\GMNP { Q"C
.ON[F KNMF GRKKF ,\GK\GBF C"M NM \GENGR LM .\GPNTRG
\GPK[Z KNM NMC \GZB[R "OKEGYRF ONGT"C OKNMF \ZKC[ ZIBN
CHGT ZGBF NM FZKC[F QPHC .QGYK\F ZPDN ET \GPNTR QRKBG ,FZKC[FP
\JKN[ \TCGR QBMP .KNMC[ OKPDVFG \GRGZSIF NMN OZGD FHG KNMF \B
ZSGI \EKP LM ,FP[RF NT UGDF \JKN[ \EKPC KM ,FP[RF NT UGDF
.QGXZC ZPGNM ,UGDC[ QGYK\F
,OHKBGDB OEBC ZGXKN KEM FNKI\ FRGGMC F[IZ\F FZKC[F FH NCB
QGYK\N OKBR\F OD GZXGR \BH OT .BZGCF ZGBP \GRFKN KBPXT QGXZ
BN[ ,ZGBF=FP[RF \PZN TKDK[ ET ,GRGYK\C NKI\FN KEM ,QGXZF ,UGDF
QGXZG OEBF QGXZ QKC NECF FKFK BNG ,UGDN FP[RF QKC NECF OG[ FKFK
.BZGCF
BGF[ ET ,GK\GRGM\C LGPR Z\GK EGT EZGK ,UGD=KNMF ,QGXZF QM KZIB
\ZKC[P EGT [BZP QRMG\ FH NM .OKKR[ NT LNGFF UGDN FPGE F[TR
QGPJ BGF OD QYG\PF CXPF[ ZIBP LB .OKEGYRF ONGTC OKNMF
QYG\P BN QGXZ NM ZGHIK ,OKNMF \ZKC[ KRVN EGT OKEGYRF ONGTC
GC SRMK ,ZGBN FPEK BGF FC FEKPCG ,ZGBN FPGE FKFKG QYG\PF GCXPN
.ZGBF
YZG ,\GP[RF NM GRY\R OZJC ZPGNM ,OKR[F KVNB \[[ L[PC
BKF[ ,\GKRIGZF \[DZGP BN ,OKNCGYP \GKFN OKMVGF GKF OKEKIK
TKDR ,\GRY\KP \GP[RF NM[ ZIBN NCB .FHF ONGTC BZGCF \GND\F
327 F B K Z C F F R C P C E G S K K D [ G P :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

FHF ONGTFG .BZGCF NMC FND\K FHF ONGTCG ,"QGYK\ ZPD" KGZYF CXPN
BSZVF[ \GKF ,GKNB EZK UGS=QKBF ONGTP ZGBF[ QGGKM ,ON[GPN LGVFK
.ZGBF \GJ[V\FN NG[MP EGT FKF\ BNG ONT\ \GNKXBF ONGT N[
."KTKC[F UNBF" BZYR FHF CXPF
UGDF Z[BM FH FKFK .FH ZIB FH OKCXP FPM EGT GBGCK QM KZIB
N[ K\DZEF QGYK\G "OK\PF \KKI\" NKI\\ HBG ,FP[RN FDZEFC TRMKK
.FP[RF \JKN[ \I\ \GRGXZF
\GRGXZ F[GN[P OKCMZGP "V"IB" OKBZYR[ UGDF \GRGXZ[ ZIBP
GPM BN BKF OFN[ QGYK\F \EGCT ,’E ’D ’C \GKCT KNTC OKKJSKBGDB
:\K\DZEF FZGXC \[IZ\P BNB ,FKNTE V"IB
UNBF" KGZY ,BSZVF \I\ FPGYPC ,FN[ KGNKPFG ’C \GKCT N[ QGYK\
KGZY ,BSZVF \I\ FPGYPC ,FN[ KGNKPFG ’D \GKCT N[ QGYK\ ."KRKP[F
\I\ FPGYPC ,FN[ KGNKPFG ’E \GKCT N[ QGYK\F ."KTK[\F UNBF"
."KZK[TF UNBF" BZYR ,BSZV
BZGCF ZGB Z[BM ,\GP[RF NM N[ QGYK\F ZPD OT [IZ\K[ FP NT
OKNCGYPF GNKVB .\TEN NGMK BN EIB UB ,GRN[ ONGTC OD ZGZKCC FND\K
\B DK[FN OKNGMK ,OKKRIGZF \GPNGTF N[ \GDZEPF NMC OKNGT[
GRN[ ONGTC BZGCF KGNKD FKFK LKB NCB .KTKC[F UNBF ET YZ \GDZEPF
.DK[FN OKNGMK ORKB OF \BH ,KTKC[FG K[K[F UNBC OKRGYK\F ZIBN
OKCXPF \B \GDK[P[ \GP[R OD \GPKKY[ C\GM ONGS NTC ,\BH OT
GRPNGTN \GEZGK GNB \GP[R KM C\M EGT .\GBKXPC G[IZ\F BN QKKET[
FH EXKM NCB .FHF DGSFP BKF BGF=G\P[R KMG ,\GZGE FZ[TC OTV
FHF CXPF \B DK[FN FCGIF GRKNT KM ,ZKCSFNP TRPR \BH FZGY
.GRPXTC
(OHKBGDBF) KZGYPF \GRFKN QGXZF[ LMC QKKVB\P QGYK\ ZPD N[ CXP
.QKKPEN Q\KR BN[ ZCE ,ZGBN GN[ TCJC FPGE F[TR
FID[FFG T"KCB \GPNGT OKPKKY ,BZGCF NT FZ\SF [K EGT NM
.OMZE \TXC\P
TZF \GTXPBC .TZF \TVGFN ZGYPFG [ZG[F BGF OKEGYRF ONGT
CG[ LVGF L[GIF[ LMC L[GIF KRV NT ZGBF QGZ\K \B FNDP BZGCF
N[ G\GPN[ \B \GNDN KEM YZG LB OKPKKY \GPNGTF NM .ZGBF GPM \GKFN
FNKI\ :OKDGS KR[N OKYNI\P \GPNGTF NM QMNG ,FBKZCCG OEBC BZGCF
 EGPKNF KETX 328

\BXPR T"KCB \GPNGTC .\GPN[F \D[GP FKZIBG ,FZ\SFF FND\P

.BZGCF \Z\SF QPHC FID[FF
QGYK\ ;\GRYGZ\FG NGYNY :OKYNI KR[ FMG\C \NNGM OKNMF \ZKC[
.KGNKPG
,OKEGYRF ONGT N[ OKZGC[F OKNMFP GZXGR "T"KC \GPNGT"
.\GNKXBF ONGTN GZCT ,\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF [GN[ ,[BZC[ OKNMFG
N[ O\PN[F QGC[I NT GPXT \B OKN[P \GNKXBF ONGT QM KZIB
.T"KC \GPNGT N[ OKNMF
ONGT N[) B"H \GNEDG \GRJY N[ OKCXP OF "OKDI"G "\G\C["
.FNGBD GTP[P \GNEDF CXPG ,FYKRK GTP[P \GRJYF CXP .(\GNKXBF
.QGYK\F ZPDN ET OKR\[P QPHF NM[ OKKRPH OKCXP OF FNB
OKNGDKT N[ FZGXC G\DFRF \B DKXP BZGCF { "BZGCF \RGP\"
\G\GB \BG GK\GIGM \B FBZP BGF FJPN FNTPNP FEKZKC :OKGGYG
NGDKTF :FH LG\C FH OKBXPR[ OKNGDKT GPM OKZEGSPF GN[ FDFRFF
FND\P GC[ GRN[ ONGTF BXPR HMZPCG ,Z\GK NGEDG YHI BGF QGKNTF
.Z\GKC [GNYF QVGBC ZGBF
,QKPK GY { OKGGY F[GN[ N[ FZGXC G\ID[F \B DKXP BZGCF Z[BM
OKPIZF \EKPC G\DFRF \B FH KEK NT FNDP BGF ,KTXPB GY ,NBP[ GY
.GC OK[CGNP FNBF \GIGMF EXKMG ,"OEB ONX"C ,QKEFG
,BZGCF \B OEBF [KDZP FC YZ[ OG[P ’F \RGP\ \BZYR "\GMNP"
G\[DZFC DK[P BGF DK[P OEB[ FP .FNTPNP GN GR\KR[ \GRGM\C
BGF[ \GMNPC[ \GRGM\ Q\GBC YZ NCB ,GN[ \GMNPF LG\C ,\KPKRVF
.FNTPNP NCKY
329 \ G Z G B F Z [ T :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\GZGB FZ[T :IVSR

