Logan Cone

11/17/10
5th Period
Apush 22 HW
Identify
1. Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in
1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of
slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live.
2. Oliver Otis Howard was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil
War. He was a corps commander noted for suffering two humiliating defeats,
at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.
3. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to
prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the
Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.
4. he Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868 as one of
the Reconstruction Amendments. It included a citizenship clause, a due process clause, and an equal
protection clause.
5. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the
U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous
condition of slavery or involuntary servitude
6. Charles Sumner was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer
and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of
the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction.
7. The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United
States from denying a citizen the right to vote on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of
servitude. It was ratified on February 3, 1870.
8. Thaddeus Stevens was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United
States House of Representatives. Stevens dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote
much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.
9. The military reconstruction act of 1867 created five military districts in the seceded states not
including Tennessee, voting rights to all men, Confederate states must ratify 14th amendment.
10. Ku Klux Klan is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United
States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white
nationalism, and anti-immigration.
11. The Force Acts were mainly aimed at limiting the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions to influence
voters, prevent them from voting, or conspire to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made
federal offenses.
12. The Tenure of Office Act, March 3, 1867, enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied
the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past
President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the
removal during the next full session of Congress.
13. Benjamin Wade was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with
the Radical Republicans.
Questions
1. After the Civil War many problems faced the Nation. The biggest problem for both sides was that
there was a huge population of freed slaves and no good ideas on how to integrate them into society,
since they were often unskilled and illiterate. The Freedmen's Bureau was set up as a sort of welfare
agency to help them. Another problem was that the South had been completely and totally destroyed
during the Civil War and had to face the daunting task of rebuilding. Their age-old socioeconomic
structure had collapsed along with slavery, something the white southerners were particularly bitter
about. They managed to find a way to legally reinstate slavery under a new name through sharecropping
and Jim Crow laws and the Ku Klux Klan developed to prevent free blacks from voting. The
Reconstruction failed to help freedmen gain footing in the nation, and in some ways, set the stage for
the civil rights movement that was to come in the sixties.
2. With the end of slavery, came many different feelings and reactions.  The newly free blacks were
happy and grateful as well.  They were not at first given the right to vote, however.  They also tried to
create new identities for themselves by renaming themselves, to rid themselves of any thoughts of their
masters and old life.  The northerners were very happy because they not only won the war, but they
also freed the slaves. Some slaves still felt loyalty to their masters after being officially freed.  Other
slaves committed acts of violence towards their masters.  The newly freed slaves tried everything they
could to create new identities apart from their slave lives.  They created new names, and took the title
of Mr. and Mrs. They also got married if they so desired and had families.  Many others took jobs and
lived much like the whites did during that time. The southern people still had a lot of trouble getting past
the idea that the blacks were now free.  Since they had been for slavery, they went down fighting and
took their racist values with them.  The south continued to function as an outwardly racist community.
3. The South's intransigence and Johnson's political bungling opened the way for congressional
Republican military reconstruction for many reasons. First, the South was very unwilling to compromise
with the North which upset republican. Second, Johnson was in favor of letting the south off easy and
believed he had power to oversee reconstruction. This led republicans to take control because they felt
they needed to stop Johnson and his democratic influence of the South, and also believed the South
needed to be severely punished.
4. The purpose of Congressional reconstruction was for the moderates and radicals to join forces so that
they could override the president's vetoes of reconstruction bills. Its actual effects in the south were
that it barred most Confederate leaders from holding federal or state offices, unless they were
permitted to do so by a 2/3 majority vote of Congress. This meant that there was very little southern
influence in congress which hurt the south severely.
5. The attempt at black political empowerment achieved the right for black men to vote with the help of
the passing of the 14th and 15th amendments. However, many people were hesitant about letting black
people gain too much power. This led to some distrusting them and many people still viewed them as
unequal. If there had been a stronger sense of northern support for this movement, then there may
have been more black power because the north had all influence at that time, but without the northern
support the movement failed.
6. African Americans took advantage of the political opportunities of the time, by creating political clubs,
gaining voting rights and with the help of freed northern blacks, they created the Union League. They
also took advantage of economic opportunities by changing their identities and getting jobs and buying
homes to support themselves. And finally, they took advantage of social opportunities by had political
parades and began to feel a sense of belonging in the American society.
7. The Ku Klux Klan and other white resistance movements were somewhat successful in undermining
the
interracial governments even before the collapse of Reconstruction in 1877. They went around scaring
white carpet baggers and other supporters of black empowerment. This caused many men to stay away
from the poles because they were scared of the "white ghosts." They also scared black people from
voting, so in a sense they were successful. Yet, they were unsuccessful in the sense that Congress passed
the Force Acts in 1870 which help to prevent the corruption these white supremacy movements.

8. The North and the Republican party were never really fully committed to the reconstruction of the
south in terms of economic, social, and political conditions. They were definitely not committed at all to
the political or economic reconstruction, because they never wanted to or tried to help rebuild all the
damages that were caused. Also, they refused to let any southern politicians back onto the national
stage. They may have been somewhat focused on social issues because they wanted to help out the
freed blacks of the south, yet, they were mostly focused on promoting the fortunes of the Republican
party.
9.  Reconstruction was problematic from the beginning because it sought to punish the South that was
already defeated and destroyed when it should have focused on rebuilding the region. Radical
Republicans worsened the racial divide by using blacks as puppets, putting them into political positions
and convincing them they were looking out for their interests when in fact they were not. In choosing
between your two options, I would say it was more deeply rooted in the history of American sectional
and race relations. White Southerners lost the war but were not about to yield control to the former
slaves; they instead created a new form of slavery/oppression with sharecropping that began during
Reconstruction. Northerners leading Reconstruction failed to address the problems the South had
because they were interested in furthering their own interests and bringing the South to its knees. It
simply paved the way for poverty throughout the South and for the arrival of Jim Crow.
10. The greatest success of the reconstruction was the new power of blacks. Many blacks gained the
right to vote and had more political power than they ever had before. Even though blacks were still
regarded by many as unequal, they had gained their independence and were free people.
Reconstruction was also a foundation for the later successes of the civil rights movements because it
showed how if people fought for what they wanted, such as blacks fought for voting rights, then people
could also fight for person liberty rights and freedoms.