tsk;

2010

\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak;

gpuNjr rig
mf;fiug;gw;W
29.09.2010
 rkHg;gzk;

vq;fs; kdq;fspy; vd;Wk; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;

kH`{k; vk;.V. mr;rpK`k;kl; mtHfSf;F
(Kd;dhs; gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdH)
 E}w;Fwpg;G

E}w;jiyg;G : tsk;
E}yhrpupad; : [dhg;. vk;.v]; mGy;`]d; (Rtd. ADE)
gjpg;ghsH : jtprhsH> gpuNjr rig>
mf;fiug;gw;W.
gjpg;Gupik : mNj
gjpg;ghz;L : 2010
vOj;J : iuk;]; epA Nuhkd;];> mfuhjp
Gs;sp : 11
gf;fq;fs; : 300
gbfs; (gpujpfs;) : 500
mr;rply; : gpuNjrrig> mf;fiug;gw;W.
ntspaPL : \`y;yh[;| jfty; tsikak;>
gpuNjrrig> mf;fiug;gw;W
vOj;J tbtikg;G : The APEX Technical Institute
Akkaraipattu.
mr;Rf;Nfhg;G : epA+ nryf;]d;> mf;fiug;gw;W.
ml;il tbtikg;G : [dhg; K.`. K`k;kj; ghup];

Title
Editor : Mr. M.S Abul Hassan (Rtd. ADE)
Publisher : Chairman, Peradeshiya Sabha
Akkaraipattu.
Edition : 2010
Published by : Hallaj Information Resource Centre
Peradeshiya Sabha, Akkaraipattu.
Printed by : New Selection Offset Printers
Akkaraipattu.
 mf;fiug;gw;W khd;kpak;

\\Gz;lupf kyHj;jlj;jpd; thtp #og;

GJtupfs; mjpYiwe;J uhFghl
tz;Lkpo;ej; mkpHjnkhU thtpahfp
tJitaHfs; ePuhl mKJs;Nsfpj;
jz;lkpoh Ytik ciu Fa;ak; tpk;k
rfpf;f nthzh kjf; Fjiy rpRf;fs; jhtp
mz;bapU ,jojdhy; cwpQ;rp thOk;
mUkoiy Fbnfhs; fUq;nfhb A+uhNk||

- tuftp n~a;F kjhH GytH.||

\\fPj Xir fpsH Fapy; XirAk;

fps;is nad;WaH Nfhfpy XirAk;
Ntj ,ir tpUe;jhsp XirAk;
tpz;zshTk; ntbf;Fuy; XirAk;
ePj Xir newp Kiw XirAk;
epj;jk; thq;F ,fh kj;jpd; XirAk;
MjpNtjk; nksypjpd; XirAk;
mf;fiug;gw;W CUWk; XirNa.||

\\khl NfhGu Nkil kidfSk;

kr;Rkhspif nkj;j epiyfSk;
$l NfhGu kl;lg;gh tpl;lq;fs;
NfhNkjff; fy;yhy; gzp tPLfs;
ghlnyq;fZ khd ntOikapd;
gspq;fpahNy ,irj;j kidfSk;
Mlr; #ba tl;lzp khjH tho;
mf;fiug;gw;Wkh gjp CuhNk.||

- ghtyH `h~Pk; Mypk; GytH

(%j;jhypk;)
\\MopjUk; nfhz;ly; mjd;
mizg;Gf;Fs; Rfk; Ja;fF ; k; mzpNrH njq;F
#otUk; thtpapNy ,why;
Js;Sk; fay; ez;L tuhy; tiffs; jq;Fk;
ahopirNah vd nthypf;Fk;
Fuitf; $j;J ey;y Rfk; jUkpd;gf; fpuhkg;ghly;
Mo; flypy; Fjpf;Fk; kPd;
miy thapy; fkk; nropf;Fk; mf;fiug;gw;Nw||

\\Fy topapy; Nfhj;jpuj;jpy;

Fbitg;gpy; gy gl;Lk; Fzq; Fd;whj;jha;
kbapdpNy mtsPdw ;
kf;fnsdg; ghHNghw;wg; gutp thOk;
neba Gfo; KJ nrhj;ij
epr;rapf;Fk; XH ifapd; tpuy;fnsd;d
gbNahk; Gk; gbaike;j
gz;ghl;bd; rpfukhk; mf;fiug;gw;Nw||

- ftpQH mf;fiu khzpf;fk;.

\\Fzjpirapd; njd;wye; jhio ehWk;

Fljpirapd; nfhz;lnyyhk; fkyk; tPRk;
kzk; kype;j tPjpnayhk; mfpYk; rhe;Jk;
khwhJ kzk; gug;Gk; kzpg; nghd; tPjp
mzp efuhk; mf;fiug; gw;wpd; fz;Nz
my;yh`{ vDk; ghq;fpd; mKj Xir
jpzp epyj;jpd; tho; [Pt uhrpf;nfy;yhk;
nja;tf P epidT+l;bj; jpdKk; Nfl;Fk;||

\\my;ypAk; fkyg;NghJk; Mk;gYk;; nea;jw; G+Tk;

ts;sYk; vUikAz;L kbapdpy; ghy;Ruf;f
Js;spLk; Nry;fSz;L J}a ey; ePjj ; Q;nry;Yk;
nry;tkh tsq;Fd;wh jpU efH mf;fiug;gw;W.||

- ftpQH f. tbNty;
“gy;tsk; Nru; gjp -
ek; fpof;F kz;”

ed;wp: \kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;|

 mf;fiug;gw;W
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj; jiytHfs;
(mf;fiug;gw;W kj;jpa fpuhkhl;rp kd;wk;)

[dhg;. g.K. Mjk;nyg;ig cilahH. -mf;fpuhrdH - 1935

jpU f.K. Qhdg;gpufhrk; (jiyik MrpupaH) -mf;fpuhrdH - 1939
jpU v];. khdhfg;Nghb - mf;fpuhrdH - 1942
[dhg;. V.vk;. Kj;J kPuhnyg;ig - mf;fpuhrdH - 1945
[dhg;. vk;.tp.tp. m`kJ nyg;ig - mf;fpuhrdH - 1948
[dhg;. A+.vy;.vk;. `h~pk; Mypk; - mf;fpuhrdH - 1951
[dhg;. V.vk;. Kj;J kPuhnyg;ig - mf;fpuhrdH - 1954
[dhg;. vk;.vk;. K`k;kJ mG+gf;fH - mf;fpuhrdH - 1957
[dhg;. V.MH.vk;. ,g;whfPk; - mf;fpuhrdH - 1961
[dhg;. vk;.v];.vk;. K];jgh cilahH - mf;fpuhrdH - 1964
[dhg;. V.MH.vk;. ,g;whfPk; - mf;fpuhrdH - 1965
jpU. gp.V.N[. fhrpehjH - epUthf];jH - 1968
jpU.md;ud; my;gpul; - epUthf];jH - 1969
[dhg;. V.MH.vk;. ,g;whfPk; - mf;fpuhrdH - 1970
[dhg;. V.vy;. mG+jh`pH - mf;fpuhrdH - 1973
[dhg;. V. wCg; fhupag;gH - tpNrl MizahsH - 1975
[dhg;. V.MH.vk;. k`;&g; - epUthf];jH - 1977
[dhg;. vk;.I.vk;. n~uPg; (Ch.EO) - tpNrl MizahsH - 1979
jpU vy;.v];.rp. rpwptHj;jd (AGA) -mjpfhuk; ngw;wcj;jpNahfj;jH - 1980
[dhg;.vk;.I. cJkhnyg;ig-mjpgH-mjpfhuk; ngw;wcj;jpNahfj;jH - 1981
[dhg;. vk;.I. fpahTBd;- MrpupaH -mjpfhuk; ngw;wcj;jpNahfj;jH - 1983
[dhg;. vk;.v];.gPH K`k;kj;jk;gp -mjpfhuk; ngw;wcj;jpNahfj;jH - 1989
[dhg;. V.vy;. mG+jh`pH - mf;fpuhrdH - 1993
[dhg;. V.mg;Jy; k[Pj; -mjpfhuk; ngw;wcj;jpNahfj;jH - 1999
[dhg;. V.gp.vk;. `h~pk; - nrayhsH - 2000
my;`h[; vk;.I. ryhFjPd; - nrayhsH - 2004
[dhg;.V. myp m`kl; - nrayhsH - 2006
[dhg;.V.vy;.jtk; - jtprhsH - 2006
 @

“jiytupd; topapy;
vdJ ghjq;fspy; gazpf;fpNwd;.”

V.vy;. jtk;>
jtprhsu;> gpuNjr rig> mf;fiug;gw;W.

“vdf;Fk; fdTfs; ,Ue;jd; fw;gidapd; ,wf;iffis

tpupj;J gwe;jpUf;fpNwd;; mit ntWk; fdTfsy;y;
fw;gidAk; tPzhdJ my;y. ez;gu;fNshL> cly;fspy;
GOjp gbAk; nta;apy; fhyq;fspYk;> njUf;fspy; kPd;
cyhTk; kiof;fhyq;fspYk;> ,e;j Cupd; njUf;fspy;
cytpa kwf;f Kbahj me;j ,dpa gs;spf; fhyq;fspy;
kdjpy; thu;j;j fdTfs; mit; epidTfspy; gwe;j
fw;gidfs; mit; ngw;Nwhu;fisf; fz;zpag;gLj;j Mir
nfhs;Sk; kdq;fspYk; - gpwe;j kz;izf; fhjy; nfhs;Sk;
rpe;jidfspYk; tUgit> ,e;jf; fdTfSk;
fw;gidfSk;.”

mg;NghJ> epide;jpuhj Xu; ,lj;jpy; - xU gjtpapy; - vd;idf;

nfhz;L te;J Nru;jj
; J ,iwtdpd; ehl;lk;jhd;. J}a vz;zq;fs; cau;ej
;
gjtpfis toq;fp> xU kdpjidf; fz;zpag;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gJ> ehd;
czu;ej
; mEgtk;. “my;`k;Jypy;yh`;> my;yh`; ngupatd;”.

mwptpay; Mok; nfhz;l Gj;jp [PtpfisAk;> mjp cd;dj murpay;

,urid nfhz;l fiyj;Jt kdpju;fisAk; nfhz;l - ,e;j Ciu
epu;tfpf;fpd;w nghWg;G vdf;Ff; fpilj;j nghOJ - mr;rKk; kfpo;rr
; pAk;
vd;id tij nra;jd.

Gj;jp [Ptpfs; tpae;J NghFksT> epu;thff; fl;likg;ig cUthf;FtJ

mt;tsT ,yFthd fhupakd;W vd;gJ vdf;Fj; njupe;Nj ,Ue;jJ.
tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. i
mJ Nghy;> kpifj;j fiyj;Jt kdk; nfhz;ltu;fs; yapj;Jg; NghFk;
Cupd; mofpay; xOq;fikg;ig kPlL
; Uthf;fk; nra;tJk;> ,yFthd
nraw;ghL my;y vd;Wk; ehd; njupe;jpUe;Njd;. ,e;j ,U tiff;
fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; Neu;jj
; pahfr; nra;tNj> mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fs; vdf;Fj;
je;j gjtpapd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghL vd ehd; czu;eN
; jd;. mf;fiug;gw;iwg;
nghWj;jkl;by; J}u Nehf;Fila epu;thf xOq;F gLj;jYk; - murpay;
ftu;rr
; p kpf;f #oy; mikTfSk;jhd; - ,e;jg; gjtpapd; ngWkhdj;ijj;
jPuk
; hdpf;Fk; vd;Wk; mwpe;jpUe;Njd;.

mf;fiug;gw;W njhlu;ghd mwptpay; kw;Wk; mofpay; vd;fpd;w kpf

Mokhd Gupjy;f
; s;> ekJ jiytu; mikr;ru; mjhcy;yh mtu; topapy;
vd;id te;jile;jd. kdjpd; Mokhd ,lq;fs; tiu gha;eJ
; nrd;W>
vdf;Fs; vdJ fdTfisAk; fw;gidfisAk; cwq;f tplhky; jl;b
vOg;gpf; nfhz;NlapUf;fpd;wd.

kpifj;j fiy kdk; nfhz;l ekJ Cupy;> khngUk; fw;gidAk; mofpay;

kdKk; nfhz;l jiytupd; epu;khzq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU ftpij.
murpay; QhdKk;> mDgt mwptpd; MoKk; nfhz;l kf;fs; trpf;fpd;w
ekJ}upy;> kpfr; rupahd vjpu;fhyj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lk; jPuf
; f
; juprdk; ekJ
jiytupd; KbTfspD}lhf ehk; fz;L nfhs;fpd;w ghlq;fs;jhd;. ,e;jg;
ghlq;fSk;> mEgtq;fSk; vd;id ,d;Dk; Mokha;r; nrJf;fpd.
fdTfis tprhyg;gLj;jTk;> fw;gidfis nkUFgLj;jTkhd mwptpay;
Njl;lj;ij Nehf;fp vd;id top elhj;jpd. ehDk; ,g;ghijapy; elf;fj;
njhlq;fpNdd;.

85fspy; ekJ ,jaj;ij frf;fpg; gpope;j> ekJ nghJr; re;ij kw;Wk; g];
epiya vupg;Gf;fhd epthuzKk; epHkhzKk; ekf;F Ntz;Lk; vd
vd;zpNdd;. mjid fdthf;fpf; nfhz;Nld;

90fspy; ehk; ,oe;j nghJ E}yfKk;> gpuNjr rig mYtyfKk; etPd

trjpfNshL ekf;F Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf vij tpiyahff; nfhLf;fTk;
jahuhNdd;. ekJ kz;Zf;Fk; ikjhdk; Ntz;Lk;. ek; ,isQHfs;>

tsk; - 2010
ii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
,q;fy;y @ vq;Nfhnty;yhk; tpisahl Ntz;Lk; vd;nwz;zpNdd;.
mjidAk; fdthf;fpf; nfhz;Nld;.

,e;j Cu; kf;fspd; Rw;Wr; #oy; Rj;jg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;Jf;

nfhz;Nld;. mij> epiwNtw;Wk; xU rgjkhfTk; fUjpf; nfhz;Nld;.
jpl;lkplg;gl;l tbfhyikg;G ,y;yhjjhy; kpjf;Fk; ,e;j Ciu> mjpypUe;J
fiuNaw;w Ntz;Lk; vd cWjp nfhz;Nld;. “tpUk;gpa gbnay;yhk;
tPjpfisg; Nghlyhk;” vd;W fle;j fhyq;fspy; ele;Njwpa gpioahd
epu;thfj; jpl;lq;fspdhy;> tPLfs; Fsq;fsha; khwpapUe;jd. mjpypUe;J>
,e;j Cu; kf;fis kPln
; lLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jplrq;fw;gk; G+z;Nld;.