Z\GK NGED ZGBF[ NMM .ZGBF KGNKDC OZGYP \GP[RF N[ OKDGRT\F .1
ZYKTF ZGBF KDGS NMC .Z\GK FNGED \NCYP FP[RF[ FBRFF LM
.\GPN[F BGF
\GP[RN \\N :UGS=QKB ONGTC GRKRVN IG\VN FXGZ BZGCF[ ZCEF FHG
CXP GTP[P UGS=QKB ONGT .EGIKF \[GI\P \KIXRG FPN[ FBRF
.BZGCF OT QEGIKB LG\P \GPN[C \GBXPR \GP[RF GC[
\GP[RF NM ,ZPGNM .\GPN[C BNP BN[ OGYP QKB UGS=QKB ONGTC .2
\B FND\ FP[RF[ KEM .BZGCF OT EGIKBF LG\P \GPN[ YZ \G[I
.\GPN[P YKZ BGF[ OGYP BZGCF ZXK \BHF \GPN[F
,\GPN[ BNP\K BGF[ LM \GPN[P YKZF OGYPF \B OKRY\P Z[BM
LG\P YZ FND\P ZGBF KM ,\GPN[F N[ \GMKBFG IGMF OKD[GP HB
.GN OEY[ L[GIF
N[ FZGXC :"GY"C QM OD BXPR \GPN[M UGS=QKB ONGTC BXPR[ FP .3
QY\KP GPK[ZC[ \GPN[N QGXZF .GPK[Z \ZGXCG \GPN[F Z\SF
.GYF \GTXPBC BNP\PG
G\GBN FZHI F[TPN BGF GYF \ZHTC \GPK[ZF NM QGYK\ OGKS
,\GNCDF BNN ZPGNM ,\KVGSRKB FZGXC BKF ZGBF \NCY GC[ CXPF
.FNKI\C FKF[ KVM
\GNGTVF NMG ,KRIGZF UGDF N[ SKSCFG [ZG[F BGF GPK[ZF .4
\GRGM\F NM OKRGPJ TZHC[ GPM [PP ,\GPK[ZC QZGYP ,\GTXC\P[
.ZXGGKFN FEK\T[ \G[KF N[ \GNGTVFG
OKEDGRPF \GIGMF NM \B NNGMG FP[RF N[ [ZG[FG SKSCF BGF GY
ZKHIFN FZJPC GPK[ZF \GNGTV NMC JNG[ BGF .EIB IGMM OKRG[FG
.OFK\GRGXZC OKEIB\P BZGCFG BZCRF GC[ K\NI\F CXPN NMF
KCXP NMCG OKKZ[VBF OKRGGKMF NMC NTGV UGS=QKB ONGT ZGB .5
NNM NCDGP GRKB FH ZGB .OFN[ \GKRIGZF \GPZF NMC ,FBKZCF
.NMF NT G\GPN[ \GTXPBC TKV[P BGFG GK\GNGTVC
K\NCG \GPN[ \GRGM\P CMZGP BGF[M ZXGR BN ONGTF[ BNB
.BZGCF \GIGM N[ KCYT KGNKDC ,FDZEFC OB KM ,\GNCDGP
LZGXN OKEIB\P O\PXGTCG O\GMKBC OKRG[ \GIGMG \GCZ \GRGM\
\GNGTVF .BZGCF \GNGTV \B DK[FN GREKC [K LMN \GEGF .\IB FNGTV
 EGPKNF KETX 330

OKEZVR OKYNIN \GYNIR GRKNB SIKC \GKVGSRKBFG \GPN[F

BZGCF N[ ON[FG EIBF GNTGV \B OKZB\P GRIRB QMN .OKNCDGPG
QGXZ YZ KM UB ,OKRG[ \GIGM N[ KGJKCMG ,\M[P\P \GNGTV \ZESM
.EKIKF GNTGV GFHG GKBZCRN \GRFN BGFG BZGCC OKKY EIB
\GEGF NCB .G\GKIXRCG G\GPN[C BZGCF \B ZGYIN OKNDGSP GRRKB
,\GEDGRPG \GRG[ ,\GCZ \GNGTVN \YNIR GN[ FEEGCF FNGTVF[ LMN
N[ GPGMKSC DK[FNG ZB\N ZGYIN ,QKCFN ,[GIN ,ZCEN GR\NGMKC [K
.\GNGTVF ZB[ NM N[ OGMSM GN[ FEEGCF FNGTVF \B ,ZCE
Q\ZHTC[ KEM ,FBKZCF KVNM BZGCF N[ \GRG[ \GRGM\ QF \GZKVS .6
YZ GN [K FBKZCF KVNM .\GRGM\ QKB GPXT BZGCN .FKNT IKD[FN NMGK
QF[ \GRGM\ Z[TC \VJT\P GH[ BNB "CKJKPG CGJ" \IB FRGM\
,O\GB ZXGK :BZCRF NB SIKK\P BZGCF FNBF \GRGM\C .\GZKVSF
.GN FFHF \IB FRGM\ F\GBN O\GB BKCPG ,IKD[PG JNG[
FBKZCF NT TKV[FN Q\KR[ QGGKMP GZXGR ,\GZKVSF ,FNBF \GRGM\F
YZG ,G\GPN[ \B ZK\SPG OEBFP KZPDN Z\SR BZGCF Z[BM YZ
.GBGNPC FND\P[ ET ,FDZEFC GKRVC FND\P BGF LM ZIB
NDGSP FKFK BZCRF[ KEM YZG LB GZXGR FBKZCF NMG \GNGTVF NM
,\GRGM\F .FBKZCF \ZJP KFGH .BZGCF \GPN[ \B \GNDN
N[PN LM .BZCRF FBGZ Q\GB[ \GZKVSF QF \GRG[F \GC[IPFG
NGMK FKF BGF OEBF \P[R \B \GBZN NDGSP FKF GF[KP OB
OEBF LM .\IB \GYYG\[FM \GND\P[ GK\GC[IP \B BGZYN
.\GZKVSF \B FBGZ FNDPF
[K[ FID[FN EGSKF QF (OKNM) \GRGXZF NM OKBC OFP[ \GPK[ZF .7
BGF GY .OKTZ OK[TP ZGCT [RGTG OKCGJ OK[TP ZGCT ZM[ FPT
\GRFKN QGXZF { ,FBKZCF NM QGYK\ KEK NT \GPN[F \D[FN KTXPB
.CGJN TZF \B ZKHIP[
[I BZCRF FNKI\ KM ,BZCRC[ ZGBF ,FBKZCF ZGB \GBZYR \GZKVS .8
ZGBF N[ FZBFF \BG ZGBF \B FNDP BGF LM ZIBG ,ZGBF ZETKFC
."FZKVS" FNPF ZGYP QBMPG
\NGMKF \B NCYPG ZGBF \GTP[P \B BZCRF QKCP BZGCF KGNKD OT
BZCR[ FP NM .BZGCF ZETF \[DZF BGF[ ,L[GIF QP GEKZVFN
,DGRT\M \[ZV\P ZGBF \[DZF .ZGBF \B [KDZFN QGXZF YZ BGF
.BZCRF [KDZP[ DGRT\F GRKF ,ZGBF GRKF BZGCF ZPGNM
331 \ G Z G B F Z [ T :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

BZCRFG ,ZGBF BGF[ BZGCFP WGI \GBKXPC ZCE OG[ QKB QMN
KR[ ECNP NMF ,\GCKSRF ,\GIGMF NM .ZGBF \B [GIN QGXZF BGF[
OF GNB { ZGBF \B [GIN QGXZFG ZGBF OGYKF N[ FNBF OKCKMZP
OEBF \B BKCFN O\ZJP[ BZGCF \GNGTV N[ OKRG[ OKKGJKC YZ
.ZGBF \[DZF KEKN
N[ YKYNI { GPK[Z ZB[R UGS=QKB ONGTP ZGBF \GYN\SF KZIB .9
N[) \GRGXZF NMP NGNMF ZGBFP \GRFKN QGXZ GCG YKZ CIZPC ZGB
.(\GP[RF ,OKVGDF
LG\C BXPR GPK[ZFG ,FBKZCF NM CKCS BXPR UGS=QKB ZGB .10
.ZGBFG GYF BXPR UGS=QKB QKCN FBKZCF QKCG .FBKZCF
 EGPKNF KETX 332

