வளம் சஞ்சிகையின் ஆக்கங்கள்

gpd;etPd cyFk;
,];yhkpa Mj;kfP newpAk;
fyhepjp my;`h[;
vk;.vk;. jPdK
; `k;kj;> PhD.(my;m];ùp)
,izg;gPlhjpgjp> fj;jhH ,];yhkpa gy;fiyf;fofk;.
ehk; tho; f pd; w ,d; i wa cyfk; “gpd;etPd cyfk; ” vd

mwpag;gLfpwJ. “etPdk;” vd;why; vd;d vd;gij> kdpj rKjhaq;fs;
Kw;whfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kd;Ng> “gpd; etPdk;” Njhd;wpaJk; mJ gutyhf
mwpQu;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;bUg;gJk;> ekJyfk; vt;tsT
jPtpukhf khw;wq;fisr; re;jpj;Jr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidj;
njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu> murpay; mikg;G> fyhrhuk; njhopy; El;gk;> tpQ;Qhdk;

,itaidj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf - Clfk; - jftw;njhlu;ghly; - njhopy;
El;g rhjdq;fspy; Vw;gl;l mjpjPtpu tsu;r;rpAk; xd;whfr; Nru;e;J>
,t;Tyfpd; vl;Lj; jpf;FfisAk; xd;whf ,izj;J> jdpg;gl;l kdpjf;
FOf;fspd; milahsq;fisg; Nghf;fp - my;yJ Nktp - cyfshtpa
kdpj r%f milahsj; j pd; mbg; g ilapy; kdpjidAk; kdpjf;
FOf;fisAk; mwpa KidfpwJ.
,g; gpd;etPd cyfk;> ,j;jt

P pu khw;wq;fs; - mbg;gilapy; - Nkw;fj;Nja
nghUshjhu> tpQ;Qhd njhopy; El;g uPjpapy; Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspdhy;
jOtp Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljdhy;> ,k;khw;wq;fs; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gutp>
mjd; jhf;fj;jpid cyfnkq;Fk; jpzpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ gug;Gtjw;Nfh
fhy mtfhrk; Njitg;gltpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf> kw;w rKjhaq;fisg;
Nghd;W K];ypk; rKjhaq;fSk; ,g;gpd; etPdj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;
rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;L> jkJ fyhrhu ghuk;gupaq;fisg; gwpnfhLj;J> jkJ
tsk; - 2010
\`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W. 1
,af; f j; j pw; F k; ehfupf tsu; r ; r pf; F tpj; j hdJk; > jkJ nrhe; j
milahsj;ijj; Jy;yp tpsf;Fk; gpugQ;rf; nfhs;ifapidAk; (World
View) gpd;etPdg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf> ,d;iwa K];ypk; rKjhak;
jd;top kwe;J - jdJ gpugQ;rf; nfhs;ifia kwe;J - jdJ
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtj;ij kwe;J - njupe;Njh - njupahkNyh
- etPd rlthj jj;Jtq;fspdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;L> mj;jj;Jtq;fSf;F
mikthfj; jdJ rpe;jidfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; khw;wp tpLtijf;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
\\Kd;Ndw;wk;||> \\ehfupfk;||> \\tsu;rr

; p|| vd;gd Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F
(Concepts) etPd K];ypk; mwpQu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; nfhLf;fpd;w
tiutpyf;fzq;fSk;> gbj;j kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fSk; vt;tsT
J}uk;> ,g; gpd;etPd rpe;jidfs; K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; CLUtp ,Uf;fpd;wd
vd;gjidj; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,g; gpd;etPdj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpw;F>
K];ypk; r%fj;jpid Mshf;Ftjpy; 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; filrpg; gFjpapy;
,Ue;J K];ypk; cyfpy; Njhd;wp rPuj
; pUj;j my;yJ kWkyu;rr
; p ,af;fq;fs;
vd;W mwpag;gLk; ,af;fq;fSk;> mjd; rpe;jidahsu;fSk; NeubahfNth>
my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth fhuzpfshf ,Ue;Js;sdu; vd;gij> ,d;iwa
mwpQu;fs; gyu; milahsq; fz;Ls;sdu; vd;gJ ,q;F Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl
Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.
,t;Tyf tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> ehfupf tsu;rr

; p> rKjha vOr;rp vd;gtw;iw>
kw;w rlthj ehfupfq;fs; mZFtJ Nghd;W> ekJ K];ypk; rKjhaKk;
mZf KidtJ> Mj;kf P g; gpd;dzpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; gpugQ;rf;
nfhs;ifapidf; nfhz;l ,];yhkpa topf;F Kw;wpYk; KuzhdjhFk;.
<uhidg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l [khYjPd; Mg;fdp mtuJ vfpg;jpa
khztd; K`k;kJ mg;J`; Nghd;Nwhuhy; ,];yhkpa cyfpy; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;l “etPd - Nkw;fj;Nja” rpe;jidfs; gpd;etPd fhyj;jpy; fhl;Lj;jP
Nghd;W> K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspw; gutp> mr;rKjhaj;jpd; rpe;jidf;
Fog;gq;fisAk; fUj;J Nkhjy;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp - gy;NtWgl;l
jhf;fq;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jp - K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpidj; njhlu;eJ
; k; gpd;jq;fpa
Nkw;fj;Nja ehfupfj;jpidf; jOtpa xd;whfNt itj;jpUg;gij ,d;W
ehk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
2 \`y;yh[;| jfty; ts ikak; - gpuNjr rig - mf;fiug;gw;W.
,jdhy;jhd;> ,];yhkpa Mj;kf
P newp> etPd ,];yhkpa rpe;jidapy;
mjw;Fj; jFjpahd ,lj;ijg; gpbf;ftpy;iy. khwhf murpaiyAk;
nghUshjuj;ijAk; njhopy; El;g> tpQ;Qhd tsu;rr
; piaAk; kl;LNk
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L ,r;rpe;jidfs; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,jd;
jhf;fk;> ,d;W K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspd; xOf;f tPor
; r
; papYk; FLk;gg;
gpsTfspYk; Nt&d;wp tUk; cNyhfhaj rpe;jidfspYk;> kWTyif
kwe; j Nghf; F fspYk; gpujpgypj; J epw; g jidj; njl; l j; n jspthff;
fhzKbAk;.
,jdhy;jhd;> cz;ikahd ,];yhkpa gpugQ;rf; nfhs;iff;F kPzL

; k;
capu;nfhLf;f - KOikahf mjd; tho;fi
; f Kiwia kPzL
; k; nraw;glr;
nra;a - Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk; ,];yhkpa Mj;kf
P newpf;Fg; Gj;Japu; nfhLj;J
- ekJ rKjhaj;jpd; tho;fi
; fg; Nghf;iff; fl;bnaOg;Gk; flik> ,d;iwa
gpd;etPd ,];yhkpa cyfpd; Gj;jp [PtpfsJ flikahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
[dehaf Kiwapy; murpaYk; jpwe;j nghUshjhu mikg;Gk;> tpQ;Qhd

njhopEl;g tsu;r;rpANk Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;Wk;> ehfupf tsu;r;rp vd;Wk;
nfhs;tjhdJ> Nkw;fj;Nja Nehf;fkhFk;. mJ ,];yhKkd;W@ ,];yhkpa
gpugQ;rf; nfhs;iff;F ,iaghdJkd;W.
xU rKjhak; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wJ vd;why;> mr;rKjhaj;jpw;F xU

Fwpf; N fhs; cz; L . me; j f; Fwpf; N fhis Nehf; f p mJ nrd; W
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ mu;jj
; k;@ mg;gbnad;why;> K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;d? Nkw;$wpa ehfupf tsu;r;rpah? my;yJ kWTyif
ikakhf itj;J> ,iw nghUj;jj;ijj; Njl;lkhf itj;Jr; nraw;gLk;
tho;fi
; f Kiwah? ,iw nghUj;jj;ij Nehf;fp vLj;J itf;fg;gLk;
xt;nthU vl;Lk;jhd;> K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; gbfs;
vd;gij czu;e;J nraw;gLtjhf ,d;iwa K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd;
,af;fKk; eilKiwAk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
my;yh`;tpd; mbahdhf tho;eJ

; > ,t;Tyfpy; mtdJ ehl;lj;jpid
epWtp> mtd; nghUj;jj;ijg; ngw;W epj;jpa cyfhd kW cyfpw;fhf>
tsk; - 2010
,t;Tyifg; gad;gLj;JtNj ,];yhkpa tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;jpd;
gpd;dzpahFk;.
vt;tsT J}uk; tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;g tsu;rr

; piaf; fz;lhYk; cNyhfhaj
Kd;Ndw;wq;fisf; fz;lhYk;> vj;jid tho;f;if nrsfupaq;fis
mDgtpj;jhYk; kWikiaAk; ,iw nghUj;jj;ijAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l
tho; f ; i fapy; Kd; N dw; w k; fhzg; g lhtpl; l hy; > mJ tP o ; r ; r pNa.
,t;tPo;r;rpapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpf;f> K];ypk; rKjhak; Mj;kPf
topKiwfisr; rWfhJ NgzNtz;Lk;.
jd;id ,t;Tyfpd;ghy; jPtpukhf mioj;Jr; nrd;W> my;yh`;itAk;

‘M`pwj; i jAk; ’ kwf; f r; nra; A k; rlthj - etP d - gpd; e tP d
jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J - jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J - jd;id kPlf
; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd
xNu xU top “ehd;” vd;w> ‘jd;id ntd;W’ - mfe;ijia ntd;W -
mk;kkijapypUe;J tpLgl;L> my;yh`;tpd; r%fj;jpy; mtNdhL ,Ue;J>
mtdJ ehl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g tho Ntz;Lk;. ehd; vDk; kkijia nty;y
Kbatpy;iy vd;why;> mjd; ntspg;ghlhfpa ehl;lq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L>
,iw ehl;lj;jpw;F Kw;Wk; rku;gg
; zk; nra;J thOk; ‘cg+jPaj;’ - (Ubudiyyat)
‘mbikj;Jtk;’ vd;w ekJ cz;ikahd ,];yhkpa milahsj;ij
epiyepWj;j KbahJ.
,e;j cz;ik milahsj;ij> ,t;Tyf tho;fi

; fapy; epWTtNj xU
K];ypkpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;. mjw;fhfg; ghLgLtNj mtdJ ‘[p`hj;’ me;j
; fiaj; njspthf tpsf;fp> tho toptFg;gNj “#gpj;Jtk;” vDk;
tho;fi
‘,];yhkpa Mj;kf
P newp’ ,JNt nka;QQ
; hdk; vd;Wk; - ,iwQhdk;
vd;Wk; - tuyhw;W juPff
; h vd;Dk; uPjpahf K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspy;
mwpag;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
mg;gbnad;why;> K];ypk; rKjha tuyhw;wpy;> “Mj;kf

P newp” “#gpj;Jtk;”
vd;gJ ,];yhkpa fyhrhuj;jpd; - mjd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; -
,d; w paikahj Xu; mk; r khf ,Ue; J te; J s; s ijAk; - my; y J
#gpa;ahf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; “Mj;kf
P thjpfs;” K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspd;
tsk; - 2010
mjp nfsutj; j pw; F upa ,iwabahu; f shfTk; topfhl; b fshfTk;
,Ue;Js;shu;fs; vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $Wtjpy; vt;tpj Mr;rupaKNk
,y;iy.
,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghu;fF

; k; NghJ> fle;jE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;>
FWfpa tl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpj;J> 1970 fspypUe;J gue;j kl;lj;jpy; gupzkpj;J
tUk; “Mj;kf
P vjpu;gG
; thjk;” “#gp vjpu;g;G thjq;fs;” cz;ikahd
,];yhkpa tho;fi
; fj; jj;Jtj;jpidr; rhu;ej
; jy;y vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
“#gp vjpu;gG
; thjKk;” rKfj;jpd; xOf;fr;ruP N
; fLk; rkfhy tsu;rr
; pfshf>
ekJ gpd; etPd ,];yhkpa cyfpy; gupzkpj;jpUg;gjhdJ> ,t;ntjpu;gG
; thj
rf;jpfsplk; fhzg;gLk; rpe;jid - tul;rpapid mofhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd
vdyhk;.
,t;thj;kf
P vjpu;gG
; thjq;fis K];ypk;fspilNa Kd;itg;Nghiu>
ehk; ,U FOf;fshf milahsk; fhzyhk;. xd;W> Nkw;fj;Nj
; af; fy;tp
epiyaq;fspy;; my;yJ mf;fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghd epiyaq;fspy;
gbj;J> etPd rpe;jidfspdhy; CLUtg;gl;l K];ypk; Gj;jp[Ptpfs;@
,uz;lhtJ K];ypk; rKjha kWkyu;rr
; p> rPuj
; pUj;j ,af;fq;fshfj;
Njhd;wp rfpg;Gj;jd;ikNa njupahj - 1400 tUl fhy ,];yhkpaj;
njspTfSf;F Kw;Wk; Kuzhd mbg;gil thjpfshfg; gupzkpj;jpUf;Fk;
“t`;`hgp ,af;fq;fs;”.
,t;tpU FOtpdUk;> Neu; Kuz;gl;l mZFKiwfisAk;> re;jpf;fNt

Kbahj rpe;jid mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fSk;>
#gpj;Jtj;ij vjpu;gg
; jpy; xd;Wgl;bUg;gJ tpaf;fj;jf;fNj.
,Ue;jhYk;> ,t;tpU rhuhupdJk;; $l;L> K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd; #gpj;Jtk;

nrYj;Jk; Mjpf;fj;ijAk;> ,];yhkpa tho;fi
; f Kiwapy; #gpj;Jtj;jpw;F
,Ue;Jte;Js;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,];yhkpa
tuyhW> ,];yhkpa r%f tuyhW Mfpa ,uz;Lk; mjw;Fr; rhd;whf
cs;sd.
tsk; - 2010
Nkw;fj;Nja rpe;jid Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nraw;gLgtu;fspd; tpkHrdq;fs;>
ngUk; g hYk; mwpT uP j pahditahf ,Ue; j hYk; > t`; ` hgp]
,af;fj;jpdupd; #gpj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhd tpku;rdq;fs; mwptpw;Fk; kdpj
rpe;jidf;Fk; njhlu;gw;witahfTk;> 14 E}w;whz;Lfs; gioik tha;e
; j
;
,]; y hkpa mwpTg; ghuk; g upaj; j pw; F Kw; w pYk; Kuz; g l; l jhfTk; >
jpUf;Fu;MidAk; ngUkhdhu; (]y;) mtu;fspd; eilKiwiaAk;>
NghjidfisAk; Edpg;Gy; Nka;tJ Nghd;W mZFtijAk; fhl;Ltjhf
mike;jpUg;gij> mjpfupj;J tUk; Muha;r;rpfs; epWtpapUf;fpd;wd.
“mwptpay; tpgrhuj; j pd; ” tpisthf my; y J jkJ jdpg; g l; l

,yhgq;fSf;fhfj; jtiwj; jtnwd;W gpufldk; nra;ahJ> nksdk;
rhjpf;Fk; mwpQu;fs; my;yJ jtWfSf;Fj; jhsk; NghLk; mwpQu;fnsd;W
jq;fis mioj;Jf; nfhs;gtu;fs; fhuzkhf - my;yJ tWikiag;
gad;gLj;jp> mtdJ cs;sj;ijAk; rpe;jidiaAk; tpiynfhLj;J
thq;Ffpd;w Kaw;rpapd; tpisnghUshf crhu; ngw;wpUf;fpd;w> “#gpj;Jt
vjpu;gG
; thjk;” tWikapy; thLk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; kl;Lk; my;yJ
gzg;gykpUe;Jk; csg;gykw;w rKjhaq;fspy; kl;LNk gutp tUtJk; -
khwhf> mwpQu;fs; epiwe;J thOk; K];ypk; rKfq;fspYk; kw;Wk;
cyfshtpa uPjpapy; trpf;Fk; Gj;j[Ptpfs; kj;jpapYk; “#gpj;Jtk;” Gj;Japu;
ngw;WtUtJk; #gpj;Jt vjpu;gG
; thjj;jpd; ajhu;jj
; j;jpid ekf;F ed;F
tpsf;fpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,t;ntjpu;gG
; thjj;jpd; Muk;gk; - njhopw;ghL - tsu;rr
; p ,itgw;wpa
Ma;Tf;F KOtpsf;fk; nfhLg;gJ ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkd;W@ ,Ue;jhYk;>
,];yhkpa Mj;kf
P newpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk;
nghOJ> ,t;ntjpu;g;Gr; rf;jpfisr; RUf;fkhfthtJ milahsk;
fhl;lNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij ehbNa ,q;F Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;ba
epu; g ; g e; j khapw; W . mjid ,q; N f epWj; j ptpl; L > rpy Kf; f pakhd
cz;ikfis ,q;F thrpg;gtu;fspd; eyd;fUjp Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
1) ,d;iwa gpd;etPd cyfpy;> jhd; gilj;j fUtpfSf;Fj;

jd;idNa mbikahf;fpf; nfhz;l kdpjidr; rl;lj;jpd;
tsk; - 2010
gpbapypUe; J kP l ; n lLf; f - kdpjdpd; ajhu; j ; j khd
; lLf;f - “ju;ff
milahsj;ij kPln ; g;Gydha;T thjk;” Nghd;w
ehj;jpf jj;Jtq;fspd; gpbapypUe;J khdpl rKjhaj;jpidg;
ghJfhf;f> Mj;kf
P newpf;F capu; nfhLg;gNj xNunahU top
vd; g J ,d; i wa mwpQu; f spdhYk; gy; N tWgl; l kdpj
rKjhaq;fspdhYk; czug;gl;l fhuzq;fspdhy;jhd; ,d;W
cyfshtpa uPjpapNy Mj;kf
P newp rk;ge;jkhd xU Gj;Jzu;Tk;>
me;j topiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lnkd;w gutyhd MirAk;
Kaw;rpAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
2) tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;j Mj;kPfj; Njliy newpg;gLj;jp>

mwpTj;jhfj;ijj; jPuj
; J
; itf;f K];ypk; rKjhaq;fspNyNa
eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; “juPff
; hf;fs;”, jq;fisj; jahu;gLj;j
Ntz;ba Kf;fpa nghWg;G jq;fsplk; ghug;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhz;Ls;sd. ,d;W vy;yhj;JiwfspYk;
tPo;r;rp fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;W> vy;yhj; “juPf;fhf;fspYk;”
ngUkstpy; tPor
; r
; p epiy fhzg;gLtJ ftiyf;FupajhFk;.
my;yh`;itj; jdJ mbg;gilNehf;fhf itj;J> “ehid”

mopj;Jj; jd;id Kw;whf my;yh`;Tf;Fr; rku;gg
; zk; nra;jy;
vd; w mbg; g ilapy; ,aq; F fpd; w “juPf;fhf;fs; ” tP o ; r ; r p
miltnjd;gJ rpe;jpf;f Kbahj xd;whFk;. ,d;iwa cyfpy;
juPf;fhf;fspd; epiy ,t;thNw ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiy>
,];yhkpa Mj;kf
P topf;fhd vjpHg;ig XusT tYg;ngwr;
nra;jJ vd;W $wpdhy; mJ kpifahfhJ.
,e; epiyapy;> gpd;etPd cyfpd; rthy;fisg; Gupe;jpUf;Fk;

K]; y pk; r%fq; f s; > mij - mr; r thy; f Sf; F Kfk;
nfhLf;fj;jFjp ngw;w xNunahU mikg;ghd -
“#gpj;juPff
; hf;fshy;” GdUj;jhuzk; nra;tjpy; <LgLtJk;>
“N\f;khu;fs;” vd;W mwpag;gLk; Mj;kf
P topfhl;bfs; ngau;>
Gfo;> Nghl;b> ju;f;fk; Mfpa jpiufisj;jhz;b> ve;j
tsk; - 2010
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfj; juPf;fhf;fs; mikag;ngw;wdNth me;j
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfr; nraw;gl KidtJk; ,q;F mtrpak;.
rlthjj;jpdJk; mjd; gy;jug;gl;l ntspg;ghLfspdJk;
jhf; f j; i j vjpu; j ; J epd; W > K]; y pk; rKjhaj; j pidg;
“ghJfhf;f rf;jp tha;ej
; xNunahU top Mj;kf
P topNa”
vd;gijAk; Mj;kPf gyk; xd;Wjhd; cz;ikahd gyk;
vd;gijAk; K];ypk; rKjhak; vg;NghJ czu;fpd;wNjh>
mg;NghJjhd; ,e;j rKjhaj;jpw;F tpbTz;L vd;gij
czu;e;J nraw;gl ekJ K];ypk; rKjhaq;fs; Kd;tu
Ntz;Lk;.
03) Nkw;$wpa ,e;j khw;wj;jpid K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F - kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Mj;kPfk; rk;ge;jkhd
tpopg;Gzu;tpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F - mwpQu;fSk; ngupahu;fSk;
ghLgl Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhopy; El;gj;Jiwfspy; vkJ
,isQu;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; Mu;tj;ijtpl> Mj;kf
P j;Jiwapy;
Mu;tKk; - <Hg;Gk; mjpfupf;fg; gs;spthry;fSk;> ghlrhiyfSk;>
tPLfSk; ghLgl Ntz;Lk;.
1997Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd caHjukhd ,yf;fpa tpUijg; (G+f;fH

tpUJ) ngw;w mUe;jjpuhaplk; Nfl;fg;gl;l xU Nfs;tp:
\\,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;J> ,e;jpahtpy; tsHe;jtuhfpa ePqf
; s; Vd;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; vOJfpwPHfs;?|| ,jw;F mtuspj;j tpil: \\ehd;
mk;nkhopf;F mbikahfptpl tpy;iy@ mk;nkhop vdJ mbik@
ehd; rpe;jpg;gij - ehd; Ntz;Ltij mk;nkhopapy; $WtJ
vdJ fiy|| Daily News - 12>[{iy>2006
(\kPz;Lk; gapw;W nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; - xU tpsf;fepiy Nehf;F|
- gf;fk;: 59). NguhrpupaH Nrh.re;jpuNrfud;> fyhepjp kh.fUzhepjp.
tsk; - 2010
fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk;
fyhepjp gp.rp. gf;fHP [cgH Ed. D

(Simon Fraser, Canada)
Head/ Department of Special Needs Education,
Faculty of Education, The Open University of Sri Lanka.
mwpKfk;
gyh; Mrpupah; f shf ,Ug; g ijtpl> mjpgh; f shf ,Uf; f
Mirg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy;> kw;wth;fis mjpfhuk; gz;zyhk; - jhk;
xU Nkyjpfhup vdf; fhl;bf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W ,th;fs; vz;Zfpd;wdh;.
Mdhy;> vy;NyhupdhYk; mjpgh; gjtpia tfpf;f KbAkh vd;gJ ,d;W
Nfs;tpf;FwpahfpAs;sJ. Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J fw;gpj;jypy; gpufhrpf;f Kbahj
xU rpyh;> mjpgh; gjtpia myq;fupg;gijAk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. ,d;W
mjpguhf ,Ug;gjw;F mtrpak; Njitg;gLk; Mw;wyhd> fw;gpj;jw;
jiyikj;Jtj;ij ,th;fspdhy; jkJ ghlrhiyf;F vt;tsT J}uk;
toq;f KbAk;?
ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il newpg;gLj;jTk;

xOq; F gLj; j Tk; xU fhyj; j py; ghlrhiy “eph; t hfk; ” gw; w pg;
Ngrg;gl;Lte;jJ. gpd;G ,f;fUj;ij ghlrhiy “Kfhikj;Jtk;” vd;w
mk;rj;jpw;F tpupT gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,jdhy;> gy mjpgh;fs; jk;ik ghlrhiyf;
fhupahyaj;jpDs; vy;iyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L> rpwe;j Kfhikahsuhf ,Uf;f
Kw;gl;ldh;. ,j;jifa Kfhikahsh;fis NtW gy epWtdq;fspYk;$l
fhzyhk;. fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; ,lk;ngWk; XH xOq;fikg;G vd;w tifapy;
ghlrhiyahdJ> Vida ,j; j ifa epWtdq; f spy; ,Ue; J k;
NtWgLfpd;wJ. ,jdhw;whd;> ,d;W ghlrhiyfspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba
Kf;fpa jiyikj;Jt Mw;wyhf “fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk;”
tsk; - 2010
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; ,J kpfTk; Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLtjhf ,dk; fz;L> fy;tpaikr;R ,ij Nkk;gLj;j gy
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,f;fl;LiuahdJ>
“fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk;” gw;wpa tpsf;fk; xd;iw mspf;fpd;wJ.
jiyikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?

jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ ,d;W mbf;fb Ngrg;gLk; xU jiyg;ghFk;.
tpisahl; L j; Jiw tprpwpfs; > ghlrhiy Kfhikj; J tr; rig>
fy;tpapayhsh;fs; Nghd;w gyUk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij Mf;Fk; nfhs;iffs;
gytw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whh;fs;. kpfg; gpugy;akhd gy;NtW epGzh;fspd;
tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gy> ,q;F vLj;jhsg;gl;lhYk; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa
Kf;fpakhd gy mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpadthf Tannenbaum, Weschler,
Massarik MfpNahupd; tiutpyf;fzk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
mth;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;ij “xU ,yf;if my;yJ rpy ,yf;Ffis

miltjw;fhf - njhlh;ghly; nrad;KiwapD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
Mspilr; nry;thf;F” vd jiyikj;Jtj;ij tiuaWf;fpd;whh;fs;.
Ma;thsh;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> jiyikj;Jtj;ij tiuaWj;jy; xU
gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplakhff; fUjg;gltpy;iy.
Mdhy;> vt;thW jiyth;fis cUthf;FtJ vd;gJjhd; XusT fbdkhd

tplakhf mth;fs; Nehf;Ffpd;whh;fs;. gioa nfhs;ifthjpfisg;
nghWj; j tiu> jiyikj; J tk; vd; g J jdpahl; f spd; ,ay; G fs; >
nraw;ghLfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;Nfw;g mikAk; xd;wh my;yJ r%fj;Njitfs;
my;yJ epfo;rr
; pfSf;Fj; Jyq;Ftjpy;> jdpahl;fisr; rupg;gLj;Jk; tuyhw;W
cs; s lf; f q; f Sf; N fw; g mikAk; xd; w h vd; g jpy; mth; f spilNa
thjg;gpujpthjq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> jw;fhy Ma;thsh;fs;
jiyth;fspd; Ez;zwpT> el;Gj;jd;ik> my;yJ Mf;fj;jpwd; Nghd;w
,ay; G fis Muha; t ij tplTk; > cz; i kapy; - mth; f s; vd; d
nra;fpd;whh;fs; vd;gij Muha;tNj gpuNahrdkhdJ vdf; fUJfpd;whh;fs;.
tsk; - 2010
xU jdpahs; jdJ xOq;fikg;ig my;yJ epWtdj;ij (tpahghuk;>
ghlrhiy> tpisahl;L mzp Nghd;wd...) kpfcah;epiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;
mNjNeuk;> Ez;zwpT - el;Gj;jd;ik - Njh;rr
; p - Nghd;witfspy; mtiu
xj;j ,d;DnkhU jdpahs; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa mt;thW nra;a
Kbtjw;F vd;d fhuzk;?
rpy xOq; f ikg; g py; rpyh; tpidj; j pwDs; s jiyth; f shfr;

nrayhw;Wk;NghJ> Vd; kw;wth;fshy; mt;nthOq;fikg;gpy; kpfr; rpwpa
ntw;wpiaNa mila Kbfpd;wJ? Warren Bennis, Burt Nanus vd;Nghupd;
fUj;Jg;gb> “ahupdhy; ntw;wpfukhd jiytuhf tu KbAk; vd;gijj;
jPh;khdpg;gjpy; ,aw;ifapd; nry;thf;F> gapw;rpapd; nry;thf;if tpl
mjpfk;. jiytuhf tUtjw;Ff; fw;wy; vd;gJ> xU ngw;whuhf tUtjw;F
my;yJ fhjyuhf tUtjw;Ff; fw;gijg;Nghd;wJ.
cq;fspd; gps;isg;gUtk;> fl;bsikg;gUtk; vd;gd ntw;wpfukhd

jiytuhf tUtjw;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
tpOkpaq; f isAk; tfpgq; F khjpupAUf; f isAk; (role models)
toq;Ffpd;wd.”
jiyth; xUth; vg;gz;Gfs; fhuzkhf jd;idg; gpd;gw;WNthupy; ,Ue;J

NtWgLfpd;whh; vd;gij Bass vd;gth; gpd;tUkhW gl;baw; gLj;Jfpd;whh;:
\\flikfisg; G+uzg;gLj;JtjpYk; nghWg;Gzh;tpYk; xU typikahd

tpirahf - ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fpr; nraw;gLtjpy; njhlh;r;rpahd>
epiyahd tplhKaw;rpAs;stuhf - gpur;rpid jPhj
; j
; ypy; Mf;fG+h;tkhd
nraw;ghLs;stuhf - r%f epiyikfspy; njhlq;Fjy;> Muk;gpj;jy;
vd;gdtw;wpy; Xu; ce;J tpirahf - jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; Msilahs
czh;Tk; cs;stuhf - jdJ jPhk
; hdq;fspdJk; eltbf;iffspdJk;
njhlh;tpisTfSf;fhd nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;Gilatuhf
- Mspil kdmOj;jq;fis cs;thq;fpf;nfhs;s Maj;jkhdtuhf -
tpuf;jp> jhkjk; vd;gdtw;iwg; nghWj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;Gs;stuhf
-
tsk; - 2010
kw;wtupd; elj;ijapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf; $batuhf - jw;NghJs;s
,yf; F fSf; N fw; w tifapy; r%f ,iltpid Kiwikfisf;
fl;likf;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;stuhf> jiyth; ,Ug;gjpdhy; gpd;gw;Wgth;fis
tpl> tpj;jpahrkhd Nkk;gl;l gy ,ay;Gfs; ,th;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;||.
NtW rpy nfhs;ifahsh;fisg; nghWj;jtiu jiyth; xUth; ,t;thwhd

,ay; G fisf; nfhz; b Ug; g Jld; epiyikfspd; jdpj; J tkhd
Njitf;Nfw;wtifapy; jdJ jiyikj;Jtg; ghzpia ,zq;fr; nra;tjpy;
ty; y tuhfTk; ,Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; vd thjpLfpd; w dh; . vy; y h
epiyikfspYk; xNu khjpupahfr; nraw; g Ltijg; ghh; f ; f pYk;
tpidj;jpwDs;s jiyth;fs; xt;nthU epiyikiaAk; EZf;fkhf
kjpg;gpl;L mjd; rpf;fw;wd;ik> ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk;> jhd; jiyik tfpf;Fk;
FOtpdupd; gz;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nraw;gLthh;fs;.
jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa ekJ mz;ikf;fhy tpsf;fq;fs;> kw;WnkhU

gupkhzkhd “J}ug;ghh;it” vd;Dk; mk;rj;ijAk; ,jDs; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. Warren Bennis, Burt Nanus MfpNahh;> jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ>
“tplaq;fisr; rupahfr; nra;tJ” vd;gij tplTk;> tpupthf;fp -
jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzj;ij> “Kfhikahsh;fs; tplaq;fisr;
rupahfr; nra;gth;fs;” Mdhy;> jiyth;fs; rupahd tplaq;fisr;
nra;gth;fs;. ,t;tpuz;bw;FKs;s tpj;jpahrj;ijj; ‘J}ug; ghh;it’ kw;Wk;
‘jPhk
; hdk; vLj;jy;’ vd;gitfshfr;; RUf;fpf; $wyhk;” vdf; $Wfpd;wdh;.
Bennis vd;gth; J}ug;ghh;itia “xOq;fikg;gpy; my;yJ epWtdj;jpy;

Ntiy nra; g th; f splk; flg; g hl; i lj; J}z; L k; tpUk; g j; j f; f
epiyiknahd;iwg; gw;wpa Nehf;if cUthf;fp mth;fSld; njhlh;ghLk;
Mw;wy;” vd tiuaWf;fpd;whh;.
tpahghu cyfpy; jiyikj;Jt khjpupAUf;fs;> ghuk;gupakhf tpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;L Nrhjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,d;W cyfpy; Kd;dzp tfpf;Fk;
rpy tpahghu epWtdq;fshd> Wal-Mart vd;Dk; rh;tNjr gpurpj;j tpahghu
tsk; - 2010
epiya cupikahsh; Sam Walton, Hewlett- ackard epWtdj;jpd; cupikahsh;
Bill Hewlett Nghd; N whiu Kd; k hjpupahff; nfhz; L > ,j; j ifa
khjpupAUf;fs; fl;bnaOg;gg; gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fy;tpapayhsh;fs;
fUJfpd;wdh;.
cw;gj;jp> tpahghuk; vd;gitfspd; mgptpUj;jp> nghUl;fspd; cah;ej

;
tpiy Nghd;w rpy mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L> ,th;fspd;
ntw;wp mstplg;glyhk;. Mdhy;> fy;tpapayhsh;fs; - mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf
ghlrhiy mjpgh; f s; - tpj; j pahrkhd tpjkhd rthy; f is
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;whh;fs;. ngUk;ghyhd jiyikj;Jtg; ghlq;fis ,e;j
tpahghuj; jiyikj;Jt khjpupAUf;fspy; ,Ue;J ghlrhiyfspy;
gpuNahfpf;fyhk;@ vd;whYk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpd; jdpj;Jtkhd
,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L vkf;Nf cupj;jhd nrhe;j khjpupAUnthd;W
vkf;Fj; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd Njit fhuzkhf> “fw;gpj;jy;
jiyikj;Jtk;” vd;Dk; Gjpa tplak; njhlh;ghd Muha;rr
; pfSk; Ma;T
,yf;fpaq;fSk; ,d;W fy;tpAyfpy; mtrpakhfpAs;sd.
vt;thW fw;g
; pj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk; tpj;jpahrg;gLfpd;wJ?
fle;j rpy tUlq;fshf> ghlrhiy mjpgupd; jiyikj;Jt tfpgq;fpw;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> jw;NghJ khw;wkile;Js;sJ. vOgJfspYk;
vz;gJfspd; Muk;gj;jpYk; xU gl;lf;fw;if khztDf;F toq;fg;gl;l
xg;gilapy;> ehd;F gioa Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfSld; (jpl;lkply;>
xOq;fikj;jy;> jiyik jhq;Fjy;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;) njhlh;Gila VO
epUthff; flikfs; (gzpahsh;fisr; Nrh;jj
; y;> khzth;fisr; Nrh;jj
; y;>
ghlrhiy rKjhak;> fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp> ts kw;Wk;
trjpfs; Kfhikj;Jtk;> murhq;fj;jpdpil Kfth; njhlh;Gfs;) gw;wp
mbf;fb tpdtg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy;> jw;NghJ gapw;rp ngWk; fy;tp epUthfpnahUth; ,jw;Fk;

Nkyjpfkhf> xU fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf tUtjw;Fupa mk;rq;fisAk;
,j;Jld; Nrh;jJ
; f; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. fpl;lj;jl;l 500
tsk; - 2010
ghlrhiyfSf;F Nky; ‘,y;ypNdhap];’ ghlrhiy mjpgh;fspy; Nkw;nfhz;l
Ma;tpy;> mjpgh; epiyapy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; elj;ijfs;
my;yJ flikfs; my;yJ jpwikfs; kpfTk; mtrpakhditnad
Ma;thsh;fshy; ,dk;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd:
01. cj;jpNahfj;jpdupd; nray; epiwNtw;wj;jpid kjpg;gply;.

02. khzth;fSf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;jpdUf;Fk; cah; vjph;ghh;gg
; pid
mikj;jy;.
03. cah; njhopy;thz;ik juhjuj;ijf; fl;lisg;gLj;jy;.
04. J}ug;ghh;it> Nehf;F> kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffis mikj;Jf;
nfhs;sy;.
05. rhjfkhd Mspilj; njhlh;Gfisg; NgZjy;.
06. kw;wth;fspd; ghh;itapy; gLk;gb ,Uj;jy;.
07. ghJfhg;ghd - xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l - R+oiy mikj;jy;.
08. ghlrhiy Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpid tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
09. cs;sf njhlh;ghly; Kiwiknahd;wpid mikj;jy;.
10. fw;gpj;jy; gjtp epiyf;Fj; Njitahapd; Neh;Kfq;fis
elj;Jjy;.
11. fy;tp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspy; jdJ nghWg;Gf;fis epiw -
Ntw;wy;. Thomas Sergiovanni vd;gth; (,th; vdJ Nguhrpupah;)
Kjd;Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;l fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jt khjpupf;
fl;likg;Gf;fspy; xd;iw Kd;itj;jhh;. ,th; Ie;J
jiyikj;Jt tpirfis ,dk; fz;lhh;:
1. njhopy;El;g jiyikj;Jt tpir.

2. khdpl jiyikj;Jt tpir.
3. fy;tprhh; jiyikj;Jt tpir .
4. FwpaPLrhh; jiyikj;Jt tpir.
5. fl;likg;Grhh; jiyikj;Jt tpir.
fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fs;> Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;

ghuk;gupa eilKiwfisf; ifahStJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;litahFk;. ,jd;
fPo; - jpl;lkply;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs;>
tsk; - 2010
xOq;fikg;G my;yJ epWtd tpUj;jp Nghd;wd tUfpd;wd. njhlh;ghlypy;
<Lgly; > Cf; f g; g Lj; J jy; > mjpgupd; vspikg; g Lj; J k; tfpgq; F
vd;gdtw;iw> khdpl mk;rq;fs; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. mjpgupd; tfpgq;Ffshd
fw;gpj;jy; - fw;wy;- fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy; - Nghd;wdtw;iw>
cs;slf;fpajhff; fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fy;tprhh; tpirfs;
mikfpd; w d. FwpaP L rhh; kw; W k; fyhrhu tpirfs; mNefkhf>
tpsq;fitj;jypYk; tpgupj;jypYk; rw;W kiwKfg; Nghf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,itfs;> ghlrhiy gw;wp vit Kf;fpaNkh mitrhh;e;j FwpaPlhf
tuf;$ba fw;gpj;jw; jiytupd; Mw;wypy; ,Ue;Jk;> jkJ xOq;fikg;G
my;yJ epWtdk; njhlh;ghf tpOkpaq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk;
(fyhrhuk;) njhlh;eJ
; mth; fye;JiuahLtjpy;; ,Ue;Jk; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
njhopy;El;g> khdpl jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;> Sergiovanni ,d; fUj;Jg;gb>

nghJthdit. mitfs; ghlrhiyf;Nf cupj;jhd jdpj;Jtj;ijf;
fhl;lhjit. nghJthf> tpidj;jpwDs;s jiyikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLk;
vy;yh epWtdq;fspYk; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;. tpisjpwDs;s jiyth;fs;
jpl; l kply; > Neu Kfhikj; J tk; > xOq; f ikj; j y; > xj; j pirtpj; j y;
vd;gdtw;wpy; cah; jpwidf; nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. mj;Jld;>
mth;fs; cjtpaspj;jy;> cw;rhf%l;ly;> ,zf;fg;ghl;bidf; fl;bnaOg;gy;
kw;Wk; Mspilj; njhlh;Gfisg; Ngzy; vd;gdtw;wpYk; Mw;wy;
ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Sergiovanni ,d; fy;tprhh;> FwpaPLrhh; kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; rhh; jiyikj;Jt

tpirfs; ghlrhiy mikg;Gld; jdpj;Jtkhf ,ize;jitahFk;. fw;gpj;jw;
jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk; mjpgh;> fw;wy; nfhs;iffs;> tpisjpwDs;s fw;gpj;jy;>
fiyj; j pl; l k; vd; g dtw; w py; ey; y mwpitf; nfhz; b Uj; j y; kpf
Kf;fpakhFk;. ,itfs; fy;tprhh; tpirfspDs; mike;Js;s mtupd;
tYf;fshFk;. NkYk;> ghlrhiyapy; vJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ> ngWkjpahdJ
vd;gij khzth;> Mrpupah;> ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jpitg;gtuhff; fw;gpj;jy;
jiyth; nrayhw;Wthh;. mth; FwpaPLrhh; tpirahfj; jd;id Mf;fpf;
nfhs;thh;. ,Wjpahf> jug;gl;l ghlrhiyapd; jdpj;Jtj;ij vy;yhkhf
tsk; - 2010
ntspf;fhl;Lk; ghlrhiyf; fyhrhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Ggtuhfg; ghlrhiy
mjpgh; nraw;gl;L> jdJ fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtj;ij ntspf;fhl;l
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ghlrhiy mikg;gpy; fy;tprhh;> FwpaPLrhh;> kw;Wk;
fyhrhuk;rhh; jiyikj;Jtq;fs; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd.
rpf;fhNfhitr; rhh;ej
; ghlrhiy mjpgh; Sister Catherine Wingert vd;gth;
fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtj;ij gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whh;:
“mjpgh;> Mrpupah;fs;> khzth;fs;> ngw;Nwhh;fs;> kw;Wk; ghlrhiy

Kfhikj;Jt rig xd;wpize;J - Ntiynra;J - fy;tpf;flikfis
epiwNtw;wf; $ba ftpepiyia cUthf;FjNy fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk;
MFk;.”
fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wp gy;NtW mjpgh;fSk; gy;NtWtpjkhd

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;sdh;:
fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;> Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp czh;jpwDs;stuhfTk; fy;tpr;

nrad;Kiwfs;> fw;wy; nfhs;iffs; gw;wpa gue;j mwpTilatuhfTk;>
fy;tpf; flikfisr; nrk;ikahf epiwNtw;w xd;wpize;J nraw;glf;
$batuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; mtrpak; vd kw;WnkhU mjpgh; (Frances
Starks, Principal of the Sauk School, Matteson, Illinois) $Wfpd;whh;. ,d;DnkhU
mjpgupd; (Alan Johns, principal of West Chicago Community High School, a
Blue Ribbon of Excellence school) $w;wpd;gb> fw;gpj;jw; jiyth; kpfr; rpwe;j
fw;gpj;jiy ehLgtuhfTk; gps;isfSf;F> ghlrhiy vd;d nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg;gw;wpa J}ug; ghh;itiaf; nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
mj;Jld;> gpd;tUk; %d;W mbg;gil tpdhf;fSf;Fk; Mo;ej

; rpe;jidAld;
$ba tpilfs; mtuplk; ,Uf;Fk;. gps;isfs; vg;gbf; fw;fpd;whh;fs;?
gps;isfSf;F ehk; vt;thW fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;? ghltplaq;fis ehk;
vt;thW ifahsNtz;Lk;?
Ma;Tfs; vd;d $Wfpd;wd?

fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpf; $Wtjw;F Ma;Tfsplk; epiwa tplaq;fs;
cs;sd. ,t;tplak; njhlh;ghf tpj;jpahrkhd Nfhzq;fspy; Ma;Tfs;>
KbTfis Kd;itj;Js;sd.
tsk; - 2010
1. ghlrhiy tpisjpwd; gw;wpa Ma;T: khztupd;
fw;wYf;Fg; ghlrhiyapd; vt;tifahd gue;j eilKiw
cjTfpd;wJ? mj;Jld;> ,e;eilKiwapd; cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; ,iltpid njhlh;ghfg; ghlrhiy mjpgupd;
tfpgq;F ahJ?
2. mjpgupd; tpisjpwd; gw;wpa Ma;T: tpisjpwDs;s

mjpgupd; kpfTk; gpujhdkhd gz;Gfs; ahit?
3. fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa Ma;T: fw;wy;

fw;gpj;jiy Nkk;gLj;Jk; mjpgh;fspd; eilKiwfs; ahit?
4. fiyj;jpl;l xOq;FgLj;jy; gw;wpa Ma;T: fiyj;jpl;lj;

-jpid xOq;fikg;gjpYk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jypYk; rpwe;j
topfs; ahit?
5. epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lq;fis ,izf;Fk; Ma;T: khtl;lk;>
tyak;> Nfhl;lk;> ghlrhiy> tFg;giw vd;gdtw;wpw;
fhzg;gLk; eilKiwfspd; ,iltpidapdhy;
khzth;fw;wypy; vj;jifa jhf;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ?
,t; Ma;Tfisf; $l;L nkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ghlrhiy mjpgh;fisf;

fw; g pj; j w; jiyth; f shf Nehf; F tjd; Kf; f paj; J tk; NkYk;
typAWj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd; nkhj;jg;
nghWg;Gk;> ghlrhiy mjpgupd; Njhspy;jhd; Rkj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy;>
,t;thwhd gy E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd Ma;Tfisnay;yhk; Muha;eJ
; -
kjpg; g pl; L - rP u zpj; J - ehshe; j eilKiwapy; nfhz; L tUtJ
mjpgh;fSf;F vt;thW rhj;jpakhFk;?
,t;tplaj;jpy; mjpgh;khUf;F cjtp nra;a Persell, Cookson Mfpa ,U

fy;tpapayhsh;fs; Kd;tUfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; fpl;lj;jl;l ,j;jifa 75
Ma;Tfis Muha;eJ
; - RUf;fp - gykpf;f mjpgh;fs; gpd;tUk; elj;ijfisf;
fhl;Ltjhf mwpf;ifg;gLj;jp cs;sdh;:
tsk; - 2010
1. fy;tprhh; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd jkJ flg;ghLfisr; nra;J
fhl;Lth;.
2. cah; vjph;ghh;f;iffSld; $ba ftpd;epiyia cUthf;Fth;.
3. mth;fs; fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;fshfr; nraw;gLth;.
4. mth;fs; jiyth;fs; vd;w tifapy; rf;jpAlDk; ,af;fj;jpwDlDk;
njhopw;gLth;.
5. kw;wth;fSld; mth;fs; tpisjpwDld; fye;jhNyhrpg;gh;.
6. mth;fs; xOf;fk; kw;Wk; xOq;if epiyepWj;Jth;.
7. tsq;fis xd;W Nrh;jJ
; xOq;FgLj;Jth;.
8. Neuj;ij kpfTk; ed;whfg; gad;gLj;Jth;.
9. mth;fspd; KbTfis kjpg;gPL nra;th;.
1985,y; ‘UjNghh; l ; ’ vd; g th; > ,g; g l; b aiy NkYk; xLf; f p>
tpisjpwDs;s mjpgiu tpisjpwdw;wtupy; ,Ue;J NtWgLj;Jk; ehd;F
elj;ijfis Kd;itj;jhh;. tpisjpwDs;s mjpgh;@
1. mth;fspd; ghlrhiy khzth;fisAk; mth;fspd; NjitfisAk;
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp> vd;dthf tUjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpa
njspthd J}ug;ghh;itiaf; nfhz;bUg;gh;.
2. ,j;J}ug;ghh;itia> mth;fspd; ghlrhiyapd; ,yf;fhfTk;
Mrpupah;> khzth; kw;Wk; epUthfpfspd; vjph;ghh;gg
; hfTk;
ngah;e;Jiug;gh;.
3. tplaq;fs; ele;NjWk;tiu> gpd;jq;fpf; fhj;jpUf;fhJ njhlh;rr
; pahf
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;fhzpg;gh;.
4. NjitNaw;gbd;> cjtp nra;Ak; tifapy; my;yJ jpUj;Jk;
tifapy; ,ilaPLfisr; nra;th;.
,t; t ifapy; Andrews, Soder MfpNahupd; Ma; T rpyhfpj; J g;

Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gz;Gfis ntWkNd
gl;baw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fhJ> ,th;fs; khzth;fspd; nrayhw;Wifapy;
- mJTk; Fwpg;ghf - Fiwthd militf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; khzth;fspd;
nrayhw;Wifapy; - vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij ,J Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij
Muha;ej
; hh;fs;. mth;fs; mnkupf;fhtpy; th\pq;ld; khtl;lj;jpYs;s
tsk; - 2010
rpNaw; w y; vd; w ,lj; j py; 77 Muk; g g; ghlrhiyfspy; fw; g pf; F k;
Mrpupah; f Sf; F k; 20 ,ilepiyg; g hlrhiy Mrpupah; f Sf; F k; ;
tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fis tpepNahfpj;jdh;.
mjpgh; xU ts toq;Fduhf - mjpgh; fw;gpj;jy; tskhf - mjpgh;

ciuahly; elj;Jgtuhf - mjpgh; vy;NyhupdJk; ghh;itapw; gLgtuhf
- vd;w ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf> mjpgUf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fk;
,ilNaahd 18 tpj;jpahrkhd ,iltpidfs; mstplg;gl;ld.
,t; Ma;tpd; KbTfspd;gb> gykpf;f fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;fpa

mjpgh;fspd; ghlrhiy khzth;fs;> thrpg;G - fzpjk; Mfpa ghlq;fspy;
Vida ghlrhiy khzth;fis tpl> kpfr;rpwg;ghd militf; fhl;bdh;.
Mk;! ,itnay;yhk; XH cz;ikia typAWj;Jfpd;wd: ‘mjpgh; xU
gykpf;f fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;’. Mdhy;> vt;thW?
ve;j mjpgUk; fw;gpj;jy; jiytuhf tu KbAkh?

,t;thW tUtjw;F ve;j tpjkhd ke;jpuNkh my;yJ gpioNa Vw;glhj
R+j;jpuq;fNsh vq;Fk; fpilahJ. ,e;jf; fl;Liuia thrpg;gjhy; kl;Lk;>
xUth; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jw; jiyikiaf; fhl;Lk; mjpguhfp tplyhk; vd;gjw;Fk;
ve;j cj;juthjKk; ,y;iy. ntWkNd gy Gj;jfq;fis thrpg;gjhy;
kl;Lk;> cq;fis xNu ,utpy; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbahJ. ,q;Nf jug;gLfpd;w mwpTWj;jy;fSld; gapw;rp> Neur; nryT>
fbd ciog;G - rpy Ntisfspy; Ntjidkpf;f gpd;dilTfs; -
mh;gg
; zpg;G - flg;ghL - vd;gdnty;yhk; mtrpakhfj; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
,jw;fhd jilfs; ahit?

fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtk;> ghlrhiyapd; nrayhw;Wifapy; fzprkhd
NtWghl;il cUthf;Fk; vd;gJ gy;NtW Ma;Tfspdhy; njspthf
ep&gpf; f g; g l; L s; s d. 1989 ,y; 250 ghlrhiyfspy; elj; j g; g l; l
Ma;Tfspd;gb> 40 tPjkhd mjpgh;fs; xUNghJNk ghlrhiyapd;
,yf;Fg;gw;wp khzth;fSld; fye;JiuahbaNj ,y;iy. 36 tPjkhd
tsk; - 2010
ghlrhiyfspy; Kiwikrhh; tpohf; f spy; > Mrpupaupd; fw; g pj; j y;
nrad;Kiwf;F vt;tifahd mq;fPfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;ljpy;iy.
tpisjpwDs;s fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fis> miuthrpg; ghlrhiyfs; xUNghJk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jpajpy;iy. 30% ,w;F Nkw;gl;l ghlrhiyfspy; ey;y
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Mrpupah;fSf;F ve;j cjtpAk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ehd;fpy; xUgq;F mjpgh;fspd; fUj;jpd;gb> mth;fs;;
kjpg;gPl;L KbTfs; gw;wp xUNghJk; Mrpupah;fSld;
fye;Jiuahbajpy;iy. “fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;ghh;it nra;fpd;wPh;fsh?” vd
tpdtpaNghJ> miuthrpf;F Nkw;gl;l mjpgh;khh; “Mk;” vd;W gjpyspj;j
NghJk;> Mrpupah;fspd; fUj;jpd;gb 30% khd mjpgh;fs; kl;LNk
Nkw;ghh;itapy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
gy;NtW eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf> Ma;tpd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis

mg;gbNa mKy;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpgh;fs; gy;NtW rpukq;fis vjph;
Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpj;jw;
jiyikj;Jtk; kpff; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
jpwd; kw;Wk; gapw;rpf; FiwT:

mjpfkhd ghlrhiyfspy; fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjw;F
,J xU Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ. rpwe;j fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf
tu Ntz;Lkhdhy;> rf Mrpupah;fSld; xU tiyg;gpd;diy mikj;J
,jw;fhf Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhopy;thz;ik xOq;fikg;Gf;fSld;
njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Ra Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd
epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lq;fis mikj;Jg; G+h;jj
; p nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
r%fk;> epUthfj;jplk; ,Ue;J Fiwe;j msNt MjuT:

rpy mjpgh;fspd; fUj;jpd;gb> Nkyjpfhupfsplk; ,Ue;J kw;Wk; mth;fisr;
Rw;wp ,Ug;Nghuplk; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; MjuT kpff; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjdhy;
mth;fspdhy; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jy; jiyth;fshf ,Uf;f Kbatpy;iy vd;gJ
tsk; - 2010
mwpa tUfpd;wJ. ghlrhiyapd; mjpfkhd tplaq;fs; NtW rpyuhy;
jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gLtjpdhy; jkf;Fr; Rakhd mjpfhuq;fs; kpff; FiwT vd
rpy mjpgh;fs; Fiwg;gl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;.
ijupak;> tpUg;gk;> J}ug;ghh;itapd;ik:

fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf tUtjp;y; kpfg; ngupa jilf;fy;yhf ,Ug;gJ
,JNt. rpy Ntisfspy; ehNk ekf;F kpf Nkhrkhd vjpupfshf Mfp
tpLfpd;Nwhk;. ijupak;> tpUg;gk;> J}ug;ghh;it vd;gdtw;Wld; mjpfkhd
mjpgh;fSf;F fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;fshf tUtjw;F epiwa tha;gG
; z;L.
ntw;wpfukhd fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;fshff; flikahw;wpa mjpgh;fsplk; ,Ue;J
ehk; ngWk; nra;jp ,Jjhd;:
“gpd;tUtd xUtuplk; fhzg;gl;lhy; mtuhy; fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf

Mfp tpl KbAk;.” mitahtd:
w J}ug;ghh;it.
w Njitahd mbg;gil mwpT.
w ,lh;tuit vjph;nfhs;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk;.
w mjpfkhd Neuj;ij ,jpw; nrytpl tpUg;gk;.
w njhlh;rr
; pahf khwTk; tsuTk; tpUg;gk;.
w kw;wth;fis tYT+l;l KbAkhf ,Uj;jy;
tpisjpwDs;s fw;gpj;jw; jiytuhf tUtjw;fhd gbKiwfs;

ahit?
gpd;tUk; gbKiwfs; mjpgh; xUtiuf; fw;gpj;jy; jiytuhf;Ftjpy;
fzprkhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Ak; vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
1. njspthd fw;gpj;jy; ,yf;Ffis epiyepWj;jy;.

2. cq;fSf;fhf mq;fpUj;jy;.
3. fw;wYf;F cjtf;$ba ghlrhiy fyhrhuk;> ftpd;epiy
-fis cUthf;Fjy;.
tsk; - 2010
4. cq;fspd; ghlrhiyapd; Nehf;ifAk; J}ug;ghh;itia
-Ak; fye;Jiuahly;.
5. cq;fSf;fhf cah; vjph;ghh;g;ig mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
6. MrpupaH> jiyth;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
7. khzth;fs;> ghlrhiy cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;> ngw;Nwhh;
njhlh;ghf Neuhd kdg;ghd;ikiag; NgZjy;.
,q;F gpur;rpid vd;dntd;why;> fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa

tpguq;fis> elj;ij tbtpy; mNefkhfr; nrhy;yg; gLtjpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf> ghlrhiyapd; J}ug;ghu;itiaAk; Nehf;ifAk; ghlrhiyr;
r%fj;jpd; xt;nthUtuplKk; vj;jp itj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ eilKiwf;F
vg;gb vd;gJ njsptw;wjhf cs;sJ. jpq;fl; fpoik fhiyapy; ,t;tplak;
vt;thW eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpa njspT mjpgh;fSf;F
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
gj;jpupiffspy; mth;fs; ,ij tpsk;gug;gLj;j Ntz;Lkh? Ma;Tfspd;gb

gykhd fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;fs; njspthd ,yf;Ffis tFf;f Ntz;Lk;.
eilKiwapy; ,ij vg;gb rhj;jpakhf;FtJ? tpw;gd;dh;fspd; fUj;jpd;gb>
mjpgh;fs;> ‘ghh;itapy; gLk;gb’ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,ij vt;thW
nra;tJ? ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf> Nkyjpf gapw;rpfs; mjpgh;fs;
ngw;why;jhd;> eilKiwapy; mth;fs; rpwe;j fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;fshff;
flikahw;wyhk;.
crhj;Jiz E}y;fs;:
01. R. Tannenbaum, I. R. Weschler, and F. Massarik, Leadership and
Organization (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961), 24
02. B. Bass, Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and

Research (New York: Harper & Row, 1985),
03. Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge
(New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 21
tsk; - 2010
04. Warren Bennis, “Transformation Power and Leadership,” in Leadership
and Organizational Culture, Thomas J. Sergiovanni and John E.
Corbally, eds. (Urbana-Champagin: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 66
05. Tom Peters and Nancy Austin, A Passion for Excellence: The Leader
ship Difference (New York: Random House, 1985), 265
06. Thomas J. Sergivanni, “Leadership and Excellence in Schooling,”

Educational Leadership (February 1984): 4-13; The principalship: A
Reflective Practice Perspective (Boston: Allyn and Bcon, Inc., 1985)
07. Northwest Educational Co-Operative, principals who Produce Results:

How They Think; What They Do (Arlington Heights, Illinois: North
west Educational Cooperative, 1985).
08. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Effective Schooling

Practices: A Research Synthesis (Portland, Oregon: Northwest Regional
Educational Laboratory, 1984), 22
09. Richard Andrews and Roger Soder, “Principal Leadership and Student
Achievement,” Educational Leadership (March 1987): 9-11.
10. Richard Andrews and Wilma F.Smith, Instructional Leadership: Princi-

pals Make Difference (Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision
and Curricu Enest Boyer,
11. High School: A Report on Secondary Education in America (New York:

Harper & Row, 1983), 219 lum Development, 1989).
tsk; - 2010
mgptpUj;jpapy;
E}yf Nritfspd; ngWkhdk;
vk;.v];.vk;. gp];upd; BA,

kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;.mf;fiug;gw;W
fUj;Jr; RUf;fk;.
\G+Nfhs ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;> kdpjNeaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fypd; mstPLfs;> epiyahd mgptpUj;jp vd;gd
njhlHghf rHtNjr uPjpapyhd tpthjq;fs; eilngWfpd;wd.
,tw; w pw; F E}yfq; f s; Mw; W fpd; w Nritapd; mstP l ; i l
kjpg; g pLtNj ,f; f l; L iuapd; gpujhd vjpHghHg; g hFk; .
E}yfq;fshdit r%fmgptpUj;jpapYk;> ngsjpf mgptpUj;jpapYk;
gy;NtWgl;l khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba xU fUtp vd;w tifapy;;
mJ vt;thwhd epiyikfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wp
,f;fl;Liu tpsf;f Kw;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; “E}yfk;”
vDk; nrhy;; E}y;fNshL kl;Lk; RUq;fpajd;W> midj;Jtpj jfty;
%yq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;L> Nrit nra;fpd;w xU
ikakhfNt tpsf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. gy; N tWgl; l mwpf; i ffs; >
tpthjq;fspd; KbTfs;> E}y;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; JizAld;
,f;fl;Liu vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.|
xt;nthd;Wk; Kbe;Jtplg;NghFk; - jPHe;Jtplg;NghFk; - xUAfj;jpy;

ehk; thOfpd;Nwhk;. NeuKk; ,lKk; Kbe;J tpLk;;; mwptpay; jPHe;J
Ngha;tpLk;;; epyk; Kbe;JtpLk;;; tuyhW jPHe;JNghFk;;; muRfSk;
Njrq;fSk; me;jkhfptpLk;;; Nghd;w mwptpg;Gf;fis ehk; nrtpkLf;fpNwhk;.
,Nj kNdhepiyapy; - Rghtj;jpy; - E}yfq;fSk; Kbe;J Ngha;tpLtjhf
gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. “b[pl;ly;” Afg;Gul;rpapd; %yk;> E}yfq;fs;
mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gLtjhf epidf;fg;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> E}yfq;fspd;
tsk; - 2010
rf;jp ,d;Dk; capNuhLjhd; cs;sJ. mit ,g;Gjpa Afj;jpy; kpf rf;jp
tha;ej
; njhd;whfTk; khwptpl;ld. ,t; tpiykjpf;f Kbahj rf;jpahdJ>
kdpjKd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mwptpidf; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf caHj;jp <L
nra;fpwJ. vOj;jwpT> [dehafk; tpijf;fg;gly;> cw;gj;jpapy; MHtk;>
vd;gtw;iw tpisthfj; je;Js;sJ. E}yfkhdJ> kdpjKd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf
jd;; Rak; khwhky;> kw;wtw;iw khw;Wfpd;w <L nra;aKbahj nrhj;jhFk;.
E}yfq; f spd; vz; z w; w rf; j papd; %yk; > kdpjFy Kd; N dw; w k;
,af;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;wpw;fhfr; nrytplg;gLk; tsq;fis NkYk; NkYk;
mjpfupg; g jw; f hd epahaj; J tk; tpdtg; g LfpwJ. ,J ,tw; w pd;
capHtho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;> epahaj;JtkhfNt nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,r; # o; e piyapy; > E}yfq; f Sf; f hfr; nrytplg; g Lk; epjpahdJ
rf;jptha;ej
; njhd;whfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
epjp njhlHgpYk; E}yfq;fs; ngWkjpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;fpd;wd.

E}yfq;fspd; ePz;l tho;tpw;fhfr; nrYj;jg;gLk; nfhLg;gdTfs; gy>
cz;ik tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tw;wpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
KjyPLfs;> ey;y gyidj; jUtdthf cs;sd. njhopEl;g E}yfq;fspd;
kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KjyPlL
; f;fhd gyd; gw;wpa gFg;gha;tpd;gb (ROI)>
tUlhe; j k; ,it 515% KjyP l ; L g; g yid Vw; g Lj; j papUg; g J
fz;Lnfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Ie;J jlitfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd; gb> E}yfq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; nrytpdq;fis tpl> mtw;wpd;

%yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nritfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdjhf
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJE}yf Nritfspd; kPjhd KjyPlL
; g;gyd;
njhlHghd gFg;gha;T $l> caHngWkjpNrH KbtpidNa je;Js;sd.
cjhuzkhf> mgptpUj;jpaile;j xU ehl;bd; khtl;lj;jpYs;s nghJ
E}yfnkhd;wpd; tUlhe;j mwpf;ifapd; gb> mjw;fhd KjyPlL
; tpisr;riy
vg;gbg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ vd;gJ Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tsk; - 2010
%yjdKk; NritfSk; ,yhgj;jpd; ngWkjp
4751514 Gj;jfq;fSk;> Jizg;

nghUl;fSk; ,utyhff;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l tUkhdk;. $ 95,030,280
4614903 Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> Gjpdg;

gj;jpupiffs; jyh xt;nthd;Wk; 10
nlhyu; tPjk; nfhs;tdT. $ 46,149,030
5435095 crhj;Jiz tpdhf;fs; E}yf

Nritahsu;fshy; tpilaspf;fg;gl;lJ.
xd;wpd; ngWkjp 02 nlhyu;. $ 10,870,190
625292> 45 epkplq;fs; nfhz;l
,izaj;js mku;Tfs;. xU egUf;fhd
$ 1,250,584
fl;lzk; 2 nlhyu;.
420581 egu; f s; tpNrl epfo; r ; r pfs; >

fz;fhl;rpfisg; ghu;itaply;. $ 841,162
19000 rpwhu; f s; > taJ te; j tu; f s;

thrpg;Gg; Nghl;bapy; gq;F gw;wy;. gjpTf;
fl;lzk; 5 nlhyu;. $ 95,000
239 ,yf;fpa mku;Tfs;. 10015

kzpj;jpahyq;fs;. 01 kzpj;jpahyk; 25
nlhyu;. $ 250,375
nkhj;;jk; $ 154>486>621
jPu;itf; fl;lzk; $ 24,645,113
E}yfj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w tUkhdk; $ 129,841,508
tsk; - 2010
,t;tl;ltizapd; gb> E}yfq;fspd; KjyPl;Lg; gyd; njspthfpd;wJ.
,e;epiyik E}yfq;fspd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J NtWglyhk;. Neuk;>
thrpg;Gf;fhd tplaq;fs;> E}y;fs; vd;gd ,jpw; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk;.
mgptpUj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

xU epWtdj; j pw; F cau; ngWkhdk; Nru; g ; g dthf E}yfq; f s;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk;> mit r%fj;jpYk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpapYk;
vt; t ifahd ngWkhdj; i jf; nfhz; L s; s d vd; g J Nfs; t pahf
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd gjpiyg; nghWj;jstpy;> mgptpUj;jp
,yf;Ffs; vit vd ehk; njspT fhz Ntz;bAs;sJ.
rpwg;ghd thu;ji
; japy; nrhy;tjhdhy;> mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fk; vd;gJ>
nghUshjhu tsu;rr
; pf;fhd cw;gj;jpj; jpwid mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjid
eptu; j ; j pg; g jhFk; . fpuhk kf; f spd; ntspNaw; w k; - gykw; w ijg;
GwnkhJf;Fjy; - mjpfkhd efuthf;fk;; - rpW Fbirg; gl;bdq;fspd;
nrOikahf;fk; - Ntiyapy;yhjtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; mjpfupg;G -
tWik mjpfupj;jy; - Nkhrkhd Neha;fspd; guty; vd;gd nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;baitahFk;.
[{ypa]; epaNwNw vd;gtupd; $w;Wg;gb> “cz;ik vd;dntdpy;>

mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> ghijfspd; mgptpUj;jp>
fl; b lq; f s; > tpisr; r y; vd; g tw; w pd; Kd; N dw; w k; Nghd; w d
mgptpUj;jpay;y; ,it mgptpUj;jpapd; fUtpfs; kl;LNk|| vd;fpwhu;.
,J Nghd;w rpe;jidjhd; kdpj Fy tpUj;jpf; fUj;jpw;F top tpLfpwJ.
mwptpidg; ngw; W f; nfhs; t jw; f hf> kf; f Sf; F toq; f g; g l; L s; s
re;ju;g;gq;fspd; mjpfupg;G> tsq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd toptiffs;jhd;
cd;djkhd - ,yhgfukhd - tho;it Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. (UNESCO 2000
: LUNDU 1995) cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;gpy;yhj topapy; nrayhw;Wtjw;F>
mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpahdJ> jw;fhy gpuhe;jpa - G+Nfhs mgptpUj;jp
El;gq;fSld; xUq;fpire;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,itjhk; gy; gupkhzk;
nfhz;litahfTk;> kdpj tpUj;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gdthfTk;>
eP b j; J epw; g dthfTk; cs; s d (United Nations - 2002) E}yfq; f s;
tsk; - 2010
NeubahfTk;> jk;Rak;khwhky; kw;wtw;iw khw;Wk; gq;fpD}lhfTk;>
rkfhy mgptpUj;jp Kd;ndLg;Gf;fspy; gq;nfLf;fpd;wd. ,jw;fhd
gupzhkq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
01. E}yfq;fs; jfty;> mwpTf; ftrq;fshFk;.

mwpT ngWtjw;fhd topfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; %yKk;>
mtw;iwr; Nrkpj;Jg; gutr; nra;tjd; %yKk; E}yfq;fs; kdpj
mwpT ntspg;ghl;bd; ngWkjpia mjpfupf;fpd;wd. xOq;F Kiwahf>
epWtdf; fl;likg;G uPjpahf> fUj;Jf;fSk;> jfty;fSk;> Vida
gpujhd mwpT ntspg;ghLfSk; nra;jpfshf toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mwpT
njhlu; g hd tplaq; f is E}yfq; f s; Nrfupj; J > gFg; g ha; e ; J >
tifg;gLj;jp> tpgupj;J toq;fhtpl;lhy;> cyfpd; mwpT ntspg;ghL
gadw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLk;. gpuRupf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fspd; tpguz ml;il>
mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il> fy;tp - fyhrhu - tu;j;jf - kPs;nra;ifj;
Njit - vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J E}yfq;fs; cWjp nra;tjid
mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
02. fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;ilAk;> mwpTf;fhd %yjd tpUj;jpiaAk;>

njhlu;eN; ju;rr
; pahd jd;ikiaAk; Muha;jy;.
E}yfq; f spd; fy; t p> Muha; r ; r pg; gq; F vd; g d mOj; j pr;
nrhy;yg;glNtz;ba xd;whFk;. ,it fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;Ff;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ftjhf Ma;Tfs; %yk; mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ. fw;wy; Kiwapy; E}yfq;fspd; gad;ghlhdJ> r%fj;jpd;
njhopw; gad;ghl;bw;fhd Maj;jf; fUtpahf cs;sJ. r%fj;jpd;
mwpT %yjd tpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa cWg;ghfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %ykhf> mtu;fspd;
,aYikiaAk;> Mw;wiyAk; tsu;jJ
; ey;y njhopiy mtu;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
,jd; %yk; tUkhdk; mjpfupf;fg;gLtNjhL r%fj;jpw;Fk; gad;

fpilf; f pwJ. thrpg; G > kw; W k; mwpjy; nraw; g hl; b idj; jkJ
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; gof;Fk; tpjkhf> r%f cWg;gpdu;fs; E}yf
tsk; - 2010
NritapidAk; - epfo;TfisAk; mwpKfg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J
gps;isfspd; njhopy; tiyg;gpd;diy cWjpahf;f cjTk;.
03. cs;ehl;bYk;> ntspapYk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhfj;

jd;id khw;whky; Vidatw;iw khw;Wk; rf;jp.
tUkhdj;ij mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak; ve;j xU rpwpa nraw;ghl;ilAk;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kaw;rp vdyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf>
kf;fSf;fhd tpupthf;fg;gl;l re;ju;gg
; q;fspd; Gjpa ek;gpf;ifapidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;. ,J> r%fq;fSf;Fk;> Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fSf;Fk;
nghUe;Jk;. njhlu;eN
; ju;rr
; pahd nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;F> epGzj;Jt
mwpthdJ Kf;fpa nrhj;jhf khWfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;jpd;
,yhgq;fs; E}yfq;fspd; %yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f topfspy; ngwg;gLfpwJ.
Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis - Kiwfisg; ngwy; - mwpT kw;Wk; jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjid ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;>
,lkhw;Wjy;> rpW tpahghu Kaw;rp vd midj;Jg; nghUshjhu
nraw; g hLfspYk; E}yf Nritapd; jhf; f k; czug; g l; L s; s J.
Ma;Tfspd; gb> E}yfu;fspd; epGzj;Jt cjtpAld; ngwg;gl;l
tpahghuj; jfty; tsq; f s; > tpNrl ngWkhdKilaitahf
,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. jfty; %yq;fs; kl;Lky;y> njhopy; Jiw
epGzj; J t NritfisAk; E}yfu; f s; toq; f Ntz; L nkd
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.
ru;tNjrg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Vw;g nraw;gLtjw;F> xU Njrj;jpd;

epWtdq;fs; fy;tp mwpTs;s gzpj; njhFjpapdiu itj;jpUg;gjw;F
Nkyjpfkhf> Gjpa tplaq;fisg; ngwf;$ba tpjkhfTk; Muha;rr ; p
kw;Wk; Gyik ClhfTk; mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s VJthdjhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. (Matson et al 1995).
ehLfspYs;s E}yfq;fs;> epWtdq;fspd; E}yfq;fs;> r%fj;jpw;Fj;

Njitahd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp mwptpid tpupTgLj;Jk; ghupa
gq; f pidahw; w KbAk; . Nkiy ehLfspy; > E}yfq; f spy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; jfty; ikaq;fs;
tsk; - 2010
,t;thwhf nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F nghJg; nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
ifj;njhopy; juTfs;> nghUshjhu Kd;dwptpg;Gf;fs;> tu;jj ; fg; Gs;sp
tpguq;fs;> re;ij Ma;Tfs;> tupj;Njitfs;> tho;fi ; fr; nryTj;
juTfs;> epjpj; jpl;lq;fs;> njhopyhsu; eyd;fs;> e\;l <Lfs; Nghd;w
jfty;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. tpahghuj;ij Muk;gpg;gJ Kjy;>
ntspehl;Lr; re;ijapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fSk;> tpahghuj;
jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gilg; gapw;rpfSk;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
04. r%f mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F Neubahd nghUshjhu ed;ikfs;.

E}yf Nritfspd; %yk; jdpg;gl;ltu;fSf;F Neubahd mjpfsT
ed;ikfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. E}yfq;fspy; Gj;jfq;fisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tij tpl> ,uty; thq;Ftjdhy; nrytpid Nrkpf;ff;$bajhf
cs;sJ.
Fwpg;ghf> xyp ehlhf;fisAk;> xyp - xsp - ehlhf;fisAk; ,uty;

thq;Ftjd; %yk;> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nryTfis Nrkpf;f KbfpwJ.
Fwpj;j fhyq;fspy; ntsptUk; rQ;rpiffs;> nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffis
cgNahfpg;gjd; %yk; epjp ,yhgq;fisg; ngw KbfpwJ. ,t;thwhd
tplaq; f s; ,ul; i lj; jd; i kahd ed; i kfisj; jUfpd; w d.
Kjyhtjhf> E}yfq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fisf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tij tpl> ,uty; %ykhff; nfhs;tdTr; nryT Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,uz; l htjhf> jhq; f s; ngw; W f; nfhs; S k; jfty; f s; %yk; >
mNefkhdtu;fs; jkJ tho;itj; jpl;lkpLfpd;wdu;.
jukhd tho;f;ifr; Rl;bfs;> tho;tjw;Fr; rpwe;j ,lk;> Foe;ij

tsu;gg
; pw;fhd rpwe;j ,lk;> Xa;ntLg;gjw;fhd ,lk; Nghd;w jfty;fis
E}y;fs; toq;Ftjdhy; tho;fi
; fr; nryitj; jpl;lkplf; $bajhf
cs;sJ.
jdpg;gl;ltu;fspdJk;> epWtdq;fspdJk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwid E}yfq;fs;

mjpfupf;fpd;wd. cw;gj;jpj; jpwDld; $ba njhopyhsu;fs; gw;wpa
tsk; - 2010
rupahd jfty;fisg; ngWtJ f\;lkhd tplakhFk;. ,J njhlu;ghd
jfty;fSf;F ehk; E}yfq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,d;Dk;>
xU Ra njhopyhsp E}yfj; i jg; gad; g Lj; J k; NghJ> jdJ
njhopw;Jiw njhlu;ghd cau; tpsf;fq;fisAk;> jdf;Fj; Njitahd
gapw;rp El;gq;fs;> mit fpilf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;fpwhd;.
05. r%f cs;slf;fk;> r%f rf;jpapy; gq;F gw;wp tYg;gLj;Jjy;.

