A DC machine can act as a DC generator or DC

DC motor as a generator

If the shaft of a DC motor is turned by an external force, it will produce electromotive force (EMF).
During normal operation, the spinning of the motor produces a voltage, known as counter EMF or back
EMF. The back EMF is the reason that the motor when free-running does not appear to have the same
low electrical resistance as the wire contained in its winding. This is the same EMF that is produced
when the motor is used as a generator

b) Functions of field and armature windings in DC motor.

Field winding

Field winding is also known as energizing winding or exciting coil. The coil energizes the stator, which is
either permanent magnet or electromagnet. Field winding is placed on the stator of the motor. This
winding has more number of turns which generates magnetic flux. The position of the field coils is such
that the outwardly directed or radial component of the magnetic field produced in the air gap to the
stator is approximately sinusoidally distributed around the periphery of the rotor.

Armature winding

Armature is the turning conductor in a DC motor. The conducting coils that wound around the armature
in which voltage is induced, causing it to rotate within a magnetic field. If the wires are damaged or
broken, the armature will not rotate properly.

c) 2 components of a dc motor equivalent circuit

Back-EMF – Back electromotive force is also knows as counter-electromotive force (CEMF). Back
electromotive force is a voltage that occurs in DC motors where there is relative motion between the
armature of the motor and the external magnetic field.