,j;jid fdTfNshLk;> vj;jidNah jpl;lq;fNshLk;jhd; ehd; gpuNjr

rigf;Fs; fhyb vLj;J itj;Njd;. \cldbahfr; nraw;gLj;jf; $ba
jpl;lq;fs; - ePzl
; fhyj;jpy; nraw;gLj;jp Kbf;Fk; jpl;lq;fs; - vd
vdJ fdTfis tbtikj;Nj ehd; ,e;jg; gjtpiag; nghWg;Ngw;Nwd;|.

Mdhy;> mq;F vdf;Fg; ngUk; mjpHr;rpNa fhj;jpUe;jJ. ePzl

; ehs;
Aj;jj;jpy; Nrjkile;J iftplg;gl;l xU gpuNjrj;ijg; Nghy> ekJ
gpuNjr rig fple;jJ. xU Nehahspiaf; ifNaw;gJ Nghy> ehd; gpuNjr
rigiag; nghWg;ngLj;Njd;. gpuNjr rigia rupg;gLj;JtjpYk;>
Fzg;gLj;JtjpYk; fhyq;fis tPzbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ehd; epidj;j
fdTfisr; nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;why;> mjw;fikthf gpuNjr rigia
xOq;F gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. fhL ntl;b - Fsk; fl;b - epyj;ijg;
gjg;gLj;j
; p - gapu; nra;a Ntz;ba epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Nld;.

“m”dhtpypUe;J Gjpjhf Muk;gpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ekJ rigapy;

1996 Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fp 2006 Mk; Mz;L tiuahd - mjhtJ -
xd; W ,uz; L tUlky; y - 10 tUlq; f s; tiuahd - ,Wjpf;
fzf;fwpf;iffs; Kbf;fg;glhkNy ,Ue;jd. tUkhdk;> nryT njhlu;ghd
rq;fjpfs; G+uzkhd gjpTfshf ,y;iy. gupkhw;wk; ele;jJ njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fSk; G+uzkhdjhf ,y;iy.

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. iii
“nehb” xd;iwg; Nghl;L tpl;L> “Vz;lhf; fz;Lgpb” vd;W %j;jk;khkhu;
nrhy;Ytijg; NghyNt ,it ,Ue;jd. ngl;bf;fil elj;JgtDk; $l
tUkhdk;> nryT> gupkhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd G+uzkhd jfty;fis
itj;jpUg;ghd;. gpuNjr rig vd;gJ ,e;j CiuNa epu;tfpf;fpd;w
Kf;fpakhd XH mur ,ae;jpuk;@ mq;F epu;thfk; ele;jjw;fhd Kf;fpa
jlaq;fs; vJTNk rupahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. fle;j fhyq;fspy; gpuNjr
rigf; F “,iwr; r pf; fil elj; J k; fe; N jhu; ” vd; W nrhy; y f;
Nfl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;. ,itfisnay;yhk; ghu;fF
; k;NghJ> mJ cz;ik
Nghy;jhd; Njhd;wpaJ.

,e;jg; gj;J tUl ,Wjpf; fzf;fwpf;ifiar; rup nra;tJ njhlu;gpy;

Nahrpj;Njd;. \Vrpah gTz;Nlrd;| (Asia Foundation) vd;fpd;w> ru;tNjr
mur rhu;gw;w epWtdj;jpd; cjtpNahL eptu;jj
; p nra;J Kbj;Njd;. ,Wjpf;
fzf;fwpf;iffs; G+uzkhfTk;> Neu;jj
; pahfTk; rup nra;ag;gl;l - fpof;F
khfhz goiktha;ej
; gpuNjr rigfspy; Kjd;ikahdJ - vd Kd;Dupik
ngWk; epiyf;F ,d;W ekJ rig khw;wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.

midj;Jk; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;L> Ntz;ba jfty;fis kWfzj;jpy;

njupe; J nfhs; S k; nghwpKiw cz; l hf; f g; g l; L s; s J. fpof; F
khfhzj;jpNyNa ,t;thwhd fzpdp nghwpKiw mikg;G ekJ gpuNjr
rigapy; khj;jpuk;jhDs;sJ vd;gJ ekf;F ngUik NrHf;fpwJ. vd;dhy;
nra;J Kbf;fg;gl;l rpW tplaq;fs; vjidAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplstpy;iy.
rpy ikf;fw;fis khj;jpuNk gjpT nra;fpNwd;.

g];jupg;G epiya tshfk;

2006 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 20 Me; jpfjp gpuNjr rigj; Nju;jy;
eilngw;wJ. [{d; Mk; khjk; 19 Me; jpfjp rj;jpag; gpukhzk; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;Nlhk;. [{iy khjk; 17 Me; jpfjp g]; js mgptpUj;jpapd; Muk;gkhf
g]; epiya tshfj;ijr; Rw;wp Ntyp Nghlg;gl;lJ. ,J jiytu;
mtu;fNshL fye;Jiuahba gpd;Ng Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ue;Jk;> gy
jilfs; njhlu;r;rpahf vk;ik rq;flg;gLj;jpd; fbdkhd rpf;fy;fis
vk; Kd;Nd epWj;jpd.

tsk; - 2010
vi \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
Miyab Ntk;Gg; gpuNjr rig vkf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jJ.
ePjp kd;wpd; jil cj;jutpd; gpufhuk; Ntiyfs; ,il epWj;jg;gl;ld.
mijAk; jhz;b - capu; mr;RWj;jy;fs; - cstpay; rpf;fiy cUthf;Fk;
tifahd mr;RWj;jy;fs; - gaq;futhjpfsplkpUe;Jk;> ,d;Dk; ,de;
njupahj gyuplkpUe;Jk; njhlu;ej
; tz;zk; ,Ue;jd.

,e;jj; jilfs;> rl;l uPjpahfTk;> Gupjy;fspD}lhfTk; kpf MNuhf;fpakhd

epiyapy; ePf;fg;gl;Lf; fle;J te;jpUf;fpwJ vkJ epu;thfk;. g]; epiyak;
epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j ,lk;> \vg;NghJk; K];ypk; tu;j;jfu;fSf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd filj; njhFjpfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;w mopah cz;ik|
vkJ nraw;ghl;bw;Fr; rhl;rpahf epd;wJ. mJ Nghy> vkJ gpuNjr
rigaplNk me;j tu;j; j
; f epiyaq;fs; tupAk;> thlifAk; nrYj;jp
te;jpUe;jikAk; gpwpnjhU rhl;rpahf vkf;F cjtpaJ.

,J jtpu> g]; epiyak; njhlu;ghf jiytuplKk;> vd;dplKk; kdr;rhl;rp

; fs; ,Ue;jd. mjhtJ> “xU fhyk; te;J - jkpo;
kpf;f njspthd vjpu;ghu;gG
rNfhjuu;fSk;> K];ypk;fSk; xw;Wikahf xU rpW kd cWj;jy; $l
,y;yhky; tho Ntz;Lkhapd;> \\K];ypk;fs; jq;fsJ vijahtJ gwpj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;w cWj;jy; - jkpou;fsplKk;> jkpou;fs; jq;fsJ vijahtJ
gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;w cWj;jy; - K];ypk;fsplKk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ||
vd;gjpy; ehk; cWjpahf ,Ue;Njhk;. mjw;fhfj;jhd; kd Rj;jpahd
Ngr;Rthu;ji
; jfis Nkw;nfhz;Lk; - rl;l uPjpahd ePjpkd;w eltbf;iffis
Nkw; n fhz; L k; Fwpj; j gpur; r pidia rpf; f ypy; ,Ue; J kP l ; L
njspTgLj;jpNdhk;. ,g;NghJ> vkJ gpuNjr rigf;Fl;gl;l kf;fspd;
eyDf;fhf khj;jpuky;y - ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; trpf;Fk; %d;W r%fq;fSk;
gad; ngWk; tifapy;> mq;F g]; jsk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ve;j Cupy; ,Ue;J te;jhYk;> ,e;j ,lj;jpy; jupf;fhky; Nghf KbahJ

vd;fpd;w tifapy; ekJ g]; jupg;G epiyak; mike;Js;sJ. ,J gy
efuq;fspd; gpujhd tPjpfs; te;J \if FYf;Fk;| Kf;fpa ,lk;. ,J
,e;jg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; \Kfg;G ntw;wpiy|. vdNt> ,ij NkYk; NkYk;
fiy eaKs; s jhfTk; > gazpfspd; fisg; i g MRthrg; g Lj; J k;
tpjkhfTk; moFgLj;j vz;zpAs;Nshk;.

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. v
87fSf;Fg;gpwF> murpay; ,yhgq;fSf;fhf Nkilfspy; khj;jpuk;
Ngrg;gl;L te;j - ve;j kPlG
; Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhj - g];
jupg;G epiya tshfj;ij> \xU Ks;Sk; Kwpahky;| kPln
; lLf;f vkf;F
ehba my;yh`;Tf;Nf vy;yhg;GfOk;.

jpz;kf; fopT
jpz;kf;foptpid (Fg;igfis) mfw;Wjy; vd;gJ rhjhuz tplakhfj;jhd;
gyUf;Fj; njupfpwJ. rpyu; Rj;jj;NjhL njhlu;GgLj;jpg; ghu;ff
; pwhu;fs;.
kf;fspd; tPL tiu nrd;W> jpz;kf; foptpid mfw;Wjy; xU ngWkjpkpf;f
Nrit vd rpyu; fUJfpd;whu;fs;. jpz;kf; fopT mfw;Wjy; vd;w nraw;ghl;by;
- gpuNjr kf;fSf;F - mtu;fs; fUJfpd;w ,e;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; XusT
nghUe;jf; $baJjhd;. MapDk;> ,jw;F NkYk; gy tplaq;fisf;
fw;gidahff; nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU jpl;lk;jhd; ,J.

jpz;kf; fopT mfw;Wjy; vd;gJ> jpBnud thdj;jpypUe;J Fjpj;J te;J>

vdJ rpe;jidapy; cjpj;j tplaNkh my;yJ cyfpy; vq;Fk; ,y;yhj
xU GJf; fz;Lgpbg;Ngh my;y. mJ gy Njrq;fspy; - gy ehLfspy; -
nraypy; cs;s xU tplak;jhd;. ,e;j tifapy; ghu;fF
; k; NghJ> vdJ
epu;thfj;jpy; ,J xd;Wk; ngUk; rhjiday;y vd;Wjhd; ahUk;
fUJthHfs;.

Mdhy;> ngUk; tsu;rr

; paile;j ehLfspy; $l jpz;kf; fopT mfw;Wtjw;F
Vw;gLk; rpukq;fis ehk; mwpNthkh? mNj Neuk;> \,d;W Aj;jj;jpw;F
mLj;jgbahf fopTfspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfspdhNy cyfk; mjpfk;
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpwJ| vd ek;kpy; vj;jid Ngu; czu;fpd;Nwhk;. mz;ikapy;>
nld;khHf;fpy; ,lk; ngw;w NfhgN`d; khehL ,jw;F xU rpwe;j
cjhuzkhFk;.

mf;fiug;gw;wpy; jpz;kf; fopT mfw;WtJ njhlu;ghd vdJ rpe;jidf;F

Nkw;$wg;gl;l fhuzq;fs; jtpu> ,d;Dk; gy fhuzq;fSk; cs;sd.
Fg;igfs; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; gpuNjrk; rhjhuzkhfNt moiff;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJ XH mofpay; kjpg;gL
P . kl;Lkd;wp> mf;fiug;gw;wpy;

tsk; - 2010
vi
VI \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
tbfhd; kw;Wk; tPjpfs; Nghd;wit xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;l G+uzkhditahf
,y; y hikahy; CUf; F s; eP z ; l ehl; f s; eP H Njq; f p epd; W >
jpz;kf;fopTfSld; fye;J gyNeha;fs; cUthfTk; - gutTk; -
toptFg; g NjhL> me; j f; f yitfspd; Clhf> Vw; g Lk; JHehw; w k;
mUtUg;igAk;> Rfhjhukw;w #oiyAk; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gjhYk;>
,jpypUe;J vkJ kf;fisf; fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lkhapd;> jpz;kf;fopit
mfw;Wjy; kpfTk; mtrpankd czHe;Njd;.

mJkl;Lky;yhky;> tPLfspNy NrUfpd;w jpz;kf;fopTfis mfw;WtJk;>

me;j jpz;kf;fopT gw;wpa rpe;jidapy; rjh %o;fpagb ,Ug;gJTk;
ngz;fs;jhd;. tPL thry; Nghd;wtw;wpd; mfk; kw;Wk; Gw moF> Rj;jk;>
guhkupg;G ngz;fsplNk ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtu;fSf;Nf ,e;jj; jpz;kf;
fopT mfw;Wtjd; ngWkjp mjpfk; GupAk;. mNj Neuk;> mtu;fspd;
RikAk; FiwAk; vd gy Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; jpz;kf; fopT mfw;WtJ
njhlu;ghd xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;l> jpl;lkpl;l nrayhf;f tiuig cUthf;fp
eilKiwg;gLj;j vd;idj; J}z;baJ.