E}yfq;fs; r%ff; nfhs;sstpw;F Kf;fpa gq;fpid Mw;Wfpd;wd.
eypTw;w kf;fs; njhFjpapdUf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjd; %yk;> ,J
ntspg;gLj;jg; gLfpd;wJ. twpatu;fs;> tajhdtu;fs;> khw;W Mw;wy;
cs; N shH> njhopyw; w tu; f s; > fw; w y; FiwghLilatu; f Sf; F r;
Nritahw;Wfpd;wJ.
Vndd;why;> ,tu;fshy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; jfty; %yq;fisNah>

fzpdpfisNah> Vida trjpfisNah gad;gLj;j Kbtjpy;iy.
,jdhy;> ,tu;fSf;fhd E}yf Nrit Kf;fpaj;JtkhdjhFk;.
mj;Jld;> E}yfq;fs; r%f rf;jpapd; Kftu;fshfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
,J njhlu;ghf elhj;jg;gl;l Ma;tpy; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;l xUtupd;
fUj;J ,t;thwhf cs;sJ: “kw;wtu;fSld; Gj;jfq;fisg; gfpu;eJ
;
nfhs;Sk; NghJ> r%fj;jpYs;s Vida cWg;gpdu;fSld; kpf
neUf;fkhtjw;Fupa tha;gG
; Vw;gLfpwJ” (Usherwood and Toyre, 2000)
,e;epiyikiag; NgZtjw;fhf mNefkhd mgptpUj;jpaile;j
ehLfs;> tho;ehs; KOtJk; fw;gjw;fhd Vw;ghl;bidr; nra;Js;sd.
,jw;fhfg; Gjpa nghJ E}yfq;fs;> jfty; ikaq;fis> midj;J
taJg; gpuptpdUf;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; epWtpAs;sd.
06. rptpy; epiyaKk;> rKjhaj; jftw; NritAk;.

mNefkhd rKjhaq;fspy; E}yfq;fs;jhd; rptpy; epiyaq;fshfg;
gzpahw;Wfpd;wd. E}yfq;fs;jhd;> rKjhaj;jtu;fs; xd;W $b jkJ
tplaq;fis fye;JiuahLtjw;fhd ,lj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wd>
thf;fhsu; gjptpy; cjTjy;> murhq;f tpz;zg;gg;gbtq;fis
tsk; - 2010
tpepNahfpj;jy;> cs;Suhl;rp epajpfspy; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;ba cj;Njr
khw;wq;fisg; gjpjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jkplkhf
E}yfq; f s; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. r%fj; njhz; l u; epWtdq; f spd;
nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf> miwfis xJf;fpf; nfhLg;gdthfTk; cs;sd.
kf;fspd; gy;NtW mbg;gil tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfisj; Njbf;

nfhLg;gjpy; cjTfpd;wd. vq;fpUe;J njhopy; jfty;fisAk;> Rfhjhu
kw;Wk; rl;lj; jfty;fisAk; ngWtJ? ,J Nghd;w mbg;gil
tplaq;fspy; cjTfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf E}yfq;fs;> r%fj;jpw;F toq;Fk;
jfty;fs; %yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nghUshjhu ed;ikfSk;> jhf;fq;fSk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.(Mcclure et al 2000 : Walzer and Gruidi. 1996)
07. ngsjpf mgptpUj;jpapd; mj;jpahtrpa %yf;$W.

Muha;rr
; pfspd; gb> r%fg; ngWkjpapd; ngsjpfr; nrhj;jhf E}yfq;fs;
milahsg; g Lj; j g; gl; L s; s d. r%fk; ngUik nfhs; S fpd; w
%yfq;fspy; E}yfq;fSk; xd;whf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy
r%fq;fspdJk;> efuq;fspdJk; rpd;dkhf E}yfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kf;fspilNa elhj;jg;gl;l xU mstPl;bd; gb> Gjpa E}yfk; xd;iw
mikg;gjhdJ my;yJ ,Ug;gjid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjhdJ> r%f
ngsjpf cl;fl;Lkhdj; Njhw;wj;jpy; ey;y khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jgit
vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Albency 2001 : Clip 2002).
08. E}yfq;fSk;> gpui[fis - rptpy; r%fj;ij -

tYg;gLj;JjYk;> [dehafKk;> ,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fKk;.
nghWg;Gs;stdhf khWtjw;Fupa jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gJk;> rfy
tpjkhd jfty;fis vg;gbg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ vd;gijAk; mwpfpd;w
NghJ khj;jpuk;jhd;> xUtdhy; jpwikahd nraw;ghLila gpui[ahf
; pf;Fj; “jfty;fs; njupe;j gq;F
,Uf;f KbAk;. [dehafj;jpd; tsu;rr
gw;Wdu;fs;”, mtrpak; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J ,yj;jpudpay;
murhq;f tsu;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. E}yfq;fisg; nghWj;j
tiuapy; gpui[fs; Rje; j pukhfg; NgRtjw; F upa cz; i kahd
,lj;jpid mit toq;Ffpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
mq;F> xj;j tifahd tpUg;gq;fSk; tptfhuq;fSk; gfpug;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld;> nghJkf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk; mq;F
mErupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Wjpahf> jfty; mwpe;j gpui[fSf;F
kj;jpapyhd Rje;jpukhd rk;gh~id - nrhy;yhly; - rptpy; r%fj;jpid
epr;rag;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,d;Dk;> r%fkhdJ> nghJthd ,yf;if miltjw;fhf mtrpakhd

r%f %yjdj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,e;jg; gq;fspg;gpD}lhf> \E}yfq;fs;
%lg;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd;| jftw; Fiwghl;ilAk;> vz;zf;fU gupkhw;wf;
FiwapidAk; jLf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy;> r%fj;jpypUf;fpd;w r%f>
nghUshjhu> njhopy; El;gj; jilfs; jfu;j;njwpag;gLfpd;wd.
‘,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fk;’ vd;gJ> jfty; njhopy; El;g rf;jpiag;

gad;gLj;jp nghJrdr; Nritfis toq;FtjhFk;.
,q;F gpujhdkhf rpy cj;jpfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpui[fspd;

njupTfisr; Rw;wp Nritfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;; murhq;fj;jpd;
Nritfis ,yFtpy; Efuf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;@ MSNthUf;Fk;>
Msg;gLNthUf;FkpilNa ,U topj; njhlu;gpid epr;rag; gLj;Jjy;
vd;gitahFk;. murhq;fj; jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;> gutr;
nra;tjw;Fk; murhq;fq;fs; E}yfq;fspNyNa jq;fpAs;sd. E}yfu;fs;
‘,yj;jpudpay; murhq;f’ nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; tpNrl rthy;fis
vjpu; Nehf;Ffpd;wdH. murhq;f tplaq;fisf; ifahStjw;fhd> njhopw;
Gyik mq;ff P huj;ij mtu;fs; ngw Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;> jfty;
gFg;gha;T> tifg;gLj;jy;> xOq;FgLj;jy;> xU tplaj;jpypUe;J
,d;ndhU tplaj;jpw;F khWfpd;w jfty;fspd; tbtikg;G> mgptpUj;jp>
jfty; njhlu;Gilik vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fj;jpd;
Njitfs; kPJ top fhl;lf; $ba jFjp ,tu;fSf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
a. ‘E}yfq;fSld; ,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fk;’ - fdlhtpd; Neub

mDgtk;
1999 ,y; fdlh murhq;fk;> ,yj;jpudpay; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd juprdj;ij
mwptpj;jJ:
tsk; - 2010
“2004 Mk; Mz;lstpy; cyfpy; gpui[fSld; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd
gpizg;igf; nfhz;lJk;> midj;Jf; fdbau;fSk; rfy murhq;fj;
jfty; f isAk; > NritfisAk; mtu; f spd; ,lk; > Neuk; >
tpUg;gq;fSf;F Vw;g> clDf;Fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhfTk;
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;” vd;gjhFk;.
,e;jj; juprdj;ij cz;ikg; gLj;Jtjw;fhf> Kjypy; ghlrhiy

,izaj; jsq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. khfhz murhq;f ,izaj;
jsKk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk;> midj;Jg; nghJ E}yfq;fSk;>
ghlrhiyfSk; ,izf; f g; g l; l d. ,jd; fP o ; > 3000 nghJ
E}yfq;fSf;Fk; 14000 ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; ,izaj;js
trjpaspf; f g; g l; l J. xJf; F g; Gwg; gpuNjrq; f s; - fpuhkpa
r%fj;jtu;fis ,izg;gjw;fhf ‘rw;wiyl;- (Satellite)’ njhopy; El;gk;
ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,d;ndhU jpl;lkhf> Vol Net mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J Voluntary

Sector Network Suopport jpl;lkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; jd;dhu;tj; njhz;lu;
epWtdq;fspd; nfhs;ssT tYg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. murhq;fj; jfty;fSld;
,ize;J nfhs;tjw;fhd njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf>
khepy murhq;fq;fs; 20 kpy;ypad; nlhyu;fis xJf;fpd. 10>000
epWtdq;fSf;F fzpdpfs;> ,izaj;js ,izg;G vd;gd ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. 17>000 NgUf;Fg; gapw;rpAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
fyhrhu mgptpUj;jp> r%fg; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhfj; jftw;

njhlu;ghly; njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf> Smart
Committees Programme mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fdbag; ghuhSkd;wk;> jdJ E}yfj;ij E-Government, E-Democracy

vd;gtw;Wf;fhd xU fUtpahfNt gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; %yk;>
rl;lkhf;fy; tplaq;fisg; nghJ kf;fs; ngwf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
nghJ E}yfj;jpd; JizAld;> ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;F
‘kbfzpdpfs;’ (Laptops) ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,it %yk;> E}yfj;
jfty; %yq;fisAk; NritiaAk; ngw Kbe;jJ.
tsk; - 2010
,yj; j pudpay; murhq; f Kd; n dLg; G f; f spd; %yk; > ghlrhiy
E}yfq;fSk; - Vida E}yfq;fSk; - gy;NtWgl;l rKjhaj;jtu;fs;>
cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lj; jfty;fis ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;baik ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
tplakhFk;.
,e; epfo;rr
; pj; jpl;lj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rk; vd;dntdpy;> kf;fSf;Fk; - murhq;f
Kftu;fSf;FkpilNa mNj ,lj;jpy; - ,U topj; njhlu;Gfs;>
eilngw;wikahFk;. ,J murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW kl;lq;fisAk;
nghWg;Gs;sjhfTk;> J}a;ikahdjhfTk; khw;Wtjw;F cjtpaJ.
(Pare, Richard 2002, E-Dempcracy and E-Government : How will these af-
fect libraries? presented at the 68th IFLA Council and General Conference,
Glagsow, Scotland, August 18-24, 2002).
09. E}yfq;fSk;> jftw; r%fKk;.

E}yfq;fs; gw;wpa jtwhd mgpg;gpuhak; xd;Ws;sJ ; mit jhkhfNt
E}y;fSf;fhd vy;iyia xUNghJk; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
ep[khf> E}yfq;fs; - E}y;fSf;F Kd;du; MditahFk;. ‘ghgpu];
Xiyr; RUs;fis’ Nrkpj;Jk; itj;jpUe;jd. mnyf;rhe;jpuh E}yfk;
,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSk;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kj;jpa fhy klhya E}yfq;fs; ,jw;F vLj;Jf;
fhl;LfshFk;. vdNtjhd;> E}yfq;fspd; msit tpl - mjd;
cs;slf;fk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdjhf cs;sJ.
cz;ikapy;> jftw; Gul;rpahdJ E}yfq;fspd; ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; ngupJk;

Jiz nra;fpd;wd. mwptpdJk; jftypdJk; mbg;gilahd - ep[khd
- ,ul;ilj; jd;ikfisg; gyg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> ,J eilngWfpwJ.
,jdhy;> E}yfq;fshdit> rKjhaj;jpidj; jfty; r%f mikg;Gf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhd cjtpapidr; nra;fpd;wd.
,it mwpTf; F kpf tYthd mj; j pghukhf cs; s NjhL>

cyfshtpajhdjhfTk; Nehf;fk;> Neuk; rhu;ej
; jhfTk;> gy;NtWgl;l
%yfq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy;> E}yfq;fshdit mwptpidg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F ,izaj; jskhf;Fjy;> ‘b[pw;wy;’ - Digital njhopy;
El;gg; gpuNahfkhf;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Kd; epd;W nra;fpd;wd. tho;
ehs; KOtJk; fw;gjw;fhd - tho;fi
; f ePbj;j fy;tpf;fhd - Online
Nritfis> ehSf; F ehs; tpUj; j p nra; f pd; w d. MNuhf; f pa
MNyhridfisAk; jfty;fisAk; toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfg+u;tg; gj;jpuq;fis> vJtpj gjpg;Gupikf;
fl;Lg;ghLfSkpd;wpg; ngWtjw;F E}yfq;fs; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
,e;epiyapy;> E}yfq;fs; ,izaj; jsj;ijg; ghtpf;Fk; xU epiyakhf
kl;Lkd;wp> mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa cjtpfisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; ,lkhfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wd. murhq;fq;fs;> E}yfq;fspd;
cjtpAld; ‘b[pw;wy;’ - Digital epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fisAk; mKy;
gLj; J fpd; w d. If; f pa ,uhr; r pa murhq; f k; ; 40>000 ICT fw; w y;
epiyaq;fis E}yfikaq;fspy;; epWtpAs;sJ. (CILIP, 2002).
cs;sf> G+Nfhstpay; tiyg;gpd;dypd; mbg;gilapy;> khWgl;l

R+o;epiyfspYk; thof; $ba rKjhaq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd
cjtpfis E}yfq;fs; nra;fpd;wd. ,e;j tiyaikg;gpd; %yk;>
jdpg; g l; l tu; f Sk; FOf; f Sk; - jkJ nghWg; G f; f isAk;
nghJtpay; G fisAk; fz; L nfhs; s KbfpwJ. mwpitAk; >
mEgtq;fisAk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjd; %yk;> r%ff; nfhs;ssT
tYg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; G+Nfhs tiyaikg;ghdJ> cyf
kakhf;fypd; cs;ehl;L epge;jidfisAk; nghUe;jr; nra;fpwJ.
10. ,izaj;js trjp ,Uf;ifapy; ,d;Dk; E}yfj;jpd;

Njit!
,izaj;js trjp nfhz;l xUtupd; fzpdpapd; %yk;> gy;NtWgl;l
jfty; f isg; ngwf; $bajhapDk; > mt; t hwhd jfty; f spy;
mNefkhdit xOq;FgLj;jg;glhjitahf ,Uf;Fk;@ Kiwaw;w
topfhl;Ljy;fSld; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;; rpy jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F
gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUf;Fk;; rpy gf;fq;fis - mjw;Fupa gf;f
mDkjpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk ngwf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;@ ,t;thwhd
tsk; - 2010
rpf;fy;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fg;gLtjhy;> ghtidahsu;fs; ngWkjp Nru;ff
; g;gl;l
jfty; %yq;fis E}yfq;fspD}lhfNt ngw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;
E}yfq;fspd; Njit ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ.
,t;thwhd gupzhkq;fs;> E}yfq;fspd; ngWkjpapid ekf;Fg;

Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. MapDk;> mgptpUj;jpapy; rupahd gq;nfLg;gjw;Fupa
nfhs;sTr; rf;jpapid ekJ E}yfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sdth? vd;gJ
tpil fhzg; g l Ntz; b anjhd; w hFk; . cz; i k vd; d ntdpy; >
mNefkhd E}yfq;fs; Mgj;jhd epiyapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gpd;tUk; epiyikfs; mjid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; ty;yikAs;sd.

m E}yfq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; epjp NghJkhdjd;W. mtw;wpd; miug;
-gq;Fj; Njitapidf; $l eptu;jj ; pf;f Kbtjpy;iy. mNefkhd
,lq;fspy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; rk;gsj;jpw;Ff; $lg;gzk;
NghJtjpy;iy.
m tsg;gw;whf;Fiw> Kiwahd tiyaikg;G Ntiyj;jpl;lkpd;ik
vd;gtw;why; cyfg; Nghf;if Nehf;fp ekJ E}yfq;fs; nkJthfNt
efu;fpd;wd.
m jw;fhyg; Gj;jfq;fs;> jfty;fs; vd;git FiwT.
m E}yfj; jftw; njhopy;El;gg; gpuNahfkpd;ik my;yJ FiwT.
m ,izaj;jsg; ghtid trjp fpilf;fhik.
m Fiwe;j ghtidahsh;fs; - thrfHfs; - fhuzkhf thrpg;giwfspd;
ntWik.
m mgptpUj;jp> gapw;rpf;fhd tsg;gw;whf;Fiw vd;gd fhuzkhf
rPu; nfl;l njhopy;thz;ikj; jpwd; epyTjy;.
m xOq;F Kiwaw;w epu;thfk;> Vida epWtdq;fSldhd njhlu;G
tWik - ntw;Wj;jd;ik.
m nghJ E}yfg; Gj;jf mYkhupfspy;> gioa Gj;jfq;fSk; njhlu;gw;w
Gj;jfq;fSk; GOjp gbe;j epiyapw; fhzg;gly;.
m jw;fhyj; Njitfis eptu;jj ; p nra;tjw;fhd ngsjpf mgptpUj;jp
-apd;ik my;yJ FiwT.
Nkw;$wg;gl;l epiyikapy; E}yfq;fs;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; kdpj
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gq;fspg;gpidr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gykw;w epiy
tsk; - 2010
cs;sjhfNt czug;gLfpd;wd. ,j;Ju;gg; hf;fpa epiyf;fhd khw;wL
P fs;
nra;ag;gLkh? ,e;epiyfisf; nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fSk;> jiytu;fSk;
eptu;jj
; pg;ghu;fsh?@ rpy Ntisfspy; ,J elf;ff; $Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;>
kdpj mwpT Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L murhq;fq;fs; ,jpy;
ftdk; vLg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
Kbthf> epiyahd mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ciog;gjw;F my;yJ

ngWkhdk;’ Nru;gg
; jw;fhf E}yfq;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; ftdj;jpy;
vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
r mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;w> mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfSld;

njhlu;ghly; tiyaikg;gpid tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjd;
%yk;> jfty; Nritfspd; mgptpUj;jpapid cWjp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
r vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;> jfty;fisAk; ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;g

-jd; %yk;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; mwpTf;fhd Eiothapyhfr; nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
r tho;ehs; KOtJk; fw;gjw;fhd mj;jpahtrpa cjtpapid toq;Fjy;@

Rje;jpukhd KbntLj;jw; nrad;Kiw@ midtUf;Fkhd fyhrhu
mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;Wf;F cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
r fy;tp kw;Wk; jpwikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fSf;F cjTjy;
Ntz;Lk;. jfty; r%fk; xd;iw cUthf;fp> [dehafj;jpd;
epiyahd gq;Nfw;ghsu;fshf kf;fis khw;w Ntz;Lk;.
r Nkyjpf thrpg;Gg; gof;fk;> jfty; mwpT tpUj;jp> nghJ tpopg;Gzu;

-r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
r gf;fr;rhu;gw;w jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd; Clhf> mwpTyfr;

Rje;jpu tpUj;jpf;Fk;> mjd; epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tsk; - 2010
cjTE}y;fs;:
01. Akeroyd, Richerd, G.1991.white house conference on Library and

Information Services : Library Administration and Management.
05(2) : 70-72
02. Albenese, Andrew Richerd. 2001. Libraries as equity building blocks.
Library Journal.126 (9) : 40 – 43.
03. IFLA 2002
04. Keyes, Alison M. 1995. The value of the special Library: Review
and analysis 86 (3) 182 – 187.
05. UNESCO. 2000. Charge in continuity concepts and tools for cultural
approach to development. Paris: unesco.
06. United Nations. 2002. Millennium Development Goals. New York:
United Nations.
07. Third meeting of the committee on development information CODI,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 10–17 May 2003
08. Lundu, Maurice C.1995. The Library in the Service of Society:
philosophical foundations. petoria: Info Africa Nova
09. Walzer, Norman: Guidi, John 1996. The Role of Small Public Li
braries in Community Economic Devolopment. Illinois Libraries:
vol. 76 No 1 winter 1996, P 50 - 56.
\\kdpjnuy;yhk; md;G newp fhz;gjw;Fk;

kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tpuptile;J
jdpkdpj jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg;Nghf;fp
rfkf;fs; xd;nwd;g JzHtjw;Fk;
,dpjpdpjha; vOe;j caH vz;znky;yhk;
,yFtJ GytH jU Rtbr; rhiy
Gdpj Kw;W kf;fs; GJ tho;T Ntz;by;
Gj;jfrhiy Ntz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk;||
- ghujpjhrd;
tsk; - 2010
E}yfk; - jfty; - mwpjpwd; - khztu;fspd;
E}yfg; gad;ghL
- xU RUf;fkhd mwpKfk;.
V.vy;. `k;Jdh
E}yfu;> `y;yhI; jfty; ts ikak; > mf;fiug;gw;W.
thrpg;G vd;gJ> kdpj cupik. ehk; tho;tjw;F vd;d cupik

cz;Nlh mJ Nghy; thrpg;gjw;Fk;> mwptjw;Fk; cupik cz;L. vdNt>
E}yfj;jpy; ehk; jfty; Nrfupf;f> Ma;T nra;a> Gs;sp tpguq;fisg;
ngw> RtbfspypUe;J gad; ngw Kida Ntz;Lk;. thrpg;gjhy; kdpjd;
G+uzkilfpd;whd;. ghlrhiy E}y; epiyaq;fs; fw;fTk;> fw;gpf;fTk;
cjTfpd;wd.
,g; N ghJ ehk; cyfshtpa fy; t p mgptpUj; j papid Nehf; f p

Kd;NdWfpd;Nwhk;. E}yfq;fs; %ykhf khztu;fSf;F Mu;tKk;>
mwptpay; NjlYk; cUthfpd;wd. E}yfj;jpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikia ruptug;
gad;gLj;Jk; czu;it Mrpupau;fs;> ngw;Nwhu;fs; Nghd;wtu;fs; Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
E}yfq;fs; khztu;fspd; fy;tp tpUj;jpf;F Vw;w jfty;fs;> Gs;sp tpguq;fs;

vd;gtw;iwg; ngw cjTfukha; mikfpd;wd. mj;NjhL Rakhf thrpj;Jg;
gad; ngw cjTfpd; w d. Mrpupau; f s; $l fw; g pg; g jw; f hf E}y;
epiyaq;fisg; gad;gL;jj
; KbAk;. Mrpupau;fs; jkJ MSik tpUj;jp
mila - Gjpa El;gq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s- E}yfq;fisr; rhjfkhfg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. cyfshtpa uPjpahd mwpT ngWk; %yfkhfTk;>
r%fq;fNshL ,ize;J thoTk; - Gupe;J thoTk; E}yfq;fs; cjTfpd;wd.
Njhk]; Nfhu;igy; vd;w ftpQu; $Wthu;: \\cz;ikahd gy;fiyf;fofNkh

my;yJ ghlrhiyNah ntWkNd fw;gpf;fpd;w ,lky;y. mJ xU
E}yfkhf khw Ntz;Lk;. khWk; NghJjhd; mit KOikailfpd;wd||
tsk; - 2010
mwpT rhu; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a Ntz;ba epiyapy; E}yfq;fs;
,Uf; f pd; w d. ,it tiuaiw nra; a g; g l; l rl; l jpl; l q; f isAk;
xOq;fikg;igAk; cilad. vdNt> E}yfj;ijg; nghWj;j tiu vj;jid
E}y;fs; cs;sd? vd;gJ Kf;fpakd;W. kf;fspd; mwpTj; juj;ijAk;>
Njl;lj;ijAk; ve;j tifapy;> G+u;j
; j
; p nra;J - gadila - itj;Js;sJ
vd;gJjhd; Kf;fpak;. E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid kdjpw; nfhs;shJ>
mijg;gad;ghL kpf;fjhf khw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j
tifapy;> vkJ gpuNjr rigapd; jtprhsu; V.vy;. jtk; mtu;fs; kpf;f
fuprdKk; > mwpthoKk; cs; s tuhf tpsq; F fpwhH. mtuJ E}yf
xOq;fikg;G kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ.
mup];Nlhl;bypd; E}yfNk> cyfpd; Kjy; E}yfkhff;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjidj; njhlu;eJ
; Nghu;fhk; efupy; fp.K. 197 ,y; xU ngupa E}yfk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpuhd;]; ehl;by; ehd;fhk; Y}ap kd;dUk; Ie;jhk; rhu;s]
; ;
kd;dUk; cUthf;f
; pa “murupd; E}yfk;” gpd;du; Njrpa E}yfkhf tsu;ej
; J.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; $l xt;nthU gpuhe;jpaj;jpYk; xt;nthU E}yfq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;jhd;> ghlrhiy
E}yfq;fs; NkYk; tsu;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; ngw;wd.
,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpypf;fd; jpUr;rigapdu; Rz;bf;FopapYk;> nkjb];l

jpUr;rigapdu; aho; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> gUj;jpj; Jiw `hl;yp fy;Y}upapYk;
khztu;fSf;fhf ghlrhiyfspy; E}yfq;fis mikj;jdu;. jkpo;
nkhopiag; nghWj;j tiu =y= MW Kf ehtyu;jhd; kpff; $Ljyhd
E}yf cUthf;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;jtuhthu;. ngz;fSf;Fupa fy;Y}upahd
,uhkehjd; fy; Y }upapNyNa KjyhtJ ngz; f Sf; f hd E}yfk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapy; E}yfq;fspd; tsu;rr

; pf;F - gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf
mike;jd. jha; nkhopf;fy;tp %yk;> jkJ nrhe;j nkhopapy; fw;Fk;
tha;gG
; Vw;gl;ljhy; E}yfg; gad;ghLk; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. NkYk;>
,ytrf; fy;tp mwpKfkhd gpd;> vy;NyhUk; fw;Fk; tha;gi
; gg; ngw;wdu;.
,jdhy;> E}yfg; gad;ghLk; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;F
tsk; - 2010
cl;gl;l mwpit khj;jpukd;wp> Nkyjpf mwpitg; ngWk; tha;g;igAk;
toq;fpaJ. ,g;gbahf ghlrhiyfspy; E}yfq;fs; tsu;r;rpAw;wjhy;>
gbf;Fk; khztu;fspd; mwpTj; jpwd; tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.
khztu;fspd; cs;shu;e;j jpwikfis tsHg;gjpYk;> mtu;fisr; Ra

jpwd; cs;stu;fsjf khw;WtjpYk; E}yfk; gpujhd gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.
E}yfk; vd;gJ> GyikiaAk; kdpjg; gz;ghl;ilAk; tsu;ff
; pwJ. Kd;ida
fhyq;fspy; fy;tpiag; xU FUtplk; ,Ue;Nj ngw;Nwhk;. ,d;iwa
mwpTg; ngUf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf> fy;tpiag; gy ,lq;fspypUe;J ngWk;
tha;g;Gf; fpl;bAs;sJ. mt;tifahd - cyfshtpa mwpT ngWk;
mk;rq;fisAk; Ehyfq;fs; jk;NkhL ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sd.
gpw capupdq;fs;> tho;f;ifapy; jiyKiwfs; khwpdhYk; tho;f;if

Kiw khwhky;> njhlq;fpa ,lj;jpypUe;Nj kPzL ; k; kPzL
; k; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
Mdhy; > kdpjdpd; tho; f ; i f kl; L k; j hd; > xU jiyKiw tpl; l
,lj;jpypUe;J mLj;j jiyKiw tho;fi ; fiaj; njhlq;FfpwJ. kdpjd;
jd;Dila tho;fi; fia> tuyhwhf E}y;fspy; gjpT nra;J itj;jpUg;gjd;
fhuzkhfj;jhd; ,J rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ. thrpg;G Xu; mw;Gj mEgtk;.
thrpg;G> ehLfspd; vy;iyfisAk; tuyhw;iwAk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; ty;yik
nfhz;lJ. gy Gj;jfq;fs; cyfj;ijNa fyq;fbj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
thrpg;Gj; jpwd;> nra;Ak; njhopypy; Mo;eJ

; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; jpwid
tsu;f;Fk;. thrpg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; vz;zq;fSk;> mEgtq;fSk; ,J
tiu mwpe;jtw;wpd; vz;zq;fis tpupthf;fp NkYk; rpe;jpf;f itf;Fk;.
jfty;fis tifg;gLj;jp> Njitahdtw;iwj; Nju;T nra;a Jiz
GupAk;. thrpg;Gj; jpwd; Vida jpwd;fis tsu;ff ; f; $baJ. E}yfk;
vd;gJ; mwpTr; nry;tj;jpd; Nrkpg;Gf; fplq;F. fle;j fhyj;ijAk;> epfo;
fhyj;ijAk; ,izj;J itf;Fk; rpe;jidg; ghyk;. E}yfq;fisg;
Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gJ kf;fspd; flik. E}y;fspy; vOJtNjh> kbg;gNjh>
fpopg;gNjh $lhJ.
gFj;jwpTf;F tpUe;jspf;Fkplk; E}yfq;fs;jhd;. E}y;fisf; fw;Wj;

njspTWk; NghJ> xUtd; jd;id kpfTk; Nerpf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;.
tsk; - 2010
mJNt mtDila tho;it tbtikf;fpwJ. fpNuf;f ehl;Lj; jj;Jtthjp
Nrhf;fpuBRf;F> kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L jdf;F tp\k; nfhLf;gg
; Lk;
tiu Gj;jfk; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. thrpg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;jj
;
,J NghJkhdJ vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. xt;nthUtUk; Xuhz;by; ruhrupahf
2000 gf;fq;fs; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd gd;dhl;Lf; fy;tp mwptpay; gz;ghl;L
epWtdk; gupe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
mJ Nghy> “xU E}yfk; jpwf;fg;gLk; NghJ gj;J rpiwr;rhiyfs;

%lg;gLfpd;wd” vd;whu; kfhj;kh fhe;jp. vdNt> E}yfq;fNshL ehk;
cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;tJ mtrpak;. E}yfj;NjhL cwT nfhs;gtu;fs;
fl;lhak; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba tplak;jhd; “jfty; mwpjpwd;” vd;gjhFk;.
mJ gw;wpr;RUf;fkhfg; ghu;ff
; yhk;.
jfty; mwpjpwd; - Information Literacy

jfty; mwpjpwd; vdg;gLtJ gyuhYk;> gy tpjq;fspy; tiuaWf;fg;
gLfpwJ. Njitg;gLk; jfty;fisj; Njbaile;J> mtw;iw Muha;eJ
;
nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jpwik vdr;RUf;fkhf
tiuaWf;fyhk;. mnkupf;f E}yf rk;Nksdj;jpd; mwpf;ifnahd;W>
“jftypd; Njitia czu;eJ
; > Njitahd jfty;fisf; fz;lile;J>
mtw;wpd; jukwpe;J gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;gtu; jfty; mwpjpwDilatu;”
vd tiuaWf;fpwJ.
jfty; mwpjpwd; vd;gij> “kdpj tho;tpd; vy;yh epiyfspYk; mtu;fsJ

jdpg;gl;l> r%f> njhopy; uPjpahd> fy;tp rhu;ej
; ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj;
jfty;fis tpidj;jpwdhf ehlTk;> rPu; J}f;fpg; ghu;ff
; Tk;> gad;gLj;jTk;>
cUthf;fTk; tha;gg
; spf;f cjTk; xU top tif” vd mnyf;rhe;jpupah
gpufldk; tiuaWf;fpwJ.
,f; f Uj; J > mz; i kf; f hyj; j py; gpugykhfp tUfpwJ. vd; w hYk; >
gy;yhz;Lfshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUk; xd;Wjhd;. jfty;fisg; ngw
E}yfq;fis tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwikNa Muk;gj;jpy;
milahsk; fhzg;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
tsk; - 2010
mt;tifapy;> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; E}yf topfhl;lw; gapw;rp
newpfs; jfty; mwp jpwidAk; fw;gpj;jd vd;wdu; xU rhuhu;. Patricia
Knapp (1956)> Earnest Roe (1965) Nghd;w gyUk;>E}yfg; gad;ghL
njhlu;gpyhdjhf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;J te;j NghjpYk;>
1974 ,y; Paul Zurkowski vd;gtNu \jfty; mwpjpwd;| vd;w gjj;ij Kjd;
Kjypy; gad; g Lj; j pdhu; . “cUthfp tUk; jftw; rKjhaj; j py;
Nghl;baplTk;> epiyf;fTk; midtUk; jfty; mwpjpwd; cs;stu;fshf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.” vd;W mtu; jdJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liu xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
jfty; mwpjpwdhdJ> kdpju; - jfty; njhlu;ghlw; njhopy; El;gj;ij

tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;j kpfTk; mj;jpatrpak; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
glq;fs;> xyp> jfty; Mfpadtw;wpd; cUthf;fk;> gupkhw;wk;> gad;gLj;jy;>
Nrkpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw fzpdpAk;> ,izaKk;> ifalf;ff; fk;gpapy;yhr;
rhjdq;fSk; ngUkstpy; khw;wpaikj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij vy;NyhUk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. mNj Neuk;> cyf mwpTr; rKjhaj;jpd; KOg;
gaid ehLfSk;- epWtdq;fSk; - kdpju;fSk; ngw> fzpdp - Clfj;
njhopy; El; g q; f is kl; L k; fw; w y; NghjhJ vd; g Jk; Vw; W f;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e; etPd cyfpd; rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;s> njhopy; El;gj;ij tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;tJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ; jfty;fisj; Njbg; ngw;W> xOq;F gLj;jp>
gFg;gha;T nra;J> rPu; J}f;fpg;ghu;j;J gpd;du; mtw;iwf; Fwpj;J
KbntLj;jy;fspYk;> gpur;rpid jPuj
; j
; y;fspYk; gad;gLj;j xt;nthUtUk;
fw;Wf; nfhs;tJ kpfkpf mtrpakhFk;.
jfty; mwpjpwd; vd;gJ> gy tpjkhf tiuaWf;fg;gLtJ NghyNt>

mjd; gb epiyfSk; tpj tpjkhf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. And];Nfh
ntspapl;l Understanding the Information Literacy : A primer vd;w E}y; 11
gb epiyfisf; nfhz;ljhf \jfty; mwpjpwd;| tho;fi
; f tl;lj;jpid
tiuaWf;fpwJ.
01. vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rpf;fy; my;yJ Njitia eptu;jj

; p nra;aj;jfty;
Njit vd;gij czu;jy;.
tsk; - 2010
02. Njitiag; G+u;jj
; p nra;a> gpur;rpidiaj; jPuf
; f
; my;yJ Kb
nthd;iw vLf;fj; Njitahd jfty;fisj; Jy;ypakhf milah
-sk; fhZjYk; tiuaWj;jYk;.
03. Njitahd jfty;fs; - Vw;fdNt ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iyah vd;gijj;
jPuk
; hdpj;jy;.
04. \jfty;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd| vd milahsk; fhzg;gl;lhy;> mtw;iwj;
Njb miljy;.
05. jfty;fs; ,y;iynadpy;> ,y;yhj jfty;fis cUthf;Fjy;
my;yJ cUthf;fr; nra;jy;.
06. ngw;Wf; nfhz;l jfty;fis KOikahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;>
tpsq;fhtpbd;> Njitahd cjtpfis vq;fpUe;J ngWtnjd;gij
mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
07. jfty;fis xOq;F gLj;jy; - gFg;gha;T nra;jy; - tpsf;Fjy;
- rPuJ
; }f;fpg; ghu;jj
; y;. ,jDs; jfty; %yj;jpd; ek;gfj; jd;ikia
-Ak;> rPu; Jhf;fpg; ghu;jj
; y; Ntz;Lk;.
08. jfty;fis VidNahUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJk; gad;gLj;jf;
$baJkhd tbtq;fspYk; top KiwfspYk; nfhLj;jy;.
09. jftw; Njitia epiwNtw;w - gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;f - my;yJ
KbntLf;fg; gad;gLj;jy;.
10. vjpu;fhyj; NjitfSf;fhf> jfty;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; -fsQ;rpag;
-gLj;jy; - kPsg;gad;gLj;jy; - gjpT nra;jy; - Mtzg;gLj;jy;.
11. Njitaw;wij ePfF
; jYk; Njitahdtw;iw ePff
; hjpUj;jYkhFk;.
tpupthd tpsf;fkspj;jiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl> ,g;gb epiyfs;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhfj; njupfpwJ. ,tw;iwr; RUf;fpAk; tpupj;Jk; vd
gyuhy; gy tpjkhd tiuaiwfs; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sd.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fUjp rpy jfty;fs; RUf;fkhff; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd.

,izaj;jsk;> Mobile vd etPdj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tPrr
; hy;> ekJ
jfty; gupkhw;wk; ngupJk; tsu;e;Js;sJ. vdpDk;> thrpg;G vd;Dk;>
gof;fj;jpd; El;gkhd gad;ghl;il mij mEgtpg;gtu;fs; kl;LNk mwptu;.
tsk; - 2010
E}yfg; gad;ghl;il xUtu; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; rupahd jUzk; vd;gJ>
ghlrhiyg; gUtk;jhd;. ghlrhiyg; gUtj;jpy; E}yfg; gad;ghlhdJ
rupahfj; njhlq;fg; gl;lhy;> vjpu;fhyg; gad;ghL kpf kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
ghlrhiyfs; jq;fsJ E}yfq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; khztu;fs;
gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J> gy Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; MNyhridfisAk;
Ma;thsu;fs; ntspapl;Ls;sdu;. mtw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd rpytw;iw ,q;F
ghu;ff
; yhk;:
r tFg;giw E}yfq;fspy; Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;> rpWfijj; njhFg;G>

ftpij> glf;fij> fw;gidf; fij> eifr;Rit> Gjpu;> tho;f;iff;
Fwpg;Gfs;> ,jo;fs;> ehspjo;fs; fl;lhak; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
r rpwpa rpwpa fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fs;> laupfs;> Rakhf cUthf;fg;gl;l

Gj;jfq;fs; Mfpait E}yfq;fspy; fl;lhak; ,lk; ngwNtz;Lk;.
Foe;ijfs; tPlb
; y; gbj;j Gj;jfq;fisAk; tFg;giw E}yfq;f
-spy; itg;gJ gad; jUk;. gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sk; gz;ig tsu;gg
; NjhL
E}yfj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; ,J cWjp nra;Ak;.
r khztu;fNshL ghlrhiy E}yfq;fSf;F Mrpupau;fSk; nrd;W>

mtu;fSf;Fg; gpuNahrdk; jUk; Gj;jfq;fis milahsk; fhl;b>
topg;gLj;JtJk; kpf mtrpakhFk;. ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;F cgNah
-fg;gLk; Gj;jfq;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> mjpypUe;J jfty;fisg;
ngWtjw;Fkhd gapw;rpfis toq;FtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
r gy nkhopfspy; vOjg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fis epr;rak; xU E}yfk;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; gb> jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,jdhy;> nkhopg;gupr;rak; cUthFk;.
r E}yfq;fspy; thrpg;gjw;F gpuj;jpNaf Neuj;ij xJf;fpf; nfhLj;jy;

mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,J tFg;giwg; ghl Neuj;Jld; ,y;yhky;
thrpg;gij, xU ghlNeukhf mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tsk; - 2010
r gbj;jJ gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis mwptJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;.
tha;nkhopahfTk;> vOj;J tbtkhfTk; ngwg;gl;L Mtzg;gLj;jg;
-gly; Ntz;Lk;.
r tFg;giwfspy; jkJ thrpg;G mDgtj;ij gfpHe;J nfhs;sr;

nra;tJk;> khztHfspilNa jkJ thrpg;Gj; njhlHghd ciuahly;
-fis cUthf;fp mij topg;gLj;JtJk; kpf kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;.
E}yfk;> jfty; mwpjpwd;> ghlrhiy E}yfg;gad;ghL vd gytifj;jd;ik

nfhz;l fUj;J epiyfis kpfr;RUf;fkhf ,q;Nf vOj
Kw; g l; b Uf; f pd; N wd; . ,it njhlHghd tpsf; f q; f s; > E}yfj; i j
gad; g Lj; J gtHfs; kj; j papy; kpfTk; Kf; f pak; vdf; fUjpajd;
mbg;gilapNyNa ,e;jf; fl;Liu vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf> vkJ mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fspd; jfty; mwpjpwd;>

E}yfg;gad;ghL> mwpTNkk;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpy; jd;dpfupy;yh mf;fiw
nfhz;L nraw;gLk; ekJ jtprhsH V.vy;. jtk; mtHfspd; gq;fspg;G
kpfTk; ngWkjpahdjhFk;. E}yf mq;fj;jtHfis mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; mjd;
gad;ghl;il mjpfupj;J rhjhuz - filepiy - kdpjHfs; tiu
tprhyg;gLj;jTk; mtH Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpAk;> rpe;jidfSk;> E}yf
CopaH mkHTfspy; ntspg;gl;lgbNa ,Uf;Fk;.
mtUf;F vd;Wk; ed;wp nrhy;y vkJ gpuNjr kf;fSk;> E}yf CopaHfSk;

> ehDk; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.
12Mk; E}w; w hz; b y; \fHNlhth| gy; f iyf; f of Kfg; g py;

vOjg;gl;bUe;j nghd;nkhop:
\\mwpQHfspd; fy;tp Qhdk;> kfhd;fspd; ePjp>
khHf;fthjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;> ijuparhypfspd; tPuk;>
,itfshy;jhd; cyfk;; tho;fpwJ.||
(mf;fiug;gw;W nghJ rd E}yfj; jpwg;G tpohr; rpwg;G kyH - 22.03.1987)
tsk; - 2010
fpof;fpyq;if jkpo;gN
; gRk; kf;fspd;>
ehl;lhH tof;fhWfs;
- ehl;lhH ek;gpf;iffs;
vk;.v];. mGy;`]d;
Xa;T epiy cjtpf; fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH> mf;fiug;gw;W
cyfpd; vy;yh capupdq;fSf;Fk; MjhuRUjpahf mike;jpUg;gJ

ek;gpf;if. ‘ek;gpf;if’ vd;w xd;W> ,y;yh tpl;lhy; kdpjdhy; thoNt
KbahJ. tho;fi
; f vd;gJ xU gpbg;Gs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gH.
kdpjDila tho;it myfyfhfg; gpupj;Jg; ghHf;Fkplj;J> ek;gpf;ifspd;
gy;NtW tpjkhd gbkq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
kdpjd; ,iwtdplj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itf;fpwhd;. mNjNghy> fztd;

kidtpaplj;Jk; - kidtp fztdplj;Jk; - MrpupaH khztHfsplj;Jk; -
khztH MrpupaHfsplj;Jk; - murpay;thjp kf;fsplj;Jk; - kf;fs;
murpay;thjpfsplj;Jk; ek;gpf;if itf;fpwhHfs;. ,t;thNw> ek;gpf;iffs;
tpuptile;J nry;fpd;wd. kf;fs; flTsplj;jpy; itf;Fk; ek;gpf;iff;F
mLj;jjhf ,Ug;gJ> kjhr;rhupaHfsplj;jpy; itf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifNa.
kjhr;rhupaHfs; nrhy;gtw;iwAk;> nra;gtw;iwAk; kf;fs; kWg;gJkpy;iy;
mtw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk; cz;ikj; jd;ikia Muha;tJkpy;iy.
jkpopy; ‘Ntjthf;F’ vd;w kuGr;nrhw;nwhlH cz;L. ,r;nrhy; kjhr;rhupahhpd;

fUj;JfSf;F Kw;W KOjha;g; nghUe;Jk;. jq;fsJ ,Ug;igj; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf kjhr;rhupaHSk;> kf;fs; jiytHfSk;> gpw ehl;lhUk;>
gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; gw;gy gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk;
tpijj;Jtpl;bUe;jdH. ,it kf;fshy; ghuk;gupakhff; iff;nfhz;L
xOfg;gl;Lte;jd. gFj;jwpTf;F ,lq;nfhlhky;> ,e;j ek;gpf;iffs;
kf;fspilNa Nt&d;wp tpl;ld. ,itfs; mwpTG+Htkhdit vd;W
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; Kbatpy;iy@ %lj;jdkhdit vd;W Gwe;js;sTk;
tsk; - 2010
Kbatpy;iy. ,uz;Lq;nfl;lhd; epiy vkf;Fs;sJ. Vnddpy;> vkJ
Ke;ijNahHfs; Kl;lhs;fs; vd;W ehk; KbTfl;l ,ayhJ. mtHfs;
vkf;fspj;j KJrk;fs; ,d;Dk; vk;ik Mr;rupaj;jpy; %o;fbj;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. gy E}w;whz;Lfs; fle;Jk;> vkf;F tpag;igj; je;J
nfhz; b Uf; F k; rpfpupah vy; N yhuh Fiffspy; jP l ; l g; g l; l tz; z
Xtpaq;fSk;; fl;llf;fiyf;Fr; rthy; tpl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jQ;rhT+H
NfhapYk;> Mf;uhtpYs;s jh[;k`hy; vd;Dk; fhjw; rpd;dKk;> gz;ila
murHfspd; ‘kk;kp’ iag; gOJglhky; itj;jpUf;Fk; vfpg;jpd; gpukpl;
vd;Dk; $HEjpf; NfhGuKk; ,it Nghd;w ,d;Dk; gyTk; vk;ikg;
gpukpf;fr; nra;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
mg;gilg;Gf;fis ehk; VnwLj;Jg;ghHj;Njhkhdhy;> vkJ Kd;NdhHfspd;

Mw;wiyAk; mwpitAk; ghuhl;lhky; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mjyhy;> “vLj;Njd;
- fTj;Njd;” vd;W xU KbT fl;btplhky;> mwpQHfspd; xd;wpak; Mw
mku ,Ue;J ehl;lhH ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wp Muha;e;J - njspe;J - xU
KbTf;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;fpNwd;.
fpof;F khfhzj; jkpoHfSk;> K];ypk;fSk;.

fpof;F khfhznkq;Fk; jkpoHfspd; Fbg;guk;gy; nrwpe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
,tHfSila fyhrhuKk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; K];ypk;fspy; mjpf
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. rpq;fstHfis tpl> K];ypk;fNs $Ljyhfg;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.
,jw;F ,tHfs; NgRk; jkpOk; thOk; ,lq;fSk; %yfhuzkha;

mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nrhy;ypd; nry;tUk; Kd;dhs;
mikr;rUkhd mz;zd; nr. ,uhrJiu mtHfs; jdJ NjdpDk; ,dpa
njtpl;lhj nrhw;nghopTfspd; NghJ> “fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; jkpoHfSk;
K];ypk;fSk; xU gpl;Lf; FoypYs;s gpl;Lk; Njq;fhAk; Nghy; mLj;jLj;j
CHfspy; tho;eJ
; tUfpwhHfs;@ ,tHfs; xUtH kPJ xUtH md;G
ghuhl; L tJk; cWJizahf ,Ug; g Jk; ,tHfspila Cwpa
gz;GfshFk;@ ,tHfs; ,dj;jhy; NtWgl;lhYk; nkhopahYk; ,lj;jhYk;
xd;W gl;ltHfs;” vd;ghH.
tsk; - 2010
,tHfs; tptrhak;> tpahghuk;> fy;tp> fyhrhu nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
jkJ cwitAk; md; i gAk; gfpHe; J nfhs; f pd; w dH. Nfhapy;
jpUtpohf;fSf;F K];ypk;fSk;> gs;spthapy; fe;J}upfSf;F jkpoHfSk;
nry;tJ tof;fk;. ,jdhy;> xU r%fj;jpd; gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
ek;gpf;iffSk; mtHfs; mwpahkNyNa kw;iwr; r%fj;jhhpil cl;GFe;J
Mokhf Nt&d;wp tpl;ld.
mwG ehLfspypUe;Jk;> ,e;jpahtpypUe;Jk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;F tpahghu

epkpj;jk; te;j K];ypk;fs;> jkpo;g;ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;jjhf
tuyhWfs; $Wfpd;wd. ,t;thW> kidtpapd; me;j];ij mile;j
jkpo;gn
; gz;fs; jkJ fyhrhu gof;f tof;fq;fisAk; ek;gpf;iffisAk;
jk;NkhL nfhz;L te;Jtpl;ldH.
jhapDila MSikAk; kidahl;rpAk; gps;isfisg; ghjpg;gjhy;>

gps;isfs; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fp tpl;ldH NghYk;. ,t;thWjhd;>
jkpoHfSila gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs; K];ypk;fspilNa gutpd. ,U
r%fq;fSf;fpilNa ,Uf;Fk; FbKiwfs; ,jw;F xU rhd;whFk;. MfNt>
vd;dhy; jpul;lg;gl;l
; vkJ kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iffis> ntt;Ntwhf cq;fs;
Kd; itf;f ehd; tpiofpNwd;.
jkpoHfspd; ek;gpf;if
gpuahzj;jpw;F tpyf;fg;gl;l rFdk;:
gpuahzj;jpw;F tpyf;fg;gl;l rFdq;fs; mjpfkpUe;jhYk;> fpof;F khfhzj;
jkpo;kf;fs; ek;gpf;if itj;Js;s rFdq;fis kl;Lk; fPNo jUfpNwd;.
,r; rFdq;fshy; gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhs;gtUf;Fk; el;lKk;> Jf;fKk;>
Rff;FiwTk; cz;lhFk; vd;gJ ,tHfSila ek;gpf;if.
xUtH gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJ> mtH vjpNu gpuhkzd;>

mk;gl;ld;> jl;lhd;> nkhl;ilj;jiyad;> fhtpAil jupj;jtd;> ril
tsHj;jtd;> tpjit> Vio> Nehahsp> FUld;> %f;fiwad;> Cikad;>
nehz;b MfpNahH te;jhy;> mg;gpuahzk; ngUk; el;lj;jpyhFk;. NkYk;
ntWk; ghj;jpuk;> mfhy kio> ,b> kpd;dy;> fhy; ,lwy;> jiy jl;ly;>
tsk; - 2010
mOFuy;> “NghfhNj” vdy;> gpd;dioj;jy;> xw;iwj;Jk;ky; ,itfs;
epfo;ej
; hYk; el;lk; Vw;gLk;. ,tw;Wld;> %Q;RW> ghk;G> G+id vd;gd
tyk; NghjYk; - vUik> fhfk; vd;gd ,lk;NghjYk; - mgrFdk;
MFk;. ,j;jifa jilfs; Vw;gl;lhy; gpuahzp kPzL
; k; jkJ tPlL
; f;F
te;J> Mwmku ,Ue;J> mjd;gpd; gpuahzj;ijj; njhlu Ntz;Lk;.
gpuahzQ; nra;aj;jfhj #yKs;s jpirfs;.

jpq;fs; rdp - fpof;F
nrt;tha; Gjd; - tlf;F
tpahod; - njw;F
nts;sp> QhapW - Nkw;F
,ijf; ftdj;jpy; vLj;J gpuahzj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tH. Mdhy;> vy;yh

ehs;fspYk; cr;rp Ntisapy; gpuahzk; nra;jhy;> ve;j tpf;fpdKk;
Vw;glhJ vd;gH.
fhfk; fiujy;
fhfq;fSs; muprpf;fhfk;> mz;lq;fhfk; vd ,U tiffs; cs;sd.
,tw;Ws; mz;lq;fhfk; jkJ tPlL
; f;F Kd;Ds;s kuj;jpNyh> NtypapNyh
epd;W nfhz;L njhluhff; fiue;jhy;> mt;Ntis tPlL
; f;fhuH jkJ
epoiyj; jkJ fhybahy; mse;J> gpd;tUkhW fzf;fpl;Lg; gyid
mwpe;J nfhs;thH:
gok;ghly; xd;W
\\fUkfs; mOjNghJ
fzf;Fld; mb mse;J>
gj;Jld; ,uz;ilf; $l;b
nkhj;jj;ij Vohy; gpupj;J tUk; kpr;rk;>
xd;whdhy; - Rfk;:
,uz;lhdhy; - kio:
%d;whdhy; - ,yhgk:;
tsk; - 2010
ehyhdhy; - gil (mur tpf;fpdk;)||
Ie;jhdhy; - madk; (grp):
Mwhdhy; - ntw;wp vd;Dk; gyd;fisj;jUk;.
(*fUkfs; - (fhfk;)
gy;ypapd; gyd;
gjpdhW jpf;FfspypUe;Jk; gy;yp nrhy;Yk; gyd;fis MUlHfs;
tFj;Js;sdH. mt;thNw> ekJ clypd; cWg;Gf;fspy; gy;yp tpOe;jhy;
mjw;Fupa gyd;fisAk; je;Js;sdH. ,Ue;Jk;> vkJ khfhzj; jkpo;
kf;fs; ek;Ggtw;iw khj;jpuk; fPNo jUfpd;Nwd;:
gy;yp nrhw;gyd;
xUtH ,yhg el;l Muha;r;rpapYk;> ftiy nfhs;Sk; NtisapYk;>
ey;y fhupaq;fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fpd;w NghjpYk; gy;yp nrhy;tijg;
gFj;jwpe;J nfhs;tH. fpof;fpYk; njd; Nkw;fpYk; tlNkw;fpYkpUe;J
gy;yp nrhd;dhy;> mit jkf;Fupa gydhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tH. mNj
Nghy;> tlfpof;F njd;fpof;F Nkw;F Nghd;w jpirfspy; gy;yp nrhd;dhy;
cwtpdHfSf;Fupa gydhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;tH.
xU gy;yp>
xU nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - Jd;gk;
,U nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - jd ,yhgk;
%d;W nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - kuzk;
ehY nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - nrsghf;fpak;
Ie;J nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - cwtpdH tuT
MW nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - gil
VO nrhy; nrhd;dhy; - kd Ntjid
,t;thwhd ek;gpf;iffs; jkpo; kf;fspilNa cz;L.
tptrha ek;gpf;if
ehfj;jpw;Fg; nghq;Fjy;.
tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLk; xU tptrhap> jdJ taypy; ghk;gpdhy; vt;tpj
,ilA+Wk; te;Jtplhky; fhg;gjw;fhf gr;ruprp> Njq;fha;gg
; hy;> gaW>
tsk; - 2010
rHf;fiu Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L nghq;fy; nra;J> kh - gyh - thio
Mfpa Kf;fdpfis ,sePUld; fye;J> ghdfk; nra;J ghk;G Fbg;gjw;F
Gw;wpd; thapypy; itg;ghd;.
fsntl;bg; (fsj;J Nkl;Lg;) nghq;fy;

new;nra;ifapy; <Lgl;l tptrhap> mWtil nra;J #L kpjpj;Jg;
nghypiaf; fl;ba gpd;G> G+khNjtpf;Ff; fsntl;bapy; - fsj;J Nkl;by;
- nghq;fy; nra;J jdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpg;ghd;.
jpUkzk;
MZf;Fk; ngz;Zf;Fk; [hjfg;nghUj;jk; ghHj;Jj; jpUkzk; nra;tH.
kuzr;rlq;F
xUtH kuzpj;jjd; gpd;> kuzpj;jtUf;F rhe;jp Vw;gl mtH kuzpj;j 08
Mk;> 31 Mk; ehs;fspYk;> Xuhz;L Kbe;jjd; gpd;Gk;> czT> goq;fs;>
gyfhuk;> ghy;> Njd; fye;J mtupd; Mj;kh rhe;jpaila mKJ
gilg;ghHfs;.
gQ;rkp
epiwNtwhj MirAld; ‘,Uj;ij’apy; xUtH kuzpj;jhy;> mtH rhe;jp
ngwhky; epk;kjp ,oe;J> Mtpahf te;J> kuz tPli
; lr; Rw;wp XyKk;
xg;ghupAk; itj;J miye;J jpupthH. ,t;thW tUk; Mtpia> “gQ;rkp”
vd;W jkpo; kf;fs; miog;gH. ,g;gQ;rkp rhe;jpailtjw;F vLf;Fk; fhyk;
tUkhW mikAk;:
mtpl;lk; el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,we;jhy; - 06 khjq;fs;

rija el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,we;jhy; - 03 khjq;fs;
G+ul;lhjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,we;jhy; - 11/2 khjq;fs;
cj;jul;lhjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,we;jhy; - 3/4 khjk;
Nutjp el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,we;jhy; - 3/8 khjKk; fope;j
gpd;Ng> gQ;rkp rhe;jpailAk; vd;gH.
tsk; - 2010
Njq;fha; cilj;jy;
Nfhapypy; gps;isahUf;Fj; Njq;fha; cilf;Fk; NghJ> Njq;fha; mOfp
,Ue;jhy; - my;yJ if eOtpf; fPNo tpOe;jhy; - mgrFdk; vd;Wk;
VNjh NfL te;J #Ok; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAs;sJ.
tpjitiaj; jLj;J itj;jy;

fztid ,oe;j tpjit> ve;jr; Rgfhupaj;jpYk; gq;F nfhs;shky; 31
ehl;fs; jLj;J itf;fg;gLths;. nts;isr; rPiy cLj;J Mguzhjpfs;
vJTk; mzpahky; mg; n gz; xJq; f p ,Uf; f Ntz; L k; . mts;
gq;Fnfhs;fpd;w ve;jr;Rg fhupaKk; rpwg;ghf mikakhl;lh vd;w ek;gpf;if
cs;sJ. ,w;iw tiu mNeftpjitfs; ,ijf;filg;gpbj;J xOFtij
ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
FbGFjy;
Gjpa tPlL
; f;F FbGFKd;> me;j ehspd; Kd;dputpy; tPlb
; d; cs;siwapy;
gRkhnlhd;iwf; fl;b itg;gH. fhiyapy; khl;bDila fopTfisAk;
khl;ilAk; ntspNa vLj;jjd; gpd;G> nghq;fp - tPL Fb GFtH.
mk;khs; (mk;ik) Neha;

mk;khs; ‘Nfhtpid’ nfhz;ljhy; mk;khs; Neha; te;J tpl;lJ vd;W
mr;rg;gLtH. kpfTk; fhj;jpukhf Nehahspiaj; J}a;ikahd nts;isj;
Jzpapy; gLf;f itj;J> gj;jpuj;ij (Ntg;gpiyia) miuj;J cly;
KOf;fg; G+RtH. kuf;fwp czitAk;> ghYk; goj;ijAk; cz;zf;
nfhLg;gH. gj;jpu ,iyapid tPlb
; d; thrypYk;> epiyapYk;> njhq;ftpLtH.
gj;jpuj;ij miuj;J> xU ghf;fsT cUz;ilahf;fp> tpOq;fr; nra;tH.
Neha; jPHe;j gpd; mk;khSf;Fg; gilg;gH.
K];ypk;fspd; ek;gpf;if
K];ypk;fs; jkpoHfSld; neUf;fkhd cwitf; nfhz;bUe;jjdhy;>
jkpoHfSila ek;gpf;iffSs; mjpfkhdit> K];ypk;fSila tho;tpy;
,uz;lwf;fye;J tpl;ld. jw;NghJ> gbj;jtHfs; ngUfpajhYk; ,];yhj;jpd;
nfhs; i ffisg; gw; w pj; n jspthd mwpT cz; l hdjhYk; > ,e; j
tsk; - 2010
ek;gpf;iffspy; mjpfkhdit ehSf;F ehs; tpLgl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
,Ue;Jk;> Kw;whf ePqF
; tjw;F ePzl
; fhyk; vLf;fyhk;. clypYk; capupYk;
Cwpa ek;gpf;ifs; ,yFtpy; tpl;Lg;NghFkh vd;d? MfNt> ,w;iwtiu
epytp te;j ek;gpf;iffis <z;L Fwpg;gpLfpNwd;:
tWikiaAk; kwjpiaAk; nfhz;LtUk; ek;gpf;iffs;

01. epHthzkhf epj;jpiu nra;tJ.
02. mjpfkhf cwq;FtJ.
03. ntq;fhak;> G+z;L Mfpatw;wpd; Njhiy neUg;gpy; Nghl;Lf;fupg;gJ.
04. ngha; nrhy;tJ.
05. Gwh tsHj;J mjDld; tpisahLtJ.
06. fl;Lz;l fpilj;jz;zPupYk;> rhk;gypYk; rpWePH fopg;gJ.
07. tpgrhuk; nra;tJ.
08. jdJ kidtpaplk; mjpfkhf clYwT nfhs;tJ.
09. kyryk; fopj;j gpd;> Jg;GuT nra;ahky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ cz;gJ;
Fbg;gJ; cwq;FtJ.
10. kyryk; fopf;fr; nry;Yk; NghJ tyJ fhiy Kd;itg;gJ.
11. ,lJ ifahy; rhg;gpLtJ@ Fbg;gJ.
12. ,utpy; tPL ngUf;FtJ.
13. cLj;jpUf;Fk; cilapdhy; tPl;ilg; ngUf;FtJ.
14. tPl;by;; Fg;ig $oq;fisg; Nghl;L itg;gJ.
15. fpope;j Milfis mzpe;J nfhz;Nl ijg;gJ.
16. %l;il> Ngd; Mfpatw;iw nfhy;yhkhy; tpLtJ.
17. czit gpwUf;Ff; nfhLf;fhky; fQ;rj;jdk; gz;ZtJ.
18. kyry $lq;fspy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L> gy;Jyf;FtJ> rhg;gpLtJ.
19. xbe;j rPgg; pdhy; jiy rPTtJ.
20. rpye;jp E}yhk;gil> J}R Mfpatw;iwr; Rj;jk; nra;ahky; tPlb ; y;
tpl;L itg;gJ.
21. thrw;gbapy; cl;fhHe;jpUg;gJ.
22. efq;fisg; gw;fshy; fbg;gJ.
23. ghiyAk;> kPidAk; xd;whfr; NrHj;Jr; rhg;gpLtJ.
24. jfg;gd; MrpupaHfSf;F kj;jpapy; ele;J nry;tJ.
25. gpwUila J}upifapdhy; gy;Jyf;FtJ.
26. ,uz;L ngz;fSf;fpilNa ele;J nry;tJ. KjypadthFk;.
tsk; - 2010
fhfk; fiujYk; mb msj;jYk;
K];ypk;fspilNa muprpf;fhfk;> mz;lq;fhfk; vd;w Ntw;Wikapy;iy.
VjhtJ xU fhfk; tPlL
; f;F Kd;Ds;s kuj;jpNyh NtypapNyh epd;W
njhluhff; fiue;jhy;> mb mse;J gyd; ghHg;ghHfs;. fhfk; fiuAk;
Neuk;> jdJ epoiy jdJ fhybahy; mse;J fzf;fpLtH. 10f;F Nky;
11> 12 mbfs; ,Ue;jhy; 01> 02 vdTk; 1/2 f;Ff; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy;
mijf;fopj;Jk; 3/4 mb ,Ue;jhy; mij XH mbnadf; nfhz;L fzf;fpl;L
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sthW gyd; ghHg;gH.
\\Xub fhZkhfpy; - cd;dpa nfLjp nrhy;Yk;:

<ub fhZkhfpy; - vz;zpaJ rpj;jpahFk;:
%d;wb fhZkhfpy; - KO khdpliuf; fhz;gha;:
ehyb fhZkhfpy; - ey;yNjhH fUkk; fhZk;:
Ie;jb fhZkhfpy; - gQ;rKk; gpzpAk; ePqF
; k;:
Mwb fhZkhfpy; - mWjpaha;r; rhT nrhy;Yk;:
Vob fhZkhfpy; - vz;zpa rpj;jpahFk;:
vl;lb fhZkhfpy; - jpl;lkha; kuzk; tUk:;
xd;gjb fhZkhfpy; - Copfhy ed;ikAz;lhk;:
gj;jb fhZkhfpy; - guNjrk; NghthdhNk||.
,/J ,t; t hW ,Uf; f > fhfk; fiuAk; xypf; Fwpg; i g itj; J@

gjw;wkpy;yhky; fiue;jhy;> ahNuh tpUe;Jf;F tug;NghfpwhH@ my;yJ
ntspA+H nrd;wtH tPlL
; f;F tug;NghfpwhH vd;Wk;> gjw;wj;Jld; fiue;jhy;@
VjhtJ XH mdHj;jk; elf;fg;NghfpwJ vd;Wk; ek;GthHfs;.
tPl;L Kw;wj;jpy; ,uz;L fhfq;fs; rz;ilnra;jhy;> NfL #o;e;J

tplg;NghfpwNjh vd mr;rKw;W - fhfq;fis tpul;b tpl;L - rz;il
ele;j ,lj;jpy; ePiu thHj;J> Jk;Gj;jbahy; Kk;KiwntOg;gH.
rFdk; ghHj;jy;
xU gazk; Gwg;gLk; NghJ fhy; ,lWjy;> jiyapy; epiy jl;Ljy;>
gpd;dhy; ,Ue;J xUtH mioj;jy;> tz;zhd; ntSj;j \khuhg;Gld;|
tsk; - 2010
vjpHg;gLjy; - G+id FWf;fWj;jy; - eha; CisapLjy; - nkhl;ilj;
jiyad;> tpjit> Kf;fhL ,y;yhj ngz;> mq;ftPdHfs;> mofw;w
KfKilNahH> tpwf;Ff;fhud; MfpNahH vjpupNy tUjy; $lh@ ,it
mgrFdk;@ mg;gb te;jhy;> gazj;ijj; njhluhky; jpUk;gp te;J Mw-
mku ,Ue;J kPzL
; k; Gwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xUtH cz;Zk; NghJ gazk;
Gwg;glf;$lhJ vd;Wk; ek;GtH.
Mgj;J nuhl;b
jdJ FLk;g cWg;gpdH xUtH vjpHghuhj Mgj;jpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf;
nfhz; l hy; > mtiug; g P b j; j pUf; f pw ‘fpwfk; ’ (fpu`k;) eP q ; F tjw; F
Fwpj;jtUila jiyg;gUkd; msTf;F gpire;j kh cUz;ilia vLj;J>
07 nuhl;bfs; Rl;L> ViofSf;Nfh ,ayhjhUf;Nfh nfhLj;jhy; fpu`k;
ePqf
; p tpLk; vd;W ek;GtH.
epa;aj;Jg; Gf;if
epa;aj;J - NeHr;ir> Gf;if - GOf;fy; (epa;aj;J XH muGr;nrhy;)
jdJ NeHj;jpf;flidj; jPHg;gjw;Fj; Njq;fha;gg
; hy;> gRg;ghy;> vUikg;ghy;
,tw;Ws; VjhtJ xd;Wld; nts;suprpiar; NrHj;J - mtpj;J mjd;gpd;
ed;whf jpj;jpf;FkhW rPdp NrHj;J - Mf;FtJ> \epa;aj;Jg; Gf;if| vd;gH.
Mf;fpa Gf;ifia jkJ cwtpdHfSf;Fk; maytHfSf;Fk; nfhLj;J
NeHr;iriaj; jPHg;gH.
Ff;fy;
tPl;bYs;s gps;isfSf;Ff; \Ff;fy; Neha;| Vw;gl;L tpl;lhy;> Gf;if
Mf;fp thio ,iyapy; itj;J Nehahspf;Fg; gilj;J> mtH rhg;gpl;ljd;
gpd; kpFjpia vLj;J ,utpy; ehyhQ;re;jpapy; itj;J tpl;L> mUfpYs;s
tPl;Lf;fhupia \\Nfh... Nfh... Nfh...|| vdf;$g;gpl> “mts; vd;d” vd;W
Nfl;lTld; “Ff;fy; ehr;rpkhH thwhq;f $g;gpl;nlL” vd;W $wptpl;L
jpUk;gpg;ghuhky; XbtuNtz;Lk;. ,Nj Ntis> ehr;rpkhH jdJ tPlL
; f;F
te;JtpLthHfNsh vd;w gaj;jhy; “vLb thUtf;fl;l” vd;W tPlL
; f;fhup
cuj;Jr; nrhy;ths;. ,t;thW nra;tjhy; Ff;fy; jPue
; J
; tpLk; vd;W
ek;GtH. (thUtf;fl;L - <Hf;Ff;fl;L)
tsk; - 2010
jha;khH (mk;khs;) ghHit nfhs;Sjy; (mk;ik - Neha;)
jha;khH ghHit nfhz;lhy; - mjhtJ mk;ik Neha; Vw;gl;lhy; -
gj;jpuk; (Ntg;gpiy) miuj;J Neha; fz;ltupd; cly; KOf;fg; G+RtH.
nfhOf;fl;il> Gf;if> gzpahuk; (gyfhuk;) vd;gtw;iwr; Rl;L> fly;
ehr;rpkhUf;F flypy; nfhl;bf;fopg;gJld; NehahspiaAk; Fspf;f itg;gH.
‘ghy;tok;’ - ghy;gok; - ghYk; goKk;

kuzpj;j rpwpa Foe;ijfspd; rhe;jpf;fhf> rpWgps;isfis tPl;Lf;F
mioj;Jg; ghYk;> thiog;goKk;> rPdpAk; NrHj;Jj; jahupj;j ghy; goj;ijg;
gUff; nfhLg;gH.
gy;ypAk; ghk;Gk;
xd;iwg;gw;wp ciuahbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ> gy;yp nrhy;yptpl;lhy;>
mJ cWjpahf elf;ff; $Lk; vd;W ek;GthHfs;. kl;Lkd;wp> gy;yp mbj;jhy;
10 ed;ik vd;w gonkhopAk; ,tHfsplj;jpy; cz;L. ey;y ghk;G>
rhiug;ghk;G Nghd;wtw;iwf; fz;lhy;. mg;ghk;ig ghHj;J> “eP [pd; Mf
,Ue;jhy; ([pd; vd;gJ kdpjidg; Nghd;w xU gilg;G> Ntz;ba
cUtq;fisg; ngwf;$ba m&gkhd gilg;G) ,t;tplj;ij tpl;Lg;
Ngha;tpL;;; Nghfh tpl;lhy; cd;idf; nfhd;W tpLNtd;” vd;W $wpaJk;
mg;ghk;G nrd;W tpl;lhy;: mij tpl;L tplNtz;Lk;. my;yh tpl;lhy;
ve;jg;ghk;ghapDk; mbj;jf; nfhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
‘/ghy;ghHj;jy;’
/ghy; vd;gJ XH muGr; nrhy;; ey;y thHj;ij vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. /
ghy; ghHg;gJ xU fiy. ,f;fiyapy; Nrhjplk;> ,uhrp> vz;rhj;jpuk;
Mfpa fiyfs; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd. vz; rhj;jpuj;ij ‘mg;[j;J’ fzf;F
vd;W mugpapy; $WtH. Mq;fpy vOj;JfSf;F vz;fs; cs;sJ Nghy>
muG vOj;JfSf;Fk; vz;fs; cs;sd. ,U nkhop vOj;Jf;fs; Fwpf;Fk;
vz;fspilNa ngupJk; xw;WikAz;L. Neha;> tWik> njhopy;> tho;fi
; f>
gpuahzk;> Kaw;rp Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d tplaq;fspy;> eyT - NfL
vd;gtw;iw ‘/ghy;’ %yk; ghHj;jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jpy; gapw;wg;gl;ltHfs;
CHNjhWk; cs;sdH.
tsk; - 2010
‘J M f ; f l ; L j y ; ’( m ] ; k h f ; f l ; L j y ; > ml;ruk;fl;Ljy;>
jhaj;Jf;fl;Ljy;)
gPilfspypUe;J ePq;f ‘JMf;’ fl;LthHfs;. ,e;ek;gpf;if> kw;w ,U ,d
kf;fsplKk; cz;L.
kuzk;
xU K];ypk; kuzpj;j 03Mk;> 07Mk;> 20Mk;> 40Mk; ehs;fspYk;> xU
tUlj;jhYk; mtH Mj;kh rhe;jpaila mtH ngauhy; fj;jk; (gpuhHj;jid)
nra;J cwtpdHfSf;Fk; kw;wtHfSf;Fk; tpUe;J gilg;gH.
jkpoHfSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s nghJthd

ek;gpf;iffs;.
tPL fl;Ljy;>
\th];jJ
; rh];jpuk;| ghHj;J tPL fl;Ltjw;F vy;N
; yhuhYk; Kbahtpl;lhYk;>
FUf;fisf; nfhz;Nlh my;yJ CupYs;s ngupahHfisf; nfhz;Nlh
XusT rh];jpu Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp> ‘epynkLj;J’ xU Gjpa tPli
; lf;fl;lj;
njhlq;FtH. ,jw;F “epyk; vLj;jy;” vd;W miog;gH. epyk; vLj;jjd;
gpd;G> mj;jpghuk; ntl;b mijf;fl;lj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ> tPlb
; d; epyj;jpd;
kj;jpapy; xU rpW Fop ntl;b> mf;Fopf;Fs; jq;f Mguzk; my;yJ
Mguzj;Jz;Lfs;> etjhdpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw itj;J> %btpl;ljd; gpd;G
mj;jpthuj;jijf; fl;LtH. ,g;gbr; nra;tjhy; mt;tL
P fl;lj; njhlq;Fk;
ehspypUe;J> mt;tPl;bYs;NshUk; - tPLk; - nry;tr; nropg;Gld; tho;tH
vd;Wk; tPL tpiuthf KbtilAk; vd;Wk; ek;GtH.
‘fz;Z}W’ gLjy; (fz;NzW> fz;jpU\;b)

fz;Z}W gLtij ehk; vy;NyhUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. ,jw;fhd
gupfhuk; gy cs. mitahtd:
1. fhyb kz;Z
; k; fha;ej
; kpsfhAk;
fz;Z}W gl;ltupd; fhybkz;iz xU rpwq;ifasT vLj;jy;.
mj;Jld;> 03 nrj;jy; kpsfhiaAk; tPlL
; f;$iuapNyh NtypapNyh
cs;s ,w;Wg;Nghd Xiyj;Jz;LfisAk; <Hf;Fj;Jz;LfisAk; ifapy;
tsk; - 2010
vLj;J> ifiag; nghj;jpf; nfhz;L fz;Z}W gl;ltupd; jiyia 03
Kiw ifahy; Rw;Wjy;. gpd; jiyapypUe;J mbtiu ty,lkhf
jltpagpd;> neUg;gpy; Nghl;Lg; nghRf;Fjy;. kpsfha; nghrpAk; NghJ>
Rw;wp ,Ug;gtHfSf;F GiuNawhtpl;lhy;> \fz;Z}W gl;bUf;fpwJ|
vd;gJ nghUs;.
2. kOf;fha;rR
; jy; (kO - vup ,Uk;G)
,Uk;ghyhd fk;gpj;Jz;L my;yJ fj;jp my;yJ VjhtJ ,Uk;Gg;
nghUnshd;iw vLj;J> vupfpw mLg;gpy; itj;J kOf;f (neUg;G
joy; Nghy;) fha;r;r Ntz;Lk;. fha;r;rpa ,Uk;ig xU ntWk;
kz;rl;bapy; itj;J> fz;Z}W gl;ltupd; Kfj;jpd; mUNf nfhz;L
nrd;W fha;r;rpa ,Uk;gpy; jz;zPiu Cw;w> mjpypUe;J gpwf;Fk;
Mtp mtUila Kfj;jpw; gbAkhW gpbj;jy;. gpd; mj;jz;zuP py; 03
kplH gUff; nfhLj;J vQ;rpa jz;zuP hy; rHthq;fq;fisAk; fOTjy;.
3. Xjpg;ghHj;jy; - Cjpg;ghHj;jy;
fz;Z}w;Wf;F Xjpg;ghHg;gtuplk; jz;z
; HP Xjp> Nehahspf;Ff; nfhLj;jy;.
Vehs; (VHehs;)
tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLfpd;w xU tptrhap> taiy cOtjw;F Kd;G
ey;ynjhU jpdj;jpy; taYf;Fr; nrd;W> RgNtisapy; tay; epyj;jpd;
kz;iz ntl;b> %d;WKiw tuk;Gf;Fr; rhHj;Jjy; ‘Vehs;’ vd;gH.
#L kpjpj;jy;
#l;Lf; fsntl;bapy; (fsj;J NkL) #L kpjpf;fj; njhlq;fpaTld; mq;Fs;s
nghUl;fis ,aw;ngaH nfhz;L miof;fkhl;lhHfs;. FOcf;Fwpahy;
NtW ngaHfisf; nfhz;L miog;gH. fhuzk;> fsj;J Nkl;ilr;
Rw;wpapUf;Fk; Nga; gprhRfSf;Fg; nghUl;fspd; ,aw;ngaHjhd; njupAk;
vd;Wk;> mg;ngaHfshy; mg;nghUl;fis mioj;jhy;> grhRfs; #L
kpjpf;fg;NghfpwhHfs; vd;W njupe;J - fsj;J Nkl;Lf;F te;J - ney;iy
ms;spr; nrd;W tpLk; vd;gjdhy;> Gupahj NtW ngaHfshy; miof;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ek;gpf;if. cjhuzj;jpw;fhfr; rpy ngaHfs; fPNo
jug;gLfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
,aw;ngaH F*cf;Fwp
01 Fuq;F - kuf;Fe;jp
02 fwp - nfhoQ;rhd;
03 kz;ntl;b - ntl;Lthad;
04 rpWthy; - xl;b
05 itf;Nfhw; Gup - nghypf;nfhb
06 itf;Nfhy; - gpupQ;rhd;
07 fapW - neLKotd;
08 Njq;fha; - ntz;Nrhld;
09 rhf;F - xl;Lthad;
10 #L kpjpf;Fk; khL - thupf;fhyd;
11 khl;Lr;rhzk; - Nfhy;
12 new; Ftpay; - nghyp ,d;Dk; gythk;.
NkYk; rpyek;gpf;iffs;
q ,utpy; Kl;il> Crp> cg;G> fhR> Kjypatw;iw tPl;bypUe;J
gpwUf;F vLj;Jf; nfhLf;ff; $lhJ.
q ghia %iyapy; RUl;b epiyf;Fj;jhf itj;jy; $lhJ.
ngz;Zf;F tyf;fz; Jbj;jy;; MZf;F ,lf;fz; Jbj;jy;
ey;yjy;y.
q ,utpy; xU tPlb
; ypUe;J ,d;ndhU tPlL
; f;Ff; rikj;j fwp nfhz;L>
NghFk; NghJ %ba ghj;jpuj;jpd; Nky; xU fupj;Jz;il itj;jy;.
q jpwe;j ntspapy;> fk fkntd kzf;ff; $bathW jhspjk;
nra;tJk; MfhJ.
q jkpoHfspd; tUlg; gpwg;gd;Wk;> K];ypk;fspd; ngUehs; md;Wk;
iftpNrlk; (ifKOj;jk; - ifK$Hj;jk;) nra;jy;.
q XH Mz; ,utpy; czT cz;zhtpl;lhy;> xU ahidapd; gyk;
FiwAk;.
q Gjd;fpoik RgNtisapy; tpj;jpahuk;gQ; nra;jy;.
q cs; tPlL
; epiy> tlf;Nf ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ $lhJ.
q xU tPL fpof;ifg; ghHj;Jf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tsk; - 2010
q xU njU tPli
; l ClWj;Jr; nry;tJ Nghy; njUitj; ghHj;j
tz;zk; tPli ; lf;fl;bdhy; ‘njUtpy; Nfhbabf;Fk;’.
q rhg;gpLk; NghJ GiuNawpdhy;> neUf;fkhdtHfSs; ahNuh jk;ik
epidf;fpwhHfs; vd;w kdntz;zk;.
q tpsf;ifj; thahy; Cjp mizf;ff;$lhJ.
q tPl;Lf;F Kd;> ghy; tbfpd;w myup> fs;sp Nghd;w
kuq;fisAk;> J}q;fp tbfpd;w> mNrhf; kuq;fisAk;> gid>
kw;Wk; fhl;L kuq;fisAk; elf;$lhJ.
q jkpoHfs; fpof;Fg; gf;fKk;> K];ypk;fs; Nkw;Fg;gf;fKk;
jiyitj;J cwq;FtH.
rpq;fstHfspd; ek;gpf;if
q gpuahzk; Gwg;gLk; nghOJ> ntWk; Flk; Kd;Nd ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.
q Rw;wp ,Ug;gtHfSs;> nfl;ltHfs; vjpupy; tuf;$lhJ.
q fhiy Ntisapy; fha;ej
; kuj;jpy; fhfk; epd;W nfhz;L fiue;jhy;>
cwtpdHfSf;F kuzk; rk;gtpf;Fk;; nropj;j kuj;jpy; epd;W
fiue;jhy; tpUe;jpdHfs; tUthHfs;.
q khiy Neuj;jpy; Kw;wk; ngUf;ff; $lhJ.
q khiy Neuj;jpy; Gj;jH rpiyf;F tpsf;Nfw;wp topghL nra;tJ
ey;yJ.
q kzkf;fspd; Nfhj;jpuk; ([hjfk;) ghHj;J jpUkzk; nra;tH.
q tPlL
; f;F mj;jpghuk; NghLk; NghJ> ‘gfd;ngy’ vd;w rlq;if
elj;jp topghL nra;tH.
q tPL Fb NghFk; NghJ> jiyik gpf;F - NjuH - cl;gl 15
Gj;j gpf;FfSf;F
; md;djhdk; toq;fp FbGFjy;.
q ; f;F ‘fz;Z}W’ glhky; ,Ug;gjw;Fg; gaq;fu kdpj
Gjpa tPlL
cUtKila nghk;ikfis itj;jy;.
q kuz tPlb
; y; 07Mk; ehs; rhg;ghL> (kygj;j) rikj;J eha;>
G+idfSf;Ff; nfhLj;jy;.
q kuzpj;jtUf;F 07Mk; ehs;> 03Mk; khjk;> xUtUlk; fope;jTld;
‘kygj;j’ epfo;rr
; p elj;Jjy;.
q ,we;jtH xUtH jdJ nry;tj;ijg; ghJfhf;f> ghk;G cUtj;jpy;
tUthH vd;W ek;Gjy;.
tsk; - 2010
q eha; Cis ,l;lhy; kuzk; rk;gtpf;Fk;.
q khiy Neuj;jpy; cg;Gf; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ.
q jiyiaf; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; itj;J cwq;Fjy;.
q tUlg; gpwg;gpy; Kjd; Kjy; ‘fpzw;Wld; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;’
nra;jjd; gpd;Ng kw;wtHfsplj;jpy; iftpNrlk;> nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
nra;jy;.
mwpQHfNs! ,Jtiu fpof; F khfhzj; j py; thOk; jkpoHfSk; >