\GNT\FF \GDZEP :IVSR

GN \KZYKTF FBKZCFPG BZGCP YZG LB \CMZGP FNGM \GBKXPF
BN GECNP KZF[ ,BZGCF BGF [I OEBF[ FP NM QMN .OEB \BZYRF
,FKGND FZGXC GPXT BZGCF \B [I BN OEBF OB .ZCE OEBF KRVN OKKY
BZGCF[ ZCEF [GZKV ,OGKM OK[I GRIRB[ KVM ,GCKCS[ FP \B YZ BNB
.FHF ONGTF KGZY[ ONGT KZGIBP ,GRPP Z\SR
LG\C YZ OKKY FH ONGTG [DZGP BZGCF GC ONGTF BGF KRIGZF ONGTF
GTP[P ,BZGCF \B [I GRKB OEBF OB .BZGCF \B [KDZP[ OEBF
BZGCF \B [GIN NKI\P OEBF OB LB ,KRIGZF ONGTC BXPR GRKB BGF[
FPXGTC BZGCF \B [I OEBF[ NMM .KRIGZF ONGTF NB BXK[ GTP[P
GC[ GRN[ ONGTFP .KRIGZF ONGTC Z\GK FGCD BXPR BGF LM Z\GK FYHI
CKKI ,Z\GKC FYHIF FPXGTC BZGCF \[GI\N ETG [DZGP GRKB BZGCF
NM OT .\KRIGZ FKNT N[ \GDZEP [PIG OKZ[T FBP ZGCTN OEBF
.\B[ Z\KC BZGCF \B OEBF [I FDZEP
FNTPNP \GPNGTF \EKZK KVN \GR\[PF BZGCF \[GI\ \GDZE GNBG
:FJPN
ONGT" \BZYRF BZGCF \[DZF \ZZG[ QBM .BZGC { OEB
OEB QKC NECF OG[ BNN ,\GNCDP BNN ,FXY BNN F[GI\ { "UGS=QKB
.BZGCN
BZGC { QGPEY OEB { OEB
BZGC { QGPEY OEB + \GNKXB { OEB
BZGC { QGPEY OEB + \GNKXB + FBKZC { OEB
BZGC { QGPEY OEB + \GNKXB + FBKZC + FZKXK { OEB
BZGC { QGPEY OEB + \GNKXB + FBKZC + FZKXK + FK[T { OEB
OEB + \GNKXB + FBKZC + FZKXK + FK[T + FHF ONGTF { OEB
BZGC { QGPEY
NDGSP OEBF .BZGCFP OEBF \B OKEKZVP[ \GPNGTF QF \GDZEPF
OKNKECP[ \GPNGTF ZB[ \B .GKRVN Z[KF BXPR[ ONGTF \B YZ [GIN
OB .\[DZGP GKNTP[ FDZEPF YZ NNM [I GRKB BGF BZGCF QKCN GRKC
QM\K ."TCJ" GEKEN \BZYR GKNTP[ FDZEPF "FHF ONGT"C BXPR OEB
ONGTN FNT BGF[ KBR\C FH LB ,"BZGC" BZYK\ GKNTP[ FDZEPF[
333 \ G N T \ F F \ G D Z E P :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

BKF[ QGGKMP BZGC EKP\ \BZYR GRKNTP[ FDZEPF .GN ZCTP GB ,FK[TF
.FK\I\P[ FDZEPF \B FRKHPG \JNG[ ,FEKNGP Z[B
OKNDGSP GRIRB[ FP NMG GRCKCS OKBGZ GRIRB[ FP NM BGF FHF ONGTF
GRIRB[ LKB BGF FHF ONGTF ,\GZIB OKNPC .GRN[ OK[GIF \ZHTC [GIN
.GRN[ OK[GIF KZCKB \B QY\N GRNI\F[ KRVN GK[MT BZGCF \B OK[I
QKVGNKIN GB FTKP[F ,FKBZF \NGMK ZGVK[N FRGGMF QKB OK[GIF QGYK\C
GKNB TKDP[ FP \B NCYP[ CNF \GRGGM QGYK\C BNB ,\GPKKGSP \GKG[KDZ
.NCSM GB FBRFM GRN[ OK[GIF \[PIP
QG\I\ YNIF SRMR FDZEP NMC[ LM GHM FZGXC \GCMZGP \GDZEPF NM
FYNI \B FEKZGP ,FZG\ TKDP[M ,FDZEP NM ZPGNM .FKNTP[ FDZEPF N[
.FK\I\P[ FDZEPF N[ QGKNTF FYNI NB QG\I\F
YNIF EKP\ BXPKK OEBF BXPR FC \KRIGZ FDZEP NMC ,ZCE N[ GVGSC
.FKNTP[ \KRIGZF FDZEPF N[ QG\I\F
NMC[ LMN \GEGF \[PP\P FDZEPN FDZEPP \KRIGZF FKNTF \NGMK
.\GNTN UBG[ BGF FKNB Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEP OEBC \PKKY QG\R TDZ
\KNPKJVGBF FZGXC NXRN EXKM BKF GKRVC \EPGTF BKF FEKIKF FKTCF
?GH \GRPEHF
\GRGM\FG \GRGXZF NM \B \TCGY OEB BXPR FC \KRIGZF FDZEPF
FDZEPN FNTK OB YZ Z\GK \GCGJN GK\GRGM\ \B \GR[N NGMK OEBF .GN[
\GRGM\N GMVFK FRGKNT FDZEP F\GB \GRGM\ HB GB .Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ
C[GI BGF ,GN[ FDZEPC ZB[R BGF EGT NM LB .OEB G\GB N[ \GKTCJF
\B ZKEDP[ FP FHG GHF FDZEPFP NCYP BGF[ FPN OB\FC DFGRG
.GN[ \KPXTF FZMFF
FBXG\ QF OB ,\GC[IP \GRGXZ ,\GRGM\ \B \GR[N BGVKB Q\KR LKB
O[N ?OEBF BXPR FC (\KRIGZF FDZEPF) FCKCSF N[ FZK[K FENG\ GB
F\KF BN \ZIB .FKNTP[ FDZEPFP YNI \KRIGZ FDZEP NMC KGXP LM
FDZEPF N[ YNIF ,ZPGNM .FDZEPN FDZEPP \GNTN \GZ[VB OG[ OEBN
K\[ QKC LGG\P OXTC BGF ,FRG\I\F FDZEPC BXPR[ FRGKNTF \KRIGZF
GNKB YZ \GDZEP K\[ QKC Z[YN FKF NGMK YNI G\GB[ BNB .\GDZEPF
\GPKKY BN F[TPN GNBM \GRGM\G \GV\G[P \GRGM\ Q\KB GN GKF
.ON[ EIB ZCEN GKFK \GFH \GRGM\ K\[ KM ,\GKRIGZC
 EGPKNF KETX 334