,j;jpz;kf; fopT mfw;Wjy; vd;w nraw;ghL Nfhup epw;fpd;w rpf;fy;fs;

gy cs;sd. Mszp - thfdk; - mjw;Fr; nrythFk; gzk; - ,J
tsu; r ; r paile; j ehLfNs jpz; l hLk; xU nraw; g hlhFk; . kpfTk;
JzpNthLjhd; ,wq; f pNdd; . ehd; gpuNjr rig epu; t hfj; i jf;
ifNaw;Fk;NghJ> %d;Nw %d;W coT ,ae;jpuq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jd.
mtw;wpy; ,uz;L cuypy; ,Ue;jd. ,tw;iw itj;Jf; nfhz;L> Xu;
Cupd;> nkhj;jj; jpz;kf; fopTfisAk; mfw;w KbahJ vd;gJ rpW
gps;isf;Fk; njupAk;. vdNt> ,e;j %d;iwAk; Vohfg; ngUf;ff; fhyk;
Njitg;gl;lJ@ fLk; Kaw;rpahy; mjpy; ntw;wp fz;Nld;.

mNj Neuk;> jpz;kf; fopTfis mfw;wp> VNjh Xuplj;jpy; Ftpg;gjw;Fg;

gjpyhf> me;jj; jpz;kf; fopTfisg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba jpl;lq;fisj;
jahupj;Njhk;. mJNt ,d;W mf;fiug;gw;W - Mypk; efu; - 05 Mk;
fl;ilapy; xU njhopy; epiyakhfNt cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
cf;f itj;jy; - Compost cw;gj;jpj; jskhfTk;> ePzl
; fhyk; cf;f

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. vii
VII
itj;jy; - Land fill site MfTk; cUthfp epw;fpd;wd. RkhH Ie;J Nfhb
&gh nrytpy; ,t;tpuz;Lk; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpz;kf;fopT mfw;Wk; eltbf;ifiar; nraw;ghl;Lf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jNghJ

kf;fshy; ngupJk; tuNtw;fg;gl;lJ. njUf;fspy; jpz;kf; fopTfisg;
ngz;fNs Ftpj;J itj;J> thfdk; tUk; tiu fhj;jpUe;J fopTfis
mfw;Wk; fhl;rp kl;Lky;y> me;j Neuj;jpy; mtu;fsplk; Vw;gLk; kfpo;rr
; pAk;
tpiy kjpf;f Kbahj xd;Wjhd;.

gpuNjr rigapd; jpz;kf; foptfw;Wk; thfdj;jpw;fhff; \fhj;jpUj;jy;|

vd;gJ mtu;fspd; md;whlf; flikfspy; xd;whf khwpapUg;gJjhd;
,jd; ntw;wpahFk;. ,jw;fhfr; nrythFk; gzk; kpf mjpfkhFk;. me;jg;
gzj;ijj; njhlu;eJ
; gpuNjr rigahy; nrytpl Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
mg;NghJ vd;d nra;tJ? vd;w Nfs;tp vd; Kd;Nd vOe;jJ. CupYs;s
Gj;jp [Ptpfs;> ngupahu;fs;> Kf;fpa];ju;fs; Nghd;wtu;fis mioj;J
nrytpdj;ijAk; rigapd; epjp ,Wf;fj;ijAk; tpsq;fg; gLj;jpNdd;.
mtu;fNs kf;fsplkpUe;J rpW njhifg; gzj;ij mwtplyhk; vd;w
MNyhridiaAk; toq;fpdu;. ,ij kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L vkf;Fj;
jkJ gq;fspg;ghd Nritf; fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jp xj;Jiog;G toq;fp
tUtJk; ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa tsu;rr
; pahFk;.

tpisahl;L ikjhdk;
90 fs; ek;ikg; nghWj;jtiu frg;ghd fhyg;gFjp; ,dpikahd ,uTfs;>
gaq;fuk; epiwe;j xd;whapd. njUf;fspy; elkhl Kbahj gb kdk;
mr;rg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. cwq;FtJ $l epk;kjpaw;w xd;whfpg;NghdJ;
,it ehk; mwpe;jNj. ,e;jg; fhyg;gFjpfspy; ekJ kf;fSf;fhfr;
Nritahw;wpa kpf Kf;fpa mur ,ae;jpuq;fshd itj;jparhiyAk;>
E}yfKk; KiwNa - tpNrl mjpubg; g il kw; W k; nghyp];
epiyaq;fSf;fhf - ghJfhg;G mikr;rpdhy; ifNaw;fg;gl;ld.

me;j Neuj;jpy;> kf;fspd; mwptpay; kw;Wk; cly; - cstpaw;Nrit -

,ae;jpuq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fspy; cUthf;f Ntz;ba NjitAk;

tsk; - 2010
viii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
,Ue;jJ. me;jf;fhuzq;fNs> ekJ vOtl;Lthd; tpisahl;L ikjhdj;ij
ek;kplkpUe;J gwpj;Jf; nfhz;l JaH epuk;gpa rk;gtj;ij ,d;Wk; typNahL
czHfpNwhk;.

fpof;F khfhzj;jpNyNa kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;w tpisahl;L ikjhdk;

mJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky;> ,e;j khfhzj;jpNyNa gpujhd tPjpNahL
xl;bapUe;j xNu xU ikjhdKk; mJjhd;. Njrpa mstpy; NjHr;rpahd
tPuHfis cUthf;fpa ,lk; mJ. Njrpa vy;iyfisj; jhz;b rHtNjrj;jpd;
kz;zpy; ekJ tPuHfspd; fhy;fisg; ngUikNahL njhlitj;j ,lk;
mJ. me;j tpisahl;L ikjhdk; ekf;F ,y;yhkNy NghdJ.

ekJ Cupd; ,isQHfisg; ghHf; F k; NghJ> mtHfspd; tP u k;

njUf;fspYk;> NjePHf; filfspYk; kOq;fbf;fg;gLtijf; fz;L jiytUk;
ehDk; nrhy;yKbahj Jauq;fis mDgtpj;j gbjhd; ,d;W tiu
,Uf;fpNwhk;. Njrpa ngUikkpf;f ikjhdj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf> ekJ
,isQHfSf;F ntWk; xU Fg;ig NkLjhd; fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ. mJ
vJ tpj GdUj;jhuzKk; mw;w epiyapy; \ikjhdk;| vd;W miof;f
Kbahj xU epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.

tpisahlf;$ba #oypy; mJ ,y;iy@ kdk; $rpa gbNa ekJ

,isQHfs; me;j ,lj;jpy; tpisahlj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;. tpisahl;L
vd;gJ ntWk; nghOJ Nghf;F kl;Lkd;W; clw; Rfhjhuk; kl;Lkd;W;
mJ Njrpa juj;jpw;F tPuHfis cUthf;Fkplk; kl;Lkd;W; ,itfisj;
jhz;b> jPa nray;fis Nehf;fp ,isQHfs; nrd;W tplhky; mtHfspd;
xOf;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;w xd;W vd ehq;fs; ek;gpapUg;gjhy;> vq;fs;
kdq;fs; xt;nthU fzKk; ikjhdk; gw;wpa epidTfisg; gpwg;gpj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jd.

ekJ gpuNjr ,isQHfspd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l me;jf; fdTfs;

jiytupd; cjtpNahL> ,d;W tpisahLtjw;F trjpaha; ikjhdj;ij
XusT jahH gLj;jpf;nfhLf;f itj;Js;sd. ,Ue;Jk;> ekJ ,isQHfspd;
kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l ,e;jf; fdT> ekJ tpisahl;L ikjhdk; xU

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. ix
Njrpa juk; nfhz;l ikjhdkhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; - vd;W tpupe;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. mjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; jw;NghJ ele;jgbNa
,Uf;fpd;wd.

,e;j ikjhdj;Jf;Fupa ghij> gpujhd tPjpapypUe;J ikjhdj;jpd; kj;jpapy;

njhLk; ghijahf - xU myq;fhukhd EiothapNyhL mikg;gjw;F
ikjhdj;ij mz;kpj;Js;s jdpahH epyq;fis thq;Fk; eltbf;iffs;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. \,d;~h my;yh`;| vjpH tUk; kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
ekJ fw;gidapYs;s ikjhdk; gpwf;Fk; vd;W jplkhf ek;GfpNwhk;.

NkYk;> mf;fiug;gw;wpy; xU nghJ tpisahl;L ikjhdk; kl;Lk; NghjhJ

vd;W czHe;j jiytH mtHfs;> vg;gb K`k;kjpah Guj;jpy; xU
tpisahl;L ikjhdj;ij cUthf;fpdhNuh> mNjNghy; jw;NghJ ehk;
\gJH| fpuhkj;jpYk; xU tpisahl;L ikjhdj;ij cUthf;fpAs;Nshk;.
mjw;fhf cjtpa midtiuAk; epide;J ed;wpkdk; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
mLj;J> fhjpupa;ah gpuNjrj;jpYk;> Mypk; efupYk; jyh xU ikjhdj;ij
cUthf;f Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpNwhk;. mjw;Fk; vkf;F ,iwtd;
cjTthd; vd jplkhf ek;GfpNwhk;.

tPjpfSk; tbfhDk;
cyfpy; ,d;W jha;> je;ijaHfSf;F mLj;jgbahf kpf neUf;fkhd
cwTfshf ,Ug;gJ tPjpfs;jhd;. ekJ tho;ehspy; ngUk; gFjp tPjpfshy;
jhd; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. kdpjDf;F ,t;tsT Kf;fpakhfpg;Nghd
tPjpfs;> ekJ Ciug; nghWj;jkl;by; \eufk; khjpup| khwpg;NghdJk;>
ekJ kf;fSf;F vjpupfshf khwpg;NghdJk;jhd; ,d;iwa epiy. jpl;lkpl;l
tPjp mikg;G - tPjp rupnra;jy; - Nghd;w tiuGfSk; rpe;jidfSk;
fle;jfhyq;fspy; filg;gpbf;fg;glhikapdhy;> ekJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F NeHe;j
mtyk; ,J.

tPjpfspy; jpBH jpBnud fw;fSk;> kz;Zk; nfhl;lg;gLk;; vd;dntd;W

Nfl;lhy; tPjp NghLtjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk;; kPzL
; k; kPzL
; k; tPjpfSf;F
Nky; nfhl;lg;gLk;; tPjp Nghl;ljhf ngUikabj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;;

tsk; - 2010
x \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
ngUikg;gl;lJjhd; \kpr;rKk; kPjKk;|. kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; Jauq;fs;
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy
.
tPjpfs; cau cau tPLfSk;> thry;fSk; Fsq;fshf khwpd. gj;J
tUl fhyj;Jf;Fs; fl;ba GJ tPLfis rpy ,lq;fspy; cilj;J> kPzL
; k;
Gjpjhf fl; l Ntz; b a epiyia ,J cUthf; f paJ. kj; j pa ju
tUkhdj;ijf; nfhz;l ekJ}upy;> mbf;fb tPLfis cilj;J tPjpfSf;F
Vw;g caHj;j Ntz;ba JHg;ghf;fpa epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

,jidj; jLj;J epWj;Jtjw;F rgjk; nfhz;Nlhk;. vq;fshy; mjw;F

kpfj;njspthd jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. JiwrhH epGzHfspd; cjtpNahL
kpfj; jPtpukhdJk; - ,Wf;fkhdJkhd eilKiwfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,q;F xd;iwr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;@ tbfhd; njhlHghd xU jpl;lkply; ehk;

tUk; NghJ gpuNjr rigapy; ,Ue;jJ. MapDk;> mJ fhl;rpg;nghUshf
kl; L Nk ,Ue; j J. eilKiwg; gLj; j g; g l; b Uf; f tpy; i y. mJ
eilKiwapNyNa ,y;iy. 1996 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;j tbfhd;
tiyaikg;G tiuag;gl;bUe;jhYk; $l> mJ xU %iyapy; iftplg;gl;l
epiyapy; fplg;gpy; fple;jJ.

me;j tbfhd; tiyaikg;G tiuG %iyapy; fple;jJ khj;jpukd;W;

vkJ CUf;Nf cupa \,aw;ifahd tbr;ry;| topfnsy;yhk; kz;Zk;>
fy;Yk; Nghlg;gl;L epiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,jdhy;> kio ePH ntspNa
nry;y Kbahky;> CUf;Fs;NsNa FbapUf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjd; mtyk;
ehk; vy;NyhUk; mDgtpg;gJjhd;. ehd; mjpfk; nrhy;yj;Njitapy;iy.

mf;fiug;gw;wpd; miktplk;> MSL (Mean Sea Level) mstpYk; Fiwthf

,Ug;gJ> Nkw;$wpa fhuzq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; ghHf;f mnrsfupaq;fis
vkf;F cUthf;Fk; kpfg; gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. vdNt> kpfr;rupahd
jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp> mij eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjd; Clhfj;jhd;
vkJ kf;fspd; ,e;jg;gpur;rpidiaj; jPHf;fKbAk;.

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xi
mjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpNdhk;. ,dp mj;jpatrpakhdJ jtpu>
ve;j tPjpfSk; Gjpjhf kz; epug;gg;gLtNjh - md;wp caHj;jg;gLtNjh
- ,y;iy vd;W kpf cWjpahf mwptpj;Njhk;; mjpw; fLk; Nghf;ifAk;
filg;gpbj;Njhk;@ tPjpfisg; NghLtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mit \Njhz;lg;gl|
Ntz;Lnkdj; jPHkhdpj;Njhk;. tPjpfs; Nghlg;gLtjhf ,Ue;jhy;>\Njhz;b>
nfhq;fpuPl; khj;jpuNk| gad;gLj;JtJ vd fwhuhf KbntLj;Njhk;;
mijNa eilKiwg;gLj;jpNdhk;.

2008Mk; Mz;by;> jiytupd; topfhl;lNyhLk;> JizNahLk; GjpanjhU

tbfhd; tiyaikg;G tiunghd;iw cUthf;fpNdhk;. mij Kd;khjpupahf
itj;Nj> vkJ Cupd; tbfhd; mikg;G rPH gLj;jg;glTk;> mikf;fg;glTk;
Ntz;Lnkd;W cWjpahfr; nraw;gl;L tUfpNwhk;. ,e;j tbfhd;
tiyaikig Kw;whf epHkhzpj;J Kbf;fTk; - tPjpfnsy;yhk; Kw;whfr;
rupg;gLj;jp Kbf;fTk; - fhyk; Njit vd;gij kf;fs; ,yFthfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;thHfs; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

\\RUf;fkhfg; ghHj;jhy;> vkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;fhd \tPjpf;nfhs;if vd;gJ|,

tPjpfSf;F kz;NghLtJ jil - nfhq;fpuPl; tPjpf;F kl;Lk; mDkjp -
tPjpfs; Njhz;lg;gl;L tbr;rYf;F Vw;wkhjpup gad;gLj;Jjy; -vd;gjhfNt
mikAk;.|| ,J GJtpjkhfj; njupayhk;. mtrpaKk; fhuzKk; fUjp>
,it vk;khy; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tbfhd; tiyaikg;igAk;
Muk; g pj; j pUf; f pNwhk; . ,J njhlHghf kpf tpupthd jfty; f Sk;
tpsf;fq;fSk; vk;kplk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. re;jHg;gk; tUk; NghJ> mtw;iw
vy;NyhuplKk; gfpHe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

ekJ re;ij
mjpfk; NgH re;jpf;ff;$ba xU ,lj;ij cUthf;FtJ kpfr;rpukk;:
mg;gbahd Xuplk; ,aw;ifahf mike;jpUg;gJ xU tuk;. me;j tuk;
ekJ CUf;F ,Ue;jJ. ehd;F gpujhd ghijfs; re;jpf;Fk;,lk;
khj;jpuky;y> gy;ypd> gy; fyhrhu mk;rq;fisAk; nrupj;Jf; nfhz;L
nropg;ghf fhl;rp je;j xU ,lj;jpy;jhd; ekJ re;ij ,Ue;jJ. ,aw;ifahf
mike; j ,lj; j py; xU CH jdJ re; i jia ngw; w pUg; g jd; >

tsk; - 2010
xii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
ngWkhdq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kbahj rpW tajpy;> me;jr; re;ijiaf;
fz;bUf;fpNwd;@ re;ijapd; jiuapy; ghjq;fisg; gjpj;J fle;J nrd;W
re;ijg; gs;spf;$lj;jpy; gbj;j
; pUf;fpNwd;. tpisahLtjw;F nghUl;fSk;
cz;gjw;F kpl;lha;fSk; NghJnkd;W epidf;Fk; Foe;ijg; gUtk;;
mg;NghJ vdf;F.