K]; y pk; f Sk; > rpq; f stHfSk; ,Jfhytiu ek; g pf; n fhz; b Ue; j
ek;gpf;iffis> vd;dhy; ,aYkhd tiu njhFj;J toq;fpAs;Nsd;.
,k;kl;NlhL ,y;yhky;> ,d;Dk; ,Jgw;wp Muha;rr
; p nra;Ak; NghJ>
epiwa ek;gpf;iffs; vkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. Mjyhy;> ,q;Fs;Nshuplk;
,k;Kaw;rpiaj; njhlHe;J Kd;ndLf;fkhW kpf;f md;Gld; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;tJld> ,Jtiu nghWikNahL nrtp jho;jj
; paikf;fhf cq;fs;
midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhHe;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;J mikfpNwd;.
(fpof;Fkhfhzf; fy;tp gz;ghl;lYty;fs; fhzp> fhzpmgptpUj;jp>

Nghf;Ftuj;J> mikr;rpd; gz;ghl;lYty;fs; jpizf;fsk;> 24.10.2009
Me; mf;fiug;gw;W m];-]pwh[; kfhtpj;jpahyaj;jpy; elhj;jpa jkpo;
,yf;fpag;ngUtpoh Ma;tuq;fpy; thrpf;fg;gl;l ,f; fl;Liu
ed;wpAld; Mf;fk; ngWfpwJ.)
\\E}yfKk;> nky;y - nky;y fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tsHe;J

Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwJ. mjhtJ> Kjypy;
NrHj;J itf;Fk; ,lkha; ,Ue;jJ@ gpwF> gb
vLf;Fk; ,lkhf khwpaJ. mLj;J> Nfl;gtUf;Ff;
nfhLf; F k; ,lkha; tsHe; j J@ mLj; J > gzp
epiyakha; caHe;jJ@ ,d;W> r%f ikakhfr;
rpwf;f Kd;Ndwp tUfpwJ. -
\,e;jpa E}yf ,af;fk;| (gf;fk; - 116)
tsk; - 2010
1930 fspd; gpd;dH> mf;fiug;gw;W jdpahH E}yf
Kaw;rpfspy;
%d;W jiyKiwfs;
- xU kPsN
; ehf;Ff;fhd Muk;g Fwpg;Gfs;-
Nf.vk;. e[{KjPd;
Xa;T epiy MrpupaH> mf;fiug;gw;W.
mwpKfk;:
\\XH MrpupaH> jdJ khztDf; F ve; j sTf; F g;
ghlE}y;fSf;F mg;ghy; gy E}y;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp
thrpf;fg; gof;FfpwhNuh> me;jsTf;F mk; khztdpd;
ghHit mwpT tprhykilfpwJ; $HikailfpwJ. Mdhy;>
,d;iwa elg;G mt;thwpy;iy; FLk;gk; - r%fk; -
murpay; - ,af;fk; vy;yhNk ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j tplaj;jpy;
mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjpy;;iy. fy;tp epiyaq;fs; vd;Nwh>
mjd; me;j];ij ,oe;J mk;kzkhf epd;W
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. MdhYk;> ,tw;iw vy;yhk; kPwp>
jdp egHfs; rpyupd; mf; f iwapdhYk; > thrpg; G
,d;gj;jpdhYk;> Mq;fhq;Nf gy Kaw;rpfs;> njhlHfpd;wd;
rpw;rpy nghwpfs; njwpf;fpd;wd. mg;nghwpapy; xd;Wjhd;
,J.||
(tuyhW> gz;ghL> kjrhu;gpd;ik - gjpg;Giuapy;
vk;.ghyh[p - gf;fk;: 05 rTj; tp~d; - etk;gH 1999)
vDk;> ,e;j ,e;jpa mDgtj;jpd; Ngwhf cs;s> ,g;nghwpfs;

ekJ ehl;Lf;Fk; - Fwpg;ghf ehk; thOk; r%f #oYf;Fk; nghUe;jpg;
Nghtjdhy;> mj;jifa xU gPbifNahL ,t; Ma;tpidj; njhlq;FtJ
NrkkhdJ vd;w czHTld; ,J vOjg;gLfpwJ. xU trjp fUjp - 1930
f;Fg; gpd;Ds;s fhyg;gFjpapy; mf;fiug;gw;wpy; epytpa r%f tho;epiy
rhHghf> ,q; F rpwpJ rpe; j pg; g J mtrpakhfpwJ. mf; f iug; g w; w py;
tsk; - 2010
khj;jpuky;yhJ> njd;fpof;fpd; rfyfpuhkq;fspYk; epytpa epykhdpa
Kiwapyhd r%f - tHf;f epiyikfs; ,q;F $He;J Nehf;fj;jf;fd.
epyKk; mJ rhH njhopy;fSk; Kjd;ik gLj;jg;gl;l epiyapy;> vy;yhr;
r%fj; j tHfs; cs; S k; tHf; f g; gpupT vd; g J mjid xl; b Na
mike;jpUe;jjidf; fhzyhk;. miuFiwf; fy;tpNahL $ba - Mdhy;
Ml;nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAs;s MSikAk; - epyTilikAk; NrHe;J> Mq;fpy
Ml;rpapd; KftHfshf ,Uf;Fk; jifikia mspj;jpUe;jpUe;jjdhy;
fpuhk kl;l mur epUthfpfs; gyH jj;jkJ epiyikfis tplTk; $ba
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l gjtpfNshL ,f;fpuhkq;fspy; cyhte;jdH.
Fwpg;ghf> epyTilikahsHfshf - epyr;Rthe;jHfshf ,y;yhjpUg;gpDk;

- Ml;rpf;Fg;gpbj;j mlf;fpahSk; NjhuizAs;stHfSk; mbkl;lf;
fpuhkj;jiyikg; gjtpfisj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. mf;fiug;gw;wpd;
epyTilikNa - fpuhk mjpfhuj;jpd; mr;rhzpahf - ,aq;fpay; nfhz;ljhf
,Ue;jpUg;gjdhy;> tHf;f Kuz;ghLfs; xU r%fj;Jf;Fs;NsNa 1956
tiuAk; $HikahfTk; - J}f;fyhfTk; ,Ue;Js;sd.
gpd;dH> 1960 fSf;Fg; gpwF ghlrhiyf; fy;tp NkYk; tpupTglTk;>

epyTilik jfHtjw;fhd Gjpa fhzp epyk; Fbkf;fspd; ghtidf;F
vdj; jpwe;Jtplg;glTk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ljdhy;> mf;fiug;gw;W fpuhk
r%fj;jpy;> kw;nwe;jj; njd;fpof;Ff; fpuhkq;fis tplTk; r%f tHf;f
Kuz;ghLfs; nky;y nky;y mbgl;Lg;NghapUg;gij -
nehUq;fpg;NghapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,d;W> ,e;j epiy Kw;whfNt
ePqf
; papUg;gjidr; r%f Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;NthH czHtH. ,j;jifag;
gifg; Gyj;jpy; 1960f;F gpd;Ds;s fhyq;fspy;> fy;tpAk; - fy;tprhH
Kaw; r pfSk; vt; t hW ,Ue; J s; s d vd; g ij Nehf; f Ntz; b a
Njitg;ghLfs; ,ay;ghfNt vOfpd;wd.
vdNt> fw;wYk; - fy;tpj;Njl;lKk; xU fpuhk rKjhaj;jpy; - mj;jid

mjpfhu Coy;> J~;gpuNahfk;> rPupa r%jha Nehf;fpd;ik Mfpad epiwe;j
xU fpuhkj;jpy; - vq;qdk; tPW nfhz;ld vd;gjd; mbg;gil ,q;F
Kf;fpa NgRnghUs;fshfp jdpj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; jdpahH E}yf Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa ve;j XH Ma;Tk;
,Jtiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. vq;qdkhapDk;> Nkw;Nghf;fhfNth
my; y J tptuzkhfNth $l vJtpj vj; j dKk; ,y; y hJs; s
,r;#o;epiyapy;> ,t;tpahrk; xU G+r;rpaj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;J vOfpwJ
vd;gijAk; Kjy; mbapy; njuptpj;J tpLtJ ey;yNj.
Kw;W KOtJkhd me;epauhl;rpapd; gpbapypUe;J tpyfhj epiyapy; -

nlhz%H rPHjpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH - mf;fiug;gw;W fpuhk epUthfk; 1935fspy;
VNjh xU tifapy;> kf;fspd; gq;F gw;Wjiy cs;sHP j;jpUe;jJ. ,jd;
gadhf> ,k;kf;fs; XusT fy;tpapd; mtrpak; Fwpj;Jk; czuj;
njhlq;fpdH. Mapd;> ,jid XH Muk;g tpopg;GzHT my;yJ XH
miutpopg;G epiy khj;jpuNk vdf; nfhs;syhk;.
1935 Kjy; 1948 tiuahd Ie;J Kf;fpa jtizfspy;> kf;fs; jiytHfshf

- mf;fpuhrdHfshf - g.K. Mjk;nyg;ig cilahu; (1935) f.K.
Qhdg;gpufhrk; jiyik Mrpupau;> kl;/mf;fiug;gw;W Nwh.f.kp. ghlrhiy
(1942) v];. khdhfg;Nghb (1943) V.vk;. Kj;JkPuhnyt;it (1945) vk;.
mfkJnyt;it Mypk; tl;ltpjhid (1948) MfpNahu; flikahw;wpdu;.
xU epykhdpa rKjhaj;jpd; mr;nrhl;lhd mry; gpujpepjpfshfNt ,tu;fs;
,Ue;Js;sdu;. 1935 fspy; ‘ghlrhiy jkpo;gg
; bg;G’ vd;gJ> fl;Lg;ghL
mw;wpUe;j epiyapYk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU tu;ff
; j;Jf;Fs;NsNa mJ ,Ue;jJ.
kf;fs; Cf;fKk; ehl;lKk; mw;wpUe;jdu;. ghlrhiy nrd;W fw;Nghu;
vz;zpf;if ,t;T+u; Fbrdg; guk;gYf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
,Ug; g pDk; > fw; F k; gps; i sfspd; vz; z pf; i f> ke; j fjpapyhtJ
mjpfupj;jjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk;> Kd;NdhbfspdJk; - %j;NjhupdJk;
topfhl;lNyahFk;. MapDk;> mJTk;$l mj;jid vspjhd Kaw;rpahf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> kj;u]h - ‘khu;ff
; f; fy;tpKiwik xU
fl;lhaf;fy;tp’ Nghy ,Ue;jJ. 1946 ,y; mf;fiug;gw;W Mq;fpy fdp~;l
ghlrhiy Muk;gpj;jfhyk; ,q;F Kf;fpakhfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Mq;fpynkhop
%ykhd fy;tpiaj; njhlu;tjw;fhd ve;jtpj tha;gG
; f;fSk; ,y;yhj
#o;epiyapy;> njhlu;fy;tpf;fhf 1950 fspy; kl;lf;fsg;G Mq;fpy
tsk; - 2010
ghlrhiyfis Nehf;fpr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy> ,q;fpUe;j khztu;fSf;F
Vw;gl;lJ. ,d;Wk;$l> mf;fhy khztu;fs; jhk; fw;w Mq;fpyj;ij ,d;Dk;
epidT $u;fpd;wdu;.
,j;jUzj;jpy;> 1950 Mk; Mz;L fhyfl;lj;jpy; - ghlrhiyapy; Rankhop

jkpo;gg
; bg;G jiof;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. trjpgilj;j Nghbkhu; - epyr;Rthe;ju;
- fpuhk tpjhid - cilahH Nghd;w kpfkpfr; rpWghd;ikapdNu> Mq;fpyf;
fy;tp ngwj; jk; gps;isfis kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk; nfhOk;Gf;Fk; mDg;gp
,Ue;jdu;.
,r;r%fr; #oypy;> “gy ,y;yhikfs;” kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;jikf;fhd

tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; gy cs;sd. ‘fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
,lk; ghlrhiyfs; khj;jpuNk’ vd;w ghuk;gupaf; fUj;Jepiy> Mo
Cd;wpapUe;j ,g;gUtj;jpy;> cau;tFg;gpy; fw;w ,isQu;fs; gyu;>
nghJg;gzpfspy; <LghL fhl;bdu;. ‘thrpfrhiyfis cUthf;FtNj
fhyj;jpd; Njit’ vd;gij czu;e;j mtu;fs;> jkJ Kjw;gzpahf
mjidNa jkJ Kjw; r%fg;gzpahf tupj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
Muk;gfhy E}yf tsu;rr

; pf; $Wfs;.
jw;fhy tof;fpy; \E}yfk;| vd;gJ> mf;fhy FwpaPl;bd; gb thrpfrhiy
vd;Nw toq;fg;glyhapw;W. ,t;tpjk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l thrpfrhiyfspy;>
E}y;fSk;> jpdrupfSk;> XupU ,e;jpa rQ;rpiffSNk epiwe;jpUf;ff;
fhzg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa gpd;Gy crhTjy;> mf;fiug;gw;wpy; jdpahu;
E}yf Kaw;rpfs; gw;wp mwpag; ngupJk; Jiznra;Ak;.
Kjyhk; jiyKiw -
tsu;rr
; papd; Kiwahd gupzhkk;
1.1 IDy;`{jh thrpfrhiyr; rq;fk;
1930Mk; Mz;L ,t;T+upd; rpy Gj;jp[Ptpfs; xd;WNrHe;J> \IDy; `{jh|
vd;Wk;> \ed;ndwp Cw;Wj;jlhfk;| vdTk; miof;fg;gl;l XH ,af;fj;ij
Muk;gpj;jdH. ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;jd:
1) thrpfrhiy cUthf;fk;.
2) fy;tp Nkk;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
tsk; - 2010
Kjypy;> thrpfrhiyr; rq;fkhf cUntLj;j ,r;rig> gytifahd -
fpilf;ff; $ba midj;Jg; Gj;jfq;fisAk; Nrfupj;J CH kf;fspy;
thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kide;jJ. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy;> kf;fis
thrpf;fj; J}z;Ltjd; %yNk mtHfsJ cyf mwpitAk;> rd;khHf;f
mwpitAk; tpUj;jp nra;a KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mr;rq;fj;jpw;F ,Ue;jJ.
gpd;tUNthH mjd; mq;fj;jtHfshtH.
01) kH`{k; vk;.Nf. ckHnyt;it tpjhid
(rl;lj;juzp vk;.A+. jh`h n]a;DjPd; mtHfsJ je;ij)
02) kH`{k; ckHnyt;it Mypk; K`k;kJ ]hyp`{
(mjpgH my;`h[; A+.vy;.vk;.kf;G+y; mtHfsJ khkd;)
03) kH`{k; `f;fk
P ; mypahH gupfhup mg;Jy; fhjpH
(gupfhupj; jk;gp - \]{/gp kf;fhd;|)
04) kH`{k; rpd;dfkJ nyt;it cilahH
05) kH`{k; rha;G nyt;it tl;l tpjhid- Mjk; nyt;it
06) kH`{k; kP.ny. K`k;kJ jk;gp (kPuhd; gupfhup)
,r;rigahdJ kPsTk;> 1930 Mk;; Mz;L gpd;diug;ghjpapy; - Gduikg;G

nra;ag;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL> Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;wtpjkhf nraw;ghLfSk;
khw;wkile;jd. mr;rq;fj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;NjhH tUkhW:
01) kH`{k; vk;.gp. rPdpK`k;kJ cilahH - jiytH.

(Xa;T ngw;w fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH my;`h[; v];.vk;.vk;. mg;Jy;
fG+H mtHfspd; je;ij)
02) kH`{k; vk;.Nf. ckHnyt;it tpjhid - cgjiytH
03) kH`{k; vk;.v];.vk; K];jgh cilahH - nrayhsH
(Kd;dhs; mf;fpuhrdH) (Kd;dhs; %d;whk; Fwpr;rp tpjhid
kH`{k; K`k;kJ ~uPg; mtHfsJ kfd;)
04) kH`{k; vk;.gp. K`k;kj;jk;gp - MrpupaH - cgnrayhsH
(mf;fiug;gw;W Njrpa ghlrhiy Kd;dhs; mjpgH - mjpgH
vk;.jh`h ghW}f; mtHfsJ je;ij)
05) kH`{k; vk;.K`k;kJ ,];khapy; Mypk; - jdhjpfhup
(kH`{k; vk;.I.V fkhy;jd
P ; mjpgH mtHfsJ je;ij)
tsk; - 2010
06) kH`{k; ig.K.K`k;kJ jk;gp tl;iltpjhid
(kH`{k; vk;.up. ]`Pj; m`kj;> ePHg;ghrdg; gpujpg; gzpg;ghsH
mtHfspd; je;ij)
07) kH`{k; vk;.I.vk;. K`papjPd; tpjhid (rf;fuj;jk;gp tpjhid)
(Kd;dhs; ehd;fhk; Fwpr;rp tpjhid K`k;kJ ,];khapy;
mtHfsJ kfd;)
08) kH`{k; V.Vk;. Kj;JkPuhnyg;ig (Kd;dhs; mf;fpuhrdH)
09) kH`{k; vk;.vk;.,g;whnyg;ig (fhopahH)
10) kH`{k; vk;.gp.vk;.,];khapy;
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;> nry;thf;F kpf;f gpuKfu;fshf ,Ue;j ,g;ngUkf;fs;>

nghJthf mf;fiug;gw;wpd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;Lf;F mjpf njhz;lhw;wpdu;
vdg; gyUk; tpje;J $Wtu;.
1.2 ,f;ghy; thrpfrhiy

mf;fiug;gw;wpy; gbj;j xU guk;giuapd; tuT fhuzkha;> 1950 ,y;
E}yfk; gw;wpa rpe;jid Kfpo;jj
; J. cau;fy;tp khztu;fsha;> ,Ue;j
xU FOtpdu;> \[pd;dh fofk;| vd;w xU rq;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;J mjd;
%yk; thrpfrhiy xd;iw mikj;jdu;.
gpd;du;> thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ijf; fpuhkk; KOikf;Fk; gutyhf;Fk; cau;

rpe;jidapd; nghUl;L> ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J> xU FOtpdu; -
mf;fiug;gw;W gpujhd tPjpapy;> \,f;ghy; thrpfrhiy| xd;iw epWtpdu;;
,jpw; nraw;gl;l Kf;fpa];ju;fs; tUkhW:
1) ehlwpe;j vOj;jhsu; - kH`{k; m.]. mg;J];]kJ - tpupTiuahsu;

2) kH`{k; gP.v];. kPuh - mjpgu;
3) kH`{k; vk;.V.v]; mfkJ mjpgu; - (nra;ajfkj; kh];lu;)
4) my;`h[; vk;.I. [{idjPd; - mjpgu;
5) my;`h[; it.vk;. [khy;jd
P ; mjpgu;
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l \,f;ghy; thrpfrhiy| FOtpdNu> 1954 ,y; lhf;lu;
V.vy;.vk;. ,];khapy; ([cgu; nlhf;lu;) mtu;fsJ jiyikapy;> it.vk;.vk;.V.
tsk; - 2010
,af;fj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;. ,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; %yk;> mf;fiug;gw;W
gyNehf;ff; $l;LwTr; rq;f rkhr tstpy; (mapdpau; tPjp - CWE tPjp)
epWtg;gl;l thrpfrhiy> kH`{k; mwpQu; V.vk;.V m]P]; mtu;fshy;
jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ.
1.3 [pd;dh thrpfrhiy

kw;iwaf; FOtpdu;> 1954 ,y;> mf;fiug;gw;W 4 Mk; Fwpr;rpapy; cs;s
\jhWy; gwf;fj;| (kH`{k; rPdpKfk;kJ cilahu; mtu;fsJ ,y;yk;)
vd;w ,y;yj;jpy; \[pd;dh thrpfrhiyia| mikj;jdu;. ,t;tikg;gpy;
gq;fhw;wpAs;Nshu; tpguk; tUkhW mikAk;:
1) kH`{k; v];.vk;.vk;. A+Rg;nyg;ig> Mrpupau;

(yj;jg
P ; kh];lu; - Mjk;]; mr;rfk;)
2) [dhg; v];.vk;.vk;. Mjk;nyg;ig - fhzp mjpfhup
3) kH`{k; A+.vy;.vk;. `h~pk; - clw;fy;tp Mrpupau; (PTI)
gpd;du;> 1955 ,y; mf;fiug;gw;W [{k;M ngupa gs;spthry; tstpw;Fs;

kH`{k; V. mg;Jy; m]P]; Mrpupau; mtu;fsJ jiyikapd; fPo>; ,f;ghy;
thrpfrhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,t;thrpfrhiyfs; midj;JNk> mq;fj;jtu;fspd; re;jhg; gzj;jpYk;>

gpuKfu; f spd; epjpAjtpapYNk ,aq; f pd vd; g Jk; > mt; t g; N ghJ
epjpg;gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;Ntis> ,tw;wpd; ,af;fKk; kq;fp kiwe;J
Nghapd vd;gJk;> fope;jfhy tuyhW $Wk; cz;ikfs; Mfpd;wd.
Rje;jpu ghfp];jhdpd; Njrgpjhthd> fhapNj M]k; K`k;kjyp [pd;dh

mtu;fSk; jkJ ghly;fshYk; fUj;Jf;fshYk; Rje;jpu Ntl;ifiaf;
; jor; nra;j ftpQu; my;yhkh ,f;ghy; mtu;fSk;> K];ypk; cyfpy;
fpsu;en
mjpfk; Ngrg;gl;ldu;. [pd;dh - ,f;ghy; vd;w ehkq;fs; [duQ;rfkhff;
fpahjp ngw;wpUe;jjdhNyNa thrpfrhiyfSk;> fofq;fSk; ,tu;fisf;
nfsutpf;Fk; ghq;fpy;> ,tu;fsJ ngau;fisr; #bapUe;jd. kH`{k;
mwpQu; V.vk;.V m]P]; mtu;fs; my;yhkh ,f;ghy; mtu;fsJ ftpjh
tsk; - 2010
Nkd; i kiaf; fy; t p cyFf; F ntspfhl; b ,Ue; j ikAk; ,q; F
Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
1.4 jdpegu; E}yfq;fs;

1955 f;Fk; 1960 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;> fy;tpapy; ehl;lq;nfhz;L
fy;tpiaj; NjLNthu; vz;zpf;if ngUfpapUe;jJ. ,iltpyfy; ,y;yhJ>
fy;tpiaj; njhlu;Nthu; vz;zpf;ifAk; Nky;tFg;Gfspy; epiwe;jpUe;jJ.
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; ,Ue;j %d;W cau; ghlrhiyfSk;> fy;tpg; gzpapy;
jPtpu Cf;fk; fhl;bapUe;jik xU ey;y rFdNkahFk;. ,e;epiyapypUe;j
,g;ghlrhiyapy;> jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;j MrpupaHfspd; J}z;l
; y; Ngw;wpdhy;>
,yf;fpa Mu;tKk;> thrpg;gjpy; jhfKk; nfhz;l khztu; $l;l
; k;> Jg;gwpAk;
fijfs; Kjy;> fy;fp> rhz;by;ad;> n[frpw;gpad;> eh. ghu;j;jrhujp
n[afhe;jd;> fhz;Nlfu;> ruj;re;jpuu;> gq;fpk;re;jpuu;> jh$u;> khu;f]
; pk;
Nfhu;f;fp> ypNah Nlhy;];Nlha;> mg;Ju; w`Pk; kw;Wk; lhf;lu; K.t
Nghd;Nwhupd; Mf;fq;fisj; Njbj; JUtpf; fw;f Muk;lgpj;jJ ,jdhy;>
khztu;fs; jj;jkJ nkhop MSifia NkYk; tsg;gLj;jp ,Ue;jJk;
,q;F Fwpf;fj;jf;fJ.
jk;kplk; fw;w khztu;fis thrpg;Gj; Jiwapy; Cf;fg;gLj;jp> ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

ghy; <LgLj;jpa gy;JiwrhHe;j Mrpupau; ku;`{k; mjpgu; V. Mjk;nyg;ig
mtu;fis ,q;F epidtpy; ,Uj;JtJ nghUj;jNkahFk;. ,yf;fpa
<Lghl;NlhL cau; kdpj tpOkpaq;fis E}y; thrpg;gpd; Clhf>
ngw;Wj;jUk; Kaw;rpapy; md;dhu; <Lgl;bUe;jjid> mtuJ khztu;fs;
midtUNk ,d;Wtiu jj;jk; epidtpw; gjpj;Js;sdu;; jtpuTk;> mtuJ
,yf;fpa - ,yf;fzg; Gyik fhuzkhf ,d;wsTk; \gz;bju; K];jgh
kh];lu;| vd;Nw ngUikAld; mioj;J kfpo;fpd;wdu;.
kl; L kd; w p> ,tu; - RCM ghlrhiyapy; cjtpahrpupauhf> ,Ue; j

fhyg;gFjpapy; Xu; cd;djkhd ghlrhiy E}yfk;> gy;njhif vz;zpf;if
nfhz;l E}y;fNshL mikag; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mtH nfhz;bUe;j E}yf
<LghL> ,e;E}yfk; nropj;J tsu cjtpaJ vd;gJk; ,q;F <z;L
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,j;jUzq;fspy;> khztu;fshf ,Ue;jtu;fNs gy ,e;jpa
tsk; - 2010
rQ;rpiffisAk; E}y;fisAk; thq;fpr; Nrkpj;Jr;> rf khztu;fSf;Fk;
,isa khztu;fSf;Fk; je;J cjtpapUe;jdu;. ,e;jg; gzpapy; gq;fhw;wpa
[dhg;. vk;.v];. mGy;`]d;> JP mjpgu; (SLEAS) kH`{k; vk;.vk;.V.
nkh`pjPd; - Mrpupau; Mfpa Kd;Ndhbfs; ,UtiuAk;> mf;fhy
rfghbfs; ,d;wsTk; epidtpw; gjpj;J kdq;frpfpd;wdu;. kl;Lkd;wp>
,tu;fsJ fw;gpj;jw; gzp> mf;fiug;gw;Wg; ghlrhiyfspy; tputpapUe;j
fhyk;> ,tu;fsJ jkpo;nkhoprhu; mupa GyikAk;> fw;gpj;jy; KiwikAk;
tpQ;rp epd;w epiy Fwpj;J> ,tu;fsJ khztu;fs; ,d;wsTk; tpje;J
$Wfpd;wdu;. ,J ngWjw;fupa xU NgW vdj; Jzpayhk;. ,j;jifa>
mtu;fsJ fy;tprhu; cjtp xj;jhirfspd; Ngwhf> mtu;fsJ ngWkjp
kpf;f gy E}y;fis mtu;fs; ,oe;J NghdJk;> NtW Jaukhd rq;fjpfs;
Mfpd;wd.
,uz;lhk; jiyKiw
2.1 khztu; thrpfrhiy vDk; xU nghw;fhyk;
\khztu; thrpfrhiy| fhyk; vd;gJ> mf;fiug;gw;W fy;tp tuyhw;wpy;
xU \nghw;fhyk;| vd vOj;jhsu; ku;`{k; m.]. mg;J]; ]kJ mtu;fs;
$Wthu;.
,g;Ngupaf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd;tUk; nfhs;iffs; nfhz;l J}ug; ghu;it ,Ue;jJ.

i) r%fg;gzpAk; - fy;tpg;gzpAk; - rkhe;jukhf tsuj; njhz;lhw;wy;;
rfy tsq;fSk; epiwe;j nghJ E}yfk; xd;iwj; jhgpj;jy;.
ii) cau; fy;tp Nehf;fpr; nry;Nthiu> Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; Kiwahd ghuk;gup
-aj;ijj; njhlu;jy;.
iii) r%fg; ghu;itf;Fj; jk;ik mu;gg
; zpf;Fk; tifapyhd kNdhghtk;
nfhz;l ,isQu;fis xd;WNru;j;J topfhl;ly;.
iv) ghlrhiyapypUe;J ,iltpyfpNahUf;Fk; - fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpa
epiyapy; cs;NshUf;Fk; - \gupfhuf; fw;gpj;jy;| xOq;Ffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;> khj;jis kw;Wk; nfhOk;G Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; jj;jkJ
cau;fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j ez;gu;fSk;> cs;@upy; ,Ue;Js;s
tsk; - 2010
ez;gu;fSk; xU FOthf ,aq;fp> 1960 ,y; mf;fiug;gw;W gpujhd
tPjpapy; cs;s [dhg; vk;.v];. mGy;`]d; mjpgu; (mGy; kh];lu;)
mtu; f sJ tP l ; b d; gpujhd tP j pNahu Kd; d iwapy; > khztu;
thrpfrhiyia ];jhgpj;jdu;.
Muk;gj;jpy;> mq;fj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwg;gl;l khjhe;jr; re;jh> kw;Wk;

md;gspg;Gfspd; %ykhf> jpdhe;jg; gj;jpupiffs; - ,e;jpa rQ;rpiffs; -
Mf;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; vd;gd nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;L> thrfu;fs;
ghtidf; F tplg; g l; l d. vdpDk; > epjp epiyik NghJkhdjhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy; tay; mWtil fhyq;fspy; nfhbjpdq;fs; elhj;jg;gl;L
epjp Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mq;fj;jtu;fs; midtUk;> nfhz;l nfhs;ifiaj;
jsutplhJ> rhjid nra;Ak; jhfj;NjhL> cz;bay; Ve;jp> tPL tPlhfr;
nrd;W epjp Nru;jJ
; j; jkJ ,yl;rpaj;jpw;F capUk;> cuKk; Cl;bdu;.
1961 Mk; Mz;by;> mf;fiug;gw;W kfdhd mkuu; up. tpRthrk; mjpgu;

mtu;fs; (,ypfpju; jpU. up. cUj;jpud; mtu;fspd; %j;j rNfhjud;)>
\rkhjhd eP j thd; | - JP gl; l k; - jupj; j ikiag; ghuhl; L Kfkhf>
mf;fiug;gw;W kf;fs; UPM fl;ll Kd;wpypy; nghJitgtk; xd;wpid
elhj;jpdu;. ,t;itgtj;jpy;> rl;lj;juzpahfg; gl;lk;ngw;w [dhg; vk;.A+.
jh`h n]a;DjPd; mtu;fSk; ghuhl;bf; nfhsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mkuu; up.
tpRthrk; mjpgu; mtu;fs;> gpd;du; - mf;fiug;gw;W khztu; thrpfrhiyf;F>
mnkupf;f jfty; epiyaj;jpd; Clhf 42 Gj;jfq;fs; mlq;fpa xU
E}w;nwhFjpia md;gspg;Gr; nra;jNjhL> fhZe;NjhWk; E}yfj;jpd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fupa MNyhridfisAk;> mwpTiufisAk; toq;fpapUe;jhu;.
mtuJ cw;rhfj;NjhL $ba Cf;fg;ghL> khztu; thrpfrhiyapdupd;
neQ;rpy; ,d;wsTk; Mokha;g; gjpe;Js;sJ.
,jd; mLj;j fl;lj;jpy; khztu; thrpfrhiy \n]apd; gpy;bq;];|

Nkd;khbf;F efu;e;jJ. mjd; gpd;du;> NghJkhd ,ltrjp ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jhy; - ,ltrjp Ntz;b - mf;fiug;gw;W gpujhd re;jpapYs;s
cJkhd; Fl;bg; NghbahH - %j;j NghbahH - UPM fl;llj;jpd; Nkd;khb
miwf; F thrpfrhiy khw; w g; g l; L > E}yf Nrit njhlu; e ; J k;
tsk; - 2010
thrfu;fSf;Fg; gadspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jug;gl;lJ. mjd;gpwF> lhf;lu;
V.vy;.vk;. ,];khapy; ([cgu; nlhf;lu;) mtu;fsJ gpujhd tPjpf; filapd;>
njUg;gf;f miwapy; Fbnfhz;lJ. ,q;F nghJthrpg;Gg; gFjp> ,utw;
gFjp> crhj;Jizg; gFjp> Ma;Tg; gFjp vd E}yf gFg;ngz; tFjpg;gb>
epakkhd Kiwapy; E}yfk; tpupT ngw;wJ.
gy;fiyf;fofg; GFKfg; guPli

; rf;Fj; Njhw;Wk; khztu;fSf;F ,e;E}yfk;>
Ngjk; ghuhJ rfyUf;Fk; mUe;njhz;lhw;wp ,Ue;jij> ,d;Wtiu gyUk;
jkJ epidtpw; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,Wjpahf> E}yfk;> \n]apd; gpy;bq;]|;
fPoj
; j
; s miwf;F ,lk;khwp> mq;NfNa epue;jukhdJ. 22.03.1987 Me;
jpfjp ntspahd> mf;fiug;gw;W nghJrd E}yfj; jpwg;Gtpohr; rpwg;Gkyiu
ahg;gjpy;> Kd;dpd;W cioj;j ku;`{k; m.]. mg;J];]kJ mtu;fs;>
\khztu;thrpfrhiy| Njhw;Wtha;gw;wp> mjd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghl;lhsu;f-
splkpUe;J> vOj;J %ykhd jfty;fisg; ngw;wNghJ> mtu;fs; mspj;j
thf;F%yk; tUkhW mike;jpUe;jJ:
“mur cjtpNah - gpw epWtdq;fspd; JizNah

,d;wp - khztH thrpfrhiy ,aq;f KbahjpUe;jJ. ,f;fhy
fl;lj;jpy;> mf;fiug;gw;W nghJrd thrpfrhiyahfTk;>
khztH thrpfrhiyNa ,aq;fp te;jJ. gpujhd ghijapy;
khwp khwp ,aq;fp te;jjhy;> ,dNtWghbd;wp - K];ypk; -
jkpo; - rpq;fs thrfu;fs; gyUk;> ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp
te;jdu;. khztu; thrpfrhiy ,af;Fdu; gyu;> mur gjtpfs;
ngw;W ntspA+u;fspy; flikf;Fr; nrd;wjhy;> ,jidf;
nfhz;L elhj;JtJ rpukkhfg;gl;lJ. Mjyhy;> cs;@uhl;rp
epUthfj;jpd; fPo>; ,jidr; Nru;jJ
; tplg; ngupJk; Kad;wdu;.”
“E}y;fs; tPzhfhky;> gyUf;Fk; JizNghf Ntz;Lk;;

,jid xOq;FgLj;jgl;l Xu; mikg;gpd; fPo; tpLtjd; %yNk>
ghJfhf;f KbAk;” vd;w> cau;ej; ed;Ndhf;Fld; 1967 Mk;
Mz; L mg; N ghija cs; @ uhl; r p mikr; r pd; Jizia
ehbepd;wdu;.”
mjw;fika> mg;Nghija cs;@uhl;rp mikr;ru; jpUthsu; vk;. jpUr;nry;tk;
mtu;fsplk; ,e;E}yfk; ifaspf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;> mf;fiug;gw;W nghJE}y;
tsk; - 2010
epiyakhf - ,Ue;j ,lj;jpNyNa - mjid kPsTk; jpwe;J itj;jNjhL>
mf;fiug;gw;W kj;jpa fpuhkrigaplk; ifaspf;Fk; cjtpiaAk; nra;jhu;.
,j;jidf;Fk; kj;jpapy;> ntFfhykhfNt ekJ maw;fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;j
cs;@uhl;rp rigfshd fpuhk rig - efu rig - vd;gd jj;jkJ
epUthf - Ms;Gy vy;iyfspy; vNjh xU tifapy; - E}yfq;fis -
gbg; g fq; f is epWtpg; gupghypj; J k; te; J s; s jhdJ xd; W k;
,ufrpakhdjd; W . vJ vt; t hnwdpDk; > khztu; thrpfrhiyapd;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> epUthfpfs; mq;fj;jtu;fs; MfpNahu;> jk;ikr; rhwhfg;
gpope;Nj jkJ capuhfTk; - clyhfTk; - czu;thfTk; nfhz;L -
mjid tsu;jj
; pUe;jdu; vd;w nra;jpia tuyhW rjhTk; nrhy;Yk;.
mf;fiug;gw;W khztH thrpfrhiyapd; gpjhkfu; - jiytu; - fhg;ghsu;

kl;Lkd;wp> FOtpdu; midtUf;Fk; \QhdFUthf| tpsq;fpa Kd;dhs;
mjpgUk; - fy;tpahsUk; - nghj;Jtpy; Kjy;tUkhfpa my;`h[; vk;.I.
cJkhnyg;ig vDk; nrayhz;ik kpf;f MSik gw;wp> ,q;F rpyhfpg;gJ
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
07 tUl fhyk; ,g;gzpapy; vJtpj gprFkpy;yhky;> ,isQu;fs;

midtiuAk; mutizj;J - xOq;FgLj;jp - topfhl;b - mwpT+l;baNjhL>
r%fg;gzpf;Fk; fy;tpg;gzpf;Fk; mtu;fisj; jahu; nra;Jk; topelhj;jpdhu;.
,tuJ mbr;Rtl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpa FOtpdu;> vy;NyhUNk ,e;ehs; tiu
gy nghJr; N ritfNshL ,ize; J > mlf; f khfg; gzp nra; J k;
tUfpd;wdu;. md;dhuJ khztu; thrpfrhiyf; FOtpdu; vd;w tifapy;>
gpd;tUNthu; kpf Kf;fpakhdtu;fshff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;. mf;fiug;gw;wpd;
\fhyg;ngl;lfk;| ,tu;fis vd;Wk; epide;jpUf;Fk;:
my;`h[; vk;.I. cJkhnyg;ig - jiytu; - mjpgu;

nghj;Jtpy; Kjy;tu;
[dhg; vk;.v];. mGy;`]d; - cgjiytu; - mjpgu;
(SLEAS)
my;`h[; V.Mu;. gp~;u-; my;-`hgp - nghJr; nrayhsu; -
Mrpupau; - gzpg;ghsu;.
tsk; - 2010
[dhg; Nf.vk;. e[{KjPd; - epUthfr; nrayhsH
Mrpupau;
my;`h[; vk;.v];. mg;Jy;[g;ghu; nksytp BA, mjpgu;
(wh]pf; nksytp) - E}yfu;
my;`h[; vk;.v];. fhy;jd
P ; - nghwpapayhsu;
my;`h[; vk;.vk;. K`k;kj; `h~pk; - Mrpupau;
[dhg; V.vy;. mGj;jh`pu; - Kd;dhs; mf;fpuhrdu;
my;`h[; vk;.V. [cgu; - Mrpupau; (Nwhay; Gj;jf
rhiy)
nfsut mikr;ru; my;`h[; vk;.vr;. n~a;F ,];]jPd; - rl;lj;juzp
my;`h[; v];.vy;.V. Rf;$u; - Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
my;`h[; vk;.V.vk;. ,g;wh`pk; - Mrpupau;
ku;`{k; A+.vy;.vk;. ]hyp`; - jghyjpgu; (]hyp PM)
[dhg; vk;.vk; ,g;whnyg;ig - NjhoH - E}yfu;
my;`h[; vk;.V. cJkhnyg;ig - BA mjpgu;
my;`h[; V. nkh`pjPd; ghth - epy msitahsu;
my;`h[; vk;.V. rhypK - BA mjpgu;
[dhg;. vk;.vy;. myhTjPd; - E}yfu;
ku;`{k; vk;.I. mypcJkhd; - Mrpupau;
my;`h[; vr;.v];.V.vk;. `gPGy;yh - fyhrhu cj;jpNahfj;ju;
ku;`{k; vk;.I. eh$u;j; jk;gp - BA
my;`h[; V.vy;. mfkl;nyg;ig - M.Ed tpupTiuahsu;
[dhg; V.vk;. ,g;whnyg;ig - BA tpupTiuahsu;
2.2 [khmNj ,];yhkp - mf;fiug;gw;Wf; fpis - E}yfk;

1968 - 1971 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if [khmNj ,];yhkpapd; mf;fiug;gw;W
fpis> [pd;dh tPjpapy; (kH`_k; rhyp Mypk; mtHfsJ tPlb
; y;) E}yfk;
xd;iwj; jpwe;jJ. nghJf;fy;tpNahL rd;khHf;ff; fy;tpiaAk; r%fj;jpw;F
Mokhf Cl;Ltjw;fhd XH mj;jpghuj;ij mikg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gw;gy ,];yhkpa E}y;fs; ,q;F thrfHfSf;Fj; jug;gl;ld. mj;NjhL>
jpdrup gj;jpupiffSk;> rQ;rpiffSk; ghHitf;F ,Ue;jd.
tsk; - 2010
,e;E}yfk; gpd;dH> gp];fhy; tPjp - [{k;M GJg;gs;spthrYf;F mz;ikapy;
(Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdH kH`{k; vk;.I.vk; mg;Jy; k[Pj; mtHfsJ
fhupahyak; ,Ue;j ,lk;) ,lkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. rd;khHf;f NritAk;
nghJg;gzpAk; ,uz;lwf;fye;j ,tHfsJ Nrit> KO CUf;Fkhd
gzpahf kpspHe;jJ. mj;NjhL> E}yfk; mtHfsJ nrhe;jf; fl;blj;jpw;F
1980 ,y; khwpaJ.
2.3 1970 - 1978 [{k;M ngupa gs;spthry; - rdr%f epiya

thrpfrhiy
mf;fiug;gw;W 4 Mk; Fwpr;rp rdr%f epiya thrpfrhiy xd;iw>
kH`{k; vk;.I mypcJkhd; MrpupaH mtHfSk; [dhg; V.vy;. mGjh`pH
(Kd;dhs; mf;fpuhrdH) mtHfSk; jkJ rfhf;fNshL [{k;M ngupa
gs;spthry; tshf - tlfpof;F %iyapy; jw;fhypf fl;blk; xd;wpy;
mikj;jpUe;jdH.
gpd;dH> ,t;thrpfrhiy 1970 - 1978 fhyg;gFjpapy; kH`{k; V.vy;.vk;

,];khapy; nksytp (rhyp Mypk;) mtHfsJ ,y;yj;jpw;F khw;wk;
ngw;wJ. ,k;Kaw;rpapy;> [dhg; vk;.I. mGy;`rd;> [dhg; A+.vy;.V.
w`Pk; AO, my;`h[; vk;.I rk;RjPd; DO> MfpNahH <Lgl;L jkJ
KOg; n ghWg; i gAk; czHe; J mupa Nrit Gupe; j dH. ,tHfsJ
,k;Kaw;rpapd; Ngwha; ,q;F ey;ynjhU thrfH $l;lk; cUthdJ
vd;W $wyhk;.
2.4 mf;fiug;gw;W E}yff; fTd;rpy; thrpfrhiy

1978 - 1980 fhyg;gFjpapy;> gl;bd [{k;M gs;spthry; tshf tlNkw;F
%iyapy; ,Ue;j> $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fl;blj;jpy;
\mf;fiug;gw;W E}yf fTd;rpy;| vd;w ngaupy; xU thrpfrhiy 1978 ,y;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. jpdhe;jg; gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk;> ,e;jpa - ,yq;if
rQ;rpiffs; vd;gd ,q;F thrfHfsJ ghtidf;nfd itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; gutyhd thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpajpy; fTd;rpypd;
gq;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jtpuTk;> rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,J
,aq;fpaJ. mj;NjhL> nrayhz;ik kpf;f epUthfpfspd; gupghydj;jpy;
tsk; - 2010
,e;E}yfk; rhjid nra;jJ vd;gJk; XH mupa cz;ikahFk;. ,e;E}yf
cr;rkl;l FOtpdH tpguk; tUkhW:
1) kH`{k; V.Mjk;nyt;it - mjpgH (K];jgh kh];l
; H)- jiytH)
2) [dhg; V.K`pjpd; ghth - epy msitahsH
3) [dhg; vk;.I. mG+r`Pj; - fpuhk NritahsH - cgjiytH.
4) my;`h[; V.,rl;.vk; `h~pk; - MrpupaH - nrayhsH
5) [dhg; V.vk;.vk; A+Rg; - mjpgH - cgnrayhsH
6) [dhg; it.gP. ypahfj; myp - DSO - epUthf cWg;gpdH
7) my;`h[; vk;.V. K]hjpf; - DSO - epUthf cWg;gpdH
8) my;`h[; V.uP. ghW}f; - epUthf cWg;gpdH
9) [dhg; V.vk;.V epah]; - E}yfH
%d;whk; jiyKiw
jdpahH ,af;f uPjpapyhd Gjpa E}yf Kaw;rpfs;
3.1 mf;fiug;gw;W [{k;M ngupa gs;spthry; fyhrhu epiyak;
1980 ,y; mf;fiug;gw;W fyhrhu epiyak;> [{k;M ngupa gs;spthry;
Nkd; k hbapy; mike; j J. nghJthf [khmj; j pdUk; > Fwpg; g hf
,isQHfSk; gad;ngWk; tifapy; - mtHfsJ mwpTj; Njl;lj;jpw;F
cjTk; Kiwapy; - ,e;epiyar; nraw;ghLfs; mike;jpUe;jd. my;`h[;
vk;.vk; K`k;kj; `h~Pk; MrpupaH> kH`{k; vk;.vk;. kd;#H nksytp>
my;`h[; Nf.vy;. mg;Jy; w~Pj; MrpupaH MfpNahH ,jid Kd;dpd;W
elj;jpdH.
3.2 mk;ghiu khtl;l kf;fs; nfhq;u]pd; nghJ E}yfk;.

mf; f iug; g w; W cilahH tP j papy; > ypgpa muG [kh`pupahtpd;
mDruizNahL> cUthf;fg;gl;l mk;ghiu khtl;l kf;fs; nfhq;u]; -
mjd; nghJr; nrayhsH my;`h[; vk;.vk;.K`k;kj; `h~Pk; mtHfsJ
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;> mk;ghiu khtl;lk; jOtpa epiyapy; gy
Nritfisr; nra;jJ. ,t;tikg;gpd; epUthfr; nrayhsuhf Idhg;. Nf.
vk;. e[{KjPd; mtHfs; gzpahw;wpdhH. Gjpa ghlrhiyfis ];jhgpj;jy;@
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapy;NthUf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy;fs; toq;Fjy;@ fpuhk
uPjpapy; trjp tha;gg
; w;NwhUf;F cjTjy; vDk; tifapy;> J}uNehf;fpy;
tsk; - 2010
nraw;gl;l ,e;epWtdk;> jdJ mf;fiug;gw;W jiyik mYtyfj;jpy;>
xU nghJ E}yfj;ijAk; jpwe;J itj;jJ. caHfy;tpf;fhd crhj;Jiz
E}y;fs; Mf;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yq;if - ,e;jpa gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;
vd> thrfHfSf;fhd xU gykhd thrpg;Gj; jsj;ij ,e;E}yfk;
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. gy tFjpfisAk; NrHe;j gd;D}w;Wf;fzf;fhd E}y;fs;
,e;epiyaj;ij moFnra;jd. tsHe;NjhH> ,isQH> khztH vdg; gyUk;
,e;E}yfj;ijj; jkJ Ma;Tf;fskhfTk;> Gyik crhtYf;fhd jykhfTk;
Mf;fpg; gad;ngw;wdH.
,e;E}yfj;jpd; E}yfuhff; flikahw;wpa vk;.gP. rk;RBd; (m]P]); mtHfs;>

epUthfj;NjhL ,ize;J mUe;njhz;lhw;wpaik ,q;F ed;wpAld;
epidT$ug;gLfpd;wJ. gy;NtW Kfhe;jpuq;fshy;> kf;fs; nfhq;u]pd;
epUthfgPlk;> ,e;E}yf Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J jsghlq;fisAk;
mfpy ,yq;if [khmNj - ,];yhkp - mf;fiug;wW ; f; fpisapd;> jiytH
nksytp vk;.V rfhg;jd
P ; Mrpupauplk; ifaspj;jJ. ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy;>
[khmNj ,];yhkp Kf;fpa];jHfs; VyNt ,e;E}yfj;jpw;F toq;fpapUe;j
E}y;fSk; kPsTk; mtHfsplNk xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
3.3 1980 - 1990 fhyfl;l rdr%f epiya thrpfrhiy

1980 - 1990 fhyfl;lj;jpy;> rdr%f epiya thrpfrhiyf; FOtpduhf
nghWg;Ngw;w [dhg;. vk;.I. cJkhnyt;it N[.gp (GSN) mtHfsJ
jiyikapy;> [dhg;. vk;.gp m~;ug; MfpNahH Mw;wpa gzp ,d;wsTk;
kf;fshy; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpYk; $l> ,e;epiyaj;jpdhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khzthH fy;tp mgptpUj;jp gw;wp gyUk; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wdH.
3.4 Nrh~h - gpuNjr E}y;ts epiyaq;fs;

1993 ,w;Fg; gpd;dH> mf;fiug;gw;W r%f Nkk;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpy;> gy;NtW
r%fey ,af;fq;fspd; tUifapdhy;> r%f - nghUshjhu - fy;tp
epiyfspy;; ghupa khw;wq;fs; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpd. Fwpg;ghf> mf;fiug;gw;W
r%f eyd;Gupr; rq;fj;jpd; (Nrh~h - mk;ghiu khtl;lk;) fy;tpr;
nraw;ghLfspy;> E}yf Vw;ghL Kd;Dupik ngw;wpUe;jJ. mf;fiug;gw;W
gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpy; 08 rpWtHfofq;fs; 2001 Kjy; nraw;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. ,jidnahl;b> gpuNjr ts epiyaq;fspy; E}yfq;fs; ,aq;fp
tsk; - 2010
tUtNjhL> thrpg;Gj; Njl;lj;jpw;Fk; Jiznra;Jk; tUfpd;wd. ,J
xU Kf;fpakhd tsHr;rpg;gb vdj; Jzpe;J $wyhk;. ,jd; jiytuhf
Idhg; vd;.vk; e[pKjPd; mtHfSk; nrayhsuhf Idhg; v];.vy;.vk;
jh`PH mtHfSk; flikahw;wp tUfpd;wdH.
4. mf;fiug;gw;wpy; XH mur nghJE}yfk;

1967 ,y; mf;fpuhrdH kH`{k; V.MH.vk;. ,g;wh`pk; mtHfsplk;
ifaspf;fg;gl;l khztH thrpfrhiy> fpuhk rigapd; mur nghJE}yfkhf
khwpaJ. ,jd;gpd;dH> 1973 fspy; mf;fpuhrdH V. vy;.; mGj;jh`pH
mtHfspdhy; mJ newpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; -
Fwpg;ghf tpNrl MizahsHfs; epUthf];jH - kw;Wk; mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jHfspd; epUthf MSifapy; neLq;fhyk;
,e;E}yfk; guhkupf;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
xU nghJ E}yfk; vd;w tbit - Njhw;wg;nghypit - 22.03.1987 ,y;

vLg;gjw;Fupa fl;llj;ij - Kd;dhs; nghj;Jtpy; Kjy;tuhd nfsut
vk;.I. cJkhnyg;ig mtHfspd; $ba epjp xJf;fj;jpYk;> Vida
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfshd nfsut jpUkjp uq;fehafp gj;kehjd;>
nfsut vk;.V mg;Jy; k[Pj; MfpNahupd; epjp xJf;fl
P b
; Yk; 12 ,yl;rk;
&gh nrytpy; (1987 ,d; gzg; ngWkhdg;gb) mikf;f Kbe;jJ.
(mf;fiug;gw;W nghJrd E}yfj; jpwg;Gtpohr; rpwg;G kyH - 1987 gf;fk;: 06)
,tHfs; midtUf;Fk; ekJ ed;wpfs; cupadthfpd;wd.
1990 ,y; ,e;E}yfk; xU nghyp]; epiyaj;jpw;fhfj; jhiuthHf;fg;gl;lJ.

,lk;ngaHe;j ,e;E}yfKk; fpuhkrig mYtyfKk; gy;NtW ,lHfis
vjpHNehf;fpd. jw;NghJ> \nghJE}yfk; - gpuNjr rig epUthf nrayfk;|
vd ,t;tpuz;Lk; cs;slf;fpa tifapy;> xU ghupa %d;Wkhbf; fl;blk;
gpuNjr rig tshfj;jpNyNa> ghuSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; ePHtoq;fy; tbfhy;
mikg;G mikr;rUkhd nfsut my;`h[; V.vy;.vk; mjhTy;yh
mtHfspdhy; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
,jw;fpilapy; gue;Jgl;l FbapUg;igf;nfhz;Ls;s mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gpuNjr

Ms;Gyj;ijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L - xU njhiyNehf;NfhL - 2007 - 2008
tsk; - 2010
,y; US AID ,d; epjp mDruizapy;> gpuNjr rigj; jtprhsH V.vy;.
jtk; mtHfsJ ngUKaw;rpapd; Nguhy; mf;fiug;gw;W Njrpa ghlrhiy
Muk;gg; gpupT tshfj;jpy; gy;tif trjpfisAk; nfhz;L epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l
fl;l
; lj;jpy; ,g;NghJ E}yfk; ,aq;fp tUtNjhL ,jd; gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif>
thrpg;Gg; gFjp mjhcy;yh muq;fj;jpYk; ,aq;FfpwJ.
,e;E}yff; fl;llj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lNj xU ngU tuyhwhFk;. ,jd;

gpd; d zpapy; vOg; g g; g l; l Kuz; e piyf; fUj; J f; f is Kwpabj; J >
cz;ikahdJk; - Vw;GilaJkhd gy epahag;gLj;jy;fis epiyepWj;jpNa
,f;fl;ll epHkhzk; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jij tplak; mwpe;NjhH mwptH vd;gNj
ajhHj;jk;.
,j;jifa mj;jid Kaw;rpfspYk; cioj;JtUk;> gpuNjr rigj; jtprhsH

V.vy;. jtk; mtHfspd; gq;Fk;> gzpAk; ,yFtpy; kwf;ff; $bajd;W.
KbTiu :
1930 fSf;Fg; gpd;dH> RkhH VO jrhg;jfhykhf mf;fiug;gw;wpy; jdpahH
E}yf Kaw;rpfspd; gupzhkKk;> mjd; gupkhzKk; vq;qdk; mike;jpUe;jd
vd;gij ,f;fl;Liu $Wk;. ,t; Ma;tpd; Rj;jj;jd;ik vd;gJ> kpfTk;
njspthd xd;W: eLepiyapy; - fha;jy;> ctj;jy;> ,y;yhky; -
vOJNthDf;Fupa ve;jtpjkhd kdr;rha;Tf;Fk; ,le;juhky; - ,J
vOj;Jf;F tpRthrkhd cz;ikfisf; nfhz;Nl ,iof;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
gl;lwpTf;Fk;> Ma;Tf;Fk; cl;gl;l tifapy;> jug;gl;l nra;jpfs; midj;Jk;

epiwthdnjd;W nfhs;s Kbah. XupU thrpfrhiyfs; ,aq;fpa
fhyg;gupkhzk;> njhlHgpy; NtWghLfs; cs;sdthfyhk;. MdhYk;>
fpilj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;Nl ,q;F tplak; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Ug;gpDk;> mq;Fk; ,q;Fkhf ,isQHfs; kj;jpapy; jspHj;j MHtk;
fhuzkha;> mt;tg;NghJ Njhd;w
; p kiwe;j thrpfrhiyfs; gw;wpa tpguk;
,jpy; mlq;ftpy;iy.
,J njhlHgpy; NkYk; Muha;NthH> mj;jifa thrpfrhiyfs; -

gbg;gfq;fs; - E}yfq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis NkYk; ju ,aYkha;
tsk; - 2010
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;E}yf Kaw;rpia mf;fiug;gw;wpy; Nkw;nfhz;l vy;yhr;
rhuhUf;Fk; frg;ghd mDgtq;fs; - ifNrjq;fs; - rpwpJ re;Njhrq;fs;
mt;tf;fhyfl;lq;fspy; Vw;glbUe;jd. mitgw;wpa epidTfs; -
Ntf; f hLfs; vd; g d mj; j ifNahuJ ,jaq; f spy; jpdntLf; F k;
typfshfTk; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;@ Mapd;> mitaidj;Jk; ,q;F mlf;fpNa
thrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t; Ma;T njhlHgpy;> \\mJ Vd; mt;thW? ,J Vd; ,t;thW?|| vd

vjpH tpkHrdf; Fuy;fSk; voyhk;@ vOk;. xU [dehaf r%fj;jpy; mJ
toikahdNj. mJ mt;thWjhd; epfo;ej ; J@ ,J ,t;thWjhd; ele;jJ
vd;gdNt mtw;wpw;fhd gjpy;fs; vd;gij ,q;F cWjpahfr; nrhy;yKbAk;.
vq; q dkhapDk; > jw; N ghJ mf; f iug; g w; w py; ngUfptUk; fy; t prhH
Njitiag; G+Hj;jpnra;Ak;> tpupthd jdpahH E}yfk; vJTk; ,y;iy@
mt;thnwhd;iw cUthf;fpg; Ngh~pg;gJk; ,yFthdnjhU gzpahf
,Uf;ffg;NghtJk; ,y;iy. vdNt> ,j;jifa nghWg;Gkpf;f E}yfg;
gzpahdJ ,ay;ghfNt> mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigiar; rhHe;J epw;fpwJ.
mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigapd; guhkupg;gpy; cs;s ,g; nghJ E}yfk;

vjpHfhyj; Njitia xl;b tsg;gLj;jg;gLtJk;> Gjpa cj;jpfisf;
ifahz;L tpupthf;fk; nra;ag;gLtJk; mtrpakhd xU Kaw;rpahfg;
gLfpwJ. ,k;Kaw;rpf;F cWJizahf ,Uf;fNtz;ba nghWg;G>
mf;fiug;gw;wpd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf cioj;J tUk; midtUf;Fk;
cupajhfpwJ.
jw;NghJ gzp nra;JtUk; gpuNjrrig jtprhsupd; MSik - nraw;wpwd;

- Ez;zwpT vd;gd ,g;nghJ E}yf mgptpUj;jpf;F ngUk; gq;fhw;Wk;
vd;w ek;gpf;if ek; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ngupa mstpy; cz;L. mJ if$Lk;
vd;W vy;NyhUk; cskhuNt ek;Gfpd;wdH. jtpuTk;> ,g;nghJ E}yfr;
nraw;ghl;by; Muk;gfhyk;Kjy; <Lgl;bUe;j [dhg;. vk;.I.V.yj;jPg;
(epUthf cj;jpNahfj;jH) kw;Wk; E}yfH [dhg;. vk;.I. jh`h e[pKjPd;
MfpNahH> kpFe;j rpukq;fSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; mHg;gzpg;NghL> E}yf
tsHr;rpf;fhf mupa njhz;lhw;wp cs;sdH. ,j;jUzj;jpy; mtHfs;
,UtUk; kpf;f ed;wpNahL ,q;F epidT $ug;gLfpd;wdH.
tsk; - 2010
vjpHfhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; E}y; epiyaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fzpdp
kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNth - mj;jifa trjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfNth
etPdkhf mikaNtz;Lk;. ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; mr;R E}y;fspd;
kw;Wk; Clfq;fspd; nry;thf;F ngUk;gFjp Fiwe;J> fzpdp njhlHGila
jfty; ikaq;fshfNt E}yfq;fs; midj;Jk; tpsq;Fk; vd;gjpw; re;Njfk;
,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> mr;R %yq;fspd; \njhd;ikfs;| ghJfhf;fg;gLk;
xd;whf - xU up~p %ykhf - vf;fhyj;jpYk; mikAk; NgW ngw;wd
vd;gjpYk; Iakpy;iy.
,Jtiu tpgupj;j E}yf mDgtq;fis Mjhakhf;fp> ehk; ey;y

ghlq;fisg; ngw;W> Gjpad nra;a Kay Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd;>
ekJ vjpHfhy re; j jpapdUf; F ehk; ,j; J iwapy; njhlf; $ ba
nfhLKbfisj; njhl;L tpl;ljhfTk; - thif #btpl;ljhfTk; - tPwhg;Gg;
NgrKbAk;.
crhj;Jiz:
1) tuyhW> gz;ghL> kjrhHgpd;ik - South Vision ntspaPL; -1999
2) mf;fiug;gw;W nghJrd E}yfj; jpwg;Gtpohr; rpwg;GkyH 22.03.1987
3) A Basic Manual For School Libraries and Selected Essays on Librarainship
4) Muk;g E}yfH ife;E}y; - vd; nry;tuhrh
5) nrt;tp : [dhg;. vk;.v];.mGy;`]d; - mjpgH (SLEAS)> my;`h[;.
vk;.v];.mg;Jy;[g;ghH nksytp BA> mjpgH> [dhg;. vk;.V.mGjh`pH B.Ed,
Mrpupa MNyhrfH> my;`h[;. V.,rw;.vk;.`h~pk; MrpupaH (njhopyjpgH)>
[dhg;. vk;.I. mGy;`]d; [dhg;. vk;.I. cJkhnyt;it (JP) GSN,
my;`h[;. vk;.vk;. K`k;kj; `h~pk; (MrpupaH)
(,t;tpahrk;> gpuNjr nrayfk; - gpuNjr fiytpoh 2007 / 2008 -

\\nfhbkyH|| tpNrl kyupy; gpuRukhdJ. mtrpak; fUjp rpw;rpy jpUj;jq;fNshL>
,J kPsTk; ed;wpAld; vOj;jhf;fk; ngWfpwJ.)
tsk; - 2010
fpof;fpyq;if
- ehl;lhupaypd; tuyhW
V.Mu;.V gp\;H-my;-`hgp
Ma;thsH> fl;LiuahsH> mf;fiug;gw;W
Kd;Diu
Ma; t uq; F xd; w py; fl; L iu vOj> gy Ma; T E}y; f is
thrpf;fNtz;baJ jtph;ff
; KbahjJ. Ma;thsd; jhd; thrpj;j E}y;fspy;>
Ma;Tf;fhd fUg;nghUisj; Njb> mjw;F cu%l;lf;$ba jfty;fisr;
Nrh;j;J> jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; mjw;fhd Mjhuq;fisAk; jUtJ>
Ma;Tf;F MNuhf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jidg; Gupe;J nfhz;Ljhd;
ehl;lhh; ghly; gw;wpa gy E}y;fis Ma;T nra;Njd;. ehl;lhupaypd;
tuyhWfis mNef E}y;fspy; NjbAk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,J vdf;F
ngUq; FiwahfNt njupe;jJ. vdJ Ma;tpy;> E}y;fspy; fpilf;fhj
tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs; mNefk; ,Ue;jd. mtw;iw ,q;F nfhzu
tpUk;GfpNwd;.
fpuhkpag; ghly;fspd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa rupahd xU fhyj;ij mWjpapl;Lf;$w

,ayhJ. kdpj ,dj;jpd; Njhw;wk; vt;thW gioikahdNjh> mt;thNw
fpuhkpag; ghly;fSk; gioikahdit vdf; $wyhk;. kdpjh; jk;
kdf;fUtiwapy; fUf;nfhz;L> cUg;ngw;W caph;g;ngw;W cyhtUk;
cs;sj;jpd;> cz;ikahd ce;Jjy;fspd; ntspg;ghLfNs fpuhkpag;
ghly;fshFk;.
ehl;lhh; ,yf;fpaq;fs; xU fpuhkj;jpd; tho;itAk; tuyhw;iwAk;>

FiwfisAk;> epiwfisAk;> gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fisAk; gpuj;jpal;rkhff;
fhl;Ltd. ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; kf;fspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; njhd;ikahd
vz;zq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb Nghd;wit.
tsk; - 2010
RUq;ff; $wpd;> gz;ilag; gz;ghl;bd; vr;rq;fNs ehl;lhh; ghly;fshFk;.
Vl;ilf; fhzhtpl;lhYk; vOj;jpy;> cUg;ngwhtpl;lhYk; fpuhkpaf; ftpfs;
kdpj neQ;rq;fspy; kl;Lk; ePzl
; fhykhf epiyj;J epw;Fk; jd;ik
tha;ej
; it.
VLk; vOj;jhzpAk; nfhz;L ftpij Gidtjw;F Kd;dNk> fpuhkpag;

ghly;fs; Njhd;wp tpl;ld. ,d;W fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W>
Ma;T epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;ghly;fs;> ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;>
ehNlhbg; ghl;Lfs; Vlwpahf; fhtpaq;fs;> fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; vd gy;NtW
ngah; f shy; miof; f g; g Lfpd; w d. xU E}w; w hz; L f; F Kd; G tiu
jkpofj;jpNyh ,yq;ifapNyh fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; Ma;T nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
gd;ndLq; fhykhf ,g;ghly;fs; E}YUg; ngwhikahy;> ,j;Jiw
Ma;Tnra;ag;glhjpUe;jJ. jkpofj;jpy; xU E}w;whz;L fhykhf ehl;lhh;
ghly;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L te;jd. Mq;fpNyah; mjw;F topfhl;bdh;.
rkPgfhykhf ehl;lhupay; jkpofj;jpy; Muha;rr
; pf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gl;lg; gpd;gbg;GfSf;Fk;> KJkhzp - Kidth; Nghd;w JiwfSf;Fk;

Muha;r;rpf;Fk; fUthf ehl;lhupay; gupzkpj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,d;Wtiu
,UE}Wf; F k; mjpfkhd E}y; f s; jkpofj; j py; vOjg; g l; L s; s d.
,yq; i fapYk; ,Ugj; i je; J E}y; f Sf; F Nky; > Rkhh; ,UgJ
vOj;jhsh;fs;> ehl;lhh; ,ay;gw;wp vOjpAs;sdh;.
Ma; T fspd; gpd; G k; > E}y; vOjpajd; gpd; G k; > ehl; l hh; ghly; f s;
tifg; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. ,g; g hly; f s; ,Ugj; j pnahd; g Jf; F k; Nkw; g l
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;ldntd fp.th. n[fe;ehjd; $Wfpwhh;. (Ma;Tf;Nfhit
2004 gf;: 88) njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngUk;ghYk; njhz;Z}w;iwe;J tpOf;fhL
mstpy;> ,e;J irt rka kf;fNs ehl;lhh; ghly;fisj; njhFj;Js;sdh;.
khtl;l uPjpahfTk;> tl;lhu uPjpahfTk;> gpuhe;jpa uPjpahfTk; ghly;fisj;
njhFj;J Rkhh; E}whapuk; ftpijfisj; jpul;bAs;sdh;.
,yq;ifj; jpUehl;by; fpuhkpag; ghly;fisj; jpul;bath;fspd; epiy>

jkpofj;NjhL xg;gpLifapy;> ,yq;ifapy; ,e;epiy Neh;khw;wkhfj;
tsk; - 2010
njupfpwJ. Rkhh; gjpide;J tpOf;fhNl ,e;J irt rka kf;fshy;
jpul;lg;gl;litahFk;. E}YUthf;fpajpy; Ik;gJ tpOf;fhL mstpw;F
irt ,e;J rka kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdh;. vt;thwpUe;j NghjpYk;
jkpofj;jpNyh> ,yq;ifapNyh ehl;lhh; ghlypd; tuyhWfs; - mtw;iw
Kjd;Kjyhf kf;fs; kag;gLj;jpath;fs; - Muk;gfhyj;jpy; mtw;iwj;
jpul;bath;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; Muhag;gltpy;iy.
tuyhW> ntspaPL> njhFg;G vd;gd ,yq;ifapy; vg;NghJ Muk;gkhfpd

vd;w tpguq;fis - Rkhh; mWgJ tUlfhy tuyhWfis ehdwpNtd;.
mt;tuyhWfis E}YUthf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Mtypy;> vdJ gjpide;jhtJ
E}yhf mjid> 2010 Mk; Mz;by; ntspapl MHtKld; ,Uf;fpNwd;.
mjw;F Kd;G> fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhupay; tuyhw;iw> cq;fs; Kd; itf;f

cjtpa fpof;fpyq;if rka gz;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdUf;F kdepiwthd
ed;wpfisj; njupag;gLj;JfpNwd;. vdJ Ma;Tj; jiyg;gpd; vy;iyf;Fs;
mlq;fp> RUf;fkhf tuyhw;iwf; $WfpNwd;.
fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhupaypd; tuyhW

fpof;fpyq;ifapd; ehl;lhh; ghly;fspd; Njhw;wk;> gy E}W tUlq;fs;;
mg;ghly;fisj; jpul;b> Rkhh; mWgJ tUlq;fq;fshfpd;wd. Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; mjidj; jpul;l Kad;wth;fs; %th;. ,Uth; mf;fiug;gw;iwr;
; th;fs;. mth;fs; V.Mh;.vk;. ]yPk>; m.]. mg;J];]kJ vd;Nghuhth;.
Nrh;ej
kw;nwhUth; kUjKidiar; Nrh;ej ; Gyth;kzp M.K. ~upGj;jd
P ; mth;fs;.
,th; mf;fiug;gw;W Mz;fs; ghlrhiyapy; 1948 Mk; Mz;LKjy; 06
tUlq;fs; jiyik Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpath;. Nkw;nrhd;d ]yPk;>
m.] Mfpa ,UtUk;> Gyth;kzpapd; khzth;fs;. Gyth;kzpf;F ,ay;gpy;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiwe;j Mw;wy; ,Ue;jJ.
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; Gidag;gl;L tpNrl itgq;fspy; ghlg;gLk; ftpijfisg;

Gyth;kzp Neubahff; NflLs;shh;. jpUkz tPLfs;> Nfhyhl;lkbf;Fk;
,lq;fs;> Nghl;bf; ftpghLk; Nkilfs;> nghy;ybf;Fk; ,lq;fs; Nghd;w
,tw;wpw;F> Gyth;kzp mth;fs; jkJ tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa khzhf;fh;fshd
V.MH.vk;. ]yPk;> m.]. mg;J];]kJ MfpNahUld; rKfkspf;fj;
jtWtjpy;iy.
tsk; - 2010
Gyth;kzpath;fs; fpuhkpaf;ftpfshy; ftug;gl;lhh;@ ftpfisr; Nrfupf;f
Kide; j hh; . jhKk; Nrfupj; J > jdJ khzhf; f iuAk; vOjpitf; f
Mh;t%l;bdhh;. nfhr;irj; jkpo; kz;ba mg;ghly;fis> cr;rupg;gpy;
cs;sthNw vOjp itf;fg;gzpj;jhh;. thh;ji
; jfspy; cs;s nfhr;irfis
- gpioahd cr;rupg;Gfisg; - ghlg;gl;lthNw - ];J}y cUtj;NjhNl -
vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;. khzhf;fh; ,UtUk;
ghly;fisg; ghba cr;rupg;GlNd vOjpf; nfhz;L jkJ Mrhdplk;
ghbf;fhl;bdh;.
]yPk; mth;fSf;F ,aw;ifahfNt ftpghlf;$ba Fuy;tsk; ,Ue;jJ.

ftpijfis itj;Jf; fij vOJk; jpwid ,UtUNk ngw;wpUe;jdh;.
Gyth;kzpapd; Nkw;ghh;itapy;> ,Ukhzth;fSk; Njrpaj; jpdrupapy;
\,irAk;fij| Akhf vOjpdh;. jpdfud;> Rje;jpud; Mfpa gj;jpupiffspy;
,th;fsJ Mf;fq;fs; Ik;gJfspy; gpuRukhapd. fpuhkpaf; ftpfs; vOj;jpy;
gpuRukhfpa Kjy; rk;gtk; ,JNt. ,yq;if thndhypapy; ]yPk>; m.].
MfpNahuJ fpuhkpa ,yf;fpaf; ftpfs; Rkhh; 05 Mz;L fhykhf ghlg;gl;L
xypgug;gg;gl;ld. ,yq;if thndhyp epiyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xypgug;ghsH
tP.V. fG+h; mth;fs; ,jw;F Mtd nra;J je;Js;shH. fpuhkpaf; ftp
tsh;rr
; papy; fG+h; mth;fspd; gq;F ed;wpAld; epidT $ug;glNtz;Lk;.
tUlq;fs; rpy nrd;wd. ]yPk; mth;fs; Rje;jpud; gj;jpupifapd; epUguhdhh;.

ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; Rje;jpud; %yk; gpuRukhapd. jpdfud;> tPuNfrup
jpdrupfspy; fpuhkpag; ghly;fSk;> ghly;fs; mlq;fpa fijfSk;
gpuRukhapd. m.]. tpd; vOj; J g; g zp Mf; f q; f Sk; mt; t hNw
gpuRupf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;Ntisapy;> gj;jpupif cyfpd; [hk;gthdhfj; jpfo;ej
;
v];.b. rptehafk; mth;fs; mf;fiug;gw;wpy; $l;LwTg; gupNrhjfuhff;
flikahw;wpdhh;.
,ay;gpNy ,yf;fpa Mh;tKilath;. fpuhkpaf; ftpfs; mf;fiug;gw;wpy;

ghlg; g Ltij v]; . b. mtjhdpj; j hh; @ mf; f tpfshy; <Hf; f g; g l; l hh; .
gj;jpupiffs; %yk; V.MH.vk;. ]yPk>; m.]. mg;J];]kJ MfpNahh;
mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; vd;gjid mwpe;jhh;. mth;fNshL njhlh;G
tsk; - 2010
nfhz;lhh;. fs Ma;Tfspd; ngWNgwha; gy E}W ftpfisg; ngw;whh;.
v];.b. mth;fs; Rje;jpud; MrpupauhdJk; ftpfs; mr;RUg; ngw;wd.
Ik;gJfspy; ]yPk; - m.]. Nghd;Nwhh; Mrpupah;j; njhopiyg; ngw;wdh;.

gapw;rpf;fhf ml;lhisr;Nrid Mrpupah; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyf;Fr; nrd;wdh;.
\\<oj;J ehl;lhh; ghly;fs;|| vd;w E}iy gpe;jpafhyj;jpy; vOjpa ngUkfd;>
kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nrh;ej
; vg;. vf;].; ]p. eluhrh mth;fs;> Mrpupah; gapw;rpf;
fyhrhiyapy; Nghjdhrpupauhf te;jhh;. ]yPk>; m.]. Nghd;Nwhh;> gapw;rp
Mrpupau;fshff; fyhrhiyapy; ,Ue;jdh;. ]yPk>; m.]. Nghd;Nwhiu
,dq;fz;L nfhz;l vg;.vf;];.]p. mth;fs;> v];.b.apd; ghzpapy; fs
Ma;TfisAk;> ghly;fspd; njhFg;Gf;fisAk; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; E}YUg; ngw;wd.
,th;fs; jpul;ba ftpfs; K];ypk; Mz;fshYk;> ngz;fshYk; ghlg;gl;lit

kl;Lkd;wp> ftpfis ahj;jth;fshy; ghlg;gl;l NghJk;> mtw;iw
Kjd;Kjypy; mr;Rg;gjpT nra;Jk;> E}YUthf;fpAk; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jpath;fs;
,t;tpU jkpo; NkijfSNk. ,r; nray;fSf;fhf K];ypk; r%fk;
vd;nwd;Wk; ,th;fSf;Ff; flikg;ghLilaJ vd;gij ed;wpAld; epidT
$UfpNwd;.
NkNy $wpath; f isj; njhlh; e ; J > fpoyf; f pyq; i ff; fpuhkpaf;

fiytbtq;fis E}YUthf;fpa NkYk; gyh; epidT
$ug; g lNtz; b ath; f s; . aho; g ; g hzj; j py; gpwe; j hYk; > nfhOk; G
nts;stj;ijapy; tho;e;jtH ,yf;fpa Mh;tyh; t.K. ,uhkypq;fk;.
v];.b. mth;fNshL Njhoik nfhz;bUe;j t.K. mth;fs;> fpuhkpa
ftpfisr; Nrfupg;gjpYk; E}YUg; ngwitg;gjpYk; Mh;tq; nfhz;L
gyE}W ftpfis mr;RthfdNkw;wpdhh;.
,d;Dk;> Fwpg;gplf;$ba xU ngUkfd; fyhepjp R. tpj;jpahde;jd;

mth;fs;. ,g;ngupahh; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Nguhrpupauhf ,Ue;j
NghJ> fpuhkpaf; ftpfisr; Ritj; j hh; . fs Ma; T f; f hf mth;
mf;fiug;gw;Wf;F te;jhh;. Kd;$wpa ]yPk>; m.]. Nghd;NwhUld; njhlh;G
tsk; - 2010
nfhz;lhh;. ngUk;gFjpahf> ftpfis Neuabahff; fs Ma;T nra;jhh;.
rpy njhFg;Gg; ghly;fisAk; ngw;Wr; nrd;W E}YUg; ngwr; nra;aNt>
fyhepjp R.tp. mth; f s; Mh; t khf ,Ue; J s; s hH. ]yP k ; mth; f s;
fpuhkpaf;ftpfs; mlq;fpa fpuhkpaf; fiy tbtq;fs;> ehl;lhh;ghly;fs;>
fUq;nfhbf; ftptsk; Mfpa 03 E}y;fis 50 fspy; ntspapl;lhh;.
Gyth; kzp gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy; xU E}iy ntspf; nfhzh;e;jhh;.
kl;lf;fsg;G rpthde;jh tpj;jpahya Mrpupah; tpj;Jthd; gz;bjh; tp.rP.

fe;ijah mth;fs; kl;lf;fsg;G jkpofj;ij (1964) vOJk; NghJ> mjd;
xU gFjpahfg; Gyth; guk;giu (gf;. 203-337) gw;wp vOjpdhh;. mjpy;
Fwpg;gpl;l Gyth;fspy; gyh; ftpg;Gyik ngw;wth;fshtH@ mtHfs; ahg;G
tpjpfspd;gb ftpfs; gy ,aw;wpNahUkhtH@ mtw;Wl; rpyh; ehl;lhh;
ghly;fs; ghbath;fs;. ftpfis ahj;Jg; ghbath;fSk; mg;gl;baypy;
mlq;Ffpd;wdh;.
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;ij khz;Gwr; nra;jth;fspy; Gyth;fsJ gq;F

kpf Kf; f pakhdJ. jtj; j pU tpGyhee; j mbfs; > tpj; J thd; f shd
G+ghyg;gps;is> rutz Kj;jd;> mwpQh; Fkhu Rthkp Iah;> nkhl;il
Ntyhg; Nghbg;gz;bjh;> FQ;rpj;jk;gp> tpdhrpj;jk;gpg;Gyth;> jkpo;g;
NguwpQh; Gyth;kzp V. ngupa jk;gpg;gps;is Nghd;w khNkijfs; tho;ej
;
fhyk; mJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G Kjy; jpUf;Nfhtpy; tiu fw;wpe;j Gyth;fs; 1900 Mk;

Mz;L Kjy; 1950 Mk; Mz;Ltiuapyhd 50 tUlq;fspy; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa
50 Ngustpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;wpUe;jdh;. ,th;fs; kj;jpapy;> ehl;lhh; ftpfisg;
ghlty;y - fy;yhj Gyth;fs; - gyh; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;eJ
; s;sdh;.
ghz;bUg;G fz;zfp mk;kd; Nfhapy;> jpUf;Nfhapy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
mike;Js;s gpurpj;jp ngw;w ,U Nfhapy;fSk; irt ,e;J rka kf;fspy;
ftpfs; ghLtjw;F ce;J rfjpaha; ,Ue;jd. jkpofk;> aho;gg
; hzk;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspypUe;J> jpUf;Nfhapy; topahf te;j gf;jh;fs;> rpy
ehl;fs; ,t;tpU Nfhapy;fspYk; jq;fpf; fjph;fhkk; nry;th;. fhy;eilahff;
fjph;fhkk; nry;Yk; ,th;fs;> rpyNtisfspy; ,yf;fz Rj;jkhd
tsk; - 2010
ghly;fisg;ghLth;. mth;fNshL nry;Yk; fpoyf;fpyq;if kf;fs;>
eilr;rpukj;jpid ePff
; pf; nfhs;sj; jhq;fs; ahj;j ehl;Lf; ftpijfisAk;
kddkhf;fpa gpwftpijfisAk; ghLth;. ,jd; NghJ> ghly;fSk; ftpfSk;
fye;J tpLtJk;> gpuNjrk; khwptpLtJKz;L. ,t;thW> fpof;fpd; ehl;lhh;
ftpfs; tlf;fpw;Fk; Vida jkpo;g; NgRk; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutg;
ghjahj;jpiufs; xU fhuzkhapd. ftpfs; ahg;gwpe;jth;fshy; Nfl;fg;gl;L>
mth;fs; ghLk; NghJk; - vOJk; NghJk; - ghlNgjk; ngwyhapw;W. rpy
nrhw;fs; jpUj;jk; ngw;wd.
fpuhkpaf; ftpfspy; mNefkhdit. Kd;G $wg;gl;l Mh;tyh;fspdhy;

jpul;lg;gl;L> vOj;J tbtpy; gy gpujpfsps; vOjp itf;fg;gl;ld. mth;fshy;
jpul;b vOjp itf;fNt Kbe;jJ. ftpijfis mr;RthfdNkw;wpajpy;
Kd;dpd;W cioj;jth;fs; jkpo;g; gpuNjrj;jth;fNs. K];ypk;fs; jpul;b
itj; j ftpfisg; gpw; f hyj; j py; te; j th; f s; > 1980f; F g; gpd; N g
E}YUthf;fpdh;. xNukhjpupahd ftpfs; gyuhy; ifk;khwpr; nry;Yk; NghJ>
ghlNgjkiltJ jtph;ff ; KbahjJ. mNjNghy> ghbath;fs; ngah;
tpguk; gjpag;glhjjhy; tpUk;gpath;fs; vy;yhk;> ftpfSf;F cupik
nfhz;lhLtJk; jtph;ff; KbahjNj.
,d;W gpuRukhfp ntspte;Js;s ftpfs;> mNef ghlNgjq;fSld; ,Ug;gij

mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fis Cfpf;fyhk;. ,d;Ws;s
ghly;fisj; jpul;LNthh;> fpuhkpaf; ftpfspy; mDgtkw;wth;fs;. ftpfis
,aw;wpg; ghLgth;fis Neubahff; fhzhjth;fs;. ftpijfs; vq;F gpwe;jd
vd mwpahjth;fs;. fpoq;fpyq;ifapy; vy;yhf; fpuhkq;fspYk; fpuhkpaf;
ftpghLgth;fs; ,Ug;gjhf epidg;gth;fs;. kl;Lkpd;wp> mt;thNw vOjpAk;
cs;sdh;.
nrtpNawy; %yk;> Kd;G ghlg;gl;L> kddQ; nra;J itj;jpUe;jth;fsplk;>

ftpfisf; Nfl;L - vOJk; NghJ - mj;jfty;fisj; je;jth;fNs ftpfis
,aw;wpajhfj; jtwhf tpsq;fpath;fs;. ,t;thwhd mDgtkw;wth;fshy;
jpupGgl;l ftpfs; ep[khdit vd epide;J> 80fSf;F gpd;G E}YUthapd.
,d;W ntspte;Js;s ehl;lhh; ghly;fsps; Kf;fhy;thrpf;F Nkw;gl;lit>
,t;tpay;Gisf; nfhz;litahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
ehl;lhh; ftpfs; vg;NghJ Njhd;wpd?
fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhh; ftpfs;> ,w;iwf;Fr; rw;Nwwf;Fiwa Ke;E}W
tUlq;fSf;Fs; Njhd;wpd vdr; rhd;Nwhh; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,UE}W
Mz;Lfshf ,g;ghly;fs; kdj;jstpNy jq;fptpl;ld. njhFj;Jitf;f
Kd;Ds;Nshh; Mh;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
VLk; vOj;jhzpAk; nfhz;L ftpijfs; Gidaj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dh;$l>

ehl;lhh; ftpfs; VLfspy; vOjg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. itj;jpaf;
fiyfs;> ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ke;jpuq;fs;> je;jpu [hyj;jpul;Lfs;
Nghd; w it gz; i lf; f hyk; Kjy; > VLfspy; vOjp itj; J g;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld; fhg;gpaq;fs; vOjp itf;fg;gl;ld. fijfs;> tuyhWfs;
$l VLfspy; vOj;JUg;ngw;wd. Mdhy;> ehl;lhh; ftpfs; vOjg;glhky;
Gwf;fzpf;fg; gl;ldthfNt njupfpd;wd.
fhfpjk; Gof;fj;jpy; te;j gpd;dh;> gok; ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fSf;F ciufs;

vOjg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ $l> mf;fhy kf;fspd; rpe;jidapy; vOjpg;
ghJfhf;Fkstpw;F ehl;lhh; ftpfs; me;j];Jg; ngwtpy;iy; jukhdjhff;
fzpf;fg;glTkpy;iy. ,e;epiy gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ePbj;jJ.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyj;jpy;> ehl;Lg;Gwf;ftpfs; Nrfupj;J

itf;fg;gl Ntz;bait vd;w vz;zk; rpyUf;F Vw;glyhapw;W. jkpofj;jpy;
rh;tfyhrhiyfspy; ehl;lhh; ftpijfs;> ghly;fshf mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wd.
mit Nrfupf;fg;glNtz;bait - Ma;T nra;ag;glNtz;bait - tpsf;fk;
jug;glNtz;bait - vd;w epiyf;F cah;jj
; g;gl;ld. ftpij me;j];J
mspf;fg;gl;L> ,d;W xg;gha;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G>
Kidth; gl;lk;tiu ehl;lhupay; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ehl;Lg;Gw
Ma;Tj;JiwahdJ> jkpofj;jpy; gz;ghl;L tuyhw;iw> kPlL
; Uthf;fk;
nra;ag; ngupJk; JizGupe;jJ.
jw;NghJ> ehl;lhh; ftpfs; gyjiyg;GfspYk; Ma;Tfs; nra;ag;gl;L>

gok;ngUk; nghf;fp~khff; fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; ,e;epiy
,d;W tiu - tsUk; Muk;gf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
tsk; - 2010
ehl;Lf;$j;J ngUk;ghYk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;L> njspthd epiyiag;
ngw;WtUtjhff; nfhs;syhk;. ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; ,d;Dk; me;epiyia
vl;ltpy;iy. Ma;T muq;Ffs; elj;jp> fiy fyhrhu tptfhuq;fspy;
ehl;lhupaYf;F Xh; me;j];ijg; ngw;Wj; jUk; Kaw;rpapy; fpof;fpyq;if
fyhrhuj; jpizf;fsk; Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. ,J Xh; MNuhf;fpakhd
Kd;Ndw;w mwpFwpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,e;epiyik> rh;tfyhrhiyfs;
kl;lj;jpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLkhdhy;> kiwe;J Nghff;$ba epiyikapy;
cs;s ehl;lhupay; Gj;Japh; ngWk; vd;gJ epr;rakhFk;.
K];ypk; Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; ehl;lhh; ftpfSf;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; $ba

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdh;. ,e;J - irt kf;fs; ehl;lhh; ghly;fSf;F
tpLfijfisAk;> go nkhopfisAk; je;J rpwg;gpj;jdh;. gonkhopfs;
%jwptpypUe;J Njhd;wpait. gonkhop vd;w nrhy;Ny mjw;Fr; rhd;W$Wk;.
Nrj;jd; jpthfuk; vd;Dk; epfz;L E}y;> gonkhopf;F %Jiu> KJik>
nkhopik> Kd;nrhy;> KJnrhy;> goQ;nrhy; vd MW nghUs; ,Ug;gjhff;
$WfpwJ. (Ma;Tf;Nfhit 2004. gz;ghl;bay; gf;. 88)
ehl;lhupaypd; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gonkhop FWfpa mikg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.

tpLfijfis nehbfs; vdTk; miog;gh;. tpLfijfSk;> gonkhopfSk;
neLq;fhykha; vOj;JUg; ngw;wd. gonkhopfSf;Fk;> tpLfijfSf;Fk;
neUq;fpa njhlh;Gfs; cs;sd. gyuJ mwpitAk; xUtupd; Ez;zwpitAk;
gonkhop %yk; mwpa KbAk;. mwptpd; RUf;fNk gonkhop vd;W $wyhk;.
gonkhopfisg; NghyNt> tpLfijfSk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;lf;$bad.

tpdhf;fs; vOg;gp> tpilfisg; ngwitf;Fk; mikg;G tpLfijfSf;F
cs; s d. mwpTf; F tpUe; j hfTk; > ciufy; y hfTk; rpe; j idf; F j;
J}z; L NfhyhfTk; gonkhopfSk; tpLfijfSk; mike; J s; s d.
ehl;lhupaypy; ,it nghw;Gijayhff; fzpf;ff; $banjd;gJ kpifay;y.
ekJ J}z;Ljyhy; ,it ntspf;nfhzug;glNtz;Lk;. gonkhopfspd;
njhFg;G E}y;fs; nkhj;jk; gjpd;%d;W. ,it gy;NtW tifahf
tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gonkhopfs; czh;jJ
; k; nghUSk;> cz;ikAk; mJ
gad;gLj;Jk; #oiy xl;bNa mikAk;.
tsk; - 2010
ehl;lhupaYk; ngz;fSk;
fpof;fpyq;if ehl;lhh; ghly;fspy; - ftpfis cUthf;fpath;fspy; -
mNefH> K];ypk;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. gonkhopfs;> nehbfs;>
njk;khq;Fg; ghly;fs; vd;gdit ,aw;wpath;fspy; mNefh; ,e;J irt
kjj;jpdh; vd;gjid mtjhdpj;Njd;. jkpof ehl;lhh; ghly;fs; ,th;fspd;
gonkhopfs; > njk; k hq; F g; g hly; f s; gutyhf vy; y h Ch; f spYk;
cs;sth;fshy; - Gyik ngw;wth;fshy;- cz;lhf;fg;gl;ld. gpwupd;
ghly;fis kddk; nra;jth;fs; mNefh;. fpof;fpy; mNef ,lq;fspy;
,g;ghly;fisj; jpul;lf;$baitfshf ,Ue;jd. nkhopg;GyikAk;>
gupth;j;jidAk; ,y;yhikahy; rpq;fs ngsj;j ehl;lhh; ghly;fs;>
,ay;Gfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gltpy;iy. \ehl;lhupaYk; ngz;fSk;| vd;w
jiyg;gpy; vdJ Ma;itj; njhlh;eN
; jd;.
Vlwpahf; fhtpaj;jpy; Ve;jpioahh; tfpghfk;

ehl;lhupaypy; ftpfs; Njhd;wpaJ vt;thW?
jq;fs; trpg;gplq;fistpl;L> njhopypd; epkpj;jk; J}u ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ
,ay;G. Rkhh; 300 tUlq;fshf tptrhaj; njhopYf;fhfj; J}ukhd
,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W - rpy khjq;fs; jq;fp - njhopy; KbTw;wJk;
nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F tUtJ tof;fk;. ,t;thW njhopy; Gupar; nry;Yk;
NghJ J}uk; > rpukk; > topg; g ak; vd; g dtw; i wf; fUj; j pw; n fhz; L
njhopyhsh;fs; tz;bfs; %yk;> $l;lk; $l;lkhfg; Gwg;gLthh;fs;.
gpd;dpyT fhyq;fspy; Gwg;gLk; ,th;fs;> kidtp kf;fisg; gpupe;Jk;>
FLk;gj;jth;fs;> ez;gh;fisg; gpupe;Jk; neLe;J}uk; nry;Yk; NghJ> jq;fs;
Jd;gq;fis Jauq;iis kwf;fg; ghly;fis ,aw;wpg; ghLth;.
,g;ghly;fs; \\tz;by; ghl;L|| vdg;gLk;. midj;Jg; ghl;LfSk; fhjw;

ftpfshfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ghly;fisg; ghLk;NghJ xUth; fhjydhfj;
jd;idg; ghtid nra;J ghLthh;. kw;nwhUth; jd;idf; fhjypahfg;
ghtid nra;J ghLthh;.
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; NtnwhU ghlyhy;> kw;nwhUth; FWf;fPL

nra;tJKz;L. ,t;thW ghlg;gLk; ftpfs; rpyNtisfspy;> ghypay;
tsk; - 2010
tf;fpuq;fshfTk; tpurkhfTk; mike;J tpLfpd;wd. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ghypay;
tf;fpukhfTs;s ghly;fs; ngz;fs; ghbajhf epidj;J> fpuhkpag;
ngz;fspd; gz;GfSf;F khRfw;gpf;Fk; Nghf;F> ftpfisg; gutyhf;F -
gth;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhjw; ghly;fspy; mNefkhdit> ,uT Ntisfspy; ghlg;gl;bUg;gij

mtjhdpf;fyhk;. gfypw; ghbait \iff;fpis|f; ghly;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
jq;fs; Nrhh;itAk;> J}f;f czh;TfisAk;> FLk;gg; gpuptpdhy; Vw;gLk;
Nrhfq;fisAk; tbj;Jtpl> \tz;by; ghly;fs;| xU rpwe;j tbfhdhf
mikfpd;wd. \\ghl;Lf;Fg;ghl;L|| vd;w tifapy; gpuahzk; KbA kl;Lk;
tz;bNahl;bfs; ghb kfpo;th;.
tz;by; ghl;by; rpy ftpfspy;> kq;ifah; mq;fyl;rzq;fs; gw;wp tpurkhfg;

ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. Nrhh;T> J}f;fk; Vw;gLk; NghJ ,t;thW tf;fpukhfg;
ghLtJ ,ay;G NghYk;. ftpauR fk;gd; $l mNahj;jpah fhz;lj;jpy;
efh;ePq;F glyk;> Ffg;glyk; vd;gdtw;wpy; ,t;thW ghYWg;Gfs; gw;wp
ghbAs;shh;. NtW gy ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; mt;thwhd ghly;fs; cs;sd.
,it ,yf;fpa <Lghl;bw;Fk; fUj;Jr; Ritf;Fk; ghlg;gl;ldNtad;wp
kl;lufkhd ghYzh;TfSf;fhf mt;thW ghlg;gltpy;iy vd;gjidAk;
ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,JNghyNt> tiyQh; ghly;fs;> (khLfisf; nfhz;L) #L kpjpg;Nghh;

ghly;fs;> CQ;rw;ghly;fs;> ghapioj;jy;> mty; ,bj;jy; Nghd;w
nka;tUe;Jk; njhopyhsh;fspd; ghly;fSk; gpwe;jd. ngz;fs; gyh;
,j;Jiwfspy; mNdf ghly;fisg; ghbAs;sdh;.
fpuhkpaf; ftpfis ,aw;Wtjpy; Gyikia tsh;j;Jf; nfhz;lth;fs;

gyh;. ,t;thW> ftpfis ,aw;Wtjpy; fpof;fpyq;ifapy; mf;fiug;gw;W>
fUthl;Lf;fy; (rk;khe;Jiw)> nghj;Jtpy; Mfpa %d;W fpuhkq;fSk;
Kd;dzp tfpj;jd. fpuhkpaf; ftpfs; ,k;%d;W ,lq;fspYNk gpwe;jd;
mq;NfNa tsh;ej
; d. ,k;%d;W ,lq;fNshL njhlh;Gilath;fshYk;
njhopy; > tpthfk; Nghd; w tw; w hYk; kw; w f; fpuhkq; f NshL
tsk; - 2010
njhlh;Ggl;ljhYk;> ehl;Lf;ftpfs; fpof;F khfhzk; kw;Wk; njhopy;rhh;
,lq;fSf;Fk; gutpd. ,yq;ifapd; ve;j %iy KLf;fpy; xUth; fpuhkpaf;
ftp gbj;jhy;> mtUf;F mk;%d;W fpuhkj;jpy; VjhtJ xd;Wld;
njhlh;gpUf;Fk;.|| kUJ}h; V. k[Pj; mth;fspd; Ma;T E}Yk; ,jw;Fr;
rhd;whFk;. \\kUJ}h; V k[Pj; njd;fpof;F K];ypk; Njrj;jhupd; ehl;lhupay;||
(2007 gf;: 27 - 31) vd;w jdJ E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwhh:
\\njd;fpof;F K];ypk; Njrj;jpy; rha;ej

; kUJ> epe;jT+h;> rk;khe;Jiw>
ghyKid> xYtpy;> ml;lhisr;Nrid> mf;fiug;gw;W> nghj;Jtpy;>
,wf;fhkk;> tupg;gj;jhQ;Nrid Nghd;w Ch;fspy; ftpghlg;gl;bUe;jhYk;
mjpfkhd ftpfSf;F mf;fiug;gw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; nghj;Jtpy;
,wf;fhkk; kf;fSk; nrhe;jf;fhuh;fshf cs;shh;fs; vd;gJ Ma;Tfs;
%yk; mwpaKbfpwJ.||
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; tuftp NrFkjhh; Gyth;> K`k;kJ whgp Gyth;> Kfk;kJ

`hrPk; Mypk; ghtyh;> mg;Jy; w`;khd; nyt;it Mypk; Gyth;>
ckh;nyt;it Mypk; Gyth;. K`k;kJ mG+gf;fh; nyt;it Mypk; Gyth;>
K`k;kJ mg;Jy; wrPl; Mypk; Gyth;> `f;fk
P ; mg;Jy; fhjh; Gyth;>
K`k;kJ A+Rg; Mypk; Gyth; Nghd;w Gyth;fspd; gpwg;gplKk;> ,Ug;gplKk;
mf;fiug;gw;W vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,th;fspd; Kd;Ndhh;fs;>
gbg;gwpahj ftpghLk; ,aw;if Mw;wy; cs;sth;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,th;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fNs Nkw;Fwpj;j gbj;j Gyth;fs;
vdyhk;.
,jw;F ,d;DNkhh; Mjhuj;ijAk; $wKbAk;. \\kd;dhh; khtl;l ehl;lhh;

ghly; f isr; Nrh; g ; g jw; F > ,uz; l htJ jlit 2004Mk; Mz; L
kd;dhUf;Fr; nrd;wNghJ - kwpr;rpfl;b vd;Dk; Cupy; %jhl;b xUtiu
re;jpj;Njhk;. mtUf;F taJ 80 f;F Nky; ,Uf;Fk;. kpff; f~;ll
; g;gl;Nl
ghbdhh;. mth; ghba ehl;lhh; ftpfs; njd;fpof;F K];ypk; Njrj;jhh;
kj;jpapNy Gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehl;lhh; ftpfNs. xU vOj;Jf; $l
khw;wkpy;iy. vdf;Fr; re;Njfk; Vw;gl;lJk;> %jhl;baplk; gy Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;lNghJjhd;> %jhl;bapd; je;ij mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nrh;ej
; tnudj;
tsk; - 2010
njupate;jJ. ,Nj Nghy> GJf;FbapUg;G vDk; CUf;Fk; nrd;Nwhk;.
mq;F ehk; Njbr;nrd;w egh; ,Uf;ftpy;iy; mtuJ kfs; ,Ue;jhh;.
mtNuhL fijj;jNghJ> jdJ jfg;gd; Rd;dj; tPLfspy; ,uT Neuq;fspy;
ftpfisg; ghLtjhff; $wpdhh;. mj;NjhL> jdJ jfg;gd; mf;fiug;gw;iwr;
Nrh;ej
; th;|| vd;Wk; $wpdhh;.
mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nrh;ej
; ftpQh; V. ,f;ghy; vdf;F rpy jfty;fisf;
$wpdhh;. mf;fiug;gw;W> fUthl;Lf;fy; (rk;khe;Jiw)> nghj;Jtpy; Mfpa
fpuhkq;fisj; jtph;ej
; kw;iwa ve;jf; fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; \\Rl;Lf;Nghl;lhw;$l||
ehl;Lf;ftp tuNt tuhJ vd ftpQh; ,f;ghy; mbj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;.
,f;fpuhkq;fspypUe;J gutpg; ghlNgjk; ngw;W> jpUtile;j ftpfis
Muha;thsh; rpyH ngw;W> \mJNt ep[khdJ| vd vOjp tUfpwhh;fs;.
up~p %yk;> ejp %yk; mwpahj rpy Ma;thsh;fs;> ,d;Wtiu fpuhkpaf;
ftpfis clNd ,aw; w pg; g hlty; y ftpGidAk; tpwypah; f is>
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; fhzyhk; vd;w cz;ikia kwe;J tpLfpwhh;fs;.
ftpQh; ,f;ghypd; ,f;$w;W [k;gkhfNth - kpifahfNth $wg;gl;ldtd;W.
V.Mh;.vk;. ]yPk; mth;fspd; Njly;fspypUe;J> jpUl;Lg; Nghd gy ftpfis
,d;W E}YUtpy; fhZk; NghJ> neL%r;R tpLtijj; jtpu NtW topapd;wp
tpf;fpj;J epw;fpd;Nwd;.
ehl;lhh; ghly;fspy;> fhjw; ghly;fshf urid kpf;fjhfTk; czh;Tfisj;

J}z;LtdthfTk; ghLtJ> Mz;fNs jtpug;> ngz;fs; my;yh; vd;gij
epidtpw; nfhs;Nthk;. fhjyp vd;w ghj;jpuKk; Mz;jhd; vd;gijAk;
kdj;jpy; ,Uj;jpf; nfhs;Nthk;. mg;NghJ ehl;lhupaypy; ngz;fspd; epiy
vd;d? mth;fsJ tfpghfk; vd;d? vd;gdtw;iw Muha;ej
; hy;> NtnwhU
Ngujph;rr
; p vk;ikr; re;jpf;Fk;. fhjw; ghly;fspy; Mzhjpf;fNk NkNyhq;fp
epw;fpwJ. rpyNghJ> rpy ghly;fisg; ngz;fSk; ghbapUf;fyhk;. mtw;iw
NtWgLj;jpg; ghh;gg
; J fbdk;. Mdhy;> mt;thwhd ngz;fs; ghba
ghly;fs; kpfr; rpwpa msNt fye;jpUf;Fk;. mt;thwhd ghly;fs; fhjw;
ghly;fshf ,y;yhky;> fztd; kidtpf;fpilapyhd ghlyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
njhopy; fhuzkhff; fztd; taypy; gaph;f;fhtYf;Fr; nry;thd;;
Ntw;W}Uf;F th;j;jfj;Jf;fhf my;yJ tay;Ntiyf;fhfr; nry;thd;.
tsk; - 2010
kidtp tPl;by; FLk;gj; JizAld; ,Ug;ghs;. rpyNtisfspy;>
iff;Foe;ijAld; jdpj;J ,Uf;Fk; epiyAk; Vw;gLk;. ,t;thwhd
NtisfspNy> fztd; jdJ kidtp> Foe;ij epidthf ,Ug;ghd;.
,t;Ntisapy;> mtsJ kdj;jpw; gPwpl;nlOk; fhjy; czh;Tfs; -
ghrnkhopg;ghly;fs; vd;gdTk; - fhjw;ghl;LlNd fye;Js;sjidAk;
mtjhdpf;f Ntz;baJ Ma;thsh;fspd; flikahFk;.
kidtp jdJ jdpikiag; Nghf;f - ftiyia kwf;f - jhyhl;Lg;

ghly;fisg; ghLths;. ehl;lhupaypy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gLk;
gpupjy;> ,Uj;jy;> ,uq;fy; vd;gd> ,q;F ,ioNahLk;. jpUkz tho;tpy;
Njhy;tp - nghUe;jhkzk; - fztidg; gpupe;J thoy; - fztdpd;
gpwngz; njhlh;Gfs; Nghd;wit> ehl;Lg;Gwg; ghly;fspy; kype;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ghly;fs;> fhjw;ghly;fs; Nghyd;wp Kw;WKOjhfg;
ngz;fshy; Vf;fj;NjhL ghlg;gLfpd;wd. ghl;baw;w ty;yik ,y;yhj
ngz;fs;> ftp GidAk; ngz;fisj; Njbr;nrd;W> ghlitj;J> vOjj;
njupe;jth;fisf; nfhz;L vOjpg;ghlitj;Jg;> gpupe;J thOk; fztDf;Nfh
- khkp kr;rpkhUf;Nfh -mDg;gp itg;ghs;. FLk;gj;jth;fs; $bapUf;f>
,g;ghl;Lf; nfhg;gp ghlLg;gLk;. ,ijf; \\nfhg;gp te;jpUg;gjhf||f;
Fwpg;gpLth;. FLk;gj;jhh; kj;jpapy; - tpNrlkhfg; ngz;fs; kj;jpapy; -
,f; nfhg;gp gbf;fg;gLtjhy;> ,yFthfg; ngz;fspd; mDjhgk;
ngwg;gLfpwJ. gpupe;j tho;f;if xd;W NrUfpwJ.
mty; Fw;WtJ FOthf ,aq;Fk; xU Fbirf;ifj;njhopy;.; mNj

Nghy> ney;Yf; Fw;WtJ> gha; KiltJ> vz;nza; Cw;WtJ vd;gdTk;
FOthff; $bNa njhopw;gLk; gof;fk; gz;ilag; ngz;fsplk; ,Ue;J
te;jJ. mg;Nghnjy;yhk;> ehl;Lg; ghly;fspy; xU gpupthfpa njk;khq;Fg;
ghly;fNsh> ieahz;bg; ghly;fNsh> eifr;Ritg; ghly;fNsh ghlg;gLk;.
kdkfpo;r;rp jUk; ,g;ghly;fs; kddk; nra;ag;gLk;; my;yJ vOjp
itf;fg;gLk;; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;> kddk; nra;j ghly;fspYk;> ,ilr;
nrUfy;fs; - ghlNgjk; - vd;gd Vw;gLk;. vOjp itj;j gpujpapy;
cr;rupg;Gf;fhd vOj;Jf;fs;> trdg; gpiofs; Vw;gLk;. rpyfhyj;jpd; gpd;>
mit NtnwhUtuhy; vOjg;gLk;; mtuhy; rpy rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gLk;;
tsk; - 2010
ghly;fisj; jpul;lr; nry;Nthh; mitNa %yg;ghly; vd kaq;FtH.
cz;ikahd %yg;ghly;fisf; fz;lhw; $l> mit gpioahdit vd
cz;ikia epuhfupf;Fk; epiyAk; Vw;gLk;.
ghly;fs; ghba ,lk;> mq;Fs;s nkhopeil> ghlypy; ghlg;gl;l F*

cf;Fwpf;fhd fUj;J> gpuNjr nkhoptof;F Nghd;witfis Ma;thsh;
ed;F mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf> \\Gf;if jpd;whd;|| vd;W
fpof;fpy; vOjyhk;. jg;gpy;iy; jtWkpy;iy. tlf;F fpof;Fj; jtph;ej
;
Vida ,lj;jpy; ,ij vOjpdhy; mth;fs; kpff; Nftykhf epidg;ghh;fs;;
mrpq;fg;gLthh;fs;; ,d;ndhUtuplk; $w ntl;fg;gLthh;fs;. ,t;thwhd
rq;flq;fis Ma;thsh;fs; re;jpf;f Ntz;btUk;. fpuhkpag; ghly;fspy;
ngz;fspd; gq;Nf mjpfkhdJ; gy;Ritg;ghly;fis mth;fNs ghbdh;.
vOj;jwpT FiwthdhYk; \epidT| mth;fSf;F kpff; $h;ikahf ,Ue;jJ.
kddk; nra;j ghly;fis epidj;jTld; ghlty;yth;fsha; ,Ue;jhh;fs;.
jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs;
mOk; Foe;ijfisj; J}q;f itf;f vOg;gg;gLk; Xir jhyhl;L vdg;gLk;.
,j; j hyhl; b d; Muk; g k; ntWk; xypf; F wpg; g hfTk; nghUsw; W
,Ug;gJTKz;L. X... Nuh... Nuh... vd;Nwh> ,y;y... ,y;y... ,y;y... vd;Nwh
nghUsw;w xypf;Fwpg;gpdhy; Xir vOg;Gk; gof;fKk; Muk;g fhyq;fspy;
,Ue; j pUf; f yhk; . fhyg; N ghf; f py; > ,dpa ghly; f shfj; jhyhl; L
tsh;rr; paile;jpUf;fyhk; vd Cfpf;f ,lKz;L. mOk; Foe;ijiaj;
NjhopNyh - J}spapNyh - njhl;bypNyh - fplj;jp> jhyhl;Lg;ghb> Japy
itf;fj; jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; cjtpd.
\jhy;| vd;why;> eh> mz;zk;> Nky; tha;gG

; wk; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;syhk;.
(kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp) \Ml;L| vd;why; mirj;jy;> jhyhl;L vd;gJ
gps;isf; ftpAWg;Gf;fspy; xd;W. nghUSs;s nrhw;fspdhy; kl;Lkd;wp>
nghUspy;yhj xypf; Fwpg;gpdhYk; $l> Foe;ijia jhyhl;b J}q;f
itf;fTk; KbAk;.
ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspd; - jpdhe;j tho;tpy; - capNuhl;lKs;s ghly;fs; gy

,lk;ngWtd. mtw;wpy; jhyhl;L> gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; Kjd;ik ngw;W
tpsq;FfpwJ. \\Vlwpah Ve;jpiofs;|| jhyhl;Lk; NghJ> fw;gidfSk;
tsk; - 2010
tUzidfSk; jhdhfNt fye;J tpLfpd;wd. Foe;ijiaj; jhyhl;Lk;
NghJ> jhyhl;Lk; md;idapd; Fyg;ngUik Gyg;glg;ghLtJ mtjhdpf;ff;
$bajhFk;. jdJ Fyj;jpd; my;yJ tPlb
; d; ngUikfs; nry;tepiyfs;>
cld; gpwe;jhdpd; Mw;wy;fs;> tpUJfs; gw;wpg; ghLtJk;> mjd; %yk;
csk; G+upg;gJk;> ngUkpjkiltJk; jhyhl;Lg; ghLk; NghJ mtjhdpf;ff;
$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jhyhl;Lg; ghLk; jhapd; Nrhf czh;TfisAk;> tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fisAk;>

fztdhNyh mtdJ tPll
; hupdhNyh ,iof;fg;gLk; nfhLikfisAk;
ntspg;gLj;jp> MWjyila jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; rPupa tbfhyha; miktij
mNdf re; j h; g ; g q; f spy; mtjhdpf; f yhk; . jhyhl; L g; g hLk; jhapd;
cs;sj;jpypUe;J gPwpl;Lg;ghAk; ,ir ,d;gk;> Foe;ijiaf; fz;tsur;
nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> Nfl;NghiuAk; Ml;nfhs;tjpy; tpag;gpy;iy. jhyhl;Lg;
ghly;fs; fUj;Jfshy; khWglyhk;; Mdhy; re;jk; khWgLtjpy;iy.
jkpofj;Jj; jhyhl;Lg;ghly;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,irapd; tpjpfSf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl;lit; re;jKk; jhsKk; xNu rPuha; mike;jpUg;git vd ,irapy;
ty;Nyhh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. Nfjhuk;> rq;fuhguzk;> ePyhk;gup> etNuhf>
FwpQ;rp vd;w ,uhftiffs; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; ,Ue;Jjhd; ngUk;ghYk;
cUg;ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Ma;thsh; fUj;J.
KbTiu
ehl;lhupaypy; Mz;fspd; tfpghfk; gpukhjkhf ,y;iy; ngupjhff;
$Wk;gbahf NtW ghly;fis mth;fs; ghltpy;iy. Mdhy;> ngz;fNsh>
rfy epfo;TfSf;Fk; ghly;fisg;ghb tuyhW gilj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,d;W
ngz;fspd; epiy fy;tpj;Jiwapy; kpf Kd;Ndw;wkhf ,Ug;gijf;
fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;epiyapy;> fpuhkpaf; ftpfs; kiwe;Jtplf;
$ba epiyapy; ,Ug;gjidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,e;epiyapy;> jw;NghJ
caph;ngw;wpUf;Fk; fpuhkpag;ghly;fs; tpwypah;fsplk; Kbe;jsT ghly;fisj;
jpul;lNtz;Lk;. fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;> %iy KLf;Ffspy; Klq;fpAs;s
ehl; l hh; ftpfs; Nrfupf; f g; g l; L E}YUthf; f g; g ly; Ntz; L k; .
jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; Kaw;rpfis tpl> murhq;f uPjpahf gz;ghl;Lj;
tsk; - 2010
jpizf;fsk; %ykhf jpul;LtJ ,yFthdJk;> rhj;jpakhdJkhFk;.
gz;ghl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; ,J tplaj;jpy; Kad;wpUg;gJ ey;y fhj;jpukhd
epiyia tsh; f ; F k; vd; g jpy; Iakpy; i y. Kad; w hy; KbahjJ
vJTkpy;iy.
nghJ E}yfnkhd;wpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.
* $l;LwT Kiwapy; fyhrhu mDgtq;fisAk; [dehaf tho;itAk;

tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
* jw;fhyj;jpy; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w midj;J tptfhuq;fs; -
neUf;fbfs; njhlHghd jfty;fis toq;Fjy;;.
* rdr%f epiyaq;fshfj; njhopw;gly;.
* r%f uPjpay; gaDs;s xU epWtdkhfTk;> fyhrhu eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epWtdkhfTk; jw;fhy cyfpay; khw;wq;fis myRk;
,lkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
* nghJkf;fs; rhHe;j epfo;Tfis epidT $Uk; tifapy; xU re;jpg;gplkhfj;
njhopw;gly;.
* nghJ - jpwg;G epfo;Tfs; njhlHghd E}y;fspd; gl;bay;fisf; fhl;rpf;F
itj;jy;.
* gpugykhd egHfspd; Ngr;Rfs;> tpupTiufs;> jpiug;glf; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;w
-tw;iw xOq;FgLj;JtjDlhf tpupthf;f epiyakhfj; njhopw;gly;.
* crhj;Jizr; Nritfs; rpWtHfSf;fhd Nritfs; E}YUtw;w
rhjdq;fspd; Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;F gLj;Jjy;.
* ngsjpf uPjpapyhd midj;Jj; jilfisAk; cilj;J midj;Jj; jfty;
tsq;fisAk; thrfH mZff;$bathW toprikj;jy; r%fj;jpd; epfo;fhyj;
NjitfisAk; ,dpj;Njitg;gLk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; NjitfisAk;
gpujpgypf;Fk; epiyakhfj;; njhopw;gly;.
* xt;nthU kdpjDk; jdJ NjitfSf;Fk; MHtq;fSf;Fk; Mw;wy;fSf;Fk;
<LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; Ma;T - jdpegH fyhrhuk; - vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd
epiyakhff; njhopw;gly;.
cap&l;lkpf;f - r%fuPjpapy; xUq;fpidf;fg;gl;l cj;jpfspd; cUthf;f
rf;jpahfj; njhopw;gly;.
* ghlrhiyfs;> fy;Y}upfs; vd;gtw;wpd; KiwrhHe;j fy;tpf;F cjTk;
epiyakhf ,Uj;jy;.
* thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ij tpUj;jpnra;Ak; epiyakhfj; njhopw;gly;.
ed;wp: mUshde;jk; =fhe;jyl;Rkp

E}yf jfty; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;Nfhit gf;fk; 178> 179
tsk; - 2010
\\xU rkur cwtpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;...||
m];kj; K`k;kl;
\\xU rkur cwNt>

tuyhw;iwj; njhlq;Ffpd;wJ.
\Nee;J| tpl;l rkhjhdg; Gwh>

nja;tkhfpwJ@
kdpju;fs; kPJ
mjpfhuk; nrYj;j Kbahj
re;ju;gg
; k; ,Jjhd;.
Gwh
Gdpjkhfpd;wJ@
nfhiy nra;J rikf;f KbahJ@
fy;nywpe;J Juj;j Kbahj
,r;re;ju;gg
; j;jpy;.
fhw;W tPRk; jpirAk; njupatpy;iy@

ehd;
elf;fpd;Nwdh?
my;yJ ,Uf;fpd;Nwdh?
Gupatpy;iy.
tsk; - 2010
FspuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ@
#lhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ@
vJ ,uT? vJ gfy;?
vJTk; Gupatpy;iy@
ekJ kf;fspd;
xw;Wikapd; kfpo;tpy;.
%d;W jrhg;jkha;
kz;zpy; GijAz;l
rkhjhdj;jpd; epidTfSk;
vkJ kf;fspd; fdtpy;
te;J kiwe;j
rkur cwTk;>
vd; ,ikfspy;
kpje;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd@
,e;jf; fdTfspd;
ep[q;fs; ePbf;f
,iwtidg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.||
\\md;G md;ghyhdJ@ md;G %Hf;fkhdjd;W.

md;G nghWikahdJ@ md;G Mj;jpukilahjJ.
md;G fHtkw;wJ@ md;G mfk; ghtkw;wJ.
md;G vupr;ryw;wJ@ md;G gopthq;fhjJ.
md;G nghwhikaw;wJ@ md;G Nguhiraw;wJ.
md;G re;Njfkw;wJ@ md;G jd;NdNa Nerpf;fhjJ.||
tsk; - 2010
rpWtu;fspd; E}yhu;tk;
my;`hI; v];.vk;. fkhy;jd

P .;
B.A. (Cey) B.Ed. (Toronto), Dip. in Lib.
vk;kpilNa toq;fp tUk;> ‘,sikapw;fy;’ - ‘gUtj;Nj gapu;nra;’-

‘Ie;jpy; tisahjJ Ik;gjpy; tisAkh?’ - ‘njhl;bw; gof;fk; RLfhL
kl;Lk;’ vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfs; ,sikg; gUtj;jpd; mjpaw;Gjkhd
Mw;wy;fisr; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
XU Foe;ijapd; kdk; fsq;fkw;wJ; J}a;ikahdJ mJ gy;NtW tpjkhd

mDgtq;fisAk; mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $banjhU gjpNtlhf
cs;sJ. ,d;W ehk; mwpe;j ngupNahu;fs; ,sikg; gUtj;jpy; jq;fSf;F
Vw;gl;l mDgtj;jpdhNyNa jq;fs; gpw;fhy tho;fi
; f> newpg;gLj;jg;gl;lij
vkf;nfLj;J ,ak;Gfpd;wdu;. rpWtu;fspd; cs;sj;Nj gjpAk; ve;jnthU
tplaKk; epiyj;J epw;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gjdhNyNa ,g;gUtj;jpy;
ew;gof;fq;fis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;bajd; mtrpak; tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tifapy;> ,d;W ekJ rpe;jidf;Fupa thrpf;Fk; gof;fKk; ,g;nghJ
epajpf;Fg; Gwk;ghdjd;W.
njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; - E}y;fs;.

kf;fspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;fhd rhjdq;fspd; mzpapNy Kd;epw;gJ
E}y;fNsahFk;. Gjpd VL> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w ntFrd
mwpTr; rhjdq;fs; (Mass Media) ngUfpAs;s ,t;tpUgjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;
$l> E}y;fs; jq;fs; mwpT+l;Lk; Mw;wiy ,oe;J tpltpy;iy. vy;yh
mwpTr; rhjdq;fspYk; epiyahdjhf epd;W E}y;fs; cjtp tUfpd;wd.
xUtupd; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk;> MSikiaAk; NgZtjpy; E}y;fSf;F
,izahd rhjdk; xd;W ,y;iynad;gij vkJ jw;fhy mDgtk;
tsk; - 2010
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. ntFrd rhjdq;fspd; %yk; kf;fspd; jdpj;jd;ikAk;>
MSikAk; ghjpf;fg;gLtij ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp Kiw epyTk; ehLfspy;
ngUksT fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vd;? rdehafk; epyTk; ehLfspw;
$l> ntFrd rhjdq;fspd; typikia ehk; kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. ,d;iwa
jpiug;gl Clfk; xd;Nw> ,Jtiu ehd; $wpajw;Fg; Nghjpa rhd;whFk;.
rpWtu;fspd; kPJ> E}y;fs; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij upr;ru;l; ngk;Ngu;fu;

(Richard Bamberger) gpd;tUkhW tpgupj;Js;shu;:
“Xu; ,sk;gps;isapd; tsu;rr
; papy; E}y;fspd; jhf;fk; kpfTk;
jpl;ltl;lkhdjhFk;. mjd; cs;sk; vDk; Nfhapiyf;
fl;bnaOg;g cjTk; fw;fs; E}y;fshFk;. mit xUtupd;
fw;gdh rf;jpia tupitilar; nra;tNjhL>
czu;rr
; pfisg; gz;gLj;jp kdij newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd@
kw;Wk;> E}y;fs; rpWtu;fspdJk;> ,isQu;fspdJk; mwpit
tsg;gLj;jpj; jhu;kf
P j; JiwapYk; cyfpay; JiwapYk;
jPuT
; fhz cjTfpd;wd.”
,g;gbahd mstw;w ed;ikfisg; gaf;Fk; E}y;fisg; gbj;jwpAk;

tha;gg
; pid ehKk; ekJ gps;isfSk; ,of;f KbAkh? vdNtjhd;>
E}y;fspd; cwit ek; rpwhUf;F ey;y Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jp itf;f Ntz;ba
flik vk;ikr; rhu;fpd;wJ.
rpWtu;fSk; E}y;fSk;.
,dp rpWtu;fs; E}y;fs; thrpg;gJ gw;wpa rpy cz;ikfisf; ftdpg;Nghk;.
tsu; e ; j tu; f Sf; F E}iy thrpg; g jw; F g; gy nghJ VJf; f Sk; >
mbg;gilfSk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ,q;F rpWtu;fSf;Fupa rpwg;G epiyfs;
gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,t;tifapy; tsu;eN
; jhUf;Fk;
rpWtu;fSf;FkpilNaAs;s rpy mbg;gilahd tpj;jpahrq;fis ehk;
Kjw;fz; njupe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhk; thrpf;Fk; tp\aq;fis> vspjpw; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tho;f;if

mDgtk; tsu;ej
; tu;fSf;F epuk;g cz;L. NkYk;> mtu;fsJ tpUg;G -
tsk; - 2010
ntWg; G f; f Sk; thrpf; F k; tplaq; f s; kP J glu; e ; J k; tpLfpd; w d.
ngUk;ghyhNdhUila jdpj;jd;ik - MSik vd;gdTk; thrpf;fg;gLk;
nghUs; kPJ jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. vdNt> mtu;fs; jhk; thrpf;Fk;
tp\aq;fspdhy; vspjpw; ghjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy@ Mdhy;> rpWtu;fs; tp\aj;jpy;
epiyik ngUksT khWgl;ljhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
mtu;fsJ cs;sq;fs; ehk; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; fiwglhjit@

mDgtj; jhf;fk; kpff; Fiwe;jit. xU E}iy thrpf;Fk; mtu;fs;>
jq;fs; #oiy kwe;J me;j E}ypNdhL xd;wptpLk; jd;ikAilatu;fs;.
tse;NjhHfis tpl> E}ypid Cd;wp thrpf;Fk; jd;ikAk; - E}ypYs;s
ghj; j puq; f NshL xd; w ptpLk; jd; i kAk; - rpWtu; f splj; N jjhd;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjkhd jd;ikfs; rpWtu;;fsplj;jpy;
kpFe;jpUg;gjdhNyjhd; mtu;fSf;F ehk; toq;Fk; E}y;fs; gw;wpa
gpur;rpidapy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;batu;fsha; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ekJ ftdj;ijg; ngwNtz;ba kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa tp\ak; thrpf;Fk;

Mw; w y; gw; w pajhFk; . thrpf; F k; Mw; w y; ,ay; g hfNt> xUtuplk;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ePe;Jtjw;Nfh> ge;jbg;gjw;Nfh> thfdq;fisr;
nrYj;Jtjw;Nfh vt;tsT gapw;rp mtrpaNkh mNjNghy;> thrpg;gjw;Fk;>
gapw;rp mtrpakhFk;. ePbj;j rpukkhd gapw;rpapd; %yNk thrpf;Fk;
Mw;wiyr; rpWtu;fs; ngw KbAk;.
xU gps;is Rkhu; Ie;J tajpy; ,Ue;Nj njhlu;rr

; pahf thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy;> gpw;fhyj;jpy;> mg;gps;isaplj;Nj E}yhu;tk;
jupj;J epw;Fk; vd;W ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ. xU gps;isaplj;Nj
thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ijAk;> thrpf;Fk; Mu;tj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Kjw;fz;
ngw;Nwhu;fSk; mLj;J Mrpupau;fSk; mLj;J E}yfUk;
flikg;ghLilatu;fs; Mfpd;whu;fs;.
ngw;whu; - ghlrhiy - nghJE}y; epiyak;.

,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by;> fy;tp tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;j Ntisapy;>
,j;Jiwapy; ngw;Nwhu;fspd; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; $l>
tsk; - 2010
kpfTk; FiwthfNt ,Ue;J tUtJ fz;$L> jpUg;jpfukhd mstpw;F
E}y; f is thq; f p tP L fspy; itg; g jw; f hd trjp ngUk; g hyhd
ngw;Nwhu;fsplj;jpy; ,y;iy.
vdNt> thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ijj; J}z;Ltjpy; ghlrhiyfspdJk;> E}y;

epiyaq;fspdJk; nghWg;G $LjyhfNt cs;sJ. ,jpypUe;J ngw;Nwhu;
- ghlrhiy - nghJ E}y; epiyak; - Mfpa %d;W gpuptpdUk;
njhlu;Gilatu;fshfpd;wdu;. rpwg;ghf> ghlrhiyf;Fk; - nghJ E}y;
epiyaq;fSf;Fk; - ,ilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G ,Uf;f Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaKk; czug;gLfpd;wJ.
ghlrhiy E}y; epiyak; xd;W ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> nghJE}y; epiyaj;jpy;

rpWtu;fSf;fhd E}y; epiyak; mtrpae;jhdh? vd;w Iag;ghLk; - Vd;
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; - Nghl;b epiyAq;$l - Vw;gl VJtpUf;fpd;wJ.
,e;jg; gpur;rpidapy;> jw;nghOJ ehk; <Lgl Ntz;ba mtrpak;
,y; i ynad; W epidf; f pd; N wd; . Mdhy; > ,t; t puz; L tif E}y;
epiyaq;fSNk mtrpak; vd;gijAk;. ,tw;wpd; $l;L Kaw;rpahy;
ngwf; $ ba ed; i kfs; kpfg; g y vd; w cz; i kiaAk; khj; j puk;
nrhy;ypf;nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
Mrpupau; gq;Fk; gzpAk;

ngw;Nwhupd; epiy gw;wp Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;Nld;. ,dp xU gps;isapd;
thrpf;Fk; Mw;wy; tsu;r;rpapy;> ghlrhiy Mrpupaupd; gq;ifg;gw;wp rpy
thu;ji
; jfs; $w tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ijg; gps;isfsplj;Nj
tsu; g ; g jw; F Mrpupau; f s; XusT cjt KbAk; vd; g ij ehk;
kwg;gjw;fpy;iy. Mdhy;> thrpg;gjpy; Mu;tk; cs;s gps;isfs; jhkhfNt
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpf;F Mrpupaupd; rhjid xg;ghfkhl;lhJ vd;w
cz;ikia ehk; xg;Gf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,t; t hW ehk; $Wtjhy; > flikapy; fUj; J s; s Mrpupau; f s; >

gps;isfsplj;Nj thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ngwf;$ba
gyd;fisf; FiwTgLj;jpf; $Wtjhff; nfhs;sf;$lhJ. Vnddpy;>
tsk; - 2010
jhkhfNt ,g;gof;fj;jpy; ehl;lk; nfhs;sf;$ba gps;isfistplj;
J}z;Ljiy Ntz;b epw;Fk; gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;ifNa kpfg; ngupjhFk;.
vdNt> ngUk; g hyhNdhu; rk; g e; j g; g l; l kl; b y; Mrpupau; gzp
,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
rpWtu;fsplj;Nj thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Mrpupau;fs; Mw;wf;

$ba gzp kpfr; rpwg;ghdjhftpUg;gjhy;> ,g;gzpf;F Mrpupau;fspd;
jifikiag;gw;wpAk; ,q;F ehk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
ey;y E}y;fisg; ngUkstpy; thrpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; epr;rakhfj; jkJ
khztu;fspilNa E}yhu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. ,d;W vkJ Mrpupau;fs;
ngUk;ghyhNdhuplj;jpy; thrpf;Fk; gof;fk; ve;j epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;gJ
Nfs;tpf;Fupa tp\akhFk;.
ghlrhiyapy; khztu;fsplj;Nj thrpf;Fk; gof;fk; rpwg;ghf tsu;tjw;F>

Mrpupau;fs; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba rpy Kf;fpakhd tp\aq;fis ,dpf;
ftdpg;Nghk;.
Kjyhtjhf> rpWtu;fis ehk; thrpf;fj; J}z;Ltjd; gpujhd Nehf;fk;>

mtu;fs; jq;fisg; gpw;fhy tho;f;iff;Fj;; jFjpAilatu;fshf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj;jhd; vd;w fUj;J Kw;whfg; nghUe;Jtjhf ,y;iy.
mNjNghy> nghJ E}yfq;fspy; flikahw;Wk; rpyu; vz;ZtJNghy;>
ghlrhiyfspy; thrpf; F k; gof; f j; i j Vw; g Lj; J tJ> nghJE}y;
epiyafSf;fhd thrfu;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;Fj;jhd; vd;w fUj;Jk;
Vw;Gilajd;W.
,f;$w;Wf;fs;> XusT Gul;rpfukhditahfj; Njhw;wf;$LnkdpDk;>

thrpf; F k; gof; f j; j pd; tpUj; j pf; f hd VJf; f isr; ruptug; Gupe; J
nfhs;gtu;fSf;F ,tw;wpd; jd;ik ed;FGydhFk;. vdpDk;> rpwpanjhU
tpsf;fj;ij ,q;F jUNthk;. rpWtHfspd; thrpg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fSs;>
gpw; f hy tho; f ; i ff; f hd mwpTj; Njl; l k; Kf; f pakhdnjdpDk; >
mtu; f Sila cldbj; Njitfs; gy cz; L . ,jid ehk;
nghUl; g Lj; j tpy; i ynadpy; > mtu; f splj; N j thrpf; F k; gof; f j; i j
tsk; - 2010
epiyngwr; nra;tJ mrhj;jpakhfptpLk;. rpWtu;fs; thrpj;jypy; ngUk;
,d;gk; fhz;fpd;whu;fs;.
nghOJ Nghf;fhfTk;> fw;gidAyfpy; epyTtjw;fhfTk; Vd; ntWk;

tpNdhjj;jpw;fhfTk; thrpg;gjpy; mtu;fs; rypg;giltjpy;iy. vdNt>
,j;jifa thrpg;igj; jLg;gJ xU gps;isapd; E}yhu;tj;ijg; ghjpg;gjhf
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j cz;ikia vkf;F nkf;nfhy;tpDila “E}y; epiyaq;fs;”
gw;wpa gpd;tUk; $w;W njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
“rpWtu; E}y; epiyaq;fspd; gpujhd Nehf;fk;> me;E}y; epiyaq;fs;>

jw;rkaNk cgNahfpj;J cldbahf ,d;gKk;> ed;ikAk; ngWk;
thrfu;fis cUthf;FtNjahFk;. mtu;fs; E}y; epiyaq;fspd; %yk;
epfo;fhyj;jpNyNa Cf;fKk;> cw;rhfKk;> kdepiwTk; gpujpgyDk;
ngWthu;fs;. ,e;j epiyf;F e h k ; mtu;fis Mshf;fptpl;lhy;>
vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp ehk; ftiyg;glj; Njitapy;iy. ,ij ehk;
tw;GWj;jpf; $Wtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;dntd;why;> gyupd; kdj;Nj
gps;isfspd; vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa rpe;jidnahd;wpidj; jtpu
NtnwJTk; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy. Mdhy;> gps;isfNsh jw;fhyj;jpy;
jq;fisr; #o;eJ
; epfo;tijNa ehLfpd;whu;fs;. mtw;iw thrpj;J kfpo
tpiofpd;whu;fs;. vdNt> ehk; mtu;fSila cldbahd tpUg;gq;fSf;F
toptif nra;jhy;> tUq;fhyk; jhdhfNt rpwg;Gw mike;JtpLk;. nghJ
E}yfq;fSf;fhd thrfu;fSk; Fiwtpd;wpj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.”
rpWtu;jk; kNdhepiyAk; rpWtu; E}y;fSk;.

mLj;jgbahf ehk;> rpWtu;fSila kNdhepiy - tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fs;
- Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wpAk; mwpa Ntz;baJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. rpWtu;fspd;
,ay;G+f;fq;fis ehk;mwpe;jhy; khj;jpuNk> mtu;fspilNa thrpf;Fk;
gof;fj;ijr; rPuhf Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. xU gps;is thOk; #oy; mjpf
tpupthdnjhd; w d; W . jhd; tjpAk; tP L - nry; Y k; ghlrhiy -
tpisahl;Lj;jply; vd;gd Nghd;w xU rpy ,lq;fNs mjd; mwpTf;
fskhfpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
mwpahj jdJ mDgtj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l tp\aq;fis> E}y;fis
thrpg;gjd; %yNk rpWtd; mwpa Ntz;batdhapUf;fpwhd;. E}y;fspd;
%yNk mtdJ mwpT tprhypf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdNt> rpWtu;fSf;Fj; jug;gLk;
E}y;fSk; ,jw;Nfw;g mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mLj;J> xU gps;isapd; tsu;r;rp gbg;gbahfNt Vw;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt>

mjd; mDgtq;fSk;> ,e;j tsu;rr
; pg;gbfSf;F Vw;wjhfNt mikfpd;wd.
,e; j epiygw; w pNa E}y; f Sk; > xU gps; i sapd; Mw; w Yf; F k; >
mDgtj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikiaj; jpupj;Jf;$Wk;
XU Mrpupau;; Foe;ijfspd; cs;sj;ijf; ftu KbahJ. jtwhd jfty;fs;>
vg;NghJk; E}ypd; juj;ijAk;> gpuNahrdj;ijAk; ghjpf;Fk;. rpWtu;fSf;fhd
E}y;fspd; gz;Gfisr; RUq;ff;$wpd;> mit ,yf;fpaj; juKiladthAk;>
rpWtu; NjitfisAk;> tpUg;gq;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jf; $badthAk;>
rpy fy;tprhH ,yf;Ffis mila cjtf;$badthAk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
,Jtiu ehk; $wpatw;wpypUe;J> rpWtu;fspd; jd;ikiaAk;> mtu;fSf;fhf

vOjg;gLk; E}y;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; fz;Nlhk;. E}y;fisg;
nghWj; j mstpNy ehk; $wpAs; s it mtw; w pd; cl; n ghUs;
gw;wpadNtahFk;. Mdhy;> gps;isfs; mtw;iw thrpf;fj; J}z;Ltjw;F
mtrpakhd Gw epiyfisg; gw;wpAk; ,q;F ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;.
rpWtu; E}y;fs; fz;fisf; ftUk; mofpa Njhw;wKilatdtha; ,Uj;jy;

Ntz; L k; . E}y; f spd; ‘ciw’ fz; f tu; tz; z r; rpj; j puq; f isf;
nfhz; b Uj; j y; mtrpakhFk; . ngupaJk; > njspthdJkhd mr; R
vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l
; dthAk; mit ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jtpuTk;>
fijfisAk; tp\aq;fis tpsf;Fk; rpj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;ldthAk;
mit mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mofpa Njhw;wKila E}y;fis thrpg;gjw;fhd ,lq;fSk;> ey;y

ntspr;rk;> fhw;Nwhl;lk; Mfpatw;NwhL kdjpw;F ,d;g%l;lf;$ba #oiy
tsk; - 2010
ciladthapUj;jYk; mtrpak;. ,e;j tifapy;> ghlrhiy E}y;
epiyaq;fisAk;> nghJ E}y; epiyaq;fisAk; ehk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ ,q;F Kf;fpa fUj;jhfpwJ. ey;y E}y;fisAk;> kdjpw;F
cfe;j #oiyAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gpwF> mLj;Jf; ftdpf;f
Ntz;baJ> E}y;fisAk; rpWtu;fisAk; ,izf;Fk; fUkkhFk;.
rpWtu;fis E}y;fNshL ,izj;jYk; Mrpupau; <LghLk;.

mjhtJ> E}y;fisg; gps;isfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jp thrpf;fj; J}z;Ljy;.
,q;Fjhd; Mrpupau;fNsh my;yJ E}yfu;fNsh kpfTk; rhJupakhf ele;J
nfhs;s Ntz;batu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. gps;isfis thrpf;fj;
J}z;Ltjpy; E}yfu;fspd; gq;ifAk; ,t;tplj;jpy; cld; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;Nthk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpapy; kpfr; rpwe;j Kiw rpWtu;fis Neubahf>
,d;d ,d;d E}y;fisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpjpf;fhky;> kiwKfkhf
mtu;fs; E}y;fspy; <Lglr; nra;tNjahFk;.
Muk; g j; j py; Xu; Mrpupau; > gutyhf E}y; f isg; gbj; j tuhdhy; >
gps;isfsplj;Nj rpwg;ghf E}yhu;tj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAnkd;W ehd;
Fwpg;gpl;Nld;. ,jid tpsf;Fk; Kfkhf gp.[p uhy;/g; mtu;fspd; (B.G.
Ralph) gpd;tUk; $w;iw vLj;Jiug;gJ ,q;F nghUe;Jk;.
“Mrpupau; jkJ ghlj;jpd; NghJ> ,ilapilNa E}y;fisf;

Fwpg; g pl; L g; Ngr Ntz; L k; . ey; y fUj; J f; f is
Nkw;Nfhs;fshf vLj;jhs Ntz;Lk;. jkJ ghlj;jpd; NghJ>
cUrpfukhd gFjpfisAk; cUf;fkhd gFjpfisAk;
vLj;J thrpj;Jr; rpWtu;fisj; jhkhfNt mg;gFjpfisj;
njhlu;eJ
; thrpf;ff;$ba Mu;tj;ijf; fpswptpl Ntz;Lk;.
,J Nghd;w kiwKfkhd topfspy; Mrpupau;> gps;isfspd;
E}yhu;tj;ijj; J}z;LtNj Kjd;ikahd cghakhFk;.
Mrpupau; gps;isfis E}y;fs; jUk; ,d;gj;jpd; nghUl;Lk;>
thrpf;fj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mNj rkak; gps;isfs;
thrpg;gij epjhdkhf tiuaiwg;gLj;jTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Vndd;why;> mNefk; gps;isfs; fz;lgb> Fwpf;Nfhs;
tsk; - 2010
mw;w Kiwapy; msTf;F mjpfkhf thrpf;fj; jiyg;gl;L
tpLfpd;wdu;. ,e;j tpjp Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; rpwg;ghf
mikfpd; w J. Vnddpy; > gps; i sfs; ghlrhiyf; F r;
nry;tjd; Nehf;fk;> mtu;fsJ thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;NjhL
ngUksTf;F xd;wpapUf;fr; nra;tNj MFk;. ,e;j
tp\aj;jpy; nghJ E}yfq;fspy; epiyik NtW tpjkhf
mikfpd;wJ.
MrpupaNuh tFg;gpy; NjitfSf;F Vw;wjhfTk;> mNj

rkak; mtu;fspd; Ra tpUg;Gf;F ,lkspf;Fk; tifapYk;
gps;isfis newpg;gLj;j Ntz;batuhfpwhu;. nghJthff;
$Wkplj; J g; gps; i sfs; ey; y E}y; f is thrpj; J g;
gof;fg;gl;L tpl;lhHfnsd;why; mtHfSila kdk; mNj
topapy; glu;eJ
; nry;Yk; vd;gJ mDgt cz;ikahFk;.
,e;j epiyia mtu;fsplj;Nj ehk; Vw;gLj;jp tpl;lhy;>
vij thrpg;gJ vd;w tplaj;jpy; mtu;fspd;
Rje;jpuj;ijg;gw;wp ehk; ftiy nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy”
gps;isfs;> thrpg;gjw;F Cf;fe;jUjy;

kiwKfj; J}z;liyAk;> E}y;fisj; njupT nra;jypy; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;
gw;wp ];uhd;yp [h];w; (Stanly Jast) vd;ghH gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whu:;
“kf; f spd; xOf; f j; JiwapyhapDk; rup> murpay;

JiwapyhapDk; rup> mwpt+l;Lk; Kaw;rpapyhapDk; rup>
Neu;Kfkhfj; jhf;Fjy; vg;NghJk; Njhy;tpapy;jhd; KbAk;.
jhd; tpUk;gpaijj; njupT nra;J nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuj;ij
(Feedom of Choice) ehd; vg;NghJk; tw;GWj;jp te;Js;Nsd;.
thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ijf; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;s xU gps;is>
tsu; e ; j tH xUtUila epu; g ; g e; j j; j pd; Nky; kpfr;
rpwe;jnjhU E}iy thrpg;gij tplr; Rakhf - xU
juf;Fiwthd E}iy thrpg;gJ NkyhdjhFk;.”
tsk; - 2010
gps;isfsplj;jpy; E}yhu;tk; vw;gLtjw;Fr; #oy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
tPLfspNy gy tpjkhd E}y;fs; epiwa ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mijtplr; rpwe;j
E}y;fs; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mdhy;> me;j epiy ekJ ehl;by; ,Uf;Fnkd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;f Kbahjy;yth? vdNt> ghlrhiyapYk; - tFg;giwapYk; -
E}y; epiyaq;fspYk; - kw;Wk; rdr%f epiyaq;fspYk; - Nfhapy;fspYk;
- gs;spthry;fspYk;> E}y;fs; epiwe;j #oy; tha;fF
; khapd;> mJnthd;Nw
gps; i sfis thrpg; g jw; F j; J}z; L nkd; g jpy; Iakpy; i y. ,e; j
cz;ikia> trjpAs;s tPLfisr;NrHe;j> gps;isfspd; $Ljyhd
E}yhu;tj;jpypUe;J ehk; mwpa KbAk;. ,dp rpWtu;fisj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd
NkYk; rpy topfis ,q;F $WNthk;.
,ay;ghf thrpg;gjpy; ehl;lkp;y;yhj gps;isfSf;F cjTk; Kfkhf>

ghlrhiyfspy; E}y;fisg; gw;wpa tpthjq;fs; - cuf;f thrpj;jy; -
fijfs; nrhy;Yjy; - $l;lhf xU E}iy thrpj;jy; - Nghd;w tFg;giwg;
gapw;rp Kiwfis Mrpupau;fs; ifahsyhk;. NkYk; nksdkhf xU
E}iy thrpg;gjw;fhd trjpiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fyhk;.
rpWtu;fs; jhq;fs; thrpf;Fk; E}y;fisg;gw;wp> Vida gps;isfsplj;Nj

nra;Ak; gpurhuk; xU Kf;fpakhd rhjdkhFk;. jq;fs; nrhe;j E}y;fisAk;>
rf khztupilNa fhl;b> mtu;fspilNa rjh E}y;fisg; gw;wpa
Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;LtJ Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba njhd;whFk;. ,e;j
Kaw;rpfspy; vy;yhk;> rpWtu;fs; Rakhf ,aq;f ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
ehk; $wpa NghJk;> vg;NghJk; Mrpupau;fspd; kiwKfkhd Nkw;ghu;itapd;
mtrpaj;ij ehk; kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ. NkYk;> jukhd ,yf;fpaq;fis
mtu;fSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; topfhl;bfshf Mrpupau;fs; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;epiyapd;Nwy;> khztu;fspilNa jpUg;jpfukhdJk;>
G+uzj;JtKilaJkhd tsu;rr
; pia ehk; fhz KbahJ.
Mrpupau;fspd; Kaw;rpfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ,Jtiu ehk; $wp

te;Njhk;. thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ijj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd tifapy; mikAk;
ghlrhiy E}y; epiyaq;fisAk; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; E}y;fisAk; gw;wpr;
rpy cz;ikfis ,q;F $WtJ nghUj;jkhfTk; - cjtpahfTk; -
tsk; - 2010
,Uf;Fnkd;W fUJfpd;Nwd;. Muk;gj;jpy; khztu; thrpg;gjd; Nehf;fk;
vd;dntd;gijf; $wpNdd;. me;j tpsf;fj;jpypUe;J khztiu vt;thW
thrpf;fj; J}z;lyhk; vd;w Nfs;tpf;Fk; tpilfhz;gjw;F VJthapUe;jJ.
mJ NghyNt> ghlrhiy E}y; epiyaj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; ehk; mwpe;jhy;>
gps;isfis thrpf;fj; J}z;Lk; Kaw;rpf;fhd VJf;fisf; fhzyhk;.
ghlrhiy E}yf ,yf;Ffs;.

xU ghlrhiy E}y; epyiaj;jpd; gpujhd ,yf;Ffisf; fPNo jUfpd;Nwd;.
- tFg;giw tuk;Gfis ePff

; p> Ra tpUg;gj;jpw;Fr; Rje;jpukspj;J
thrpf;fj; J}z;Ljy;.
- Mrpupaupd; jiyaPbd;wpj; jhkhfNt E}y;fspypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
- ghltpjhdj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; gytpjkhd ghlq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk;
nraw;ifg; gpuptpidiaj; jsu;jj
; p> ,ay;ghd njhlu;Gfis
czu;jJ
; jy;.
- gps;isfisr; r%fg; nghUj;jKilNahuhfr; nra;jy;.
,e;j Nehf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> gzpGupAk; Mrpupa E}yfu;>

khztu;fis thrpf;fj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd toptifisAk;
,e;Nehf;fq;fspypUe;Nj vspjpw; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. cjhuzkhf>
Gtpapaw; ghlj;jpy; Mgpupf;ff; fz;lj;ijg; gw;wpa ghlk; epfOk; NghJ>
me;j ehl;Lf; fijfs;- me;j ehl;Lg; gpuahzf; fl;Liufs; - tpyq;fpdq;fs;
gw;wpa E}y;fs; Kjypatw;iw khztu; tpUk;gpg; gbg;gjw;fhd re;ju;gg
; j;ij
E}yfu; Vw;gLj;jpj; juyhk;.
mz;ikapy; epfo;ej
; re;jpukz;ly ahj;jpiuahdJ> tp;QQ
; hd etPdq;fspy;
khztupilNa Vw;gLj;jpa Mu;tj;ij ehk; mwpNthk;. jpiug;glq;fshf
Mf;fg;gLk; fijfis thrpg;gjpy; Vw;gLk; cw;rhfKk;> ,e;j tifapidr;
rhu;e;jNjahFk;. vdNt> #oYf;Fk;> re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy;
ehty;fisj; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjd; %yk;> thrpf;Fk; Mu;tj;ijg; ngUkstpy;
tsu;ff
; KbAk; vd;gij ehk; czu Ntz;Lk;.
tsk; - 2010
nghUj;jkhd E}y;fisj; njupT nra;jy;
ghlrhiy E}yf Nehf;fq;fNshL> E}y;fisj; njupT nra;tjpYs;s
El;gq;fSk;> thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;ijj; J}z;l Kw;gLNthUf;Fk; gy topfspy;
cjTfpd;wd. nghJ E}yfq;fspYs;s rpW gFjpf;fhapDk; rup> rhlrhiy
E}yfq;fSf;fhapDk; rup> E}y;fisj; njupT nra;tjpy; ehk; kpFe;j
ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij> Kd;dNu ehd;
Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;Nsd;. rpWtu;fspilNa thrpf;Fk; gof;fk; rpwg;Gw tsu;tjw;F
,e;jf; flik nrk;ikahf epfo Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> E}y;fisj; njupT nra;tjpy; mDrupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba rpy Kf;fpa

tpjpfis ,q; F $w tpUk; G fpd; N wd; . ,e; j tpjpfs; ruptu
czug;glhtpl;lhy;> xU ghlrhiy E}yfu;> rpWtu;fspilNa E}yhu;tj;ijg;
ngUf;Ftjpy; epr;rakhf ntw;wp fhz KbahJ.
ehd; $w tpUk;Gk; tpjpfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ> E}yfj;Jf;Fj; njupT
nra;ag;gLk; xt;nthU E}Yk; mjd; cgNahfk; fUjpNa Vw;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ> xU E}iyj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ>
me;j E}iy ahu; thrpf;fg; Nghfpwhu;fs; - vd;d fhupaj;Jf;fhf thrpf;fg;;
Nghfpwhu;fs; - ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;NjhL ,e;E}y; vt;thW
nghUe;Jfpd;wJ - vd;gd Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSf;Fj; jpUg;jpfukhd gjpiy
E}yfu;fs; fhz Ntz;Lk;. ,J khj;jpukd;W. ‘rpWtu;fs; jq;fSila
tFg; g iwr; #oiyf; fle; J > gutyhd mDgtq; f isg; ngw
Ntz;abtu;fs;.’ vd;gij ehk; kwe;J tplf;$lhJ. vdNt> me;jj;
NjitiaAk; mDrupj;Nj E}y;fs; njupT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. RUq;ff;
$WNthkhapd;> ‘rpWtu; E}y;fs; mtu;fSila czu;rr
; p - #oy; -
Mfpa mDgtq;fis xl;baitfsha; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.’
E}y; njuptpy; mLj;j tpjpahtJ> ehk; njupT nra;Ak; E}y;fs; gy;NtW