NCYNG BXPR OEB FC \KRIGZF FDZEPF N[ \GRGM\FP Y\R\FN Q\KR

QKJGNIN OKYKSVP Z[BM YZ Z\GK FFGCD \KRIGZ FDZEP F[EI FRGM\
.\KIMGRF \KRIGZF FDZEC GRN[ \GRGXZFG \GRGM\F ,OKMZXF \B [GIN
.\G[EIF \GKGYYG\[FFG \GRGXZF ,\GRGM\F \B OKNCYP HB YZ
Y\R\FN \NGMKF KZF[ .OHKBGZJNBF QGZYKT JNG[ \GKRIGZC QMN
NB \GCZY\FNG OKKRIGZF OKKIN \KIZMF LN[ \GRGXZFPG LPXTP
,GRPNGTN TKDP \GTJC FKF KRIGZF ONGTFP LBNP OB N[PN LM .BZGCF
YZ OKKY\FN OKNDGSP NNMC O\B LKB" :ZPGB FKFG T\VGP FKF BGF
BN OHKBGDBF KZF ?OMN[ OHKBGDBC ,OMN[ \GRGXZF N[ \ZDSPC
,\GKIN ,NGEDN OKNGMK BN O\B ,OMKKIC OGNM \GR[N OMN Z[VBP
".I\V\FNG ZV\[FN
OFP YIZ\P ,GN[ \GRGXZFP YNI FRGGMC QYGZP QGKNTF UGXZVF QMN
BN FZGBMN \GKFN OKMVGF FNB \GRGXZ ."\\N" KEM YZ OFC FXGZG
FNBF \GRGXZF OT BXPKFN \NGMK GPXTN IKJCP BGF LMCG .GN[
BN \GXZN NCB ,QG\I\F FXGZ[ FP \B \GXZNG ,GK\I\P[ FDZEPC
QG\I\F OT GHM \GG\[F .QG\I\F NB \GG\[FN KEM BNB GPXT QTPN
[KDZFN NDGSP QG\I\F ,QGKNTF N[ FZHTN \GEGFG QGKNTF KCDN \KZ[VB
.GRPP YNIM BNB ,QGKNTM BN ,QGKNTF \B GMG\C
335 \ G M N P F \ Z K V S :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\GMNPF \ZKVS :IVSR

KGZY FH QGXZ .ZGBFP FRFK[ QGXZ ZXGK BZGCFP BXGK[ ZGBF
,KGRK[ N[ OKCN[ FT[\ ZCGT BGF \GMNPN TKDP ZGBF[ ET ."\GMNP"
,OKCN[F \T[\ .\GMNPF \B BGZCN OKB\P \GKFN G\GB OKZK[MPF
,EGF ,IXR ,\ZBV\ ,FZGCD ,ESI ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M :OKKGZY ,\GZKVSF
ESIP OKCN[F \[[ ."\GMNP" KGZYF QGZIBF CN[F ZXGR LM ZIB .EGSK
T[\ QF[ ,"\GZKVS Z[T" GRKRVN NMF LSC ."QKVRB ZKTH" OKBZYR EGSK ET
.ZGBF NM \B NCYN QGXZF { "\GMNP"G ZGBF N[ \GRG[ \GDZE
\B NCYN FXGZ[ [KDZP[ ,K\KPBF BZCRF GB FP[RF KFGH "\GMNP"
\B G\B EIKG ,ZGBF \B NCYN FNKI\P \GMNPF .ZGBFP DGRT\F
\B GRC FZK\GP BKF[ FTV[F NM GC[ GRN[ ONGTN FPGEC ,GK\GRGM\
’J N[ ZGBF \B \NCYP BKF[M ,\GMNPC [IZ\P FPGE ZCE .FP\GI
.\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF

\GMNP \ZKVS .12 ZGKB

\B \NCYP BKF[ QPHC NCB ,KJSKBGDB FRCP BKF \GMNP ORPB

QFK\GRGM\ \B OD \NCYP BKF ,\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’J N[ ZGBF
\GRGM\F T[\ LZE ZCGTF ,ZGBF ZPGNM ,KRGXKI TEKP .\GKJSKBGZJNBF
 EGPKNF KETX 336

GRKB OHKBGDBF[ OG[P ,\GGT\P GRKB ,\GMNPF N[ \GKJSKBGZJNBF

BNP\\ FP[RF FC[ FEKPF F\GBN OXPJXP YZ FH ZGB .GMZEC EPGT
Z\K KGNKP OD QM[ ,FEKPF NT Z\K BNP\\ BNG ,\KNPKJVGB FZGXC GC
.OKZGSKN BKCP
N[ \GKJSKBGZJNBF \GRGM\F \B [MZ[ \GMNPF N[ YNIN ZCTP
\GRGM\P \IB UB [KDZFN NDGSP GRKB[ ,USGR YNI \GMNPC OKKY ,ZGBF
ZBG\PM "QCBF CN" KGZY FH YNI .\GR\[FN NGMK GRKB LMKVNG ,ZGBF
.12 ZGKBC
"KRBF" KGZYF \GMNP N[ YNIF \B [GJRN BKF OEBF \EGCT NM
ZPD ET[ OG[P ,YNI G\GBC NGTVN FZGBMN YKSVFN GRKKFE ,KN[
N[ FHF YNIF NT LMKVN .KJSKBGDB FH YNI ZB[R IK[PF BGCG QGYK\F
YNIC [P\[FN QKBG " ’B OGXPX" KGZYF OGXPX TXCN KIZMF \GMNPF
.FZGX OG[C FH
\B NCKY[ \GMNPFP YNI G\GB ,\KZK[TF FZKVSF ,\BH \PGTN
FBXG\MG ,G\GB BNPPF ZGBF \GRGM\ \B [KDZFN NGMKG ZGBF \GRGM\
NGTVN NKI\FNG ,F[EI FZGX [GCNN FDZEFC LKZX ,\GR\[FN LMP
FNGTV \MZTR ZGBF \GRGM\ \B \GMNPC ZKEIFN KEM .ZGBN FPGEC
\GZKVSF ’J \GRGM\ ,FRPP FBXG\M[ "FBMF" GB "FZKC[" \BZYRF
FRCFC KE QKB[ LMP TCGR ZCEF .\GMNPF LG\ NB \GZEGI \GRG[BZF
NGTVNG NKI\FN \CKKI \GMNPF BNB ,\GKMVF \GMNPFG ZGBF \GRGM\[
OB ,\BH TXCN Q\KR EXKM .\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’JN \GG\[FNG ZGBF GPM
\ZKC[ ,"OKNMF \ZKC[" F\[TR LM LZGXN ?FMG\N SRMR BN ZGB OG[
\B FZKCTPF ZGB N[ FPGNFP \GTXPBC \K[TR FZKC[F .\GRGXZF
OT \CCZT\P \GMNPF LM .\GMNPF LG\ NB \GZKVSF T[\ NM LZE ZGBF
."BJI" GB "OKNM \ZKC[" FRGMPF LKNF\C ,\GZKVSF T[\ Z\K
:QGXZ N[ OKRG[ OKDGS FTCZB GZXGR OKNMF \ZKC[ KZIB
;\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF ’JC GKF[ FNB ,QKJGNIN OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ .B
;OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ LG\C GNNM\F[ OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ .C
;OKKJSKBGZJNB \GRGXZ LG\C GNNM\F[ OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ .D
.QKJGNIN OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ .E
YZ .QGXZ N[ OKCZGTP OKDGS KR[ GVSGG\R OKNMF \ZKC[ ZIBN ZPGNM
\GZKVSF ’J GPM \RYG\P BF\ \GMNPF FC[ FP[R ZGXKN Q\KR FH CN[C
337 \ G M N P F \ Z K V S :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\TM .OHKBGZJNB N[ WGXKR F\T BXPR KJSKBGDB QGXZ NMC QM[ ,\GRG[BZF
\NGMK KJSKBGZJNB WGXKR NMN Q\K Z[B ,"QGYK\F IGM" ,GF[NM IGM WGIR
.FNBF \GRGXZF \B QY\N LMCG ,OKKJSKBGDBF \GRGXZF NT ZGCDN
C\M[ ,FNCYF \PMGI N[ OKB\P ZVS \GTXPBC [PP\P FH LKNF\
\GZCTGP ZVSF \BKZY \TC .ZGBN OB\FC GPXT \B QYK\ ZCM[ KP G\GB
,FBKZYF QPHC .ZGBN OB\FC KPKRVF KNMF \B \GRCN EXKM "\GBZGF"
Z[B "UKYP ZGB" GKNT L[GP BGF ,CG\MF \B QKCP BZGYF QKB OB OD
.GK\GRGXZ \B QY\PG ZFJP FDZEFC
FKZCI[ EGPKN \XGCY OT ,NCGYP=FZGP N[ \KREVY FMZEFC EGPKNF
FBXG\ CKRK ,BZGCN \GG\[FF ,FBKZCF \ZJP \B DK[FN OKXGZ
N[ OKRYG\PF GK\GRGXZN GRN[ \GRGXZF \B QGGMR Z[BM ,QM GPM .\IJCGP
.GR\P[R KYNI N[ QGYK\F ZES GFP TER ,ZVSF ZCIP ,NCGYPF
.OKZGC[ GK\GRGXZ[ [KDZFN FDZEFC OEBF NKI\P GRGYK\ LNFPC
LM ZIBG ,\GRGM\F DGSG CKJ KVN O\GB ZGZCNG QKKPN ,EKZVFN EPGN BGF
NCB FMGZB ORPB GH LZE .EIK OXCYNG OKKGSP ZES KVN O\GB UZXN
[GIN ,\G[EI \GRGM\ GPXT GC \GNDN NKI\P OEBF :\EIGKPG \RKKRTP
.FBKZCF KYNI ZB[ OTG BZGCF OT GN[ Z[YF \B U[GIG ,BZCRM GPXT
BKF EXKM ,\KRGXKIF \MZTPF QGRDRP \GEGB FRCF NNMN TKDP BGF HBG
.FRGKNTF FDFRFF N[ FNGTVF KMZE \GEGBG ,FKGRC
KEM GPXT \B DKFRFN EXKM FNKI\ EPNK OEBF[ BKF BZGCF \ZJP
.GPGYPC FNGM FBKZCF \B DKFRFN QM KZIB NMGK[
."QG[BZF OEB" GB "OEB" \BZYRF \KNNM \IB FP[R BZC BZGCF
.\GRGXZ FTCZBP CMZGP YNI NMG ,OKYNI 600,000=N FZC[R GH FP[R
\B OD BNB GPXT \B QY\N YZ BN BKF OEBF NT \NJGP[ "FPK[P"F
FN[ SIKF \B QY\N \CKKI \GP[RFP \IB NM .\KNNMF FP[RC GYNI
,FPXT \B \RY\P BKF FHF QVGBCG ,\GZIBF \GP[RF 599,000 NM KVNM
’J OFP EIB NMC[ OKYNI 600,000=P FKGRC \EEGC FP[R NM[ \GKF
KRIGZ UGXZV ?\GP[R 600,000 ZVSPF TKDP QMKFP .\GRG[BZF \GZKVSF
,\GZKVS Z[TP \CMZGP BKF UB QFP \IB NMG \GZKVS [[P CMZGPF
.UNB 600=1000061066 ZVSPF QBMP .KZK[TF UNBF \DZEN FNT
ZGCTN NGMK UGDF GNKBG ,ECNC OKKSKV OKVGD LZE QY\KFN \GNGMK \GP[R
DK[FN Q\RGGM[ ,FXGCY OT \GV\G[P \GKSKV \GNGTV \ZHTC YZ QGYK\
 EGPKNF KETX 338