1985Mk; Mz;L me;jr; Jaur; rk;gtk; epfo;ej

; J@ xU fzg; nghOjpy;
vupe;J rhk;gyhfp kz;NzhL kz;zhfpg;NghdJ@ vupe;jJ vd;W nrhy;tJ
xU ehfupfk; fUjpa Ngr;Rj;jhd;@ vupf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJjhd; cz;ik.

caHe;j tpLjiyf;fhf NghuhLtjhfr; nrhy;yp> kf;fspd; kdq;fspy;

tpLjiy vd;fpd;w ngUk; jkpo;f; fdit cUthf;fpa> MAjf; FOf;fs;jhd;
ekJ re;ijia vupj;jd. tpLjiyf; fUj;ij gug;Gk; Gj;jp[Ptpfs; kj;jpapy;
mg;NghJ \mf;fiug;gw;wpd; ,Ujak; epWj;jg;gl;Ltpl;lJ| vd;w Ngr;R
re;Njh~kspf;Fk; xU nra;jpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.

re;ij vupf;fg;gl;l
; J Kjy; ,d;W tiu> jw;fhypf ,lj;jpNyNa ,aq;fp
tUfpwJ. thq;fTk;> tpw;fTk;> xU ,lk; vd;w gz;G khwp> xU Cupd;
ehfupf mikthf; f khfTk; > me; j Cupd; tho; t pay; juj; j pd;
milahskhfTk;> re;ij vd;gJ khwpg;Nghd ,d;iwa epiyapYk;> ekJ
re;ij jw;fhypf ,lj;jpNyNa ,aq;fptUfpwJ@ ,ij vz;Zk; NghJ
typfshy; neQ;R gupjtpf;fpwJ.

xH CUf;F> nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; re;ij miktjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;>

gy gpujhd tPjpfs; re;jpj;J fpis gpupe;J nry;Yk; ,lj;jpy; mike;jhy;>
,jw;F Vw;glf;$ba nghUshjhug; ngWkhdj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;l
ehl; f spypUe; J vdJ rpe; j idia epiwj; j pUe; j J re; i j gw; w pa
vz;zq;fNs.

me;j vz;zq;fis nka;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lk; vdJ Kaw;rpapy; ,iwtdpd;

MjuT KjypYk; > jiytupd; Jiz ,uz; l htJkhf vdf; F f;
fpilj;jpUe;jJ. gbg;gbahf tsHr;rpaila Ntz;ba re;ijia cldbahf

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xiii
cUthf;fpf; fhl;Lk; Mw;wy; ekJ jiytH top fw;Wf; nfhz;l xU
tplak;jhd;. ekJ re;ij vupf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,d;Wtiuahf gbKiwahf
tsHr;rpaile;jpUe;jhy; vg;gb ,Uf;FNkh> mg;gb mj;jid tUlq;fspd;
Nkk;gl;l xU tsHepiyapy; ekJ re;ijia cUthf;fptpLtNj vdJ
mth MFk;.

ekJ nghJr; re;ij epHkhzj;jpid Muk;gpj;J itf;f my;yh`; vdf;F

ehbdhd;. %d;W fl;lq;fshf jpl;lkpl;L mikf;fg;gLk; ekJ re;ijapd;
Kjw; fl; l k; njhlq; f g; g l; L s; s J. KOtJkhf ekJ re; i jia
fl;bKbg;gjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlHe;jgbNa cs;sd. jiytupd;
cjtpNahL \,d;~h my;yh`;| mJ epiwNtWk;.

,e;jg; gpuNjr rigf;Fs; EioAk; NghJ> vd;NdhL MW Kf;fpa

tplaq;fis kdRj;jpNahL nfhz;Lte;Njd;. ekJ nghJr; re;ij> g];
epiya kPlG
; k; epHkhzKk;> tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> nghJ E}yfk;> gpuNjr
rigf; fl;blk;> jpz;kf;fopT mfw;wy; jpl;lk; Nghd;witjhd; me;j
MW tplaq;fSk;. vg;gbahtJ> vg;ghLgl;lhtJ> vdJ iffshNy
Muk;gpj;J Kbf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w \epa;aj;Jk;>| mjw;F my;yh`;tpd; cjtp
Ntz;Lnkd;w gpuhHj;jidAk; xU fzKk; vd;idtpl;L mfd;wjpy;iy.
\my;`k;Jypy;yh`;|> ,d;W me;jg; ghf;fpak; vdf;F fpl;bapUf;fpwJ.
rpyij Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpNwhk; rpyJ epiwTw;wpUf;fpwJ \Mk;! J}a
vz;zq;fs; nka;g;gpf;fg;gLk;;@ J}a vz;zq;fspd; gf;fk; ,iwtd;
,Ug;ghd;|.

,e; j Neuj; j py; > ekJ re; i jf; f hd epjpg; g q; f spg; G r; nra; j IOM
epWtdj;ijAk; epidT$uf; flikg;gl;Ls;Nsd;.

tho;epyk;
kf;fs; ngUfpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. tho;epyk; RUq;fpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
epyj;NjhL ekf;fpUf;Fk; cwT gy tif vdpDk;> tho;epyk; vd;w tifapy;
kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ekJ Ciu Kd;dpWj;jp> mjd; kf;fSf;fhd xU
nghJr; rpe; j idia ftdj; j py; nfhz; N lhkhdhy; @ ekJ kf; f s;

tsk; - 2010
xiv \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
trpg;gjw;fhd tho;epyq;fisg; gw;wpajhfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;. Kd;ngy;yhk;
tPLk; mijr;#o thrYk;> me;j thry; KOtJk; gRikahd G+kuq;fs;>
mjd; tz;zq;fs;> thridfs; ek; kdij ,NyRgLj;Jfpw xU #oiyf;
nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. ,d;W mg;gbapy;iy. ,uz;L tPLfSf;fpilapy; $l
,ilntspfs; rhj;jpakw;W Ngha;tpl;ld. ,d;Dk; gpe;jp tug;Nghfpw
fhyj;jpy; trpg;gplq;fSf;fhf vjpH nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpid vd;gJ ekJ
Cupd; gpujhdkhd rthyhf khwptpLk; vd;gij vtUk; kWf;fKbahJ.

cyf tuyhw;wpy; epyj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp mope;J Nghd capHfs; jhd;

mjpfk;. kf;fSf;fhd tho;epyq;fis nefpo;r;rpahfTk;> jpwikahfTk;
ifahs;tJjhd; ekf;FKd; tpupfpd;w ngUk; rthy; vdf; fUJfpNwd;.;

ekJ Ciug; nghWj;jkl;by;> kf;fs; jkJ tho;epyq;fis - Fwpj;j

,lq;fisf; fle;J nrd;W cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;ghj kdepiyiaNa
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. fle;j fhyq;fspd; gaq;fuk; epiwe;j #oy;> mtHfspd;
trpg;gplq;fSf;F xU ghJfhg;gpd;ikia Njhw;Wtpj;jpUe;jJ vd;gJ
xU GwkpUf;f> kf;fs; FbNawp trpf;f tpUk;Gk; ,lq;fSf;Fk;> gpujhd
FbapUg; G kw; W k; efu cwTfSf; F khd njhlHGfs; jpUg; j pahf
mike;jpUf;ftpy;iy. FbapUg;Gf;fis efuj;NjhL ,izf;fpd;w gy;NtW
ghijfs; mtrpag;gl;lNghJk;> mit ,y;yhkNyNa ,Ue;J te;jJ.
mJ kl; L ky; y hky; > gpujhd FbapUg; G f; f Sf; F mUfhikapYk; >
mjD}lhfTk; khj;jpuNk trjpfNshL $ba ghijfs; mikf;fg;
gl;bUe;jJk; xU fhuzkhFk;.

VyNt> cs;s ghijfis rPHnra;jy; vd;gNjhL> Gjpa ghijfis

cUthf;f Ntz;ba NjitfSk; Kf;fpakhfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;jg; Gjpa
ghijfs; vg;gb> vq;F> vjD}lhf mikag;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL>
vjpHfhyj;jpy; ekJ kf;fs; tho;epyq;fshf khw;wf;$ba ,lq;fisAk;
mtHfSf;F gupe;Jiug;gjhf mikaNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ehd; kpff;
ftdkhfTk;> MokhfTk; rpe;jpj;jpUf;fpNwd;.

mjd; epkpj; j khf> njhopy; E l; g f; f y; Y }up> gpuNjr nrayfk; >

fy;tpf;fhupahyak;> gpiw FM thndhyp epiyak;> ePHg;ghrd fhupahyak;>

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xv
nghJ ikjhdk;> gs;spthry; Nghd;w kf;fSf;F kpf mtrpakhd Nrit
epiyaq;fs; mike;jpUf;Fk;> mf;fiug;gw;W fy;Kid gpujhd tPjpia
njhLk; xU Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J Muk;gpf;fpwJ xU GJg;ghij.

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upapd; tlGwk; Muk;gpf;Fk; ,g;ghijia ePl;b

rpd;dKy;iyj;ji
P t milar; nra;J@ kPzL
; k; rpd;dKy;iyj;jt
P pd; njd;Gw
vy;iyapypUe;J gl;babg;gpl;bapd; tlf;F vy;iy tUk; tiu nfhz;L
nry;Yk; NghJ> ,t;tj
P p tiyg;gpd;dYf;F cl;gLk; ghupa epyg;gug;Gk;
mjd; Xuq;fSk; tho;epyq;fshf (FbNaw;w epyq;fshf) khWk;.

gpujhd FbapUg;gpidAk;> gl;babg;gpl;b> gs;spf;FbapUg;G> rpd;d

Ky;iyj;jT
P Nghd;w fpuhkq;fisAk; njhlHG gLj;Jk; ,e;jg; ghij
cUthf;fj;jpd; Clhf fz;lilag;gLk; ekJ kf;fSf;fhd tho;epyq;fs;
kpfKf;fpakhditahFk;. ,e;j epyg;gug;G ekJ vjpHfhy tho;epyj;jpw;fhd
Njitia jpUg;jpfukhf epiwNtw;Wk; vd;gjpy; vJtpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy.

ekJ CUf;fhd Gjpa ghijapd; mUfpYk;> mg;ghijfs; ,izf;Fk;

tho;epyq;fSf;fpilapyhd epyg;gug;Gf;fspYk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; ekJ kf;fs;
trpg;gplq;fis cUthf;FtH. ,e;j tho;epyq;fspy; trpg;gjw;F jil
vdf;fUjg;gl;l FbePH vd;w gpur;rpid ,d;W ,y;yhkNy
Ngha;tpl;bUf;fpwJ. ekJ jiytH FbePH vd;w mj;jpatrpag; gpur;rpidia
jPHj;J itj;jpUf;fpwhH vd;gJ ehd; nrhy;yp njupaNtz;ba xd;wy;y.

mNjNghd;W> Rdhkpf;Fg; gpwF flNyhLk; flw;fiuNahLk; re;Njfj;Jld;

$ba XH cwNt ekJ kf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. flypd; ,jkhd epwKk;>
miyfspd; miog;Gk;> mq;F te;J jltpr; nry;Yk; njd;wiytpl
,sikahd fhw;Wk; kf;fspd; kd ,Wf;fj;ij cjpur; nra;fpd;wd. xU
itj;jpaidg; Nghy kdij Mw;Wg;gLj;JfpwJ.

ekJ kf;fs; flw;fiuNahL kPzL

; k; neUf;fKw tpUk;Gtij czu
Kbe;jJ. kPzL
; k; tPLfisAk; thbfisAk; fl;bf; FbNawTk; njhopy;
nra;aTk; ehl;lk; fhl;bdH. Vwj;jho 4 km ePsj;jpy; 300 m mfyj;jpy;>

tsk; - 2010
xvi \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
kpfg; ngUk; epyg;gug;G kPzL
; k; gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd;
tpUk;gpNdd;. mjid rhjpg;gjw;Fr; Rdhkpahy; mope;j> flYf;F
rkhe;jukhdjhd Ngupay; tPjpia mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Njd;. ,d;W mg;ngUk;
epyg;gug;gpy; 50 tPjkhit Nkw;$wpa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij
fhZk;NghJ kpf re;Njhrkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. \\my;`k;Jypy;yh`;.||

E}yfk;
cyf tuyhw;wpy; E}yfq;fSf;nfd;W xU jdpaplkpUf;fpwJ. kdpjHfis
tpl> caukha; E}yfq;fis kjpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,d;W tiu cyfpy;
Gof;fj;jpy; cz;L. \\fpwp];jt kjk; cyif Mf;fpukpj;j fhyj;jpy;>
Nkw;FyfpypUe;J mwptpay; mopf;fg;gl;lJ; mjid ghurPfk; Nghd;w
,];yhkpa ehLfNs fhg;ghw;wpd vd;gJ tuyhW|| vd vk;.vd;.uha;
vd;w Gj;jp[Ptp> \,];yhj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg;ghj;jpuk;| vd;w Gj;jfj;jpy;
kpftpupthf vOjpapUf;fpwhH. mg;gbf; fhg;ghw;wp ,Uf;fhtpl;lhy;> ,d;W
,Uf;fpd;w ,e;j tpQ;Qhd mwptpay; cyfNk ,y;yhjpUe;jpUf;Fk;@ mit
ntWk; fw;gidfshfNt Kbtile;JkpUf;Fk;.

me;jg;guk;giuapy; te;j vtDf;Fk;> mwpit Nehf;fpa <Hg;Gk; jhfKk;

,ay;ghfNt mike;jpUf;Fk;. mjd; njhlHr;rpjhd; vdf;Fk; E}yfq;fspd;
kPJ jPuhf;fhjiy cUthf;fp ,Ue;jJ. E}yfq;fs; njhlHghd cyf
mwpjy;fisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> ehd; gpuNjr rigia epHtfpf;f tUk;
NghJ> ekJ gpuNjr E}yfk; Vkhw;wj;ijNa je;jJ. xU jdpegH E}yfj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk; msit tpl kpff;Fiwe;j Gj;jfq;fNs ,q;fpUe;jd. E}yfk;
vkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpypUe;J 2006Mk; Mz;L tiu
Gj;jfq;fNs thq;ftpy;iyah? vd;w Nfs;tp vd;id Mr;rupaj;jpy;
; paJ. Mdhy;> jw;NghJ 20>000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l tifahd Gj;jfq;fs;
Mo;jj
ekJ E}yfq;fspy; ,Uf;fpd;w msTf;F mjid khw;wpapUf;fpNwhk;.
\\my;`k;Jypy;yh`;.||

ehd; VyNt nrhd;dijg; Nghd;W> ekJ E}yff;fl;blKk; 1990Mk; Mz;by;

ghJfhg;G mikr;rpdhy; ifNaw;f
; g;gl;bUe;jJ. mjd; gpwF> ,lk; khwp
- ,lk; k hwp> gy thliff; fl; l lq; f spy; E}yfk; ,aq; F tJk;

