ABAP Objects: Andreas Blumenthal Jürgen Heymann

ABAP Objects
Andreas Blumenthal
Jürgen Heymann
SAP AG R
 SAP AG 1997 C01 Technology Days `97, Karlsruhe (Blumenthal & Heymann) / 1
ABAP Objects
 ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology
 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in

ABAP
 Interoperability with other object systems
Positioning ABAP Objects
 Benefits of object orientation
 Current situation
 External interoperability
 ABAP programming
 What are ABAP Objects ?
 Benefits of ABAP Objects
Benefits of Object Orientation
 Encapsulation - outside vs. inside
 Explicit interfaces
 Control of complexity and dependencies
 Reuse - of components and by inheritance
 Maintainability
 Interoperability across languages (Java, VB, ...) and

object systems (DCOM/CORBA)
 Foundation for patterns and frameworks
Current Interoperability Technology
 BOR (Business Object Repository)
 Foundation for DCOM/CORBA connection
 Fully featured standard object model
 Medium level object wrappers for business functionality written
in standard ABAP
 BAPIs (Business APIs)

 Defined within the BOR
 Function-oriented, stable interfaces to R/3 applications
 Support for Internet applications
Current ABAP Programming
 Complexity reduction by powerful high-level
programming constructs
 Procedural abstraction (function library)
 Data abstraction (type pools, complex data types)
 Logical databases for hierarchical data access
 Event-oriented programming with logical databases and
interactive reporting
 Fully integrated SQL interface
 In-memory tables: fast key access, sorted and/or nested, group
control, ...
 ...
R
What Are ABAP Objects ?
 Complete integration of a fully featured object model
into the ABAP programming language
 100% upward-compatible extension of ABAP/4

 Bottom up: use objects in existing ABAP programs (reports,
module- and function-pools)
 Top down: call forms and functions from within objects
 All ABAP language constructs are available within objects
 Fully integrated into the ABAP Workbench
 Class library for global classes (will absorb BOR)
Benefits of ABAP Objects
 Identical object model for external access and internal
usage
 Seamless object model from analysis through design
to implementation
 Kernel-embedded foundation for objects
 Make OO benefits available for the implementation of the
world’s largest business application
 True two-way interoperability: ABAP <=> Java, ABAP <=> VB, ...
 Speed, speed, speed !
 Enabling technology for GUI programming with
frontend controls (ActiveX, JavaBeans)
R
ABAP Objects
 ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology
 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in

ABAP
 Interoperability with other object systems
Fundamentals: Objects vs. Data & Functions
 Objects occur 'naturally' in the world. We want to model
our software accordingly
 E.g.: Transportation company: trucks (various kinds), loads
(various), etc.
 Functions and data
 ‘Big common data structure’ and some common functions
 Lots of CASE statements, sparsely filled data structures
 Objects: car, truck, load, …
 Various kinds of everything, objects for truck, load, …
 Object: data and functions that belong together to model / implement
a specific concept
 Fewer CASE statements, densely filled data, cohesion
R
Fundamentals: What Is an Object ?
 Objects have…
 ...state, described by its attributes
 ...behavior, described by its methods
 ...identity to distinguish them from other objects
with same state and behavior
 Objects can interact with each other...

 ...by accessing (public) attributes
 ...by calling methods
 ...by raising or handling events
 Objects are instances of classes

R
The ABAP Object
 Classes…
 ...specify behavior of ‘same kind of’ objects
 ...define how objects can be accessed from outside
(public vs. protected vs. private)
 ...hide implementation details
 ...may be specialized in subclasses
CLASS class DEFINITION
[ INHERITNG FROM superclass ].
[ PUBLIC SECTION.
...<definition of public components> ]
[ PROTECTED SECTION.
...<definition of protected components> ]
[ PRIVATE SECTION.
...<definition of private components> ]
ENDCLASS.
CLASS class IMPLEMENTATION.

[...<method implementations> ] R
ENDCLASS.
An Example
CLASS CTruck DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: VehicleId TYPE I READ-ONLY.
METHODS: LoadParcel IMPORTING Parcel TYPE REF TO CParcel,
UnloadParcel …
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: ParcelTab TYPE REF TO CParcel OCCURS 0.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS CTruck IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD LoadParcel.
APPEND Parcel TO ParcelTab.
“-- do more stuff …
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
PROGRAM xy.
DATA: Parcel TYPE REF TO CParcel,
Truck1 TYPE REF TO CTruck,
Truck2 TYPE REF TO CTruck.
… “-- get input data for parcel from somewhere …

CREATE OBJECT Parcel.
CALL METHOD Parcel->SetPars EXPORTING Weight = In_weight.
“--- deal with multiple instances
R
CALL METHOD Truck1->UnloadParcel IMPORTING Parcel = Parcel.
CALL METHOD Truck2->LoadParcel( Parcel ).
Some Important Points
 Objects are created dynamically
 Storage management, garbage collection
 Access to objects via object reference only!!!