FEGCTG EGPKN :\GK[TP \GNGTV K\[ FV \GPKKY .FEKIK FZJP F\GB

.FP[RF N[ KRIGZ QGYK\ O[N \KNNM
.ZGBF KEK NT GBZCR OF QM[ ,GK\GRGXZ \B \GR[N OEB N[ G\NGMKC QKB
ZCTN ,FNBF \GRGXZF N[ FNGTVF QGGKM \B \GR[N BGF [GZE[ FP NM
BNPK BN OEBF FP QPHN OB .O\GB [PPN FXGZ BGF FP[N[ FZJPF
.\[CG[P Z\GK EGT FZGXC GKNB ZGHIK CG[ FHF QGXZF KHB ,GF[NM QGXZ
.FHF QGXZC [GPK[F N[ FRGMRF FZGXC NGTVN QM OB [GZE
YZ \GKFN LKZX QGYK\F .ZHR\FNG ZSKK\FN ,CGTZN ZGSB \GEFKC
\GRGXZF NM[ IMGGKR HBG .QGXZC OK[P\[P GC[ QVGBC ,FRGGMF NB SIKC
BGF[ NMM OEB[ ZPBR FH OG[PG .FZJPF \D[FN GRN OKKIZMF
GZXK GZCIP NGEDF NM" ,CG\MM .Z\GK OKNGED \GRGXZ NTC BGF ,JSKBGDB
."GRPP NGED
339 \ K J S K B G Z J N B F R G G M :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

\KJSKBGZJNB FRGGM :IVSR

,\K\NI\FF FRKICF BGF[ ZGBF QP \GZXGR \GRKICF TCZB Z[BM
QF[ KNM ,DGRT\ NCYN QGXZ BGF[ KNM ZXGR ,BZGCF { [ZG[ \RKIC
.G\GB BNPP[ ZGBF OT \JNIGP FPB\FC BXPR G\GMKBC QFG G\GPMC
\BZYR ,QKJGNIN \KBPXT FPXT F[I[ ,\KVGSF F\ZGXC ,GH FBKZC
."FBKZC" ,"\GMNP" ," ’E FRKIC"
FSV\ ,GC BNP\FNG BZGCF ZGB \B NCYN FNKI\F ’E FRKIC[ QPHC
ZGBF \B \NCYP[ GH BKFG ,DGRT\F ,ZGBF \B Q\GR Z[B BGF BZGCF[
.GKNT \DRT\PG
FBRFC NMF NCYP ,N[PN ,QJY YGRK\ :TZ OG[ LMC QKB FZGBMN
?LMC TZ FPG .NCYP BGFG \R\GR BKF[ FHP \KRFR GPB .GPBP
Z[BM .NCYP FHG Q\GR FH :ZGPD EGIKBC OKBXPR BZCRFG BZGCF
\GMNP KGZY BGF ,GN Q\GR BZGCF[ FP NM \B NCYP ,\GMNPF ,BZCRF
GKNB TKDP[ ZGBF \NCYC NCDGP BN BGF[ ZCEF [GZKV ,UGS=QKB ONGT
OFKRKC [K LB ,JNIGP QVGBC FHN FH OKZG[Y BZCRFG BZGCF .BZGCFP
\GKF ,BZGCN FPB\FC BXPR BNG ,KBPXT GRKB BZCRF FH CXPC .NECF
DDGV\PG ,KIXR GRKB ,NCYP BGF[ DGRT\F .\GRFKN \PBC NGMK BN BGF[
.EKP
NMG\ BKF FC \KRIGZ \GI\V\F \PZN FBKZCF \B BKCFN KEM
FKFK DGRT\F[ KEM ZPGNM ,BNP ZGTK[CG YSGV K\NC ,KIXR DGRT\ [KDZFN
BZCRF HB YZ .BZCRN WGIP NB DGRT\F \CKS \B BKXGFN IZMF ,ON[
DGRT\F \ZIB KM ,\GRFKN GN[ QGXZF NEGD N[ UYKFC NCDGP FKFK BN
NCYN QGXZF O\GKEEF IGMC .G\GB NCYN QGXZF \B FCMP EKP NCY\P[
QF QGKPJN OKEZGK LMG ,FH \B FH OKNJCP NCY\PF DGRT\FG DGRT\F \B
.ZGBF QFG KNMF
GN[ QGXZF LM ,Z\GK DRT\P KNMF[ NMM[ LMN TKDFN Q\KR EXKM
FCKSFG ,DGRT\F ZGYP Z[BM YZ ?OKNED DGRT\F \B NCYN \NGMKFG
BGF[ FHP DGRT\ NCYK BZCRF FH CXPC .GPXT BZCRN WGIP GKFK ,GN[
NCYK[ DGRT\F NEDK ZGTK[ G\GBC LM ,Z\GK YKRTK[ NMMG ,DGRT\ Q\GR
,OHKBGZJNB[ ,ZGZKCC OKBGZ QBMP .KVGSRKB BGF FH LKNF\ .FRK\RFP
OKNMC YZ .ON[ KNMF N[ G\KK[TN IZGM BNB \K\GMBNP FBXPF GRKB
 EGPKNF KETX 340