JiwfisAk; mshtp epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. ghlj;Njitf;fhd E}y;fs; vd;Wk;>
nghOJ Nghf;Ff;fhd E}y;fs; vd;Wk; gpupf;Fk; gof;fk; vk;kpilNa
gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;> ngUksT jPikNaad;wp> ed;ik
tpisahnjd;gij ,q;fpyhe;jpy;> ghlrhiy E}y;; epiyaq;fs; gw;wpa
mwpf;if xd;W> kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
mLj;j gbahf> ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba cz;ik vd;dntdpy;> vq;nfq;F
fw;gpj;jw; njhopy; capUs;sjhf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh> mq;nfy;yhk; mwpTf;fhd
E}y;fs; - nghOJ Nghf;Ff;fhd E}y;fs; - vd;w gpuptpid mu;jj
; kw;wjhfp
tpLfpd;wJ. fw;gpf;Fk; NghJ> ngUk;ghyhd nraw;jpl;lq;fisg; (Projects)
gue;j mbg;gilapy;> mikahj E}y; epiyaq;fspd; cjtp nfhz;L ehk;
ifahs Kbahj epiy Vw;gLk;. NkYk; ,t;tpjkhd E}y; epiyaq;fs;
khztu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngwj; jtwptpLk; vd;gJk; ,q;F Nehf;fw;ghyJ.
rpwg;ghf - rpWtajpdu;> ,j;jF E}y; epiyaq;fspdhy; <u;ff
; g;glkhl;lhu;fs;
vd;gJk; ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.
E}y;rhHig> tajpdNuhL ,izj;J Nehf;fy;

,dpehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba kw;Wk; xU tpjpiag;gw;wp Vw;fdNt gutyhff;
$wpAs;Nshk;. vdpDk;> ,J gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ,q;F kPl;ly; ed;ik
gaf;Fk;. rpWtu;fSf;fhd E}y;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; NghJ> mtu;fSila
,ay;ghd tpUg;gq;fis mDrupj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. rpWtu;fspd; E}y;
rhu;ig tajpNdhL ,izj;J mtjhdpj;j rpy Mq;fpNya mwpQu;fs;>
gpd;tUk; jfty;fis cjtpAs;shu;fs;. ,e;j tpguq;fs; ehL - fyhrhuk;
- #oy; - nghJ mwpT epiy Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J khWglf;$Lk;;
vdpDk;> rpy mbg;gilahd cz;ikfisr; Rl;LtJ XusT cjTk;
vd;W ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. vdNt> mit ,jd; fPoj
; ; jug;gLfpd;wd.
“x U gps;is Muk;gj;jpy; ,ay;ghfNt tpUk;gf;$bait

rpj;jpuq;fSldike;j ghyu; fijfSk; - ghly;fSNkahFk;. ,e;j
epiyapy; ,Ue;J mg;gps;is> fw;gidf; fijfs; - Guhzf;fijfs; -
,aw;iftsk; - tpyq;fpay; gw;wpa fijfs; - Mfpatw;iw tpUk;gpg;
gbf;fpd;whd;. Rkhu; VO my;yJ vl;L tajpy; ,e;j Mu;tk; ngUfp
tsu;fpd;wJ. mNjrkak; rpj;jpuq;fSld; $ba E}y;fspy; mtdJ Mu;tk;
Nja;fpwJ.”
\\vl;L my;yJ xd;gJ tajpy; rpWtupd; thrpg;G Mu;tk; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij

milfpwJ. tpyq;fpay; gw;wpa fijfspYk;> ,aw;if gw;wpa fijfspYk;
tsk; - 2010
rpWtupd; ftdk; <u;ff
; g;gl;L te;j NghjpYk;> ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ajhu;jj
;
,yf;fpaj;jpy; mtdJ ehl;lk; nry;fpwJ. jPukpf;f nray;fspy; <LgLk;
rpWtu;fisg; gw;wpAk;> tpisahl;Lfs; - Nghl;bfs; - ge;jaq;fs; -
gw;wpa fijfSk; rpWtupd; ftdj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. tPuu;fisg;
Nghw; w Tk; > Kd; k hjpupahff; nfhs; s Tk; ,e; e piyapy; rpWth;
Kw;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jd; topahfr;; rupj;jpuj;jpYk;> GtpapaypYk; njhlu;Gs;s
gy fijfs; mtHfsJ tpUg;Gf;F ,yf;fhfpd;wd.||
“gj;J tajpypUe;J gjpndhU taJ tiu rpWtu; rpWkpauplk; thrpf;Fk;

Mu;tk; cd;djkhfj; jiyJ}f;fp epw;fpd;wJ. gy jug;gl;l E}y;fis
thrpf;f ,tu;fs; Kw;gLfpd;whu;fs;. nghJthf ,tu;fs;> fw;gidf;
fijfis tpUk;Gfpd;whu;fs; tpag;G> mjpHr;rp> kHkk; Mfpa jd;ikfs;
epuk;gpa E}y;fspy; rpWtH rpWkpau; - ,e;jg; gUtj;jpy; kpFe;j ehl;lk;
nfhs;fpd;whu;fs; ,Nj fl;lj;jpy;> jpiug;glq;fs; - thndhyp epfo;rr
; pfs;
KjypadTk; mtu;fsJ thrpg;gpw;Fj; jpirfhl;lj; jiyg;gLfpd;wd.
gjpndhd;W my;yJ gd;dpuz;lhk; tajpy; rpWtu; rpWkpaupilNa thrpg;Gj;
jpirapy; gpupT - mjhtJ> mbg;gilapyhd tpj;jpahrk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
gpupT - XusT njspthf mtjhdpf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.”
“gd; d puz; L tajpy; ,Ue; J rpWtupilNaAk; > rw; W g; gpe; j p

rpWkpaupilNaAk; thrpf;Fk; Mu;tj;jpy; Nrhu;T jiynaLf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j
epiyapy; njhlu;eJ
; nrd;W> 14 Kjy; 17Mk; taJ tiu kpfTk;
Fd;wpa epiyia milfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; $wyhk;
nghJg;gilahf ehk; $wf;$baJ> ,e;jg; gUtj;jpy; gps;isfspd;
Mu;tk;> gy Jiwfspy; tpuptile;J nry;tNjahk;. NkYk;> guPli
; rf;fhd
gbg;gpd; ghuKk;> mtu;fSila thrpf;Fk; Mu;tj;jpw;Fj; jilahff;
$Lk;. Mdhy;> 14 tajstpy; thrpg;gjpy; jplkhd Mu;tk; fhl;Lk;
gps;isfs;> jhq;fs; tho;ehs; KOtJk; ,g;gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;thu;fs;.”
,e; j g; gUtj; i j vl; b atu; f s; > nghJ E}yfq; f spd; gzpf; F g;

ghj;jpukhfpwhu;fs;. ,Jtiu ehk; $wpa rpWtu; E}y; Mu;t kjpg;gL
P >
tsk; - 2010
vy;yh epiyf;Fk; jpl;ltl;lkhf nghUe;jf;$baJ vd;gJ vkJ Jzpgd;W.
vdpDk;> E}yhu;tj;ijr; rpWtuplj;Nj Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,e;jf; fz;Nzhl;lk;
XusT cjTk; vd;gjw;fhfNt ,jidf; $wpNdd;.
,Wjpahf> E}y;fisj; njupT nra;tjpy; ehk; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba

Kf;fpakhd gz;G> ehk; Nju;en
; jLf;Fk; E}y;fs; gps;isfspd; ,yf;fpa
,uridia tsg;gLj;Jtdtha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j Kaw;rp
kpfTk; rhJupakhfTk;> epu;g;ge;jj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wpAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. flikapy; <LgLk; Mrpupau; my;yJ E}yfu; kpFe;j nghWikAk;
gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAk; cilatuha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ xU
nghJj; jifikahfpwJ.
Xu; Mrpupau;> jkJ gps;isfSf;F thrpg;gpy; ve;j tpjkhd JizAk;

Gupahky;> mtu;fs; Nghf;fpw;Nf mtHfis tpl;LtpLthuhapd;> mtu;
jkJ flikapy; epd;Wk; jtwpatuhthu;. mNj rkak;> xU gps;isapd;
kdepiyia mwpahJ> E}y; f s; vd; w fhuzj; i j Kd; i tj; J
mg;gps;isapd; kPJ jpzpf;f Kay;thuhapd;> mg;gps;isapd; thrpf;Fk;
Mu;tj;ij mtu; Kw;whf erpj;J tpLthu;. vdNtjhd;> ehd; NkNy $wpte;j
topfisAk; tpjpfisAk; ed;F czu;eJ
; filgpbf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G
mtu; kPJ jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. ,Nj tpjpfs;> xU gps;isaplk; thrpf;Fk;
Mu; t j; i jj; J}z; l tpioAk; E}yfu; > ngw; N whu; MfpNahUf; F k;
nghUe;JtjhFk;.
,Jtiu ehk; $wpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J> rpWtu;fspilNa thrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij

tsu;g;gjw;fhd toptifis XusT mwpe;Njhk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpfspy; ehk;>
gpujhdkhff; ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ> kiwKfj; J}z;lypd; typikiaj;jhd;.
jukhd E}y; f s; ehl; b y; Fiwe; j epiyapyhtJ guTtjw; f hd
toptiffspYk; ekJ ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;baJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.
,d;W ,yq;ifapYs;s epiyapy;> E}yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;> juKk;

tsu;e;jhy;jhd;; rpWtu; ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp Vw;gLk;. kl;Lkd;wp> rpWtu;
E}y;fis vOj Kd;tUNthu;> ,j;Jiwapy; njhlu;e;J gzpahw;w
tsk; - 2010
VJthfTk; mikAk;. ey;y E}y;fs; ngUFkplj;J thrpf;Fk; Mu;tKk;
ngUFk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
(ku;`{k; v];.vk; fkhy;jd

P ; mtu;fs; ehlwpe;j NguhrhDk; rpwe;j E}yfUk;
Kd;dhs; ,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; cWg;gpdUk; MthH. mtuhy;
vOjg;gl;l ,f;fl;Liu> mf;fiug;gw;W tyaf;fy;tp mYtyf Kiwrhuhf;;
- fy;tpg; gpuptpduhy; md;dhuJ mDkjpAld; - 30.06.1997 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;l
“ghlrhiy E}yfu; ife; E }Yk; ; E}yftpaw; fl; L iufSk; ” vDk;
‘NwhzpNah’ gpujpapypUe; J nghUj; j k; fUjp ed; w pAld; ,q; F
vLj;jhsg;gLfpwJ.)
nrhe;j CH vJntd crhtpa gwf`njdpa CH md;gH

xUtUf;F tuftp mtHfs; mspj;j gh tbtpyhd gjpy; ,J:
tuftp n~a;F kjhHg;GytH fz;l

\\fUq;nfhb vDk; nry;t efH||
\\fj;jdUs; ngw;WaH fUq;nfhb kjhHg;GytH

ftpfs; njhs;shapuj;Jf;
fUJ gjpndl;lhz;L Mypk; cykhg;GytH
fhrpy; gupfhup `h[p
nfhe;JyT fr;Nrup jghy;tL P ghjpupfs;
$W td;DikfSilahH
FatH E[;kH re;ijf; nfh];jj ; hg;G cg;G jU
Fjk; MRgj;jpupkuf;
fe;NjhH fpuhktup NfhnlOJ nehj;jhupR
fzpjKW tzpfH kp]paH
fy;Ntiy Nk];jpupfs; jr;rH jkpo; ,q;fpyP];
fy;tpgapy; $lq;fSk;
me;jzHfs; Njhk;GNjhH jl;lhHfs; nfhy;ynuhL
mbgiwaH filaH tz;zhH
midkuNkwp nahL rhizfs; kpdpf;fpitfs;
midtUW nry;tefNu||
tsk; - 2010
ekJ Kd;NdhH mspj;j KJrk;
my;`h[; vk;.I.m`kj;nyg;ig
fyh G+\zk; - Xa;T epiy mjpgu;> mf;fiug;gw;W.
gFjp - I
ekJ Kd;NdhH tpl;Lr; nrd;w nry;tq;fspy; mopahky; ,d;Dk;

rpuQ;rPtpahf ,Ug;gjpy; xd;W> mtHfspd; ghly;fshFk;. mtw;wpYk;
,g;gFjp K];ypk;fSf;F kl;Lk; jdpj;Jtkhf ,d;Wk; ,Ug;gJ> ‘ftpfs;’
vDk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fNs. ,tw;iw ahH ghbdhHfs; vd;gij
mwpa Kbahtpl;lhYk;> mtHfs; ahtUk; ftp ghLk; jpwikAilatHfs;
vd;gJ tpag;Gj;FhpaNj. ,f;$w;iwg; gy mwpQHfSk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sdH.
fyh#up kfh tpj;Jthd; FXC, eluhrh mtu;fspd; $w;W tUkhW

mikAk; :
‘kl;lf;fsg;G gFjpapy; jkpoUk; NrhdfUk; trpf;fpd;wdH. ,tHfs;
,UrhjpapdUk; NgRk; nkhop jkpo;. rpy gy gof;fq;fSk; - xj;Jk;
xt;thJk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. nkhop - jkpo; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mstpy;> jkpoupYk;
ghHf;f NrhdfH Gyikapy; kpQ;rptpl;ldH vd;W nrhy;y ,lKz;L.
NrhdfH nkhopapy; fpuhkpak; cz;NlDk; ,aw;ifg; GytHfs; gyH
Mq; f hq; F ,Uf; f pd; w dH. Nrhdf kf; f s; Mz; f shapDk; rup -
ngz;fshapDk; rup ftpghLtjpy; jpwik tha;ej
; tHfs; Mz;fSk;
ngz;fSk; ghbf; fspf;Fk; ftpfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L rpyH> mtw;iw
ehNlhbg; ghly;fs; vd;w jiyaq;fj;Jld; vOjp tpl;lhu;fs;. gy
gj;jpupiffspy; ftpAk; ehNlhbg; ghly;jhd;; mJ xU gFjp vd
vOjpAs;sdu;. Mdhy;> Nrhdf kf;fs; kj;jpapy;jhd; ftpAz;L> ,itfs;
tsk; - 2010
<ubf; fz;zpfshy; Mdit. mfg;nghUs; Jiwfs; ,tw;wpy; epiwa
cz;L. Mdhy;> njhlHe;J nghUs; jUtdty;y. re;jHg;gj;jpw;Nfw;w
Kiwahfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd. ftpfs; nghJkf;fspd; nkhopahfpa
fpuhkpaj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> nrhw;fs; ,yf;fpa rk;ge;jkhdit@ rpwe;j
ctikfs; epiwa cz;L”. (<oj;J ehl;lhH ghly; - gf;fk;: 14:15)
NkYk; mtH> “rpyhrhrdq; f s; > fy; n tl; L f; f s; ekf; F vt; t hW

cjTfpd;wdNth mt;thNw ,itAk; cjTfpd;wd. rupj;jpuj;jpy; m/
jhtJ> nkhop> ehfupfk;> gz;ghL ,tw;wpd; tuyhw;wpy; <LgLk; ahtUf;Fk;
,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; cWJiz Gupfpd;wd” vd;ghH. (<oj;J ehl;lhH ghly;
- gf;fk;: 07)
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;> ‘,f;ftpfspy; mjpfk; <LghLilatHfs;

kl;lf;fsg;G ,];yhkpa kf;fNs’ vdTk; $Wthu; (kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;lhH
ghly;).
gz;bjH tP.rP. fe;ijah mtHfSk; ,ijNa cWjpg;gLj;jpf; $wpAs;shH

- (kl;lf;fsg;G jkpofk;.)
N[hd; nùhy;l>; ,j;jifa ghly;fSf;F Ie;J gz;Gfs; cz;L vdf;

nkhope;Js;shu;. mit tha;nkhopahy; guTtd - kuGtopg;gl;ld - gy;NtW
tifahf jpupe;J toq;Ftd - Mrpupaupy;yhik - xUtpj tha;gg
; hl;bw;Fs;
mlq;Ftd vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. (fpof;fpyq;if K];ypk;fspd; fpuhkpaf;
ftpfs; - wkP]; mg;Jy;yh)
ekJ gFjpiar; NrHe; j gyH ,f; f tpfis Muha; e ; J > E}yhf

ntspapl;Ls;sdH. mtHfSs; kH`{k; GytHkzp M.K. \upGj;jd
P ; (fdpe;j
fhjy;) kH`{k; VMnuk;. ]yPk; (fpof;fpyq;if K];ypk;fspd; fpuhkpaf;
fy;ahzr; rlq;F> fpuhkpaf; ftpaKjk;)> kUJ}H V. k[Pj; (njd;fpof;F
K];ypk; rNfhju ehl;lhupay;)> v];.vr;.vk;.n[kPy; (fpuhkj;J ,jak;)> Dr.
v];. e[pKjPd; (Ks;spy; gLf;ifapl;L) wkP]; mg;Jy;yh`; (fpof;fpyq;if
fpuhkpak;)> vk;.it. cJkhd; ]h`pg; (fpof;fpyq;if K];ypk; fpuhkpaf;
tsk; - 2010
ftpfs;)> vk;.rp.vk;. RigH (fz;zhd kr;rp) MfpNahu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfshtH. NkYk;> nfhOk;G fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jhYk;>
tlf; F f; f pof; F khfhzrigahYk; ntspaplg; g l; l ehl; l hH ghly;
E}y;fspYk; ,f;ftpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;ftpfspd; gpwg;gplNk mf;fiug;gw;Wj;jhd; vd;gij> Kd;dhs; fy;tpg;

gzpg;ghsUk; K];ypk; fyhrhu mikr;rpd; nrayhsUkhd my;`h[;
v];.vr;.vk;. n[kPy; mtu;fs; jkJ ‘fpuhkj;J ,jak;’ vd;w E}ypy; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;: (gf;fk; : 88)
“,];yhkpa ,yf;fpa tbtq;fspd; fUq;nfhbj;jPT vDk; mf;fiug;gw;W

vd;WNk Kd;dpd;Ws;sJ. gy GytHfs; ,q;Nf tho;eJ
; ,yf;fpaj;ij
tsg;gLj;jpAs;sdH. mtHfspy; K`k;kJ mG+gf;fH Mypk; GytH> mtH
kf;fshd K`k;kJ `h\pk; Mypk; ghtyH (%j;jhypk;)> mg;Ju; w\Pj;
Mypk; GytH (rPdp Mypk;) MfpNahUld; mrdhH nyt;it GytH>
A+Rg; nyt;it Mypk; GytH> ,tupd; rNfhjuuhd `f;fk
P >; mg;Jy;
fhjH Mypk; GytH> ckH nyt;it Mypk; GytH tuftp NrFkjhH
GytH> mtupd; kfd; K`k;kJ whgpg; GytH Nghd;wtHfs; Kd;dpiy
tfpf;fpd;wdH.||
\\Fwpg;ghf fUq;nfhbj;jt
P py; ,yf;fpaj;ij tsg;gLj;jpNahupy; mNefH
Mypk;fNs. ,jdhy;> ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,];yhkpa kzk; fko;fpwJ. ,d;Wk;
mf;fiug;gw;Wg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,yf;fpak; nropj;J tsHfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf
MrpupaHfNs ,j;Jiwapy; jw;NghJ ngUk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;J tUfpd;wdH||.
Xa;T ngw;w fy;tpg; gzpg;gsUk;> tlf;F - fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;
fyhrhu gzpg;ghsUkhf ,Ue;jtUkhd kUJ}H V. k[Pj; mtHfs;> jkJ
njd;fpof;F K];ypk; Njrj;jhupd; ehl;lhupay; (gf;fk;: 28) vDk; E}ypy;>
Nkw; F wpj; j GytHfspd; ngaHfisf; Fwpg; g pl; l NjhL> gpd; t Uk;
mk;rq;fisAk; tpsf;fkhfj; je;Js;shu;:
“,tHfspd; Kd;NdhHfSk; ftpghLk; Mw;wy; cs;stHfshf

,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,jw;F Mjhukhf - kd;dhH khtl;l
tsk; - 2010
ehl;lhH ghly;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F> ,uz;lhe; jlit - 2004
Mk; Mz;L - nrd;wNghJ> kwpr;Rf;fl;b vd;w Cupy; xU
%jhl;biar; re;jpj;Njd;> mtUf;F taJ 80 f;F Nky; ,Uf;Fk;.
kpfTk; f\;lg;gl;Lg; ghbdhH. mtH ghba ehl;l ; hH ftpfs;>
njd; fpof;F K];ypk; Njrj;jhupd; kj;jpapNy Gof;fj;jpYs;s
ehl;lhu; ftpfNs!. mitfspy; xU vOj;Jf;$l khw;wkpy;iy.
vdf;Fr; re;Njfk; Vw;gl;lJk; %jhl;baplk; gy Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;lNghJjhd;> %jhl;bapd; je;ij mf;fiug;gw;iwr; NrHe;jtH
vdf; $wpdhH. ,J Nghy;> GJf; FbapUg;G vd;w CUf;Fr;
nrd;Nwhk;. mq;F ehk; Njbr; nrd;w egu; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtuJ
kfs; ,Ue;jhu;. mtUld; fijj;j NghJ> jdJ jfg;gd; Rd;dj;Jf;
fy;ahz tPLfspy; ftp ghLgtu; vd;Wk;> mtu; mf;fiug;gw;iwr;
Nru;ej
; tu; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;”
NkYk;> ty;it mde;juh[h vOjpa> “tlGyj;J ehl;lhH tof;F” vDk;

E}ypd; 127Mk; gf;fk;> \K];ypk; ehl;lhH tof;F| vDk; mj;jpahaj;jpy;>
Ie;J ftpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mitnay;yhk; XnuOj;Jk; khwhJ>
K];ypk; Njrj;jhupd; ehl;lhH ftpfNs. Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fof
nka;apay; - cstpay;Jiw Nguhrpupauhd fyhepjp vk;.v];.vk;. md];;
vd;gtH> “ftpfSf;Ff; fpof;F khfhzk;> tsk; kpFe;j gpuNjrk; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy; i y; vz; z w; w ehl; l hH ftpfSf; F > fpof; F K]; y pk; f s;
nrhe;jf;fhuHfshf ,Ug;gJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. vd;W $wpAs;shH”. (kPs;
ghu;it)
Nkw;$wpatw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ,t;T+upy; tho;jj

; ek; Kd;NdhH jkJ
KJrkhfpa ,f;ftpfisj; Njrnky;yhk; nfhz;L nrd;W nropf;fr;
nra;Js;sdH vd;gij epidj;J ehk; ,Wk;G+nja;jyhk;. ftpfspd;
gpwg;gplnkd gy E}y; ty;yhu; Ma;eJ ; - njspe;J $Wk; ,t;T+iur;
Nru;ej
; tu;fspy; ,ijj; njhFj;J Kjd; Kjy; E}yhf ntspapl;l ku;`{k;
VMnuk; ]yPk; (mjpgu;) mtu;fs; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftuhthu;. jtpuTk;>
,t;T+iur; Nru;ej
; my;`h[; vk;.it. cJkhd; ]h`pg; (Xa;T mjpgu;)
mtu;fs; “fpof;fpyq;if K];ypk;fspd; ehl;lhu; ftpfs;” vDk; xU
E}iy ntspapl;L ekJ ftdj;ijg; ngWfpwhu;.
tsk; - 2010
vdNt> ekJ ,t;T+H vOj;jhsHfSk; - MHtyHfSk; - ftpQHfSk; -
ek;Kd;NdhH mspj;j ,k; KJrq;fis> ekJ gpd;NdhUf;Ff; ifaspf;f
gy E}y;fis nkd;NkYk; ntspapLtjhdJ> ,f;ftp kuig nkd;NkYk;
epiyf;fr; nra;Ak; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
,t;T+upy; tho;eJ
; kiwe;j - Kd; Fwpg;gpl;l GytHfistpl - gpd;G
tho;eJ
; kiwe;j GytHfshd> “rW rW gilg;NghH” ghba mrdhH
nyt;itg; Gythpd; Ngud; - itug;GytH vDk; K`k;kJj; jk;gp>
,yitf;fdpg;GytH (m`kJ kPuhrh`pG)> fYq;fH ghj;Jk;kh MfpNahUk;
,f;ftpfSf;Fk; ghly;fSf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtHfNs. ,wf;fhkj;jpy;
gpwe;J> jw;NghJ mf;fiug;gw;wpy; tho;eJ
; tUk; kPuhck;kh mtHfSk;>
,jw;Fj; jd;dhy; ,ad;w gq;fspg;igr; nra;J ehl;lhu; ftpia nkUNfw;wp
tUfpwhu;. ehl;Lf; ftp ghLtjpy; gpugyk; ngw;w ‘ghl;Lf;fhug; ghj;Jk;kh’
vDk; ngz;kzp xUtUk; ,q;F tho;eJ
; kiwe;Js;shH. ,tuJ ftpfs;
vdJ ifafg;gltpy;iy.
fYq;fH ghj;Jk;kh XH mUl;ftp>; ,tUila ftpfs; jdpj;Jtkhdit>;

mtw;wpy; tUzidfNsh - ctkhdq;fNsh ,Uf;fhJ> ntWk; kz;tsr;
nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L ,ioj;Jg; ghbaitfNs. mf;ftpfSs; rpy
tUkhW;
“ehNa xdf;F ey;ywpT cz;Lnkz;lh - vd;u

ghzf; fsntLj;J eP ghr;rypNy XLtNah”
“fj;jhj fhfk; fjwhj vd;u thrypy - eP

vj;jhj fhfk; vwpQ;RUtd; nghy;yhy”
1935 Mk; Mz;L kioapd;wp thdk; ngha;jj

; J; tpisT Fd;wpaJ;
czTg; gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ,g;gFjpf;F murhq;f rig
cWg;gpduhapUe;j vk;.v];. jUkuj;jpdk; td;dpadhH mtHfs;> gQ;r
epthuz Ntiyahf CH> xOq;iffis kz; Nghl;L - fpwty; gug;Gk;
- Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jhH. rfy Mz;fSk; nrd;W Ntiy nra;jdH.
tsk; - 2010
,tHfSf;Ff; $ypahf> murhq;fj;jhy; thuk; xUKiw muprp my;yJ
ney; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mz; Jizaw;w ngz;fSk; te;J> kz; Rke;J
nfhl;LkhW td;d
; pik gzpj;jhH. ,ij K];ypk; ngz;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
clNd ghj;Jk;kh> gy ftpfisg; ghb - Mz;fsplk; nfhLj;J -
td;dpadhH tPlb
; w;Fr; nrd;W td;dpadhiu> “nghy;yb” - (Nfhyhl;lk;)
Ml; l k; fhzr; n ra; j hH td; d padhH tp\aj; i j ca; j ; J zHe; J >
Mz;Jizaw;w ngz;fSf;Fk; ,ytrkhf muprp> ney; toq;FkhW
cj;jutpl;lhu;. mk;khJ> ghba mf;ftpfspw; rpy tUkhW:
“nghl;bnaLj;J Nghdnkz;lhy; kz;nrkf;f - vq;fpl

K`k;kjpah khHf;fk; xU ‘ikd;U’kpy;y td;dpikNa”
(\ikd;U| - Mind vDk; Mq;fpyr; nrhy;ypd; jpupG)
“rk;Gf;fsg;gpy jsr;r ts;sy; gpr;rp te;J - ehq;f

fwpahf;fpj; jpz;L fs jPHNthk; td;dpikNa”
“tk;kpg;goe; jpz;L tFj;jpy typ xSk;gp - mjhy

Fd;kk; jpul;l ehq;f Fe;jpapUg;gk; td;dpikNa”
,jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ,uz;lhtJ ftp Kiwahy;> ‘mwk;gl;L’ rk;Gf;fsg;gpy;

ts;sy; (ts;nsyf;fwp) mope;njhope;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. ,tH kH`{k;
K`k;kjp];khapy; Mypkplk; gw;Ws;stH. mtuplk; nrd;W khHf;f
tplaq;fspy; njspT ngWthH. ,tH kuzpj;j gpd; Mypk; mtu;fs;
,tiuf; fdtpy; fz;L> “vd;d ghj;Jk;kh cdJ epiy vg;gb” vd
tpdt>
“mQ;rp Neuj; njhOfAk; IahKy; Nehd;Gk;-ehd;

Fy;`_ty;yhTk; Xjpd $yp nflr;rpUf;fp.||
vd fdtpYk; ftpghba tuyhWk; cz;L.
,t;T+upd; Muk;gg; gs;spthryhfpa [_k;M ngupags;spthry;> kpfTk;

GdpjkhdJ> mijg; guhkupg;gtHfSk; kf;fSk; kpfTk; ftdkhf ,Ue;J
tsk; - 2010
NgZjyhf elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w njhdpg;nghUSf;F mika> ,tH
(ghj;Jk;kh) ghba ghly;fspy; ,JTnkhd;W:
“fUq;nfhb ntl;bf; fl;bd ngupags;sp - ,e;j

gs;sp KdpQ;rhy; me;jg; gf;fnky;yhk; gho; nflf;Fk;.”
,yitf;fdpg; Gytupd; gpwpnjhU ghly; ,J:

“thlh kfNd vd;u tupir kfNd - ek;Kl
ML fhzhj;j me;j mjprak; nrhy;y....”
itug;Gytupd; xU ghl;L tUkhW:
“Kjpiu kuj;jhy J}Zfs; KOJk; rKis tisay;Nyh

fhrhd; cYKe;ij khq;Ffs; fye;J fl;bd Cly;Nyh.”
ekJ ftpfspy;> MZk; ngz;Zk; NrHe;J ghLk; mfj;jpizg; ghly;fs;

mNefKz;L. ,tw;iw mtHfs;> fw;gidahf tay; Ntiyfspd; NghJk;
- khl;L tz;bfspy; neLk; gazk; NghFk; NghJk; - cw;rhfk; nfhz;L
ghba ftpfNs mit.
,Wf;fkhd ,];yhkpaf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;> mf;fhy fpuhkpa rKjhaj;jpy;>

ngz;fs; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy. Mdhy;> Xjw;
gs;spf;$lq;fspy; mwG vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L vOJk; jkpo;nkhopapyhd
mwGj;jkpioj; fw;wdH. njhOifalT> mHfhd; khiy> jiyg;ghj;jp`h
Nghd; w fpjhGfs; mwGj; j kpopy; vOjg; g l; b Ue; j d. rpWkpfs;
gUtkile;jTld;> ntspapy; tUtjpy;iy> jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;Gjhd; fztd;
mtHfisg; ghHf;fyhk;. “nghz;lhl;bu fz;Zy G+g;gl;lj> MW khj;ijf;fp
nghwFjhd; fz;lhdhk;” vd;w mf;fhyg; gonkhop> ,jw;Fj; jf;f
rhd;whFk;. v];.vr;.vk; n[kPy; mtu;fs;> jdJ fpuhkj;J ,jak; vd;w
E}ypy; ,Nj fUj;ijf; $wpAs;shH. gioa fhyj;jpy; jhH tPjpfNsh -
Nkhl;lhH tz;bg; Nghf;Ftuj;JfNsh ,y;iy. mf;fhyk; J}uj;jpYs;s
CHfshd Gspae;jT
P (kl;lf;fsg;G). fy;Kid> nghj;Jtpy;> ,wf;fhkk;
tsk; - 2010
Nghd;w CHfSf;Ff; fhLfisf; fle;J kzy; tPjpfspNy gazpf;fNtz;Lk;.
fhl;L kpUfq;fspdJk; jpUlHfspdJk; gaKkpUe;jJ. gfy; nta;apYf;F
mQ;rp ,g;gazq;fs; mNefkhf> ,uT NtisfspNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
tz;b Xl;bfs; kpUfq;fis tpul;lTk;> J}f;fj;ijj; jtpu;ff

; Tk; ftpfisj;
njk;khq;F nkl;by; - cr;r];jhapapy; - ,Oj;J khwp khwpg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl
nry;tH. tz;bkhLfspd; fOj;J kzpfspdJk; ryq;iffspdJk; Xir
,g; g hly; f Sf; F nkU$l; L k; . rpy tz; b j; njhlHfspd; Kd; N d>
giwabg;NghH giwabj;Jf;nfhz;Lk; - FoY}jpf;nfhz;Lk; - nry;tH.
,jw;fhf> mtHfSf;Ff; $yp toq;fg;gLk;. fhLfspypUe;J tpwF> kuk;>
fk;G ntl;b Vw;wptu> $lhukw;w tz;bj;njhlHfs; nry;Yk;. me;j
tz;bNahl;bfSk; ftpghbf;n
; fhz;Nl nry;tH. ,uhf;fhyj;jpy; tay;
ntspfspy; - fhtw;guz;fspy; - fz;tpopj;J ,Ug;gtHfSk;> Nridg;gapHf;
fhty; ,Ug;gtHfSk; J}f;fj;ijAk; gapiu mopf;ftUk; kpUfq;fisAk;
tpul;lf; ftpghbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gH.
epyhf;fhyq;fspy; ,isQHfs;> fly; - MW - Fsf;fiufspYk; kzy;

ntspfspYk; $l; l khf ,Ue; J > FJ}fyj; J ld; ftpghb kfpo; t H.
,g;gbg;ghLgtHfs; Mz;> ngz; ‘fiyfshf’j; jq;fisf; fw;gid gz;zp>
mfj;Jiw rhHe;j ftpfisNa mNefkhfg; ghLtH. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l
tz;bNahl;bfspd; ghly;fSk; mfj;Jiw rhHe;jjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
xU ngz;Zf;F khg;gps;is NgrpaTld;> ngz;tPl;lhH khg;gps;isiag;

Gfo;eJ
; k; - NfypahfTk; - ftpfisg; ghbAk; vOjpAk; mDg;GtH.
khg;gps;is tPl;lhUk; mjw;Fg; gjpy; ftpfis Vl;bf;Fg; Nghl;bahf
vOjp mDg;GtH. ,jdhw;whd;> ,f;ftpfspy; mfj;Jiwf; ftpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdNtad;wp> XH MZk; ngz;Zk; Neubahf mfj;Jiw
rhHe;j ghly;fisg; ghbapUf;f KbahJ.
ftpfis mNefkhfg; ngz;fNs ghbAs;sdH. Mz;fs; gs;S> fhtpak;>

njk;khq;F> topeilr;rpe;J Mfpa ghly;fisNa mjpfkhfg; ghbAs;sdH.
kiof;fhtpak;. Gay;fhtpak; vd;gd Mz;fshy; ghlg;gl;litfshFk;.
tsk; - 2010
,f;ftpfs; vy;yhtpjkhd ,ir tbtq;fSf;Fk; (Js;sy;> nky;ypir)
tise;J nfhLf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gJ ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. jhyhl;L>
njk;khq;F> nghy;yb vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;w tpjkhfTk; ghlyhk;. eturq;fshd
fhjy;> tPuk;> mw;Gjk;> eif> Nrhfk;> mUtUg;G> rhe;jk;> Nfhgk;
Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk; ,ir tbtq;fspYk; ghlyhk;. ,g;gbahd etur
ftpfSld; rhgf; ftpfshd mwf;ftpfSk;> ,lf;fulf;fyw;w (,ope;j
nrhw; f is kiwj; J f; $whj) ftpfSk; - J}\izf; ftpfSk;
fhzg;Lfpd;wd.
,f;ftpfspy; ctkhd ctNkak;> tUzid> vJif> Nkhid> Xir

eak; > nrhy; y Lf; F fspy; ,dpik epiwe; J fhzg; g LtJld; >
,yf;fpaq;fisAk; tpQ;rpa ftpfSk; cs;sd. ,yf;fpankd;gJ> fhyj;jpd;
fz;zhb vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> mJghlg;gl;l fhyj;J kf;fs;
tho;tpaiyAk; #oiyAk; gy Nfhzq;fspYk; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
,jd; %yk;> mt;tf;fhy rupj;jpu> ngsjpf mk;rq;fisAk; mwpe;J
njspayhk;.
,d;W ehk;> kf;fs; ngUf;fj;jpdhYk;> tpQ;Qhd tsu;r

; r
; papdhYk;> ,aw;ifr;
#oiy - mjd; moif - ,oe;J epw;fpNwhk;. ,J jtpu;ff
; Kbahj -
ehfupf fhyj; Njitahf - ek; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mf;fhy tPLfs;>
fspkz; Rtu;> jpz;izAld; itf;Nfhy; $iu Ntag;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;tPLfs;> Nfhil fhyj;jpy;; FspNuw;wpaJ NghYk;> (Vrp - AC)
khupfhyj;jpy; ntJntJg;ghfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Gjpjhf Nta;ej
; itf;Nfhy;
$iufis> khLfs; te;J ,Oj;Jr; rg;Gk; - cz;Zk; - jUzq;fSk;
epfo;eJ
; s;sd.
“Nfhshtpy; khL $iu jpd;d te;jnjz;L - eP

Vrhj uhj;jh ek;Kl vUJ te;J NghFJfh.”
“Nfhl ko Nga;Qr
; p ek;kpl Fby; xOfp gha; eyQ;rp - ehd;
gl;l njhauk; eP ghf;fapy;yNa kfNd.”
Ntypfs; njhlHghd ftpfSk; ehl;lhH ghlypy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
tsitr; Rw;wp Ntypfspy; Mkzf;fQ;nrb> G+tuR (G+upr;ir)> nty;iy>
fpspnrwpah kw;Wk; Kl;nrbfs; vd;gd epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. mf;fhy tof;fpy;>
\Ntypf;fyhrhuk;| vd;gJ - kf;fspd; tho;tpaNyhL ,uz;lwf; fye;jjhfNt
- Ntypfisj; jhz;lhj Nfhyq;fshfNt - xU ghuk;gupa fl;Lg;ghl;L
mk;rq;fNshL ,iae;Jk; - gpize;Jk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
\\Mkzf;F NtypNahuk; mz;L te;J Nghd fpsp - me;jg; G+kzj;jf;

fz;Nlh ,e;j Gwj;j tuf; fhzapy;y||.
\\Rj;jp tu Ntyp #o tu Ks;Ntyp vq;Fk; xNu Ntyp - ehd;

vq;fhy te;jpul;Lk;||.
\\Xl ey;y xOq;f xopf;f ey;y ghs; tsT - eP

gha ey;yNtyp gag;glhk th uhrh||
mf;fhyj;jpy;> ,f;fiufspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; MW> Fsk;> Xilfspy;

ePiug;ngw;wdu;. ePuf
; f
; iufSf;F mg;ghy; ,Ue;jtu;fs;> \G+ty;| Njhz;b
ePiu vLj;jdu;. G+ty;fs; ,be;J ruptjhYk; khup fhyj;jpy; kio ePuhy;
%lg;gLtjhYk; mtu;fs;> fhl;bYs;s \Nghu; kuq;;fisj;| Jz;lhf;fp -
ntl;br; nrg;gdpl;L - G+ty;fspy; gjpj;J - gf;fq;fis %b kuf;nfhl;Lf;
fpzwhf;fpdu;. ,jw;F kUij> ehty; kuq;fs; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
rpy fhyq;fspd; gpd;> nfhl;Lf;fis nrhwpf;fy;> Rz;zhk;G nfhz;L
fl;b> fw;fpzW Nghl;ldu;. ,g;gb ePu; ngWk; Kaw;rp tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.
\\Xilapy Nghw jz;zp J}rp cSk; Jk;gp cSk; - ePqf

;
Cl;l thq;f uhrh cq;fSf;F ey;y jz;zp ehd; jhwd;||.
\\G+tyj;Njhz;b GJf; nfhlj;j fpl;l ntr;rp - ey;y

Muk; cSe;j fpsp ms;SJfh ey;y jz;zp||.
\\tj;jhj thtpNahuk; kUjq; nfzj;jbapy; - ePqf

;
fj;jhis G+j;j
; J Nghy; fUk;Gurk; fz;nlnjd;d||.
tsk; - 2010
\\fy; nfzW fl;b fyfyd gl;l cl;L - eP
jz;zp ms;sp thj;j jLkyhfh Jk;KwJ|\.
mf;fhyj;jpy;> Fd;wpkzpf; (Fz;Lkzp) nfhl;ilfshy; Muj;jp (Myhj;jp)

nra;J kzkf;fSf;F> fz;NzW (fz;Z}W) glhky; Myhj;jp vLg;gu;.
Fd;wpkzpf; nfhb NtypfspYk; fhl;bYk; glu;e;J fplf;Fk;.
\\fz;Lf; fpspf;F fypahznkz;L nry;yp - ehd;

Fz;Lkzp Njb Fdpahj gj;japy;y||.
mf;fiug;gw;W}upYs;s rpy ,lq;fis Fwpf;Fk; ftpfs; tUkhW.
\\mspf;fk;g tl;lapy mQ;rp Vf;fu; nrQ;rpUf;fd; - vd;u

jq;f kapy; eh$Uf;F jhypf;nfhb thq;f vz;L||.
\\Vj;jhy nts;shk vsq;fUJ G+q;nfhly - mJ

khl;lhy mspAnjz;L me;j kd;dtUf;F nry;ypUq;f||
(\Vj;jhy| tay;> gl;babg;gpl;bg; ghyj;jpw;F - juitg; ghyj;jpw;F -

njd;GwKs;sJ. \Vj;J| vDk; fUtpahy; kpjkpQ;rpa tay; - \tuit|
ePiu ms;spapiwf;Fk; tof;fk; cz;L> mjdhy;> me;jg; gs;s epy
tay; ntspf;F> \Vj;jhy| vd;w fhuzg;ngaH cz;lhapw;W).
\\Gl;bntspf;Fk; nghud;ntspf;Fk; mq;fhy - eP

$ntz;lha; Njhoha; xz;l nfhuy; kjpf;ff; $lapy;y||
(,t;tay;fs; mf;fiug;gw;W Njrpa ghlrhiyf;F tlGwk; cs;sd)
\\ntl;lahf;fy;Nyh Ntykuj;J ntspNah khDupr;r fy;Nyh -

vd;u kapyOJ Nghw nrg;gk;||.
\\gl;babg;Gl;b gyNgUk; Nghw top - mq;f

nghlyq;fh Njb NghapUf;fhd; kk;k]pkhy;.||
tsk; - 2010
Mz;fiy> ngz;fiy (Mirf; ftpfs;):
\\khkhlGs;s kfpog;G+ thAlahs; - ,g;g

ngUf;f ngUf;f vd;Ndhl Ngr kdk; $RwNjh||
\\FQ;R nfhoe;japy ehk $b tpisahbdJ - ,g;g ehd;

G+j;j gUtk; MUk; ghj;jhnuz;lhy; gq;fky;Nyh||
\\fz;zhy ghf;f xz;zh fUehtg; gok; Nghy - ehd;

nghz;Zf;F vzq;fhnjz;L xq;F uhj;jh Gyk;gpj;jpupapwhthk;||
\\ehtg; gok; fWj;jhYk; mJ ehTf;F ey;y Urp - me;j

Myk; gok; nrfg;G mj MU kr;rp jpd;DwJ||.
\\khk;goNk jPdf
; dpNa kiytUf;if nrt;tpsdP - ey;y
Njd;fjyp thd;fUk;Ng vd;u rPNjtp Ngha; tul;lh||.
\\fz;zpd; kzpNa ey;y fy;ff

; z;L ghfKNj - vd;u
,d;gKs;s Njd; FoNy xq;fs ,dp kwf;fg; Nghwjpy;y||.
\\ te;jnaz;lh XuoF thrnyy;yhk; - jq;fnewk;

Nghl;Ll;Lg; Nghdh kr;rhd; G+g;G+j;J XQ;rJ Nghy;||
\\kUf;fhyQ;Nrhyapy kwpf;fpcl;l khdJNghy; - kdk;

jupf;fpjpy;y uhrh xq;Fl jq;f Kfk; fhzhk||.
rhgf; ftpfs;: (mwk; ghLk; ftpfs;)
\\,b cOe;J jzy; njwpr;rp ,Ue;j kid ghSSe;J - ngj;j

kf;fisAk; jpz;bUthd; ,e;j khW nra;af; fhj;jpUj;jhd;||.
tsk; - 2010
\\jhkiuapy; GO cOe;J jz;lWe;J NghdJNghy; - me;j
ehtWe;J Nghthd; vd;u ehzaj;j Vd; nfhyr;rhd;||.
\\fy;Y}Lk; ney;yl;LtKk; xz;l fhzp G+kp khLfSk; - me;j

my;yhl ePjp te;J mopr;rp cLk; eP ghg;gha;uh||.
\\fy;ypNy fub fj;j fzj;japNy jpuha; nkhisf;f - mq;f

tpy;Yf;Fg; Nghwtd tpupnghlad jPzl
; hNjh||.
\\kapyhl Ftpy; $t khlg;nghwh rhQ;rhl - xz;l

gr;rpnay;yhk; gwf;Fk; fhyk; ,dp fhj;jpuplh.||
Vry; (mq;fjk;) ftpfs;:
\\eP rg;GwJ Gy;Nyh xz;l jiyf;f vd;d J}up kz;Nzh - ehd;

kr;rp nkhwNah vd;d klj;jndz;lh khTUtk;.||
\\fUj;jhy xze;J fhupaj;jhy; cj;jupf;Fk; - ey;y

Gj;jpkhndz;bUe;Njd; eP Gy;Nyh grpahwpdJ.||
\\gs;sh giwah gdq;fhl;L Nga;nkhfwh - fWj;j

kz;Ûj; jl;lhd; vd;u kfu ntuf;fhl;bUlh.||
rpNyil:
\\khkuj;jhy; Njhzp ntl;b ikabr;rp tr;rpUf;fp - mjpy

,Ue;J njhLf;f xz;l ,Lg;Gg; ngyndg;gbNah.||
\\gl;l kuj;jpy; gOkpUe;J vd;d nra;a - mjpy;

viy ,Ue;J fhj;jbr;rh fpsp vq;fpUe;Jk; jq;f tUk;.||
tsk; - 2010
\\nghsf;filf;f Gd;d kuk; G+f;fapy;y fhr;rpUf;F - ,e;j
klj;jdj;j vd;ndz;L me;j klr;rpaplk; Nfs; uhj;jh.||
Vf;fk;:
\\ehlk; G+g;Nghy eur;r nfotDf;Nf - ey;y
fKfk; G+g;Nghy nfhkupahb thOwJ.||
\\thz;lnjy;yhk; vd;u tFj;Jf; nfhLikapdhy; - me;j

,Uky; nfotdplk; vd;d nrhfk; jhdpupf;fp.||
\\gj;J tuprk; ghuf; nfhkuhapUe;J thz;nlq;fh uhj;jh - xU

tFj;J ery; fhuDf;F.||
\\ML nfhbahNdhk; me;juj;jpy; gQ;rhNdhk; thLk; gapuhNdhk;-

ekf;F
tho top vd;d ck;kh.||
\\ghj;j fz;Zk; G+j;J xU gfYk; uhthr;rp - ,g;g

thwd; vz;L nrd;d tz;L tuf; fhz ,y;y.||
\\Nrhsfd; ehl;lf;nfhs nry;ypg; Nghl;L Nghd kr;rhd; - ,g;g

NrhsfDk; Kwpr;rhr;rp nrd;d nry;Yk; ngha;ahr;rp.
(,jpy; ,lf;fulf;fyw;w tpurf; ftpfs; jtpu;fg;gl;Ls;sd.)
rgjk;:
\\fhj;jbr;rhy; rUnfhJq;Fk; flnynuQ;rhy; kznyhJq;Fk; - ehd;
ghl;birg;gd; uhrh xz;l gl;bdj;jpy; nfhz;Lcs||.
\\tpba xOk;gp Ntg;gk; G+j;jhd; nghwf;fp nghb ,br;rpj; jpz;lhYk; - eP

Gs;s nghwkhl;lha;u.P ||
tsk; - 2010
\\xd;d vLg;gd; vz;L Cnuy;yhk; Nguhr;rp - ehd;
kwpaYf;F NghdhYk; kWgazk; jg;ghJ.||
(,jpy; ,lf;fulf;fy; mw;w tpurf;ftpfs; jtpHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd)
xg;ghup
,J K`k;kJ uhtpg; Gytu;> jdJ ez;gDf;fhfg; ghba ,uq;fy; -
Jbf;ftp. ,jpy; ,uz;lhk; tup Jbahfg; ghl Ntz;Lk;
\\Gj;jsj;jpy; ehdpUe;Njd; eP ,g;Gtpapoe;J Nghdjpdk;

GutupeuKk; - tpjfjpjuKk; - FWfpakt;jJ
; k;
ehd; gLj;Jwq;Fk; eLj;jyj;jpy;.||
\\eLkj;jpa rhkk; vd; ed;wpg; gy;ypy; xd;WsTk;

ed;nghLvdjpl - nfhk;GW KbapNyhu; - gq;fJfutk;GwtuTk;
ehd; md;wpuT fz;Nld; kdh||
\\ehd; fz;l fdTk; cd; fhyk; Kbe;jJTk;

fhynkyhk;kiyahfpDk; - thypgfhuNdrPyNd - tUtJz;Nlh
eP fq;Fy;fup jpq;fsy;Nyh.||
ekJ}upy; Kjd; Kjyhf> Cupd; Nkyhf Mfha tpkhdk; gwe;jJ gw;wp
NrFkjhHg; Gytu; ghba ghly; ,J: (1928.01.12 - tpahod;)
\\nrhy;Yk; Mapuj;J njhshapuj;J Nky;

Njhd;Wk; Mz;L ,Ugj;njl;bdpy;
ey;y ijapy; jpfjp <uhwpy;
ehs; tpahod; gfy; gjpndhU kzp
gy;Nyhu; fz;L fyq;f GJikaha;
gwitf; fg;gy; gwe;jJ ek;%upd; Nky;
fy;iyaw;w fzf;fpJ vtu;fF
; Nk
fswpNdd; NrFkjhu;g; GytNd.||
tsk; - 2010
K`k;kJ `h~pk; Mypk; ghtyH (%j;j Mypk;) mtHfsJ Mf;fk; ,J:
\\nts;sp kWf;f fjpNuhd; tpbaf; fhNzd;
tPLrPiy ,Ue;j ,lKk; tpdhtpj; NjhNzd;
nfhs;sp ,Ue;j ,lKk; mLg;Gk; jlKk; fhNzd;
$jypdhNy nfhLfpf; FtpayhNdd;
js;spapUe;Njhu; vd;id mLf;f itj;J
jhguk;Nghy; fhj;Jj; jhq;Fk; Neuk;
,e;jg; gs;spabf; Fsj;Njhuk; Nghfitj;j
me;jg; guk;nghUisg; Nghw;wpg; GfOtNd.||
,t;tpU ghly;fSk; vjpYk; gpuRukhfhjit. tha;nkhopj; jftyhfNt

ngwg;gl;lit. Kjyhk; ghliy cjtpatu; ku;`{k; vk;.rp. Mjk; nyg;ig
`h[p (njhg;gpg; guprhupapd; jk;gp) ,uz;lhk; ghliyr; nrhd;dtu;. ku;`{k;
vk;.vk;. mG+gf;fu; `h[p (AD]; Nghbahu;).
gs;S:
,J ,U FOf; f spypUe; J nfl; l thu; j ; i jfshy; Vrpg; g hLtjhFk; .
,g;ghly;fisAk; J}~izf; ftpfs; ghLtijAk; ghtk; vd mf;fhyg;
ngupahu;fs; jil nra;J tpl;ldu;. vdNt> mtw;iw ,jpw; jtpu;jJ
; s;Nsd;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F xg;ghd xU ftp:
\\xz;Lf;Fk; Mfapy;y ehd; xq;fs tpUk;GwJ - xq;Fl

re;J rtpf;Fk; rupQ;ROe;j NjkYf;Fk;.||
(re;J rtp = Njhs; typik)
,yf;fpak; : esntz;gh
\\nrk;kdj;jhd; jz;zspahd; nrt;Nfhyhd; kq;ifau;fs;
jk;kdj;ij thq;Fk; jle;Njhshd; - nka;ki
; k
esd; vd;ghd; ehdpyj;J Nkdpyj;J kpf;fhd;
csndd;ghd; Nte;jd; cdf;F||
(ngz;fspd; kdk; ftUk;gbahd Njhs; typik)
tsk; - 2010
Kd;Fwpg;gpl;l N[hd; nùhy;lb
; d; $w;Wg;gb> ftpfs; tha;nkhopahfg;
gutptUtjhy; jpupgiltJ ,ay;ghFk;. cjhuzkhf> \ehlk; G+g;Nghy
eur;r nfotd;| vd;Dk; ftpiar; rpyu; \ehzy; G+g;Nghy eur;r nfotd;|
vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,jpy; ctkhdk; rupahf ,Ue;jhYk;> ,g;gFjp
fpuhkj;Jr; #oYf;F Vw;wjy;y. ehzy; G+ ,g;gFjpapy; ,y;iy.
mf; f hy tP l ; L Ntypfspy; ,Ue; j G+tuR> nty; i y kuq; f spy;

ehlq;nfhbiag; glu tpLtu;. mJ G+j;Jf; fha;fF
; k;. mjd; g+it kf;fs;
ed;F mwptu;. ,JNghy; itf;Nfhy; $iufspy; Nfhopfs; Vwp \csf;fhky;|
,Uf;f> Riuf;nfhbfis $iukPJ glutpLtu;. mJ G+j;Jf; fha;jJ
; f;
$iuapd; Nky; fplf;Fk;. mf;fhy kf;fs;> \\nfhl;bNy ney; ,Uf;F>
$iuapy nruf;fha; nflf;F ekf;F vd;d gQ;rk;|| vdf; $Wtu;. NkYk;>
\\fy;ypNy fub fj;j fzj;jpNy jpuha; Kisf;f|| vd;Dk; ftpapYs;s
\fzj;ij| vd;w nrhy;iy fur;ir vd;Wk; rpyu; frl;il vd;Wk;
vOJjpAs;sdu;. \fur;ir| vd;gJ cg;G rhu; ctu; epykhFk;.(fur;ir
vDk; nrhy; kUtp> fur;rp vd Mapw;W. - cg;Gf;fur;rp)
,jpw; jpuha; Kisf;fhJ. frl;il vd;gJ Jtu;gG

; r; Ritia (fru;)f;
Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;. \fzj;ij| vd;gJ Kd;G Nridg; gapu; nra;J iftplg;gl;l
,lk;. ,jpy; jpuha; Kisf;Fk;; vdNt> Mu;tyu;fs; ,tw;iw Muha;eJ
;
jpUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ftpfspd; gpwg;gplkhd ,t;T+upy;> Mapuf;
fzf;fhd ftpfs;> gyuplk; kdq;fspYk; - rpyuplk; - ifnaOj;Jg;
gpujpfspYk; cs;sd. ,tw;iwj; jdpnahUtu; NjbnaLj;J> E}yhf
ntspapLtJ kpfTk; rpukkhd fhupakhFk;. ,q;F gy fofq;fSk;
,af;fq;fSk; cs;sd. ,tw;wpd; %yk;> ftpfis Njbg; ngw;W - tFj;J
- njhFj;J ek; Kd;Ndhu;jk; KJrq;fis ekJ gpd;NdhUf;Fg; ngU
E}yhff; fpilf;fr; nra;tJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;.
gFjp - II
murdhu; nyt;itg; Gytu;.
,tu;> mf;fiug;gw;W -6 Mk; Fwpr;rpapy; Rkhu; 200 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;
tho;ej
; tu;. ,f; fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Gytu;fSf;Fk; fhyj;jhy;
tsk; - 2010
Ke;jpatu;. 1992 Mk; Mz;L xU ehs;> ehd; [dhg; K`k;kJ rupG
gupfhup (\guprhup|) mtu;fspd; tPL nrd;W Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ>
mtu; rpy ghly;fisg; ghbf; fhl;bdhu;. mj;Jld;> xU gioa gidNahiy
Vl;Lf; fl;il vd;dplk; nfhLj;J> ,J mrdhu; nyt;itg; Gytu; ghba
\rWrW gilg;Nghu; fhtpak;| vdf; $wpdhu;. ehd; mjpu;rr
; pAk; Mr;rupaKk;
kfpo;rr
; pAk; mile;Njd;. fhuzk;> gioa fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpa K];ypk;
Gytu;fs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F NkYk; tYr;Nru;fF
; k; tifapy;> Ie;J
tifahd Gjpa ,yf; f pa tbtq; f is Mf; f pf; nfhLj; J s; s du; .
mitahtd: 01. gilg;Nghu;. 02. fp];]h
03. k]hyh 04. ehkh
05. Kdh[hj;;
,t;thwhd> gilg;NghnuDk; Ngupyf;fpaj;ij ek;%upy; gpwe;j xU Gytu;

nra;Js;shNu! vd;w kfpo;r;rpAk; - ehk; ,j;jid fhykhf ,jid
mwpatpy;iyNa vd;w ftiyAk; - Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Nru;ej
; mjpu;rr
; p
Ml;nfhz;ltdhf> mtuplkpUe;j mt; Vl;Lf;fl;il thq;fp te;Njd;. VLfs;
rpijTw;Wk; vOj;Jf;fs; kq;fyhfTk; ,Ue;jd. mtw;iw xU tUl
fhyk; ,Ue;J gpujpgz;zp Kbj;Njd;.
,J myp (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk;> rWrW ehl;L murDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j

Aj;jj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; xU nra;Al; njhFg;ghFk;. ,J `p[;up. 1263 ,y;
ghlg;gl;lJ. ,JNghy;> ml;lhisr;Nrid (1263) mg;Jy; u`;khd; Mypk;
Gytuhy; `p[;up. 1315 ,y; ghlg;ngw;w kzkq;fy khiyapd; ifnaOj;Jg;
gpujpfSk; gyuplKz;L. ,g;ghly;> myp (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk; md;id
ghj;jpkh (uop) mtu;fSf;Fk; eilngw;w jpUkzj;ijg; gw;wpf; $WtjhFk;.
,j;jifa KJrq;fs; gy ,d;Dk; Njbdhy; fpilf;fg;ngwyhk;.
rWrW gilg;NghH (mrdhu; nyt;itg; Gytu; - mf;fiug;gw;W)

\\Ntjp kiw Qhdtop jkpo; fiyfs;
ftpg; Gyik rpd;D}y; ed;D}y;
fhupifapd; E}y; epfz;L Nekp ehjk;
fUj;JwNt ieljq;fs; mwpe;j rPyd;
tsk; - 2010
tPupad; kPuh jtj;jhy; <d;w Myq;Fl;b
,U fz;kzpaha; tpsq;f te;Njhd;.
ghupdpy; ru;rUit mypahu; ntd;w
gilg;Nghiu mrdhu; nyt;it ghlYw;Nwd;||
\\kUthrnkd tPRk; egpkhu;fs;

Nfhj;jpu tU kiwNahu;fshk;
fUtha; cjpj;jpLk; egpkhu;f
; nshU NghJk;
frlhd tha;ik gfuhu;
jU NrhgdQ; NrUk; mkNuhu; gjpf;Fupikr;
rq;ifg; gpujhdpahNdhu;
,U E}NwhnlhU E}W gjpd;%tu;
jpUehkk; ,dpjhf epidthkNuh.||
kzkq;fy khiy:
(mg;Jy; wFkhd; Mypk; Gytu; - ml;lhisr;Nrid)
\\Kj;njhspaha; KO kzpaha; vf;fkP hfp
Kr;Rluha;j; jq;f tz;z kQ;iQahfp
gw;wpnahspu; fpe;jy
P ha; mjw;FshLk;
gQ;r tz;zr; nrQ;Rluha; gyjha; epd;W
ntw;wp nrwp egpkhu;fs; Ejypy; Njhd;wp
tpiu fko; nka;aofhkpdhu; nfw;gk;
Gj;jpuuha; tUk; nea;dhu; ghjk; Nghw;wp
GfOk; kzkq;fsj;ijg; GfYthNk||
\\fw;wKw tupf; Fapy;fs; ghLk; Nrhiy

NjhWk; kapy; eldkpL G+q;fh #o;ej ;
rpj;jp nrwp fUq;nfhb khefiu MSk;
NrFnyt;itg;Nghb jNgh gyd;fs;
xj;JtUtha;j; jpuz;l kF%jg; Nghbf;F
cupa jpU ciwe;JyTk; GJf; fy;tlP b
; y;
rpj;jKw mtupdj;jhu; Fyj;jhu; nrk;nghd;
jputpaq;fs; nrhupa muq;Nfw;wpNdNd.||
tsk; - 2010
(Fwpj;j kF%J NghbahUf;Fupa ,f; fy;tL
P > mf;fiug;gw;W gpujhd
tPjpapy; cs;s \]k; ]k; ghkrp| f;Ff; fpof;Nf mike;jpUe;jJ.)
Fwpg;G :
2002 Mk; Mz;L> cyf ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpa khehL nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;wJ.
,J njhlHghd gioikahd Mtzq;fs; Nfhupa Ntis> \rWrW gilg;Nghu;|>
\kzkq;fy khiy|> \ifg;Gl;gl;rpRkhiy| gpujpfis gjpg;gpj;J ntspapLkhW
Nfhup mDg;gpitj;Njd;;. mit> K];ypk; fyhrhu mikr;rpdhy; E}yhfg;
gjpf;fg;ngw;W ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; mwpate;Njd;.
[* KJnrhk; - kJiuj;jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp KJrk; - \f;upah| mfuhjp (,yq;if tof;F)]
etPd khw;wq;fs; rpy:

Infromation Superhighways vdg;gLk; jfty; Kiw neLk; ghijfs; ,d;W
[g;ghd;> njd;nfhupah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> rpq;fg;g+H> kNyrpah Mfpa ehLfspy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;jpa nraw;iff; fpufq;fs; Gjpa jfty;
Afj;ijj; njd;dhrpahtpw;Ff; nfhz;Ltu cs;sd.
n`hq; n fhq; f pd; Nkhl; n lhNuhyh> 1995Mk; Mz; L fk; g papy; y hj

tiyj;njhFjpia (Max) cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jdhy;> iff;F mlf;fkhd
fzpdpapD}lhf ,.mQ; r iyAk; (e-mail) njhiyefiyAk; (Fax)
mDg;gKbAk;. vjpHfhyj; njhopy; El;gtpayhd \kf;fsw;w mYtyfq;fs;|>
\mYtyfkw;w CopaHfs;|> \fhfpj Mtzq;fsw;w mYtyfq;fs;| vd;gtw;iw
cUthf;fpAs;sd.
rpq;fg;G+upd; \kjpEl;gj;jPT| (Intelligent Island) xt;nthU ,y;yj;jpYk; etPd

jfty; njhopEl;gf; fUtpfisg; (Figer opticalied) nghUj;jp epHkhzpj;J
tUfpd;wJ@ njd;nfhupah 5800 Nfhb US $ nlhyH nrytpy; epHkhzpj;J
tUk; gy;Y}lfj; njhFjp (Fiber - optimultimedia Network) 2010 Mk; Mz;by;
me;ehl;il KOikahd jfty; r%fkhf khw;wptpl cs;sJ.
ed;wp: NguhrpupaH. Nrh.re;jpuNrfud;.\fy;tpAk; kdpjtstpUj;jpAk;| -

(gf;:118>119)
tsk; - 2010
mf;fiug;gw;W K];ypk;fspd;
fiyg; gz;ghL
vk;.V.v];.V.mg;Jy; k[Pj; (kf;fj;jhH)

fyPgJy; `y;yh[;> (fhjpup> [p~;jp> wpgh,>ef;~ge;jp)
mf;fiug;gw;Wf; fpuhkj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; kpfj; njhd;ikahdJ>

epyg; gz;ghl;by; kUj epyg; gz;Gk;> nea;jy; epyg; gz;Gk; ,aw;ifahf
mikag; ngw;wJ ,f; fpuhkk;. kUj epyg; gz;ghd ,irj;jYk;> nea;jy;
epyg; gz;ghd ,iwQ;RjYk;> ,q;F thOk; kf;fsplk; mf;fhyk; njhl;Nl
kype;J fhzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
jpUkzk;> tho;T> kuzk;> tuNtw;G> Jd;g epfo;T> ,d;g epfo;T

,itnay;yhk; ghlyhfTk; - Ntz;LjyhfTk; (JM) ,k;kf;fs; kdj;jpil
cjakhfp epw;gJ ,tu;fSf;F cupj;jhd xU gz;ghFk;. K];ypk;fspd;
fiyAzu;Tgw;wp Nehf;fpdhy;> mf;fiug;gw;wpd; Fbthrp K];ypk;> muG
Njrj;ijr; Nru;ej
; tu;fs;. ,tu;fs; jkpo; kf;fspilNa tho;ej
; fhuzj;jpdhy;
jkpo; kf;fspd; fiyAzu;Tk; muG kf;fspd; fiyAzu;Tk; Nru;ej
; xU
fiy tbtk;jhd; ,q;F thOk; kf;fspd; fiy ntspg;ghL.
,];yhk; rpwe;j ghly;fis mq;fPfupf;Fk;;; mofpa Fuiy ,urpf;Fk;:

K];ypk;fspd; jPuf
; f
; juprpfspy; xUtuhd egp jhT+j; (miy) mtu;fs;>
mofpa Fuy; mikag; ngw;wtu;fs;. mtuJ Ntj E}yhd “]G+u;” mofpa
Fuypy; Xjf; $baJ.
vq;fs; ehafk; (]y;) mtu;fs;> vjpupfshy; tir ghlg;gl;L kdk; nehe;j

Ntis - ]`hghf;fs; ehafj;ijg; Gfo;eJ
; ghba Ntis - kd MWjy;
mile;Js;shu;fs; vd `jP];> Fu;Md; giw rhw;Wfpd;wJ. ehafj;jpd;
ngUk; jd;ik mg;gh]; (uop) mtu;fs; cuj;j> fk;gPukhd Fuiyg;
tsk; - 2010
ngw;wpUe;Jk;> ,dpik rw;Wf; Fiwthf ,Ue;jjd; fhuzj;jpdhy;> gpyhy;
(uop) mtu;fis ghq;F nrhy;y epakpj;jdu; vd;gJ vy;NyhUk; mwpe;j
tplakhFk;. mf;fhyk; njhl;L> mf;fiug;gw;wpy; tho;e;j K];ypk; kf;fs;
Fu;Md; XJjy;> ghq;F nrhy;Yjy;> khu;ff
; cge;epahrq;fs; epfo;jJ; jy;>
E}y; thrpj; j y; Nghd; w itfs; mofpa Fuypy; ,uhfk; Nru; j ; N j
epfo;jj
; pAs;sdu;. jw;NghJ tho;fpd;w my;`h[; vk;.V Mg;jd
P ; Mypk;
mtu;fs;; ,t;tupirapy; Qhgfg; gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba xUtuhthH.
rkPg fhyj;jpy;> gpw kj CLUty;fshy; %isr;ryit nra;ag;gl;ltu;fs;>

,f; fiy czu;TfSf;Fj; jilahfpAs;sdu;. rT+jp mNugpahtpy;
c];khdpag; Nguuir tPoj
; j
; p> etPd nfhs;ifiag; GFj;jpa \t`hgp]|f;
nfhs;ifthjpfs;> kd MWjYf;F ,uhfk; Nfl;liyAk; kd epk;kjpf;F
fGWfspy; JMf; Nfl;liyAk; Jtk;rk; nra;Js;sdu;. ,jd; tpisT>
jw;fhyj;jpy; gpwuplk; nfQ;RjiyAk;> kJ mUe;jp kfpo;jiyAk; jkjhf;fpf;
nfhz;ldu;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; mf;fiug;gw;wpy; tho;ej

; > fyPgj;Jy; fhjpup mG+gf;fu; nyt;it
Mypk;> cku; nyg;ig Mypk;> ghtyu; `h\pk; Mypk;> Gfhup Mypk;> rPdp
Mypk; Nghd;wtu;fs; ey;y ftpQu;fSk;> mofpa Fuypy; ,irf;ff;
$batu;fSkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; vOjp ntspaplg;gl;l ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaf;
fUT+yk; vDk; E}ypy; ,J tplak; njspthf vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kJiuj; jkpo; g ; Ngufuhjpapy; kw; W k; fiyf; fsQ; r paq; f spy;

mf;fiug;gw;iwg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l NrF kjhu;g; Gytu; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;shu;. mf;fiug;gw;W khd;kpak; ,tuhy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. my; -
Fj;g; m\;n\a;j; mg;J]; ]kj; nksyhdh my; - akhdp (gl;bdg;
gs;spthay; Kd; mlq;fg;gl;Ls;shu;) “Fj;gpa;ah” vd;w muGf; ftpijia
fUj;J khwhJ> jkpopy; ftpijahfg; ghb Gfo; ngw;Ws;shu;. ,e;jpahtpy;
,J mr;rplg;gl;L ,d;Wk; Gj;jf tpw;gid epiyaq;fspy; tpw;gid
nra;ag;gl;L tUtij ehk; fhzyhk;.
kw;Wk;> K`k;kJ whgpg; Gytu; ,d;Wk; epidT gLj;jg;gLk; xU Gfo;

ngw;w ftpQuhthH. mf;fiug;gw;wpd; maY}uhd ml;lhisr;Nridapy;
tsk; - 2010
tho;ej
; > ftpQu; mg;Ju; u`;khd; Mypk; mtu;fs; kzkq;fy khiy
vDk; ftpij ghbj; jkpo; cynfq;Fk; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. ,tu; mg;J];]kJ
nksyhdhtpd; xU \KuPJ| MFk; vd;gJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mf;fiug;gw;wpy; K];ypk;fspilNa ghlg;gLk; ehl;Lf;ftp>

muhgpau;fspilNa cs;s ehl;Lg; ghly; ,irapy; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
ghl;Lf;fhug; ghj;Jk;kh ftp ,aw;Wtjpy; ty;yikAilatu;. ,wf;fhkj;J
kPuh ck;kh ftp ghLtjpy; cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. ,yq;if murhq;fk;
,tiu nfsutpj;Js;sJ ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
kw;Wk; Mz;fspy; ghlfH gf;fuP ; KifjPd>; ,wf;fhkj;jpy; tho;eJ

; kuzpj;j
mf; f iug; g w; W k[P j ; > jw; N ghJ kUjKidapy; thOk; r`hg; j P d ;
mf;fiug;gw;W K];jgh nyg;ig kh];lu;> kuzpj;j mg;Jy; gjh`; vd;Nghu;
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; ghlfu;fshfj; jpfo;ej
; tu;fshFk;.
thj;jpa ,irg;gpy; nkd;lypd; eh$Hj;jk;gp> jNgyh rhypj;jk;gp> jw;NghJ
tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fof tpupTiuahsu;
,];]jPd(; Xfd;) MfpNahH Gfo; ngw;wtu;fs;. jw;NghJ r`hg;jd
P pd;
,irf; FOtpdUk;> myhTjPdpd; ,irf; FOtpdUk; Gfo; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
lhf;lu; Kghup]; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; ghbg; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. kuzpj;j m.].

mg;J]; ]kj;> V.Mu;.vk;. ryPk; vd;Nghu; Gfo; ngw;wtu;fshFk;. fhyk;
nrd;w ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; RtPl; k[Pl; ,dpikahfg; ghlf; $batu;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; cyf ehLfspYk;> ek; ehLfspYk; Gfo; ngw;w mikr;ru;
mjhcy;yh xU rpwe;j ghlfuhFk;. kw;Wk; mikr;ru; NrF ,];]jPd;
mtu;fs; tpaj;jF xU ftpQuhFk;. fle;j 50 Mz;LfSf;Fs; ,tiug;
Nghd;w tpku;rfu; ,y;iy vdg; Gfo; ngw;wtu;. ku;`_k; mikr;ru; m\;ug;
$l xU Gfo; ngw;w ftpQuhFk;. vkJ mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigapd;
jtprhsu; jtk; mtu;fSk; xU rpwe;j ftpQdhFk;. ,q;F thOk; kf;fis
Nehf;fpdhy; mwpQu;> Ntiyahs;> khztu;fs;> Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;
vy;NyhUk; fiy czu;T ngw;wtu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xu; mk;rkhFk;.
tsk; - 2010
nghJ E}yfKk;
mjd; njhopw;ghLk;.
v];.vy;. mg;Jy; [g;ghu;>

E}yfu;> murpdu; Mrpupau; gapw;rpf; fyhrhiy> ml;lhisr;Nrid.
vOj;J> ,J xUtu; fUj;ij mLj;jtUf;F vLj;Jiuf;f cjTfpwJ.

vdNt vOj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jgtu; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; vOj
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F vLj;Jf;nfhz;l nghUis mwptpay; Kiwapy;
njhFj;J - rup ghu;jJ
; - tFj;J - tud;Kiwg;gLj;jp gilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
“vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzdj;jFk;” ,J rhd;Nwhu; thf;F. ,J vz;Zf;F

vOj;Jf;F mwpTf;F> fy;tpf;F vj;jifa ,lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. “fy;tpf;Ff; fiuapy;iy” vd;w gbahy; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@
njhlu;eJ
; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@ vdNt> mjidg; ghlrhiyg; gbg;NghL
epWj;jp tplhJ> fy;Y}upNahL iftpl;L tplhJ njhlu;eJ
; k; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;>
tplhJk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;> tplhKaw;rpNahL gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rpWtUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; ngupNahUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;;@ khztUk; gbf;f

Ntz;Lk; MrpupaUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@ MZk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ngz;Zk;
gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@ mYtyfUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk mjpfhupAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@;
ghl;lhspAk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; gzf;fhuDk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;;@ efuj;jhUk;
gbf;f Ntz;Lk; fpuhkj;jhUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;@ gbahjtUk; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhlu;eJ
; gbf;f - tplhKaw;rpNahL gbf;f - mike;jJjhd; E}yfk; -
mJTk; nghJE}yfk;.
fy;tp epiyaq;fSk; - E}yfq;fSk; xd;Wld; xd;W ,ize;jit. xU

tz;bapd; ,Urf;fuq;fs;. xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fs;. Kfk; ghu;ff
;
cjTtJ xU fz;zhb. mNj Nghy;> rKjhaj;jpd; tsu;rr
; piag; ghu;ff
; g;
tsk; - 2010
ghu;ff
; cjTtJ E}yfkhFk;. kf;fshy; kf;fSf;fhf kf;fNs elj;jp
tUtJ nghJ E}yfkhFk;.
mJ mike;Js;s gFjpapy; kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp> ghy; NtWghL ,d;wp>

rhjp rka tpj;jpahrkpd;wp nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wp ,q;F flikahw;Wk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jq;fsJ Nritia toq;Ftjw;F - jpahf rpe;ijNahL
njhopw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cyfpy; KjyhtJ E}yfk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; ngh];ld; efupy; 1854

Mk; Mz;L cUthfpanjd mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,yq;ifapy; E}yfkhdJ>
fp.K. 3 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J jdJ Nritapid klhyaq;fspy;
njhlq;fpaJ vd;W tuyhW $Wfpd;w NghJk;> gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
,uhZt tPuu;fSf;fhf 1913 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l> ,e; E}yfk;>
1924 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G khefurig E}yfj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;L>
nfhOk; G nghJ E}yfkhf ,aq; f p> nghJ kf; f Sf; f hd rpwe; j
Nritapidr; nra;J tUfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy; E}yf Nritia toq;fp tUk; E}yfq;fis ehd;F

tifahfg; gpupj;J Muha KbAk;@ mitahtd:
01. Njrpa E}yfk;. 02. nghJ E}yfk;.