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xvii
vOk; G tJkhfNt nraw; g l; l J. ,J vkJ kf; f Sf; F g; ngUk;
mnrsfupaj;ijf; nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

mNjNeuk;> \vkJ gpuNjrj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd nrhj;Jf;fshfTk;>

mwptpay; fUtiwfshfTk; ehd; fUjpaJ> E}yfj;ijAk; ekJ Njrpa
ghlrhiyiaAk; jhd; | . vj; j idNah Gj; j p[P t pfisAk; ngUk;
mwpthspfisAk; jPHf;fjuprdKs;s jiytHfisAk; cUthf;fpa \jha;kb|
ekJ Njrpa ghlrhiyjhd;. mjd; kPJ mstpl Kbahj gw;Wk; mjd;
tsHr;rpapy; kPshf;fuprdKk; vdf;fpUf;fpwJ.

vdJ epUthfj;jpd; fPo; ,g;ghlrhiy ,y;yhj NghJk;> vd;id cUthf;fpa

,g;ghlrhiyf;F VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zk; vd;dplkpUe;jJ.
ngupjhfr; nra;tjw;F gpuNjr rigahy; KbahJ vd;gJk; vdf;Fj;
njupAk;. mjw;fhd rupahd jUzk; ghHj;jpUe;Njd;.

ghlrhiy vd;gJ mwpT cw;gj;jp nra;Akplk;; E}yfnkd;gJ me;j mwpT

cw;gj;jpf;F cjTk; xU nraw;ghl;L epWtdk;. vdNt jhd;> xd;iw
Nahrpf;Fk; NghJ> kw;iwaJk; ekJ rpe;jidf;Fs; te;J ,lk; gpbj;J
tpLfpd;wJ. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> E}yfj;jpw;fhd fl;llk; xd;iw cUthf;Ftjpy;
ftdkhf ,Ue;Njd;. jiytupd; cjtpNahL gpuNjr rig tshfj;jpy;
E}yff; fl;llj;jpw;fhd Ntiyfs; njhlq;fg;gl;bUe;j NghJjhd; xU
tha;gG
; f; fpilj;jJ.

rHtNjr mur rhHgw;w epWtdkhd US AID, E}yfk; mikg;gjw;F

cjTtjhfr; nrhd;dJ. ehd; re;Njhrk; mile;Njd;. Njrpa ghlrhiyf;F
cjt Ntz;Lnkd;W jUzk; ghHj;jpUe;j vdf;F> my;yh`; xU
re;jHg;gj;ijj; je;jhd;. \E}yfKk; Njrpa ghlrhiyAk; ekJ Cupd;
,uz;L fz;fs;| vd ,Ue;j vdf;F> mJ Xu; mupa tha;g;ghfg;
Ngha;tpl;lJ. US AID epWtdj;jplk; E}yfj;jpw;F vdf; fhl;b - fl;llj;ij
vLj;J - tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsq;fisf; nfhz;l xU E}yfj;NjhL Njrpa
ghlrhiyf;fhf mjidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W vz;zpNdd;; mijNa
nra;Njd;. mJNghd;W> nghJ E}yfj;jpw;F vd gpuNjr rig tshfj;jpy;

tsk; - 2010
xviii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
cUthf;fg;gl;l fl;llj;ij Kbj;J> mjpy; E}yfj;ij mkHj;jp> ,d;W
,e;j Ciu moF ghHf;fpNwhk;.

mNjNeuk;> \jfty; njhopEl;gKk; cyfkakhjYk;| vy;yhtw;iwAk;

cs;sq;iff;Fs; RUf;fpj;je;jpUf;Fk; ,e;j E}w;whz;by;> vy;yhtw;wpYk;
kpifj;jpUf;f vz;Zk; - KaYk; - ekJ kf;fs; \,d;unel;| (Internet)
trjp> ruskhff; fpilf;f - jFjpAk; NjitAKilatHfs; vd;gij
ehd; mwpNtd; . ,Ue; j hYk; > mjw; F upa re; j Hg; g Kk; fhyKk;
jhkjkhfpf;nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jik vd;id cWj;jpf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jJ.

\ehis| vd;gij ehd; mjpfk; ek;GtJ fpilahJ. ahuhtJ te;J

Muk;gpf;fl;Lk; vd;w miyf;fopg;ig ehd; Kw;wpYkhf ntWg;gtd;.
Kbe;jtiuf;Fk; vijAk; ehd; njhlq;fpitg;gijNa tpUk;GtJ vdJ
,ay;G. ,J vd;dpy; jiytH mtHfspd; gpujpgypg;G vd ehd; Mokhf
ek;GfpNwd;. mjdhy;jhd;> “Gjpa fl;llj; jpwg;G epfo;NthL ,d;unel;
(Internet) Nritf;$iwAk; njhlf;fp itj;J - xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ij
Muk;gpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;; rpwpa njhlf;fkhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ,jd; gyd;fis
,e;j CH mDgtpf;Fk; ehl;fspy;> VjhtJ xU %iyapypUe;J mjid
mikjpahf urpj;Jf;nfhs;s ,iwtd; vdf;F ehLthndd;W jplkhf
ek;GfpNwd;”. ,jw;fhd re;jHg;gj;ij toq;fpa my;yh`;itAk; jiytH
mtHfisAk; ed;wp kdk; nfhs;fpNwd;.

vdf;nfd;W jdpg; ghijapy; my;y>

ekJ jiytH Nghl;l ghijapy;
gazpf;fpNwd;@

J}uj;jpypUe;J
mtH vd;idf; ftdpf;fpwhH@

ehd; rWf;Fk; NghJ>

jl;b - rupnra;fpwhH.

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xix
 ehd; caUk; NghJ>
tho;jj
; p - MRthrg;gLj;JfpwhH@

Gjpjha; eilgoFk;
xU Foe;ij Nghy>
mtupd; tpuy;fisg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;Nl
vdJ gazk; njhlHfpwJ@

mtupd; topapy;
mtupd; gazj;ij
vdJ ghjq;fspy; gazpf;fpNwd;@

md;ghdtHfNs!
gopnrhy;Yk; kdpjHfspd; topapy; my;y;
topnrhy;Yk; kdpjHfNshL
cq;fs; gazKk; mikal;Lk;.

cq;fs; ,jaq;fs; mikjp ngw -

cq;fs; tho;T epiwT ngw -
kdrpd; Moj;jpypUe;J gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwd;.

tsk; - 2010
xx \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
Pic of Atha
 ,q;fpUe;J nka;QQ
; hdKk; gutl;Lk;!

cs;@uhl;rp khfhz rigfs; mikr;rUk; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; jiytUkhd

nfsut my;`h[; V.vy;.vk; mjhcy;yh
mtHfs; toq;fpa Mrpr;nra;jp

kdpj tho;tpd; njhlf;fNk kpfkpf mehjpahdJ. mJ Kjy;> khDl

[Ptpjj;jpd; nrk;ik rhd;w rupahd newpfhl;Ljy;fshdit> mt;tf;fhy
,iwepajpfshy; Mf;fg;gl;ld. me;epajpfs; my;yJ epakq;fs; Mdit>
,iwNtj ntspg;ghLfs; vdyhk;. ed;ndwpj; jfty;fs; vDk; J}J
trd topfhl;bfs; kdpj tho;Tf;F XH mUsha; Mapd. fhl;lhw;W
nts;sk; Nghyhd khDl [Ptpjk;> J}a;ikahd XH mikjp xOq;fpy;
ed;ndwpfshy; Glk; Nghlg;gl;lJ@ Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa XH
cd;dj epiy rpj;jpf;f khDl [Ptpjk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l jfty;fNs
mbehjkhfTk; - MjhukhfTk; mike;Js;sd.

,iwtrdq; f spd; Clhf> khDl [P t pjk; ngw; W f; n fhz; l Qhd

juprdq;fshd gy;tif mwpTf; fUT+yq;fs;> kWikg; Ngw;iw cWjp
nra;jd. kl;Lkd;wp> eilKiw cyfpay; tho;tpd; rfy NjitfSf;Fkhd
Mjhuq;fis Ma;e;J - mfo;e;J tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; khDl
[Ptpjj;jhy; KbAkhapw;W. ,jdhy;> gpugQ;rj;jpd; Mok; nfhz;L mfd;w
,ufrpaq;fs;> kdpj mwpTr; nrwptpd; cd;djj;jhy; ntspg;glj; njhlq;fpd.
,t;ntspg;ghLfs; - my;yJ tpaj;jF ,uhl;rj Kd;Ndw;wq;fNs ,d;iwa
,yj;jpudpay; jfty; njhopy;El;g cyFf;F fl;;baq; $wp epw;fpd;wd.

,j;jifaNjhH Kd;dL
P > jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tUifahy; khDl
[Ptpjk; vq;qdkha; - XH Mr;rupakha; khwptpl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf;
Nfhbfhl;LfpwJ. \\,yj;jpudpay; cyfpy; ,Ue;J> jfty; njhopy;El;g
cyFf;Fs;|| GFe;Js;s ,r; rkfhyj;ij> \\mwpT ika E}w;whz;L||

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxi
vdTk;> \\jfty; Afk;|| vdTk; rpyhfpj;Jg; NgRtH. ,jd; Ngwhy;> gw;gy
tpQ;Qhd - njhopy;El;g - tpz;zpay; - tptrha - kUj;Jt - njhlHghly;
kw;Wk; fzpdpj; njhlHG rhjd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; XH mwpTg; gputhfkha;
vfpwpg;gha;eJ
; > cyfpd; ehdhtpj nraw;ghLfisAk; ,d;W Mf;fpukpj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.

,e; E}w;whz;Lf;NfAupa mwpTj; jpul;rpapd; ngUf;fkhdJ> cyf ehLfs;

mlq;fypYk; - mit mgptpUj;jpaile;j - mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; -
ehLfs; vd;w Ngjk; ,y;yhky; Ml;nfhz;Ls;sjidAk; czu ,aYkha;;
,Uf;Fk;.

\\,yj;jpudpay; cyfpypUe;J> jfty; njhopy;El;g cyFf;Fs;|| GFe;Js;s

kdpj rKjhak; ,j;jifa jftw; Gul;rpapd; gyd;fis mDgtpf;Fk;
tifapy; ,e;ehLfs;> jj;jkJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; cyfshtpa ,t;twpitg;
gug;GtijAk; mjD}lhf> cs;@H cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;Lg;
nghUs; tsj;ij NkYk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjpYk; Fwpaha; cs;sd.

vdNt> ,j;jifaNjhH rpe;jidj; jsj;jpy;> ekJ epiyik Fwpj;J

Mokha;r; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;jfty; Afj;jpd; cyfshtpa epiy
,t;thwpUf;f> ekJ Njrpa epiyapYk; khtl;l epiyapYk; \\ehk; vq;F
epw;fpNwhk;?|| vd;gjijAk; ,j;jftw; Gul;rpapd; %yk;> ngWk; gyhgyd;fspd;
xU rpwpa gpd;dj;ijahtJ ekJ kf;fspd; fhybf;F vq;qdk; ,l;Lr;nry;yf;
$Lk; vd;gijAk; rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;w Ntz;ba \tuyhw;Wr; re;jpapy;|
,d;W ehk; cs;Nshk;.

,e; j tifapy; > jfty; tsq; f spd; gad; g L epiyia - mit

vj;jifadtha; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; - fpuhkk;> efuk; vd;w ghFghL ,y;yhky;
nfhz;L nry;tjpy; ekJ ehL rpuj;ij fhl;b tUfpwJ.

kf;fspd; tho;NthL vd;Wkha;f; fye;J gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;s jfty; ts

epiyaq; f s; - thrpfrhiyfs; > E}yfq; f Ns vd Kjd; Kjy;
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa E}yfq;fisj; jpwe;J>

tsk; - 2010
xxii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
\\fw;fj;njupahjtd;@ fw;wijf; iftplj; njupahjtd;;@ kPz;Lk; fw;f
Kbahjtd; vd toq;Fk; vOj;jwptw;Nwhiu|| r%fkl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J
,y;yhkyhf;Fk;> mjPj Kaw;rpapd; Kf;fpa jrhg;jj;jpy; ehk; mjpfk;
Copak; nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,j;jifaNjhH gifg;Gyj;jpy;> ekJ gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; njhd;W njhl;L

gapyg;gl;L tUk; E}yfq;fs;> thrpfrhiyfs;> gbg;gfq;fs; vd;gd Fwpj;J
,q;F rpe;jpg;gJ xU r%ff; flikahFk;.

nghJthf> ekJ}Hfspy; md;whl gj;jpupiffisf; nfhz;l thrpfrhiyfNs

Kjd; Kjypy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. r%f Nehf;fk; nfhz;l ,isQHfs;-
fy;tp mwpT ngw;w %j;NjhHfs; ,g;gzpapy; mjpfk; gq;F nfhz;bUe;jdH.
mur cjtpia ehlhky; ,j;jifNahH Mw;wpa ngUk; gzpia ehk;
,q;F ed;wpNahL epidT $HNthk;. ekJ mf;fiug;gw;wpd; mDgtKk;
,jidNa nka;gg
; pj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. 1930 - 1935 - 1950 - 1954 -
1960 - 1968 - 1970 - 1980 Mfpa vl;Lg;gUtq;fspYk;> %d;W jiyKiwfisr;
NrHe;NjhH - Fwpg;ghfj; jdpahuha; cs;s MHtyHfs; ,g;Gdpj gzpapy;
ngUk; gq;Fnfhz;L cioj;Js;sdH.