 Distinguish instances by object reference
 Only and explicit means of dependency
 Sharing always and only via (object) references
(similar to field-symbols; all other ABAP types are value-based!)
 Internal data hidden from users

 Private data accessible only by the object’s methods
Component Definitions
 Attributes…
 ...store the internal state of an object (data)
 ...can be references to other objects
 …can be: read-only, virtual, class attributes
 …can be constants
 Virtual attributes: ‘Attribute’ from the outside, inside the object

Set- and Get-methods. Dynamic control of Set-/Get-methods.
{DATA|CLASS-DATA} attr TYPE type

[ VALUE val ]
[ READ-ONLY ]
[ VIRTUAL [ SET-METHOD set-method] [GET-METHOD get-method] ].
CONSTANTS const TYPE type VALUE val. R
 Methods…
 …are operations on objects (the ‘functionality’)
 …are the only way to change the state of an object

(other than public attributes)
 ...have parameters and can raise exceptions

(similar to function modules)
 ...can pass back a return value
 No method-name overloading!
{METHODS|CLASS-METHODS} method
[ IMPORTING ...<list of import parameters> ]
[ EXPORTING ...<list of export parameters> ]
[ CHANGING ...<list of import/export parameters> ]
[ EXCEPTIONS ...<list of exceptions> ]
[ RETURNING result TYPE t ]. R
Using Attributes and Methods
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: v1 TYPE I,
o1 TYPE REF TO c1.
METHODS: m1 IMPORTING a1 TYPE REF TO c1,
m2 IMPORTING a1 TYPE REF TO c1
RETURNING result TYPE I.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA: v2 TYPE I.
ENDCLASS.
PROGRAM xy.
DATA o1 TYPE REF TO c1.
…
“--- attribute can occur anywhere a ‘normal variable’ can occur
CREATE OBJECT o1.
x = o1->v1 + sin( o1-> v1 ).
CALL FUNCTION 'abc' EXPORTING p1 = o1->v1 … .
“--- some method calls …

CALL METHOD o1->m1 EXPORTING a1 = o1.
CALL METHOD o1->m1( o1 ). “-- short form for 1 exporting arg
…
y = obj1->m2( x ). “-- result can be used in expressions R
 Events...
 ...occur at a particular point in time, e.g. ‘change in state of an
object’
 ...can be raised to inform other interested objects
 ...can pass parameters
EVENTS event
[ EXPORTING ...<list of export parameters> ].
Event Handling
 Events are handled by classes
 General publish-subscribe model
 Syntax similar to ‘Visual Basic’ event handling
 Event handlers...
 ...are methods for handling events from other objects
 ...are declared with reference to the event to be handled
(signature from there)
 …must be ‘registered’ explicitly
Event Handling Example
Sender Handler
CLASS CWindow1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
"--- handle events by implementing
*---- proxy class for GUI control
"--- event handler methods
CLASS CButton DEFINITION.
METHODS:
PUBLIC SECTION. OKClicked FOR EVENT Clicked OF CButton
METHODS: SetLabel IMPORTING DoubleClick,
IMPORTING Txt TYPE … . CanClicked FOR EVENT Clicked OF CButton.
EVENTS: Clicked DATA: OKBtn TYPE REF TO CButton.
EXPORTING DoubleClick TYPE I. …
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
CLASS CWindow1 IMPLEMENTATION.

CLASS CButton IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD Init.
… CREATE OBJECT: OKBtn, CanBtn.
METHOD AnyMethod. SET HANDLER: OKClicked FOR OKBtn,
… CanClicked FOR CanBtn.
RAISE EVENT Clicked ENDMETHOD.
EXPORTING DoubleClick = 0.
… METHOD OKClicked.
ENDMETHOD. IF DoubleClick = 1. … ENDIF.
ENDCLASS. ENDMETHOD.
METHOD CancelClicked.
… "--- DoubleClick not visible
ENDMETHOD. R
ENDCLASS.
Class Component Definitions
 Class attributes...
 ...are data on class level, independent of object / instance
 ...are ‘always there’ like global variables / functions
 ...have global lifetime, with scope tied to class
 Class methods...
 ...can only access class attributes
 ...can be called like ‘global functions’, but are tied to class
*--- class attribute definition