03. fy;tp epWtd E}yfq;fs;. 04. rpwg;G E}yfq;fs;.
,tw;Ws; Njrpa E}yfkhdJ> ehl;bYs;s rfy E}yfq;fSf;Fk; jiyik

E}yfkhfTk; MNyhrid toq; f p> fl; L g; g Lj; J k; E}yfkhfTk;
,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
,jpw; fy;tp epWtd E}yfq;fshfg; gyTs. ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;>

njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upfs;> Mrpupau; fyhrhiyfs;> fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfs;
Nghd;w epWtdq;fspy; ,aq;fp tUk; murguhkupg;gpy; cs;s E}yfq;fs;>
fy;tprhu; GyikahsHfs; - MrpupaHfs; - khztHfs; MfpNahUf;F
mupa Nritfisr; nra;J tUfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
gpwpnjhU tif rpwg; G E}yfq; f shtd> jdpj; j dpNa jk; k stpy;
,aq;fptUfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf> tpNrl epWtdq;fshd Njapiy Muha;r;rp
epiyak;> ,yq;if kj;jpatq;fp> ngUe; njhopw;rhiyfs; Nghd;wdtw;wpy;
mj; J iw rhu; e ; j cj; j pNahfj; j u; f Sf; f hd E}yf NritfSk;
fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd.
Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW> Vida E}yfq;fs; Jiwrhu;e;NjhUf;Fj; jkJ

Nritia toq;fp tu> nghJE}yfkhdJ Kw;$wg;gl;lthW rfy
kf;fSf;Fk; jkJ Nritia toq;Ffpd;wJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F tif E}yfq;fSs;> nghJ E}yfq;fis kl;Lk;

Ma;Tf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthkhapd;> mit vkJ ehl;by; cs;@uhl;rp
rigfspd; %yk; jkJ Nritfis toq;fp tUtNjhL> NkYk; jkJ
Nritapidj; jpwd; g lf; n fhz; L nry; t jw; f hfg; gy gpupTfshf
tFj;jikj;J> mit xt;nthU gpupTf;Fk; Nju;rr
; pngw;w cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis
epakdk; nra;J njhopw;gLfpd;wd. mit tUkhW mikAk;:
* cgrhug; gpupT. * ,uty; toq;Fk; gpupT
* crhj;Jizg; gpupT * thrpg;Gg; gpupT
* rpWtu; gpupT * gbg;gfk;.
* E}y; fhl;Lk; gpupT * E}y; nfhs;tdTg; gpupT
* gl;bayhf;Fk; gpupT * gFg;ghf;Fk; gpupT
* fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdg; gpupT
vkJ gpuNjq;fspy; mike;Js;s E}yfq;fs;> E}y;fSf;fhd gl;bayhf;fk;>

E}y;fSf;fhd gFg;ghf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;J> E}y;fspd; njuptpid
thrfu;fSf;F ,yFgLj;Jfpd;wd. jtpuTk;> ,it jkJ Neuj;ij
kPjg;gLj;jp> Rl;bfs;> RUf;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;J Mtzq;fis
kPlL
; f; nfhs;tij ,yFthf;Fk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;tjpy;iy@ my;yJ
Fiwthf mg;gzpfs; eilngWfpd;wd.
Jiw rhu;e;j jukhd E}yfu;fSk; kdpj tsKk; epiwe;j E}yfq;fspy;>

Nkw;$wg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J> nghJ E}yfq;fis tsg;gLj;jTk;
- gyg;gLj;jTk; ,aYk;.
tsk; - 2010
,r;nraw;ghl;bw;Fupa nryTfs; mjpfkhf cs;sjhy;> ,e;E}yfq;fis
elhj;Jfpd;w jha; epWtdq;fspd; jiytu;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L epjpapid
xJf;fPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gy fpisfs; cs;s xU nghJ E}yfj;jpy;
gl;bayhf;fk; nra;fpd;w NghJ> $l;LwT gl;bayhf;fw; jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.
jha; E}yfj;jpNyNa rfy E}yfq;fspYk; cs;s E}y;fSf;Fk; gl;bayhf;fk;

nra;ag;gLtjhy;> fpis E}yfq;fspy; gl;bayhf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd nryTk;>
mq;Nf - xU Jiw rhu;e;j E}yfiu epakdk; nra;J toq;fg;gLfpd;w
CjpaKk; jha; E}yfj;jpw;F kPjkhFk;.
vkJ gpuNjrj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu> rpy E}yfq;fs; fpisfis mikj;J

rpwg;Gw E}yfq;fis elhj;Jfpd;wd. rpy E}yfq;fs; nghUspay; uPjpahd
fl; L g; g hl; b idf; fUj; j pw; nfhz; L fpisfis mikj; J elhj; j
KbahJs;sd.
,it ,g;gb ,Uf;f> gynghJ E}yfq;fs;> elkhLk; E}yfq;fs; (Mobile

Libraries) %yk; thrfu;fspd; fhybf;Fr; nrd;W rpwe;j Gj;jp[PtpfisAk;
mwpthspfisAk; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. ,r;nraw;ghL> jha; epWtdj;jpd;
epjpepiyikapidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Nl eilngWfpd;wJ.
xU r%jhaj;jpd; fy;tp epiyia> cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy;

elhj;jg;gLfpd;w nghJ E}yfq;fs; %yk; cau;jj
; KbAk;. ,jw;fhfr;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w nrytpid xU epue;ju %yjdkhfNt fUj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> elkhLk; E}yfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bid> ehk; J}uj;jpy;
cs; s fpuhkq; f Sf; F k; > tNahjpg klq; f s; > rpiwr; r hiyfs; >
itj;jparhiyfs; Nghd;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk; toq;fp> nghJf; fy;tpapd;
tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;l ,aYk;.
NkYk;> vkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s E}yfq;fspdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhj

SDI (Selecting Dessimal Information) - njupT nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fisg;
gug;Gjy;. CAS - rkfhy tpopg;Gzu;T Nrit (Current Awarenss Service)
tsk; - 2010
Kjyhd NritfisAk; vkJ nghJ E}yfq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jp>
mr;Nritfis kf;fs; kag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; eltbf;if vLf;f KbAk;.
SDI - ( Selecting Dessimal Information) vDk; njupT nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fs;

Nritia toq;Ffpd;w NghJ> vkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s Muha;rr ; pahsu;fs;>
fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> ,yf;fpa thjpfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs; Nghd;Nwhu; rpwe;j
gpuNahrdj;ij mila KbtJld;> vkJ E}yfKk; cau;jukhdjhf
khwTk; KbAk;. ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F thrfu;fs; gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
mtrpak; cs; s jhy; > E}yfkhdJ tUkhdk; <l; b f; nfhs; s Tk;
,aYkhfpd;wJ.
nghJ E}yf epakq;fspd; gb> And];Nfh (UNESCO) epWtdKk;> E}yf

rq;fq;fspd; ru;tNjr rq;fk; - (IFLA) - (Internationl Federation of Library
Association ) vd;gdTk; ,ize;J> rpy eltbf;iffisg; nghJ
E}yfq;fSf;F vdf; fl;lhag;gLj;jpAs;sd.
nghJ E}yfq;fs; rpwg;Gw elhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd;> fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s

rpy eltbf;iffs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtJ Kf;fpakhdnjhU gzpahfpwJ.
(1) E}yfj;jpdJ cs;slf;fk;> mwptpdJk; fyhrhuj;jpdJk;

gupzhk tsu;rr
; papid ntspg;gLj;Jtjhapd;> NkYk; mJ
mbf;fb kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;Lf; ftu;rr
; pfukhd mikg;ghf
khw;wg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.
,t; t ifapy; mike; j hy; j hd; > kf; f s; jk; nrhe; j f;

fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;fTk; ,uridr; rf;jpiag; ngUf;fpf;
nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.
Mapd;> jw;fhy tpQ;Qhd fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; %ykhf

vkf; F f; fpilf; f g; n gw; W s; s rpdpkhg; ghly; f Sk; -
,Wtl;Lf;fSk; - xypg;gjpT ehlhf;fs; - fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gyf;
fUtpfSk; vkJ E}yfj;jpd; jdpnahU gpuptpy; fl;lhakhfr;
NrHf;fg;ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tsk; - 2010
2) jw; f hy gd; i kr; r %f tof; f pYs; s > midj; J
nkhopfisAk; rhHe;j E}y;fs; - Mtzq;fs; vd;gd> vkJ
nghJ E}yf Nrfupg;gpy; ngwg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3) nghJ E}yff; fl; l lk; xU kj; j pa ,lj; j py;

mike;jpUg;gJld;> ghtidahsHfSf;F - thrfHfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd Neuq;fSf;F Vw;g jpwe;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4) nghJ E}yfkhdJ> kf;fsJ fyhrhu epiyakhFk;.

mjdhy; > ,q; F tsu; e ; N jhUf; F k; rpWtu; f Sf; F khd
fz;fhl;rpfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;> tpupTiufs;> ,ir
epfo;rr
; pfs; jpiug;glf; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,ay;ghfNt
elhj;jpf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
5) rpWtu;fs;> tyJ Fiwe;Njhu; vDk; khw;W Mw;wy;

gilj;NjhH - KjyhNdhUf;F> E}yf Nritiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp ngw;w E}yf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;
,izf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
6) Mff; Fiwe;jgl;rk;> nghJE}yfk; thuk; xd;Wf;F

mWgJ kzpj;jpahyq;fs; thrfHfSf;fhfj; jpwe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;w epajpia Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
7) E}w;Nru;fi
; ff;fhd epakq;fshff; Fiwe;j gl;rk; - rpwpa
epu;thf myfhapd; - xU egUf;F 3 E}y;fs; tPjk; E}yfj;jpy;
,Ug;gNj cfe;jJ. tl;lhu rdj;njhif mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd;>
2 E}y;fs; tPjk; ,Ug;gJk; rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
8) 14 tajhd rpWtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 25% -- 30% rjtPj

,ilapy; ,Ug;gpd;> E}yf nkhj;jE}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
%d;wpnyhU gq;F rpWtHfSf;fhd E}y;fs;
NrHf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
tsk; - 2010
9) And];Nfhtpd; (UNESCO) gupe;Jiu> 9000 E}y;fSf;Fj;
Fiwthd E}y;fs; cs;s xU nghJ E}yfj;jhy; rpwe;j -
G+uzkhd mwpTtoq;F Nritapid> vOj;jwpTs;s
kf;fSf;F toq;f KbahJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLk;. crhj;Jiz
E}y;fspd; ,optsT vz;zpf;if Mff;Fiwe;jJ 100
E}w;NrHf;ifnad ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; gpwpnjhU
epajpahFk;.
10) epUthf mikg; G f; f spy; 1000 NgUf; F 10

gUtntspaPLfs; vd ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. ,jpw; rfy
nkhopfSk; mlq;Fk;. XH ,yl;rk; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
rdj;njhif cs;s epUthf myfpw;F> nghUl; Rl;bAld;
$ba $l; L wT Kiwapyhd Vw; g hLfSld; gUt
ntspaPl;Lr; Nrkpg;igf; Fiwf;fyhk;.
fpilf;ff;$ba fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fSk; Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vkJ gpuNjrj;jpYk; ,yq;ifapw; rpy ,lq;fspYk; And];Nfhtpd;
gpNuuizfs; rpy eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> gy tplaq;fs; eilKiwapy;
,y;iy. rkfhy murpd; Jupj mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk;> ,tw;iw
eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;F E}yfj;jpd; jha; epWtdk; Kaw;rp
nra;ayhk; vd;gjw;Nf ,t;tplak; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. nghJ
E}yfj;jpd; mikg;Gk; mJ mike;jpUf;f Ntz;ba KiwfSk; ,q;F
vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> ,e;j eilKiwfs; rupahfg; Ngzg;gbd;>
ghlrhiy - gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs; ngUk; gpuNahrdk; miltu;.
ghlrhiy E}yfnkhd; W > nghJ E}yfj; i jAk; > gy; f iyf; f of
E}yfj;ijAk; vq;qdk; gad;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ gw;wpa topfhl;bg;
gapw;rpfs; jug;gLfpd;wd.
mg;gapw;rpapd; %yk; khztu;fs; rpwg;ghd gaid miltu;. NkYk;>

Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lthW ghlrhiyapypUe;J tpyfpNahu; -
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F njupT nra;ag;glhNjhu; - ,d;iwa Ntiy cyfpw;F
Vw;whw; Nghy; fy;tpiaf; fw;f Ntz;Lk;@ mjw;fhd gf;fJizia xU
tifapy; toq;fp nghJ E}yfk; cjtp nra;fpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
nfhOk;G nghJ E}yfk;> Njrpa E}yfk; Nghd;w E}yfq;fspd;
‘tpNrlNrfupg;G’ (Special Collction) vd;wthwhd Nrfupg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
cjhuzkhf> ,yq;if - Njrpa E}yfj;jpy;> “fk;nguypa” (“fpuhkg; gpwo;T”)
vDk; njw;fpd; r%f tho;tpd; ajhu;j;jj;ijg; gpujpgypf;Fk; ehty;
,yf;fpaj;ij je;j> khu;lb
; d; tpf;fpukrpq;` vDk; rpwe;j Mf;f,yf;fpa
MSikapd; Nrfupg;Gf;fs; cs;sd.
mq;F> mit - thrfu;fSk; nghJ kf;fSk; gad; nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk;

mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba epiyapYk; rpwg;ghd xOq;Ffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. mNj Nghd;W> vkJ nghJ E}yfj;jpYk; vkJ
gpuNjr vOj; j hsu; f s; > ftpQu; f s; > fiyQu; f s; > ngupahu; f spd;
Nrfupg;Gf;fisAk; ,lnkhJf;fp NtWgLj;jp itf;fKbAk;. ,r;nraw;ghL>
vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;F> Jiwrhu;e;j mwpQu;fs; gw;wpa cz;ik
tuyhw;iwf; $Wk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
cjhuzkhf> ehlwpe;j rpWfij kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa vOj;jhsu; ku;`{k;

m.]. mg;J];]kJ Iah mtHfshy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fSk;> mtuJ
Nrfupg;G E}y;fSk; mtH gad;gLj;jpa vOj;jhtzq;fSk;> cgNahfpj;j
cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;witAk; xU jdpmyfhf ,lnkhJf;fp> nghJ
E}yfj;jpy; itf;fg;glyhk;. ku;`{k; fyhepjp vk;. vk;. cit]; Ma;thsH
mtHfsJ vOj;jhf;fq;fSk; ,r;NrHf;ifapy; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtJk;
rpwg; g hdNj. kl; L kd; w p ekJ CupYk; maw; f puhkq; f spYk; cs; s
fy;tpkhd;fspd; ifapUg;gpYs;s Nrfupg;G E}y;fisAk; Vl;Lr; RtbfisAk;
xd;W NrHj;J thrfHfspd; gue;j mwpTj; Njl;lj;jpw;Fj; Jiznra;a
,aYk;.
,q; F jug; g l; L s; s Kiwikapy; > nghJE}yfq; f s; nraw; g l; ; L

thrfHfSf;Fg; gue;Jgl;l fy;tp mwptpid toq;Fk; tifapdhy;> mtHfs;
ey;ywpT ngWtH. jtpuTk;> eilKiwtho;tpy; ey;ynjhU kdpjdhf
thoTk; Kay;tH. mj;NjhL jhk; rhHe;Js;s ,isNahUf;Fk; mwpTf;F
topfhl;b mtHfisAk; fy;tpahsHfshf Mf;Fk; tifapy;; cjtp
xj;jhirfisAk; toq;FtH@ ,jdhy;> Xu; Mju;] r%fk; cUthf
topgpwf;Fk;.
tsk; - 2010
rpWtHfspd; thrpg;G Ez;jpwid tsHj;jy;
mwpKfk; :
ghlrhiy khztHfspd; jha;nkhop njhlHghd milT kl;lk;
jpUg;jpfukha; ,y;iy ,J XH Ma;tpd; KbthFk;.
khztHfspd; nkhopj;jpwd; -
milTkl;lk; - caHtilar; nra;a Ntz;bad.
1. rfy taJ kl;lj;jpdUf;;Fk; E}y;fis thrpf;f re;jHg;gk;
toq;Fjy;
2. nkhopj;jpwd; tsHr;rpia Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd
trjpfis mspj;jy;.
3. Kiwahf - NjHr;rpNahL nkhopiaf; fw;gpj;jy;.
4. nkhopia fw;gjw;fhf Nghjpa E}y;fisAk; Nkyjpf thrpg;G
E}y;fisAk; toq;Fjy;
5. ,yf;fzk; - nrhy;eil Nghd;w nkhoprhH tsHr;rp Vw;gl
trjpfis toq;Fjy;.
6. khztH jpwDf;fika thrpg;gjw;F Vw;w epakkhd
E}y;fis toq;Fjy;.
7. ,yf;fpar; Ritia ,urpg;gjw;Fk; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL
nra;tjw;Fk; rpW taJ Kjy; gof;Fjy;.
jfty; - Information
\\jfty;Afk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;w 21Mk; E}w;whz;by; fhy;
Eioj;J miuj;jrhg;jj;ij mz;kpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
,d;iw r%fj;jpy;> kpf Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; xNu xU nghUs;
jfty; vd; w hy; kpifahfhJ. kdpj r%fj; j pdhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w fy;tp> mtjhdpg;G> gupNrhjid
vd; g tw; w pd; %yNkh my; y J kdpjdhy; ngw; W f;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w mDgtq;fspd; %yNkh Njhw;wk; ngw;Wg;
gjpNtLfspd; tbtj;jpy; gug;gg;gLk; jfty; nghJthf mwpT
vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.||
( E}yf jfty; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;Nfhit - gf;fk;: 134)
tsk; - 2010
\\khDlk; khl;rpngw
Ngjq;fs; xopaNtz;Lk;||
\j];fPd;|
rhjp kjNgjQ; rfyijA kopj;JtpLk;

ePjp epiyf;fh epytpa gad;juh - Nkjpdpapy;
nkhopehL ,dnkd;w %Hf;f Ngjq;fshy;
mopANk cynfd; wwp.
... ... ...
jhHkPf kopj;Jj; fhg;NghH jk;kjq;
ghHkP njd;Wk; ghtpfNs - NeHkhe;jH
epw;Fk; epiykhwp ePs;nghO njy;yhk;
rw;Fzk; epiyf;fhJ Nghk;.
... ... ...
,iwtd; gilg;ghd <by;yh kdpjiuf;
Fiwkjp gilj;NjhH nfhd;WFtpg;gNuh - fiwglh
tho;tpy; epiyg;gjw;F te;jNj kjq;fsd;wp
gho;eufpy; tPot
; jw; fd;W.
... ... ...
jk;nkhop may;nkhopnaDe; jzpahf; FNuhjj;jhy;
vk;nkhopAk; tsuh ,ilA+W te;JWk; - mk;nkhopfs;
tsKld; tsu tif nra;Nthkhapd;
tsuwkpFe;j tseh Lz;lhFk;.
... ... ...
jd;dpdk; gpwtpdnkd;De; jhq;nfhzh tf;fpuj;jhy;
ed;dy kope;J ehrk;; te;JWk;; - md;dpahak;
thDau tsHe;J tho;itNa aopg;gjhy;
jhdope;J NghF kpdk;.
tsk; - 2010
jq;f spUg;igj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjw;F
vq;Fq; ff;Ft updthjk;; - gq;fKW
ghjfq;fs; tpise;jhYk; gopr;nrhy; kpFe;jhYk;
<njy;yhkPdHf; fpope;j kapH.
... ... ...
muf;ff; FzK kRuj; jd;ikAk;
,uf;fkw;w
; ,ay;Gs;s <NdhHfs;; - guf;f
thOkpl nky;yhk; td;Kiwfs; tsHe;J
VOeufha; khWk;.
... ... ...
Ngje; jiyf;Nfwpg; gpj;Jg; gpbj;jiyNthH
thjQ;nra;J td;nray; tsHj;jpLtH - Ntjk;
mUspa mwTiuia Mo;eJ
; Nehf;fhJ
ntUtpa tho;tpNy tPot
; H.
... ... ...
vj;jidNah TapHf nst;tsNth nrhj;Jf;fs;
mj;jidA Kk;khy; epH%yk;; - ,j;jidf;Fk;
ghjfNu mtHfs;nra;j ghte;jh ndd;Nd
fhjfNu fhuzq; $Wk;.
... ... ...
,dq;fSf;fpilNa ,Wfpa md;ig
kdq;nfhs;ssTf;F tsHf;Fk; kdpjh;; - rdq;fs;
khz;GW jiytuha; kjpf;F kptiuf;
fhz;g jupJ fhz;.
... ... ...
mr;rNk ,y;yh ,stH neQ;rpy;
er;ir tpijf;Fk; ehrfhuh;; - ,r;iria
Cl;b tsHj;J cs;sq;fisf; nfLg;gjhy;
ehl;bd; eyNk ehrk;.
... ... ...
tsk; - 2010
,dthjk; nkhopthjk; vd;iwf;Fe; eye;juh
kdNeha; gpbj;jtNu khdpliu ,k;rpg;gH - ,dNgjk;
,y;yhjehL Vw;wKld; tsHr;rp ngWk;
my;yhj ehL mopAk;.
... ... ...
rpdj;ij atpj;Jr; rPupaH nrhw;Nfl;L
,dj;ijf;fhf;Fk; ,Wfpa njhlHG - kdj;ij
khrpyh thf;fp khz;GW tho;fi
; fiaf;
fhrpdpap nyd;We; jUk;.
... ... ...
NtjpaUk; QhdpaUk; tpidaWj;j mbahUk;
XjpAzHe;j xg;gpyhUk;; - Ntj
topepd;W ntw;wp fz;lhNuay;yh Ek;Nghy;
,ope;Njhuh nad;W kpyH.
... ... ...
ehLfSf;fpilNa ey;ypzf;fk; tsHj;jhy;
NfLf nsd;Wq; fpl;lneUq;fh - thLfpd;w
ehLfSf;nfd;Wk; ey;Yjtp nra;Ak; tsHe;j
ehLfSk; ed;ik ngWk;.
... ... ...
ey;ypzf;fk; fhz;gJk; ey;yhHnrhw; Nfl;gJk;
gy;ypdq; fl;bg; gupTld; fhg;gJTk;; - ty;y
,iwNahdpd; ey;yUis ,UikapYk; ey;Fnkd
kiwNahHfs; etpd;whH kw;W.
... ... ...
xUtNuh nlhUt UWNgud;Gld;
kUtpa Neak; khz;Gld; itj;jhy;; - nt&c
,y;yh njhope;j Vw;wKw;w tho;Tf;F
ty;yhd; tFg;ghd; top.
... ... ...
tsk; - 2010
tpjpapd; typia ntd;wt uhUsH
gjpap yidtUk; gl;NljPUtH - kjpahy;
nty;Nth nkd;W tPzn
; gUik nfhs;shNj
ty;yhd; tFj;j jpJ.
... ... ...
ntQ;rkH Ntz;lhk; nta;JWjy; Ntz;lhk;
neQ;rq;fdd;w ePsG
; d;ik Ntz;lhk;; - tQ;rf;
FNuhjKk; Ntz;lhk; Fiwtpyhg; gukdpd;
fUizNa Ntz;L nkkf;F.
... ... ...
thjq;f sope;jhy; itafQ;nropf;Fk;
Ngjq;f spk;kpAk; ngUfplh - Nrjk;
,y;yh njhope;jh ypUg;gNj Ngupd;gk;
vy;yh tpdK kpirAk;.
(md;dpahak; - mePjp@ tsuwk; - tsUk; jUkk;@ nt&c - mr;rk;)
\ey;y E}y; fPof

; f
; z;l
Fw;wq;fisj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.|
\$wpaJ $wy;
khWgl;Lf; $wy;
Fiwglf; $wy;
kpifglf; $wy;
nghUspy;yhky; $wy;
kaq;ff; $wy;
jtwhff; $wy;
Fw;wKila nrhw;fisf; $wy;
jdf;F gpbj;j xd;iwr; rup vdf;$wy;
gadpy $wy;.|
tsk; - 2010
,yq;ifapy; E}yfq;fs;
-Muk;gKk; tuyhWk;.
V.vy;. wpNdh];
Dip.in Lib. & Information Science, Sri Lanka Library Association
E}yfq;fspd; tsu;rr
; papy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; NeubahfTk;>
kiwKfkhfTk; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,it mNefkhf vy;yh
ehLfspYk; fhzg;gLk; xU nghJthd mk;rkhFk;. Fwpg;ghf> E}yfq;fs;
tsu;rr
; p miltjw;F E}y;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fis
kf;fs; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;; Gj;jfq;fisg;
gpuRupg;gJ kl;Lky;yhJ> Ma;TfSk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd
epiyapy; jhd; E}yfq;fs; ed;whf tsu;r;rp milAk;.
,yq;ifapy; fu;zg;guk;giuahf tUfpd;w> KjyhtJ murd; fhyj;jpy;

,Ue;Nj vOj;Jf;fiy Muk;gkhfpapUe;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. (fp.K. 5
Mk; E}.M.) vdpDk;> ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j kjk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gpd;dNu> vOj;Jf;fiy Njhd;wpajhf tuyhw;W uPjpahd Mjhuq;fs;
$Wfpd;wd. mt;thwhd vOj;Jf;fiyfSf;F> fp.K 3 Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa
Fiffspy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshf tiug;gl;bUe;jitNa jf;f cjhuzq;fshFk;.
k`pe;jNjuhpdJk;> ngsj;j kjj;jpdJk; (fp.K. 03 Mk;; E}.M.) tUifapd;

gpw;ghL> ,j;jt
P py; Ngrg;gl;l nkhopapNyNa ngsj;j E}yhfpa jpupgplfj;jpy;
tpsf;fq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,jDila gpujpfs;> mE}uhjGuj;jpy; cs;s
jPfre;jNrdgjp - gpupntdhtpy; ghJf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhfTk;> ,jidj;
Njtek;gpajPrd; vd;w kd;dd; k`pe;j NjuUf;Ff; ifaspj;jhd; vd;Wk;
$wg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du;> kfh tpfhiuNa Njuthj ngsj;jj;jpd; kj;jpa
epiyakhfTk; khwpaJ. ,jd;fhuzkhf md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjDld;
xU E}yfKk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk; vdTk; ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
tsk; - 2010
tj;jfhkpdp> mgad; (fp.K. 1 Mk; E}.M.) fhyj;jpNyNa jpupgplf
tpsf;fTiufis ngsj;j FUkhu;fs; vOjj;njhlq;fpajhf kfhtk;rk;
$WfpwJ. khj; j isapy; cs; s mYtpfhiu vDk; ,lj; j pNyNa
,t;tpsf;fTiufs; eilngw;wjhff; fu;zg;guk;giuf; fijfs; %yk;
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt> Guhjd ,yq;ifapy; E}yfq;fs; cUthtjw;F
mbg;gilahd rk;gtkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mYtpfhiuapy; ,Ue;j ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; midj;Jk;> mE}uhjGuj;jpy;

cs;s kfhtpfhiuapYk; itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld@ jtpuTk;> ,yq;ifapy;
,Ue;j gpurpj;jkhd ngsj;j tpfhiufspYk; itj;Jg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ljhf>
tuyhW $Wk;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpypUe;J> fp.gp. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuf;Fk;>
E}y;fSf;fhd ciutpsf;fq;fs; ghsp nkhopapNyNa vOjg;gl;ld. vdpDk;>
mt;thW vOjg;gl;l gy E}y;fs; ,d;W ,y;iy.
Guhjd ,yq;ifapy;> muru;fs; ,yf;fpa tsu;rr

; pf;F MjuT toq;fpajd;
fhuzkhf> E}yfq;fs; cUthfj; njhlq;fpd vd;gijg; Guhjd rupj;jpuq;fs;
%yk; ehk; ed;whf mDkhdpf;f KbAk;. mt;thwhd ,yf;fpa tsu;rr
; pf;F>
MjuT nfhLj;j kd;du;fSs; Mahaculi Mahatissa (1st Century B.C) Kassapa I
(5th Century A.D)> Moggallana (6th Century A.D) Sena II (9th Century A.D) MfpNahu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;Nfhu; Mtu;. 5 MtJ fhrpag;gd; (fp.gp. 10 E}.M.) kd;ddhy;>
“mgpjk;k gplfk;” jq;fj; jfl;by; vOjg;gl;ljhf #ytk;rk; $WfpwJ.
,tDila fhyj;jpy; \jk;krq;fdp| vd;w E}y;> gy;NtW tpjkhd
,uj;jpdq;fshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;L efu kj;jpapy; Xu; mofhd tpfhiuapy;
itf;fg;gl;L mjw;nfdg; gz;biff; fhyq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhd;.
Guhjd fhyq;fspy; E}yfq;fs;> tzf;f];jyq;fs; vd;gd

muz;kidfSld; njhlu;Gs;sitahfNt fhzg;gl;ld. ,t;thwhd
eilKiwia> 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rpq;fs ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; KbTtiu
fhzyhk;.
mE}uhjGu fhyj;jpy;> %d;W Kf;fpa E}yfq;fs;> %d;W Kf;fpa ngsj;j

epiyaq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mitahtd> kfhtpfhiu> mgafpup
tsk; - 2010
tpfhiu> N[jtdhuhka tpfhiufshFk;. ngsj;j kjj;jpd; Njuthj gpupT>
itj;jpathj gpupT rk;ge;jkhd E}y;fs;> Nkw;$wg;gl;l E}y; epiyaq;fspy;
fhzg;gl;ld. NkYk;> kfhtk;rk; vd;w E}iy vOjpa kfhehkd; vd;gtu;>
jPfrd;jNrdhjpgjp gpupntdhtpy; tho;eJ
; s;shu;. Gj;jNfhr vd;gtu; fe;jfhu
tpfhiuapy; ,Ue;J> ,uz;L Kf;fpa E}yfq;fSf;fhf cioj;j nra;jpfSk;
cz;L. mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy; mgafpupapy; cs;s cj;juKy;iy> fk;GWKy;iy
Kjypa E}yfq; f s; > kpf Kf; f pakhditahff; fUjg; g l; l d.
cWFzul;ilapy; jp];]kfuhk tpfhiu> rpj;JYgTt tpfhiu vd;gdtw;wpy;>
ed;F ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l E}yfq;fs; ,Ue;Js;sjhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. Guhjd
fhyj;jpy; gid xiyfspy; vOjg;gl;l ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfspy; %d;wpy;
xU gq;F> fhyp> khj;jiw> mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
tpfhiufspy; ,w;iwtiuf;Fk; ,Ug;gjhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
mEuhjGu fhyj;jpy;> Njuthj ngsj;j FUkhu;fSf;Fk;> kfhahd ngsj;j

FUkhu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfspdhYk;> kfhtpfhiu
ngsj;j FUkhu;fSf;Fk; mgafpup ngsj;j FUkhu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfspd; fhuzkhfTk;> gy E}y;fSk; - E}yfq;fSk; -
mopf;fg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. epiyaw;w murpay; epiy fhuzkhfTk;>
me;epau;fspd; gilnaLg;Gf;fspdhYk; ,e;j E}yfq;fSf;Fg; ghupa
mstpyhd Nrjq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. NkYk;> kfhNrdd; fhyj;jpYk; Njuthjk;>
itj;Jy;a Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;l E}y;fSk; mopj;njhopf;fg;gl;ld.
11 Mk; E}w;whz;by; murhl;rp nra;j 1 Mk; tp[aghF> ,yf;fpa tsu;rr

; pf;F
mUe;njhz;lhw;wpdhd;. ehshe;jk; gy flikfs; ,Ue;Jk;$l> jdJ “jk;k
ke;jpu” vd;w rka E}yfj;jpy; xt;nthU ehSk; rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fisg;
gbg;gjw;fhfr; nrytopj;jhd;. NkYk; “jk;krq;fdp” vd;w E}iy rpq;fsj;jpy;
nkhopngau;j;jhd;.
Guhjd fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifahdJ> kpf kjpg;G tha;ej

; E}y;fisg; gpuRupj;Jg;
gfpu;ej
; spf;Fk; xU ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ. njd;dpe;jpah> rPdh> gu;kh> fk;Nghbah
vd;w ehLfs; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ngsj;jkj E}}y;fisAk;> mtw;wpw;fhd
tpsf;fq;fisAk;> ,yq;ifaplkpUe;J ngw;W te;jd. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
tsk; - 2010
Gj;jNfhr vd;gtu; kfhtpfhiuapy; cs;s E}yfj;ijf; Nfs;tpAw;Nw
,yq;if te;jhu; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. “tpRj;jpkf;f” (Visuddhimagga) vd;w
E}iy ,aw; w pajd; %yk; > mtUila mwpthw; w iy mtH
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
nghyeWitf; fhyj; j py; > E}yfq; f s; ,Ue; j jw; f hd Mjhuq; f s;

NeubahfNt tuyhw;W E}y;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by;
murhl;rp nra;j 1 MtJ guhf;fpukghF> nghyeWitapy; ,uz;L
E}yfq;fisAk;> cWFizapy; 128 E}yfq;fisAk; cUthf;fpdhd;
vd; W $wg; g Lfpd; w J. nghyeWitapy; cs; s J}g Ntttpw; F
mUfhikapy; “nghj;Fs; tpfhiuapd;” mopghLfis ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;.
,jpy; mur guk;giuapduhy; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l xU E}yfk; ,Ue;jjhff;

fUjg;gLfpwJ. guhf;fpukghFtpDila fhyj;jpy;> ehL tsk;ngw;Wf;
fhzg;gl;ljhy;> mf;fhyj;jpy; gy ,yf;fpa Mf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
,tDila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; gu;khtpy; ,Ue;Jk;> ,e;jpahtpd; gy
gFjpfspypUe;Jk;> ngsj;j E}y;fisj; Njbg; gy mwpQu;fs ,yq;if
te;jdu;.
13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fypq;fj;jpypUe;J khfd; vd;gtd; gilnaLj;jhd;.

,tDila gilfs;> gy;NtW ngWkjp tha;ej ; E}y;fis mopj;njhopj;jd.
,g; gilnaOr;rp> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> E}y;fSf;Fk;> ghuJ}ukhd
gpd;tpisit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jk;gnjdpah fhyj;jpy;> gy;NtW E}y;fs;
kUj;Jtk; - thdpay; rk;ge;jkhf vOjg;gl;ld. 2 MtJ guhf;fpukghF
fy;tpkhdhf tpsq;fpajhy;> ,yf;fpa eltbf;iffSf;F Mjutspj;jhd;.
,Nj Nghd;W> 1 MtJ GtNdfghF> 4 MtJ guhf;fpukghF MfpNahu;

,yf;fpa tsu;rr
; papy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; fhl;bdu;. Nfhl;ilapy; Ml;rp nra;j>
6 MtJ ghuhf;fpukghFtpd; fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ,yf;fpa
eltbf;iffis fhzf;$bajhfTs;sd. ,td; E}yfq;fis cUthf;fp
- E}y;fisg; gpujpgz;Zk; vOj;jhsu;fSf;F tUkhdk; ngwf;$ba
tifapy;> xU tpNrl xOq;Fk; nra;jpUe;jhd; vd;W “nggpypahd”
(Pepiliyana) fy;ntl;L $Wfpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
fp.gp 1505 f;F gpd;du; fiuNahu khfhzq;fisg; Nghu;jJ
; f;Nfau;> Kw;W
KOjhd fl;Lg;ghl;bDs; nfhz;Lte;jjd; fhuzkhf> ngsj;j klhyaq;fs;
mopf;fg;gl;lJld; jputpaq;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;L E}yfq;fSk;
vupf; f g; g l; l d. 1MtJ ,uh[rpq; f d; fhyj; j py; . mtd; ifapy;
fpilf;fg;ngw;w E}y;fs; midj;Jk; vupf;fg;gl;ld. mjpH~;ltrkhf mf;fhy
E}y; f s; gy> ,w; i wtiuf; F k; ghJfhf; f g; g l; L s; s d. NkYk; >
,f;fhyj;jpNyNa gy rka E}y;fSk; vOjg;gl;ld.
Guhjd ,yq;ifapy; E}yfq;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fis MuhAk; NghJ>

gpupntdhf;ffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ehk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gpupntdh vd;gJ> ngsj;j FUkhu;fs; xd;W Nru;e;J> rka kw;Wk; gpw
E}y;fis Muha;rr ; p nra;fpd;w ,lkhFk;. Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy;>
Gfo;ngw;w gpupntdhf;fs; gy tsu;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jd.
Fwpg;ghf> Nfufiyapy; cs;s gj;khtjp gpupntdh> Jl;lfKttpYs;s

tp[aghF gpupntdh nggpypadhtpYs;s Rkpj;uh Njtp gpupntdh>
Ky;fpupfktpYs;s ,Ufy;Fy gpupntdh> ntjfKitapYs;s = Qhdhee;j
gpupntdh Kjypatw;iwf; $wyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,it ngsj;j FUkhu;fs;
- rhjhuz kf;fs; - rka kw;Wk; ,yf;fzk;> ciueil> ftpij> thdpay;>
kUj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd kj;jpa epiyaq;fshf tpsq;fpd.
,g;gpupntdhf;fspy; rpq;fsk;> ghsp> rk];fpUjk; rk;ge;jkhd ifnaOj;Jg;
gpujpfSk; Nrfupj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
16 Mk; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;> Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpau; fhyk; -

,yf;fpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; XH ,Uz;l fhykhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. 18
Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;ej
; > typtpj;j ruzq;fhu rq;fuh[ vd;gtuhy;
,yf;fpa tsu;rr
; p kWgbAk; Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy;> mLj;jLj;j
E}w;whz;Lfspy; gy;NtW tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd E}y;fs;> gpuRupf;fg;glf;
$ba #o;epiy mike;jJ.
rhjhuz kf;fshYk;> muru;fshYk; E}y;fs; gpuRupf;fg;gl;lik> ,yq;if

E}yfq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F kiwKfkhd fhuzkhf mike;jik ,q;F
Kf;fpakhfpd;wd.
tsk; - 2010
Guhjd E}yfq;fspy; cs;s Nrfupg;Gf;fis Nehf;fpd;> gy ifnaOj;Jg;
gpujpfs; ghsp> rpq; f sk; my; y J rk]; f pUj nkhopfspNyNa
vOjg;gl;bUg;gij fhzyhk;. jpupgplfk;> tuyhw;W E}y;fs;> tpsf;fTiufs;
vd;gd ghsp nkhopapNyNa vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. xU fpuhkj;jpd; gz;ghl;L
kj;jpa epiyakhf tpfhiufs; tpsq;fpd. ,q;F ngsj;j FUkhu;fSf;F
kl;Lky;yhky;> rhjhuz kf;fSf;Fk; mwpT Gfl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf>
xt;nthU tpfhiufspYk; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
,d;Wk;$l> mNefkhd tpfhiufspy;> Xiyr; Rtbfs; kw;wk; E}y;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhd jdpahd Xu; miw ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.
Guhjd E}yfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk;> kjFUkhu;fshNyNa

cgNahfg; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. nghJkf; f s; mtw; i w cgNahfpg; g J
fl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; b Ue; j J. vdpDk; > mit gy vOj; j hsu; f is
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; fhuzkha; mike;jd.
1734 Mk; Mz;L> mr;rpae;jpuk; mwpKfkhdjd; gpd;du;> rpq;fs nkhopapyhd

,yf;fpaq;fSk;> E}y;fSk; tsu;rr
; pailAk; fhykhf ,J mike;jJ. 19
Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;iff;F te;j fpwp];jt kjFUkhu;fs;> jq;fs;
E}y; f isg; gpuRupg; g jw; f hfr; nrhe; j khfNt mr; r pae; j puq; f is
]; j hgpj; j hu; f s; . ,tu; f s; gpuRupj; j E}y; f s; rkauP j pahdjhfTk; >
fy;tprhu;ghdjhfTk; mike;jd. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW
tifahd rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpajd; fhuzkhf> mr;Rf;fiy NkYk; tsu;rr
; p
fz;L E}yf Nrfupg;GfSk; tsk;ngwj; njhlq;fpd.
1845 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;gpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l Royal Asiatic Society -

Mrpaf;ffofj;jpd; ,yq;iff;fpisE}yfk;> kpf Kf;fpakhdJk; kpfg;gioa
E}yfq;fSs; xd;whfTk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 1875 Mk; Mz;L> nfhOk;G
E}jdrhiy E}yfj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,J fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk;>
Muha;r;rpfspy; <LgLNthUf;Fk; kpFe;j Nritfis toq;fpaJ. 1942
Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G E}jdrhiyia tpl;L tpyfpajd; gpd;du;> xU
epue;ju ,lk; ,y;yhky; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; ,J mikag; ngw;wJ.
1870 ,y; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l mur fPioj;Nja E}yfj;jpypUe;j (Government
tsk; - 2010
Oriental Library) E}y;fs; gpd;du; nfhOk;G E}jdrhiy E}yfj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gl;ld.
NkNy $wg; g l; l E}y; f isf; nfhz; L k; - jdp egu; f spDila

md;gspg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Lk; - 1877 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G E}jdrhiy
E}yfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> 1884 Mk; Mz;by;> ,yq;ifapw;
gpuRupf;fg;gLk; rfy gpuRuq;fSk; ,e;E}yfj;jpw; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> Printers and Publishers Law 1885 Mk;
Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpw;ghL>
E}jdrhiy E}yfk;> Mtzq;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jk; E}yfkhf (De-
posit Library) cUntLj;jJ.
KiwNa> 1874 Mk; Mz;L> 1875 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; njhlq;fg;gl;l nfhOk;G

tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupntdh> fz;b tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupntdh Nghd;w
E}yfq;fspy;> fPioj;Nja ngsj;j kj ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngWkjpkpf;f
Nrkpg;Gf;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; efuq;fspy; Ntiy nra;j> gbj;j tFg;gpdUf;fhf

,yq; i fapd; gy gFjpfspYk; fl; l zk; nrYj; J k; E}yfq; f Sk; ;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
1813 Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nfhOk;G E}yfKk; kw;Wk;> 1829 Mk;

Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l “ngw;wh” E}yfKk; (Pettah Library) ,izf;fg;gl;L>
1925 Mk; Mz;L nfhOk;G nghJ E}yfk; vd;w ngaupy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,JNt> ,yq; i fapd; kpfg; n gupa nghJE}yfkhf tpsq; F fpwJ.
cz;ikapy;> ,e; E}yfk; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;dNu ,yq;ifapy; nghJ
E}yfq;fshdit tsu;r;rp fhzj;njhlq;fpd.
,ytrf; fy;tpapd; mwpKfKk; - 1956 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l r%f#o;epiy

khw;wKk; - mjdhy;> Njrpa nkhopfs; ngw;w me;j];Jk; - ,yq;if
E}yfj;Jiw> xU Gjpa tbtj;ij Nehf;fp efHtjw;F Vw;w fhuzq;fshapd.
,jd; cldbj; jhf;fq;fshf> thrfHfspd; Njitfs; ngUfpd. kl;Lkd;wp>
E}yfq;fspd; ngUf;fKk; mtrpag;gl;lJ.
tsk; - 2010
,e;epiyapy;> thrfHfs; JizE}y;fisAk; crhj;Jiz E}y;fisAk;
ehlj; njhlq;fpdH. jtpuTk;> rpq;fsk; - jkpo; nkhopfspy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;;l
Mf;f,yf;fpaq;fisAk; - Fwpg;ghf rpW fij ehty;fis thrpg;gjpy;
thrfHfs; NguhHtk; fhl;bdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf> ,yq;if KOtjpYk;
cs;@uhl;rp rigfs; %yk; nghJE}yfq;fs; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;;ld.
nghJ E}yfq;fspd; NritfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf> Brtish Council, United States

Information Service Nghd;w epWtdq;fSk; E}yf Nritfis toq;f
Muk;gpj;jd.
,it jtpu> mNefkhd murhq;f jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;wpYk; E}yfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> rpy epWtdq;fspy;
tpNrl E}yfq;Sk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> Ceylon Institute of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Central Bank, Tea, Rubber and Coconut Re-
search Institutes Nghd;wit tpNrl E}yfq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
,e;j E}yfq;fs;> mq;F njhopy; GupAk; cj;jpNahj;ju;fSf;F mtu;fSila
njhopy; rhu; eltbf;iffspy; cjTtjw;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> gy;fiyf;fof E}yfq;fs;

ngWkjpkpf;f Nrfupg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapy; kpfg;ngupa
Nrfupg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l E}yfkhf Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk;
tpsq;FfpwJ.
1500 E}y;fisf; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,e;j E}yfk;> ,d;W 1>000>000

w; F k; Nkw; g l; l gy; N tW tpjkhd Nrfupg; G f; f isf; nfhz; l jhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fiy rk;ge;jkhd Nrfupg;Gfis khj;jpuk; nfhz;L 1963
Mk; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk;> 1967 Mk;
Mz;L jdpahdnjhU E}yfkhf khw;wk; mile;jJ. tpj;jpNahja>
tpj;jpayq;fhu gy;fiyf;fof E}yfq;fs; 1959 Mk; Mz;L ];jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.
fl;Lngj;j (Katubedde) gy;fiyf;fof E}yfk; njhopy;Elgk; rk;ge;jkhd
rpwe;j Nrfupg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. aho;g;ghzf; fy;Y}up E}yfk;>
gpd;du; 1974 ,y; aho;gg
; hz gy;fiyf;fof E}yfkhf ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tsk; - 2010
,q;Fk; Vuhskhd Nrfupg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpw;Fg; Gwk;ghf>
Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfs;> njhopy; El;gf;fy;Y}upfs; Kjypatw;wpYk;
E}yfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mNefkhd tsu;rr
; paile;j ghlrhiyfspYk;> E}yfq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
,q;F murhq;fj;jhy; KO Neu E}yf nghWg;ghsu;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L>
E}yfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd rhjdq;fSk; toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
1960 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if E}yf rq;fk;> 1970 ,y; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l

,yq;if Njrpa E}yf Nritfs; rig> ,yq;ifapd; E}yf tsu;r;rpapy;
Kf;fpa iky; fw;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j ,uz;L epWtdq;fSk;
,yq;ifapy; cs;s mNefkhd E}yfq;fSf;Ff; fl;blq;fs; fl;LtjpYk;>
cgfuzq;fis toq;FtjpYk;. Nritfis toq;FtjpYk; ngUk;gq;F
nfhz;Ls;sd. kl;Lkd;wp> gy;NtW tifahd cjtpfis ,it nra;J
tUtNjhL> E}yfq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd xU nghJthd epakj;ij
nfhz;LtUtjpYk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Nehf;Fk; NghJ> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; E}yf Kfhikj;Jtk;
ed;whf rpwg;gilAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.
\\,yq;ifia 150 Mz;Lfshfg; gpupj;jhdpaH Mz;L te;Js;sdH.

vdpDk;> kf;fs; njhifapy; 10 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; Fiwe;jtHfSf;Nf
Mq; f pyk; njupAk; . mtHfspy; (10 rjtP j j; j py; ) xU
rjtPjkhdtHfNs rpwe;j - Kiwahd Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag;
ngw;wtHfs;.||
- v];.lgps;A.MH.b.gz;lhuehaf;fh
21 -01 -1955
(ed;wp: kPzL
; k; gapw;W nkhopahf Mq;fpyk;)
tsk; - 2010
\\mf;fiug;gw;Wj; jhafNk ....!||
fyhG+~zk;>
vk;.V. mg;Jy; w];]hf;
Xa;T epiy MrpupaH
njhifawh
fUq;nfhb kz;zpdpil
gpiwf;nfhb ehl;bdNu!
ngUq;Fbapy; gpwe;NjhHfs;
Ngupl;l Ng&Nu!
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu - vq;fs;
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu!
***
ghl;L
miyghLk; ... fiythOk;
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu! - vq;fs;
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu!
kUjKk; nea;jYk;
Ky;iyAk; FwpQ;rpAk;
kyHe;jpLk; jha; ehNl! - vq;fs;
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu! - vq;fs;
mf;fiug; gw;W}Nu!
Fzj;jpdpy; vy;i
; y miythup - vopy;
Flj;jpdpy; ney;iy jiy#b
njw;fpdpy; jpy;iy Mwhfp - nghopy;
tlf;fpdpy; ijf;fh topahfp
tsk; - 2010
tho;ej
; pLk; jhNa!
tho;jJ; fpd;NwhNk!
thopa! Cop! thopaNt!
tanyhL - ejpkiy>
flnyhL - fydiz>
gz;ghl;L> Nkk;ghl;L jhafNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
Kf;fdp gpoe;J rhNwhLk; - vk;

Kj;jkpo;f; fiyfs; thHe;NjhLk;
rHf;fiu Njd;ghy; rk;ghney; - vk;
re;jjp NjhWk; tsHe;Njhq;Fk;.
fd;dYk; - nre;neYk;>
fKfKk; - gdrKk;>
thio> kh> kfpo; kuq;fSNk!
gytz;zg; gwit!
ghw;gz;izf; fwit!
gor;Nrhiy> fiyr;Nrhiyj; jhafNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
Nghf;F tuj;J trjpfs; - ehl;bd;

ehf;F ehb ehsq;fs;
<Hf;Fk; khb khlq;fs; - fiy
<d;w rpj;u $lq;fs;
tHj;jfk; urgzp>
tsHtpt rhak;>
itj;jpak;> ifj;njhopy; njhopw;gPlk;!
tsk; - 2010
gfy;,uh re;ij!
gytPjpr; re;jp!
gy$Lk;> gyHehLk; ghf;fpaNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
rupj;jpuk; gilj;j rhd;NwhHfs;! - ey;y

rhj;jpuk; gbj;j Md;NwhHfs;!
tprpj;jpuk; tpisj;j tpj;JtHfs; - vk;ik
tpsf;fpLk; ,uhr Gj;jpuHfs;!
Re;ju - KfKk;>
Rfe;jU - kdKk;>
RUjpfs; NrHe;j RguhfNk!
G+kzg; GytH>
nghd;kdg; GutyH>
G+j;jhLk;> Gfo;$Lk; nghd;dfNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
ke;jpup> je;jpup> ve;jpupfs; - kdg;
ge;jpapy; thOk; Re;juq;fs;
fe;J}up> tpUe;J> kq;fyq;fs; - fiyf;
fhl;rpfs; epfOk; re;jjq;fs;!
Ngr;rpdpy; gfpb>
%r;rpdpy; vfpwp>
rpe;ijiaj; J}z;Lk; ke;jpuq;fs;!
fjpuhb epw;Fk;@
rjpuhbg; gwpf;Fk;@
Gjpuhbg; gilf;Fk; ngz;kzpfs;!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
tsk; - 2010
rPdb> rpyk;gb tpisahl;L - vk;
rpq;f ky;tuP H fopg;ghl;L
<ub njhLf;Fk; ftpahl;rp - vk;
,isatH KjpatH fiykhl;rp!
Nfhyb - tpUj;jk;>
Fuit - rt;thrp>
NfhijaH FkuH Ritahr;rp!
jpUf;Fuhd; - Ntjk;!
jpUegp - Nghjk;!
jpf;nfl;Lk; xypnfhl;Lk; ngUehjk;!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
rpq;fsk;> muG> nre;jkpOk; - rPH

Mq;fpyk;> muGj; jkpo;nkhopAk;
,q;fpj khf ,irnkhopAk; - gy;
,dq;fs; ,ize;j top topAk;....!
mdgUs; - Nerk;>
mwpTnka; - ghrk;>
,d;Gw ,yq;Fk; ,UjaNk!
gjkyH - #b>
gjk;gy - ghb>
ghuhl;b khjhit Nghw;WNthNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
gs;sp thry; ghq;Nfhir - gz;

,irj;jpLk; Nfhapy; kzpNahir
ghyd; ,NaR mUNshir - kpF
ngsj;j irj;a g(B)z Nthir
tsk; - 2010
ehy;tif Xir
ey;ytH Xij
ehs;NjhUk; xypf;Fk; ehdpyNk!
,e;J> fpwp];j
; tk;>
,];yhk;> ngsj;jk;
,yq;Fk; gz;ghl;Lj; juprdNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
***
\gP]gPy;| mt;ypah vDk; Nguhy; - vd;Wk;
NgrpLk; n]a;Dyhg; jPndhyp>
n~a;F rpd;d nksyhdh - mg;gh
N~a;F mfkJ mugpahUk;>
tpopfisf; - fhf;Fk;
,ikfisg; - NghNy
tpopg;Gld; vk;Kld; tho;fpd;whH>
,iwnahd;W - ekf;F
kiwnahd;W - vkf;F
Kiwnahd;wp Fiwapd;wp tho;NthNk!
- vq;fs; (mf;fiu)
tsupsk; gUt rpWtHfs; kj;jpapy; nkhopj;jpwd; kw;Wk;

milT kl;lk; Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzpfs;
m Kiwahf nkhop fw;fhik.

m nkhopiaf; fw;gjw;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; E}y;fisf; fw;fhik.
m Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fspd; gw;whf;Fiw.
m jkJ jpwDf;fika thrpg;gjw;F Vw;w E}y;fs; ,d;ik.
m nkhop fw;gjpy;; jpUg;jp ,d;ik.
tsk; - 2010
fz;bapy; - K];ypk;fspd; tuyhw;Wg;
gq;nfLg;Gf;fs;
fyhG+~zk; V.vk;. e[pKjPd;

- ePjp kd;w Kjypahu;
,yq;ifj;jt
P py; Xu; mofpa efuk; fz;bahFk;. ,jidNa 1939
Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 01 Me; jpfjp jpdfud; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau;
jiyaq;fnkhd;W ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ:
“.......... ,t;tpyq;ifj;jt
P pd; eLehafkhf tpsq;FtJ fz;b
khefuk;; ,aw;if vopYk;> Rfhjhu trjpAk;> rupj;jpug;
ngUikAk; tha;ej
; J me;efuk;. mq;Fs;s VupAk;> Gj;j
NfhapYk; ahtuJ cs;sj;ijAk; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk;
vd; g jpy; xU rpwpJk; Iakpy; i y. cly; eyk;
Xk;Ggtu;fSf;F mJ cw;wNjhu; ,lkhFk;. ,uj;jq;fl;bg;
NghFk; Fspu; mq;fpy;iy; fjputdpd; ntg;gj;ijAk;
mq;F fhztpayhJ. vdNt> vj;jpwj;jhUk; tpUk;gpr;
nrd;W> rpwpJ fhykhtJ jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
mthTtjw;F cfe;j ,lkhFk; fz;b........”
tpahjp Fiwe;j ,lk;.

fz;b mofpaJk; mopahj tuyhw;Wf; Nfhyq;fisf; nfhz;lJkhd xU
efuk; khj;jpukd;W; mjd; Rw;Wr; #oy; cly; eyj;jpw;F cfe;jjhFk;
vd;gJk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s Xu; cz;ikahFk;. efupNy fz;b
kd;ddpd; khspif fhl;rpjUfpwJ. mjidr; #o ,aw;if tdkhfj;
jpfOk; cltj;ij Muzpak; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. efu kj;jpapy; Vup; ,jd;
FSikAk; tdr;Rthj;jpaKk; KO efiuAk; Ml;nfhs;Sfpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ> fp.gp. 1910 Mk; Mz;by;>
khl;rpik jq;fpa kd;ddJ murpd; MNyhridf;fpzq;f> ,yq;ifapy;
Xu; mur jhtuj; N jhl; l j; i j mikg; g jw; f hd ngU Nehf; f j; i j
nfhz;bUe;jjhf> mf;fhyj;jpy; gpujk ePjpauruhfg; gzpahw;wpa Nru;.
mnyf;]hd;lu; N[hd;];ld; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mj;NjhL> ,tuhy; fp.gp.
1806 ,y; kUj;Jtj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; RNjr mj;jpal;rfuhf xU K];ypk;
epakpf;fg;gl;LkpUe;jhu;.
,yq;ifapy; Kfk;kjpa RNjr itj;jpau;fshy; kUj;Jt Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

kpfg;goq;fhyj;njhl;L gad;gLj;jg;gl;l> jPtpd; midj;J %ypiffisg;
gw; w pa tpgukhd Xu; mwpf; i fia mtu; - Nru; mnyf; ] hd; l u;
N[hd; ] ; l dplk; rku; g pj; j pUe; j hu; . mt; mwpf; i fapy; $wg; g l; l
%ypiffisAk; - czTf;fhfNth my;yJ tu;jj
; f Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfNth
cgNahfpf;ff;$ba jPtpd; kw;Wk; vy;yhr; nrbfisAk; - kuf;;fwp
tiffisAk; - gapupLtJk; - tpUj;jp nra;tJk; ,t; ,yq;if mur
jhtutpay; G+q;fh mikg;gjw;fhd ngUNehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;G+q;fh
fz;b efupw;fUfpy; mikag;ngw;wjhdJ> ,jd; Rthj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; - Neha;
epthuhz #oYf;Fk; xU fhuznkdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
`p[;up 1307 Mk; Mz;by; (fp.gp 1889) fhj;jpG]; ]{y;jhd; nra;aJ cku;
gpd; nra;apJ rhyp`{y; kjdP nksyhdh - vd;w mwG ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j
Xu; ,];yhkpa khu;ff
; mwpQu; mg;nghOJ fz;bapy; thrQ; nra;J
te; j hu; . mtUk; fz; b iag; gw; w p> ,J Nghd; w njhU fUj; i j
Kd;itf;fpd;whu;:
“......eLj; j ukhd gUt fhyKilaJk; - Vuhskhd

kiyfisAilaJk; - tpahjp Fiwe; j Jk; - ey; y
jz;zPiuAilaJkhd ‘rpNyhd;’ - jPtpy; rpwe;jJk;>
vdf;Fk; vdJ rk;rhuk; gps;is Fl;bfSf;F thr];jykhf
epakpj; J f; nfhz; l Jkhd ,lk; . .... ” vd mtu;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,e;jf; Fwpg;G mtu; fz;bapy; jq;fpapUe;j
fhyj;jpy;> fz;b K];ypk;fSf;Fg; Nghjidahf vOjpa
tsk; - 2010
‘my; ktj;jj;J gpy; FWgh yp];]yhkj;jpgpy; cf;gh’
vd; w E}ypd; jkpo; nkhop ngau; g ; g py; (1902)
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
kWkyu;rr
; pf;fhy Kd;Ndhb.
fz;b nrq;flfiyapy; kd;du;fs; murhl;rp nra;j fhyj;jpy;> ,q;F
tho;ej
; K];ypk;fs; gy Nghw;wj;jf;f fUkq;fis Mw;wpaikf;fhd gioik
tha;ej
; tuyhWfs; cs;sd. fz;b ,uhr;rpa kf;fs;> INuhg;gpa Mjpf;fj;jpd;
vjpu;gG
; f;fSf;F <LnfhLj;J> gy E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ijAk;
- kd;du; Ml;rpiaAk; jf;fitj;Jg; ghJfhj;jhu;fs;. Mq;fpNyNaupd;
tUifNahL mJ KbTw;wJ. ,yq;if kf;fs; jkJ mbikj;jdj;ij
czUk; ehs;> fz;bia Mq;fpNyau; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
me;jr; #oypy; xt;nthU ,dKk; jkJ r%fk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk; kd
czu;Tfs; ntspg;glyhapd. ,e;j rpe;jid kWkyu;rr
; papy;> ,yq;if
K];ypk;fs; Mw;wpa mwpT G+u;tkhd gzpfs;> fz;bapy; ,Ue;Nj Njhw;wk;
fz;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
,j; j ifa J}u Nehf; F s; s mwpQu; f spd; thr]; j hdkhff; fz; b

tpsq;fpAs;sJ. mtu;fspd; czu;Tfs; ntWkNd rpe;jidahfTk; -
rpe;jhe;jkhfTk; khj;jpuk; ,Ue;J tplhJ> nraw;jpwikapd; ntspg;ghLfis
mjpNy fhzKbe;Js;sJ. ,k;kWkyu;r;rp Afj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahf
tpsq;fpatu; mwpQu; vk;.]p. rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fshthu;.
,tu;fSk; ,tuJ FLk;gKk; fz;bapy; trpj;J te;jhu;fs;. ,yq;if

K];ypk;fspd; tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhd Kd;ndLg;Gf;fSf;F ,tu; je;ijahf
tpsq;fpdhu;. mf;fhy #oypy; K];ypk;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;b -
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;j xU jdpahd Clfj;jpd; Njitia ,tu;fs;
tpsq;fpapUe;jhu;fs;.
mjid ‘Ntz;LNfhs;’ tpLf;Fk; xU tplakhf;fptplhJ> ‘K];ypk;Nerd;’

vd;w gj;jpupifia Muk;gpj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,J 1882 Mk; Mz;by;
ntsptu Muk;gpj;jJ. Rkhu; 120 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;Ng> xU jdpahd
tsk; - 2010
gj;jpupifia Muk;gpj;J ,tu;fs; rhjid Gupe;jhu;fs;. mg;gj;jpupif
thukpUKiw ntspte;jJ. (Gjd; /rdpf;fpoikfspy;) rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fs;
tho;ej
; fhyj;jpy;> njhlu;eJ
; 16 tUlq;fSk; - mtupd; kiwtpw;Fg;
gpd;dUk; ,g;gj;jpupif ntspte;jJs;sJ.
,g;gj;jpupif - fz;bapy; - ePjpkd;w cj;jpNahf g+u;t mwptpj;jy;fs;

gpuRupf;fg;gLk; xU tu;jj
; khdpf;Fupa mq;ff
P huk; ngw;w> jkpo;nkhop %ykhd
Gjpdg; gj;jpupifahf tpsq;fpajhdJ mjd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. mj;NjhL>
“QhdjPgk;” vd kw;WnkhU gj;jpupifiaAk; mwpQu; rpj;jpnyg;ig
ntspapl;lhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; jkpo; ehtnydg; Nghw;wg;gLk;
“m]d;Ngrupj;jpuk;” vDk; ehty; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; %yk; Kd;Ndhbahdhu;fs;.
mj;NjhL> K];ypk;Nerdpy; ,yq;ifr; Nrhdfu; rupj;jpuj;ij ,tu;fs;
njhluhf vOjpAk; te;jhu;fs;. ,tu; xU khu;ff
; mwpQdhf tpsq;fpa
fhuzj;jpdhy;> ,];yhkpa Qhd mwpTfs; mlq;fpa “m];uhWy;Myk;”
vd;w E}iy vOjp> mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. 1864
,y; ,Ue;J cau; ePjpkd;w ‘Guf;luhfg;’ (Proctor) gzp Gupe;j ,tu;fs;>
fz;b ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gpurpj;jk; ngw;Wk; tpsq;fpAs;shu;fs;.
‘kp];W ghr;rhkhu;fs;’.
vfpg;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;F gw;wpa xwhgpgh~hTk; mtu;fspd;
rfhf;fSk; 26.12.1882 Me; jpfjp (mwpQu; rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fs; fz;bapy;
K];ypk;Nerd; gj;jpupifia Muk;gpj;j rk fhyj;jpy;) mq;fpUe;J ehL
flj;jg;gl;L> 10.10.1883 Me; jpfjp nfhOk;Gf; fiuia te;jile;jhu;fs;.
xwhgp gh~hTld;> Jy;gh~h> K`k;kJ g`;kp> K`k;kJ ]kPc>
mypg`;kp> mg;Jy;My;> ahf;$g; MfpNahUk; ehL flj;jg;gl;ltu;fshtu;.
,tu;fspw; gyu; fz;bapNyNa trpj;J tuyhdhu;fs;. mf;fhy K];ypk;Nerd;
gj;jpupifAk; kw;Wk; gj;jpupiffSk; ,tu;fis “kp];W ghr;rhkhu;fs;”
vdNt mioj;jd.
fz;bapy; ,tu;fs; tho;ej

; fhyj;jpy;> mwpQu; rpj;jpnyg;igAld; Nru;eJ
;
,tu;fs; gy gzpfis Mw;wpAs;sdu; vd;gJ njspthfpAs;s xU
tplakhdhYk;> ,tu;fsJ njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fs; tpupthf
Muhag;gl Ntz;baitahFk;.
tsk; - 2010
“my; ktj;jj;Jgpy; FWgh tp];]yh kj;jpgpy; cf;gh” vDk; nra;apJ
kjdP nksyhdh vd;gtu;fs; %yk; vOjg;gl;l - NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l
mwgp %y E}ypy;> ,J Nghd;wnjhU tplaj;ijf; fhzKbe;jJ. ,jid
mKy;gLj;jpa NrF K`k;kJ kyghu; vd;gtu; $Wk; NghJ:
“.....,e;j fpjhgpd; <w;w

; py;> fz;bapy; trpf;fpd;w xwhgp
gh~h> kF%J rhkp gh~h Kjyhd kfhfdthd;fshy;>
,e;jf; fpjhGf;F rhj;Jf; ftpfspd; &gkhf mwhgp
eilahfTk;> ftpfshfTk; ,e;j fpjhigg; Gfo;e;J
tho;j;jg;gl;bUg;gijAk; fz;Nld;.....” vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
kjdP nksyhdh mtu;fs;> ‘~hJypa;ah juPff

; h’ tpd; xU ‘n~a;F’
Mf tpsq;fpatuhthu;. mtu; fz;bapy; tho;eJ
; te;j fhyg;gFjpapNyNa>
(fp.gp. 1889) ~hJypa;ah juPff
; htpd; nraw;ghLfspy;> fz;b efu K];ypk;fs;
kpFjkhf <LghL fhl;lj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs; vdyhk;. fp.gp. 1889 Mk;
; htpd; Nfe;jpu epiyakhd ]htpa;ah xd;W
Mz;L ~hJypa;ah juPff
fz;b efupd; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; nghWg;Gf;fs; mwpQu; rpj;jpnyg;ig
mtu; f sJ ,isa rNfhjuu; K`k; k J rpd; d nyg; i g kiuf; f hu;
rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fsplk; xg;gilf;fgl;gl;bUe;jJ.
,f;fhyg; gFjpapNyNa xwhgp gh~hTk; mtuJ rhfhf;fSk; ,t;thwhd

,];yhkpa nraw;ghLfspy; fz;bapy; njhlu;G gl;bUe;jhu;fs; vdyhk;.
mjdhy;> ,t;tpU FOtpdUk; rkfhyj;jpy; ,J Nghd;w gzpfspy;
xd;Wgl;bUg;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. mjdhy;> K];ypk;Nerd; gj;jpupif ‘kp];W’
gw;wpa nra;jpfisAk; ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk; mjpfkhfg;
gpuRupj;J te;jJ. 1899 khu;r; 01 Me; jpfjp ,jopy;> ‘kp];W ghr;rhkhu;’
vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspte;j xU nra;jp tUkhW mikAk;>
“1882 Mk; tUlj;jpy; kp];W Njrj;jpNy epfo;ej

; ngUk;
fyfq;fhuzkha;> ,yq;ifj; jPTf;F Vw;wpaDg;gg;gl;l
kp];W gpuGf;fspNy Jy;gh ghr;rh mtu;fs;> Mz;ltdpd;
tsk; - 2010
NguDf;fpufj;jpdhy; kd;dpg;gile;J fh`pwhTf;Fg; Ngha;
tpl;lhu;fs;. ,dp xwhgp gh\h mtu;fisAk; kw;Wk;
ghr;rhkhu;fisAk; fhUz;zpae; jq;fpa vkJ
Jiuj;jdj;jhu; kd;dpg;ge
P J
; RNjrj;jpw;F mDg;gp itj;jy;
kpfTk; cgfhukhFk;.
neLq;fhykhf ,yq;ifNa jQ;rnkdf; nfhz;L> fl;lis

jtwhJ> murhl;rpf;flq;fpapUf;Fk;> ,g;ghr;rhkhu;fSf;F
taR tutu> js; s hj fhyj; j pNy Njrtpj; j pahrq; ;
fhuzkha; g ; gy Ngjg; g l; l Neha; f s; te; j Zfp -
mtu; f isj; - njhy; i yf; F s; s hf; f p tpLkhjypd; -
,dpahtJ murhl;rpahu; fpUig ghypf;fkhl;lhu;fsh? kp];W
ghr;rhkhu;fisf; Fwpj;j rpiwkPlG
; tp~ak;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
[dg;gpujpepjpr; rq;fj;jpYk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. Mz;ltdpd;
mEf;fpufkpUe;jhy;> tpLjiy ngWthu;fs;.”
,J> mk; K];ypk;Nerd; ,jopy; tpLj;j Nfhupf;ifAk; gpuhu;jj

; idAkhFk;.
Vnddpy;> ,tu;fs; cly; uPjpahfg; gy njhy;iyfis mDgtpj;jhu;fs;.
,tu;fspy; mg;Jy;My; vd;gtu; nfhOk;gpy; kuznka;jpdhu;. K`k;kJ
g`;kp fz;bapy; ,iwab va;jp> ‘k`;aht’ kahdj;jpy; ey;ylf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;.
26.07.1897 Me; jpfjp ‘rurtp re;jnur’ (Sarasavi Sandaresa) vd;w rpq;fs

nkhop %yg; gj;jpupif> ,tu;fisg;gw;wp ntspapl;l xU nra;jpapy;>
\jw;NghJ> rpiwj; jz;lid mDgtpj;J ,yq;ifapy;

tho;eJ
; tUk; kp];W Njrj;jpd; ghr;rhkhu;fSs; xUtuhd>
K`k;kJ rhkp ghr;rhtpd; fz;FUlhfp tUk; Neha;fF
;
cs;shfpAs;shu;.’ vd mwpaf;fplg;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
tsk; - 2010
tsUk; nghJ E}yfKk; jftw;NritAk;
- xU rpe;jidj; njhlH $Wk; rpy Vw;ghLfs; -
nrayhsH
mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; ts ika mgptpUj;jpf; FO..
rpWtHfs; - ,isQHfs; - KjpNahH vd Kg;ngUk; tFjpapduhAs;s

thrfHfis - gadhspfis - <Hj;njLg;gjw;Fk;> capNuhl;lKs;s xU
r%f E}yfkhf khw;wp mikg;gjw;Fkhd rpy Vw;ghLfs;> cl;fl;likg;G
Nehf;fpy; - gpd;tUkhW ,dq; fhzg;glyhk;.
01) gpuNjr Ms;Gyg;gpuptpd; ngsjpf mikT njhlHghd

tiuglk; - kw;Wk; Gs;sp tpguj; juTfs;.
tiuglkhdJ Gtpapay; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jpw;
fpuhkj;ij ,izf;Fk; gpujhd ghijfs; Kjypatw;NwhL>
kjj;jyq;fs; - ghlrhiyfs; - vd;gdTk; mlq;Fk;. rdj;njhif
tpguk; (kpfg;gpe;jpa) tptrha cw;gj;j
; p ifj;njhopw; Ngl;il -
Nghd; w ehdhtpj mk; r q; f spdJk; juTfs; . mjhtJ>
xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; nghJE}yfkhdJ> xU G+uzkhd \fpuhkj;
jftw;njhlHG ikakhf| tpsq;fj; jf;f tifapy; xOq;F
nra;ag;gLjy;.
02) fpuhkk; rhHghf - cs;s fpuhkg; ngupahHfs; - Gfo;G+j;j

Kd;NdhH gw;wpa tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfs;:
xt;nthU CupYk; tho;eJ
; kiwe;j Gfo;G+j;j ngupahHfs;
gyH ,Ug;gH. ,tHfsJ gpugy;akhdJ> gy JiwfspYk;
gpufhrpj;jpUf;Fk;. ,tHfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs;> tuyhWfs; vd;gd
,isNahUf;Fk;- rkfhyj;jtHfSf;Fk; Cf;fpfshf mikAk;
jd;ik ngw;wd.
tsk; - 2010
,j; j ifa Kd; N dhbfspd; topAk; - eilAk; ehisa
rKjhaj;jpw;F Kd;Djhuzk; vdyhk;. vdNt> ,g;ngupahHfsJ
tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gfs;. Nritfs; gw;wp ntspahd fl;Liufs;.
nra;jpfs; - Gifg;glq;fs; - vd;gd Nrfuk; nra;ag;glyhk;.
,jdhy; mtHfs;> vy;yhf; fhyq;fspYk; epidT $ug;gLtH.
kl;Lkd;wp> Njrpaj;jiytHfs; Njrpa K];ypk; Kd;Ndhbfs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; fl;LiufSk; glq;fSk; Nrfupf;fg;gLjYk;
mtrpakhdNj.
gpuNjr Ms;Gyg;gpuptpd; ngsjpfj; Njhw;wk; Mz;Lfs; NjhWk;

vt;thW ,Ue;jJ> vd;gijf;fhl;Lk; rpw;rpy Gifg;glq;fs;
vd;gdTk;> rpj;jpu mikg;Gf;fSk; mf;fhy epidTfis ekf;Fj;
jg;ghJ epidtpy; ,Uj;Jk;@ vdNt> ,J gw;wp vz;ZtJk;
NrkkhdNj.
RUq;ff; $wpd;> nghJE}yfk; vd;gJ> xU rpwe;j Mtzf; fhg;gfkhf

khWtJk; jtpHf;f ,ayhj xd;NwahFk;.
03) kjj;jyq;fs; - Gdpjj; jyq;fs; -

]pahuq;fs;; Nghd;wdtw;wpd; G+Ht tuyhW.
KjpNahH %yk; ngWk; jfty;fs;> fpuhkf; $Wfspd; ngaHfSk;
ngaH te; j tuyhWfSk; > Gdpjj; jyk; - ]pahuk;
Nghy;tdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FbNaw;wq;fspd;
fhy tud;KiwAk; G+HtPfKk; - kw;Wk; ,itNghd;w nra;jpfis
tuyhWfis vOjpg; ghHitf;F itj;jy;. ,j;jifa nra;jpfs;
thrfHfSf;F ,d;ge;jUtd@ kl;Lkd;wp> jkJ G+HtPfk; Fwpj;j
rupj;jpuq;fSk; mtHfis kfpo;tpf;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wd Mfyhk;.
04) rpwg;G kyHfs; - mwpf;iffs; - Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;

vd;gdtw;iwr; Nrfupj;jy;.
,it fhyf;foptpy;> Gjpa jiyKiwapdUf;;Fg; gy nra;jpfisAk;
$Wk; jd;ik tha;ej
; d. kl;Lkd;wp> ,it Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> Xuplj;jpy;
tsk; - 2010
itf;fg;gLtjd; %yk;> Ma;thsUf;F ,it fUk;ghf ,dpf;Fk;. Fwpg;ghf>
gpd;tUtd ,jpy; mlq;Fk; :
Gfo;G+j;Njhupd; - ,Wjp mQ;rypfs; - kw;Wk;
ntspaP L fs; . Jz; L g; g puRuq; f s; . (murpay; - r%fk;
,yf;fpak;rhH) epidT kyHfs; - khDltpay; - r%ftpay;
rhH gjpTfs; - itgtq;fis xl;ba rpwg;GkyHfs; - ghlrhiy>
nts;sp - nghd; - itu tpohf;fs; / ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk;
kyHfs; - Gjpa fl;blj; jpwg;G tpohr; nra;jpfs; / kyHfs;.
,j;jifa ntspaPLfs; mt;tg;NghJ> Njhd;wp kiwe;JtpLk; fhshd;fs;

Nghyhfpd;wd. Mapd;> ,it NrfukhFk; NghJ> mit $Wk; nra;jpfspd;
kjpg;G mstplw;fupaJ.
,k; Kaw;rp> kpfTk; Rthu~;ak; tha;ej

; jhFk;. ,jw;F kjpg;G cz;lh?
vd thjpg;NghUf;F> fhyk; jf;f gjpy; nrhy;Yk;> ,d;Wk; $l ,j;jifa
gjpTfs;> gy juTfshf Ma;Tfspy; vLj;jhsg;gLtij ehk; czHjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
05) gj;jpupif - rQ;rpif eWf;Ffisr; Nrfupj;J xl;bg;

ghJfhg;ghd Nfhit - Gj;jfq;fshf khw;Wjy;:
nghJ E}yfk; nra;Ak; ey;yNjhH gzpahf ,J mikAk;.
gy E}y;fs; nrhy;y Kbahj tpguq;fis - juTfis
nra;jpfis - fUj;Jf;fisr; RUq;fpa tbtpy; rhukhf ,e;
eWf;Ffs; thrfHfSf;Fr; rkHg;gzk; nra;a ty;yd. - ,it
fl;Liufshf - tpkHrdq;fshf - tpQ;Qhd - mwpTrhH
jfty;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;@ fUj;Jr; nrwpTkpf;f fUj;Jg;
glq;fshfTk; mikayhk;.
nghJthf> ghluPjpahf ,it miktjdhy; - mtw;iw eWf;fp

gpwpnjhU Gj;jf mikg;gpy; - my;yJ NtW mikg;gpy; xl;bg;
ghtidf;F tpLtJ cfe;jJ. khztHfs; ,tw;wpd; %yk;>
gy;Jiw mwpitAk; rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba ,yF uf
tsk; - 2010
topahf ,J cs;sJ. Fwpj;j Mf;fk; ntspte;j %yk;> /
jpfjp / gf;fk; vd;gdTk; ,lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. khztHfs; /
tsHe;NjhH / Ma;thsH MfpNahH jkJ Nehf;fj;ij mila>
,J XH ,yF top mikf;fpwJ. Mjyhy;> E}yfH ,J
tplaj;jpy; fUj;J}d;w Ntz;Lk; vd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
06) fUj;juq;Ffs; - nrhy;yhly;fs; - re;jpg;Gfs; - E}y;

mwpKf - tpkHrdf; $l;lq;fs; - gl;bkd;wq;fs;.
gy;NtW tplaj;jiyg;Gfspy; - rkfhyj;Njitf;Fk; mwpe;J
nfhs; S jYf; F khd Kiwapy; - fUj; j uq; F fs; xOq; F
nra;ag;glyhk;. r%ftpay; - murpay;- mwptpay; - nrsf;fpak;
rkak; - njhopy;El;gk; - tptrhak; - ,yf;fpak; - rkhjhdk;
gy;ypd xd;W $ly; vd ahjhapDk; xU fUg;nghUspy;
,it mikaNtz; L k; . fw; w wpe; j mwpQHfs; > tplak;
rhHepGzHfs; ,jpw; fye;J rpwg;Giu Mw;WtH. thoplj;jpd;
mgptpUj;jp - Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;j mk;rq;fSk; ,f; fUj;juq;fpy;
,lk; ngwyhk;.
Gupe; J zHT / tpopg; G zHT / rNfhjughd; i k / xw; W ik

mwptpidg; gfpHe;J nfhs;sy; - mwpAk; mth - NjLjy;
vd;gd epiwTWjy;. cs;ehL / ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpg;glq;fs;
kw;Wk; fUj;Js;s - rpe;jidia mUl;Lk; jpiug;glq;fs;
vd;gdtw;iwg; ghHitapLk; tha;g;Gfs; vd;gd ,jdhw;
fpilf;Fk; mjp cr;rg;gad;fs; Mfyhk;.
thrfH tl;lq;fis mikj;jy; :

,jpy; ,isQH / KjpNahH MfpNahiu xU tFjpapduhfTk;
rpWtHfisg; gpwpnjhU tl; l khfTk; cUthf; f y; . ,t;
tl;lq;fis ,U gpupTfshf tFj;J> ,U NtW nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLj;jy;. thrfHfis> thrpg;gpd;ghy; <Hj;njLf;f gy
cj;jpfis Kd;NahridNahL ifahsy;.
tsk; - 2010
vOj;jhsH (fij / ehty; Nghy;td)fspd; E}y;fis> mjpw;
NjHe;jtHfisf; nfhz;L mwpKfk; nra;J> thrpg;G Kaw;rpia
Cf;fy;.
07) rpWtH myfpid> E}yfj;jpd; xU gyk;kpf;f $whf

tsHj;njLj;jy;.
rpWtHfs; Muha;T+f;fk; cs;stHfs;@ vjidAk; Vd;? vt;thW?
vd EZfp MuhAk; Rghtk; cs;stHfs;. ftHr;rpfukhd E}y;fs;
Mtiyj; J}z;Lk; fijfs;> Njtijf; fijfs;> tPu jPu
ty;ygq;fisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; fijfs; vd;gd> mtHfis NkYk;
ftUk;. Mtiyf; fpsWk; fijE}y;fs; mtHfis nkd;NkYk;
kfpo;tpf;Fk;.
vdNt>mtHfis> vt;tifapNyDk; - thrpg;gpd;ghy; topg;gLj;jp> thrpf;fj;
J}z;LtJ ,q;F gpujhdkhd nraw;ghlhfpwJ.
,jw;Fg; gpd;tUtd Jiz nra;Ak;:

rpWtH gFjpfs;> Njrpa gj;jpupiffspy; ntsptUfpd; w d.
mtw;iw eWf;fpf; Nfhitahf;fy;. jdpj;jdpf; $Wfshf
thuehl; f spy; tUk; > ,izg; g pjo; f isj; jdpj; j dpf;
Nfhitahf;Fjy;. ghlrhiyfis E}yfj;NjhL ,izj;jy;.
vOj;jhw;wy;/ Ngr;rhw;wy;/ cs;s rpWtHfis NkYk; Cf;fg;
gLj;Jk; tz;zk; Nghl;bfs; elhj;Jjy;. rpWtHfspilNa jhk;
thrpj;jtw;iwg; gpwuplk; $Wk; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNjhL>
mjD}lhfg; Ngr; r hw; w iy ntt; N tW re; j Hg; g q; f spy;
tsHj;njLj;jy;.
fUj;J}d;wNtz;ba rpy nghJthd mk;rq;fs;:

01. E}yfH - E}yfg;gzpahsHfs; MfpNahH> mHg;gz rpe;ij>
nghWik cs;stHfsha; ,Uj;jy;.
02. E}yfH kw;Wk; E}yfg; gzpahsHfs; E}y;fs; gw;wpa

Nkk;Nghf;fhd mk;rq;fisahtJ mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
tsk; - 2010
03. E}yf nraw;ghLfs; midj;JNk> nra;af; $badthf topfhl;bfs;
mwpTiu gfHe;jhYk;> mtw;Ws; gytw;iwr; nra;ayhk; my;yJ
Kayyhk; vDk; rhjfkhd rpe;jidfisj; jk;Ks; itj;jpUj;jy;
04. jk;ik ehbtUk; thrfH $l;lj;jpdiu> ,d;Kfj;Jld; tuNtw;W>

mtHfsJ Njitia ,dq;fz;L> mtHfSf;F cjTk; tifapy;>
E}yfk; rhHe;NjhH gzpahw;Wjy;.
05. E}yfk;rhH Ie;J tpjpfisAk; mwpe;J> czHe;J

eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
1 E}y;fs; midj;Jk; ghtidf;Nf.
2 E}Yf;F Vw;wjhd thrfH.
3 thrfUf;F Vw;w E}y;.
4 thrfH Neuk; NgZf.
5 E}yfk; vd;Wk; tsUk; jd;ikAilaJ.
06) E}y; nfhs;tdtpd;NghJ> gpd;tUNthuJ fUj;Jf;fs;

cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gJ gw;wp epjhdpj;jy;@
ghlrhiyj; jiytHfs;:
nghJthf> ghlE}y; f spd; - Nkyjpf thrpg; G E}y; f spd; g uP l ; i r
tpdhj;njhFg;Gfspd; NrHf;ifNa> ngUk;ghYk; mjpgHfsJ rpghupRfshf
mikAk;. ,J fle;jfhy mDgtkhFk;. vdNt> Mf;f ,yf;fpa /
gy;Jiwfisr; NrHe;j E}y;fspd; tupirapYk; gytw;iw> ,tHfs;
Fwpg;gpl;Lj;ju mtHfNshL E}yfH njhlHG nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
E}yfuJ jw; JzpT:

E}y; nfhs;tdtpd;NghJ> E}yfH eLepiyahsuhf epd;W> vy;yh tifahd
E}y;fSk; - mJTk; Kd;Dupik epuypy; - nfhs;tdthFkhW ghHj;jJf;
nfhs;sy;. thrfHfs; - vOj;jhshfs; - kw;Wk; ftpQHfs; Nghd;NwhuJ
Nfhupf;iffisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy;. xU E}ypy; ,uz;L gpujpfs;
,Uf;fj;jf;fthW> E}y;fis thq;f KbAk;. jw;NghJ tpiythrp mjpfupj;J
tUfpwJ. vdNt> xU E}ypy; 05 gpujpfs; thq;FtJ Nghd;w eilKiw
tsk; - 2010
,Ug;gpd;> me;eilKiwia ,y;yhJ xopj;jy;. E}y; NjHtpd;NghJ>
thrfHfs; vz;zpf;if - E}yfj;jpw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s epjp vd;gdTk;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLtJ rpwg;ghdjhFk;.
E}y; NjHTf;FO xd;iw mikj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;.

