Chemistry Study Sheet

Textbook Study Chapters Conversions

Conversion: pp318, Q13-26.
Ideal Gas Equation: pp320, Q27- Pressure
31. 1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 101 325 Pa = 101.325kPa
Molar Volume: pp323, Q32-35. “Divide by the unit you have, multiply by the unit you want”
Volume Stoichiometry: pp324 Temperature
Various Gas Question Sheets
*Gas powerpoint is also on
educate – And I am currently
asking to have the working for
the gas questions online too.

Laws
Boyle’s Law Degrees Celsius has the same increments as degrees Kelvin.
1 To convert, plus 273.
P∝
v
PV = k Volume
P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law mL (cm3) L(dm3) m3
V∝T
V=kT
V1 V2
= To convert forward, multiply by 10-3. To convert back,
T 1 T2
multiply by 103. To skip an increment and increase or
Gay-Lussac’s Law(LOL)
decrease straight from mL to m3, multiply by 106 or 10-6
P∝T
accordingly.
P = kT
P 1 P2
=
T1 T2 Kinetic Molecular Theory (Quote this in the test!)
ALL LAWS ABOVE COMBINED - Gases are made up of particles moving with
P 1 V 1 P 2V 2 constant random motion.
=
T1 T2 - The average kinetic energy increases as
Ideal Gas Equation temperature increases.
PV = nRT; where: - Collisions with outer gas particles and with
P = Pressure in Pa(Nm-3) the walls of the container are perfectly
V = Volume in m3 elastic. (No energy is lost or gained)
n = Number of Moles (don’t - The forces of attraction and repulsion
forget that moles = between gas particles are practically zero.
M ( Mass) - The particles are very far apart – The volume
) of the particles is very small compared to the
m(Molar Mass)
R = Ideal Gas Constant; 8.31JK-1 volume of the container.
T = Temp in Kelvin. - Gases do not follow these assumptions,
s.t.p = Standard Temperature and especially if they are subjected to high
Pressure = 273K and 101 325Pa. pressure, low volume and low temperature
Molar Volume environments.
V - Gases that obey all the five assumptions are
n= ; said to be ‘Ideal’. Eg. H2, He.
Vm
 Stoichi-betchcaking-ometry
Steps:
1. Write a chemical equation and balance it.
2. Using the grams provided within the question,
use the moles = mass over molar mass rule to
find the moles. Then use ratios to find out the
moles of substance given. Only use the
numbers in front, eg. A ratio of two would
come from 2Na, not H2.
3. From there, use a the PV = nRT rule, OR, if the
question contains either S.L.C or S.T.P, use the
n = V upon Vm rule.
4. We only use the easy peasy switcheroo mole
rule when BOTH THE REACTANT AND
PRODUCT ARE GASES. WHEN BOTH THE
REACTANT AND PRODUCT ARE
GASES.
Air Pollution – Acid Rain
- From SO2 (A natural impurity) and NOx from
burning fossil fuels and combustion reactions.
- Generally has a pH of 6, but is recorded much
lower.
- Wet Deposition is when it is in the form of rain,
etc.
- Dry Deposition is when it falls to the earth as
dust.
It is a problem because it can damage vegetation and
lowers the pH of soil. This can leach out harmful metal
ions like Al3+. It also lowers the pH of waterways, and
can speed up metal corrosion. It also dissolves
stonework, especially limestone and marble.
Chemical Equations:
SO2 + H2O  H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid)  H2SO4
(Sulphuric acid)
NOx + H2O  HNO2 (Nitrous Acid) + HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
*Learn these acids.
To reduce acid rain, reduce fossil fuel burning and
‘scrub’ gases before releasing them.
Composition of Air
N2 – 78.08%
O2 – 20.95%
Ar – 0.93%
CO2 – 0.03%
Extra Theory:
“Equal volumes of gases contain
equal numbers of particles/moles”
-Avogadro, Molar volume theory.
Air Pollution – Ozone layer
From Chlorofluorocarbons. (CFC’s)
CHFCl2  (With UV) CHFCl + Cl
*Cl is a free radical.
Cl + O3  ClO +O2
CLO + O3  2O2 +Cl
The free radical, Cl, persists, destroying
ozone.
To reduce, stop using CFC’s in aerosol
cans. Note that this has already been
reduced greatly and the hole is
shrinking.
Air Pollution – Global Warming
- From Burning fossil fuels,
creates the ‘greenhouse effect’
Greenhouse gases include CO2, CH4,
NO2, H2O.
Ways to reduce: Plant more trees, stop
deforestation and burning of fossil fuels.
Consider alternative energy sources.
See “Inconvenient Truth” notes too. It’s
not convenient for me to type them all
out.
Controlled Variable: Variables that you
keep the same so it is a fair test.
Independent Variable: The variable
that you change to test.
Dependant Variable: The variable that
is the impact of the deliberate change.
Test is on Friday,
8.35-10.35