; \khztH thrpfrhiy| jdJ VO tUlfhy

1960 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
fbd ciog;gpd; gpd;dH> 1967 ,y; ekJ cs;@uhl;rp mikg;ghd
mf;fiug;gw;W kj;jpa fpuhkrigf;Ff; ifaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

vt;thnwdpDk;> jw;fhyj;jpy; tsHe;Jtpl;Ls;s jfty; njhopy;El;gkhdJ>

\\rHtKk; fzpdp kak;|| vd;Dk; Roypy; Rod;W> ,izak; - fzpdpg;nghjp
- kpd; mQ;ry; - \ahtUf;Fk; jfty;| (Unesco) - kpd; E}yfk; vd;wthwhd
cyf nry; newpapy; Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjdhy;> mj;jifa tsHr;rpepiyr;
rthy;fSf;F ehk; Kfk; nfhLf;fTk; <LnfhLf;fTk; ty;ygk; ngwhj
#o; e piyf; ifjpfshf ,Ue; J s; N shk; vd; g J> ekJ eP z ; l
ehl;FiwghlhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ekJ gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; jhuhs murpaw; rpe;ij
nfhz;l murpaw; gyk; ,y;yhjpUe;jJk; gaq;fu Aj;j #o;epiy KOtJkha;
ek;ikg; gPbj;jpUe;jJk; ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxiii
ekf;nfd;W cUthf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr rigNahL $ba> E}yfk; cs;spl;l
KO tshfKNk Aj;j #o;epiyfshy; nghyp]; epiyakhf khwptpl;Ls;s
ifaW epiyiaAk; ehNk nghWikNahL mDgtpj;Njhk;. MapDk;>
,J fhyj;jpd; NjitahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,Nj Nghy> ekJ gpjpuhHr;rpj
mirah nrhj;Jf;fshd nghJr; re;ijr;rJf;fk; - itj;jparhiy \ekJ
Kfkhf| ,Ue;j tpisahl;L ikjhdk; Nghd;witAk; ek;ik tpl;Lk;
Nghapd@ J}ukhf;fg;gl;ld.| ,itnay;yhk; xU GwkpUf;f ehKk; ekJ
re;jjpfSk; ,k;kz;zpy; njhlHe;Jk; Rje;jpukhf tho;Nthkh vd;w mr;rKk;
$l vk;ikr; #o;ej; pUe;jijAk; ehk; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ.

,j;jifa Ntjid kz;ba nksdj;JauKk;>; khshj NrhfKk; Mfpa

fhupUs;fs;> Vfd; my;yh`;tpd; cjtpahy; vkiktpl;Lk; ePq;Fjw;Fupa
fhyk; XH mjpH~;lk; Nghyf; fdpe;jJ. ekJ Mo;eJ
; mlq;fpa mikjpf;Fk;
nghWikf;Fk; fpilj;j $ypahf \murpay; mjpfhuk;| ek;ik te;Jk;
mile;jJ@ ek; r%fj;jpd; tpLjiyf;Fk; epk;kjpf;Fkhf Rje;jpukhff; Fuy;
nfhLf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.

NkYk;> ehk; ,oe;jitfSk;> epahakhfNt ekJ ,Ug;ghf ,Uf;f

Ntz;baitAkhdtw;iw XH mbg;gilahf itj;J ,k;kz;zpd;
mgptpUj; j pg; g zpfis Kiwahf - Kd; D upik epuypy; xOq; F
gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ekf;F ,aYkhd
; d. \\my;`k;Jypy;yh`;|| me;j tifapy;> gy mupa
re;jHg;gq;fs; tha;jj
gzpfisr; nra;J ghHf;ff; fpilj;jikahdJ ty;ytd; my;yh`;
vdf;Fk; cq;fSf;Fk; mspj;j ew;ghf;fpakhFk;.

ekJ gioik tha;ej ; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;> ek; kf;fs; ,ay;ghfNt

Md;kf
P kw;Wk; mwpTj;Njly;fspy; MHtk; fhl;b te;jpUf;fpd;wdH vdf;
$Wk;. ,k; kz;zpd; kPJ eilgapd;w Qhdthd;fspd; topAk; eilAk;>
ekf;NfAupikahd ghuk;gupaq;fs; vd tho;e;J tUfpd;wd. ,q;F
cyTfpd; w Md; k P f thjpfspdJk; > gy; t if mwpQHfspdJk; >
ghthzHfspdJk;> ,isQHfspdJk;> rpwhHfspdJk; mwpTj;Njl;lj;jpw;F
Kiwahd fsk; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fNtz;ba flikg;ghL ,k;kz;Zf;F

tsk; - 2010
xxiv \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
cz;L vd;w fUj;Jepiy vd;WNk vd;Ds; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.
vdNtjhd;> thrpfrhiy - E}yfk; - jfty; ts epiyak; vDk; mgptpUj;jp
rhH jpl;lkplypd; NghJ> xU J}u Nehf;NfhL - Fiwe;jJ %d;Wkhbf;
fl;llj;jpw;Fs;shtJ mikAk; tz;zk; - rkfhy cyfj;juj;NjhL xg;gpl;Lg;
ghHf;ff; $bathwhd xd;whf mikAk; ghq;fpy; - fl;llk; epHkhzpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; mthtpNdd;.

cyfpd; vj; jpf; f pypUe; J k; gug; g g; g Lfpd; w Njitahd - cfe; j

vj;jftyhdhYk; - vj;jifa E}yhdhYk; my;yJ vt;thwhd NtjE}w;
njhFjpahdhYk; ,izaj; j sj; j pd; cjtpNahL> mt; Qhdg;
nghw;Ftpaiy ek;ktHfs; thrpj;Jr; Rfpf;f topnra;Ak; xU ts
epiyaj;ij ahd; fdT fz;Nld;. ,JNt - ,r; rpe;jidNahl;lNk -
,j;jfty; ts epiyaj;jpw;fhd ejp %ykhdJ.

fpof;F khfhz mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jNghJ> ,iwtd; cjtpahy;

vd;dhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,j;jfty; tsikaf;fl;llk;> mt; Vfdpd;
mUl;flhl;rj;jhy; ,d;W epUkhzpj;J Kbf;fg;gl;L tpohf;fhz;fpwJ.
jtpuTk;> jw;NghJ ehd; mkHe;jpUf;Fk; cs;@uhl;rp khfhz rigfs;
mikr;rpd; ClhfTk; ,jNdhL xl;ba njhlH gzpfSf;Fg; gz xjpf;fL
P
nra;J> ,j;jfty; tsikaj;jpw;F mj;jpahtrpakha; cs;s jftw;
njhopy;El;gk; rhHe;j cgfuzq;fs; - kw;Wk; jsghlq;fisAk; nfhs;tdT
; vdf;fpUe;jJ@ \my;`k;Jypy;yh`;|.
nra;J toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;gG

\nfLjp epidf;fhj| J}a vz;zq;fshYk;> Rj;jkhd ciog;ghYk; -

cuj;jhYk; ew;FUjp XLfpd;w ek; kf;fs;> mwpTj; NjlypYk; Md;kf
P
topfhl;lypYk; ,ay;ghfNt Cf;fq; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wdH.
,jdhy;> ,e;jpa kz;zpy; cs;s \me;juj;jt
P py;| ,Ue;J ek; ehl;ilj;
juprpj;j> m~;n~a;f; n]a;apj; `y;yh[; kd;#H nthypAy;yh`; mtHfs;
mf;fiug;gw;W kz;izAk; kf;fisAk; Mj;khHj;jkhf Nerpj;Jj; jdJ
Md;kpfj; jsj;ij ,q;NfNa mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. jhd; epWtpa
Qhdhyaj;jpd; Clhf> ek; kf;fspd; tho;NthL ,uz;lwf;fye;J>
ek;kf;fSf;fhf - ek; kz;zpd; nka;QQ
; hd vOr;rpf;fhf mHg;gzpg;Gld;

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxv
nraw;gl;bUf;fpwhH@ Njly;fNs ,ay;G+f;fkha;f; nfhz;l ek; kf;fSf;Fg;
gy;tif mwpT eyDk;> tho;fi
; f eyDk; ifg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gjha;
epiwaNt ,iwtidg; gpuhHj;jpj;jpUf;fpd;whH. jtpuTk;> md;dhH ek;
kz;zpd; khz;Grpwf;fj; jd;idNa KOtJkha; xg;gilj;JkpUf;fpwhH.
mj;jifanjhU Qhdthdpd; gpuhHj;jidfSk;> Ntz;Ljy;fSk; ekf;Fk;
ek; kz;Zf;Fk; tha;jj
; XH mUQ;nry;tkhFk;.

mj;jifa jifik rhd;w Qhdr;nry;tupd; - khHf;f mwpQupd; - ngaiu

,j;jfty; tsikaj;jpw;Fr; #l;b> \`y;yh[; jfty; ts ikak;| vd
,iwtd; mUshy; gpufldpf;ff; fpilj;jikahdJ> vdf;Fk; ek;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; ty;y my;yh`; mUspanjhU ew;NgwhfNt ehd; md;G
kdq;nfhs;fpNwd;. ,j;jfty; tsikaj;jpw;F epiyNgwhd capH ,Uf;Fk;@
fUizahsd; my;yh`;tpd; ey;yUs; ,Uf;Fk;@ ,J fhyj;jhy; mopahJ
nka;Q;QhdKk; gug;Gk; gPlkha; khWk;@ ek; kf;fSf;F vd;Wkha;
mwpT+l;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa khz;GW fhuzq;fspdhy; ,j;jfty;
tsika jpwg;G tpohtpd; %ykhf ,ul;bg;ghd kfpo;nta;JfpNwd;.
\my;yh`; ngupatd;.|

,j;jifa ey;y epidTfisj; jd;dfj;Nj gjpj;J> xU ew;gzpahff;

fhy fhykha; epd;W epiyj;J [Ptpjk; nfhs;Sk; ,t;tpohTf;fha;
ntspaplg;gLk; \\tsk;|| n
; ghjpe;j \tsk;| kyUf;F ,t; Mrpr;nra;jpia
toq;FtjpYk; ahd; kfpo;r;rpAk; kdepiwTk; nfhs;fpNwd;.

,j;jUzj;jpy; ,f; fl;llj;jpid tbtikj;j fl;llf; fiyQH Idhg;

vk;.I.vk; ,];khapy; mtHfSf;Fk; epUkhzg;gzpfis nrt;tNd
epiwNtw;wpa CECB epWtd mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ kdkhHe;j ed;wpfs;
cupadthfpd;wd.

,f;fl;llk; kl;Lkd;wp ,J Nghd;w gy epUkhzg;gzpfspy; jd;id

KOikahf mHg;gzpj;jNjhL> ek; vy;NyhuJ kdq;fspYk; KOikahf
,lk; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;J> mz;ikapy; ek;ik vy;yhk; tpl;Lk;
gpupe;j CECB epWtdj;jpd; nghwpapayhsH kH`{k; V.MH j];jfPH

tsk; - 2010
xxvi \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
mtHfsJ kWik <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; ehd; gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwd;.
NkYk;> ,j;jF gzpfspNy ,ize;J xU kdj;jpduha;r; nraw;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;w jtprhsH V.vy; jtk; mtHfSf;Fk; cjtpj; jtprhsH
v];.vk; rgP]; mtHfSf;Fk; rig cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk; CopaHfs;
midtUf;Fk; vdJ cskhHe;j ed;wpfisr; rkHg;gpf;fpd;Nwd;.

tpNrlkhf cs;@uhl;rp khfhz rigfs; mikr;rpd; ,d;iwa nrayhsH

lhf;lH ep`hy; [ajpyf mtHfSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisj;; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

||,iwaUs; vq;Fkha;
\epug;gkha;g|; nghopf!||

vq;Fk; vjpYk; eyNd cz;lhFf!

21-09-2010

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxvii
 fpof;F khfhz Kjyikr;ru;>
nfsut rptNerJiu - re;jpufhe;jd;
mtHfspd; Mrpr;nra;jp.

mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigf;fhd Gjpa fl;llj;jpw;fhd mbf;fy;

ehl;L tpohTf;Fk;>Ehyfj;jpwg;G tpohTf;Fkhd epidT kyUf;F Mrpr;
nra;jp toq;Ftjpy; NgUtif milfpNwd;.

fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; fhupakhw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;>

mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gpuNjr rigAk; xd;W vd;gij ehd; ed;F mwpNtd;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy;> ,t; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; Nritg;gug;Gk;> kf;fs;
ey Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; tsu;r;rpg; ghijapy; nry;fpd;wd.

mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; gy;ypd kf;fSk; jj;jkJ tHj;jf

eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; [PtNdhgha Kaw;rpfSf;fhfTk; xd;W NrHfpd;w
XH ,lkhf mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gpuNjrk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy;> ,t;thW
ghupa gq;fspg;G toq;Ffpd;w> ,t; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj;jpw;F mjd; ngsjpf
tsj;Njitfs; mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b> Gjpa fl;llk; fl;lg;glTs;sik
Njitg;ghlhd tplaKk;> kfpo;rr
; pf;Fupa tplaKk; MFk;. mNjNghy;>
Gjpa Ehyfk; \,d;unew;| trjpfNshL jpwf;fg;gLtJ mk;ghiu khtl;lj;jpd;
Kjy; ikw; fy;yhFk;.

,t; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy;> jtprhsu; - cWg;gpdu;fs; -

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; - mauhj Kaw;rpAk;> fbd ciog;Gk; cs;sJ.
,itfisj;jhz;b ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; tsu;rr
; papy; ngUk; mf;fiw nfhz;l
vdJ neUq;fpa ez;gu;>mikr;ru; V.vy;.vk;. mjhcy;yh mtu;fspd; gykhd
gpd;Gy MjuT cs;sij kWf;fKbahJ.

,t;tpoh ,dpNj ntw;wp ngw> vdJ tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf;

nfhs;fpNwd;.

12-08-2010.

tsk; - 2010
xxviii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 fpof;Fkhfhz tPjp mgptpUj;jp> ePu;g;ghrdk;> tPlikg;Gk; epu;khzKk;>
fpuhkpa kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ePu; toq;fy; mikr;ru;>
vk;.v];. cJkhnyg;ig (kh.r.c)
mtHfspd; Mrpr;nra;jp.

vd; ,jaj; j hy; vd; n wd; i wf; F kha; tpUk; g g; g Lfpd; w

mf;fiug;gw;W Cupd;> gpuNjr rigapdhy; ntspaplg;gLk; nghJ
E}yff; fl;llj; jpwg;G tpoh kyUf;F Mrpr; nra;jp toq;Ftijapl;L
vd; kdk; kyu;fpwJ. thu;ji ; jfspy; vOjp itf;f Kbahj XH
Mde;jk; neQ;rj;ijAk;> epidTfisAk; epiwf;fpwJ.

jPu;f;fjuprdk; kpf;f xU jiytiu milahsk; fz;L> me;jj;

jiytiu neQ;rpw; Rke;J> mtUf;fhfNt nraw;gLk; cWjp nfhz;L>
kpff; ftdkhfNt nrayhw;Wk; kf;fs; epiwe;j Cu; mf;fiug;gw;W.

mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fspd; J}a md;Gk;> rWf;fyw;w MjuTk;> mtiu

rhjpf;fj; J}z;baJ; rhjidfspd; cr;rj;jpw;Nf mtiu mioj;Jr;
nrd;wJ.

xU jiytiu vg;gb Nerpg;gJ vd;Wk;> ve;j epiyapYk; mtUf;F

vg;gb kdk; NfhzhJ MjuT toq;FtJ vd;Wk;> ,e;j ehNl
mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fsplk; ,Ue;Jjhd; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,g;gb cau;ej; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l kf;fs; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; ,t;
Cupd; ,g; ngUtpohit> vd;Dila xU tpohitg; NghyNt
vd; kdk; czu;fpwJ; mjw;fhf tho;jJ; fpwJ.

xU tP l ; b w; F thapw; g bjhd; kpfTk; Kf; f pakhdJ; mjd;

topahfj;jhd; cs;Ns EiofpNwhk;; mjd; topahfj;jhd; ntspNa
nry;fpNwhk;. me;j thapw; gbapd; moFk;> Mjupg;GNk tPlb; w;Fs;
EioAk; kd epiyia ekf;Fj; jUfpwJ. jiytu; thOfpd;w

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxix
mf;fiug;gw;W vd;w kpfg; ngWkjpahd ,e;j tPlb
; w;Fj;> jtprhsu;
vd;w mofhd thapw;gb ,ay;ghfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

jtprhsu; rNfhjuu; jtk; mtu;fs;> ngUkpjq;fSk;> fz;zpaq;fSk;>

jP u ; f ; f juprdq; f Sk; rpe; j idfspy; Cw; n wLj; J r; nrayhfg;
gupzkpf;Fk; jiytu; mjhcy;yh vd;w tPl;bd; thapw;gb vd;gJ
kl;Lky;y> Nghypahd - jPa - murpay; rf;jpfs; - jiytupd;
CUf;Fs; Eioe;J> jiytu; vd;w tPli ; l rpijf;fhky; jLf;Fk;
nka;f;fhg;ghsDk; $l. jiytu; vd;w tPLk;> jtprhsu; vd;w
thapw;gbAk; mf;fiug;gw;W kz;zpd; mjpraq;fs;.

mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fis vdJ cld; gpwe;j cwTfshfNt kdjpy;

epWj;jp itj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fSk; jiytUk; eP^op
tho ty;y ,iwtidg; gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwd;.