,f;FOtpy;:
i mjpgHfspy; xUj;jH
ii rpNu~;l gpujp mjpgH / MrpupaH
iii E}yfH/ cjtpahsH ,UtH
iv thrfH xUj;jH
v vOj;jhsH / GyikahsH
vi jtprhsH / cjtpj;jtprhsH
vii E}yf mgptpUj;jpf; FOtpdupy; ,UtH
07) nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l E}y;fspd; ghtidf; fhyk; njhlHghf>

E}yfH fuprid nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,d;W> tpiy thrp Vw;wk;
fhuzkhf - gy fpilg;gUik E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a
Kbtjpy;iy vdNt> Nrjj;jpw;Fs;shd E}y;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLgit
midj;ijAk;> kPsg;GJg;gpj;J ghtidf;F tply; my;yJ crhj;
Jiz E}w;gFjpapy; (Referance Section) itj;jpUj;jy;. vt;tifap
-NyDk;> ve;jnthU E}iyAk; gjptpypUe;J mopj;J> ,y;yhkyhf;f
KidtJ Fwpj;J E}yfH gyKiw rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
08) gy ngaH ngw;w vOj;jhsHfspd; E}y;fs; ,d;W gpuRukhtjpy;iy

- my;yJ mwNt ,y;yhJs;s epiy cs;sJ. vdNt> mj;jifa
rpwe;j E}iy> etPd Kiwapy; Nghl;Nlhgpujpfshf;fp itf;Fk;
Kaw;rpia E}yfHfs; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. kl;Lkd;wp> fzpdp -,iz
-aj;jpd; JizNahL> gy fpilg;gUik E}y;fis kPs;gjpg;Gr;
nra;tJ> jw;NghJ ,yF fhupakhfTk; cs;sJ.
09) E}yf r%fj;jplk;> E}y;fis md;gspg;Gr; nra;Ak; xU fyhrhuj;ij

cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpyhd Ntz;LNfhs;fis> fhyNjr tHj;jkhdj;ij
mDrupj;J tpLf;f Kidayhk;
tsk; - 2010
10) fpof;fpy; ,d;Ws;s kpfg;gioa nghJ E}yfk; xd;wpidj; juprpj;J>
mjd; eilKiwfs; - gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs;gw;wp> E}yfUk; -
cjtp E}yfUk; - kw;Wk; E}yfg;gzpahsHfSk; mwpe;J tuyhk;.;
,Jgytpj ed;ikfisj; jUk; xU ifq;fupakhFk;.
11) E}yf tpupthf;fw; gzp vd;gjpy; gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;@

01. xU E}yfk;> jd;id ehbtUk; thrfDf;Fj;Njitahd E}y;fis
toq;FtJ khj;jpuNk jdJ gzpnadf; nfhs;syhfhJ. jdJ
Nritg;gug;ig r%fj;ij Nehf;fp efHe;J> tpupthf;fk; nra;a
Kay;tJk; $l> xU rpwg;ghd gzpNa vdf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
02. ghlrhiy khztUf;F khj;jpuNk E}y;fSk; / E}yfKk; vd;w

nfhs;ifia khw;wpaikf;Fk; topapy;> rhJupakhd - #oYf;F
mikthd - nraw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjNy rpwg;G.
03. ,d;W khztHfs;> ghlE}y;fs; / gapw;rpE}y;fs; /,yF top

guPli
; rf; Fwpg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;wpy; khj;jpuNk fUj;J}d;wp - Fwpahf
cs;sdH. ,j;jifa tFjpiar; NrHe;j E}y;fis khj;jpuNk
mtHfs; ngw;Wr; nry;fpd;wdH. ,e;epiyia khw;wp> gy;Jiw
rhHe;j E}y;fisAk; mtHfs; ngw;Wr; nry;Yk; cghaq;fisf;
iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
12) E}yfH xUj;jH - jd;dstpy; mtH - E}y;thrpg;gpy; MHtk; cs;stuhf

,Ug;gJ Kf;fpak;. jhd; thrpj;jtw;iw - urpj;jtw;iw - jdf;F
gpbj;jtw;iw - jkJ thrfHfNshLk; gfpHe;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
13) E}yf MNyhridr; rigapdH> thrfH tl;lj;jpdH> E}yff;FO

tpdH vd> vg;ngauhy; ,tHfs; miof;fg;gbDk;. ,j;jifaNjhH
mikg;G E}yfj;jpd; Gj;njOr;rpf;F vd;Wk; cu%l;Lk; ty;yik
ngw;wJ vd;gjpy; khw;Wf; fUj;J ,y;iy. ,t;tikg;ghdJ> xU
\r%f mikg;G| vDk; Nehf;fpy;> ,jd;gq;Fk; gzpAk; fhj;jpukhff;
tsk; - 2010
fUjg;gLk;@ ,f; fUJNfhspd; cz;ik epiyahdJ> ,jpYs;s
mq;fj;jtHfspd; ,ilawhj - jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLk; gzpapd;
%yNk jPHkhdpf;fg;gLtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;thNyhridr; rigapd; Clhf>

E}yf r%fj;jpd; vz;zk; - MNyhrid vd;gdtw;iwg;
ngw; W tsu KbAk; ,r; rig> E}yfk; NrhHe; J
NghfhjpUf;Fk; tz;zk; xU \J}z;b| ahf mikayhk;.
gadhspfshAs;s thrfHfspd; fUj;Jf;fis - Njitfis
- epUthfj;jpd; ghHitf;Fj; njspthf Kd;itf;fyhk;.
kf;fs; gq;fspg;G vq;qdk; mika Ntz;Lk; vDk; Kf;fpa
tplaj;jpid vy;NyhUk; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;sf;
$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
14) E}yf MNyhridr; rigahdJ> jd;dstpy; nfhz;Ls;s mikg;Gk;

fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gk; gzpAk; tYthf mika Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mjid
,af;Fk; epHthfj;jpdJ> njhlHe;Nj epfOk; njhopw;ghL> vd;Wk;
tpopg;G epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
15) jukhd crhj;Jiz E}y;fis> mt;tg;NghJ nfhs;tdT nra;tJ

mtrpak;. tUlj;jpd; vk;khjj;jpYk; ,f;nfhs;tdT ,lk; ngwyhk;.
vdNt> ,k;Kaw;rpf;Fj; jlq;fy;fs; ,uhky; ,Ug;gij epUthfk;
CH[pjk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
16) ,uty; nfhLf;Fk; gFjpapy;> E}y;fs; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa

E}y;;fisg; ngWk; NghJ> mtw;wpd; NkYiwfis \GjpatUif|
vdj;njspT gLj;jp> fhl;rpg;gyif xd;wpy; midtUk; mwpa itg;gJ
rpwg;ghdJ.
17) Mz;Lg;Gj;jfk; (Year Book) kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if (Central Bank

Report) kw;Wk; jpizf;fs - mikr;Rkl;l E}y;fisAk; nra;jpkly;
(News Bulletin) Nghd;w gpw J}juhyag; gpuRuq;fisAk; ,ytrkhff;
tsk; - 2010
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s my;yJ rpW njhifiaf; fpuakhfr; nrYj;jpg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Mtd nra;a ,aYk;. ,jw;Ff; fbjk; %yj;
njhlHGfs; gadspf;Fk;.
18) \E}yfj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wk; Kaw;rp vd;gJ> xU $l;lhfr; nra;ag;gLk;

CopakhFk;.| ,jd;NghJ> ,f;$l;L Kaw;rpahdJ> gy rthy;fisAk;
ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; tha;g;gpid epUthfj;jpw;F toq;Fk; vd
vjpHghHf;fyhk;.
19) Gjpa E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F> mur - mur rhHgw;w

- cs;@H - ntspehl;L epWtdq;fspd; cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kay Ntz;Lk;. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfspd; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
epjp xJf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; khfhzrig kl;l xJf;fPLfs; - mur -
jdpahH tq;fpfSf;F tpLf;fg;gLk; Nfhupf;iffs; vd;gdTk; rpy
tha;gg
; hd - eilKiwr; rhj;jpakhd - mk;rq;fs; Mfpd;wd.
\\,itaidj;Jk; xU rpe;jidj; njhlupd;> VNjh xU tifapy;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ xOq;FgLj;jg;glhj mk;rq;fshFk;.
khwpf;fplf;Fk; ,f;fUj;Jf;fis xd;W NrHf;Fk; NghJ> nghUs;
nghjpe;j - xU E}yfk; gw;wpa - KOikahd fUj;JUtk;
Njhd;wyhk;.||
(,J nghJE}yf mgptpUj;jpf; FOtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;L> nfsut jtprhsH
mtHfsplk; ifaspf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if.)
cjT E}y;fs;:
01. ghlrhiy E}yfH ife;E}Yk; E}yftpaw; fl;LiufSk;. mf;fiug;gw;W
Nfl;lf;fy;tp mYtyf Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp ntspaPL 20.06.1997
02. ghlrhiy E}yfk; XH mwpKfk;
v];.vk;.fkhy;jPd;
03. E}yfr; nraw;ghLfis Nkk;gLj;jy; - rpWtupd; thrpg;G MHtj;ijj;
J}z;ly; - ghlrhiy E}yf ngUtsHr;rp myF.
\\ntspAyifj; juprpg;gjw;fhd gpujhd rhsuNk Mq;fpy nkhop||

- [t`Hyhy; NeU
tsk; - 2010
E}yfk; kw;Wk; jftw; Nritfs;
(Library and Information Services - LIS)
xU ftdaPHg;Gf;fhd ehdhtpj Fwpg;Gfs;
njhFg;G: K.m. K`k;kj; ghup];>;

thrfH tl;lk;> `y;yh[; jfty; ts ikak;;> mf;fiug;gw;W.
1. E}yfk; gw;wpanjhU RUf;ff; Fwpg;G :

\\E}yfq; f s; > njhlHghly; kw; W k; fy; t p vd; g d> cyf
xOq;fikg;gpy; ,d;wpaikahj xU tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
E}yfq; f s; jhk; nfhz; L s; s vz; z w; w gytif tsq; f spdJk; >
NritfspdJk; Clhf> kf;fs; jj;jkJ gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; -
fw;wy; kw;Wk; nghOJ Nghf;F eltbf;iffs; Nghy;tdtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk; - kf;fSf;F cjTfpd;wd.
mit kpf mj; j pahtrpakhdJk; gad; g hLilaJkhd fyhrhu

epWtdq;fspy; Kd;dpiyapYk; cs;sd. kl;Lkd;wp> tuyhW neLfpYk;
Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;w mwpTf;Fk; - jfty;fSf;Fkhd EiothapyhfTk;
mit tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
khztHfs; - MrpupaHfs; - tpQ;Qhdpfs; - tzpf NkdpiyahsHfs; -

kw;Wk; mur mYtyHfs; MfpNahH cs;spl;l rfy tajpdUk;> kw;Wk;
gy;Jiw rhHe;NjhUk; mtHjk; gzpfspd; nghUl;L> E}yftsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. ,d;Dk;> gd;klq;F kf;fs; jq;fs; mwpTj; jhfj;ijj;
jPHg;gjw;Fk; - jkJ MHtk; rhHe;j Njly;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
my;yJ jkJ Xa;T Neu thrpg;Gf;Fk; vd E}yfq;fis ehLfpwhHfs;.||
World book of Encyclopepia - 2007

The Development of National Library and Infromation
Services. Page - 21
tsk; - 2010
2. nkhop mwpT gw;wpa xUrpe;jid
\\xU ehl;il MSk; nghWg;G cq;fsplk; xg;Gtpf;fg;gl;lhy; Kjypy;
eP q ; f s; vd; d nra; t P H fs; ? || vd; W gok; n gUk; rP d jj; J tQhdp
nfhd; g pA+]pa]plk; Nfl; f g; g l; l J. mjw; F > mtH mspj; j tpil>
\nkhopawpit Nkk;gLj;j Mtd nra;Ntd;| vd;gjhFk;. mtuJ
fUj;jpd;gb> nkhopawpT Fiwe;jpUf;Fkhapd;> nrhy;tnjhd;whfTk; mjd;
nghUs; NtwhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;thW fUjpanjhd;Wk; - nrhy;yg;gl;lJ Ntnwhd;whfTk; ,Uf;Fk;

gl;rj;jpy; - vJ nra;ag;gl Ntz;LNkh> mJ nra;ag;gl;bUf;f khl;lhJ.
,t; t hW nra; a g; g lNtz; b aJ> nra; a g; g l; b uhtpl; l hy; xOf; f Kk;
fiyfSk; rPHnfLk;. ,jdhy;> mePjp jiyJ}f;f NeupLk;@ kf;fspd; epiyik
NkhrkilAk; . nfhd; g pA+]pa]pd; ,f; f Uj; J nkhopawpT kw; W k;
njhlHghlypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ed;F typAWj;Jk;.
vz;zq;fisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Ngr;rpYk; - vOj;jpYk; ntspapLfpd;w

Mw;wiy tsHj;jYk;> nkhopf;fy;tpapd; xU mjp Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.
khztHfs; gytw;iwf; Nfl;fpd;wdH@ thrpf;fpd;wdH. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
rpe;jpj;J> rpyH nrhe;jf;fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;fp mf;fUj;Jf;fisg; gpwH
mwpAk;gb> Ngr;rpYk; vOj;jpYk; ntspapl nkhop KiwNa jFe;j fUtpahf
- Clfkhf mikfpwJ.
NguhrpupaH Nrh.re;jpuNrfud;
- gf;: 81 - Gjpa Ew;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tp - 1995
3. jftw; njhopEl;gk;
21Mk; E}w;whz;;L> \\jfty;fis ikakhff; nfhz;likAk;|| vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ mjhtJ> vjpHfhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; tho;fi ; fapd; gy;NtW
mk;rq;fspy; jfty; njhopy; El;gk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j cs;sJ. ,yj;jpud;
fUtpfs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ikf;Nuh gpypk;fs;> b];fF
; fs;> nraw;iff;Nfhs;
topahd njhlHG Kiwfs; nfhk;gpA+l;lHfs; Nghd;w rhjdq;fs; jfty;
njhopEl;gf; fUtpfshFk;. cyf ehLfspd; fy;tp Kiwfspy; ,it>
ngupastpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;j cs;sd.
tsk; - 2010
Fwpg;ghf> fzpdp njhopEl;gk; mr;rplg;gl;l E}y;fspd; ,lj;ijg; ngw
cs;sJ. mj;Jld;> mJ toq;Fk; jfty;fSk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. mjid
nefo;rr
; pahfTk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. NkYk;> ,j; njhopEl;gk;> fw;Nghd;
jdJ Ntfj;jpy; fw;fTk; - jdpahshff; fw;fTk; cjTk;. rpf;fy; epiwe;j
jfty;fis tifg;gLj;j cjTk;. cyf elg;Gfis tFg;giwf;Fs;
nfhz;Ltu cjTk;. fy;tpiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; cs;s Neuk; - njhiyT
- njhlHghd gpur;rpidfisj; jPHf;f cjTk;. ,j;njhopy; El;gq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fw;NghH tpidj;jpwDld; fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. fw;Nghd;>
,t;thW - jhd;> ngWk; jpwd;fspd; cjtpAld; jfty;rhH r%fj;jpy;
cupa ,lj;ijg; ngwKbAk;.
NguhrpupaH Nrh.re;jpuNrfud;
- gf;: 38>39 - Gjpa Ew;whz;Lf;fhd fy;tp - 1995
4. etPd cyf nry;newp:

,e; E }w; w hz; b y; E}yfk; vDk; vz; z f; f U> \E}yfKk; jfty;
NritfSf;fhd ikaKk;| (Library and Information Services - LIS) vd
tpupj;J Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ. etPd ,yj;jpudpay; - mr;R Clf khHf;fq;fspd;
Clhf> njhlHghly; - fy;tp - jfty; kw;Wk; mwpT vd;gdtw;wpd;
fiufle;j gputhfk;> mgptpUj;jpaile;j - mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk;
ehLfspd;> ,aysTf;F Vw;g fhj;jpukhd mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fpg;
gazpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;ghf> mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs;> Njrpa kw;Wk; jfty; Nritfspd;

mgptpUj;jp njhlHgpy; - mJ nfhz;Ls;s cs;shHe;j mk;rq;fs; vjpH
Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpAk; - E}yfk;; kw;Wk; jfty; NritahdJ>
r%f - njhopEl;gj;jpd; nry;thf;fhy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk;
- mj;NjhL> fy;tpj; Jiwapy; E}yfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; mjpfk; Ngrj; njhlq;fpAs;sd.
mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfs; rkfhy #oy; - kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

epiyikfisg; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> ,t; mizfle;j jftw; gputhfj;jpdhy;
tsk; - 2010
Vw;gLk; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpw; rpuj;ij nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,jw;Nfw;g> Njrpa epfo;nthOq;Ffisr; ruptu cs;sHP f;Fk; toptiffs;
kw;Wk; cj;jpfisAk; tFj;j; ikj;jy; gpujhdkhfpwJ.
Mf> ,d;W E}yfKk; jftw; NritfSk; etPd cyfnry;newpapy; mjpf

jhf;fj;ij cz;Lgz;Zk; xd;whf khwptpl;Ls;sij> ,q;F $He;J Nehf;f
Ntz;ba Njitfs; mjpfupj;Js;sd.
mf;fiug;gw;W
`y;yh[; jfty; ts ikak; gw;wpa mwpf;if
5. etPd E}yfKk; jftw;NritfSk; gw;wpa

rkfhy Nkw;Fyfg; ghHit
cyfk; vq;fZk;> rfy tho;epiyfspYk; tsHe;J tUfpd;w E}yf
jftw;Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gpd;tUk; %d;W mk;rq;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. cyfshtpa nghUshjhu Njf;f epiy.
2. \Gjpa njhopEl;gk; vdg;gLtjd; tsHr;rpAk; jftw;Nritfspy;
mjd; gd;Kfkakhd gpuNahfKk;|
3. r%fkhw;wj;jpd; efHT Ntfk;
1. rHtNjrpa - Njrpa - cs;@H - my;yJ gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; epWtdk;rhH

kl;lq;fspy;> Fiwe;j nrytpy; epiwthd gyid - jhf;fj;jpid - E}yfk;
kw;Wk; jfty; Nritfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhapd;> jpl;lkpLjYk; Kd;Dupik
jUjYk; Mfpa mk;rq;fs; NjitahditAk; - mtrpakhditAk; vd
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
2. VyNt> ifj;njhopy; ka ehLfspy; cs;s E}yf kw;;Wk; jftw;

Nritfs; etPdkhd Kiwfspy; - rhj;jpakhd - ,aysT rf;jpf;Nfw;g -
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l khw;wq;fshdit> Gul;rpfukhdit vdf; Fwpg;gpl
KbahtpbDk;> mtw;wpd; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; vd;gd gue;j
mstpy; - juuPjpahf - kpfj;njspthd khw;wj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.
tsk; - 2010
,e;epiyapy;> mgptpUj;jpaile;j Kjyhk; cyFf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpaile;J
tUfpd;w %d;whk; cyFf;Fk; ,ilNa E}yfk; kw;Wk; jftw;Nritfspy;
VyNt epytpte;Js;s NtWghLfshdit> NkYk; mjpfupf;f mit xU
fhuzkhfTk; mikayhk;.
3. rl;lthf;fk; kw;Wk; murjPHkhdq;fs; vd;gd> (c-k;: caHfy;tp tsHr;rp>

njhopy;rhH epajpfSk; eilKiwfSk;) r%fj;jpYk; jdpegH elj;ijapYk;
khw;wq;fis (c-k;: efuj;jpw;F my;yJ efuj;jpypUe;J ,lg;ngaHT> Xa;T>
rpWghd;ik ,df;FOkq;fspd; Njitfs;) Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mit$l>
jw;NghJs;s E}yf kw;Wk; jftw; Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F vd;WNk
mOj;jk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
The Development of National Library and Infromation Services.
Page -VII
6. jfty; r%fk;
epyTilikr; r%fk;> ifj;njhopw; r%fk; vDk; epiyapypUe;J ,d;W
thOk; r%fk; \jfty; r%fk;| vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Ma;itAk; mwpitAk;
gpujhd %ykhff; nfhz;L> KOf;f KOf;f jfty; %ytsj;ijr; Rw;wpNa
gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sjhf \jfty; r%fk;| tpsq;FfpwJ.
fzpdpj;njhopEl;gk;> njhiyj;njhlHGj; njhopEl;gk;> gltiu fiyj;

njhopEl;gk; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpAld; ,ize;J> 20 Mk;
E}w; w hz; b d; gpd; d iug; g hjpapy; cUthd jfty; r%fj; i j
mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfspy; njspthff; fhzyhk;.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;ilf; ifj;njhopy; Afk; vdTk;> 20 Mk; E}w;whz;il

,yj;jpudpay; Afk; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lijg; Nghy> 21 Mk; E}w;whz;ilj;
jfty; Afk; vd;gH. jftw; Gul;rpapd; NtH fzpdpNa@ jftw; Gul;rpapd;
gpujhd gyhgyNd jftw; r%fkhFk;.3
mUshde;jk; =fhe;jyl;Rkp
\E}yf jfty; mwptpay; Ma;Tf; Nfhit|
tsk; - 2010
7. E}yfj;ij Nehf;fpa r%fk;
epyTk; ,e; etPd cyf xOq;fpy; xU ehL> E}yfj;ij Nehf;fpa r%fk;
xd; i w kP S Uthf; f Ntz; b a epiyapy; cs; s J. ,j; j ifa
kPSUthf;fj;ijj; jpl;l
; kpLifapy;> Njrpa - khtl;l - cs;@Hkl;lq;fspy;
E}yfk; kw;Wk; jftw;Nritfis mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J> fpuhkk; - efuk;
kw;Wk; mit nfhz;Ls;s - fy;tprhuh jhgdq;fs; Clhf> mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd jpl;lkpliyAk; nraw;gLj;jiyAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b
cs;sJ. vdNt> ,j;jifa mjPj mgptpUj;jp Kaw;rpfspd; Clhf> thrpg;G
%ykhd XH mwpthHe;j r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; rhj;jpag;gLk;.
mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; ts ika mwpf;if
8. E}yfk; thrpg;gjw;F khj;jpukd;W.

E}yfk; vDk; NghJ> gyUk; epidg;gJ E}y;fs; epiwe;j miwiaAk;
mq; F xU %iyapy; mkHe; J - mikjpahf E}iy thrpj; J f;
nfhz;bUg;gijAk;jhd;. vdpDk;> njhlHghly; trjpfs; epiwe;j ,e;j
etPd Afj;jpy;> ngUk;ghNyhH mt;thW jdpj;J epd;W mwpitj; Njl
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy. ,jdhy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp - fzpdp Nghd;w fl;Gy -
nrtpg;Gy rhjd trjpfis E}yfj;jpy; Vw;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
rpwe;j mbg;gilapyhd Gjpa trjpfSld; mike;j tpUg;gkpF E}yfr;

Rw;whlyhdJ> khztupd; ghlrhiy tho;TlDk; - tho;ehSlDk; njhlHG
gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf> khztH - MrpupaH Mfpa ,U jpwj;jhUk;> mJ
njhlHghd mwpitg; ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpakhdJ. mq;F ve;jsTf;F
mjpf njhlHghly; Clfq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ ,q;F Kf;fpakhfpwJ.
kl;Lkd;wp - E}y;fs; thrpg;gjd; thapyhf mjpf nrytpd;wpAk; kpfTk;
,yFthfTk; ngWk; mwpTj;jifikia ehk; rpwpJk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl
KbahJ. rpWtHf;F ,J gw;wpa njspit Vw;gLj;Jjy; vd;gd kpfTk;
ngWkjp tha;ej
; d.
mJNghy> MrpupauplkpUe;J ehs;NjhWk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; mwpTg;

gupkhw;wq;fSf;F E}yfg; gad;ghlhdJ> khztHf;F kpf
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ghlk; gw;wpa nraw;ghLfSf;F Kjypy;> MrpupaHfs;
tsk; - 2010
mJgw;wp kpfTk; njspe;j mwpT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,itahTk;>
kpfTk; Rakhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sg; gofp> Rakhf Ma;ej
; wpAk; khztH
guk; g iuia cUthf; f Tk; - khztH fpukkhf E}yfj; i jg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kpf cjTk; vd;gij kdjpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
mJNghy> MrpupaH tFg; G f; F tuhj Ntisfspy; me; j tFg; G

khztHfspd; Neuk; ghohfhky; gaDs;sjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tha;gG
; k;
Vw;gLtNjhL> Ma;T kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;l rpWtHf;F topfhl;l Mrpupaupd;
nrhe;j mwpT njhlHe;Jk; - vg;nghOJk; - Nkk;ghlila E}yfk; cjTk;.4
Mupauj;jd N`tNf - nrashsH> fy;tp mikr;R -
,yq;ifaH> E}y;fs; Nghd;w mr;R Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk;

FiwT vd;w fUj;J epyTfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; thrpg;G MHtk; fPo;
,wq;fpAs;sjhfj; jfty;fs; $Wfpd;wd. ,jdhNyNa> ,yq;ifaH
E}y;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; MHtk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt>
thrpg;G MHtj;ij tsHf;fTk;> ghlrhiy E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjiy
Nkk; g Lj; j Tk; > ghlrhiy Ntisf; F s; N sNa gps; i sfisg;
gof;fg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpak;. ,J> \\vjpHfhyj;ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
nra;ag;gLfpd;w xU KjyPlhFk;.5||
v]; FWg;GMuhr;rp - fy;tpg;gzpg;ghsH
9. fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tsq;fs;

(Computer Based Resources)
. rPbNuhk; (CD - EOM) NyrH fjpHfs; %yk; ngUksT jfty;fisr;
Nrkpf;ff; $ba tifapy; cUthf;fg;gLk; 43/4||tpl;lKs;s tl;ltbt
gpsh];upf; jl;L rPbNuhk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. thrpf;fkl;LNkahd epidtfj;ijf;
nfhz; l ,Wtl; L (Compact disk read only memory) vd ,jw; F
nghUs;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jd; Nrkpg;Gj;jpwd; vspikahd thHj;ijapy;
$Wtjhapd;> xU rPbNuhk; %d;W ,yl;rk; gf;fq;fisr; Nrkpf;Fk; jpwd;
nfhz;lJ. ,e;j rPbNuhikg; gad;gLj;jp E}y;tpgug; gl;bay;fs;>
nraw;jpl;lq;fs;> fzpdp nkd;nghUl;fs;> cyfg;glq;fs;> ,irj;jl;Lf;fs;>
tsk; - 2010
fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;> juTj;jsq;fs; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;jpl;lq;fs;> tPbNahg;
glq;fs; Nghd;wd cUthf;fg;gl;L ntsptUfpd;wd. ,izak;> E}yfk;
xd;iwtpl - nraw;jpwd; $baJ Nghd;W - rPbNuhk; xU E}iytplf;
$Ljy; jpwidf;nfhz;lJ.
. ,izak; (Internet) Inter conection network - vd;w Mq;fpyg;gjj;jpd;

RUf;fkhd \,d;unel;| vdg;gLk; ,izakhdJ> xU jfty; njhlHG
tiyaikg;G MFk;. ,yj;jpudpay; jghy;> ,izaj;jsq;fs;> ,iza
tHj;jfk; vd;w Kg;ngUk; trjpfisf; nfhz;lJ ,izakhFk;. ,jpYs;s
,izaj;jsq;fs;> fpl;lj;jl;l E}yfj;jpw;Fr; rkkhdit. ,jpy; xU jdp
egNuh> epWtdNkh jhk; tpUk;Gk; nra;jpfis tbtikj;J cyfk;
KOtJk; ghtidf;F tplyhk;. vOj;J %yj; jfty; kl;Lkd;wp>
Gifg;glq;fs; - cUtq;fs; - xypg;gjpTfs; - tPbNahgjpTfs; Nghd;witAk;
gj;jpupifapy; ntsptUk; nra;jpfs; - mwpf;iffs; - xypgug;G epfo;rr
; pfs;
- njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;rr
; pfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,izaj;jpy; ghHf;f KbAk;.
mUshde;jk; =fhe;jyl;Rkp>
\E}yfj;jjfty; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;Nfhit| - 2008
- gf;fk;: 138 -
10. epyTk; nghJ mwpTg; gQ;rKk;>

etPd kdpjts tpUj;jpAk;
m nghJ mwpTg;gQ;rk; vd;gJ> rfy tajpdH kj;jpapYk; epyTfpd;w

xd;W. ,g;gQ;rkhdJ> tpyfpr;nry;y thrpg;Gg;gof;fk; mtrpak;.
m thrpg;G vd;gJ fy;tpj;Njl;lj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhJ> rkfhy etPd cyfpd;

ehdhtpj nry;newpfSk; nrhy;Yfpd;w GJr;nra;jpfisAk;- Gjpdq; -
fisAk; - mwpTj;jpul;rpiaAk; fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd xU topfhl;b.
m rkfhy epiyikfshdit mwpTj; Njl;lj;jpw;fhd topfisj; jpwe;J

tpl;Ls;sd. MapDk;> tpopg;GzHT ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk ,J rhj;jpak;.
tsk; - 2010
m ePe;Jtjw;Fg;gapw;rp Njit@ mJNghy thrpg;Gf;Fk; gapw;rp Njit.
gs;spg;gUtNk ,jw;F cWJizahdJ. \,d;iwa cyfpy; xU
kdpjd; fhyj;NjhL xd;wpatdhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> \ehshe;jk;
Fiwe;j gl;rk; ehd;F Gjpdg; gj;jpupiffisAk; - thuhe;jk; Fiwe;jJ
,uz;L thu rQ;rpiffisAk; - khjk; xU khj ntspaPli
; lAk;
thrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.| vd fyhepjp MHjH rP.fpshHf; $WthH
m ,d;W \vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;zndj;jFk;| vd;w KJnkhop> Mq;fpyKk;

fzpdpAk; vd;whfpAs;sJ. jdpahH Jiwapy; Ntiytha;gG
; g; ngw>
cyf tptfhuq;fs; gw;wpa nghJ mwpT - jfty; njhopEl;gk;> fzpdpgg
; apwr; p
kw;Wk; Mq;fpynkhopj; njhlHghly; ty;ygKk; Njit.
mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; ts ika mwpf;if
m 1997 - Gjpa fy;tpr; rPHjpUj;jq;fs;> ,uf;fk;> fUiz> mf;fiw vDk;

kdpj tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wpg; NgRk;. ,k; kdpjtpOkpaq;fis khztHfs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; Clhf> r%fg; nghWg;Gs;stHfshf mtHfs;
khw Ntz;Lk; vd;w tifapy; mit topfhl;l tpiofpd;wd. jtpuTk;>
Rarpe;jid - gilg;gw;wy; - Gj;jhf;f Kaw;rp - gFg;gha;Tj; jpwd;fs;
- gpur;rpidfis jhq;Fk; Mw;wy; Nghd;wit etPd kdpj tstpUj;jpff
; hd
KOKjy; Mjhukha; cs;sJ mwpTj;Njl;lNk MFk;. gy;Jiw rhHe;j>
mfd;w - Mokhd thrpg;Gg;gapw;rpapd; Clhf> gy;tsKk; fdpe;j
\etPdkdpjid| cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s ,aYkhfpd;wJ.(1)
Nrh. re;jpuNrfud;
\fy;tpAk; kdpj ts tpUj;jpAk;|
\\ePq;fs; nra;j ed;ikfisr; rpe;jpg;gij tpl> cq;fshy; epfo;e;j

ghtq;fisr; rpe;jpAq;fs;|| - my;`jP];
tsk; - 2010
jtprhsupd; fdT:
kpd; E}yfj;ij Nehf;fp...
(Digital Library)
vk;.v];. wpg;fhd;
gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdH;> mf;fiug;gw;W.
E}yfk; vd;gJ> nghJ mikg;Gf;fs;> epWtdq;fs; my;yJ

jdpegHfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L Ngzg;gLfpw jfty; %yq;fspd; my;yJ
Nritfspd; xU Nrkpg;G MFk;. kuG topahd Nehf;fpy; ,J> E}y;fspd;
Nrkpg;G vdyhk;> ,e;E}y;fisAk;> NtW %yq;fisAk;> NritfisAk;>
,tw;iwj; jhq;fNs nrhe;jkhf thq;ftpUk;ghj my;yJ thq;f Kbahj
my;yJ Ma;TfSf;fhf njhopy; Kiw cjtp Njitg;gLk; kf;fs;
gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.
E}y;fs; jtpuj; jfty; Nrkpg;Gf;fhd gpw Clfq;fisr;; Nrkpj;J

itj;jpUg;gJld;> gy E}yfq;fs; ,g;nghOJ> Ez;glyk; (Microfiche)>
Ez;RUs;jfL (Microfilm)> xyp ehlhf;fs;> FWtl;Lf;fs;> xypg;Ngiofs;>
xspg;Ngiofs;> btpbfs; vd;gtw;wpy; gjpag;gl;l epyg;glq;fs;> NtW
Mtzq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> vd;gtw;iwr; Nrkpj;J itf;Fk; ,lq;fshfTk;
mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,lq;fshfTk; cs;sd.
,Jjtpu> jdpahH juTj;jsq;fSf;fhd mZf;fk; kw;Wk; ,iza

mZf;fk; KjypaitAk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,d;iwa etPd
E}yfq;fs;> gy%yfq;fspypUe;J> gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; jfty;fisj;
jilapd;wpg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,lq;fshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.
mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy;> jfty;fis> kpd;dZ top mZf;fq;fs; Clhfg;

ngw; W f; n fhs; S k; trjpfs; ,Ug; g jhYk; > gy; N tW kpd; d Zf;
fUtpf@lhfg; ngUe; n jhifahd mwpTr; N rkpg; G f; f isj; Njbg;
tsk; - 2010
gFj;jha;tjw;F> E}yfq;fs; - mtw;wpd; fl;blq;fSf;F ntspNaAk; $l>
tpupe;jpUg;gjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd tsHr;rp> vy;yhj; JiwfisAk;
NghyNt> E}yfj;JiwapYk; Eioe;J tpl;lJ. ,e;j tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
mgupkpjkhd tsHr;rpapD}lhf> kpd;E}yfk; (Digital Library) vd;W>
E}yfj;jpDs; mike;jpUf;ff;$ba XH mikg;G cUthfpAkpUf;fpwJ. ,J>
E}yfk; vd;w fl;bl kw;Wk; epUthf vy;iyfisj; jhz;b> thrfHfSf;fhd
Nritia toq;FfpwJ vd;gJjhd; ngupanjhU nfhilahFk;. E}yfk;
,ul;bg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l tsq;fis my;yJ vy;iyaw;w tsq;fis
kf;fSf;fhf toq;FfpwJ.
kpd;E}yfk; (Digital Library) vd;gJ vz;k my;yJ kpd;dpay; Kiwapy;

E}y;fs;> glq;;fs;> Mtzq;fs;> jfty; njhFg;Gf;fisr; Nrfupj;J
itj;jpUf;Fk; fzpdptop Clhf mZff;$ba E}yfkhFk;. ,jpy; vz;k
cs; s lf; f q; f is> (Digtal Content) fzpdp ,izak; %ykhf
njhiytpypUe;Nj mZfpg;ngwyhk;. kpd;E}yfk; vd;gJ \xU jfty;
kPln
; lLg;G xUq;fpak;| (Infomation Retrieval System) MFk;. kpd;E}yfk;
vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fg; gy;tif vz;kj; njhFg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fis
Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lyhk;. vdpDk;> E}yikg;ghdJ kpd;E}yfk; vd;W
Fwpf;fg;gLtjhf ,Ug;gpd;> me;j mikg;G> jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J -
Nkyhz;ik nra;J - mijg; gadHfs; - User - gadhspfs; ngWk;
tifapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> rpy ,izaj;jsq;fisf; $l> kpd;E}yfk; vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

kpfg;gutyhf mwpag;gl;l kpd;E}yfq;fs; Fwpg;ghf> NgrH]; Gnuh[f;l;
(Project Perseus) Fl;nld; NgHf; (Project Guten Berg) IgpgpypNah (Ipplio)
Mfpait> ,izaj;ij tplTk; goikahditahFk;. NkYk;> cyfshtpa
,izak; kw;Wk; \NjL nghwpfspd;| jpwd; tsHr;rp Mfpatw;why;> INuhg;gpa
E}yfk;> nfhq;fpu]; E}yfk; Mfpa kpd;E}yfq;fs; jw;NghJ ,iza
gpd;Gyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nkk;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
XH cs;slf;fk; cUthf;fg;gLk; NghNj vz;k miktpy; ,Ue;jhy; mij>

\,ay;G vz;k cs;slf;fk;| (Born - digit) vd;Wk;> gUz;ikahf cs;s
tsk; - 2010
Gj; j fq; f s; > fhfpjq; f is vz; k tbtpw; F khw; w pdhy; > mij
vz;kag;gLj;jpa cs;slf;fk; (Digit zed) vd;Wk; miof;fyhk;. ,Ug;G
tbtpYk;> vz;k tbtpYk; cs;slf;fj; njhFg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s
E}yfj;jpw;F> \fyg;G E}yfk;| (Hybrid Library) vd;W ngaH. cjhuzkhf>
\mnkupf;fd; nkkwp| (American Memory) vd;gJ nfhq;fpu]; E}yfj;jpy;
cs;s xU kpd;E}yfkhFk;.
vspjpy; mZfp> E}y;fs; - Mtzq;fs; - gy;NtW xyp> xspj; jfty;fisg;

ngw KbAk; vd;gjhy;> kpd;E}yfq;fs; jw;NghJ tzpf kw;Wk; muRfspd;
tpUg;gkhd Jiwahfp tUfpd;wd. kuGtop E}yfq;fspy; Xustpw;Nf
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J itf;fKbAk;. Mdhy;> kpd;E}yfk; mikf;ff;
Fiwe;j ,lNk NghJkhdJ vd;gjhy;> kpf kpf mjpf jfty;fisr;
Nrkpj;J itf;f KbfpwJ. ,jdhy;> kpd;E}yfk; mikg;gjw;F kuGtop
E}yfq;fis tplf; Fiwe;j nryNt MFk;.
gadHfs; - gadhspfs; - Neubahf mq;F nry;yj; Njitapy;iy.

,izaj; njhlHgpd; %yk;> cyfpd; ve;jg;gFjpapypUe;Jk; jfty;fisg;
ngwKbAk;. xNu jfty;>; gy;NtW jug;gpduhy; xNu Neuj;jpy; ngwKbAk;>
,J gy;Kid mZf;fk; vd;gH. midj;J cs;slf;fj;jpypUe;Jk;>
jfty;fSf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F xU nrhy; khj;jpuk;
njupe;jpUe;jhNy NghJk;@ ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
vOj;Jj;jtpHe;j xyp> xsp vd gytifahd Nrkpg;Gf;fis thrpf;fTk;

gadHfs; gad;gLj;jTk; KbAk;. \\E}yfk; vd;w vy;iyiaf; fle;J>
gadHfs; jkJ mwpit tpUj;jpnra;a - jfty;fis mwpe;J gad;gLj;j
- E}yfj;jpw;Fs;NsNa RUf;fp itf;fg;gLk; khngUk; cyfk; mJ.||
kpd;E}yfk;> njhlHghd tpupthd fl;Liuia ,g;NghJ vOj Kbatpy;iy.
vdpDk;> RUf;fkhf vOj Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;ljw;Ff; fhuzk;> ekJ
jtprhsH V.vy;. jtk; mtHfs; jhd;. ekJ gpuNjr kf;fspd; jfty;
mwpjpwd; tsHr;rpapy;> ePzl
; ngUk; fdnthd;iw itj;jpUg;gtH mtH.
mtNuhL ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJjhd;> me;jf; fdT njhlHghd
tpsf;fq;fisr; RUf;fkhfNtDk; ,q;F njspTgLj;j tpUk;gpNdd;.
tsk; - 2010
fpof;F khfhzj;jpNy> KjyhtJ ,iza trjp nfhz;l E}yfk; vd;gJ
xU rpW tp~ak; jhd;> mij epfo;jj
; p Kbf;fpwhH> ekJ jtprhsH vd;gJ
xU ngUtplakhFk; . vdpDk;> mtupd; Mj;khHj;jkhd fdT ,Jtd;W.
,ijtplTk; ngupaJ. kpd;D}yfk; xd;iw mikg;gJjhd; mtUila
Kaw;rp. (Net Cafe) ,iza trjp cs;s E}yfk; vd;gJ xU ngupa
tplaNkay;y@ rpwpa njhifg;gzj;jpd; Clhf mij epiwNtw;wyhk;.
kpd;E}yfk; vd;gJjhd; fbdkhdJk; mtrpakhdJkhFk;. Gj;jfq;fis

khj;jpukd;wp> xyp> xsp> kw;Wk; gpw jfty; tsq;fisAk; kf;fs;
gad;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf> (Digital Ize) vz;k tbtg;gLj;JtNjhL kpd;
Mtzf;fhg;gfkhfTk; khw;Wk; fdT mtUilaJ. mij Nehf;fp ekJ
E}yfj;ij efHj;Jk; Muk;g Kaw;rpNa ,J. ekJ kf;fs; ,izatrjp
nfhz;l E}yfk; vd;gij kwe;J tpl;L> (Digital Base Library) Mjhu
vz;k E}yfk; vd;W fUJtNj kpfr;rupahdjhFk;.
,jd; Muk;g Kaw;rpahf - vkJ E}yfj;jpd; ,izak; topahf -

cyfstpy; ,Uf;fpd;w midj;J kpd;E}yfq;fisAk;>
Mtzf;fhg;gfq;fisAk;> Ma;Tf;fhg;gfq;fisAk; kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk;
trjpiar; nra;jpUg;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
kpd; E }yfq; f Sf; F g; ngupa mstpyhd ,ltrjp Njitapy; i y.

Nrkpg;Gj;jsk; kpfr;rupahdjhf ,Ue;jhy; NghJk;. Mf> kuGuPjpahd E}yf
mikg;G trjpfSk;> cyfshtpa kpd;E}yf mikg;ghf;f trjpAk;
mikag;ngw;w xU jfty; mwpAk; epiyak;> ekJ ehl;by; jkpo; nkhop
gad;ghl;lhsHfSf;F ,y;iy vd;gJ njupa Ntz;ba xU tplakhFk;.
mij cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpNa jtprhsuhy; jw;NghJ Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
kpd; E }yfk; mjd; mikg; g hf; f k; Nghd; w tplaq; f is kf; f s;

kag;gLj;Jtjw;F - [duQ;rfg;gLj;Jtjw;F - ePzl
; fhyk; vLf;fyhk;.
MapDk;> cyfstpy; jfty; mwpAk; - kw;Wk; jfty; Nrkpf;Fk; njhopEl;g
Ntfj;jw;F - ekJ gpuNjr kf;fisAk; cs;thq;fpj; jahH gLj;Jk; J}uNehf;F
ghuhl;lg;glNtz;ba xU Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
tsk; - 2010
ekf;Fj; njupa> \rPdk; nrd;NwDk; Qhdk; NjL| vd;w gonkhop kf;fSf;F
kpfg; gupr;rakhdJjhd;. ,dp> mJkhwp - E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrd;why; NghJk;
- cyfpd; ve;j %iyapYKs;s Qhdj;ijAk; clNd mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;
vd;Wjhd; nrhy;yg;gLk;.
Digital Library Ak;> kuGuPjpahd NgUz;ik E}yfKk;> xUNru - xNu

,lj;jpy; - xNu epUthfj;jpd; fPo; - mikf;fg;gl;L> kpfg;ngUk; jfty;
mwpjYk; gad; g Lj; j Ykhd xU nraw; g hl; L mikg; g hf; f j; i j
cUthf;FtNj jtprhsupd; fdT. mjd; Kjw;gb@ ,J mtuJ fdT
epiwNtw ekJ kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G vd;Wk; mtUf;Ff; fpilf;fNtz;Lk;.
NguhrpupaH fhHj;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp

mtHfs; $Wk; Gj;jfg; gz;ghL (Book Culture)
“jkpopy; tsu Ntz;ba ‘Gj;jfg;gz;ghL’ (Book culture) gw;wp ,e;E}y;-

‘E}Yk; E}yfKk;’ NgRfpwJ. ek;kpilNa fy;tpr; rpuj;ijAz;L. Mdhy;>
xU Gj;jfg;gz;ghL Fiwntd;Nw $wNtz;bAs;sJ. Gj;jfg; gz;ghL
vd;gJ> Gj;jfj;ijg; gz;ghl;Lr; rhjdkhfg; Nghw;WtJ. mwpTg; gfpu;itj;
jq;F jilapd;wp nfhLj;Jk;> thq;fpAk; tsu;g;gJ.
ek;kpilNa rpy ghuk;gupa kl;lq;fspNy Gyik vd;gJ> juTfspd;

jhuhskhd Rw;Nwhl;lj;ijj; jilnra;tjhfTk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. rpy
etPdu;fNsh thrpj;j Gj;jfq;fisg; gw;wpf; $whJ> ngw;w jftiyj;
jhk; fz;lwpe;j ‘Ma;Tg;Ngwhff;’ $Wk; jd;ikAilNahuhf cs;sdu;.
VL gw; w pa ghuk; g upa cilikg; gpbg; G E}y; f spd; gutiyAk;
jilnra;Js;sJ.
E}y;fs; mwpitj; jUk;@ mwpitg; gug;g E}y;fs; gut Ntz;Lk;. E}yfk;

me;jg; guk;gYf;fhd jsj;ijAk; - fsj;ijAk; mikj;Jf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
E}yfq;fs; epiwe;j gz;ghL> mwpTg; gfpu;it mr;rhzpahff; nfhz;l
xU gz;ghlhFk;. E}yfk; thrpg;Gzu;it khj;jpuky;yhJ> gfpu;Tzu;itAk;
tsu;g;gJ.|| -
ed;wp: E}Yk; E}yfUk; - \ghapuk;|

v];.vk;. fkhy;jd
P ;
tsk; - 2010
Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfj;jpd;
gpujhd gzp.
my;`h[; v];.vk;. fkhy;jd

P .;
B.A. (Cey) B.Ed. (Toronto), Dip. in Lib.
Xu; murhq;f my;yJ jdpahu; epWtdj;jpw;Fupa gjpNtLfis

mtw;wpd; ngWkjp fUjp> ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gLk; ,lk; Mtzg;
ghJfhg;gfk; (ARCHIVES) MFk;. vdf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Kw;fhyj;jpy;> E}yfq;fspNy Mtzq;fSk; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;ld.

gz;ila ehfupfj;jpd; Mtzq;fspd; Njhw;WthapidAk;> tifapidAk;
fUjp> mtw;iw E}yf E}w;nwhifapypUe;J gpupj;Jf; fhZk; Kiw
mErupf;fg;gltpy;iy@ vfpg;jpau;fs;> RNkupau;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; epUthf
trjpf; f hf E}yfj; N jhL> Mtzf; fhg; g fj; i jAk; xd; w pizj; N j
nraw;gl;ldu;.
E}yf - jfty; tpQ;QhdKk;> Mtzf; fhg;gfKk; xNu Nehf;fj;jpidNa

nfhz; L s; s d. ,t; t ifapy; mit> mwpTr; rhjdq; f isAk; >
Mtzq; f isAk; Nrfupj; J g; ghJfhj; J > xOq; f ikj; J > $basT
rpf;fdkhfTk; - gad;kpf;f tifapYk; thrfu;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wd.
Mtzq;fspd; jd;ik> Njhw;Wtha;> gad;ghLfs;> Mfpatw;wpidnahl;b>

mtw;wpd; epUthfk;> NtWtifg;gl;l mwpNtLfspd; guhkupg;gpdpd;Wk;
tpj;jpahrg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Vnddpy;> Mtzf; fhg;gfj;jpy;> gpuj;jpNafkhd
njhopy;El;gKk; - nrad;KiwfSk; mtrpakhapUf;Fk;.
,e; E}yfq;fspy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; mwpTr; rhjdq;fSf;Fk; - Mtzf;

fhg;gfj;jpd; jpul;LfSf;Fkpilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fisr; rw;Wf; ftdpg;Nghk;.
tsk; - 2010
E}yf mwpNtLfs;.
E}yf mwpNtLfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfspdhy; gilf;fg;gl;L> ngUk;ghYk; fyhrhuj;
NjitfSf;fhfg; gpuRupf;fg;gl;litfshapUf;Fk;. E}yfq;fs; jhk;
mErupf;Fk; E}yPl;lw; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F mika> gy;NtW Jiwfs;
rhu; e ; j mwpNtLfisj; Nju; e ; J > Nrfupj; J f; n fhs; S k; . ,t; t hwhd
E}w; N jhu; T f; Nfhl; g hL> fhyj; J f; F f; fhyk; E}yf Nritapd;
jd;ikapNyw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F <Lnra;tjhfTk; mikAk;.
xU E}yfj;jpw;fhd mwpNtLfs; tof;fkhf> E}w;re;ijapy; nfhs;tdT

nra; j y; %yk; > md; g spg; G f; f s; %yKk; ngwg; g Lk; . ,t; t hwhfr;
Nrfupf;fg;gLk; E}w;njhif> VjhtnjhU E}y; tFg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb
nghUs;thupahf tFf;fg;gl;Lg; ghtidahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk;.
Mtzq;fs;
epWtdq;fspd; epUthf eltbf;iffspd; gadhfj; Njhw;Wk; rhjdq;fs;>
Mtzq;fs; vd;w tifapy; NrUk;. ,it ngUk;ghYk;>
gpuRupf; f g; g Ltjpy; i y. Mtzq; f s; Kf; f pakhf epWtd ,af; f j;
Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;FiladthFk;. xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ
NtW mikg;Gf;fspd; my;yJ jdpegupd; md;whl eltbf;iffshy;
cUthFk; Mtzq;fs;> mjpfhug;G+u;tkhd jd;ikAk; rl;lG+u;tkhd
jd;ikAk; ciladthapUf;Fk;.
mit> rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikg;gpd; Njhw;wk;> gzpfs;> nra;k;Kiwfs;>

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Mfpa rhu;e;jdthapUf;Fk;. mj;Jld;> epWtd
cilikfspdJk;> Vida rl;l uPjpahd cupikfspdJk;> NgzYf;Fk; -
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; - ,d;wpaikahjdthapUf;Fk;. NkYk;> mit xU
epWtdj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;F cl;gLk; gpw mikg;Gf;fspdJk; -
jdpegu;fspdJk; - cupikfspd; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; VJthapUf;Fk;.
E}yfq;fs;> jkf;Fj; Njitahd mwpTr; rhjdq;fisj; jhkhfNt

Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy;> Mtzf;fhg;gfq;fs; jkJ gzpf;F cl;gl;l>
epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J - me;epWtdq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; - Mtzq;fisNa
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. mit nghJthf> Mtzr; rhjdq;fisj; Nju;eJ ;
nfhs; t dT nra; t jpy; i y. epWtdq; f spdhy; Njhw; W tpf; f g; g Lk;
tsk; - 2010
Mtzq;fSs; ngWkjptha;e;jdtw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;J> mtw;iw
khj;jpuNk ghJfhg;gpw;fhf ,Ug;gpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. Mtzq;fspd;
Njhw;WthapidAk;> jd;ikapidAk; nghWj;J> mtw;iwg; gFg;ghf;fk;
nra;J gl;bay; gLj;Jk; Kiw> E}yfq;fspd; mwpNtLfis xOq;fikf;Fk;
KiwapypUe;Jk; NtWgl;ljhapUf;Fk;.
Mtzq;fspd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikahtJ> mtw;wpd; mbg;gilj; jd;ikiaAk;

gad;ghl;ilAk; tpl> Nkyjpfkhd ngWkjp mtw;Ws; nghjpe;jpUf;Fk;.
NkYk;> Mtzq;fspy; fhZk; Kiw rhuhj; jfty;fs;> Muha;rr ; pahsUf;F
epfuw;w mwpTf; fsQ;rpakhfTk;> kdpj tho;fi; fapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;
gw;wpa jw;fhy - Kw;fhyg; gjpNtLfspd; Mf;fKk;> guhkupg;Gk;; ,t;tifapy;
kpFe;j gadspf;ff; $badthFk;. Mtzq;fspd; ,t;thwhd ngWkjpAk;
- gad;ghLNk> MtztpayhsUf;Fk; E}yfu;fSf;Fkpilapyhd neUq;fpa
njhlu;gpDf;Ff; fhuzkha; mikfpd;wd.
,yq;ifj; Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfk;.;

,yq;ifj; Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbnadf; fUjf;$ba
murhq;fg; gpupnthd;W> ,t;tpUgjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; jhd;
cUthfpaJ. mjhtJ> 1903 Mk; Mz;by; murhq;f gpujk fhupajuprpapd;
fhupahyaj;jpy; xU gFjpahfNt ,aq;fp te;jJ. ,t;thW gpujk
fhupajuprpapd; fhupahyaj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lgpupT> 1947 Mk; Mz;by;
fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; xU gFjpahf khw;wg;gl;L tsu;rr ; p fz;lJ.
,jidaLj;J> 1966 Mk; Mz;by; Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfj; jpizf;fsk;
vd; w ngaupy; > ,g; g pupT jdpj; j paq; F nkhU epWtdkhfpaJ.
,j;jpizf;fsj;jpw;fhd rl;lk; 1973 Mk; Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. (1973 Mk;
Mz;bd; 48 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;)
kw;Wk; ,j;jpizf;fsj;jpd; fpisnahd;iwf; fz;bapy; epWTtjw;Fk;>

[dhjpgjpapd; Mtzq; f is ,izj; J f; nfhs; t jw; f hd rl; l j;
jpUj;jq;fSk; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,j;jpUj;jq;fs; KiwNa> 1980
Mk; Mz;L 31 Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpUj;jKk;> 1981 Mk; Mz;by; 30
Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpUj;jKkhFk;. Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfk;> mr;rfq;fs;
rl; l k; > mr; r pLNthu; > ntspaP l ; l hsu; rl; l k; > Gjpd VLfs; rl; l k;
Mfpatw;iwAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
tsk; - 2010
mr;rpLNthu;> ntspaPl;lhsu;> rl;lj;jpd;gbf;F ,yq;ifapy; mr;rplg;gLk;
xt;nthU ntspaPlb
; dJk; Ie;J gpujpfs;> Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfg;
gzpg;ghsuplk; rku;gg
; pf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW rku;gg
; pf;fg;gLk; E}y;fs;
midj;Jk;> Njrpa E}yfrigapdJ ,yq;ifj; Njrpa E}w;gl;baypy;
(Ceylon National Bibilography) ,lk; ngWk;. Mtzf; fhg;gfg; gzpg;gfk;>
jhk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l E}y;fisg; gjpT nra;jgpd;> xU E}ypd; Ie;J
gpujpfSs; ehd;fpidg; gpd;tUk; epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ug;gpy; itg;gjw;fhf
mDg;gp itf;Fk;.
(01) Njrpa E}yfk;. (02) Njrpa mUk;nghUl;rhiy.
(03) Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;. (04) U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofk;
kw;Wk;> Gjpa VLfs; rl;lg;gbf;F (News Papers Ordianance) ehl;by;

ntspaplg;gLk; Gjpd VLfs; midj;Jk; Njrpa Mtzf; fhg;gfj;jpy;
gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifj; Njrpa Mtzf;fhg;gfk;> nfhOk;G
khehfupy; Rje;jpur; rJf;fj;jpYs;s Njrpa E}yf Nritfs;rigf; fl;blj;ij
mLj; J mike; J s; s J. ,q; F ,yl; r f; f zf; f hd mwpNtLfs; >
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpdwd.
,r;Nrkpg;gpy; gy;tifg; gpuRuq;fs;> Gjpa VLfs;> Vl;Lr; Rtbfs;>

ifnahOj;Jg; gpujpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> Njhk;Gfs; vDk; FLk;gg; ghuk;gupa
VLfs;> tPbNah fnrl;Lfs;> ikf;Nuh gpypk;fs; MfpadTk;> ngWkjp
tha;ej
; gjpNtLfSk; mlq;Fk;.
,yq;ifj; Njrpa Mtzf;fhg;gfj;jpd; gpujhd gzpfisg; gpd;tUkhW
gpupj;Jf; $wyhk;.
(m) murhq;fg; gjpNtLfis epue;ju itg;gpw;fhfg; gl;baw;

gLj;jpg; ghJfhj;jy;.
(M) Muha;r;rpAk; ntspaPLk;.
(,) nghJ kf;fspd; crhj;Jizf;fhfg; gjpNtLfisf;
nfhLj;JjTjy;.
(,t;thf;fk;> ed;wpNahL kPs; gpuRukhfpwJ.)
tsk; - 2010
nghJ E}yfq;fs; - ghlrhiy E}yfq;fs;
- rpy Gupjy;fs;.
V.Mjk;nyg;ig BA. Dip.in.Ed- (SLEAS)

`y;yh[; jfty; tsika mgptpUj;jpf; FO cWg;gpdH.
Kd;dhs; ml;lhisr;Nrid MrpupaH gapw;rpf; fyhrhiy mjpgH
nghJ E}yfq;fSf;Fk;> ghlrhiy E}yfq;fSf;FkpilNa gy

xw;WikfSk; rpw;rpy Ntw;WikfSk; cs;sd. Mapd; ,t;tpuz;L
tFjpfSNk mt;tg; gFjpapdUf;Ff; fw;wy; - jfty; Nritfis toq;fp
tUfpd;wd. mwpTyfk;> nghJ E}yfj;ijAk; ghlrhiy E}yfj;ijAk;
gpupj;Jg; ghHg;gjpy;iy. ghlrhiy E}yfq;fspd; nrwpthd - fhj;jpukhd
- nraw;ghl;bdhNyNa nghJ E}yfq;fspd; gzp rpwg;gilfpd;wd vd;gJ
,j;Jiw rhHe;Njhupd; tYthd fUj;jhFk;. ,it rk;ge;jkhd Gupjy;fis
,q;F Rl;bf;fhl;LtNj ,f;Fwpg;gpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;.
E}yfq;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> nghJ E}yq;fs; fy;tprhH E}yfq;fs;

rpwg;G E}yfq;fs; vdg; ghFgLj;JtH. jdpahH E}yfq;fs; vd;gdTk;
,jDs; xU gpupthf mlq;Fk;. trjp tha;g;G mw;w rpy fpuhkq;fspy;>
r%f Nehf;fKk; thrpg;gjpy; Ntl;ifAk; nfhz;l ed;Nehf;fhsHfs; xd;W
NrHe;J> ,j;jifa E}yfq;fis mikg;gJk; ekJ r%ff; flik rhHe;j
ghuk;gupaq;fspy; xd;whf cs;sJ.
nghJ E}yfq;fs;.
kf;fSf;fhf - kf;fshy; - kf;fNs Kd;dpd;W elhj;JtJ nghJ E}yfq;fs;
vdg; ngaHngWk;. khefurig> efurig> gpuNjr rig vd;gdtw;wpd;
epjp Cl;lj;jpdhy; ,aq;Fk; ,e;E}yfq;fs;> epiynfhz;Ls;s Ms;Gy
vy;iyapy; cs;s r%fj;jpd; r%f epWtdq;fshf kspHfpd;wd. mjdhy;>
r%fj;jpd; rfy nraw;ghLfspYk; ,tw;wpd; gzpfs; CLUtpNa
fhzg;gLk;.
tsk; - 2010
,dk;> taJ> nkhop> kj NtWghbd;wp - rpWtH> khztH> KjpNahH>
ngz;fs; - kw;Wk; khw;W Mw;wy; gilj;NjhH> MrpupaH> Muha;rr
; pahsH
Mfpa midj;J tFjpapdUf;Fk; ,it Jiz epw;fpd;wd.
rHtNjr E}yfq;fspd; rk;Nksdj;jpdhy; (IFLA) kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;l

UNESCO - And];Nfh mwpf;ifapd;gb> nghJrd E}yfq;fspd; ,yf;Ffs;>
fy;tp> jfty;> fyhrhuk;> Xa;T> rhHe;jdthf cs;sd. jw;fhy nghJ
E}yfq;fs;> jkJ gzpapd; vy;iyf;Fl;gl;ltHfspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;iff;Fk;
$l;lhd tho;iff;Fk; mtrpakhd mr;rplg;gl;l mwpNtLfisAk; fl;Gy
- nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fisAk; jpul;Ltijj; jdJ flikahff; nfhz;Ls;sd
vd;gH.
ghlrhiy E}yfk;
vjpHfhy tho;fi
; fapd; vy;yhj; JiwfSf;Fk; mj;jpghukplg;gLk; ,lk;
ghlrhiyfNs. ghlrhiyfspd; epfOk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; midj;jpw;Fk;
kj;jpa jsk; ghlrhiyfNs vdpy;> mJ kpifad;W. ,sik - MHtk;
- Jbg;G - Njly; - vd;git> nraw;wpwk; nfhs;tjw;F cfe;j gUtk;
,sikg;gUtNk. ,g;gUtj;jpd; CNl> Md;kf
P k; - xOf;fk; - r%f -
fyhrhu tpUj;jpfs; vd;gd Kiwahf tsHe;J> KO MSikg; gz;GfSk;
epiyNgwilfpd;wd. ,jdhy;> rPupa MSikkpf;f xU r%f kdpjd;
cUthfpwhd;.
nghJE}yfq;fs; - ghlrhiyE}yfq;fs;
- njhlHGfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;:
(1) E}y;fis thrpg;gjpy; MHtk;> jpwik cs;s rpWtH rpWkpaUf;F
khj;jpuk; nghJ E}yfq;fs; Jiz nra;Ak;. Mapd;> ghlrhiy
E}yfq;fs; MHtk;> jpwik cs;stHfSf;F khj;jpuy;yhJ>
thrpg;gjpy; Mw;wy; Fiwe;j - gpd;jq;fpa gps;isfSf;Fk; cjTk;.
(2) nghJ E}yfq;fspy; E}y;fSk; fl;Gy - nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fSk;

epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. Mapd;> ghlrhiy E}yfq;fspy; fy;tpf;fhd
rhjdq;fNs mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;.
tsk; - 2010
(3) nghJ E}yfq;fSf;fhd thrfHfis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ngUk;
gzpiar; nra;tJ ghlrhiyfNs. gpwpnjhU tifapy; rpe;jpf;Fk;
NghJ> ghlrhiy E}yfq;fs; thrpg;Gg; gof;fj;jpw;Fupa rpwe;j
mbj;jsj;ij etPd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fs; cj;jpfs; Clhf eil
Kiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w mUk; gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wd.
(4) ghlrhiy E}yfq;fs; vy;yhg; ghlrhiyrfspYk; ,y;iy@ my;yJ

jw;NghJjhd; mit Cl;lk; ngw;W tsHe;J tUfpd;wd. vdNt>
xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; cs;s nghJ E}yfq;fNs rpWtHfisg;
Ngh~pf;Fk; rpwe;j ikaq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
(5) ghlrhiy E}yfq;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa tsq;fs; ,y;iy. jtpuTk;>

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l epjptsk; fhuzkha;g; gw;whf;FiwfNs epuk;gTk;
cs;sd. kl;Lkd;wp> Fwpg;gpl;l msthd E}y;fNs ghtidf;F
cs;sJk; ,q;F Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. vdNt> khztHfshy; nghJ
E}yfq;fspy; cs;s> nghJ E}y;fs; - gy;nghUs;rhH gUt
ntspaPLfs; - fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs; - crhj;Jiz
E}y;fs; - fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,yFtpy; gad;
nfhs;s ,aYkhfpd;wJ
(6) nghJ E}yfq;fs;> rpWtHfs; kj;jpapy; E}yhHtj;ij tsHg;gjpy;

rkgq;F nfhz;Ls;sd. khztHfspd; ghlrhiyf; fhyj;jpYk; -
ghlrhiyia tpl;L tpyFfpd;w jUzj;jpypUe;Jk; nghJ E}yf
-q;fspd; gzpfs; Muk;gkhfpd;wd vdj; Jzpayhk;.
(7) rpWtHfisr; r%fg; nghUj;jKilatHfshf khw;Wk; gzp> kpf

cd;djkhdjhFk;. ,g;gzpf;F cjTk; thrpg;Gg;gof;fj;ij tsHf;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy;> tsHr;rpngw;w - rpwg;ghf ,aq;Fk; nghJ E}yfq;fNs
Kd;dpiyapy; cs;sd.
rpWgUtk; KjNy> fij nrhy;Yjy; - ftpij thrpj;jy; (ghXjy;)

E}y;fz;fhl;rp Nghd;w> gy Cf;fpfisf; ifahz;L tUfpd;w
tsk; - 2010
rpwg;G Kaw;rpia ,it nra;Jk; tUfpd;wd. tsHe;J tUk; nghJ
E}yfq;fs;> ,jw;fhd \KjyhtJ vl;bid| vLj;Jitf;f Kay
Ntz;Lk;.
(8) nghJ E}yfq;fspd; ,d;DnkhU gzpahf \\elkhLk; E}yfq;fs;||

(Mobile Library) nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,it tsHe;NjhUf;F
kl;Lky;yhJ> khztHfSf;Fk; rpwg;ghfr; Nritahw;Wfpd;wd.
Fwpg;ghf> gpd;jq;fpa - J}u fpuhkq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fs;> khz-
tHfs;> ,jdhw; gadiltH.
(9) ghlrhiyia tpl;NlhUk; - tsHe;NjhUk; - ghlrhiy E}yfq;fisg;

gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiy cs;sJ@ ,J jtpHf;ftpayhj xd;wh
-Fk;. vdpDk;> khztHfs; jkJ ghlrhiy Neuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dUk;
nghJ E}yfq;fisg;> gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jilNaJk;
,Ug;gjpy;iy.
(10) ghlrhiy E}yfq;fs;> khztHfSf;FjTk; gad;kpf;f E}y;fisAk;

- tpiy caHe;j E}y;fisAk; - kw;Wk; fpilg;gUik E}y;fisAk;
- mYtyf Kiwikapd; fPo; nghJ E}yfq;fspypUe;J ngw;W>
khztH gad;ngw cjTk; epiy cz;L. vt;thnwdpDk;> ghlrhiy
epUthfKk; nghJ E}yf epUthfKk; ,ize;Nj ,k; Kaw;rpia
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfSk; cs;sd.
(11) nghJ E}yfj;jpw;Fk; ghlrhiy E}yfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa MNuhf;fp