CLASS-DATA: var TYPE t … .
*--- class method definition

CLASS-METHODS: cm … <parameter syntax like methods>. R
Using Class Components
*---- Transaction controller for nested transactions ----
CLASS TACtrl DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
“--- class method to create new controller instance
CLASS-METHODS: CreateNew RETURNING TaObj TYPE REF TO TACtrl.
CLASS-DATA: Current TYPE REF TO TACtrl READ-ONLY.
METHODS: Commit, Abort. “-- instance methods
PRIVATE SECTION.
CLASS-DATA: TAStack TYPE REF TO TACtrl OCCURS 0.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS TACtrl IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD CreateNew.
DATA NewTA TYPE REF TO TACtrl.
CREATE OBJECT NewTA.
APPEND NewTA TO TAStack.
Current = NewTA.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
PROGRAM xy.
“--- start nested transaction
CALL METHOD TACtrl=>CreateNew.
…
CALL METHOD TACtrl=>Current->Commit. R
Inheritance
 A class can be derived from another
 Only specify what is different / added
 Add attributes and methods
 Redefine / override existing methods (in any section) = change
implementation, ‘slight change’ of interface possible
 ‘Single inheritance’ on class
CLASS class DEFINITION

INHERITING FROM superclass.
… SECTION.
“--- added attributes and methods
DATA: …
METHODS: …
“--- override / redefine existing method
METHODS m REDEFINITION …
R
ENDCLASS.
Using Inheritance
 Polymorphism on object references
CLASS DrawableObject DEFINITION

PUBLIC SECTION.
DrawableObject
METHODS: Draw.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS Polygon DEFINITION Point Polygon Bitmap

INHERITING FROM DrawableObject.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: AddPoint IMPORTING P TYPE T_Point, PROGRAM xy.
Draw REDEFINITION.
PRIVATE SECTION. DATA: DObj TYPE REF TO DrawableObject.
DATA: PointTab TYPE T_Point OCCURS 0. DATA: DObjTab
ENDCLASS. TYPE REF TO DrawableObject OCCURS 0.
CLASS Polygon IMPLEMENTATION. “--- create drawable objects
METHOD Draw. …
DATA: Point TYPE T_Point. “--- draw all of them
LOOP AT PointTab INTO Point. LOOP AT DObjTab INTO DObj.
CALL METHOD DrawableObject=>Draw( Point ). CALL METHOD DObj->Draw.
ENDLOOP. ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD. R
ENDCLASS.
Interfaces
 Interfaces define the interaction between different
objects
 Polymorphism independent of class / inheritance
 Classes can implement multiple interfaces
 Uniform access through interface reference
ArchiveMgr
IArchiv e
Plan
Customer Material
R
Interface Definition
 Interfaces...
 …can define same components as class - without
implementation
 ...may ‘enclose’ multiple other interfaces (hierarchy)
 …have separate name spaces for their components
 Components of enclosed interfaces are not visible in the top-

level interface (‘black boxes’); there is a mapping/aliasing
feature
INTERFACE interface.
[ INTERFACES ...<list of comprised interfaces> .]
[ ...<definition of interface components> ]
ENDINTERFACE. R
Interfaces
 Implementation of interfaces
 A class can implement many interfaces
 Interfaces are implemented ‘side-by-side’ in a class (like COM)
 No name conflicts on the class level
 No semantic conflicts at class level and interface composition
 Using interfaces
 Access by interface reference like object reference
 An interface reference only exposes the components of that
interface
 Assignment / ‘cast’ to another interface possible
Interface Example CLASS CArchiveMgr.
DATA: IAObj TYPE REF TO IArchive.

INTERFACE IArchive DEFINITION. DATA: IATab TYPE REF TO IArchive
DATA: ObjID TYPE T_OID VIRTUAL. “-- fast OCCURS 0.
EVENTS: Saved, … .
METHODS: SaveYourself IMPORTING … . …
ENDINTERFACE. METHOD AddToArchive IMPORTING IAObj …
APPEND IAObj TO IATab.
ENDMETHOD.
CLASS Customer DEFINITION.
INTERFACES: IArchive, IWorkflow, … . METHOD DoArchive.
ENDCLASS. “--- archive all objects in table
LOOP AT IATab INTO IAObj.
CLASS Customer IMPLEMENTATION. WRITE: / “Wrote:”, IAObj->ObjID.
… CALL METHOD IAObj->SaveYourself … .
METHOD IArchive~GET_ObjID. ENDLOOP.
CALL FUNCTION ‘Archive_Get_OID’ … ENDMETHOD.
IMPORTING IArchive~objid.
“-- no more recompute CArchiveMgr
SET DIRECT READ ACCESS FOR IArchive~ObjID. Plan1
iaTab
ENDMETHOD.
… IArchive
METHOD IArchive~SaveYourself. Plan2
“--- save all own data into …