15-08-2010

tsk; - 2010
xxx \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 fpof;F khfhz cs;@uhl;rp Mizahsu;
kh. cjaFkhH
mtHfspd; Mrpr; nra;jp

mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rig epUthff; fl;ll mbf;fy;

ehl;Ltpoh> kw;Wk; E}yfj; jpwg;Gtpoh Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpl;L
ntspaplg;gLk; ,e;epidT kyUf;F> Mrpr; nra;jpaspg;gijapl;L>
fpof; F khfhz cs; @ uhl; r p MizahsH vd; w tifapy;
ngUkfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwd;.

cs;@uhl;rp kd;wkhdJ> kf;fSf;fhd Njitfis KOikahf

toq;Ftjw;F cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisAk;> tsq;fisAk; nfhz;l
mYtff; fl; b lk; ,d; w paikahjjhFk; . mYtyf #oiy
ikag;gLj;jp> jpl;lkpl;Lf; fl;lg;glTs;s ,f;fl;blk;> mtrpakhd
njhd;whFk;.

fzpdpj; jfty; njhopy;El;gk; rpwpNahu;> ngupNahH vd;w ghFghbd;wp

midtiuAk; Mf;fpukpj;J> thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij tsu;jJ ; tUk;
,t; N tisapy; > fhyj; j pd; Njit fUjp> ,e; E}yfk;
mikf;fg;gl;ljhdJ nkr;Rjw;Fupanjhd;whFk;.

,e; epfo;Tfs; Rke;Js;s ,e;ehs;> nghd; vOj;Jf;fshy; nghwpj;J

itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ehs; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; vLj;J> ,tw;iwf;
fhyj; j pdhy; mope; J Nghfhky; Mtzg; g Lj; J tfw; f hf
ntspaplg;glTs;s epidT kyUf;F Mrp toq;Fk; mNjNtis>
,t; tsq;fs; ahTk; midtuhYk; KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vdJ Nguth epiwTWk; vDk; ek;gpf;if vdf;Fz;L.
,tw;Wf;fhf mUk;ghLgl;L mauhJ cioj;j midj;J ,dpa
neQ;rq;fisAk; ghuhl;LtNjhL> ,e; epfo;Tfs; ahTk; rpwf;f
,iwtd; mUs; Gupthdhf!

20-08-2010

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxxi
 mk;ghiu khtl;l gpuhe;jpa cs;@uhl;rp cjtp MizahsH
V.N[.vk;.,u;~hl;>
mtHfspd; Mrpr;nra;jp

cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jp> Rfhjhuk;> Rw;whly;>

fy;tpr;Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> kf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfshy; epUtfpf;fg;gLk; xU epWtdkhFk;. ,tw;wpid
kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; - kf;fspd; Njitfis ,dq;fz;L -
kf;fspdhy; nrYj;jg;gLk; tUkhdq;fspd; %yk; - epiwNtw;wp
tUfpd;wJ.

kf;fspd; Njitfis ,dq;fz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;> ,g;gzpapid

mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rig ey;yKiwapy; nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ,g;gzpapid NkYk; rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
gpuNjr rigf;nfd xU rpwe;j E}yff; fl;llk; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jJ
ngUk; FiwghlhfNt ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ.

,Ug;gpDk;> mjd; Njit jw;NghJ epiwT nra;ag;gl;L Gjpa xU

epu;thff; fl;llk; mikag; ngwg;Nghtijapl;L kfpo;rr
; pailfpNwd;.
,jd; %yk; > ,g; g puNjr tho; kf; f s; rpwe; j gyidAk;
mgptpUj;jpapidAk; ngw;W tho> ey;tho;jJ
; f;fisj; njuptpg;gjpy;
kpf;f kfpo;r;rp milfpd;Nwd;.

NkYk;> mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigf; fl;llKk; nghJ E}yfKk;

90 fspy; gwpnfhLf;fg;gl;ljw;Fg; gpd;du;> kpf ePz;l fhykhf xU
nghJ Ehyfj;jpw;fhf kpfTk; nghWikNahL mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fs;
fhj;jpUe;jdu;. mg;nghWikf;F ,iwtd; ntw;wp nfhLj;Js;shd;.
etPd fl;llj;NjhL> \,d;unew;| trjp nfhz;l jfty; ts epiyak;
jw;NghJ mikag; ngWfpwJ. mk;ghiu khtl;l cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fspd; E}yfq;fspy; Kjd;Kiwahf mf;fiug;gw;wpNyNa
\,d;unew;| trjp Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;fhf> nfsut mikr;ru;
V.vy;.vk;. mjhcy;yh kw;Wk; jtprhsu; jtk; mtu;fis tho;jJ
; fpNwd;.
tpoh rpwf;f ,iwtidg; gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwd;.

27-08-2010

tsk; - 2010
xxxii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjrrig cjtpj; jtprhsH>
v];.vk;. rgP];
mtHfspd; Mrpr;nra;jp

thrpg;G kdpjidg; G+uzj;Jtkilar; nra;fpwJ. me;j

thrpg;Gf;F topfhl;Lk; fiyj;Jiwfs; gytw;wpd; fsQ;rpaq;fNs
E}yfq; f s; . ,d; W > ekJ fuq; f spYk; ; xU etP d E}yfk;
ifaspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mJ> ek;ktiu epiwFlq;fsha; Mf;Fk; mupa
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;sg; gpuhu;jj; pf;fpNwd;.

vkJ kf;fSf;fha; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j mf;fiug;gw;Wg; nghJ E}yfk;>

nghyprhH ghtidf;fhfg; ghJfhg;G mikr;rpdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l
NghJ> ehk; gl;l JaH nfhQ;r
; eQ;rkd;W. vkJ kf;fs;> vkJ gpuNjr
khztHfs;> MrpupaHfs;> MHtyHfs; vd ehk; vy;NyhUk; xU
E}yfj;jpd; Njitf;fha; mOJ epd;Nwhk;. fle;J Nghd fhyk; -
mJTk; murpay; mehjuthd Neuk; - vkJ mOif ngWkhdkw;Nw
NghapUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ty;y ehad; vk;ikf; iftpl;bUf;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ ,d;W ep&gzkhfpapUf;fpwJ \\my;`k;Jypy;yh`;.||

vkJ khz;GkpF mikr;rH> Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Njrpa jiytH

my;`h[;. V.vy;.vk;. mjhcy;yh (gh.c) mtHfspd; E}yfk; gw;wpa
gpuf;iQAk;> mJ njhlHghd mauhj Kaw;rpAk; vkJ ,uz;L
jrhg;jfhyj; Jaiuj; Jilj;jpUf;fpd;wd. my;yh`; mtUf;F ePzl ;
MAisAk;> <Uyf <Nlw;wj;ijAk; toq;fg; gpuhu;jj ; pf;fpNwd;. nghJ
Nehf;NfhL - kf;fspd; RgPlr ; j;jpw;fha;j; - jd;id mHg;gzpj;Jf;
nfhz;L Xa;T xopr;rypd;wpg; gzpahw;wp tUk; khz;GkpF mikr;rH
mjhcy;yh`; mtHfSf;F ehk; vd;Wk; ed;wpAilatHfsha;
,Ug;Nghkhf! md;dhupd; ey;topapid vd;Wk; njhlHNthkhf!

,d;W> ekf;nfdj; jpwe;J tplg;gl;bUf;Fk; mwpTr;rhiyahk; ,e;jg;

nghJ E}yfk;> ek; mwpTf;fz;fisj; jpwe;JtpLk; XH mupa
ClfkhFk;. vdNt> ,e;j Clfj;jpD}lha;> XH mwpT rhH r%fkha;
ehk; ek;ikj; jahH nra;J nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;Nghkhf!

jpwg;G tpoh epfo;rr ; pfs; rpwf;fTk;.

tpohkyH kzf;fTk; gpuhHj;jpf;fpNwd;.
28-08-2010
tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxxiii
 kyH Mrpupad;
vk;.v]; mGy;`]d;
mtHfspd; fUj;J

md;ghHe;j neQ;rq;fNs!.
mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gpuNjr rig> kf;fs; eyd; fUjp mtHfspd; fiy
- fyhrhu - gz;ghl;L tpOkpaq;fs; thDw tsHe;J> tho;thq;F
tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w ed;Ndhf;Fld; nghJ E}yfk; xd;wpid
epHkhzpj;Js;sJ. ,jid xl;b ,d;W fhy;nfhs;Sk; jpwg;G
tpohtpidr; rpwg;gpf;F Kfkhf> \`y;yh[; jfty; tsikak;|>
cq;fs; iffspy; jto;eJ; nfhz;bUf;Fk; \tsk;| vd;Dk; kzpkFlk;
#ba kynuhd;wpid ntspapLfpd;wJ.

tpohnthd;W ele;jhy;> kynuhd;W ntsptUtJ kughfptpl;lJ.

,jid ehk; jtpHf;f KbahJ. MapDk;> ntspaplg;gLk; kyH
vk;ik milahsg; gLj;jf;$bajhf - thrfHfs; gad;ngwf;
$bajhf - tUq; f hyr; re; j jpapdH jkJ *KJnrhk; vdg;
Ngzf; $ bajhf mikaNtz; L k; vd; w vz; z f; f UTld;
Kaw;rpj;Njhk;@ ,ijg; gpurtpj;Njhk;. vq;fs; gpurtj;ij cq;fs;
iffspy; je;Js;Nshk;. ePq;fNs Jyhf;Nfhy;@ cs;Ns EioAq;fs;.
cq;fs; NjlYf;Fj; njtpl;lhj NjdKJ> epr;rakha;f; fpilf;Fk;
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

cyfpy; \mwpTj;Njit| vy;iyapy;yhj msTf;F tsHe;J nfhz;Nl

NghfpwJ; mwpTNjLNthupd; njhifAk; ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl Nghfpd;wJ. kf;fs; mwpitg; ngUf;fpl> ehl;Lf;F ehL
gw;gy cj;jpfs; ifahsg;gLtij ehk; fz;$lhff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,tw;iw <Lnra;AKfkhf Gjpa Gjpa rhjdq;fs; cUthfpf;
nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Kjd;ik tha;e;jJ E}yfk;.
E}yfj;jpd; taij tiuaWj;Jf; $w ,ayhJ@ mt;tsT gioik
tha;e;jJ. E}yfk; gl;bnjhl;bnay;yhk; gad;juf;$baJ. ,ij
mikg;gJ ,yF. xt;nthUtupd; trjpf;Fk; tha;gG ; f;Fk; Vw;g

tsk; - 2010
xxxiv \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
,jid mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. vy;yhj;jpwj;jpdUk; ,jdhy;
gad; n gwf; $ ba tha; g ; G k; trjpAk; cz; L . fhy Njr
tHj;jkhdkwpe;J> E}yfj;ij mikj;Jf;nfhs;tJ rhyr;rpwe;jJ.
\\E}yfk; xd;iw mikj;J tpl;Nlhk;|| vd;W ngUik nfhs;tJ
ngUikad;W. me;E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;@ mjdhy;> vkJ
mwpit tsHj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gNj epiyahd ngUik.
,jidnahl;ba> E}yfk;; mikg;gJ vt;thW? E}yfj;jpd; gad;
vj; j d; i kj; j hdJ? vd; g d gw; w pa mwpQHfspd; fl; L iufs;
MokhfTk; mfykhfTk; kyupd; cs;Ns mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. EfHe;J
,d;GWq;fs;.

ekJ ehl;by; CHNjhWk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; ghlrhiyfs; cs;sd.

gbf;Fk; khztHfs; Mapukhapuk; NgH fw;wypy; <LgLfpd;wdH.
,tHfSs; vj;jid rjtPjj;jpdH jkJ ghlE}y;fis tpl;L tpl;L
gy;JiwapYk; mwpitg; ngUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w MHtj;jhy; NtW
E}y;fisg; gbf;fpwhHfs;? G+r;rpae;jhd; ,jw;F tpil.

r%f me;j];Jf;Fk;> njhopy; tha;g;Gf;Fkhfj;jhd; fw;gJ vd;Dk;

Nehf;fj;ijg; ngw;NwhUk;> mtHjk; gps;isfSk; nfhz;bUf;fpwdH.
,jdhy;> ntt;NtW E}y;fis thrpg;gjpy; MHtk; ,y;yhky;
,Uf; f pwhHfs; . ngUk; g hd; i kahd ghlrhiyfspy; E}y; f s;
GOjpgbe;J NjLthuw;Wf;fplg;gijf; fz;$lhff; fhz;fpNwhk;.
,e;epiy khwNtz;Lk;.

kf;fspilNa thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij cz;lhf;Ftjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

fsk; ghlrhiyfNs. ,ijj;jtpu NtW ve;jr; rhjdKk; ifnfhLf;f
khl;lhJ. Mjyhy;> thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij tsHf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;>
VyNt Fwpg;gpl;l
; kdg;ghq;if khw;wNtz;Lk;;
khztHfs; E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W thrpg;gjw;F Neuk;
xJf;fg;gl;lhYk;> mJ rPuhf eilngWfpwjh vdf;fz;fhzpf;f
Ntz;Lk;;
m khztHfspilNa NjlNyhL njhlHGgl;l gl;bkd;w ; k;>