-akhd fUj;jhly;fs; - Gupe;JzHTfs; Njit. ,jd; %yk;> epyTk;
tsq;fspypUe;J cr;rg; gad;ghl;ilr; RtPfupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.
,it tsHf;fg;gLtjd; ClhfNt> MSikAk;> jpwDk; thrpg;Gg;
gof;fKk; cs;s XH ,isa guk;giuiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; epiyik
-ahdJ rpj;jpf;Fk; vdj; Jzpayhk;.
mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; ts ikak;.

mf;fiug;gw;W nghJ E}yfk; Gj;jff;nfhs;tdtpd; NghJ> mjpgHfs;
,yf;fpa MHtyHfs; MrpupaHfs; khztHfs; Ma;thsHfs; nghJ
tsk; - 2010
thrfHfs; MfpNahuJ gy; J iw rhHe; j E}y; f s; njhlHghd
Nfhupf;iffisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Nl E}y; nfhs;tdT nra;fpd;wJ. jtpuTk;>
nghJ - JiwrhH E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; tof;fj;ij> tUlj;jpd;
vy; y hg; gUtj; j pYk; eilKiwg; g Lj; j p tUfpd; w ik ,q; F
Fwpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. kl;Lkd;wp> E}y;nfhs;tdtpd;NghJ> E}y;fspd;
juepUzaNk Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;Fg; nghJ E}yf
mgptpUj;jpf; FOtpdupd; MNyhridfs; ngupJk; JizGupe;J tUfpd;wd.
mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rigapd; nfsut jtprhsH mtHfsJ topfhl;lYk;

- MNyhridAk; E}yf mgptpUj;jpf; FOtpdupd; Kd;Nahridkpf;f
nraw; g hLfSk; ,q; F Kf; f pa ,lk; ngWfpd; w d. vjpHfhy
tsHr;rpg;Nghf;fpy;> `y;yh[; jfty; ts ikaj;ijAk; - mf;fiug;gw;W
ghlrhiy E}yfq;fisAk;> nghJr; nraw;ghLfspd; fPo; ,izj;Jr;
nraw;gLk; vz;zq;fs; jtprhsH mtHfSf;F cz;L. Gjpa cghaq;fs;
- etkhd Nahridfs; vd;gd cs;sHP f;fg;gl;l epfo;rr
; pj;jpl;lq;fs;> ,jw;F
mD$ykhfyhk;.
,e;epiyapy;> mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr rig nfsut jtprhsH mtHfSk;>

nfsut mq;fj;jtHfSk; nghJ E}yfj;jpd; tsHr;rpfUjp vLj;j tUk;
rfy Kaw;rpfSk; E}yfj;jpd; ehdhtpj Kd;Ndw;wq;fSf;Fk; tsKk;
tYTk; NrHj;Js;sd vd;gJ kpifahd $w;whff; nfhs;sKbah.
crhj;Jiz:
01. ghlrhiy E}yfj;ij xOq;fikj;jy; - epUtfpj;jy;
gapw;rpg;gl;liw - Njrpa E}yf jfty; tpQ;Qhd epWtdk;.
02. mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; tsika mgptpUj;jpf;
$l;lq;fspd; mwpf;iffs;.
03. E}Yk; E}yfKk; - v];.vk; fkhy;jPd;.
04. E}yf jfty; mwptpay; Ma;Tf;Nfhit - mUshde;jk;
=fhe;jyl;Rkp
tsk; - 2010
\mf;fiug;gw;W `y;yh[; jfty; ts ikak;|
- GjpaNjhH ek;gpf;ifapd; xspf;fw
P W
;
V.[p. md;tH
Mrpupa MNyhrfH (topfhl;ly; - MNyhrid)
`y;yh[; jfty; tsika mgptpUj;jpf; FO cWg;gpdH
,yq;if cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; xU rl;;l G+Htkhd njhopw;ghlhfg;

nghJ E}yfq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;nghJ E}yfq;fs;> Fwpj;j khefu
- efu - gpuNjr rigfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; - mtw;wpd; epUthf
Mizf;Fl;gl;ljhfNt ,aq;fpAk; tUfpd;wd.
khefu rigf;Fl;gl;l nghJ E}yfq;fs;> gpujk E}yfupd; jifik rhd;w

gupghydj;Jf;Fl;gl;L ,aq;FtdthFk;. ,tuJ gjtpf;Fupa tifnrhy;Yk;
nghWg;G tpkHrdj;jpw;Fl;glhj tifapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;
,j;jifa E}yfq;fspd; gpd;dzp - mjhtJ - thrfj;njhFjpapdH>
fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; epuk;gpa mwpTk; mDgtKk; cs;stHfshf ,Ug;gJ
Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;. Fwpg;ghf - efu ikaj;ijr; NrHe;j - gbj;j> caH
gjtpfs; - kw;Wk; gjtpfs; tfpg;NghUk;> - gjtp Xa;T epiyapy; cs;NshUk;>
GyikrhHe; j Ma; t wpTs; s ehdhtpj tl; l j; j pdUk; ,g; n ghJ
E}yfq;fSf;fhd thrfj;njhFjpapduhtH.
,j;jifa ftdr; nrwpTkpf;f gadhspfspd; Neub mf;fiwapd; fPo;

,it ,aq;Ffpd;wd. kl;Lkd;wp> khefurig cWg;gpdHfspd; mjp$ba
ftdKk; > ,tw; w pd; N ky; cs; s d. vdNt> ,j; j ifa caHkl; l
mOj;jq;fshy; E}yfk; vJtpj \nrhbTfSk;| - njha;TfSk; ,d;wp
,aq;f tha;g;Ngw;gLfpwJ.
ghuk;gupa - kuGtopapyhd gbj;j ,t;thrfH tl;lk; ,q;F Kf;fpa

ftdj;ijg; ngWfpwJ. ,e; E}yfq;fspd; jpl;lkpl;;l tsHr;rpf;Fupa
tsk; - 2010
ngaw;ghLfSf;Fk; - rPuhd - nrk;ikahd ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; XH ce;J rf;jp
Njit. ,j;jifa XH ce;J rf;jpahf - Cf;fpahf - ,t;thrf tl;lj;jpduJ
MNyhrid - topfhl;ly; - cjTfuk; vd;gd vr; #o;epiyapYk; fpilf;fg;
ngWfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,tw;wpw;Fg; Gweilahf ,aq;Fk; E}yfq;fSk;
cs;sd.
Mapd; > Nkw; F wpj; j ftpepiy (Atmosphere)> gpuNjrrigfspdhy;

gupghypf;fg;gLk; nghJE}yfq;fspd; nraw;ghLfspy; gpujpgypg;gjhf ,y;iy
vd;Wk;> ,j;jifa Njf;fepiy neLehl;fshfNt czug;gl;L tUtjhfTk;
r%f ed;ikehLk; xU rhuhH Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,jw;fhd jf;f rhd;Wfshfg;
gpd;tUtd mj;jifNahuhy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
l nghJthfj; jtprhsH kw;Wk; rigapdH MfpNahH nghJ E}yfk;

gw;wpa njspthd Nehf;Fk; <LghLk; mw;wpUg;gJ.
l gpuNjr rigahdJ> gpuNjr cl;fl;Lkhd mgptpUj;jpapd; kPJ fhl;Lk;

cw; rhfkhd <Hg;Gk; - <LghLk;Nghy;> nghJE}yf tsHr;rpapy; fhl;Lt-
jpy;iy. xU fpuhk r%fj;jpd; tsHr;rp vd;gJ cl;fl;Lkhd tsHr;rp
kl;LNk vd;gijg; Gupe;J itj;jpUg;gJNghy;> mwpT+l;lk; - Gyikr;
nrwpTs;s XH mwpthHe;j r%fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;gw;wpa rpe;jid Fwpj;J
myl;bf; nfhs;tjpy;iy my;yJ Gupe;J nfhs;s tpUg;gw;wpUg;gJ.
l gpuNjr rigahdJ> E}yfk; vd;gJ Ntz;lg;glhj XH myF vd;w

thHg;G vz;zf;fUitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;. ,j;jifa fUj;J epiyahy;
Vw;gLk; ghugl;rk; - Gwf;fzpg;G - khw;whe;jha; kdg;ghd;ik Nghy;td.
l nghJ E}yf MNyhrid - mgptpUj;jpf;FO vd;w xd;W ,y;yh

Js;sik. Fwpj;j ,f;FO> xU Rw;wwpf;iff;F mikthf - xU
\fljhrpj;Njit| - vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> ,f;F ; Otpd;
,af;f; j;ijf; fplg;gpy; ,l;Lj; Njf;fpitj;jpUf;Fk; xU #o;epiy
njhlHe;Jk; nry;tJ.
l nghJ E}yff;FO - kw;Wk; MNyhridr;rig vd;gd Njitaw;wit@

tPzr
; pukq;fisAk; Ntiyg;gSf;fisAk; Njhw;Wtpg;git vd;w \ghuk;
tsk; - 2010
gupaj; jtprhsHfs;| nfhz;Ls;s fUj;J epiy. ,jdhy;> ,j;jifa
FOtpdH epakdk; nra;ag;glhJs;sik.
l gapw;rp ngw;w E}yfUk; NghJkhd MszpAk; ,y;yhjpUg;gJk; NghJ-

khd epjpA+l;lk; jug;glhky; kWf;fg;gl;L tUtJk;. gapw;rp ngw;w
E}yfH ,Ug;gpDk;> mtUf;F epUthfj;jpdhy; jFe;j Cf;fg;ghL
kw;Wk; ey;yhjuT vd;gd jug;gLtjpy;iy vd;w nghUkYk; epyT
fpd;wik.
l E}yfHfspy; - rpyH kj;jpapy; - mHg;gz rpe;ij ,y;yhjpUg;gJk;

,q;F Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. jtpuTk; mtHfsJ mrke;jkhd Nghf;Fk;
tifnrhy;yj; jpuhzpaw;w nraw;ghLfSk;.
l tpNrl MizahsHfspd; epUthff;fhykhdJ mtHfisg; nghWj;j

mstpy>; Nkyjpf xU gFjp NeuNtiyahff; (Part time job) nfhs;sg;gl;lik@
mjdhy;> E}yfq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mtw;wpw;fhd \mgptpUj;jpf;fz;fs;|
,ay;ghfNt milgl;Lg;Nghdik. ,Ug;gpDk; mtHfsJ fhyfl;lj;jpy;
mt;tg;NghJ> ,ay;ghfNt fpilf;fg; ngw;w E}yf mgptpUj;jpfs;>
E}yfj;ijj; J}He;J Nghfhky; fhj;jd vdyhk;.
l gpuNjr thrfHfs;> gbj;jtHfs;> ghlrhiy mjpgHfs;> MrpupaHfs;

MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l KOr;r%fKk;> E}yfj;jpd; kPJ nfhs;sNtz;ba
<LghL - ftdk; - mOj;jk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
l ngUk;ghYk;> ,g; gpuhe;jpaj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu - \xU Kd;Ndhb

E}yf mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kd;Kaw;rp| vJTk; ,Jfhytiu Nkw;
nfhs;sg; gl;bUf;ftpy;iy@ my;yJ mj;jifa xU \khjpup E}yf
Kd;Kaw;rp| (Model Library) Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd GyikrhH vj;j
-dq;fs; vJTNk ,y;yhjpUe;jik $l czug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mapd;> ,j;jifa Njf;fepiyahdJ> mf;fiug;gw;W nghJ E}yfj;ijg;

nghWj;j tiu mfd;Ws;sJ. jw;NghJ xU khw;wj;jpw;fhd nraw;ghLfs;
njd;glj; njhlq;fpAs;sik xU ey;y rFdNkahFk;. Nkw;Nghe;j
jilf;fw;fisAk; jhz;b> mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjr jtprhsH nfsut V.vy;
tsk; - 2010
jtk; mtHfs; kw;Wk; mtHjk; nfsut rigapdH vLj;jpUf;Fk; `y;yh[;
jfty; ts ikaj;jpd; tPWnfhz;l tpopg;ghdJ> \xU Gjpa tuT - xU
Gjpa tpbay; - my;yJ GjpanjhU ek;gpf;iff; fPwW
; | vd ,dq;fhzg;glyhk;.
,j;jifa ek;gpf;iff;F VJtha; mike;Js;s fhuzpfs;

(01) ekJ nfsut jtprhsH mtHfs; jd;dstpy; xU jukhd thrf-
dhfTk; Mf;f ,yf;fpa fhudhfTk; cs;shH. mjdhy;> nghJE}yf
mgptpUj;jpapd; rhHgpy; ,ay;ghfNt Cf;fKs;stuhdhH. jdJ
rigapdiuAk; ,j;jpir Nehf;fp gazpf;fr; nra;Ak; gzpapy;
Kidg;ghf ,Ue;J Mw;Wg;gLj;jptUtJk; ,q;F mtjhdpf;fg;
gLfpwJ. XH mgptpUj;jpahsDf;F vLj;j fUkj;jpy; Mokhd
gpbg;G - ,urpg;G - ,yapg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; ,tiug;
nghWj;jtiu epjHrdkhfpd;wJ.
(02) fle;j tUlq;fspy; nghJ E}yfj;jpw;nfdj; jFe;j - nghUj;jkhd

Xuplk; ,y;yhj epiyapYk;> fupridAld; ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy;
nghJ E}yfj;ij khw;wpaikj;J mjd; njhlH Nritapid kf;fs;
ngw cj;juthjg;gLj;jpaik.
(03) gfPujg; gpuaj;jdj;NjhL Kad;W ngw;w US AID E}yff;fl;llk;

xd;iwg; nghUj;jk; mwpe;J epUkhzpj;J> ,aq;fr; nra;jNjhL
gpwpnjhU thrpg;Gg;gFjpia mjhcy;yh muq;fj;jpy; nraw;glr;
nra;jik.
(04) gpuNjrkl;lj;jpy;> mDgtKk; Ma;twpTKs;s xU rhuhiu mgptp

-Uj;jpr;rigapy; mkHj;jpaNjhL> mtHfs; RahjPdkhf ,aq;f
tha;gg; spj;Js;sik.
(05) xU \khjpup nghJ E}yfj;ij| (Model Library) mikf;Fk; jpl;lq;fs;

- nraw;ghLfs; mlq;fpa njspthd xU E}yff; nfhs;ifiag;
gpufldpj;Js;sik@ jtpuTk;> \b[pw;wy; E}yfk;| (Digital Library) vDk;
,yf;if Nehf;fpa J}ug;gazj;ij ,d;Nw njhlq;fpAs;sik.
tsk; - 2010
(06) thrpg;G Kaw;rpapd; njhlf;fk; my;yJ up~p%yk; - ghlrhiyfNs!
,jdhy;> mjpgHfs;> MrpupaHfs; MfpNahuJ tYthd njhlHe;J
Ks;s gq;Fgw;Wjy; - $l;L Kaw;rpfs; mlq;fpa nra;jpl;lj;ij
-mwpKfg;gLj;jTs;sik.
(07) mf;fiug;gw;W nghJ E}yfj;ij> ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; xU \Kd;Ndhb

- khjpup| (Model) Mf tsHj;njLg;gjpy; gpuNjr rigapd; nfsut
cWg;gpdHfs; midtUk; xU kdjhf epd;W jtprhsUf;Fj; jkJ
khdj MjuT - kw;Wk; cjtpfis toq;fp tUfpd;wdH. ,JTk;
$l xU tpNrl mk;rkhFk;.
vdNt> ,g;ghupa Kaw;rpapd; gbepiyfs;> kpfr;nrk;ikahf efHtjw;fhd

Vw;ghLfs; jw;NghJ jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,dpNky; ekJ}upd; E}yf
fyhrhukhdJ jw;Nghija Gjpa nghJ E}yff;fl;blj;jpd; jpwg;G
tpohNthL fhy;Nfhs; Mfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa ,g;Gjpa E}yf fl;blj;njhFjpapid> jFe;j xU fhy

#o;epiyapy; epHkhzpj;J> ,t;T+Uf;Fr; rkHg;gzk; nra;Js;s ekJ
khz;GkpF mikr;rH my;`h[; V.vy;.vk; mjhcy;yh mtHfis epide;J
cskhu ed;wp ghuhl;LtJ xU r%ff;flikahFk;. jtpuTk;> md;dhUf;Fg;
gf; f Jizahf mkHe; J > md; d hupd; topfhl; l Yf; F ,irthfr;
nra;jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jptUk; gpuNjr rigj; jtprhsH [dhg;
V.vy;. jtk; kw;Wk; mtuJ nfsut rig cWg;gpdHfSf;Fk; ,q;F
ed;wp $WtJ kpFe;j kfpo;tpidj; jUfpwJ.
\\`y;yh[; jfty; ts ikaj;jpd;|| kPs; vOr;rp $Wk; ,e;ew;nra;jpahdJ>

fyPgh `h&d; w~Pj; (fp.gp 786) mtHfs; gf;jhj; efupy; epHkhzpj;j
\\igj;Jy; `pf;kh|| - House of Wisdom - Qhdhyak; - vDk; tuyhw;Wg;
gpugy;akpf;f E}yfj;ij ekf;F epidT+l;Ltjhf cs;sJ.
cyfshtpa ekJ Kd;NdhHfspd;> E}yfQhdg; ghuk;gupak; vj;Jiz

rpwg;G tha;ej
; J vd;gJk;> mj;jifa Qhdthd;fspd; Gj;jpuHfNs ehk;
vd;gJk; ek;ik ,ay;ghfNt ngUik nfhs;sitf;fpwJ@ mj;NjhL>
ek;ikAk; ekJ epiyikfisAk; Mokhfr; rpe;jpf;fTk; itf;fpwJ.
tsk; - 2010
E}yfq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F K];ypk;fspd; gq;fspg;G
m~;n~a;f; vk;.I.vk;. ]{igH
E}yfq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;F
K];ypk;fspd; gq;fspg;G
m~;n~a;f; vk;.I.vk;. ]{igH
K];ypk;fspd; mwptpay; tsHr;rp ngUk;ghYk; gs;spthry;fs;> kj;u]hf;fs;>

E}yfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;Nl Vw;gl;lJ. mbikfs; Kjy;>
rhk;uhI;aj;jpd; murHfs; tiu> mwptpay; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fk;
E}yfq;fspd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; mUk;gzpahw;wpAs;sdH.
Muk;gfhy K];ypk;fspd; gbg;ghHtk; E}y;epiyaq;fs;> Muha;rr

; pf; $lq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw mikf;f topNfhypaJ. `p[;up 2Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpNy Mapuf;fzf;fhd nghJ - jdpahH E}yfq;fSk; mtw;iw
xl;ba Ma;T$lq;fSk;> nkhopngaHg;G epiyaq;fSk; ,];yhkpa
rhk;uh[;ak; KOtjpYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;Wtpl;ld.
Kjd; Kjypy; E}yfk; xd;iw epWtp - mwpTr; rhjdq;fis nkhopnghaHj;J

mwptpay; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;F mj;jpthukpl;l ngUik fyPgh fhypj;
gpd; a]Pj; (fp.gp 704) vd;gtiuNa rhUk;. mtHjhd; Kjy; K];ypk;
,urhahdtpayhsH vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. fpNuf;f re;epahrpahd
kpHahd]; vd;gtuplkpUe;J ,urthjj;ijf; fw;W> ,urhadtpay; gw;wpa
%d;W E}y;fisAk; vOjpdhH.
,e;j E}yfj;ij ,g;D ejPd; (fp.gp 987) ghHitapl;ljhfTk;> kUj;Jtk;

rj;jpurpfpr;ir> thdtpay;> ,urhadtpay; Nghd;w Jiwfisr; rhHe;j
ngWkjpkpf;f E}y;fs; mq;F ,Ue;jjhfTk;> tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;nghd;W
$Wfpd;wJ.
tsk; - 2010
,jidj; njhlHe;Nj> ,];yhkpa cyfpy; E}y;fisAk; mwptpaw;
rhjdq;fisAk; xd;W NrhHg;gJk; nkhopngaHg;gJkhd eltbf;iffs;
gpugy;akhff; njhlq;fpd. [h`pypahf;fhyf; ftpijfs;> mf;fhyj;jpy;
tho;e;j Nghuhl;l tPuHfspd; rpwg;Gf;fs;> mtHfsJ guk;giu gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wd E}YUg;ngwj; njhlq;fpd. ,itjtpu> ,];yhkpa
%yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpa E}y;fs;> K];ypk; mwpQHfshy; vOjg;gl;ld.
jg;]HP > `jP]>; ,];yhkpa rl;lk;> tuyhW> tho;f
; i
; f tuyhW> jHf;fk;
Nghd;w JiwfspYk; gy ngWkjpkpf;f E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld.
`p[;up 87,y; fyPgh tyPjpd; (fp.gp 705 - 715) MNyhridapd; Ngupy;>

mg;Jy;yh`; gpd; khypf; vd;gtH vfpg;J ehl;bd; cj;jpNahfG+Ht
Mtzq;fis muG nkhopf;Fg; ngaHj;jhH. mt;thNw> fyPgh `p~hk;
gpd; mg;Jy; kypf; (fp.gp 723 - 742) fhyj;jpy; rpupaehl;bd; cj;jpNahfG+Ht
Mtzq;fs; muG nkhopf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gl;ld. NkYk;> mtH jdJ
jiyik vOJ tpidQH ]hypik> fp.gp 731 ,y; tho;e;j ghurPf
murHfspd; tuyhw;iw nkhop ngaHf;Fk;gb fl;lisapl;lhH. mjd; gb>
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;l me;j E}ypy; ghurPf kd;dHfspd; cUtg;glq;fSk;
,lk; ngw;wpUe;jd.
mg;gh]paH Ml;rpapy; E}yfq;fs;

mg;gh]paH fhyj;jpy;> mwptpay; Jiwapy; gy kfj;jhd khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld. fyPgh k/%d; (fp.gp 754 - 775) mwptpaw; Jiwapd; Ngh~fuhf
tpsq;fpdhH. mtuJ gzpg;Giuapd;Ngupy; gpw nkhopfspYs;s tpQ;Qhdk;>
,yf;fpak; Nghd;w Jiwfs; rhHe;j Mf;fq;fs; xd;W NrHf;fg;gl;L> mugpapy;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; `jP]f
; s; xd;W NrHf;fg;gl;L
E}YUg; ngw;wJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,];yhkpa rl;lf;fiy rhHe;j E}y;fs;
gyTk; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ld. <uhdpaH> rhf;fpf;fp (SAKIKI)fspd;
tuyhW> ghurPfHfspd; Gdpj E}y; vd;gdTk; muGf;F nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld.
K];ypk;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ> fpwp];jtHfSk; Ma;T NtiyfspYk; -
nkhopngaHg;Gg; gzpfspYk; <LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jdH. mjpfkhf mtHfs;>
ghurPf E}y;fis nkhopngaHg;gjpy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldH. ,e;j tifapy;>
kdp (MANI) (fp.gp 215) vd;gtUila VO E}y;fs; muG nkhopf;F
tsk; - 2010
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j VO E}y;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpguq;fs;>
,g;D ejPd; vOjpa gp`;up];j; (FIHRIST) vd;w E}ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;Wld;> ghurPf kd;dHfshd nes~Hthd;> `{HK];> Ml~pH

Nghd;NwhupdJ fbjq;fs; Rw;WepUgq;fs;> fl;lisfs; vd;gdTk; xd;W
NrHf;fg;gl;L nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld. ehty; ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; K];ypk;fs;
mf; f hyj; j py; MHtkpf; f tHfshf ,y; y hjpUe; J k; > mj; J iwiaAk;
tpl;Litf;ftpy;iy. E}yfq;fspy; itg;gjw;fhfntd;W ehty;fSk;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld. gf;jhjpy; mg;gh]pa fyPghf;fspd; muritf;F
,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,e;Jkj mwpQHfs; tutiof;fg;gl;L> rk];fpUj
nkhopE}y; f s; muG nkhopf; F nkhopngaHf; f g; g l; L E}yfj; j py;
itf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;Jkj mwpQHfSf;F caH gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;L
nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldH. fp.gp 773,y; thdpay; gw;wpa E}y;fs;> rpj;jhe;j
Nghd;w ,e;jpa mwpT E}y;fs; my; - g~hup vd;gtuhy; mugpapy;
nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld.
\\igJy; `pf;kh||
fyP g h `h&d; w]P j pd; (fp.gp. 786) fhyj; j py; E}yfj; J iwapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT mgptpUj;jpapid mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. mtH gf;jhj;
\\igJy; `pf;kh|| (House of Wisdom) vd;w tuyhw;Wg; gpugy;akpf;f
E}yfj;ij mikj;jhH. mJ ntWkNd xU E}yfkhf kl;Lkd;wp> xU
fy;tp epiyakhfTk; - nkhopngaHg;G ikakhfTk; - m];k< - ~hgp< -
<]h gpd; A+D]; - ]_g;ahDj; njsup - ,g;wh`Pk; %]hyp Nghd;w
jiy rpwe;j mwpQHfs; xd;W $b Ma;T Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; ,lkhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. fpNuf;f ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfSk;> fpof;fj;jpa ,yf;fpa E}y;fSk;
mugpapy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;L Ma;T NtiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
`h&d; my; - u~Pjpd; gpujk mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j a`;ah gpd; fhypj;

gHkfP vd;gtH mf;fhyj;jpy; gpugy;akile;jpUe;j mwpQHfisAk; ngsjpf
tpayhsHfisAk; jj;JtQhdpfisAk; gf;jhJf;F mioj;J tUtjhfg;
gy J}JtHfis ,e;jpahTf;Fg; mDg;gpdhH. ,e; eltbf;if gf;jhj;
tsk; - 2010
efiu mwptpd; kj;jpa epiyakhf khw;wptpl;bUe;jJ. mwptpaYf;Fk;>
Muha;rr
; pf;Fk;> nkhopngaHg;G NtiyfSf;Fk; gpugy;akpf;f ,lkhfg;
gf;jhj; jpfo;ej
; J. epw> kj> ,d NtWghbd;wp> nkhopngaHg;ghsHfs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. ,/yhd; ~_Cgp vd;gtH mugpaHfSf;F vjpuhdtuhf
,Ue;Jk; $l> E}yf mjpfhupahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,Nj fhyfl;lj;jpy;
mNugpa tuyhw;wha;thsuhd ckH my; - thfpup (fp.gp 736 - 811)
vd;gtH> jdJ E}yfj;jpy; 120 E}yf xl;lfq;fs; Rke;J nry;yf;$ba
msTf;Fg; ngUe; njhifahd E}y;fis itj;jpUe;jjhf tuyhW
$Wfpd;wJ.
fyPgh k/%d; jdJ je;ij epWtpa igJy; `pf;khit fp.gp 830 ,y;
tpupTgLj;jp> mjd; caH mjpfhupahfj; jiyrpwe;j nkhopngaHg;ghsuhf
,Ue;j `_idd; gpd; ,];`hf; (fp.gp 809 - 877) vd;gtiu epakpj;jhH.
,tH ghurPfk;> rk];fpUjk;> rpupa ehl;L nkhop> gz;ila vfpg;jpa
nkhop ( Coptic) fpNuf;f nkhop Nghd;w nkhopfspypUe;J E}y;fis
muGf;F nkhopngaHj;J te;jhH. nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;l E}y;fSf;Fr; rkkhd
epiwAs;s jq;fj;ij toq;fp fyPgh k/%d; ,tiuf; nfsutpj;jhH.
,e;j epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kw;nwhU nkhopngaHg;ghsH A+`d;dh

vd;gtH - gy nkhopE}y;fis nkhopngaHf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;j
,tH> - jiyrpwe;j xU jj;Jt QhdpahfTk; kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whH. Gfo;ngw;w
jj;Jt Qhdpahd my; - fpe;jp fp.gp (813 - 874) Ak; ,e;j epWtdj;jpd;
mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhH.
nkhopngaHg;Gg; gzpfNshL NrHj;J> vz;fzpjk;> thdtpay;> top

kz;lytpay;> ,ae;jputpay;> kUj;Jtk; njhlHghd jdpahd E}y;fs;
vOjg;gl;L> nghJkf;fspd; ghtidf;F tplg;gl;ld. igJy; `pf;khTf;fhf>
ngsjpftpay; mwpQH my; - uh]p (kuzk; - fp.gp 925) 200f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
E}y;fis vOjp toq;fpdhH. igJy; `pf;kh E}yfj;jpy; E}y; ml;il
fl;Lk; (Book Binding) gzpia ,g;D mG+ `hup]; Nkw;nfhz;ljhf
mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. fyPgh k/%dpd; fhyj;jpypUe;J E}y;fis xd;W NrHj;jy;
- njhFj;jy; - nkhopngaHj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfs; gf;jhj; vq;fpYk; eilngw;W
tsk; - 2010
te;jd. mikr;rHfSk;> murit cWg;gpdHfSk;> kw;Wk; gyUk; jdpg;gl;l
E}yfq;fisg; guhkupj;J mjw;nfd mjpf gzj;ijAk; nrytpl;L te;jdH.
fyPgh Kjtf;fpypd; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j gj;jh`; - gpd; fhF Md;
vd;gtH> tprhykhdnjhU E}yfj;ij epWtp> myP - gpd; - a`;ah
Kd[;[pk; (kuzk; fp.gp 888) vd;gtiu mjd; E}yfuhf itj;jpUe;jhH.
fyPgh thjpf; gpy;yh`;tpd; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j K`k;kj; - gpd; mg;Jy;
kypf; i]a;ahj; vd;gtH> nkhopngaHg;G - gpujpgz;zy; - NtiyfSf;Fg;
gj;jhapuk; &gha; tiu nrytpl;Ls;sjhf tuyhw;W E}y;fs; gjpT
nra;Js;sd. my;thfpjp vd;w tuyhw;W mwpQH> 600 mYkhupfs; msTs;s
E}y;fis itj;jpUe;jjhfTk; mtH kuzpg;gjw;Fr; rpy ehl;fSf;F Kd;dH
mtw;wpy; xU gFjpia 2000 jq;f ehzaq;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;jjhfTk;
,g;D ejPk; jdJ E}ypy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH. mg;Jy; fh]pk; [hgpH gpd;
K`k;kj; gpd `kjhd; my; %]pyp (fp.gp 854 - 934) vd;gtH K]py;
efupy;> \\jhUy; ,y;k|; | (House of Knowledge) vd;w ngaupy; xU nghJ
E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH.
i]Gj; njsyh (fp.gp 944 - 967) XH mwpQuhfTk; giltPuuhfTk;

,Ue;jtH. fy;tpapy; jPuhj Ntl;if nfhz;bUe;j ,tupd; muritapw;
gy ftpQHfSk; mwpQHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; MHtk;
nfhz;bUe;j mtH> mj;Jiw rhHe;j gy ngWkjpkpf;f E}y;fisj; jdJ
E}yfj;jpy; NrHj;J itj;jpUe;jhH. ,tuJ E}yf mjpfhupahf ,g;D
`h~pKk; > epHthfpahf (,g; D `h~pkpd; ) ,tupd; rNfhjuUk;
gzpGupe;jdH. ,tHfs; ,UtUk; jiyrpwe;j ftpQHfshfTk; tpsq;fpdH.
mSJj; njsyh
ftpQuhfTk; mwpQuhfTk; Gfo;nghw;wpUe;j Git`; Ml;rpahsuhd mSj;
njsyh (fp.gp 977 - 982) ~puh]; efupy; midj;J trjpfSlDk; $ba
xU E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH. ,];yhj;jpd; Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;J jdJ
fhyk; tiuapy; ntspaplg;gl;l gy;NtW Jiwfs; rhHe;j E}y;fisAk;>
ifnaOj; J VLfisAk; xd; W NrHj; J itf; F k; gb ,tH cupa
mjpfhupfSf;Ff; fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jhH. ,e;E}yfk; gw;wp my;yhkh g~;~hup
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH:
tsk; - 2010
\mJ G+kpapYs;s Rtdk;|| mjpy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd E}y;fisf; nfhz;L
epug;gg;gl;l gy mYkhupfs; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j mYkhup xt;nthd;Wk;
%d;W ahH mfyKk; xU kdpjdpd; cauj;jsT ePsKilajhfTk;
,Ue;jJ. mtw;wpd; gyiffs; El;gkhd Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;Lk;
- myq;fupf;fg;gl;Lk; - jq;fKyhk; G+rg;gl;Lk; - ghHg;gjw;F kpfTk;
ftHr;rpahf ,Ue;jd. xt;nthU tplaj;Jf;Fkhfj; (Subject) jdpahd
miwfSk;> gl;bay;fSk; (Catalogues) Ngzg;gl;L te;jd. E}yfj;jpd;
epUthfj; i jj; jpwk; g l elhj; j pr; nry; y xU epUthfpAk; > xU
nghUshsUk;> rpy vOJtpidQHfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. nghJ
kf;fs; E}yfj;jpw;F tUtJ jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. Muha;r;rp
Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; mwpQHfs; kl;LNk mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH.
g]uhtpYk; mSJj; njsyh xU E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH. Muha;r;rp

ahsHfSf;Fk;> mwpQHfSf;Fk; khj;jpuNk mjidg; gad;gLj;Jk; mDkjp
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
\\fp]hdJy; tf;g|; | vd;w ngaupy; g]uhtpYk; ,d;DnkhU E}yfk; my;

gpd; rt;yhH my; - fj;jg
P ; vd;gtuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tH mSJj;
njsyhtpd; fPo; Nritahw;wpatH vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;j E}yfk;
mupjhd E}y;fs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
nghJ E}yfq;fs;.
fp.gp 922 ,y; Git`; ftHdH ~hG+H gpd; mHjh~pH vd;gtH \\jhUy;
,y;k|; | (House of Knowledge) vd;w ngaupy; xU nghJ E}yfj;ij gf;jhjpy;
Njhw;wptpj;J> gy E}W Gj;jfq;fis nghJ kf;fspd; ghtidf;fhf
md;gspg;Gr; nra;jhH. ,J K];ypk;fshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg; gl;l Kjy;
nghJ E}yfkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fp.gp 1004 ,y; vfpg;jpa muruhf ,Ue;j `h]pk; mkpH gpy;yh`; vd;gtH
nghJkf;fspd; ghtidf;fhf xU ngupa E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH. ,jd;
jpwg;G tpoh kpfTk; Mlk;gukhfTk; NfhyhfykhfTk; gy fiy
epfo;r;rpfSld; $bajhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. E}yfj;jpw;F tUk;
tsk; - 2010
thrfUf;Fj; Njitahd fljhrpfs;> Ngidfs;> ikf;$Lfs; vd;gd
E}yfj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j E}yfKk; \\jhUy; ,y;k|; | vd;w
ngaupNyNa Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. fp.gp 1009 ,y; E}yfj;jpd; nryTfis
<Lnra;Ak; nghUl;L> E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gy fl;llq;fSk;>
filj;njhFjpfSk; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;L> mtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; tUkhdk;
E}yfj;jpd; NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,tw;iwj; njhlHe;J> nghJ E}yfq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw Muk;gpj;jd
md;iwa K];ypk; cyfpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk;> nghJ E}yfq;fs;
epWTk; gzpfs; KLf;fptplg;gl;ld.
fy;Y}up> gy;fiyf;fof E}yfq;fs;

fp.gp 11Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; K];ypk; ehLfspy;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; -
fy;Y}upfs; Nghd;wd Njhw;wk; ngwyhapd. fy;Y}upfspYk; gy;fiyf;
fofq;fspYk; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztHfSf;Fk;> fw;gpf;Fk; tpupTiuahsH-
fSf;Fk; gadspf;Fk; tifapy; E}yfq;fs; miktJ jtpHf;f Kbahjjha;
,Ue;jJ.
fy;tpj;Jiwapd; Kd;NdhbAk;> cyfg;Gfo;ngw;w gpujk ke;jpupAkhd ]hKy;

Ky; f ; (kuzk; 1092) vd; g tiur; #o> thdpay; tpw; g d; d Hfs; >
tuyhw; w ha; t hsHfs; Nghd; w tHfis cs; s lf; f pa mwpQH Fohk;
xd;wpUe;jJ. mtH (ep]hKy; Ky;f); xU gy;fiyf;fofj;ij (ep]hkpah)
epWtp mjDld; NrHj;J xU E}yfj;ijAk; mikj;jhH. mj;Jld;>
,];yhkpa ehLfs; midj;jpYKs;s fy;tp epWtdq;fNshL NrHj;J>
E}yfq;fis mikf;FkhW nghJthdnjhU fl;lisiaAk; gpwg;gpj;jhH.
,e;j mur fl;lisiaj; njhlHe;J> rhk;uh[;ak; KOtjpYk; gy
E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd E}yfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. gs;spthry;fs; rpwpa
Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfs; cl;gl midj;Jf; fy;tp epiyaq;fspYk; E}yfq;fs;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
fp.gp 1066 ,y; kd;]_H my;- `hkpj; myu; Fthup];kp vd;gtH xU

kj;u]hTld; ,ize;jjhf \\fp]hdJy; Fj;g; gP k~;`jp mgP `dPgh||
vd;w ngaupy; xU E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH. gf;jhjpypUe;J %d;W iky;
tsk; - 2010
tlf;fhf ,khk; mG`dPgh (w`;) mtHfspd; mlf;f];jyj;Jf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy;
mike;jpUe;j ,e;E}yfj;ij ,d;Wk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
fp.gp 1233 ,y; fyPgh K];jd;]pH (fp.gp 1226 - 1242) gf;jhj; efupy;
K];jd;]pupa;ah rHtfyhrhiyia epWtp> mjDld; NrHj;J xU
E}yfj;ijAk; mikj;jhH. mjw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epyk;> fl;llk; vd;gtw;wpd;
ngWkjp Xupyl;rk; jq;f ehzaq;fshFk;. mJ RkhH 80 Mapuk; gpujpfis
(Volumes) cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ vd ,g;D my; - mjPH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.
mg;NghJ> gf;jhj; efupy; kl;Lk; 36 nghJ E}yfq;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; fzpf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
mg;gh]pa fpyhgj;jpy;> K];ypk;fspd; rhk;uh[;ak; KOtjpYk; fhzg;gl;l

nghJ E}yfq;fspy; ,Ue;j E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1.4 kpy;ypadhFk;.
fp.gp. 1258 ,y; kq;NfhypaHfs; gf;jhj; efiuf; nfhs;isapl;L> mq;fpUe;j
E}y;epiyaq;fisAk; E}y;fisAk; mopj;J tpl;ldH.
K];ypk;fs; ntw;wp nfhz;l midj;J ehLfspYk; E}y; epiyaq;fisAk;

; p $lq;fisAk; mtHfs; mikj;jdH. cikah fyPghthd
- Muha;rr
,uz; l htJ `fk; jiyrpwe; j mwpQruhfTk; J}uNehf; F ld;
rpe;jpg;gtuhfTk; gbg;ghHtk; kpf;ftuhfTk;> E}y;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy;
NguhHtk; nfhz;ltuhfTk; ,Ue;jhH. mtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J fpilj;j tUkhdk;> ,e;jj; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp
nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ];ngapd;> rpupah> vfpg;J>
gf;jhj;> ghurPfk;> Fuh]hd;> Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gioa - Gjpa - mupjhd
ngWkjpkpf;f E}y;fisr; NrHj;J tUtnjw;nfd> tpahghupfisAk; tpNrl
cj;jpNahfj;jHfisAk; mtH epakpj;jhH. mGy; gu[; my; - ,];g `hdp
(kuzk; fp.gp 967) jdJ gpugy;akpf;f E}yhd \\fpjhGy; mfhdp|| ia
vOjp Kbj;j nra;jpia mwpe;j ,uz;lhtJ `fk;> kf;fspd; ghtidf;F
tplKd; - mjid E}yfj;jpy; gjpT nra;Ak; gb Nfhup J}JtH xUtiu
mDg;gpdhH. mJ ehyhapuk; &ghTf;Ff; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;L
E}yfj;jpy; ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gw;wp> ,g;D fy;J}Dk; - my;
kf;fhupAk; - ,g;D mg;ghUk; tpgukhff; $wpapUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,g;D
tsk; - 2010
fy;J}d;> ,g;D mg;ghH MfpNahH gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH:
\\E}yfj;jpYs;s gy;NtW tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp cs;s 400 Mapuk;
E}y;fisAk; gl;baw; gLj;jpa NghJ> 800f;Fk; mjpfkhd gf;fq;fisf;
ftpij E}y;fs; gpbj;jpUe;jd.||
,uz;lhtJ `fKila Ml;r

; pf;fhyj;jpy;jhd;> NfhHNlhth rHtfyhrhiy
epHkhzpf;fg;gl;lJ. K];ypk;fs; kl;Lkd;wp fpwp];;jtHfSk; mq;F te;J
fw;wdH. Mgpupf;fh> INuhg;gh Nghd;w ehLfs; gytw;wpypUe;Jk; khztHfs;
mq;F te;jdH. ,uz;lhtJ `fk; mq;F ngupa E}yfk; xd;iw epWtp
ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfisr; NrHg;gjw;nfdg; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijr;
nrytpl;lhH. ,tuhy; mDg;gg;gl;l gy FOf;fs; gf;jhj;> lk];f];>
vfpg;J> mnyf;rhe;jpupah Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspYs;s filfs;> E}yfq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpw;Fr; nrd;W - E}y;fisj; Njb - mtw;iwj; jpul;Lk; gzpapy;
<Lgl;ld. E}yfj;Jf;nfdg; gy E}y;fis vOjpj; je;JjTkhW mwpQHfs;
Ntz; b f; n fhs; s g; g l; l dH. ,jw; f pzq; f gy E}y; f s; vOjg; g l; L >
mtHfSr;Fr; rkHg;gzk; nra;ag;gl;ld. mt;thW vOjg;gl;ltw;Ws;
NfhHNlhthitr; NrHe;j mGy; `]d; Mupg; gpd; ]aPj; (kuzk; fp.gp
980) vd;gtuhy; fp.gp 961 ,y; vOjg;gl;l fpjhg; gp xsfhj; my; ]djp
vd;w fyz;lH tbtpy; mike;j E}y; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e; E}y;> fp.gp
1873 ,y; Nlh]p (Dozy) vd;gtuhy; yj;jd
P ; nkhopf;Fg; ngaHf;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ `fkpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l E}yfk; gw;wp etPd fhy

; iuj;Js;sdH. ,tHfsJ fUj;Jg;gb> \\kj;jpa
mwpQHfs; $l Gfo;eJ
fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;ll
; murhq;f E}yfq;fspy; ,J Kjd;ik
tha;ej
; E}w;NrHf;iffisf; nfhz;l E}yfkhf|| tpsq;fpw;W.
E}y;fspd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j gw;wpd; fhuzkhf> mtw;iw Kiwg;gb

xOq;FgLj;jy;> gFg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;> myq;fupj;jy; nra;jy; Nghd;w
tplaq;fspYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpw;nfd jpwikkpf;f epGzHfs;
vOj;jzpf; fiyQHfs;> kPsha;T nra;NthH> ml;ilfl;LNthH (Binders)
Nghd;NwhH E}yfj;jpw;F miof;fg;gl;Lg; gy gzpfspy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldH.
E}y;fisg; gpujpnra;tjw;Fk;> myq;fhu Ntiyg;ghLfs; nra;tjw;Fk;
tsk; - 2010
tpNrl miwfs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. me;j miwfs; jq;f vOj;Jf;fshYk;>
mofhd tHzg; glq;fshYk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
Mz;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ngzfSk; kd;dH ,uz;lhtJ `fkpd; fhyj;jpy;

mwptpaw; Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; mjd; tpUj;jpf;Fk; xj;Jiog;G toq;FkhW
gzpf;fg;gl;L> mj;Jiwfspy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldH. ngz;fspy; mjpfkhNdhH
ftpij> fl;Liu> vOj;jzp myq;fhuk; vd;gtw;wpy; <Lgl;L> gy
Mf;fq;fisAk; cyFf;F mspj;jdH. kd;dupd; mbikg;ngz; xUj;jp
,yf;fzk;> fzpjk; vd;gtw;wpYk; Vida JiwfspYk; Mokhd mwpitg;
ngw;wpUe;jik epidT $uj;jf;fJ. mtistpl> muG nkhopiar; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; Ngrf;$batH mur rigapy; vtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;W
$Wk; msTf;F mtsJ nkhopahw;wy; mike;jpUe;jJ. murit mbik
]f;fupa;ah vd;ghupd; kfs; ghj;jpkh rpwe;j vOj;jzp Xtpauhf ,Ue;jNjhL>
kd;dUf;fhff; ifnaOj;jpypUe;j gy mwpNtLfisg; gpujp nra;J
nfhLj;jhs;. NfhHNlhthitr; NrHe;j m`;kj; gpd; K`k;kj; vd;gtuJ
kfshd Map~h> Ngr;rhw;wy; kpf;ftshfTk;> ftpij GidAk; Mw;wy;
gilj;jtshfTk; ,Ue;jJld;> jdf;nfd xU E}yfj;ijAk; Ngzpte;jhs;.
,uz;lhtJ `fKila fhyj;jpy; NfhHNlhthtpy; ,Ue;j gs;sp

thry; f NshL NrHj; J > RkhH 70 nghJ E}yfq; f s; ,Ue; j jhfr;
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ];nga;dpy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j ,g;D mg;gh]; vd;gtH
jdf;nfd xU E}yfj;jij itj;jpUe;jhH. mjpy; 400Mapuk; E}y;fs;
tiu ,Ue;jd.
,uz;lhtJ `fikj; njhlHe;J te;j> `h[pg; my; kd;]_H vd;gtUk;

mwpQHfSf;F Cf;fkspg;gtuhhf ,Ue;jhH. E}y;fisAk; mwptpay;
Mtzq;fisAk; ngupJk; tpUk;gpa mtH> jdJ E}yfj;jpw;F mupjhd
E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tnjw;nfdg; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijr;
nrytpl;lhH. gf;jhijr; NrHe;j ]aPj; (kuzk; - fp.gp 1021) vd;gtH
vOjpa> my; - G]_]; vd;w E}iy 5000 jq;f ehzaq;fs; nfhLj;J
mtH nfhs;tdT nra;jhH.
tsk; - 2010
Vida ehLfspy; E}yfq;fs;
Gfhuhtpy; kd;dH E}`; gpd; kd;]_H (fp.gp 976 -997) vd;gtuhy;
mikf;fg;gl;l E}yfk;> mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUkjpg;Gg; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ.
,Jgw;wp> ,g;D fy;ypf;fhd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH: \\fiy>
tpQ;Qhdk;> ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;NwhL njhlHghd midj;J tif
E}y;fSk; ,e;j E}yfj;jpy; NrHj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,it jtpu>
vq;FNk ngwKbahj ,d;Dk; ngWkjpkpf;f gy mupjhd E}y;fSk;
mq;fpUe;jd.||
myp ,g;D ]Pdh (fp.gp 980 -1037) ,e;j E}yfk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy;
gpd;tUk; fUj;ijf; Kd;itf;fpd;whH: \\ehd; ,e;j E}yfj;jpy; fz;l ;
jj;Jt E}y;fis NtW vtUk; - vq;Fk; fz;bUf;f KbahJ. mJ gy
miwfisf; nfhz;l xU gpuk;khz;lkhd fl;llkhf ,Ue;jJ. xt;NthH
miwapYk; gy mYkhupfs; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd@ mtw;wpf;F cs;NsAk;
ntspNaAk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghlq;fNshL (Sujects) njhlHghd E}y;fs; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jp itf;fg; gl;bUe;jd.||
vfpg;jpy; ghj;jpkpf;fs; gy gpukhz;lkhd E}yfq;fis mikj;jdH.

ghj;jpkpa;ahf; fypghthd my; m]P]; nfa;Nuhtpy; epWtpa E}yfk;
Kjd;ik ngWfpwJ. ,J 35 khztHfs; fy;tp fw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;j \\jhUy;
,y;k|; | vd;w mtuJ ghlrhiyAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j E}yfk;
RkhH XH ,yl;rk; E}y;fis cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ. ,tw;Wld; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
jq;fk;> nts;sp vd;gtw;why; myq;fupf;fg; gl;l my; - FHMd; gpujpfSk;
,Ue;jd. ,it E}yfj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j gpuj;jpNaf
miwapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd@ Vidait> ,];yhkpa rl;lk;> muG
,yf;fzk;> mzp ,yf;fzk;> tuyhW> tho;fi ; f tuyhW> thdpay;>
,urhadtpay; Nghd;w Jiwfs; rhHe;jdthf ,Ue;jd. ,it midj;Jk;
G+l;lg;gl;l mYkhupfspy; ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd
ie]hG+upy; mkPuhf ,Ue;j mG+ e]hH rp`hj; vd;gtH> jdJ nry;tj;jpw;

ngUk; gFjpia E}y;fisj; jpul;LtjpYk; - njhFg;gjpYk; nryT nra;jhH.
mtw;Wld; epy;yhJ> mbf;fb gf;jhj; nrd;W mupjhd E}y;fisj; NjLk;
gzpapYk; <Lgl;bUe;jhH.
tsk; - 2010
K`k;kj; gpd; `_i]d; my; gf;jhjp vd;gtUk; xU E}yfj;ij epWtpdhH.
,J gw;wp> ,g;D ejPk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH: \\,J Nghd;wnjhU
E}yfj;jij ehd; vq;Fk; ghHj;jjpy;iy. K`k;kj; gpd; `_i]dplk;
mbf;fb nry;Yk; tha;g;G vdf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ehd; mtUila
ed;kjpg;igg; ngw;w NghJ> xU ehs; vdf;F Kd;dhy; xU nghjpiaf;
nfhz; L te; J itj; j hH. mjpy; vz; z pylq; f hf; ftpijfSk; >
f]Pjhf;fSk;> gjpTfSk;> goq;fhy mugpfspd; Mtzq;fSk; ,Ue;jijf;
fz;Nld;. mit Fuh]hd;> vfpg;J> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpahd
fljhrpfspYk; - tpyq;Fspd; Njhy;fspYk; vOjg;gl;bUe;jd. NkYk;>
me;jg;nghjp egp (]y;) mtHfSk; myp (wop)> `]d; (wop)> `_i]d;
(wop) MfpNahUk; ehl;Lj; jiytHfSf;F vOjpa fbjq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. ]_g;ahDj; njsup> mt;]h< Nghd;Nwhupd;
ifnaOj;J Mf;fq;fSk; mjpw; fhzg;gl;ld. ,e;j E}yfj;jpypUe;J
jhd;> Kjd; Kjypy; muG ,yf;fzj;ij mikj;jtH mGy; m];tj;
vd;gijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;.||
ghurPfj;jpy; tho;ej ; K];ypk;fSk; gioa E}y;fisj; jpul;bg;ghJfhg;gjpy;

NguhHtk; fhl;bdH. ,J gw;wp mG+ k~;`H my; gy;fP gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg; g pLfpd; w hH: \\vt; t sNth fhyj; j pw; F Kd; d H> ,]; g `hdpy;
<uhdpauhy; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l ngupa E}yfnkhd;W ,Ue;jpUf;- fpd;wJ.
E}yfj;jpd; xU gFjp mopf;fg;gl;lNghJ> mjpy; kpfg; gioiktha;ej ;
ghurPf nkhop E}y;fs; gy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; vq;fspw; rpyUf;Nf
mtw;iw thrpj;J tpsq;f Kbe;jJ.||
,g;D ejPk; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpd;whH: \\`p[;up 350 ,y; (fp.gp 651) ,e;j
E}yfj;jpd; mLj;j gFjp mope;j NghJ mjpypUe;j E}y;fis thrpf;ff;
$batHfs; vtUk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. `p[;up 340 ,y; mjpypUe;j E}y;fspw;
rpytw;iw ,g;D Mgpj; vd;gtH gf;jhJf;F mDg;gpaij ehd;
fz;bUf;fpNwd;. ,e;j E}y;fs; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;jd. A+`d;dh
gpd; k#tpah vd;gtUk; ,d;Dk; rpyUNk mtw;iw thrpf;Fk; Mw;wy;
ngw;wpUe;jdH.||
f];dpia ntw;wp nfhz;l ]_y;jhd; K`k;kijr; (fp.gp 996 - 1030) #o

ehE}Wf;F Nkw;gl;l mwpQHfSk;> ,yf;fpathzHfSk;> my; - Ng&dp -
tsk; - 2010
gpHnjs]p> jfPfp> cd;]_up> m];[hjp Nghd;w ftpQHfSk; jpuz;bUe;jdH.
mtUk; xU E}yfj;ij epWtpapUe;jhH>
\\Muk;gfhy K];ypk; murHfSk;> gpujhdpfSk;> ke;jputhjpfSk;>

mwpQHfSk;. rhjhud kdpjHfSk; ,t;thWjhd; mwptpay; - E}yftpay;
Jiwfspd; tsHr;rpf;F tpj;jpl;lhHfs;. mtw;iw tsHg;gjpy; jq;fspd;
Neuj;ijAk; nrhj;J nry;tq;fisAk; nrytpl;ldH. vdpDk;> mtHfshy;
tsHf;fg;gl;l me;jf; fy;tpr; rpd;dq;fisg; gpd;te;NjhH> njhlHe;Jk;
vLj;Jr; nry;yhjjhy; me;epaupd; iffSf;F mit nrd;W tpl;ld
gpw;fhyj;jpy; K];ypk;fspilNa Vw;gl;l ke;j epiy - mwpTf;F Kd;Dupik
mspf;fhik - nghUshir - gjtpNkhfk; - gpupT kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;wit
mtHfspd; mwptpay; tuyhw;iwNa jpirjpUg;gp tpl;ld vdyhk;.||
crhj;Jiz:
(01) m`;kj; - mkPd>; S`;Uy; ,];yhk; (ghfk;: 2)

vfpg;J kf;jg; my; - e`;oh my; - kp];upa;ah> 1966
(02) my;- ejPk>; fpjhg; my; gp`;u]

P j
; ;
(03) fdp> MH.gp.vk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaf; fUT+yk;> njd;fhrp : 1963
(04) Hitti. P.K, History of the Arabs, London, Macmillan, 1994
(05) Ameer Ali,

A Short History of the Saracens, Kanrachi National Book Foundation,
1975
(06) Ali Diwan. M.R., Muslim Contribution to Libraries,

The MWL Journal, Vol.6 No.1 November 1978
ed;wp
,];yhkpa rpe;jid - esPkpa;ah ,];yhkpa ntspaPlL ; g; gzpafk;
kyH: 16 xf;NlhgH - brk;gH 1993 ,jo;: 1- gf;fk; : 46 - 50
kyH: 16 [dtup - khHr; 1994 ,jo;: 2- gf;fk; : 47 - 50
tsk; - 2010
HOW TO PROMOTE THE READING HABIT?
Mrs. N.B.A. Rasheed

MSc.in Sc. Ed.(SL), MSc.in Education With Library Science and Technology (UK)
Lecturer, National College of Education, Addalaichenai
Today is the age of science and technology. Before the advent of electronic
media such as television, computers, mobile phones etc. it was the age of
language and poetry. The print media took very important role in the soci-
ety. Although we have well equipped libraries everywhere in the world,
most of the books are untouched for years. Our younger generation rushes
towards electronic media and neglects not only the libraries but also the
good books at their homes. We are still talking about the great writers, nov-
elists and poets of the past. Therefore it is our duty to guide our younger
generation about the importance of reading habit.
This article explains two aspects to inspire readers and library authorities
as to uplift the reading habit to certain extent. Firstly, I would like to list
out some of the reasons of declining reading habit our society.Secondly, I
would like to acknowledge the of local institutes or organizations in
helping libraries conducting reading habit promotion and would like to
give some suggestions on effective methods and successful programs of
reading habit promotion
Declining of the reading habit

Reading makes a man perfect. It has been believed that avid readers tend
to have a better grasp on realities and are known to be better judges of
people. But the internet boom and interactive medium of images have
caused a setback in reading habit.
tsk; - 2010
Reading habit has been a great help in developing knowledge. But today, in
an age when browsing the net, playing with funky handsets and passing
non-stop SMS seem to be the order of the day. The internet boom, interac-
tive medium of images, TV and the silver screen are filling the minds of the
modern youth, taking majority of their free time. we have to think seriously
how the growing generations will find time to read. While technology is
taking control steadily over individual lives, the reading habit is fast van-
ishing into thin air.
Some of the reasons of declining reading habit are:
m People think that reading books consumes more time than

referring in the computers. Computers seem to be more at
tractive to them than books.
m The question of spending money on books is over-ruled by
the thought that everything is available in a computer. People
prefer to spend money on something else than spending on
books.
m The programs in internet and TV are more attractive than
sitting in a corner and reading a book.
m With the modern life style visiting places and other recre
ations or hobbies occupy most of our time.
m There are a thousand reasons today for avoiding reading
books or literatures. Some even say that her new nail exten
sions have made it too difficult to turn pages!
m There are risks of losing books while carrying them. More
over, why to carry a burden unnecessarily when there is a
laptop available?
m Now people are more worried about earning money and
spending every second in finding ways to find sources of
income.
m A sense of escapism is spreading saying, “Along with giv
ing up coffee, alcohol, strenuous exercise which may affect
my family life I would like to give up reading also.”
tsk; - 2010
m Some say that there is too much boring in books these days
and so they want to avoid it.
m Many complain that in this fast life where to find time to
read. Everything has become instant and people are losing
their patience to spend time in reading and learning things.
m Years ago people used to discuss about what they had read
which induced others to read. But today TV programs and
other things occupy their discussion.
m Some allergic conditions restrain people from handling books
as they may have fungi or virus.
m Nowadays we find most of the people wearing spectacles.
Their eyes are easily strained. They find it easier to spend
time in something else than in reading books.
m The attracting images in the internet along with information
in changeable fonts are easier and more practical than read
ing books.
m Change in lifestyle is another reason for this decline. De
cades back there were a lot of magazines and books kept on
the table in houses for the use of parents as well as kids.
They had time and there was no other time passing. But to
day the situation is different.
m Parents themselves should be exemplary to foster up the habit
of reading. When they do not show any interest in reading
how can we expect the children to read? But where is time
for them for reading in their pursuit of life struggle?
m The tough and intense competition in the job-seeking sys
tem of education has further deepened the insecurity among
the middle class families discouraging the habit of reading
books other than the school books.
m In the present money-oriented life kids have to spend all
their time in homework, tuitions and extra classes. From the
very starting of education, how can we expect them to develop
a reading habit?
tsk; - 2010
m Most of the parents think that reading books will divert the
attention of their children from their serious tasks and goals of
achieving high marks in examinations. Only high marks decide
the future of their children. They have to work seriously on
their school text books to get high marks. For them reading
books is a waste of time!
m Another reason the publishers say about the reading habit is
the book market. Consumerism is their only scale that decides
publication of books. Moreover deforestation and scarcity of
printing materials have increased the prices of the books which
affect the reading habit seriously.
Although people are not reading books as they used to, their thirst for infor-
mation seems to be limitless. It is expected that the habit of reading will
come back again after sometime.
Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the roles of local institutes or orga-

nizations in helping libraries conducting reading habit promotion.
Many developing countries have been launching extensive literacy cam-

paigns, in the sense of teaching people to write and to read. But knowledge
of characters and reading techniques alone are not sufficient to develop real
reading societies. People should be motivated to read and informed how to
utilize reading materials to improve their own personality and their social
environment. In this context roles of nongovernmental organizations, gov-
ernment sectors, libraries, school and family are very important for mutual
cooperation to promote reading habits to readers, especially, the role of
libraries is very important as libraries are very important institutions as in-
formation centres and lifelong educational agencies.
tsk; - 2010
Roles of local institutes or organizations in helping libraries con-
ducting reading promotion.
The task of encouraging positive reading interest to foster a love for read-
ing which will promote a reading culture and society is not an easy one. All
parties concerned national institutes or private sectors should work together.
All efforts should be coordinated to achieve the goal.
Role of family
Parents are clearly important socialising agents. Parents who spend time
reading to their children give them the best possible start on the road to
literacy. Many research studies have pointed out that the children who do
best in literacy skills at school are those who come from homes where there
are books, where their parents spend time reading to their children and where
children see their parents and older siblings engage in reading activities.
Some creative suggestions for parents to foster reading habit to children :
Read story books aloud, create a learning environment by setting up a mini
reading corner and flood with reading materials, visit the library ; book
shops, book-prize as gift.
Roles of libraries, librarians and library programmes

Libraries are a means to stimulate and develop the reading interest the fol-
lowing is some strategies which libraries and librarians play important roles
in promotion on reading.
m The librarian should help develop among the reader’s pleasant and posi-
tive attitude towards reading. The pleasant and positive attitude of the
reader should be developed first before someone is able to automati-
cally form the habit of reading and the love for books.
m The principal function of the is to serve to course of education formally
or informally. When we think of the librarian’s role on education, we
think first of books and of what he or she does with books. Librarians
have a responsibility and an opportunity to go out and tell the public
what they have in their libraries and find out what they want to read,
tsk; - 2010
improve and keep improving the set-up of the library to encourage readers
to stay and browse.
m In any effective school library programme, the librarian should have
definite responsibilities in certain areas of the curriculum and should
have an active teaching role. But this role must always be coordinated
with what is taking place in the classroom. With his wide knowledge of
materials and techniques for using them, the librarian can make a strong
partner in the planning and implementing of the educational enterprise.
m Making the library attractive and welcoming to public and schools
Roles of Mass media

Radio, TV, newspapers and magazines can help advertise reading projects,
village libraries, seminars-training workshops, interviews of reading au-
thorities / writers / teachers and organizations involved in the reading ac-
tivities to promote reading, hence the help of these media personnel will be
sought.
Roles of private and government sectors in helping Libraries conduct-

ing reading society.
The professional sectors or agencies play a great deal to elevate the stan-
dard of library and services through activities which aim to develop or to
encourage activities of reading and writing those are : The National Lan-
guage and Literature Agency National Book Development Council Com-
mittee, Reading Association, Library Association, Writer’s Association, In-
ternational Club, Parent Teacher Association and Women’s Association.
etc.
Some suggestions on effective methods and successful programmes of

reading habit promotion
Programmes of activities can be broadly categorized into three main
groups: Those are Book-based programming, Bringing books to
public, and New format to promote reading :and Internet.
tsk; - 2010
I. Book-based programming
1. Make book available/ book lists: The information contained in the list
should be sufficient to allow for the books to be found in the library and a
mere listing of authors and title will always need to be extended either by a
brief descriptive note on each book to indicate its particular value or the
arrangement of the list under headings which will give such an indication.
Inclusion in the list should be selective.
2. Reading programs.
Reading programs provide an incentive to some children to read books which
they might otherwise not try. The following are successful programs under-
taken by some libraries.
m Reading Camp: The program aimed at exposing the student to
the various skills via speed reading, information handing skill.
Various activities with local writers and film show, slides show
were carried out.
m Reading Contest: It is aimed to accelerate reading habit among
young generation by the use of libraries is considered as potential
one in the nation building. The contest material is a number of
books on literature. The contest participant is required to develop
and deliver some book abstracts.
m Book Talk : A low cost-effective strategy with ability to reach a
wide audience a possible is book talk. The schools held book
talk and the book reporting sessions by librarians’ cooperation.
The talk has been done through talk-cum-slide by librarians for
new coming books or orientation in the library.
m Read aloud to children: If the child is too old enough to talk to,
she is old enough to read too. Most critical task during this early
stage is learning how to calm the child, not to bring it under
control. By 9 months the child is able to response to the sight of
certain books and conveys to her parents that these were her
favourite. By age 5 she had taught herself to read. Fairy tales
offer us an excellent opportunity to introduce the child or class
to comparative literature.
tsk; - 2010
m Creative poetry: The rules for retaining of developing love of
poetry within children are: it aloud; read it often; keep it simple;
keep it joyous or spooky (ghost) or exciting. sets an excellent
medium for training the disciplines of listening and reading that
are such integral parts of reading aloud program.
m Picture Book: Start with picture books and build to storybooks and
novel. Picture book can be read easily to children widely separate in
age. Novels, however post a problem. If there are more than 2 years
between the children, each child would benefit greatly if reading to
her or him individually. Make sure the child can see the picture easily.
m Story hours: Story-telling is one of the easiest activities for the
library to organize. Traditional tales or short stories of the same
type and picture book are the easiest to use.
3. Performances:
Dramatic Activities: Drama groups need careful organizing and

m
adequate space. The approach is to outline a theme, based on a
story or part of a book, which can then, by the cooperation of the
children and the person in charge, be demonstrated in a dramatic
form, each child undertaking and improving a role.
Puppets: Dramatic activity and craftwork can be combined in
m
the making by the children of puppets, and their presentation of a
performance based on a story or episode from a book. For both
the puppeteers and audience of other children it will extend the
awareness of the story and the book on which it has been based.
4. Craft activities
Craft activities can use both local traditional skill and a wide range of materials.
Many of which can be improvised from waste materials such as newspaper,
disused packaging, cardboard and so on. The requirements are space and
surfaces on which to work, a good collection of materials. The link with
books can be twofold; the choice of themes from books, such as giants,
prehistoric animals, or other features, and the use of books for instruction
in methods and techniques.
tsk; - 2010
5. Competition: quiz
The quiz is aimed at encouraging students to read beyond their textbooks in
school, promotion books as a source of information and promoting books
themselves. Therefore it is necessary to decide precisely what the purpose
of the quiz is in each competition. Book quiz can be done just for fun. They
may be set at various levels for under eights to elevens and over.
6. Activities for individuals

Few libraries provide a wider range of educational games. However, where
there is suitable accommodation, jigsaws, card games (particularly those
linked to children’s books and featuring book titles and characters and board
games) may provide an additional attraction.
“Cognitive Games” are thinking game. It includes of language game which
needs no equipment or props only imagination and words. Some language
games promote memory skill, some for listening and some are guessing
games.
II. Bringing Books to Public

It is much better to begin with to take books to the people than to expect
people to come to libraries to look for books. There are two reasons for this.
The first reason is that people do not go to libraries because it is not a
culturally familiar thing to do. The second reason is that if people do pluck
up courage and venture through library doors they often find that it is such
an alien place that they leave as soon as possible and do not come back.
There are of course many methods of taking books to the people. One way
would be for library staff to set up market stalls. Another way would be to
set up a library truck and make a mobile library which could visit the
villages.
Here are some other suggestions:
m Prepare exhibit about book authors characteristics in novels or

concepts retrieved from literature and or display maps of book
shops libraries in the community.
tsk; - 2010
m Promote the production and distribution easy-to-read pamphlet
and low-price printed materials. These material informing what
the public interest e.g.; health or rural issues agriculture or ani-
mal breeding and encourage subscribing.
m Collect oral and unprinted literature.
m Set up book reader’s group in villages of community. Do read-
ing activities. Use books as a fundamental documents when news
in newspaper, radio and TV. has been reported.
m Encourage public to know books and book sources both reading
and non reading groups.
New format to promote reading is now computer and internet

As amount of information grows and as it become more easily and quickly
available, there is a need to teach individual strategies for both dealing with
information and accessing the information available in the electronic media.
Conclusion
Reading is important for everybody in order to cope with new knowledge in
the changing world of the technological age. The importance and necessity
will hopefully continue to increase in the years to come. The reading habit
has to be built up and promoted from an early age. .
To foster such a reading habit and make the link between people with basic
literacy skills and the libraries, it is necessary for the libraries to reach out to the
people. Librarians will have to take the books to the people rather than waiting
for the people to come to the books if they really want the people to read. It is
also necessary to provide material that is easy enough to be enjoyable so that
people want to read. Librarians must learn to step out of their secure domains
and get closer to the grass roots. If we give people what they want, rather than
what we think they should have, they will start reading. Then the literacy skills
will grow and yield fruit rather than wasting away for lack of use.
Further, this whole network of activities related to promotion of reading
habits in our Libraries as cited above is a great task. It requires the coopera-
tion of all concerned; but with all eyes focused on the same goal and imbued
tsk; - 2010
with the high spirit of service, success will not be that far. The journey may be
long and difficult but the first step has to be made. This is a challenge, we are
committed to accept.
References:
1. Geoff Dubber, 1995. Teaching Information Skills.SLA Guide-
lines School Library Assosiation,Swindon
2. thresiapaulose, August 29, 2010
3. www.ifla.org
xU Nfhupf;if
md;Gs;s MrpupaNu!
ehd; kf;fs; jLg;G Kfhk; xd;wpypUe;J capH jg;gpa xUtdhNtd;.
vdJ fz;fs;>
ve;jnthU kdpjDk; fhzf;$lhj fhl;rpfisf; fz;Ls;sd. gbj;j
nghwpapayhsHfshy; epHkhzpf;fg;gl;l tp~thA nfhz;l miwfs;>
gbj;jitj;jpaHfshy; tp~ CrpNaw;wg;gl;l gps;isfs;> gbj;j jhjpkhuhy;
nfhy;yg;gl;l rpRf;fs;> caH fy;Y}upfspy; gbj;j khztHfshYk;
gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; gbj;j gl;ljhupfshYk; Rlg;gl;L - vupf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fspdJk; iff;Foe;ijfspdJk; rlyq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;L
ehd; mjpu;e;Js;Nsd;.
,g;NghJ vdf;Ff; fy;tpkPJ re;Njfk;.
vdJ Nfhupf;if>
cq;fsplj;jpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; khztu;fs; khdplj;ij Nerpf;f
cjTq;fs;. cq;fsJ Kaw;rp xUNghJk;> gbj;j ,uhl;rrHfis>
kdtpfhuk; nfhz;l jpwd;gilj;Njhiu> gbj;j \<r;kd;fis| cUthf;ff;
fhuzkhfhJ ,Uf;fl;Lk;!
thrpg; G > vOj; J > fzpjk; vd; g d vk; F oe; i jfis NkYk;
khdplq;nfhz;lika topfhl;bdhy; kl;LNk mit Kf;fpakhditahf
tpsq;Fk;.||
(gpupj;jhdpa g;ul;NghHl; ,ilepiyg; gs;spapd; tpsk;gug;gyif xd;wpy; ngaH
Fwpg;gplg;glhj xU eguhy; vOjg;gl;L xl;lg;gl;bUe;j thrfk;)
tsk; - 2010

வளம் சஞ்சிகையின் ஆக்கங்கள்

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

வளம் சஞ்சிகையின் ஆக்கங்கள்

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

வளம் சஞ்சிகையின் ஆக்கங்கள்

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

gpd;etPd cyFk;

,];yhkpa Mj;kfP newpAk;

ehk; tho; f pd; w ,d; i wa cyfk; “gpd;etPd cyfk; ” vd

nghUshjhu> murpay; mikg;G> fyhrhuk; njhopy; El;gk;> tpQ;Qhdk;

,g; gpd;etPd cyfk;> ,j;jt

\\Kd;Ndw;wk;||> \\ehfupfk;||> \\tsu;rr

,t;Tyf tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;> ehfupf tsu;rr

,jdhy;jhd;> cz;ikahd ,];yhkpa gpugQ;rf; nfhs;iff;F kPzL

[dehaf Kiwapy; murpaYk; jpwe;j nghUshjhu mikg;Gk;> tpQ;Qhd

xU rKjhak; Kd;Ndw;wk; milfpd;wJ vd;why;> mr;rKjhaj;jpw;F xU

my;yh`;tpd; mbahdhf tho;eJ

vt;tsT J}uk; tpQ;Qhd njhopEl;g tsu;rr

jd;id ,t;Tyfpd;ghy; jPtpukhf mioj;Jr; nrd;W> my;yh`;itAk;

,e;j cz;ik milahsj;ij> ,t;Tyf tho;fi

mg;gbnad;why;> K];ypk; rKjha tuyhw;wpy;> “Mj;kf

,e;j mbg;gilapy; ghu;fF

,t;tpU FOtpdUk;> Neu; Kuz;gl;l mZFKiwfisAk;> re;jpf;fNt

,Ue;jhYk;> ,t;tpU rhuhupdJk;; $l;L> K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpd; #gpj;Jtk;

“mwptpay; tpgrhuj; j pd; ” tpisthf my; y J jkJ jdpg; g l; l

1) ,d;iwa gpd;etPd cyfpy;> jhd; gilj;j fUtpfSf;Fj;

2) tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;j Mj;kPfj; Njliy newpg;gLj;jp>

my;yh`;itj; jdJ mbg;gilNehf;fhf itj;J> “ehid”

,e; epiyapy;> gpd;etPd cyfpd; rthy;fisg; Gupe;jpUf;Fk;

03) Nkw;$wpa ,e;j khw;wj;jpid K];ypk; rKjhaj;jpy;

1997Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd caHjukhd ,yf;fpa tpUijg; (G+f;fH

fyhepjp gp.rp. gf;fHP [cgH Ed. D

ghlrhiyfspy; ,lk;ngWk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il newpg;gLj;jTk;

jiyikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?

mth;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;ij “xU ,yf;if my;yJ rpy ,yf;Ffis

Mdhy;> vt;thW jiyth;fis cUthf;FtJ vd;gJjhd; XusT fbdkhd

rpy xOq; f ikg; g py; rpyh; tpidj; j pwDs; s jiyth; f shfr;

cq;fspd; gps;isg;gUtk;> fl;bsikg;gUtk; vd;gd ntw;wpfukhd

jiyth; xUth; vg;gz;Gfs; fhuzkhf jd;idg; gpd;gw;WNthupy; ,Ue;J

\\flikfisg; G+uzg;gLj;JtjpYk; nghWg;Gzh;tpYk; xU typikahd

NtW rpy nfhs;ifahsh;fisg; nghWj;jtiu jiyth; xUth; ,t;thwhd

jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa ekJ mz;ikf;fhy tpsf;fq;fs;> kw;WnkhU

Bennis vd;gth; J}ug;ghh;itia “xOq;fikg;gpy; my;yJ epWtdj;jpy;

tpahghu cyfpy; jiyikj;Jt khjpupAUf;fs;> ghuk;gupakhf tpUj;jp

cw;gj;jp> tpahghuk; vd;gitfspd; mgptpUj;jp> nghUl;fspd; cah;ej

Mdhy;> jw;NghJ gapw;rp ngWk; fy;tp epUthfpnahUth; ,jw;Fk;

01. cj;jpNahfj;jpdupd; nray; epiwNtw;wj;jpid kjpg;gply;.

1. njhopy;El;g jiyikj;Jt tpir.

fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; njhopy;El;g mk;rq;fs;> Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;

njhopy;El;g> khdpl jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;> Sergiovanni ,d; fUj;Jg;gb>

Sergiovanni ,d; fy;tprhh;> FwpaPLrhh; kw;Wk; fyhrhuk; rhh; jiyikj;Jt

“mjpgh;> Mrpupah;fs;> khzth;fs;> ngw;Nwhh;fs;> kw;Wk; ghlrhiy

fw;gpj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wp gy;NtW mjpgh;fSk; gy;NtWtpjkhd

fw;gpj;jw; jiyth;> Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp czh;jpwDs;stuhfTk; fy;tpr;

mj;Jld;> gpd;tUk; %d;W mbg;gil tpdhf;fSf;Fk; Mo;ej

Ma;Tfs; vd;d $Wfpd;wd?

2. mjpgupd; tpisjpwd; gw;wpa Ma;T: tpisjpwDs;s

3. fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtk; gw;wpa Ma;T: fw;wy;

4. fiyj;jpl;l xOq;FgLj;jy; gw;wpa Ma;T: fiyj;jpl;lj;

,t; Ma;Tfisf; $l;L nkhj;jkhf Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ghlrhiy mjpgh;fisf;

,t;tplaj;jpy; mjpgh;khUf;F cjtp nra;a Persell, Cookson Mfpa ,U

,t; t ifapy; Andrews, Soder MfpNahupd; Ma; T rpyhfpj; J g;

mjpgh; xU ts toq;Fduhf - mjpgh; fw;gpj;jy; tskhf - mjpgh;

,t; Ma;tpd; KbTfspd;gb> gykpf;f fw;gpj;jw; jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;fpa