SECTION 8.

3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ❙❙❙❙ 1

|||| 8.3 Trigonometric Substitution

A Click here for answers. S Click here for solutions.

1–21 |||| Evaluate the integral. dx

s32 1 2
13. y 5x s1  x 2 dx 14. y 4x 2  25 3 2
1. y dx 2. y x 3 s4  x 2 dx
12 x 2 s1  x 2 0
dx
x
15. y sx 2  4x  8
16. y s2x  x 2 dx
3. y s1  x 2
dx 4. y x s4  x 2 dx

2 x3 3 dx
17. y e s9  e
t 2t dt 18. y se 2t  9 dt
5. y dx 6. y
0 sx 2  4 0 s9  x 2
dx dx
19. yx 20. y
dx x 4
sx 2  2 1  x 2 2
7. y 8. y dx
x sx 2  16
3
x  4 52
2
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

dx 21. Find the average value of f x  4  x  2 32

on the
9. y x sx 2 3
10. y x s25  x 2 dx
interval 0, 2.

s9x 2  4 3
11. y dx 12. y x s9  x 2 dx
x 0
2 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Answers

E Click here for exercises. S Click here for solutions.

1. √2
3
64
2. 15
√
3. − 1 − x2 + C

3/2
4. − 13 4 − x2 +C
8

√ 
5. 3
2− 2

√ 
6. ln 2 + 1
 √ 
1 −1 x 4 x2 −16
7. 128
sec + x2
+C
4

−3/2
8. − 13 x2 + 4 +C
√ 
 x2 +3− 3 
√
9. √1 
ln  +C
3 x 

2 3/2
10. 13 x + 25 +C
√

11. 9x2 − 4 − 2 sec−1 3x
2
+C
12. 9


2 3/2
13. 53 1 + x +C
x
14. − √ +C
25 4x2 − 25

√ 
15. ln x2 + 4x + 8 + x + 2 + C
1
 −1 √ 
16. 2
sin (x − 1) + (x − 1) 2x − x2 + C

 √
17. 9
2
sin−1 13 et + 12 et 9 − e2t + C
√

18. e2t − 9 − 3 sec−1 13 et + C
√
2 3/2
1 x2 − 2 x −2
19. − +C
4 x 3x3
 
1 −1 x
20. 2
tan x + 2 +C
x +1
21. 3π
2
 SECTION 8.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ❙❙❙❙ 3

Solutions

E Click here for exercises. A Click here for answers.

1. Let x = sin θ, where − π

2
≤ θ ≤ π2 . Then dx = cos θ dθ and 6. Let x = 3 tan θ, where − π
2
< θ < π2 . Then
√
√
1 − x2 = |cos θ| = cos θ since cos θ > 0 for θ in dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ and 9 + x2 = 3 sec θ.
 π π 
3
π/4
π/4
− 2 , 2 . Thus dx 3 sec2 θ dθ
√ = = sec θ dθ

3/2
√
π/3 0 9 + x2 0 3 sec θ 0
dx cos θ dθ
√ =
1/2 x2 1 − x2
π/6 sin2
θ cos θ = [ln |sec θ + tan θ|]π/4
0
 π/3 √ √
π/3
= π/6 csc2 θ dθ = [− cot θ]π/6 = ln 2 + 1 − ln 1 = ln 2+1
 √
= − √13 − − 3
3 1 2
= √
3
− √
3
= √
3

2. Let x = 2 sin θ, − π ≤ θ ≤ π2 . Then dx = 2 cos θ dθ and 7. Let x = 4 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ < π

2
or π ≤ θ < 3π
2
. Then
√
2 √
4 − x2 = |2 cos θ| = 2 cos θ, so dx = 4 sec θ tan θ dθ and x2 − 16 = 4 |tan θ| = 4 tan θ.
 2 3√  π/2 Thus
x 4 − x2 dx = 0 8 sin3 θ (2 cos θ) (2 cos θ) dθ

0
 π/2
 dx 4 sec θ tan θ dθ
√ =
= 32 0 cos2 θ 1 − cos2 θ sin θ dθ x x − 16
3 2 64 sec3 θ · 4 tan θ
0
 1
 2 1

= 32 1 u2 1 − u2 (−du) (where u = cos θ) = 64 cos θ dθ = 128 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
1
  1 1

1
 1
= 32 0 u2 − u4 du = 32 13 u3 − 15 u5 0 = 128 θ + 2 sin 2θ + C = 128 (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C

  √ 
= 32 13 − 15 = 64 x 2
4 x −16
15
1
= 128 sec−1 + x2
+C
4
2
3. Let u = 1 − x . Then du = −2x dx, so


by the diagrams for 0 ≤ θ < π2 and π ≤ θ < 3π 2
, where the
x 1 du √ labels of the legs in the second diagram indicate the x-and
√ dx = − √ =− u+C
1 − x2 2 u y-coordinates of P rather than the lengths of those sides.