\MNGF \GYYG\[F OT DGRT\F \B \KRPH GC \GGIN Q\KR OKKJSKBGZJNB

.GKNB \ZCGDG
QJY CKMZP YZ OKN[F ,UGS=QKB ONGT \GMNP \B GZXGKC ,BZGCF
LK[PK OB[ LM ON[F GCXPN ET FH KNM I\VN [ZER \TM .FEGCTFP
,FHF [EIF KNMF LMG .GN FXGIP NB ,NGCD BNN \\N NKI\K BGF NCYN
.\KVGSRKB FZGXC GPXT \B BNPN NMGK ,FRK\RN QGGMP[
KR[[ KBR\C YZ \KZ[VB FH LKNF\ N[ \KVGSRKBF \GI\V\FF
GN[ \GZ[VBFG QGXZF ZGTK[C ,FZK[K FZGXC Q\KK BZGCF :GR\K OKEEXF
BZCRF ,ZPGNM ;"ZHGI ZGB" N[ FZGXC ,"KEDRF QGGKM"C Q\K BZCRFG ,\\N
DGRT\ \\N FEKIKF LZEF GHG NKBGF DGRT\ NCYP BGF .\\N \RP NT NCYP
.Q\GRN FCFB N[ FENG\ BKF FNCYFG .BZGCN
,OKRJY OKKJSKBGDB \GRGXZ [GPKP O[N OKKI GRB ,GRN[ KP[DF ONGTC
CG[G .OFC \GXZN OKYKSVP GRB EKP ,FNBF OKDGRT\C OKBNP\P GRB[MG
GRIZGM NTC OKHZEHP GRB CG[G ,OK[EI \GRGXZ FNTPNP GRC OKZKEIP
\GRGXZ N[ \GR[RG \GZHGI \GTVGF .FNKNI ZHGIG ,O\GB BNPN \GSRN
\BH \GBZN Q\KR .GR\GI\V\FN OKKIZMF OFN[ KTDZF YGVKSFG ,GRMG\C
WNBP LMCG ,OK[EI \GRGXZ QPHF NM OFN Q\GR TCJF :OKENK NXB CJKF
NMM .I\V\P OEBF FKF BN FH LKNF\ KETNC .I\V\FNG OEY\FN O\GB
\GI\V\F \PZN TKDFN KG[T BGF LM ,\TEN FXGZ ,Z\GK QZYS OEBF[
.Z\GK FFGCD
KVNB L[PC \KTCJ LZEC [IZ\P \GRGXZF \GI\V\F N[ LKNF\F
,KR[N EIB QGXZP ZCTPC YZ \G[GRBF NM \YSGT F\BKZC HBP .OKR[
.Z\GK NGED ,[EI QGXZ FC TKVGP EKP ,EIB QGXZ BNPN FIKNXP BKF[MG
OEBC GNKB .OKKY\FN NGMK TCJF QKB OK[EI \GRGXZ N[ \GZZGT\F BNN
FKVKXF .OKKIC Z\GR FKF BN BGF [EI QGXZ OTV KEKP TKVGP FKF BN
IMF \B \R\GR[ GH BKF .NMF \B FTKRP KEK\TF DGRT\NG QGXZF KGNKPN
EK\T[ ZGBF .FKDZRB \YVSPG GRN[ OKRG[F IGZF KCXPN \PZGD ,TKRPF
LG\ NB SRMKFN FIJCF GCGIC B[GRG YGIZP ZKBP ,UKYPF ZGBF ,BGCN
.OBNPNG GRK\GRGXZ
:NCYN QGXZ N[ OKDGS FTCZB OR[K
,QGHP ,OKKSKSC OKMZX BNPN \GRGXZC ZCGEP :OKKRVGD OKDGRT\C QGXZ .B
.OKKIF KNTC OD OKVBG[ FNB \GRGXZN .QGIJKC ,OKBXBX ,FIV[P ,QKP
341 \ K J S K B G Z J N B F R G G M :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

GFH \BH OTG ,OKKIF KNTCC OKKY BN[ QGXZC ZCGEP :Z[GTC QGXZ .C
NXB ZBG\PG J[VGP Z[GT D[GPF[ QGGKM ,EBP KCKJKPKZV QGXZ
.OKKPFC OKDGRT\ O\GB \D[FN KTXPBM OEBF
\GKFN LZGX N[ F[GI\ ,LN OKPGEF NT JGN[N QGXZ :FJKN[C QGXZ .D
QGXZ FH QKB QPHC GCG ,L\GB OKCCGSF N[ \KTCJF FPZF NTP
.OKZIB NT YZ BNB ,LN[ TCJF NT ,LPXT NT \GNT\FN
BN LB ,TCJN NTP OEBF \B FNTP FH QGXZ :FNM[FNG TEKC QGXZ .E
.GPXT GN[ TCJF NTP
BGF OEBN OEB QKC NECFF .FNB \GRGXZ N[ NGNMP OKKY OEB NMC
N[ G\GI\V\F LKNF\ .FNB \GRGXZN \GZSP\FF KCN[ QKC[ SIKC YZ
OKMGPRFP ,\GRGXZ O\GB N[ \K\DZEF \GI\V\F N[ FENG\ BGF OEBF
TKDF OEBF OB .FPKEY TGRN OEBC OKYIGEF OF ZGPBMG ,OKFGCDF ETG
KHB ,GRPP NN[R[ DGRT\F GFP TEGK BGFG ,\GRFKN QGXZ GN ZSI[ FRCFN
NKEDFN OKXVI OKCZ .GRPP NN[R KM ZGCS BGF[ DGRT\F \EKPM NGCSK
Z\GK FCZF DGRT\ NCYN GNMGK[ OKRKCP OF KM OKKRKPF OFK\GRGXZ \B
,O\RCF KV NT[ \GKF NMGBN O\YG[\ \B \KIVFN OKXGZ OKZIB .NGED
.\GIV GNCSK ,OPXT GNKCDK OB
I\V\FN OKNGMK BN FNM[FN GB FJKN[N ,Z[GTN OKVBG[ ORKB[ KP
OKVBG[F \GRGXZN ZGCTN Z\GK ZIGBP Z[VB\[ FRGMR FZGXC OEY\FNG
,OKRJY \GRGXZ N[ QGGDP FHF ONGTC GRN Q\KR LM O[N .NMC \GPN[N
OEB N[ GK\GRGXZ .BZGCN ZCE N[ GVGSC TKDFN KEM I\VN GRKNT O\GB
N[ FBXG\ OXTC OF KM ,NKDZ OEBP Z\GK OKKJSKBGDBG OKYHI NCGYP
.GRN[ OKKTCJF \GRGXZF KDGS \TCZB \GI\V\F
KNM ZXGK ,GPXTC OEBF ,BZCRF ?I\V\FN OKMKZX GRN[ \GRGXZF FPNG
BN FHF [EIF BZCRF \BG .[EI BZCR ZXGR LMCG ,FRK\R N[ KNM ,[EI
BZC BZGCF .BZGCF N[ \GPN[F \BJC\P YGKEC GH FEGYRC .BZC BZGCF
GPXTC BGZCNG ,GN[ TCJF \B ,GPXT \B \GR[N \GZ[VB GN Q\RG BZCR
\B GPXTC ZXGK BZCRF[ LMC .\\N QGXZ ,GBZC BZGCF BN[ ,[EI QGXZ
.FBNP \GPN[N TKDPG BZGCN GPXT \B FPEP BGF FRK\RN [EIF QGXZF
N[ FH CXP .FBKZCF \ZJP F[TPN BKF FH \GPN[ CXPN BZCRF \BCF
."QGYK\F ZPD" KGZY BNPG KVGS QGYK\
\B FPM KV NKEDFN \Z[VBP ,BZGCF ,Q\GRF N[ G\GCK[I \NEDF
\GNED \B GPXTN FPEP OEBF[ ZGTK[ G\GBC .GRPP NCY\P[ DGRT\F
 EGPKNF KETX 342

FPM ET :BZCRC KGN\ NMF LM CYT .DGRT\F NEGD GNXB [DZGP LM Q\GRF
OD KHB KVGSRKB BGF BZGCF[ QGGKMPG ,Q\GRF \GCK[I \B NKEDP BGF
GRPP FNCYFP DGRT\F OD LMG ,\KVGSRKB FZGXC NED BZGCN \\N QGXZF
.KVGSRKB