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxxv
 m nghJ mwpTg;Nghl;b> Ra Mf;fg; Nghl;b Kjypatw;iw
elhj;jp mtHfisg; ghuhl;b> guprpy; nfhLj;J Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
m khztHfs; taJ - juk; vd;gtw;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
E}y;fis thrpg;gjw;F topfhl;lYk; Ntz;Lk;.
m E}yfj;jpw;Fupa E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ kpf
tpopg;ghf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. gzj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fj;ij
kl; L k; vLNfhshf itj; J f; n fhz; L > tpurk; epiwe; j
E}y;fisAk;> khkpr ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> Kuz;Nghf;fhd
nfhs;iffisAk; nfhz;l E}yfs; ftHr;rpahd ml;ilfspy;
ntspte;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. tpsk;guq;fspy; kjp kaq;fhJ>
MrpupaHfs; > ntspaP l ; l hsHfs; E}ypd; fUg; n ghUs;
Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahf itj;J E}y;fisj; NjHT
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

m xUtH thrpg;gjw;F E}nyhd;iwj; njupT nra;tJ xU

jdpj;jpwd; MFk;. ,ij tsHj;Jf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; thrpf;Fk; gof;fk; cilNahupd; njhlHig
itj; J f; n fhz; l hy; > ey; y E}y; f is thrpg; g jw; F
tha;gG
; f;fpilf;Fk;. ehl;fs; nry;yr; nry;y thrpf;Fk; gof;fk;
tsu tsug; gpwH cjtpapd;wp ey;y E}y;fisj; njupT
nra;Ak; jFjpia ehk; ngw;WtpLNthk;. mWgJ taij
cilatH mk;Gypkhkh thrpg;gjw;F Mirg;glf;$lhJ.
mtUf;Fj; Njit Md;kf P E}yfs; vd;gijf; mtH Gupe;J
nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

mwpQHfs;> Mf;fq;fs; gilg;gjw;Fr; rpukg;gl khl;lhHfs;. Mdhy;>

Mf;fq;fisg; gilg;gjw;Fupa fhy mtfhrk; ngWtjpy;jhd;> mjpf
rpukg;gLthHfs;. ,J ehk; mwpe;j cz;ik. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;>
vkJ Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W> fhyhfhyj;jpy; vkf;Ff; fpilf;ff;
$bajhfj; jkJ gilg;Gf;fis mDg;gp> ,k;kyiur; rpwf;fr; nra;j
mwpQHfSf;F vkJ Mo;e;j ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFf!

tsk; - 2010
xxxvi \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
gilg; g hspfsplkpUe; J Mf; f q; f s; vq; f s; iff; F f; f pilj; j
Kiwikf;F Vw;gNt ,k;kyupy; mit ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij
,q;F Fwpg;gpLtJ mtrpak; vd epidf;fpNwd;

khztH eyd; fhf;Fk; kfj;jhd Mrpupadhff; flikahw;wp>

,lHnfhz;l gbfspd; jilfisj; jfHj;njwpe;J> vs;speif -
ahbNahupd; RLruq;fis ,jaj;jpy; jhq;fp - neQ;RWjpNahL -
ntQ;rkH ntd;w tPuGU~dha; - kf;fs; eyd; fhf;Fk; XH
mikr;rdha; - Kd;Ndw;wq; fz;l KfmoFk; - mfmoFk; epiwe;j
khz;GkpF mikr;rH my;`h[; V.vy;.vk; mjhcy;yh`; mtHfs;>
fy; t papd; mUik njupe; j tH@ fw; g jd; gad; czHe; j tH.
,e;ed;Ndhf;fq;fshy; kd;gij rpwe;Njhq;f Ntz;Lnkd;w jzpahj
MHtj;jhy; ,e;E}yfj;ij mikj;J mHg;gzpj;Js;shH. ,g;gzpiar;
nra;j md;dhUf;F vkJ ,jaq;fdpe;j ed;wpfis
mHr;ridahf;FfpNwhk;.

,Uiffs; ,irTld; nfhl;bdhy;jhd; Xir gpwf;Fk;. mNjNghy>

mikr;rUld; NjhNshL Njhs;epd;W E}yff; fl;Lkhdg; gzpapypUe;J
fiytbtkhFk; tiu fbdhkhf cioj;jtH vkJ gpuNjr rigj;
jtprhsH kjpg;Gf;Fupa V.vy;. jtk; mtHfNs. vspa Njhw;wKk;
,dpa RghtKk; Mo;ej ; mwpTk; mjpfhu kkijAkw;w vq;fs;
jtprhsH jtk; mtHfs;> jhd; vLj;Jf;nfhz;l gzpfSf;F vd;djil
Vw;gl;lhYk; neQ;RWjpNahL mtw;iw vjpHnfhz;L> te;j jlk;
njupahky; jfHj;njwpe;J ntw;wpapd; rpfuj;ij milgtH. ,j;jifa
gz;Gfs; nfhz;l jtprhsH jtk; mtHfs;> kdpjFyk; khz;Gw;W
tho ,e;E}yfj;ij mspj;jikf;fhf> md;dhUf;F vkJs;sj;jpw;;
Rue;j ed;wpfisr; rkHg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

,k; k yH cUthtjw; F kyHf; F OtpdH gy; y hw; w hDk; jkJ

gq;fspg;Gfisr; nra;Js;sdH. ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,tHfSs;
,Utupd; cjtpfs; rpyhfpf;ff;$bait. ,j;jpwj;jhUs; xUtH>
r%fg; gpuf;iQkpf;f Xa;T epiy MrpupaH [dhg;. Nf.vk;. e[{KjPd;

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. xxxvii
mtHfs;@ kw;nwhUtH ftpQH k[Pj; mtHfs; nrhe;j eyd; ghuhJ>
Ratpsk;guj;Jf;F Mirg;glhJ kyupd; Mf;fj;jpw;F mUk;ngUk;
gq;fspg;igr; nra;j [dhg;. e[{KjPd; mtHfisAk; Neha;tha;gg ; l;l
jdJ cliyf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ> mq;Fkpq;Fk; miyaha; miye;J
cioj; j ftpQH k[P j ; mtHfisAk; ,r; r e; j Hg; g j; j py;
vz;zpg;ghHf;fpNwd;. mtHfSf;F vd; neQ;R gpypw;Wk; ed;wpfis
cupj;jhf;FfpNwd;.

ekJ nghJ E}yfj;jpd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;> mjd; caHTf;Fk; mauhJ

jpl;lq;fs; jPlb
; > nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;w `y;yh[; jfty; tsika
mgptpUj;jpf; FOtpdiu nghJ E}yf mgptpUj;jp FOtpdiu
,j;jUzj;jpy; epide;J> mtHfs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kfpo;itAk;
ed;wpiaAk; njuptpg;gjpy; kpf;f kfpo;rr
; pailfpNwd;.

,Wjpahf. ,k;kyH nghypTld; miktjw;Ff; fzpdp mr;Rf;Nfhit

nra;J moFw mikj;Jj;je;j nry;td; K.m.K`k;kj; ghup];
mtHfSf;Fk;> mtHrhHe;j \vngf;]; - APEX| epWtd cupikahsH
[dhg;. Nf.vy;.nks#f; mtHfSf;Fk;> nrk;ikahfTk; rPuhfTk;
mr;rpl;Lj;je;j \epA+ n]yf;]d; X/g;n]w; gpupd;l];| - [dhg;.
n[.]puh]; Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpg;ghsH mtHfSf;Fk; ,jaq;fdpe;j
ed;wpfisr; nrYj;JtJld;> ,dpAk; cq;fisj; jhkjpf;fr; nra;Nad;
vdf;$wp> cs;Ns Eioe;J - Ritj;J - ,d;GWkhW md;Gld;
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpNwd;. ed;wp

29.08.2009
(KJrk; - \f;upah| - ,yq;if tof;F)

tsk; - 2010
xxxviii \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 gpuNjr rigapd;
nfsut jtprhsH. nfsut cg jtprhsH> nfsut
cWg;gpdHfs; tpguk;

ngaH gjtp fl;rpapd; ngaH

nfsut. V.vy; jtk; jtprhsH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. v];.vk; rgP]; cg jtprhsH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. V.gp jhT+j; cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. V.MH cJkhnyt;it cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. V.Nf `ahj;J K`k;kl; cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. vk;.I rghAjPd; cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. vk;.vr; ahrPH cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. vk;.v]; wpg;fhd; cWg;gpdH Nj. fhq;fpu];
nfsut. I.vy; grPH cWg;gpdH Nj.I.Kd;zzp
nfsut. vk;.I.vk; ,];khapy; cWg;gpdH Nj.I.Kd;zzp
nfsut. vk;.V gW}]; cWg;gpdH =.K fhq;fpu];

*(kH`{k; vk;.V. mr;rpK`k;kl;)*

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 gpuNjr rigapy;
flikahw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;jH - CopaH tpguk;

01. [dhg;: v];.vk;.vk;. kf;G+y; : nrayhsH

02. [dhg;: V.vy;. ryh`{jPd; : Kfhik cjtpahsH mjprpwg;G
03. [dhgh: A+.vy;. ep`hah : MAHNtj itj;jpaH
04. [dhg;: vk;.vr;.vk;. mkPH : Kfhik cjtpahsH I
05. [dhg;: I.vy;.vk;. wp]hd; : gpujk Kfhik cjtpahsH
06. [dhg;: vk;.I.vk;. ghap]; : Kfhik cjtpahsH II
07. [dhg;: vk;.V.vk;. wpahj; : Kfhik cjtpahsH III
08. [dhgh: vk;.,rl;. m];kpyh : Kfhik cjtpahsH III
09. [dhgh: vk;.rp. ghj;jpkh ~fPyh : Kfhik cjtpahsH III
10. [dhg;: vk;.vk;.V. t`hg; : Kfhik cjtpahsH III
11. [dhg;: V.vk;. mkhDy;yh : njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;jH
12. [dhg;: vk;.V.vk;. ,Hghd; : njhopy;El;g cj;jpNahfj;jH
13. [dhg;: vk;.I. mHrhj; : epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cjtpahsH
14. [dhgh: vg;. egP]h : epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cjtpahsH
15. [dhg;: v];.uP.vk;. ahf;$g; : epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cjtpahsH
16. [dhg;: V.vy;.vk;. wpgh]; : epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cjtpahsH
17. [dhg;: vk;.V. jkPk; : epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l cjtpahsH
18. [dhgh: V.vy;. `k;Jdh : E}yfH III
19. [dhgh: V.vy;. `h[uhgPtp : E}yfH III
20. [dhg;: V.vy;. n[kPyB
; d; : tUkhd Nkw;ghHitahsH
21. [dhg;: vk;.vr;. my;yhgpr;ir : tUkhd Nkw;ghHitahsH
22. [dhg;: vk;.I. wgPf; : re;ijf; fhg;ghsH
23. [dhg;: A+.vy;. epnysgH : fhupa fhupahya rfhaf
24. [dhg;: v];.vy;.V. m]P]; : kUe;Jf; fyitahsH
25 [dhg;: V.vy;. ngsrH : E}yf NrtfH
26. [dhg;: v];.vk;. n[kPy; : E}yf NrtfH
27. [dhgh: V.vy;. rpwh[{d;dp]h : E}yf NrtfH

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
28. [dhgh: V.vy;. n[yPrh : E}yf cjtpahsH
29. [dhgh: V. ruPdh : E}yf NrtfH
30. [dhg;: N[.vk;. wpg;fp : E}yf cjtpahsH
31. [dhg;: vk;.I.vk;. rhypj;jk;gp : rhujp
32. [dhg;: vk;.I. egPy; : rhujp
33. [dhg;: Nf.vy;. m];ug; : rhujp
34. [dhg;: Nf. nrse;juuh[d; : rhujp
35. [dhg;: Nf. fjPH : rhujp
36. [dhg;: Nf. jk;gpnyt;it : fhtyhsp
37 [dhg;: vk;.v];. RigjPd; : fhtyhsp
38. [dhg;: vk;.I. mfkl;nyt;it : re;ijj; njhopyhsp
39. [dhg;: V.vk;. r`hg;jd
P ; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
40. jpU: vk;. ngUkhs; : Rfhjhuj;njhopyhsp
41. jpU: tp. rptypq;fk; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
42. jpU: uP. gj;kehjd; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
43. jpU: v];. Rg;ukzpak; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
44. jpUkjp: V.vy;. Wrhdh : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
45. [dhg;: V.vk;. nesrhl; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp
46. jpU. v];. n[a&gd; : tPjpj; njhopyhsp
47. jpU. v];. etul;zuh[h : tPjpj; njhopyhsp
48. jpU. <. Ffjhrd; : tPjpj; njhopyhsp
49. [dhg;: V.vy;.V. whrPf; : tPjpj; njhopyhsp
50. [dhg;: v];. crd; : tPjpj; njhopyhsp
51. [dhg;: V.vk;. mg;Jy; `kPl; : Rfhjhuj; njhopyhsp

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
 mf;fiug;gw;W \`y;yh[; jfty; ts ika|
mgptpUj;jpf; FO - 2010

[dhg; V.vy;. jtk; - jtprhsH

[dhg; vk;.v];. mGy;`]d; - (Xa;T epiy c.f.g)
[dhg; V.MH.V. gp~;H - my; - `hgp - (Xa;T epiy gzpg;ghsH)
[dhg; vk;.V.V wrhf; - (Xa;T epiy MrpupaH)
[dhg; V. Mjk;nyt;it - (Xa;T epiy mjpgH - SLEAS)
[dhg; V.vk;. w`;kj;Jy;yh - (mjpgH - SLEAS)
[dhg; vk;.V. nkh`pjPd; gpr;ir - (epUthf cj;jpNahfj;jH)
[dhg; vk;.V. e[pKjPd; - (Xa;T epiy gpujk ypfpjH)
[dhg; vr;.vy;. mf;fiuA+H mg;Jy;Fj;J}]; - (tpiyf;fl;Lg;ghl;Lmjpfhup)
[dhg; vk;.v];.vk;. gp];upd; - (HRDA - gpuNjr mYtyfk;)
[dhg; V.[p. md;tH - (Mrpupa MNyhrfH)
[dhg;; v];;.vy;.V. [g;ghH - (E}yfH - CTC ml;lhisr;Nrid)
[dhg; V. wgpAjPd; nksytp - (Xa;T epiy MrpupaH)
[dhg; V.vy;.V. ]yhk; - (MrpupaH)
[dhg; A+.vy;. ngs]; - ($l;LwT gupNrhjfH)
[dhg; vk;.gP.V. `W}d; - (Mq;fpy MrpupaH)
[dhg; Nf.vk;. e[{KjPd; - (Xa;T epiy MrpupaH)
[dhg; V.vy;. wpNdh]; -

tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.