Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 11
 When you change 
the way you look at
things, the things you
look at change.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 22
 A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
 People’s behavior is based on their perception
of what reality is, not on reality itself.
 The world as it is perceived is the world that is
behaviorally important.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 33
Perception
 What is Perception?
 How we view and interpret the events
and situations in the world about us.

 Why is it Important?
 Because people’s behavior is based on
their perception of what reality is, not
on reality itself.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 44
Factors that Influence Perception

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 55
Input Organisation Outputs

Selection Interpretation

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavio 2010 66
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
 Figure and Ground
 Principle of Similarity
 Principle of Proximity
 Principle of continuity
 Principle of Closure
 Principle of Symmetry

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 77
 Figure and ground

Figure and ground

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 88
 Gestalt
Approach

Figure

Ground

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Orgnizational Behavior 2010 99
 Continuity
Similarity Proximity

Closure Symmetry
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 10
10
The Vertical lines are both the same
length.

                         

The center circles are both the same

size.

                                               
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 11
11
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
2010Organizational
Organizational Behavior
Behavior 12
PERCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior 2010 13
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 Word Color Test

In this test DO NOT READ the words,

say aloud the COLOR of each word.

 
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLE
GREEN BLUE ORANGE
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 14
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 Wavy Squares? No!
The background of concentric circles
makes the squares appear distorted.

                                                          

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 15
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What is attribution theory?

 Attribution theory aids in perceptual

interpretation by focusing on how people
attempt to:
 Understand the causes of a certain event.
 Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event.
 Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 16
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 Attribution Theory: Judging Others
 Our perception and judgment of others
is significantly influenced by our
assumptions of the other person’s
internal state.
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
 Internal causes are under that person’s control

 External causes are not – person forced to act in

that way
 Causation judged through:
 Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different
situations.
 Consensus - Response is the same as others to same
situation.
 Consistency - Responds in the same way over time.

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 17
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Elements of Attribution Theory

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 18
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Causes of Behavior
 Internal factors –
Personal
characteristics that
cause behavior
(e.g., ability,
effort)
 External factors –
Environmental
characteristics that
cause behavior
(e.g., task
difficulty, good/bad
luck) Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 19
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Kelley’s Attribution Model
 Consensus – Involves the comparison of an
individual’s behavior with that of his or her
peers Low High
Individual Performance

Individual Performance

A B C D E A B C D E
People People

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 20
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Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
 Distinctiveness is determined by comparing
a person’s behavior on one task with his or
her behavior on other tasks.
Low High

Individual Performance
Individual Performance

A B C D E A B C D E
Tasks Tasks

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 21
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Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
 Consistency is determined by judging if the
individual’s performance on a given task is
consistent over time.
Low High

Performance
Performance

Individual
Individual

Time Time

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

Organizational Behavior2010 22
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How Kelley’s Model Works
 External Attribution
High consensus
High
distinctiveness
Low consistency

 Internal Attribution
Low consensus
Low
distinctiveness
High consistency
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 23
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Test Your Knowledge
 Nadia’s performance is declining. Her peers
performance hasn’t changed, it is occurring on
several tasks, and has occurred for the past six
months.
 This represents:
1. High (A) or Low (B) consensus
2. High (A) or Low (B) distinctiveness
3. High (A) or Low (B) consistency
4. The attribution her supervisor is likely to
make is…
a. Internal
b. External
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 24
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Errors and Biases in Attributions
 Fundamental Attribution Error
 The tendency to underestimate the influence
of external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal factors when making
judgments about the behavior of others
 We blame people first, not the situation

 Self-Serving Bias
 The tendency for individuals to attribute their
own successes to internal factors while
putting the blame for failures on external
factors
 It is “our” success but “their” failure
Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)
Organizational Behavior2010 25
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Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

 Selective Perception - People selectively

interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience, and attitudes
 Halo Effect- Drawing a general impression about
an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
 Contrast Effects - Evaluation of a person’s
characteristics that are affected by comparisons
with other people recently encountered who rank
higher or lower on the same characteristics

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

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 Projection: The tendency to attribute
one’s own characteristics to other
people.

 Stereotyping - Judging someone on

the basis of one’s perception of the
group to which that person belongs – a
prevalent and often useful, if not
always accurate, generalization

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

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Specific Shortcut Applications in Organizations
 Employment Interview
 Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of
interviewers’ judgments of applicants
 Formed in a single glance – 1/10 of a second!

 Performance Expectations
 Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The
lower or higher performance of employees
reflects preconceived leader expectations about
employee capabilities
 Performance Evaluations
 Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental)
perceptions of appraisers of another employee’s
job performance
 Critical impact on employees

Perception PPT for PGDM( RM)

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