\GP[R 600,000=G FHF ONGTC OKNCGYP KNGDND

FRKICP .OKGG[ OK[RBF NM ,OFN[ OKKDGNGKSKVF OKRG\RF KVN
[NI NBGJYNJRKB NT UETGP ,N[PN JN\B ,QGSIG YHI ZCD \KRGXKI
G\GB EGEPRG ,OEBF N[ \KPKRVF \GFPF \B Y\RRG FEKPC ,\BH .QSSFG
NK\[FN Q\KR[ QCGP FH FZYPC .ECNC OKKPFCF OKKRVGDF OKRG\RF KVN
.GK\GRGM\NG G\GI\V\FN ,GBXGPN Z[Y BNN OK[EI OKZCKB OEBC
\KPKRVF \GFPF LPS NT YZ \R\KR GFTZN OEB QKC \K\KPB FRICF
NK\[FN Z[VB KB GNB \GRGM\ ,UGDF \GRGM\P FRG[C .GK\GRGM\ N[ ,GN[
KR[N EIB IGPP ZKCTFN Q\KR FKFK EK\TC[ QM\KK .[KBN [KBP ZKCTFNG
ZP[RF TEKP GPM[ ,KP[D BGF FH TEKP KZF[ GRN[ ONGTF NT TEKP
GPM .FHF ONGTC GRVGD N[ \GKGSR\F NGMF LSC BGF GRN[ QGZMKHF .C[IPC
FR[P BN ,GKNB GZHICG ,GRN[ ONGTF \B GCHTC ,OEBF :["CZF ZPB[
QKKRT GFHG .FVNIGF FN[ "FXNGI"F ,FZB[R FP[RF ."FXNGI" ECNP ZCE
.\GP[R NGDND
EIGKPF QEGTK N[C LB OFK\GRGM\ QGYK\ \B GPKN[F[ \GP[R QR[K
BN QGTP[ KCZ :\ZIB "FXNGI"C OTVF BNB ,GRN[ ONGTN ZGHIN \GMKZX
NTCN FKFG ZHI K"ZBFG .K"ZBFM ZHI BGF ,QGTP[ KCZM ZGHIN FKF LKZX
GRN[ ONGTN \ZHGI OKRG[ \GZGEC Z[B FP[R F\GB BKF GH .ONGSF
N[ NGDND BGF[ GPXT NT C\M ONGSF NTC .\KRIGZ FRKICP GR\GB \Z[N
OKNCGYP OKNDP FH \B .QGTP[ KCZ N[ NGDND BGF[ C\M K"ZBFG ,K"ZBF
.OEGYF NGDNDC GKF FC[ \KRIGZF FPZN OKTKDP Z[BM
\IB UBG ,NNMF QP BXGK KNC KJSKBGDB QGXZ OT \GENGR \GP[RF NM
GB "NCGYP" F\[TR[ KZIB FHF ONGTN FTKVGF BN OKNCGYPF \GP[RP
BKF BZGCF \BZYN (BZCRF) FP[RF F[GT[ FRG[BZF FNGTVF ."BKCR"
.\KPXT FBRFN KJSKBGDBF QGXZF N[ GPGXPX
YZ ZGB NCYK[ JKNIP BGFG (DGRT\) ZGB NM KZPDN YN\SP BZCRFP
.FRK\R \BZYR \BHM FNCY .BZGCN "ZKHIFN" NGMK[ ZGTK[F G\GBC
343 \ K J S K B G Z J N B F R G G M :I V S R | O K Z G T K [ F Z [ T

BGF[ DGRT\F[ LMC QKICFN LKZX BGF NCYP BZCRF[ ZGB ZKZC[ NMC
LMCG ,FRFK BGF[ FXGZ BZGCF KM FRFR BGF[G ,BZGCFP GKNB BC NCYP
.BZCRN \GRFKN BGF GRGXZ NM[ ,BZGCN DGRT\ Q\GR BGF
TKDF ("\GMNP"F) DRT\K BZGCF[ KEM NCYN BZCRF QGXZ[ ZIBN
BZCRF ,("Z\M") GKBZCRN CKJKFN BZGCF QGXZ OT \GRGM\C \GG\[FN
FBKZCF \YNI\P BZGCN \GPEKFN KEM .FPB\FC OKBXPR BZGCFG
.G\GB F[KDZP BN[ ET BZGCFP \YIZ\PG ,\GP[R=OKYNI 600,000=N
FDZEP NMG ,\GDZEP 125=N YNI\P BZGCF QKCN FRKC ZXGR[ YIZPF
,FRGZIBF FDZEPF KZGIBP Z[B ET ZGB N[ \PKKGSP \GPM \RRSP
.GRN[ ONGTF BXPR O[ .Z\GK [DZGP BN ZGBF ,125=F FDZEPF
,OKBXPR GRB GC GRN ZMGPF ONGTF GRKB FNCYC "FHF ONGTF" D[GPF
EEGCP BGF[ [KDZFN NKI\P OEBF GC[ FBKZCF N[ KRIGZ CXP BNB
[KDZPG BZGC GR[K[ LMC ZKMP OEBF GC CXP .BZGCFP KZPDN YIGZPG
LG\ ,KBPXT QVGBC GMG\C I\VP BZCRF GC[ ,FHM CXPP BYGGE .GZETFC
.BZGCN GPXT FPEP BGF BZGCF \B DRTN QGXZ ,\GXPB\F
FZXGR ,\GDZEP 125 KVN ,OKVGXZVF ,\GDZEPF ,\GPNGTF \GN[N\[F
FNGTVG QGXZ OG[ QKB QKKET \GDZEPF LZGB NMN .GPXTC BZGCF KEKC
Y\GRP BZCRF[M ,Z\GKC FMGPRF FEGYRFP BNB .BZCRF EXP OKKBPXT
Q\GB KRV NT TGSVN K[KBF GRGXZ LG\P GPXTC BGF NKI\P ,BZGCFP KZPDN
.BZGCF \BZYN ,BXK GRPP[ UGS=QKB ONGT CXPN FZHIC ,\GDZEP 125
QFP \IB NMG ,\GP[R 600,000=N FYNI\F UGS=QKB ONGT \GMNP
ONGT ET GRN[ ONGTFP FN[ LZEF \B ZGCTN KBPXT QVGBC FMKZX
GH LZEC KGXP[ FHM YNI NM .EGTG EGT FN[ LSPF \NEDF LG\ ,UGS=QKB
KP[DF UGDC O\GKFC LZEF NM \B ZGCTN OKYNIF NM NT ."NCGYP" KGZY
.OKKRIGZF OKCXPF NM \B GZCTK[ ET GRN[
UGS=QKB ONGT KGNKD [IZ\K ,UGDF \PZC ,Z\GKC FMGPRF FDZEC OD ,HBG
."KXZB QET QD" KGZYF
FNB[F \NB[R .OKKDGNGKSKV OKVGD EZBKNKP 7=M GRN[ WZBF ZGEM NT
,QMCG ?ECNC \GP[R 600,000 YKVSFN \GNGMK OK[RB EZBKNKP 7=N EXKM
,\GP[RF ZVSPN Z[Y OG[ QKB OKPKKYF OKKDGNGKCF OKVGDF ZVSPN
EIB ZGEC \GP[R \GZ[T FPM YZ \GPKKY ."CNC[ FEGYR" \GBZYRF
 EGPKNF KETX 344

FZJP NM BNN OKCCG\SP OKVGDF ZB[ NM ."OKVGD LG\C \G[CGNP"[

.FP[R BNNG
OKMKZX[G ,OFC FYNI\F \GMNPF[ OKYNI N[ FR\GP ZVSP BGF 600
OKNGDND OK[IZ\P ,FKR[ NM ,YGKE Z\KNG { QPHF NM .OPXT \B QY\N
QKB[ \GBKXP KFP OKRKCP BN GRIRB .GNNF \GMNPF KYNI N[ OKZCTPG
CN[C F[Y QMNG "QPH" N[ D[GP OKKY BN \GKRIGZC NCB ,QPH EPKP FC
,F[GI\F \B [GMZR[ TDZP .OKZCTPFG OKNGDNDF LKNF\ \B ZKCSFN FH
NMGR QM[ ,\GYVSG \GNB[ OG[ GRCNC GZB[K BN ,ONGTF KGRC \PBC LKB
.GRPXTC NMF \GBZN
345 OKD[GP IGN