…
RAISE EVENT IArchive~Saved … . Material
ENDMETHOD.
… Customer
R
ENDCLASS.
Interfaces and Classes
class 1
Object reference specific
Class 1
Part
Interface 1 Interface 2
if 3
Interface reference specific
Comprising
Interface 3
Interface 3 Interface 4 Interface 5
Interface reference interface
1
Implementing
Class 1 Interface reference interface
2
Inheriting Interface 4
if 4
from Interface reference specific
Class 2
class 2
Object reference specific
Class 2
Part
Interface reference interface R
Naming and Visibility
 Class components...
 …share a common name space within the class
 ...may be
 public = visible to all
 protected = visible to subclasses and implementation
 private = visible to the class implementation only
 ...depend on instance data or not
 Interface components
 Separate name space for interface components
 Interfaces are visible as a whole (like ‘view’)
Miscellaneous
 Avoid naming conflicts, selectively make components visible
{CLASS … DEFINITION | INTERFACE … }.
INTERFACES i.
...
ALIASES a FOR i~a.
{ENDCLASS|ENDINTERFACE}.
 Constructor (Destructor)
CLASS class DEFINITION.
...
METHODS CONSTRUCTOR "--- name / syntax TBD
IMPORTING p TYPE t … .
…
ENDCLASS.
 Friends
CLASS c1 DEFINITION CLASS c2 DEFINITION
EXPOSING PRIVATE COMPONENTS ACCESSING PRIVATE COMPONENTS
TO c2. OF c1.
... ...
PRIVATE SECTION. PRIVATE SECTION.
ENDCLASS. ENDCLASS.
R
The ABAP Object Model
 Summary
 Classes and interfaces
 Attributes, methods, and events
 Classes can implement interfaces
 Interface composition
 Single inheritance for classes, multiple composition + aliasing
for interfaces
 Event handling
ABAP Objects
 ABAP Objects as a strategic SAP technology
 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in
ABAP
 Interoperability with other object systems
Interoperability: DCOM and CORBA
Client / Server Client / Server
Visual
Basic Component
Connector
DCOM
*Script,
... ABAP
Objects
CORBA
Java
CORBA
Bridge
R
Interoperability Features
 Transparent two-way mapping between ABAP Objects
and external object models
 Automatic generation of proxies and stubs
 Location transparency:
 CREATE OBJECT obj DESTINATION dest
 Delta management for mass data
 For details see presentation on Distributed Objects

ABAP Objects: Andreas Blumenthal Jürgen Heymann

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ABAP Objects

 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in

 Interoperability with other object systems

 What are ABAP Objects ?

 Benefits of ABAP Objects

 Control of complexity and dependencies

 Reuse - of components and by inheritance

 Interoperability across languages (Java, VB, ...) and

 Foundation for patterns and frameworks

 BAPIs (Business APIs)

 100% upward-compatible extension of ABAP/4

 Class library for global classes (will absorb BOR)

 Programming with objects, classes, and interfaces in

 Interoperability with other object systems

 Objects can interact with each other...

 Objects are instances of classes

CLASS class IMPLEMENTATION.

… “-- get input data for parcel from somewhere …

 Access to objects via object reference only!!!

 Internal data hidden from users

 ...can be references to other objects

 …can be: read-only, virtual, class attributes

 Virtual attributes: ‘Attribute’ from the outside, inside the object

{DATA|CLASS-DATA} attr TYPE type

CONSTANTS const TYPE type VALUE val. R

 …are the only way to change the state of an object

 ...have parameters and can raise exceptions

 ...can pass back a return value

“--- some method calls …

 ...can be raised to inform other interested objects

 ...can pass parameters

CLASS CWindow1 IMPLEMENTATION.

 ...are ‘always there’ like global variables / functions

 ...have global lifetime, with scope tied to class

 ...can be called like ‘global functions’, but are tied to class

*--- class attribute definition

*--- class method definition

CLASS TACtrl IMPLEMENTATION.

CLASS class DEFINITION

CLASS DrawableObject DEFINITION

CLASS Polygon DEFINITION Point Polygon Bitmap

 ...may ‘enclose’ multiple other interfaces (hierarchy)

 …have separate name spaces for their components

 Components of enclosed interfaces are not visible in the top-

[ INTERFACES ...<list of comprised interfaces> .]

[ ...<definition of interface components> ]

DATA: IAObj TYPE REF TO IArchive.

METHOD IArchive~SaveYourself. Plan2

“--- save all own data into …

Interface reference interface R

Client / Server Client / Server

 Automatic generation of proxies and stubs

 Delta management for mass data

 For details see presentation on Distributed Objects

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