= − 1 − x2 + C Henceforth we omit the second diagram from our solutions.
2
4. Let u = 4 − x . Then du = −2x dx ⇒

 √ √
x 4 − x2 dx = − 12 u du = − 12 · 23 u3/2 + C

3/2
= − 13 4 − x2 +C
5. Let x = 2 tan θ, where − π
2
< θ < π2 . Then
√
dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ and x2 + 4 = 2 sec θ, so

2
π/4
x3 8 tan3 θ
√ dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ
0 x +4
2
0 2 sec θ
 π/4
2 
= 8 0 sec θ − 1 sec θ tan θ dθ
 π/4
= 8 13 sec3 θ − sec θ 0
 √ √   
= 8 13 · 2 2 − 2 − 8 13 − 1 2
8. Let u = x + 4 ⇒ du = 2x dx. Then
 √

= 83 2 − 2 x dx 

= 12 u−5/2 du = 12 − 23 u−3/2 + C
(x2 + 4)5/2


= − 13 u−3/2 + C

−3/2
= − 13 x2 + 4 +C
4 ❙❙❙❙ SECTION 8.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

√
9. Let x = θ, where − π2 < θ < π2 . Then
3n
at 14. Let 2x =
5 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ < π
2
or π ≤ θ < 3π
2
. Then


√

5
dx 3 sec2 θdθ dx 2
sec θ tan θ dθ
√ = √ √ =
x x +3
2 3n
at θ 3 ces θ (4x2 − 25) 3/2 125 tan3 θ


= √13 csc θdθ 1 cos θ

= dθ
1
50 sin2 θ
= √
3
ln |csc θ − cot θ| + C
1
√ √  = − +C (set u = sin θ)
1  x2 + 3 − 3  50 sin θ
= √ ln  +C

3 x 1 2x
= − ·√ +C
50 4x2 − 25
x
= − √ +C
25 4x2 − 25

10. Let u =52+ x2 , so du = 2x dx. Then

 √ √
x 25 + x2 dx = 12 u du = 12 · 23 u3/2 + C

3/2
= 1
3
x2 +52 +C 2 2
15. x + 4x + 8 = (x + 2) + 4. Let u = x + 2 ⇒
du = dx. Then let u = 2 tan θ.
2
11. 9x − 4 =
2
3 ( x) − 4, so let 3x =
2 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ < π

2 dx du 2 sec2 θ dθ
√ = √ =
or π ≤ θ < 3π2
. Then dx = 23 sec θ tan θ dθ and x + 4x + 8
2 u +4
2 2 sec θ
√

9x2 − 4 = n
a
t2 θ.
= sec θ dθ = ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C1

√ 2

9x − 4 2nat θ 2
dx = 2 · sec θ tan θdθ √ 2 
x 3
sec θ 3 u +4+u
= ln + C1
 
 2
= 2 tan2 θdθ = 2 sec2 θ − 1 dθ 
= ln u2 + 4 + u + C
= n
a
t(2 θ − θ) + C
  
 3x
= 9x2 − 4 − 2 sec−1 +C = ln x2 + 4x + 8 + x + 2 + C
2

2

2
 2
2 16. 2x − x = − x − 2x + 1 + 1 = 1 − (x − 1) . Let
12. Let u = 9 − x , so du = −2x dx. Then
 0 u = x − 1. Then du = dx and
3 √  √
x 9 − x2 dx = − 1 0 u du = − 1 2 3/2
u √ √
0 2 9 2 3
9 2x − x2 dx = 1 − u2 du

= − 13 (0 − 27)=
9 = cos2 θ dθ (u = sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 )


= 12 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 12 θ + 12 sin 2θ + C
13. Let u = +
1 x2 , du = 2x dx. Then  


= 12 sin−1 u + u 1 − u2 + C
5x 1 + x2 dx = 52 u1/2 du = 53 u3/2 + C  

= 1
2
sin−1 (x − 1) + (x − 1) 2x − x2 + C

3/2
= 5
3
1 + x2 +C
 SECTION 8.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION ❙❙❙❙ 5

t


2 3/2
17. Let u = e ⇒ du = et dt. Then 21. f (x) = 4 − x on [0, 2] ⇒
 √ √
t
e 9 − e dt =
2t 9 − u2 du 2
3/2

1
fave = 2 − 0 0
4 − x2 dx. Let x = 2 sin θ ⇒
= (3 cos θ) 3 cos θ dθ (u = 3 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2
)
 3/2
  dx = 2 cos θ dθ and 4 − x2 = (2 cos θ)3 . So
= 9 cos2 θ dθ = 92 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ  π/2  π/2
9 fave = 12 0 (2 cos θ)3 2 cos θ dθ = 8 0 cos4 θ dθ
= (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C
2  π/2
9
  u u √9 − u2  = 8 38 θ + 14 sin 2θ + 321
sin 4θ 0
= sin−1 + · +C
2 3 3 3 [by Archived Problem 8.2.7 ]

 √ 
3π  
= 92 sin−1 13 et + 12 et 9 − e2t + C =8 16
+ 0 + 0 − (0 + 0 + 0) = 3π 2

t
18. Let u = e . Then t = ln u and dt = du/u. Hence
√ 
√ 
I= e2t − 9dt = u2 − 9/u du. Now let
u = 3 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ < π2 or π ≤ θ < 3π2
. Then
√
u2 − 9 = 3 tan θ and du = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ, so

3 tan θ 
I = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ = 3 tan2 θ dθ
3 sec θ

2 
= 3 sec θ − 1 dθ = 3 (tan θ − θ) + C
 

= 3 13 u2 − 9 − sec−1 13 u + C

1 t
= e2t − 9 − 3 sec−1 3
e +C

√
19. Let x =2 sec θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 or π ≤ θ ≤ 3π 2
. Then


√

dx 2 sec θ tan θ dθ
√ = √ = 14 cos3 θ dθ
x4 x2 − 2 4 sec4 θ 2 tan θ


= 14 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ


= 14 sin θ − 13 sin3 θ + C (where u = sin θ)
√
2 3/2
1 x2 − 2 x −2
= − +C
4 x 3x3

-2

20. Let x = tan θ, where − π

2
< θ < π2 . Then

dx sec2 θ dθ
= = cos2 θ dθ
(1 − x2 )2 sec4 θ


= 12 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 12 θ + 12 sin 2θ + C
 
1 1 −1 x
= 2 (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C = tan x + 2 +C
2 x +1

1
1