OKD[GP IGN
BKFG \KNNMF FP[RF BKF ,"OEB" GB ,"QG[BZF OEB" { QG[BZF OEB
."OEB=KRC \GP[R" OKBZYR[ OKYNIN \YNI\P
NCYP BZCRF[ TV[FG ,"KNM" BZYR BZCRC[ NCYN QGXZF { KNMG ZGB
."ZGB" BZYR
.FP[RC NCYPF YNIF { (oI
#B@ ) V"IB
.QG\I\F LG\C BXPRF QGKNTF UGXZVFP YNI { QGKNTE V"IB
LGVKFC BNB "CKJKPG CGJ" GP[M BN BZCRN BZGCF \GSIKK\F { OKKZGIB
.FBZRFP
.BZGCF N[ GNBN BZCRF N[ \GRGXZ GB \GRGM\ QKC FEZVFF \NGTV { ZGZKC
.FNGTVF TXCPN TKDPF QGKNTF ZGBC \TXC\P
OKKJSKBGDBF \GIGMF ZDBP { FBPGJE (T"KC) FK[T=FZKXK=FBKZC
FK[T=FZKXK=FBKZC \GPNGTC[ FTV[FF \GIGM \PGTN OKBXPRF
.F[GEYE
OKBXPRF FTV[FF \GIGM ZDBP { F[GEYE (T"KC) FK[T=FZKXK=FBKZC
.FBPGJE FK[T=FZKXK=FBKZC \GPNGTC[ OKKJSKBGDBF \GIGMF \PGTN
.FP[RC[ TKV[PF YNIF { (T"D ,T"GD) OKKRKTG B\NDND
.FHC FH OKRIGZF \B FYKCEPG \CZYPF FZGXF \BGG[F { \GYCE
.FRGKNTF FDFRFF \ZMF KCN[ { OKZGZKCG \GRICF
\GM[PR GRPP[ \GNKXBF ONGTC YNI { \GNKXBE (BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH) Q"GH
.QRGYK\ ZPDN QBKCFN KEM FID[FG FDFRF \GP[RN
,’E FRKICP ZGBF \B OKNTPFG CMTPF ,LSPF \NGTV { FBMFE DGGKH
FIGE[ G[GZKV[ ,ZGBC "FMP" EIB EXP .FN LKK[F ZGB \B FIEPG
OZGD ,ZPGNM ,ZGBF OT "DGGEHP" KR[F EXFPG ,ZKBFNP G\GB OKNTPG
.FZ\K FCIZFG FKKCZ GN
ONGTC[ (QKVRB LKZB) Z\MF GB BZGCF DKXR { (B"H) QKVRB ZKTH
.\GP[RF NM \B FMG\C \NNGM[ ,\GNKXBE \GMNPF NGP \GNKXBF
.FRKCF \RGM\ { OKESI WVI
."KEGFK" BZYR GBZGC OT YCEKFNG EIKK\FN YYG\[PF { OK=EGFK
.BZGCF OT FZGXF \GG\[FC BXPR BZCRF GC[ CXPF { OK=EGIK
.K"IRZR OD FBZ .\GMNPG \ZBV\ ,FRKCG FPMGI ,Z\M { P"G\ C"IM
 OKD[GP IGN 346

.BZCRC[ NCYN QGXZF { KNM

ZPD ET QRY\N Z[VB KB[ FP[RC[ \GKGMNP (32) C"N { QCBF C"N
.QGYK\F
.Q"PF \B FNTP[ OEBN ZGHTN KEM FNTPNP EZGK[ QGKNTF ZGBF { E"P
UGS=QKB ONGT ;UGS=QKB ZGBC NGNMF NCYN QGXZF { UGS=QKBE \GMNP
.ZGBF QKCN KNMF QKC FZGX KGRK[ OG[ QKB O[ Z[B
.QGKNTN FPGEC FTV[FF \RGM\ NCYN QG\I\F \[YC { Q"P
\NGTVN FP[RF \B FNTPF ,\GMNPC[ NCYN QGXZN \GEDR\F IGM { LSP
.FTV[FF
KYNI ’F \B BNPPF ZGBF KYNI ’F ,FEKIK ,FKI ,FP[R ,IGZ ,[VR { K"IRZR
.\GMNPG \ZBV\ ,FRKC ,FPMGI ,Z\M OF[ ,P"G\ C"IM ,FP[RF
.FP[RC[ NCYN QGXZF NEGD { KCGT ,FCT
.FP[RC[ NCYN QGXZF { \GKCT
.\GZKVS Z[T { S"T
ONGT KVGXZV ’F { BCYGRG QKVRB ZKTH ,BPBG BCB ,QKVRB LKZB ,YK\T
.\GP[RN FID[FFG FDFRFF \EZGK OFP[ \GNKXBF
.\NGHN GSIKC GB UGXZVC[ \KTCJF FRKICF { OKRV
\GMNPF \KKNT KEK NT \GBCF ,GHP FJPN GH "\GZKVS Z[T" { UGXZV
.NKXBPN
LMG ,ONGT NMC 5 M"FS ,OKVGXZV \GBZYR \GPNGTC[ \GDZEP { OKVGXZV
.\GBKXPF NMC 25
QGKNTF UGXZVF \TVGFP \G[MZR[ FTV[F N[ \GRGM\ { QKPK GY
.("BZGCF")
QY\N BZCRF N[ G\NGMK KVN ZZGT\P[ BZCRC[ NCYN QGXZ { NBP[ GY
.G\GB
.\GFP NM N[ ZPGI { NCYN QGXZ
,OEBF \ZMFN FNGTG \ZZGT\PF FP[RC KGXP[ TEKP { \GPK[Z ,GPK[Z
.FBKZCF \ZJP \BZYN \GPEY\FNG QGYK\N OGYP GN \GRYFN KEM
347 FNCYF EGPKN \GZGYP

FNCYF EGPKN \GZGYP

QGTP[ KCZ N[ GZVS { OKMZM 10 { "ONGSF" [GZKV OT "ZFGHF" ZVS
DN[B FEGFK CZF C\M[ "ONGSF" [GZKV OT ,FKR[F FBPFP KBIGK ZC
C\MR[ Z\GKC CG[IF ZVSF FH .GRZGEN G\GB OKB\FN KEM (ONGSF NTC)
SKSCN OGKF ET C[IR BGF \GCZ OKR[ KRVN C\MR[ \GZPNG ,FNCYC
OEBF \B BKCFN Z\GKC FNGEDF FPXGTF NTCNG ,FNCYF EGPKNC EGSKG
.KRIGZF ONGTN \G[GRBF NM \BG
\JK[ EGPKNN KZYKTF ZVSF { OKMZM 6 { "\GZKVSF Z[T EGPN\"
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CZFG ,(1935=1865) YGY F"KBZF N[ O\KKGGFG O\GDF HMZPC EPT FH QKKRT
ONGSF [GZKV O[ NT "ONGSF NTC" GP[C TGEKF (1954=1884) DN[B FEGFK
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OKMNGFF N[ OKZEI KZEIN WKXFN FZKER \GRPEHF BZGYN \R\KR FH ZVSC
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.OEBF [VR LG\N Y\ZP TSPN BZGYF \B OKIYGNG ,OMZEC OKCN[G OKCXP
[ZG[C TDGR BGF ,GK\GCG[\C QPJKKN NBMKP JYGR[ K[KBF SIKF \GTXPBC
\PMGI \B OKVVGBF QKZG\SPF KRRT \B YNSPG ,GR\KBP EIB NM N[ FP[RF
OG[KKN \R\KRF \K[TP FJK[N FNCYF \PMI \B CXTP BGF QPGB EKC .FNCYF
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OKKIN \GXT UNB

,GKEKPN\ \GNB[N CK[P QPJKKN NBMKP NCGYPF ,"OKKIN \GXT UNB" ZVSC
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\K[TR GH FRGKNT \MZTP ."\KRIGZF \GBKXPF" \BZYRG ,OKJNIGPG OKZGZC
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 "LGZC KRC" \TGR\
BZY F\GB ,QPJKKN NBMKP Z"E CZF KEK NT 1991=C FPYGF "LGZC KRC" \TGR\
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ZDBP NKMPF JRZJRKB Z\B ZGCKXF \G[ZN FEKPTP FTGR\F .ONGTCG WZBC
FTGR\F \YSGT \BH ECNP .\GV[ 22=C ,FNCYF \PMGI B[GRC CIZR TEKP
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.\GRG[ \GV[C

,FGY\=I\V 112 KYSRKJGC’H ’IZ :"LGZC KRC" \GZKMHP

03=9226723 ’NJ
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